LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Plumage is regularly moulted; the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding is known as the "non-breeding" plumage, or—in the Humphrey-Parkes terminology—"basic" plumage; breeding plumages or variations of the basic plumage are known under the Humphrey-Parkes system as "alternate" plumages. Moulting is annual in most species, although some may have two moults a year, and large birds of prey may moult only once every few years. Moulting patterns vary across species. In passerines, flight feathers are replaced one at a time with the innermost primary being the first. When the fifth of sixth primary is replaced, the outermost tertiaries begin to drop. After the innermost tertiaries are moulted, the secondaries starting from the innermost begin to drop and this proceeds to the outer feathers (centrifugal moult). The greater primary coverts are moulted in synchrony with the primary that they overlap. A small number of species, such as ducks and geese, lose all of their flight feathers at once, temporarily becoming flightless. As a general rule, the tail feathers are moulted and replaced starting with the innermost pair. Centripetal moults of tail feathers are however seen in the Phasianidae. The centrifugal moult is modified in the tail feathers of woodpeckers and treecreepers, in that it begins with the second innermost pair of feathers and finishes with the central pair of feathers so that the bird maintains a functional climbing tail. The general pattern seen in passerines is that the primaries are replaced outward, secondaries inward, and the tail from center outward. Before nesting, the females of most bird species gain a bare brood patch by losing feathers close to the belly. The skin there is well supplied with blood vessels and helps the bird in incubation.

Q1: What is regularly moulted?
A1: Plumage
Q2: What is the standard plumage of a bird that has moulted after breeding?
A2: "non-breeding" plumage
Q3: How often does moulting occur in most species?
A3: annual
Q4: What type of birds may moult only once every few years?
A4: large birds of prey
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pluralistic idealism such as that of Gottfried Leibniz takes the view that there are many individual minds that together underlie the existence of the observed world and make possible the existence of the physical universe. Unlike absolute idealism, pluralistic idealism does not assume the existence of a single ultimate mental reality or "Absolute". Leibniz' form of idealism, known as Panpsychism, views "monads" as the true atoms of the universe and as entities having perception. The monads are "substantial forms of being",elemental, individual, subject to their own laws, non-interacting, each reflecting the entire universe. Monads are centers of force, which is substance while space, matter and motion are phenomenal and their form and existence is dependent on the simple and immaterial monads. There is a pre-established harmony established by God, the central monad, between the world in the minds of the monads and the external world of objects. Leibniz's cosmology embraced traditional Christian Theism. The English psychologist and philosopher James Ward inspired by Leibniz had also defended a form of pluralistic idealism. According to Ward the universe is composed of "psychic monads" of different levels, interacting for mutual self- betterment.

Q1: Who is a notable exponent of pluralistic idealism?
A1: Gottfried Leibniz
Q2: What is the term for the type of idealism preached by Leibniz?
A2: Panpsychism
Q3: What did Leibniz believe the universe is fundamentally composed of?
A3: monads
Q4: Who was a notable disciple of Leibniz?
A4: James Ward
Q5: What does Ward see as the purpose of interaction between monads?
A5: self- betterment
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth (i/ˈplɪməθ/) is a city on the south coast of Devon, England, about 37 miles (60 km) south-west of Exeter and 190 miles (310 km) west-south-west of London, between the mouths of the rivers Plym to the east and Tamar to the west where they join Plymouth Sound to form the boundary with Cornwall.

Q1: In kilometers, what is the distance from Plymouth to Exeter?
A1: 60
Q2: How many miles away from London is Plymouth?
A2: 190
Q3: What river borders Plymouth on the west?
A3: Tamar
Q4: In what county is Plymouth located?
A4: Devon
Q5: In what body of water do the rivers Tamar and Plym converge?
A5: Plymouth Sound
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth City Council is responsible for waste management throughout the city and South West Water is responsible for sewerage. Plymouth's electricity is supplied from the National Grid and distributed to Plymouth via Western Power Distribution. On the outskirts of Plympton a combined cycle gas-powered station, the Langage Power Station, which started to produce electricity for Plymouth at the end of 2009.

Q1: What body handles waste management in Plymouth?
A1: Plymouth City Council
Q2: Who oversees Plymouth's sewers?
A2: South West Water
Q3: Who distributes electricity in Plymouth?
A3: Western Power Distribution
Q4: In what year did Langage Power Station come on line?
A4: 2009
Q5: What settlement is Langage Power Station located near?
A5: Plympton
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth Council is currently undertaking a project of urban redevelopment called the "Vision for Plymouth" launched by the architect David Mackay and backed by both Plymouth City Council and the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce (PCC). Its projects range from shopping centres, a cruise terminal, a boulevard and to increase the population to 300,000 and build 33,000 dwellings.

Q1: What is the name of Plymouth Council's urban redevelopment project?
A1: "Vision for Plymouth"
Q2: What architect is in charge of the ""Vision for Plymouth"?
A2: David Mackay
Q3: Along with Plymouth Council, what body supports the "Vision for Plymouth"?
A3: the Plymouth Chamber of Commerce
Q4: What is the population goal of the "Vision for Plymouth"?
A4: 300,000
Q5: How many residences does the "Vision for Plymouth" seek to build?
A5: 33,000
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth also has 71 state primary phase schools, 13 state secondary schools, eight special schools and three selective state grammar schools, Devonport High School for Girls, Devonport High School for Boys and Plymouth High School for Girls. There is also an independent school Plymouth College.

Q1: How many state primary schools are in Plymouth?
A1: 71
Q2: Plymouth has how many state secondary schools?
A2: 13
Q3: How many state grammar schools are based in Plymouth?
A3: three
Q4: What is the name of the independent school in Plymouth?
A4: Plymouth College
Q5: Aside from Plymouth High School for Girls and Devonport High School for Boys, what state grammar school is present in Plymouth?
A5: Devonport High School for Girls
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth has a post-war shopping area in the city centre with substantial pedestrianisation. At the west end of the zone inside a grade II listed building is the Pannier Market that was completed in 1959 – pannier meaning "basket" from French, so it translates as "basket market". In terms of retail floorspace, Plymouth is ranked in the top five in the South West, and 29th nationally. Plymouth was one of the first ten British cities to trial the new Business Improvement District initiative. The Tinside Pool is situated at the foot of the Hoe and became a grade II listed building in 1998 before being restored to its 1930s look for £3.4 million.

Q1: What notable shop is located in a grade II listed building?
A1: Pannier Market
Q2: In what year was Pannier Market finished?
A2: 1959
Q3: What is Plymouth's national rank in retail floorspace?
A3: 29th
Q4: What notable location was named a grade II listed building in 1998?
A4: Tinside Pool
Q5: What was the cost to restore Tinside Pool?
A5: £3.4 million
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth has about 150 churches and its Roman Catholic cathedral (1858) is in Stonehouse. The city's oldest church is St Andrew's (Anglican) located at the top of Royal Parade—it is the largest parish church in Devon and has been a site of gathering since AD 800. The city also includes five Baptist churches, over twenty Methodist chapels, and thirteen Roman Catholic churches. In 1831 the first Brethren assembly in England, a movement of conservative non-denominational Evangelical Christians, was established in the city, so that Brethren are often called Plymouth Brethren, although the movement did not begin locally.

Q1: How many churches are present in Plymouth?
A1: 150
Q2: In what year was Plymouth's Catholic cathedral built?
A2: 1858
Q3: What is the name of the oldest church in Plymouth?
A3: St Andrew's
Q4: What denomination does the oldest church in Plymouth belong to?
A4: Anglican
Q5: How many Methodist houses of worship exist in Plymouth?
A5: over twenty
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth has the first known reference to Jews in the South West from Sir Francis Drake's voyages in 1577 to 1580, as his log mentioned "Moses the Jew" – a man from Plymouth. The Plymouth Synagogue is a Listed Grade II* building, built in 1762 and is the oldest Ashkenazi Synagogue in the English speaking world. There are also places of worship for Islam, Bahá'í, Buddhism, Unitarianism, Chinese beliefs and Humanism.

Q1: What Plymouth Jew was mentioned by Sir Francis Drake?
A1: Moses
Q2: In what year was Plymouth Synagogue constructed?
A2: 1762
Q3: What is Plymouth Synagogue's listed grade?
A3: Grade II*
Q4: What community of Jews was Plymouth Synagogue built by?
A4: Ashkenazi
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is an important centre for watersports, especially scuba diving and sailing. The Port of Plymouth Regatta is one of the oldest regattas in the world, and has been held regularly since 1823. In September 2011, Plymouth hosted the America's Cup World Series for nine days.

Q1: When was the first Port of Plymouth Regatta?
A1: 1823
Q2: In what month and year did Plymouth play host to the America's Cup World Series?
A2: September 2011
Q3: For how many days did the America's Cup World Series take place in Plymouth?
A3: nine
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is home to Plymouth Argyle F.C., who play in the fourth tier of English football league known as Football League Two. The team's home ground is called Home Park and is located in Central Park. It links itself with the group of English non-conformists that left Plymouth for the New World in 1620: its nickname is "The Pilgrims". The city also has four Non-League football clubs; Plymouth Parkway F.C. who play at Bolitho Park, Elburton Villa F.C. who play at Haye Road, Vospers Oak Villa F.C. who play at Weston Mill and Plymstock United F.C. who play at Deans Cross. All four clubs play in the South West Peninsula League.

Q1: What football league team is located in Plymouth?
A1: Plymouth Argyle F.C.
Q2: What level of the football league does Plymouth Argyle F.C. operate in?
A2: Football League Two
Q3: What is the home field of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
A3: Home Park
Q4: What is the nickname of Plymouth Argyle F.C.?
A4: The Pilgrims
Q5: What team plays its home games at Weston Mill?
A5: Vospers Oak Villa F.C.
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is home to the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom (MBA) which conducts research in all areas of the marine sciences. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory is an offshoot of the MBA. Together with the National Marine Aquarium, the Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences, Plymouth University's Marine Institute and the Diving Diseases Research Centre, these marine-related organisations form the Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership. The Plymouth Marine Laboratory, which focuses on global issues of climate change and sustainability. It monitors the effects of ocean acidity on corals and shellfish and reports the results to the UK government. It also cultivates algae that could be used to make biofuels or in the treatment of waste water by using technology such as photo-bioreactors. It works alongside the Boots Group to investigate the use of algae in skin care protects, taking advantage of the chemicals they contain that adapt to protect themselves from the sun.

Q1: What organization known as the MBA is based in Plymouth?
A1: Marine Biological Association
Q2: What Plymouth organization is named for Sir Alister Hardy?
A2: Sir Alister Hardy Foundation for Ocean Sciences
Q3: What marine facility is attached to the University of Plymouth?
A3: Marine Institute
Q4: What group are many of Plymouth's marine organizations a part of?
A4: Plymouth Marine Sciences Partnership
Q5: What is the name of the aquarium present in Plymouth?
A5: National Marine Aquarium
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is often used as a base by visitors to Dartmoor, the Tamar Valley and the beaches of south-east Cornwall. Kingsand, Cawsand and Whitsand Bay are popular.

Q1: Visitors to what region's beaches often stop at Plymouth?
A1: south-east Cornwall
Q2: Along with Whitsand Bay and Cawsand, what Plymouth-area beaches are popular with tourists?
A2: Kingsand
Q3: Visitors to what local valley often stop over in Plymouth?
A3: Tamar Valley
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is served by Plymouth Hospitals NHS Trust and the city's NHS hospital is Derriford Hospital 4 miles (6 km) north of the city centre. The Royal Eye Infirmary is located at Derriford Hospital. South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust operates in Plymouth and the rest of the south west; its headquarters are in Exeter.

Q1: What is Plymouth's National Health Service hospital?
A1: Derriford Hospital
Q2: In kilometers, how far is Derriford Hospital from the Plymouth city center?
A2: 6
Q3: What notable clinic is present in Derriford Hospital?
A3: Royal Eye Infirmary
Q4: What organization provides ambulance transport for Plymouth?
A4: South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust
Q5: Where is South Western Ambulance Service NHS Foundation Trust headquartered?
A5: Exeter
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth is the regional television centre of BBC South West. A team of journalists are headquartered at Plymouth for the ITV West Country regional station, after a merger with ITV West forced ITV Westcountry to close on 16 February 2009. The main local newspapers serving Plymouth are The Herald and Western Morning News with Radio Plymouth , BBC Radio Devon, Heart South West , and Pirate FM being the main local radio stations.

Q1: What television station has its regional headquarters in Plymouth?
A1: BBC South West
Q2: What regional ITV station serves Plymouth?
A2: ITV West Country
Q3: On what date did ITV Westcountry cease to operate?
A3: 16 February 2009
Q4: With what channel did ITV Westcountry merge?
A4: ITV West
Q5: What BBC radio station operates in Plymouth?
A5: BBC Radio Devon
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth lies between the River Plym to the east and the River Tamar to the west; both rivers flow into the natural harbour of Plymouth Sound. Since 1967, the unitary authority of Plymouth has included the, once independent, towns of Plympton and Plymstock which lie along the east of the River Plym. The River Tamar forms the county boundary between Devon and Cornwall and its estuary forms the Hamoaze on which is sited Devonport Dockyard.

Q1: What river is to the west of Plymouth?
A1: River Tamar
Q2: To the east of Plymouth lies which river?
A2: River Plym
Q3: The River Tamar is the boundary between Devon and what other county?
A3: Cornwall
Q4: In what body of water do the rivers Plym and Tamar meet?
A4: Plymouth Sound
Q5: When did Plymstock join the unitary authority of Plymouth?
A5: 1967
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth railway station, which opened in 1877, is managed by Great Western Railway and also sees trains on the CrossCountry network. Smaller stations are served by local trains on the Tamar Valley Line and Cornish Main Line. First Great Western have come under fire recently, due to widespread rail service cuts across the south-west, which affect Plymouth greatly. Three MPs from the three main political parties in the region have lobbied that the train services are vital to its economy.

Q1: When did Plymouth's railroad station open for service?
A1: 1877
Q2: Who runs Plymouth's railroad station?
A2: Great Western Railway
Q3: Along with the Tamar Valley Line, what local train service operates in Plymouth?
A3: Cornish Main Line
Q4: How many regional MPs have argued for the importance of Plymouth's train service?
A4: three
Q5: Trains from what network sometimes operate out of Plymouth's railroad station?
A5: CrossCountry
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth was granted the dignity of Lord Mayor by King George V in 1935. The position is elected each year by a group of six councillors. It is traditional that the position of the Lord Mayor alternates between the Conservative Party and the Labour Party annually and that the Lord Mayor chooses the Deputy Lord Mayor. Conservative councillor Dr John Mahony is the incumbent for 2015–16.

Q1: What monarch bestowed the first Lord Mayor on Plymouth?
A1: King George V
Q2: How many councillors choose the Lord Mayor?
A2: six
Q3: What officeholder selects the Deputy Lord Mayor?
A3: the Lord Mayor
Q4: Who is the current Lord Mayor of Plymouth?
A4: Dr John Mahony
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth's early history extends to the Bronze Age, when a first settlement emerged at Mount Batten. This settlement continued as a trading post for the Roman Empire, until it was surpassed by the more prosperous village of Sutton, now called Plymouth. In 1620, the Pilgrim Fathers departed Plymouth for the New World and established Plymouth Colony – the second English settlement in what is now the United States of America. During the English Civil War the town was held by the Parliamentarians and was besieged between 1642 and 1646.

Q1: What was the location of the earliest settlement near Plymouth?
A1: Mount Batten
Q2: What was Plymouth's original name?
A2: Sutton
Q3: In what year did the Pilgrim Fathers sail from Plymouth?
A3: 1620
Q4: When did the siege of Plymouth end during the English Civil War?
A4: 1646
Q5: What was the name of the colony founded by the Pilgrim Fathers in the New World?
A5: Plymouth Colony
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Plymouth's gross value added (a measure of the size of its economy) was 5,169 million GBP in 2013 making up 25% of Devon's GVA. Its GVA per person was £19,943 and compared to the national average of £23,755, was £3,812 lower. Plymouth's unemployment rate was 7.0% in 2014 which was 2.0 points higher than the South West average and 0.8 points higher than the average for Great Britain (England, Wales and Scotland).

Q1: What percentage of Devon's GVA does Plymouth comprise in 2013?
A1: 25%
Q2: What was Plymouth's 2013 GVA in millions of British Pounds?
A2: 5,169
Q3: What was Plymouth' per capita GVA in 2013?
A3: £19,943
Q4: What was the United Kingdom's average per capita GVA in 2013?
A4: £23,755
Q5: What percentage of Plymouth residents were unemployed in 2014?
A5: 7.0%
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

Pockets of Georgian architecture survived the war, but much of the city was levelled. There has been extensive redevelopment since World War II. Increasing traffic congestion in the 1920s led to partial demolition of medieval walls around the Bargate in 1932 and 1938. However a large portion of those walls remain.

Q1: What style of architecture partially survived the war?
A1: Georgian
Q2: Southampton has been redeveloped almost entirely in the years since which war?
A2: World War II
Q3: In which decade did there start to be a lot of traffic in Southampton?
A3: 1920s
Q4: Some of the walls around which landmark were demolished in the 1930s?
A4: the Bargate
Title: Literature
Topic: Language and literature

Poetry is a form of literary art which uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings in addition to, or in place of, prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has traditionally been distinguished from prose by its being set in verse;[a] prose is cast in sentences, poetry in lines; the syntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of poetry is held across metre or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines; accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rythm or Verses". Possibly as a result of Aristotle's influence (his Poetics), "poetry" before the nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-date literacy, with the earliest works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the earliest example of literature.

Q1: What elements of language make for poetic literature?
A1: aesthetic and rhythmic qualities
Q2: Poetry is usually differentiated from prose by what factor?
A2: verse
Q3: If prose uses sentences, what is the equivalent in poetry?
A3: lines
Q4: Poetry was considered to need lines and meter until when?
A4: the nineteenth century
Q5: The structure of poetry may have existed before what?
A5: literacy
Title: Heian_period
Topic: History

Poetry, in particular, was a staple of court life. Nobles and ladies-in-waiting were expected to be well versed in the art of writing poetry as a mark of their status. Every occasion could call for the writing of a verse, from the birth of a child to the coronation of an emperor, or even a pretty scene of nature. A well-written poem or haiku could easily make or break one's reputation, and often was a key part of social interaction.Almost as important was the choice of calligraphy, or handwriting, used. The Japanese of this period believed handwriting could reflect the condition of a person's soul: therefore, poor or hasty writing could be considered a sign of poor breeding. Whether the script was Chinese or Japanese, good writing and artistic skill was paramount to social reputation when it came to poetry. Sei Shonagon mentions in her Pillow Book that when a certain courtesan tried to ask her advice about how to write a poem to the empress Sadako, she had to politely rebuke him because his writing was so poor.

Q1: What artform became a mark of status in the courts?
A1: poetry
Q2: During the Heian period, what did the Japanese think could reflect one's soul?
A2: handwriting
Q3: What was said to show low status or "poor breeding"?
A3: poor or hasty writing
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

Polabian Slavs (Wends) settled in parts of England (Danelaw), apparently as Danish allies. Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled on Norse age Iceland. Saqaliba refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus. Saqaliba served as caliph's guards. In the 12th century, there was intensification of Slavic piracy in the Baltics. The Wendish Crusade was started against the Polabian Slavs in 1147, as a part of the Northern Crusades. Niklot, pagan chief of the Slavic Obodrites, began his open resistance when Lothar III, Holy Roman Emperor, invaded Slavic lands. In August 1160 Niklot was killed and German colonization (Ostsiedlung) of the Elbe-Oder region began. In Hanoverian Wendland, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern and Lusatia invaders started germanization. Early forms of germanization were described by German monks: Helmold in the manuscript Chronicon Slavorum and Adam of Bremen in Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum. The Polabian language survived until the beginning of the 19th century in what is now the German state of Lower Saxony. In Eastern Germany, around 20% of Germans have Slavic paternal ancestry. Similarly, in Germany, around 20% of the foreign surnames are of Slavic origin.

Q1: Who settled in parts of England?
A1: Polabian Slavs (Wends)
Q2: Where did Polabian Slavs (Wends) settle?
A2: parts of England (Danelaw)
Q3: Polabian-Pomeranian Slavs are also known to have even settled where?
A3: Norse age Iceland
Q4: What refers to the Slavic mercenaries and slaves in the medieval Arab world in North Africa, Sicily and Al-Andalus?
A4: Saqaliba
Q5: Saqaliba served as what?
A5: caliph's guards
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

Poland has historically been staunchly pro-American, dating back to General Tadeusz Kościuszko and Casimir Pulaski's involvement in the American Revolution. This pro-American stance was reinforced following favorable American intervention in World War I (leading to the creation of an independent Poland) and the Cold War (culminating in a Polish state independent of Soviet influence). Poland contributed a large force to the "Coalition of the Willing" in Iraq. A quote referring to Poland as "the 51st state" has been attributed to James Pavitt, then Central Intelligence Agency Deputy Director for Operations, especially in connection to extraordinary rendition.

Q1: What had been Poland's stance towards the US, historically?
A1: staunchly pro-American
Q2: What led to the creation of an independent Poland?
A2: favorable American intervention in World War I
Q3: What did Poland contribute to the "Coalition of the Willing"?
A3: a large force
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

Poland's AA defences were no match for the German attack and the situation was similar in other European countries. Significant AA warfare started with the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. 3.7-inch HAA were to provide the backbone of the groundbased AA defences, although initially significant numbers of 3-inch 20-cwt were also used. The Army's Anti-aircraft command, which was under command of the Air Defence UK organisation, grew to 12 AA divisions in 3 AA corps. 40-mm Bofors entered service in increasing numbers. In addition the RAF regiment was formed in 1941 with responsibility for airfield air defence, eventually with Bofors 40mm as their main armament. Fixed AA defences, using HAA and LAA, were established by the Army in key overseas places, notably Malta, Suez Canal and Singapore.

Q1: Poland and other European countries could not defend against what?
A1: German attack
Q2: What battle marked the beginning of significant antiaircraft warfare?
A2: Battle of Britain
Q3: What was under command of the Air Defence UK orgnisation?
A3: Army's Anti-aircraft command
Q4: The Air Defence UK grew to have how many antiaircraft corps?
A4: 3
Q5: What was formed in 1941 to protect airfields?
A5: RAF regiment
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

Poland's nobility were also more numerous than those of all other European countries, constituting some 10–12% of the total population of historic Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth also some 10–12% among ethnic Poles on ethnic Polish lands (part of Commonwealth), but up to 25% of all Poles worldwide (szlachta could dispose more of resources to travels and/or conquering), while in some poorer regions (e.g., Mazowsze, the area centred on Warsaw) nearly 30%. However, according to  szlachta comprised around 8% of the total population in 1791 (up from 6.6% in the 16th century), and no more than 16% of the Roman Catholic (mostly ethnically Polish) population. It should be noted, though, that Polish szlachta usually incorporated most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania (Ruthenian boyars, Livonian nobles, etc.) By contrast, the nobilities of other European countries, except for Spain, amounted to a mere 1–3%, however the era of sovereign rules of Polish nobility ended earlier than in other countries (excluding France) yet in 1795 (see: Partitions of Poland), since then their legitimation and future fate depended on legislature and procedures of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy. Gradually their privileges were under further limitations to be completely dissolved by March Constitution of Poland in 1921.

Q1: How much of the total population was polish common wealth?
A1: 10–12%
Q2: IN 1791 how much did the szalchta comprimise the total population?
A2: 8%
Q3: Polish szlachta usually incorporated who?
A3: most local nobility from the areas that were absorbed by Poland–Lithuania
Q4: How many nobilities made up other European countries besides poland lithuania?
A4: 1–3%
Q5: What dissolved the priveleges of Russian Empire, Kingdom of Prussia or Habsburg Monarchy?
A5: March Constitution of Poland
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

Poland's successive kings granted privileges to the nobility at the time of their election to the throne (the privileges being specified in the king-elect's Pacta conventa) and at other times in exchange for ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax or a pospolite ruszenie.

Q1: When did kings grant privileges to the nobles?
A1: at the time of their election to the throne
Q2: What specified the kings privileges?
A2: king-elect's Pacta conventa
Q3: What was also in exchange during he election of the throne?
A3: ad hoc permission to raise an extraordinary tax
Q4: What did nobles get in from the king during election?
A4: privileges
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polarization is predictable from an antenna's geometry, although in some cases it is not at all obvious (such as for the quad antenna). An antenna's linear polarization is generally along the direction (as viewed from the receiving location) of the antenna's currents when such a direction can be defined. For instance, a vertical whip antenna or Wi-Fi antenna vertically oriented will transmit and receive in the vertical polarization. Antennas with horizontal elements, such as most rooftop TV antennas in the United States, are horizontally polarized (broadcast TV in the U.S. usually uses horizontal polarization). Even when the antenna system has a vertical orientation, such as an array of horizontal dipole antennas, the polarization is in the horizontal direction corresponding to the current flow. The polarization of a commercial antenna is an essential specification.

Q1: Whats predictable about an antenna's geometry?
A1: Polarization
Q2: What is a more complicated type of polarization from an antenna's geometry?
A2: quad antenna
Q3: The polarization of what antenna is essential specification?
A3: commercial antenna
Q4: Most rooftop antenna's are polarized in which direction?
A4: horizontal
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polarization is the sum of the E-plane orientations over time projected onto an imaginary plane perpendicular to the direction of motion of the radio wave. In the most general case, polarization is elliptical, meaning that the polarization of the radio waves varies over time. Two special cases are linear polarization (the ellipse collapses into a line) as we have discussed above, and circular polarization (in which the two axes of the ellipse are equal). In linear polarization the electric field of the radio wave oscillates back and forth along one direction; this can be affected by the mounting of the antenna but usually the desired direction is either horizontal or vertical polarization. In circular polarization, the electric field (and magnetic field) of the radio wave rotates at the radio frequency circularly around the axis of propagation. Circular or elliptically polarized radio waves are designated as right-handed or left-handed using the "thumb in the direction of the propagation" rule. Note that for circular polarization, optical researchers use the opposite right hand rule from the one used by radio engineers.

Q1: What are electrical fields projected on to?
A1: imaginary plane
Q2: What is the imagenary plane perpindicular to?
A2: radio wave
Q3: What is the name to describe polarization of radio waves varies over times?
A3: elliptical
Q4: How many directions does the E-plane of the radio waves oscillates back and forth?
A4: one direction
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Polemics about humanism have sometimes assumed paradoxical twists and turns. Early 20th century critics such as Ezra Pound, T. E. Hulme, and T. S. Eliot considered humanism to be sentimental "slop" (Hulme)[citation needed] or "an old bitch gone in the teeth" (Pound) and wanted to go back to a more manly, authoritarian society such as (they believed) existed in the Middle Ages. Postmodern critics who are self-described anti-humanists, such as Jean-François Lyotard and Michel Foucault, have asserted that humanism posits an overarching and excessively abstract notion of humanity or universal human nature, which can then be used as a pretext for imperialism and domination of those deemed somehow less than human. "Humanism fabricates the human as much as it fabricates the nonhuman animal", suggests Timothy Laurie, turning the human into what he calls "a placeholder for a range of attributes that have been considered most virtuous among humans (e.g. rationality, altruism), rather than most commonplace (e.g. hunger, anger)". Nevertheless, philosopher Kate Soper notes that by faulting humanism for falling short of its own benevolent ideals, anti-humanism thus frequently "secretes a humanist rhetoric".

Q1: Who was one early naysayer of Humanism?
A1: Ezra Pound
Q2: What was the main reason they disagreed with the beliefs?
A2: sentimental
Q3: Who stated Humanism creates of people placeholder?
A3: Timothy Laurie
Q4: Who stated that this argument was in fact support of Humanism?
A4: Kate Soper
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

Poles of the 17th century assumed that "szlachta" came from the German "schlachten" ("to slaughter" or "to butcher"); also suggestive is the German "Schlacht" ("battle"). Early Polish historians thought the term may have derived from the name of the legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech, mentioned in Polish and Czech writings.

Q1: What did the poles of the 17th century think the term szlachta came from?
A1: German "schlachten"
Q2: What does schlachtan mean in german?
A2: ("to slaughter" or "to butcher")
Q3: What German word is also suggestive deriving from  szlachta?
A3: Schlacht
Q4: What does schlacht mean?
A4: battle
Q5: The polish believed szlachta derived from the name of who?
A5: legendary proto-Polish chief, Lech
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

Police development-aid to weak, failed or failing states is another form of transnational policing that has garnered attention. This form of transnational policing plays an increasingly important role in United Nations peacekeeping and this looks set to grow in the years ahead, especially as the international community seeks to develop the rule of law and reform security institutions in States recovering from conflict (Goldsmith and Sheptycki, 2007) With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark and there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions (Hills, 2009).

Q1: Where has transnational policing become more important?
A1: in United Nations peacekeeping
Q2: What kind of countries get assistance with policing?
A2: weak, failed or failing states
Q3: Who wrote about police development-aid in 2007?
A3: Goldsmith and Sheptycki
Q4: What concern did Hills raise about police models?
A4: there are questions about the applicability and transportability of policing models between jurisdictions
Q5: What concern did Hills raise about power imbalances?
A5: With transnational police development-aid the imbalances of power between donors and recipients are stark
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

Policing in Greater London, with the exception of the City of London, is provided by the Metropolitan Police Service, overseen by the Mayor through the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC). The City of London has its own police force – the City of London Police. The British Transport Police are responsible for police services on National Rail, London Underground, Docklands Light Railway and Tramlink services. A fourth police force in London, the Ministry of Defence Police, do not generally become involved with policing the general public.

Q1: Which police force in London does not typically engage in police activity with the general public?
A1: the Ministry of Defence Police
Q2: What area of London does the Metropolitan Police Service cover?
A2: Greater London, with the exception of the City of London
Q3: What agency is responsible for policing rail services in London?
A3: The British Transport Police
Q4: What department runs the Metropolitan Police Service?
A4: the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime (MOPAC).
Q5: What is the name of the City of London's police force?
A5: the City of London Police
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

Polish composers of the following generation included virtuosi such as Moritz Moszkowski, but, in the opinion of J. Barrie Jones, his "one worthy successor" among his compatriots was Karol Szymanowski (1882–1937). Edvard Grieg, Antonín Dvořák, Isaac Albéniz, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, among others, are regarded by critics as having been influenced by Chopin's use of national modes and idioms. Alexander Scriabin was devoted to the music of Chopin, and his early published works include nineteen mazurkas, as well as numerous études and preludes; his teacher Nikolai Zverev drilled him in Chopin's works to improve his virtuosity as a performer. In the 20th century, composers who paid homage to (or in some cases parodied) the music of Chopin included George Crumb, Bohuslav Martinů, Darius Milhaud, Igor Stravinsky and Heitor Villa-Lobos.

Q1: According to J. Barrie Jones who was the only true successor to Chopin?
A1: Karol Szymanowski
Q2: Many people were considered influenced by Chopin's what?
A2: national modes and idioms
Q3: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
A3: Nikolai Zverev
Q4: Who was Chopin's worthy successor according to Jones?
A4: Karol Szymanowski
Q5: Who was devoted to the music of Chopin?
A5: Alexander Scriabin
Q6: Who was Alexander Scriabin's teacher?
A6: Nikolai Zverev
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Politechnika (translated as a "technical university" or "university of technology") is a main kind of technical university name in Poland. There are some biggest Polytechnic in Poland:

Q1: What word do they use in Poland for an institute of technology?
A1: Politechnika
Title: Political_philosophy
Topic: History

Political and economic relations were drastically influenced by these theories as the concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of free trade, and Roman Catholic dominance of theology was increasingly challenged by Protestant churches subordinate to each nation-state, which also (in a fashion the Roman Catholic Church often decried angrily) preached in the vulgar or native language of each region. However, the enlightenment was an outright attack on religion, particularly Christianity. The most outspoken critic of the church in France was François Marie Arouet de Voltaire, a representative figure of the enlightenment. After Voltaire, religion would never be the same again in France.

Q1: The concept of the guild was subordinated to the theory of what?
A1: free trade
Q2: What increasingly challenged the Roman Catholic dominance of theology?
A2: Protestant churches
Q3: The enlightenment was an outright attack on what?
A3: religion
Q4: Who was the most outspoken critic of the church in France?
A4: François Marie Arouet de Voltaire
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Political and religious animosity against Jehovah's Witnesses has at times led to mob action and government oppression in various countries. Their doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military has led to imprisonment of members who refused conscription during World War II and at other times where national service has been compulsory. In 1933, there were approximately 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany, of whom about 10,000 were later imprisoned. Of those, 2000 were sent to Nazi concentration camps, where they were identified by purple triangles; as many as 1200 died, including 250 who were executed. In Canada, Jehovah's Witnesses were interned in camps along with political dissidents and people of Chinese and Japanese descent. In the former Soviet Union, about 9,300 Jehovah's Witnesses were deported to Siberia as part of Operation North in April 1951. Their religious activities are currently banned or restricted in some countries, including China, Vietnam and some Islamic states.

Q1: What has at times led to immense violence against Jehovah's Witnesses?
A1: Political and religious animosity
Q2: Why have Jehovah's Witnesses sometimes been imprisoned?
A2: doctrine of political neutrality and their refusal to serve in the military
Q3: Of the 20,000 Jehovah's Witnesses in Germany in 1933, how many were later imprisoned?
A3: 10,000
Q4: What were Jehovah's Witnesses identified by in Nazi concentration camps?
A4: purple triangles
Q5: What countries ban the religious activities of Jehovah's Witnesses?
A5: China, Vietnam and some Islamic states
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Political anthropology concerns the structure of political systems, looked at from the basis of the structure of societies. Political anthropology developed as a discipline concerned primarily with politics in stateless societies, a new development started from the 1960s, and is still unfolding: anthropologists started increasingly to study more "complex" social settings in which the presence of states, bureaucracies and markets entered both ethnographic accounts and analysis of local phenomena. The turn towards complex societies meant that political themes were taken up at two main levels. First of all, anthropologists continued to study political organization and political phenomena that lay outside the state-regulated sphere (as in patron-client relations or tribal political organization). Second of all, anthropologists slowly started to develop a disciplinary concern with states and their institutions (and of course on the relationship between formal and informal political institutions). An anthropology of the state developed, and it is a most thriving field today. Geertz' comparative work on "Negara", the Balinese state is an early, famous example.

Q1: What type of anthropology is interested in the structure of political systems?
A1: Political
Q2: From what basis do political anthropologists examine the structure of political systems?
A2: structure of societies
Q3: When did the new development of a stateless society come about?
A3: the 1960s
Q4: The presence of states, bureaucracies and markets makes for what type of social setting?
A4: "complex"
Q5: Who did a comparative work on a Balinese state?
A5: Geertz
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

Political boundaries drawn by the British did not always reflect homogeneous ethnicities or religions, contributing to conflicts in formerly colonised areas. The British Empire was also responsible for large migrations of peoples. Millions left the British Isles, with the founding settler populations of the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand coming mainly from Britain and Ireland. Tensions remain between the white settler populations of these countries and their indigenous minorities, and between white settler minorities and indigenous majorities in South Africa and Zimbabwe. Settlers in Ireland from Great Britain have left their mark in the form of divided nationalist and unionist communities in Northern Ireland. Millions of people moved to and from British colonies, with large numbers of Indians emigrating to other parts of the empire, such as Malaysia and Fiji, and Chinese people to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean. The demographics of Britain itself was changed after the Second World War owing to immigration to Britain from its former colonies.

Q1: In which countries did the British Isles provide most of the founding settlers?
A1: the United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand
Q2: Where did many Indians move to?
A2: Malaysia and Fiji
Q3: Many people of which ethnicity moved to Malaysia, Singapore and the Caribbean?
A3: Chinese
Q4: When did many former colonies' citizens begin immigrating into Britain?
A4: after the Second World War
Title: Political_party
Topic: Social sciences and society

Political color schemes in the United States diverge from international norms. Since 2000, red has become associated with the right-wing Republican Party and blue with the left-wing Democratic Party. However, unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors; they were used in news coverage of 2000 election results and ensuing legal battle and caught on in popular usage. Prior to the 2000 election the media typically alternated which color represented which party each presidential election cycle. The color scheme happened to get inordinate attention that year, so the cycle was stopped lest it cause confusion the following election.

Q1: What is the color red associated with?
A1: right-wing Republican Party
Q2: What political party is the color blue associated with?
A2: left-wing Democratic Party
Q3: Did the political parties choose those colors?
A3: unlike political color schemes of other countries, the parties did not choose those colors
Q4: In what year did the occurrence of using different color schemes for the parties stop?
A4: 2000
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

Political corruption is the use of powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under color of law or involves trading in influence.

Q1: What is it called when government officials use their power for private gain?
A1: Political corruption
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Political economy in anthropology is the application of the theories and methods of Historical Materialism to the traditional concerns of anthropology, including, but not limited to, non-capitalist societies. Political Economy introduced questions of history and colonialism to ahistorical anthropological theories of social structure and culture. Three main areas of interest rapidly developed. The first of these areas was concerned with the "pre-capitalist" societies that were subject to evolutionary "tribal" stereotypes. Sahlins work on Hunter-gatherers as the 'original affluent society' did much to dissipate that image. The second area was concerned with the vast majority of the world's population at the time, the peasantry, many of whom were involved in complex revolutionary wars such as in Vietnam. The third area was on colonialism, imperialism, and the creation of the capitalist world-system. More recently, these Political Economists have more directly addressed issues of industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism around the world.

Q1: What does political economy in anthropology apply Historical Materialism to?
A1: traditional concerns
Q2: What did Political Economy introduce questions of to theories of social structure and culture?
A2: history and colonialism
Q3: Who were the original affluent society?
A3: Hunter-gatherers
Q4: What do peasants make up the vast majority of in the world?
A4: population
Q5: What have Political Economists most recently focused on the issues of?
A5: industrial (and post-industrial) capitalism
Title: War_on_Terror
Topic: History

Political interest groups have stated that these laws remove important restrictions on governmental authority, and are a dangerous encroachment on civil liberties, possible unconstitutional violations of the Fourth Amendment. On 30 July 2003, the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) filed the first legal challenge against Section 215 of the Patriot Act, claiming that it allows the FBI to violate a citizen's First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process, by granting the government the right to search a person's business, bookstore, and library records in a terrorist investigation, without disclosing to the individual that records were being searched. Also, governing bodies in a number of communities have passed symbolic resolutions against the act.

Q1: When did the ACLU first challenge the Patriot Act?
A1: 30 July 2003
Q2: What rights did the ACLU say the Patriot Act violated?
A2: First Amendment rights, Fourth Amendment rights, and right to due process
Q3: What did Section 215 of the Patriot Act allow the FBI to search?
A3: a person's business, bookstore, and library records
Q4: Who passed symbolic resolutions against the Patriot Act?
A4: governing bodies in a number of communities