LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

Over subsequent centuries, many Presbyterian churches modified these prescriptions by introducing hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments into worship. However, there is not one fixed "Presbyterian" worship style. Although there are set services for the "Lord's Day", one can find a service to be evangelical and even revivalist in tone (especially in some conservative denominations), or strongly liturgical, approximating the practices of Lutheranism or Anglicanism (especially where Scottish tradition is esteemed),[clarification needed] or semi-formal, allowing for a balance of hymns, preaching, and congregational participation (favored by probably most American Presbyterians). Most Presbyterian churches follow the traditional liturgical year and observe the traditional holidays, holy seasons, such as Advent, Christmas, Ash Wednesday, Holy Week, Easter, Pentecost, etc. They also make use of the appropriate seasonal liturgical colors, etc. Many, incorporate ancient liturgical prayers and responses into the communion services and follow a daily, seasonal, and festival lectionary. Other Presbyterians, however, such as the Reformed Presbyterians, would practice a cappella exclusive psalmody, as well as eschew the celebration of holy days.

Q1: What did many Presbyterian churches introduce as a result of modifying prescriptions? 
A1: hymnody, instrumental accompaniment, and ceremonial vestments
Q2: What is favored by most American Presbyterian churches that is semi-formal service for the "lords Day"?
A2: hymns, preaching, and congregational participation
Q3: What do reformed Presbyterians practice?
A3: cappella exclusive psalmody
Title: Royal_Dutch_Shell
Topic: Natural sciences

Over the course of 2013, the corporation began the sale of its US shale gas assets and cancelled a US$20 billion gas project that was to be constructed in the US state of Louisiana. A new CEO Ben van Beurden was appointed in January 2014, prior to the announcement that the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012—the value of Shell's shares fell by 3 per cent as a result. Following the sale of the majority of its Australian assets in February 2014, the corporation plans to sell a further US$15 billion worth of assets in the period leading up to 2015, with deals announced in Australia, Brazil and Italy.

Q1: Which assets did the corporation begin to sell in 2013?
A1: US shale gas
Q2: What was the value of the cancelled gas project that was to be contstructed in Louisiana?
A2: US$20 billion
Q3: The appointment of a new CEO in 2014 came prior to what announcement?
A3: the corporation's overall performance in 2013 was 38 per cent lower than 2012
Q4: In what year did the corporation sell the majority of its Australian assets?
A4: 2014
Q5: What was the value of assets the corporation planned to sell leading up to 2015?
A5: US$15 billion
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

Over the course of Ottoman history, the Ottomans managed to build a large collection of libraries complete with translations of books from other cultures, as well as original manuscripts. A great part of this desire for local and foreign manuscripts arose in the 15th Century. Sultan Mehmet II ordered Georgios Amiroutzes, a Greek scholar from Trabzon, to translate and make available to Ottoman educational institutions the geography book of Ptolemy. Another example is Ali Qushji -an astronomer, mathematician and physicist originally from Samarkand- who became a professor in two madrasas, and influenced Ottoman circles as a result of his writings and the activities of his students, even though he only spent two or three years before his death in Istanbul.

Q1: In what century did the Ottoman's start to desire foreign manuscripts?
A1: 15th Century
Q2: Which sultan ordered a Greek scholar to do translations of work by Ptolemy?
A2: Sultan Mehmet II
Q3: Who did an Ottoman sultan order to translate work by Ptolemy?
A3: Georgios Amiroutzes
Q4: How many years did Ali Qushji spend in Istanbul?
A4: two or three years
Q5: Where was Ali Qushji from?
A5: originally from Samarkand
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

Over the course of adolescence, the amount of white matter in the brain increases linearly, while the amount of grey matter in the brain follows an inverted-U pattern. Through a process called synaptic pruning, unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain are eliminated and the amount of grey matter is pared down. However, this does not mean that the brain loses functionality; rather, it becomes more efficient due to increased myelination (insulation of axons) and the reduction of unused pathways.

Q1: Does the amount of white matter in the brain increase or decrease over the course of adolescence?
A1: increases
Q2: Does the amount of grey matter in the brain increase linearly or follow an inverted-U pattern over the course of adolescence?
A2: inverted-U pattern
Q3: During which process are unnecessary neuronal connections in the brain eliminated?
A3: synaptic pruning
Q4: Does the brain become more or less efficient as a result of synaptic pruning?
A4: more efficient
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Over the course of the 20th century, the world's per-capita gross domestic product grew by a factor of five, much more than all earlier centuries combined (including the 19th with its Industrial Revolution). Many economists make the case that this understates the magnitude of growth, as many of the goods and services consumed at the end of the 20th century, such as improved medicine (causing world life expectancy to increase by more than two decades) and communications technologies, were not available at any price at its beginning. However, the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider, and the majority of the global population remained in the poor side of the divide.

Q1: By what percentage did the world's per-capita gross domestic product grow by during the 20th century?
A1: a factor of five
Q2: What has Modern medicine increased the average life expectancy by?
A2: two decades
Q3: What happened to the income gap between the rich and the poor?
A3: the gulf between the world's rich and poor grew wider
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Over the course of thousands of years, American indigenous peoples domesticated, bred and cultivated a large array of plant species. These species now constitute 50–60% of all crops in cultivation worldwide. In certain cases, the indigenous peoples developed entirely new species and strains through artificial selection, as was the case in the domestication and breeding of maize from wild teosinte grasses in the valleys of southern Mexico. Numerous such agricultural products retain their native names in the English and Spanish lexicons.

Q1: What did the indigenous peoples of America cultivate over the course of thousands of years?
A1: a large array of plant species
Q2: What percent of worldwide crops in cultivation derive from the efforts of the America's indigenous people?
A2: 50–60%
Q3: How were new species and strains of crops developed?
A3: artificial selection
Q4: What was the origin of maize?
A4: wild teosinte grasses
Q5: What products sometimes retain their native names in both English and Spanish?
A5: agricultural
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Over the last decade, North Carolina has become a cultural epicenter and haven for internationally prize-winning wine (Noni Bacca Winery), internationally prized cheeses (Ashe County), "L'institut International aux Arts Gastronomiques: Conquerront Les Yanks les Truffes, January 15, 2010" international hub for truffles (Garland Truffles), and beer making, as tobacco land has been converted to grape orchards while state laws regulating alcohol content in beer allowed a jump in ABV from 6% to 15%. The Yadkin Valley in particular has become a strengthening market for grape production, while Asheville recently won the recognition of being named 'Beer City USA.' Asheville boasts the largest breweries per capita of any city in the United States. Recognized and marketed brands of beer in North Carolina include Highland Brewing, Duck Rabbit Brewery, Mother Earth Brewery, Weeping Radish Brewery, Big Boss Brewing, Foothills Brewing, Carolina Brewing Company, Lonerider Brewing, and White Rabbit Brewing Company.

Q1: What international prize winning winery is located in North Carolina?
A1: Noni Bacca Winery
Q2: What prized cheeses are made in North Carolina?
A2: Ashe County
Q3: Much tobacco land has been transformed into what kind of orchards?
A3: grape
Q4: North carolina state law allowed a jump in alcohol volume from 6% to what percent?
A4: 15%.
Q5: What city was named Beer City USA?
A5: Asheville
Title: Sony_Music_Entertainment
Topic: Music

Over the past two years,[clarification needed] dozens of rights-holders, including Sony Music, have sent complaints about Wikipedia.org directly to Google to have content removed.

Q1: What search engine company giant has Sony sent requests to regarding content on a website?
A1: Google
Q2: What website does Sony have complaints against?
A2: Wikipedia.org
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Over the years a variety of record equalization practices emerged and there was no industry standard. For example, in Europe recordings for years required playback with a bass turnover setting of 250–300 Hz and a treble roll-off at 10,000 Hz ranging from 0 to −5 dB or more. In the US there were more varied practices and a tendency to use higher bass turnover frequencies such as 500 Hz as well as a greater treble rolloff like −8.5 dB and even more to record generally higher modulation levels on the record.

Q1: What was the industry standard in Europe for record equalization?
A1: there was no industry standard
Q2: In which country was the treble roll off greater?
A2: US
Q3: Which country prefers a bass turnover setting of 250-300 Hz?
A3: Europe
Q4: What was the industry standard on equalization practices?
A4: there was no industry standard
Q5: Which country used the most varied equalization practices?
A5: US
Title: Kathmandu
Topic: Geography and places

Over the years the city has been home to people of various ethnicities, resulting in a range of different traditions and cultural practices. In one decade, the population increased from 427,045 in 1991 to 671,805 in 2001. The population was projected to reach 915,071 in 2011 and 1,319,597 by 2021. To keep up this population growth, the KMC-controlled area of 5,076.6 hectares (12,545 acres) has expanded to 8,214 hectares (20,300 acres) in 2001. With this new area, the population density which was 85 in 1991 is still 85 in 2001; it is likely to jump to 111 in 2011 and 161 in 2021.

Q1: What was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
A1: 427,045
Q2: About how many people are likely to live in Kathmandu in 2021?
A2: 1,319,597
Q3: How dense was the population of Kathmandu in 1991?
A3: 85
Q4: How many acres of land did the KMC control in 2001?
A4: 20,300
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

Over the years, AC has spawned subgenres including "hot AC", "soft AC" (also known as "lite AC"), "urban AC", "rhythmic AC", and "Christian AC" (a softer type of contemporary Christian music). Some stations play only "hot AC", "soft AC", or only one of the variety of subgenres. Therefore, it is not usually considered a specific genre of music; it is merely an assemblage of selected tracks from musicians of many different genres.

Q1: What is lite AC otherwise known as?
A1: soft AC
Q2: What is Christian AC a subgenre of?
A2: contemporary Christian music
Q3: Along with hot, soft, urban and Christian AC, what is another prominent time of adult contemporary music?
A3: rhythmic AC
Title: Rajasthan
Topic: Geography and places

Over the years, the Mughals began to have internal disputes which greatly distracted them at times. The Mughal Empire continued to weaken, and with the decline of the Mughal Empire in the 18th century, Rajputana came under the suzerainty of the Marathas. The Marathas, who were Hindus from the state of what is now Maharashtra, ruled Rajputana for most of the eighteenth century. The Maratha Empire, which had replaced the Mughal Empire as the overlord of the subcontinent, was finally replaced by the British Empire in 1818.

Q1: What group in the Rajasthan region started to have internal disputes?
A1: Mughals
Q2: In what century did the Mughal Empire come into decline?
A2: 18th century
Q3: The Maratharas gained what over Rajputana?
A3: suzerainty
Q4: Where were the Marathas from?
A4: the state of what is now Maharashtra
Q5: In what year did the British Empire replace the Maratha Empire?
A5: 1818
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Over the years, various attempts have been made to synthesize a single Buddhist text that can encompass all of the major principles of Buddhism. In the Theravada tradition, condensed 'study texts' were created that combined popular or influential scriptures into single volumes that could be studied by novice monks. Later in Sri Lanka, the Dhammapada was championed as a unifying scripture.

Q1: In Sri Lanka, what was determined to be the best unifying scripture?
A1: Dhammapada
Q2: There have been attempts to create a single text with all the main ideas of what religion?
A2: Buddhism
Q3: condensed study texts where created in what tradition?
A3: Theravada
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Over three quarters of the student body has some proficiency in a second language (numbering 107 languages in total). This is partially due to the fact that 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church, and many of them learned a foreign language as part of their mission assignment. During any given semester, about one-third of the student body is enrolled in foreign language classes, a rate nearly four times the national average. BYU offers courses in over 60 different languages, many with advanced courses that are seldom offered elsewhere. Several of its language programs are the largest of their kind in the nation, the Russian program being one example. The university was selected by the United States Department of Education as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center, making the school a hub for experts on that region. It was also selected as a Center for International Business Education Research, a function of which is to train business employees in international languages and relations.

Q1: What percentage of the student body of BYU has some proficiency in a second language?
A1: Over three quarters
Q2: What can be attributed to BYU's high percentage of second language proficient students?
A2: 45 percent of the student body at BYU has been missionaries for LDS Church
Q3: How many languages are offered as courses at BYU?
A3: over 60
Q4: What designation does BYU's Russian language program hold?
A4: largest of their kind in the nation
Q5: Who chose BYU as the location of the national Middle East Language Resource Center?
A5: United States Department of Education
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Over time, Roman architecture was modified as their urban requirements changed, and the civil engineering and building construction technology became developed and refined. The Roman concrete has remained a riddle, and even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently. The architectural style of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers under Roman control and influence. Roman cities were well planned, efficiently managed and neatly maintained.[citation needed]

Q1: What was a primary cause of the modification of Roman architectural elements?
A1: urban requirements changed
Q2: What Roman construction material has continued to be a mystery to this day?
A2: Roman concrete
Q3: Do any Roman structures still exist in our time?
A3: even after more than 2,000 years some Roman structures still stand magnificently
Q4: What facet of the capital city was emulated by other urban centers in the Roman Republic?
A4: The architectural style
Title: Lighting
Topic: Engineering and technology

Over time, electric lighting became ubiquitous in developed countries. Segmented sleep patterns disappeared, improved nighttime lighting made more activities possible at night, and more street lights reduced urban crime.

Q1: Street lights help reduce?
A1: urban crime.
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Over time, fidelity, dynamic and noise levels improved to the point that it was harder to tell the difference between a live performance in the studio and the recorded version. This was especially true after the invention of the variable reluctance magnetic pickup cartridge by General Electric in the 1940s when high quality cuts were played on well-designed audio systems. The Capehart radio/phonographs of the era with large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers, though not ideal, demonstrated this quite well with "home recordings" readily available in the music stores for the public to buy.

Q1: What was a benefit of the use of magnetic pickup cartridge?
A1: high quality cuts
Q2: In what era could you find good quality recordings and playbacks at home?
A2: 1940s
Q3: What was a unique feature of the Capeart radio phonographs?
A3: large diameter electrodynamic loudspeakers
Q4: How similar were live and recorded versions?
A4: harder to tell the difference
Title: Great_power
Topic: History

Over time, the relative power of these five nations fluctuated, which by the dawn of the 20th century had served to create an entirely different balance of power. Some, such as the United Kingdom and Prussia (as the founder of the newly formed German state), experienced continued economic growth and political power. Others, such as Russia and Austria-Hungary, stagnated. At the same time, other states were emerging and expanding in power, largely through the process of industrialization. These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento, Japan after the Meiji Restoration, and the United States after its civil war. By the dawn of the 20th century, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of 20th century.

Q1: Was the power of the 5 countries constant?
A1: relative power of these five nations fluctuated
Q2: What countries found their economic growth in early 20th century?
A2: United Kingdom and Prussia
Q3: Which of the 5 powers were beginning to stagnate in early 20th century?
A3: Russia and Austria-Hungary
Q4: What agreement replaced the Congress of Vienna?
A4: Eight-Nation Alliance
Q5: What conflict was this agreement in opposition of?
A5: Boxer Rebellion in China.
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and then to the Manchu-led Qing dynasty in the spring of 1644, the Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June 1644 as the Hongguang Emperor. His short reign was described by later historians as the first reign of the so-called Southern Ming dynasty.

Q1: When did Beijing lose to Li Zicheng's rebel forces and the Manchu-led Qing dynasty?
A1: 1644
Q2: What Ming prince was enthroned in Nanjing?
A2: Zhu Yousong
Q3: When was Zhu Yousong enthroned?
A3: in June 1644
Q4: What was Zhu Yousong's title?
A4: the Hongguang Emperor
Q5: The Hongguang Emperor's reign was thought of as the first reign of what dynasty?
A5: the so-called Southern Ming dynasty
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Over two-thirds of Melburnians speak only English at home (68.1%). Chinese (mainly Cantonese and Mandarin) is the second-most-common language spoken at home (3.6%), with Greek third, Italian fourth and Vietnamese fifth, each with more than 100,000 speakers. Although Victoria's net interstate migration has fluctuated, the population of the Melbourne statistical division has grown by about 70,000 people a year since 2005. Melbourne has now attracted the largest proportion of international overseas immigrants (48,000) finding it outpacing Sydney's international migrant intake on percentage, along with having strong interstate migration from Sydney and other capitals due to more affordable housing and cost of living.

Q1: What percentage of Melburnians speak only English at home?
A1: 68.1%
Q2: What is the second-most-common language in Melborne?
A2: Chinese
Q3: The Melbourne statistical division population has grown by how many people each year since 2005?
A3: 70,000
Q4: What factors make Melbourne more attractie than Sydney for overseas immigrants?
A4: more affordable housing and cost of living
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Overall, however, Whitehead's influence is very difficult to characterize. In English-speaking countries, his primary works are little-studied outside of Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs. Outside of these circles his influence is relatively small and diffuse, and has tended to come chiefly through the work of his students and admirers rather than Whitehead himself. For instance, Whitehead was a teacher and long-time friend and collaborator of Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine, both of whom are important figures in analytic philosophy – the dominant strain of philosophy in English-speaking countries in the 20th century. Whitehead has also had high-profile admirers in the continental tradition, such as French post-structuralist philosopher Gilles Deleuze, who once dryly remarked of Whitehead that "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror." French sociologist and anthropologist Bruno Latour even went so far as to call Whitehead "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century."

Q1: Where are Whitehead's works primarily studied in English-speaking countries?
A1: Claremont and a select number of liberal graduate-level theology and philosophy programs
Q2: Where has interest outside of those areas mainly come from?
A2: through the work of his students and admirers rather
Q3: Who are two of Whitehead's students that have gone on to become renowned in the field of analytic philosophy?
A3: Bertrand Russell, and he also taught and supervised the dissertation of Willard Van Orman Quine
Q4: What did Gilles Deleuze say about Whitehead?
A4: "he stands provisionally as the last great Anglo-American philosopher before Wittgenstein's disciples spread their misty confusion, sufficiency, and terror."
Q5: What French sociologist and anthropologist stated that Whitehead was "the greatest philosopher of the 20th century"?
A5: Bruno Latour
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Owing to Napoleon's praise of Saint Helena’s coffee during his exile on the island, the product enjoyed a brief popularity in Paris in the years after his death.

Q1: Which product of Saint Helena was praised by Napoleon?
A1: coffee
Q2: Where did Saint Helena's coffee get popular after Napoleon's death?
A2: Paris
Q3: What product got popular in Paris after Napoloen's death?
A3: coffee
Title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Topic: Geography and places

Owing to economic conditions and the late 2000s recession, many of the proposed mega casinos never went further than the initial planning stages. One of these developers was Pinnacle Entertainment, who purchased the Sands Atlantic City, only to close it permanently November 11, 2006. The following year, the resort was demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion, the first of its kind in Atlantic City. While Pinnacle Entertainment intended to replace it with a $1.5–2 billion casino resort, the company canceled its construction plans and plans to sell the land. The biggest disappointment was when MGM Resorts International announced that it would pull out of all development for Atlantic City, effectively ending their plans for the MGM Grand Atlantic City.

Q1: When did the Sands Atlantic City close permanently?
A1: November 11, 2006
Q2: What happened to the Sands Atlantic City a year after it closed?
A2: demolished in a dramatic, Las Vegas styled implosion
Q3: What did Pinnacle Entertainment intend to replace the Sands Atlantic City with?
A3: $1.5–2 billion casino resort
Q4: Why did many of the proposed mega casinos never get further than the initial planning stages?
A4: economic conditions and the late 2000s recession
Q5: Who purchased the Sands Atlantic City?
A5: Pinnacle Entertainment
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

Oxidation of hydrogen removes its electron and gives H+, which contains no electrons and a nucleus which is usually composed of one proton. That is why H+ is often called a proton. This species is central to discussion of acids. Under the Bronsted-Lowry theory, acids are proton donors, while bases are proton acceptors.

Q1: When hydrogen oxidates, what is it removing?
A1: electrons
Q2: When hydrogen oxidates, what does it end up giving?
A2: H+
Q3: What theory suggests that acids are proton donors?
A3: Bronsted-Lowry
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Ozawa's "Northern Force" had four aircraft carriers, two obsolete battleships partly converted to carriers, three cruisers and nine destroyers. The carriers had only 108 planes. The force was not spotted by the Allies until 16:40 on 24 October. At 20:00 Toyoda ordered all remaining Japanese forces to attack. Halsey saw an opportunity to destroy the remnants of the Japanese carrier force. The U.S. Third Fleet was formidable – nine large carriers, eight light carriers, six battleships, 17 cruisers, 63 destroyers and 1,000 planes – and completely outgunned Ozawa's force. Halsey's ships set out in pursuit of Ozawa just after midnight. U.S. commanders ignored reports that Kurita had turned back towards San Bernardino Strait. They had taken the bait set by Ozawa. On the morning of 25 October Ozawa launched 75 planes. Most were shot down by U.S. fighter patrols. By 08:00 U.S. fighters had destroyed the screen of Japanese fighters and were hitting ships. By evening, they had sunk the carriers Zuikaku, Zuihō, and Chiyoda, and a destroyer. The fourth carrier, Chitose, and a cruiser were disabled and later sank.

Q1: How many aircraft carriers were in Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
A1: four
Q2: When did the allies spot Ozawa's "Northern Force"?
A2: 16:40 on 24 October
Q3: How many planes were in the U.S. 3rd Fleet?
A3: 1,000
Q4: How many destroyers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
A4: 63
Q5: How many cruisers were in the U.S. Third Fleet?
A5: 17
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

P. Christiaan Klieger, an anthropologist and scholar of the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco, writes that the vice royalty of the Sakya regime installed by the Mongols established a patron and priest relationship between Tibetans and Mongol converts to Tibetan Buddhism. According to him, the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans upheld a "mutual role of religious prelate and secular patron," respectively. He adds that "Although agreements were made between Tibetan leaders and Mongol khans, Ming and Qing emperors, it was the Republic of China and its Communist successors that assumed the former imperial tributaries and subject states as integral parts of the Chinese nation-state."

Q1: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger claim to have had a mutual role of religious prelate?
A1: the Tibetan lamas and Mongol khans
Q2: Who does P. Christiaan Klieger believe undertook the former imperial tributaries?
A2: the Republic of China and its Communist successors
Q3: Where does P. Christiaan Klieger work?
A3: the California Academy of Sciences in San Francisco
Q4: Who was the  vice royalty of the Sakya regime established by?
A4: the Mongols
Q5: The Sakya regime established what kind of relationship between the Tibetans and Mongol converts?
A5: patron and priest relationship
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

PAL LaserDiscs have a slightly longer playing time than NTSC discs, but have fewer audio options. PAL discs only have two audio tracks, consisting of either two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs. In comparison, later NTSC LDs are capable of carrying four tracks (two analog and two digital). On certain releases, one of the analog tracks is used to carry a modulated AC-3 signal for 5.1 channel audio (for decoding and playback by newer LD players with an "AC-3 RF" output). However, older NTSC LDs made before 1984 (such as the original DiscoVision discs) only have two analog audio tracks.

Q1: Which has a longer playing time: PAL LaserDiscs or NTSC discs?
A1: PAL LaserDiscs
Q2: How many audio tracks do PAL LaserDiscs have?
A2: two
Q3: Which two audio options are available on PAL LaserDiscs?
A3: two analog-only tracks on older PAL LDs, or two digital-only tracks on newer discs
Title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

PAL consoles face another incompatibility when playing out-of-region cartridges: the NTSC video standard specifies video at 60 Hz while PAL operates at 50 Hz, resulting in approximately 16.7% slower gameplay. Additionally, PAL's higher resolution results in letterboxing of the output image. Some commercial PAL region releases exhibit this same problem and, therefore, can be played in NTSC systems without issue while others will face a 20% speedup if played in an NTSC console. To mostly correct this issue, a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions. Later games will detect this setting and refuse to run, requiring the switch to be thrown only after the check completes.

Q1: What video frequency does NTSC use?
A1: 60 Hz
Q2: What video frequency does PAL use?
A2: 50 Hz
Q3: How much slower do games run on PAL consoles than NTSC due to frequency differences?
A3: 16.7% slower
Q4: What hardware modification could be made to the SNES to support game speed differences?
A4: a switch can be added to place the SNES PPU into a 60 Hz mode supported by most newer PAL televisions
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

PAL, SECAM and NTSC frame rates technically apply only to analogue standard definition television, not to digital or high definition broadcasts. However, with the roll out of digital broadcasting, and later HDTV broadcasting, countries retained their heritage systems. HDTV in former PAL and SECAM countries operates at a frame rate of 25/50 Hz, while HDTV in former NTSC countries operates at 30/60 Hz.

Q1: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates apply to what definition televisions?
A1: analogue standard
Q2: PAL, SECAM, and NTSC frame rates do not apply to what broadcasts?
A2: digital or high definition
Q3: In former PAL and SECAM countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A3: 25/50 Hz
Q4: In former NTSC countries, what frame rate does HDTV operate at?
A4: 30/60 Hz
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

PCBs intended for extreme environments often have a conformal coating, which is applied by dipping or spraying after the components have been soldered. The coat prevents corrosion and leakage currents or shorting due to condensation. The earliest conformal coats were wax; modern conformal coats are usually dips of dilute solutions of silicone rubber, polyurethane, acrylic, or epoxy. Another technique for applying a conformal coating is for plastic to be sputtered onto the PCB in a vacuum chamber. The chief disadvantage of conformal coatings is that servicing of the board is rendered extremely difficult.

Q1: If a PCB is intended for use in an setting with extreme conditions, what would probably be applied?
A1: conformal coating
Q2: A conformal coating can be applied by spraying the PCB or by doing what else to it?
A2: dipping
Q3: The conformal coating can prevent leaking, shorts, and what other type of moisture damage?
A3: corrosion
Q4: What material was first used for conformal coating?
A4: wax
Q5: What action is made much more difficult for boards that have a conformal coating?
A5: servicing
Title: PlayStation_3
Topic: Video games

PS3 was given the number-eight spot on PC World magazine's list of "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006", where it was criticized for being "Late, Expensive and Incompatible". GamesRadar ranked PS3 as the top item in a feature on game-related PR disasters, asking how Sony managed to "take one of the most anticipated game systems of all time and — within the space of a year — turn it into a hate object reviled by the entire internet", but added that despite its problems the system has "untapped potential". Business Week summed up the general opinion by stating that it was "more impressed with what [the PlayStation 3] could do than with what it currently does".

Q1: What list by PC World ranked PlayStation eighth, in a bad way?
A1: "The Top 21 Tech Screwups of 2006"
Q2: What gaming website called PS3 "a hate object reviled by the entire internet"?
A2: GamesRadar
Q3: What quote sums up PC World's 2006 assessment of PS3?
A3: "Late, Expensive and Incompatible"
Q4: How long did GamesRadar say it took Sony to turn the Internet against the PlayStation 3?
A4: a year
Title: PlayStation_3
Topic: Video games

PS3's hardware has also been used to build supercomputers for high-performance computing. Fixstars Solutions sells a version of Yellow Dog Linux for PlayStation 3 (originally sold by Terra Soft Solutions). RapidMind produced a stream programming package for PS3, but were acquired by Intel in 2009. Also, on January 3, 2007, Dr. Frank Mueller, Associate Professor of Computer science at NCSU, clustered 8 PS3s. Mueller commented that the 256 MB of system RAM is a limitation for this particular application and is considering attempting to retrofit more RAM. Software includes: Fedora Core 5 Linux ppc64, MPICH2, OpenMP v 2.5, GNU Compiler Collection and CellSDK 1.1. As a more cost-effective alternative to conventional supercomputers, the U.S. military has purchased clusters of PS3 units for research purposes. Retail PS3 Slim units cannot be used for supercomputing, because PS3 Slim lacks the ability to boot into a third-party OS.

Q1: What operating system does Fixstars Solutions offer for the PlayStation 3?
A1: Yellow Dog Linux
Q2: What company sold Yellow Dog Linux before Fixstars Solutions?
A2: Terra Soft Solutions
Q3: What company bought RapidMind in 2009?
A3: Intel
Q4: How many PlayStation 3 consoles was Dr. Frank Mueller able to cluster together?
A4: 8
Q5: Who is buying PS3 clusters instead of supercomputers in order to save some money?
A5: the U.S. military
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

Pagan's collapse was followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted well into the 16th century. Like the Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind. Several competing Shan States came to dominate the entire northwestern to eastern arc surrounding the Irrawaddy valley. The valley too was beset with petty states until the late 14th century when two sizeable powers, Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom, emerged. In the west, a politically fragmented Arakan was under competing influences of its stronger neighbours until the Kingdom of Mrauk U unified the Arakan coastline for the first time in 1437.

Q1: How long did it take for Myanmar to recover from the collapse of it's first kingdom ?
A1: 250 years
Q2: Did the Mongol invasions of Burma leave any lasting signs?
A2: Shan migrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions stayed behind
Q3: Who was involved merger of the smaller states into the two largest factions of Myanmar ?
A3: Ava Kingdom and Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Q4: What is the name of the kingdom that became dominant along the coastline of Myanmar? 
A4: Kingdom of Mrauk U
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Page ii contains quotations by William Whewell and Francis Bacon on the theology of natural laws, harmonising science and religion in accordance with Isaac Newton's belief in a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos. In the second edition, Darwin added an epigraph from Joseph Butler affirming that God could work through scientific laws as much as through miracles, in a nod to the religious concerns of his oldest friends. The Introduction establishes Darwin's credentials as a naturalist and author, then refers to John Herschel's letter suggesting that the origin of species "would be found to be a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process":

Q1: What was Isaac Newton's belief about God  on the theory of natural law?
A1: a rational God who established a law-abiding cosmos
Q2: Whose epigraph did Darwin add to On the Origin of Species harmonizing God with science and miracles together?
A2: Joseph Butler
Q3: Whose letter does the introduction to On the Origin of Species refer?
A3: John Herschel
Q4: In which edition of On the Origin of Species was the epigraph from Joseph Butler added?
A4: the second edition
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Pain is a distressing feeling often caused by intense or damaging stimuli, such as stubbing a toe, burning a finger, putting alcohol on a cut, and bumping the "funny bone". Because it is a complex, subjective phenomenon, defining pain has been a challenge. The International Association for the Study of Pain's widely used definition states: "Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage." In medical diagnosis, pain is a symptom.

Q1: What type of stimuli causes pain?
A1: intense or damaging
Q2: What type of feeling is pain?
A2: distressing
Q3: Why has defining pain been a challenge?
A3: complex, subjective phenomenon
Q4: What organization's definition is widely used?
A4: The International Association for the Study of Pain
Q5: In medical diagnosis, what is pain considered?
A5: a symptom
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Pain is the most common reason for people to use complementary and alternative medicine. An analysis of the 13 highest quality studies of pain treatment with acupuncture, published in January 2009, concluded there is little difference in the effect of real, sham and no acupuncture. However other reviews have found benefit. Additionally, there is tentative evidence for a few herbal medicine. There is interest in the relationship between vitamin D and pain, but the evidence so far from controlled trials for such a relationship, other than in osteomalacia, is unconvincing.

Q1: What is the most common reason people seek out alternative medicine?
A1: Pain
Q2: What did an analysis of the 13 studies of pain treatment conclude about the effect of real treament versus sham treatments?
A2: little difference in the effect
Q3: Some contradictory reviews of 13 high quality studies found actual what?
A3: benefit
Q4: What medicine is there tentative evidence for the efficacy of?
A4: herbal
Q5: Other than in osteomalacia, what is there no evidence of a relationship between pain and?
A5: vitamin D
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Pain is the most common reason for physician consultation in most developed countries. It is a major symptom in many medical conditions, and can interfere with a person's quality of life and general functioning. Psychological factors such as social support, hypnotic suggestion, excitement, or distraction can significantly affect pain's intensity or unpleasantness. In some arguments put forth in physician-assisted suicide or euthanasia debates, pain has been used as an argument to permit terminally ill patients to end their lives.

Q1: What is the most common reason people go to the doctor in first world countries?
A1: Pain
Q2: How can pain effect a person's quality of life and general functioning?
A2: interfere
Q3: Excitement and distraction are what type of factors which affect pain's intensity?
A3: Psychological
Q4: What has pain sometimes been used as an argument to allow terminally ill patients the right to do?
A4: end their lives
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Pain is usually transitory, lasting only until the noxious stimulus is removed or the underlying damage or pathology has healed, but some painful conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis, peripheral neuropathy, cancer and idiopathic pain, may persist for years. Pain that lasts a long time is called chronic or persistent, and pain that resolves quickly is called acute. Traditionally, the distinction between acute and chronic pain has relied upon an arbitrary interval of time from onset; the two most commonly used markers being 3 months and 6 months since the onset of pain, though some theorists and researchers have placed the transition from acute to chronic pain at 12 months.:93 Others apply acute to pain that lasts less than 30 days, chronic to pain of more than six months' duration, and subacute to pain that lasts from one to six months. A popular alternative definition of chronic pain, involving no arbitrarily fixed durations, is "pain that extends beyond the expected period of healing". Chronic pain may be classified as cancer pain or else as benign.

Q1: What is usually temporary?
A1: Pain
Q2: How long does pain tend to last?
A2: only until the noxious stimulus is removed
Q3: What is pain which resolves quickly called?
A3: acute
Q4: What has the distinction between acute and chronic pain been arbitrarily measured by?
A4: interval of time from onset
Q5: What might chronic pain sometimes be referred to as?
A5: cancer pain
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

Palacio Salvo, at the intersection of 18 de Julio Avenue and Plaza Independencia, was designed by the architect Mario Palanti and completed in 1925. Palanti, an Italian immigrant living in Buenos Aires, used a similar design for his Palacio Barolo in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Palacio Salvo stands 100 metres (330 ft) high, including its antenna. It is built on the former site of the Confitería La Giralda, renowned for being where Gerardo Matos Rodríguez wrote his tango "La Cumparsita" (1917.) Palacio Salvo was originally intended to function as a hotel but is now a mixture of offices and private residences.

Q1: Who designed the Palacio Salvo?
A1: Mario Palanti
Q2: What year was the Palacio Salvo completed? 
A2: 1925
Q3: How high does the Palacio Salvo stand?
A3: 100 metres (330 ft) high
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Palawan Island, between Borneo and Mindoro, the fifth largest and western-most Philippine Island, was invaded on 28 February with landings of the Eighth Army at Puerto Princesa. The Japanese put up little direct defense of Palawan, but cleaning up pockets of Japanese resistance lasted until late April, as the Japanese used their common tactic of withdrawing into the mountain jungles, dispersed as small units. Throughout the Philippines, U.S. forces were aided by Filipino guerrillas to find and dispatch the holdouts.

Q1: What island was between Borneo and Mindoro?
A1: Palawan
Q2: What island was invaded by the Eighth Army on February 28?
A2: Palawan
Q3: Where did the Eighth Army land?
A3: Puerto Princesa
Q4: Who aided U.S. forces in finding Japanese holdouts in the Philippines?
A4: Filipino guerrillas
Q5: What is the western-most Philippine island?
A5: Palawan
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Paleobotanists study ancient plants in the fossil record to provide information about the evolutionary history of plants. Cyanobacteria, the first oxygen-releasing photosynthetic organisms on Earth, are thought to have given rise to the ancestor of plants by entering into an endosymbiotic relationship with an early eukaryote, ultimately becoming the chloroplasts in plant cells. The new photosynthetic plants (along with their algal relatives) accelerated the rise in atmospheric oxygen started by the cyanobacteria, changing the ancient oxygen-free, reducing, atmosphere to one in which free oxygen has been abundant for more than 2 billion years.

Q1: What is the study of ancient, fossilized plants?
A1: Paleobotanists
Q2: What organism is credited with starting the oxygen-rich atmosphere on Earth?
A2: cyanobacteria
Q3: What can scientists learn from the fossil record?
A3: evolutionary history of plants
Q4: What was the first organism to produce oxygen through photosynthesis?
A4: Cyanobacteria
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Paleoptera and Neoptera are the winged orders of insects differentiated by the presence of hardened body parts called sclerites, and in the Neoptera, muscles that allow their wings to fold flatly over the abdomen. Neoptera can further be divided into incomplete metamorphosis-based (Polyneoptera and Paraneoptera) and complete metamorphosis-based groups. It has proved difficult to clarify the relationships between the orders in Polyneoptera because of constant new findings calling for revision of the taxa. For example, the Paraneoptera have turned out to be more closely related to the Endopterygota than to the rest of the Exopterygota. The recent molecular finding that the traditional louse orders Mallophaga and Anoplura are derived from within Psocoptera has led to the new taxon Psocodea. Phasmatodea and Embiidina have been suggested to form the Eukinolabia. Mantodea, Blattodea, and Isoptera are thought to form a monophyletic group termed Dictyoptera.

Q1: Paleoptera and Neoptera are what kind of insect orders? 
A1: winged
Q2: An insects hard body parts are called what?
A2: sclerites
Q3: Insect's wings fold flat over their what?
A3: abdomen
Q4: Neoptera can be divided into what kind of "based" group?
A4: metamorphosis-based
Q5: Paraneopter and Endopterygota are closely what?
A5: related
Title: Palermo
Topic: Unknown

Palermo (Italian: [paˈlɛrmo] ( listen), Sicilian: Palermu, Latin: Panormus, from Greek: Πάνορμος, Panormos, Arabic: بَلَرْم‎, Balarm; Phoenician: זִיז, Ziz) is a city in Insular Italy, the capital of both the autonomous region of Sicily and the Province of Palermo. The city is noted for its history, culture, architecture and gastronomy, playing an important role throughout much of its existence; it is over 2,700 years old. Palermo is located in the northwest of the island of Sicily, right by the Gulf of Palermo in the Tyrrhenian Sea.

Q1: For what is Palermo known?
A1: history, culture, architecture and gastronomy
Q2: How old is the city of Palermo?
A2: 2,700 years old
Q3: On what island is Palermo located?
A3: Sicily
Title: Palermo
Topic: Unknown

Palermo experiences a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa). Winters are cool and wet, while summers are hot and dry. Temperatures in autumn and spring are usually mild. Palermo is one of the warmest cities in Europe (mainly due to its warm nights), with an average annual air temperature of 18.5 °C (65.3 °F). It receives approximately 2,530 hours of sunshine per year. Snow is usually a rare occurrence, but it does occur occasionally if there is a cold front, as the Apennines are too distant to protect the island from cold winds blowing from the Balkans, and the mountains surrounding the city facilite the formation of snow accumulation in Palermo, especially at night. Between the 1940s and the 2000s there have been eleven times when considerable snowfall has occurred: In 1949, in 1956, when the minimum temperature went down to 0 °C (32 °F) and the city was blanketed by several centimeters of snow. Snow also occurred in 1999, 2009 and 2015. The average annual temperature of the sea is above 19 °C (66 °F); from 14 °C (57 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the period from May to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 18 °C (64 °F) and in the period from June to October, the average sea temperature exceeds 21 °C (70 °F).

Q1: What is Palermo's climate classification?
A1: hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification: Csa).
Q2: How do Palermo's temperatures compare to the rest of Europe?
A2: one of the warmest cities in Europe
Q3: How many did snow fall in Palermo between 1940and the 2000s?
A3: eleven
Q4: How much sun does Palermo see each year?
A4: 2,530 hours