LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry, with over 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs. Traditionally, such birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night. This is still the case in developing countries, where the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry. However, rising world populations and urbanization have led to the bulk of production being in larger, more intensive specialist units. These are often situated close to where the feed is grown or near to where the meat is needed, and result in cheap, safe food being made available for urban communities. Profitability of production depends very much on the price of feed, which has been rising. High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production.

Q1: What is the most popular type of poulty that is farmed?
A1: Worldwide, more chickens are kept than any other type of poultry
Q2: How many birds are routinely raised in the world for the consumption process?
A2: 50 billion birds being raised each year as a source of meat and eggs.
Q3: How is the cost of the price for animal feed related to the poulty cost for consumers?
A3: High feed costs could limit further development of poultry production
Q4: Before industrialization how were chickens normally cared for?
A4: birds would have been kept extensively in small flocks, foraging during the day and housed at night.
Q5: What is the major significance of chickens to women in underdeveloped countries?
A5: the women often make important contributions to family livelihoods through keeping poultry
Title: Infection
Topic: Natural sciences

Wound colonization refers to nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound, while in infected wounds, replicating organisms exist and tissue is injured. All multicellular organisms are colonized to some degree by extrinsic organisms, and the vast majority of these exist in either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with the host. An example of the former is the anaerobic bacteria species, which colonizes the mammalian colon, and an example of the latter is various species of staphylococcus that exist on human skin. Neither of these colonizations are considered infections. The difference between an infection and a colonization is often only a matter of circumstance. Non-pathogenic organisms can become pathogenic given specific conditions, and even the most virulent organism requires certain circumstances to cause a compromising infection. Some colonizing bacteria, such as Corynebacteria sp. and viridans streptococci, prevent the adhesion and colonization of pathogenic bacteria and thus have a symbiotic relationship with the host, preventing infection and speeding wound healing.

Q1: What does wound colonization refer to?
A1: nonreplicating microorganisms within the wound
Q2: What type of organisms exist and injure tissue in infected wounds?
A2: replicating
Q3: What are all multcellular organisms colonized to some degree by?
A3: extrinsic organisms
Q4: What species colonizes the mammalian colon?
A4: anaerobic bacteria
Q5: What's the difference between an infection and a colonization?
A5: only a matter of circumstance
Title: Paper
Topic: Natural sciences

Wove paper does not exhibit "laidlines", which are small regular lines left behind on paper when it was handmade in a mould made from rows of metal wires or bamboo. Laidlines are very close together. They run perpendicular to the "chainlines", which are further apart. Handmade paper similarly exhibits "deckle edges", or rough and feathery borders.

Q1: What type of lines does wove paper not exhibit?
A1: Laidlines
Q2: What are small regular lines left on paper when handmade in a mould?
A2: Laidlines
Q3: What runs perpendicular to the laidlines?
A3: chainlines
Q4: Which is lines are commonly higher in density, laidlines or chainlines?
A4: Laidlines
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Wright himself believed that values >0.25 represent very great genetic variation and that an FST of 0.15–0.25 represented great variation. However, about 5% of human variation occurs between populations within continents, therefore FST values between continental groups of humans (or races) of as low as 0.1 (or possibly lower) have been found in some studies, suggesting more moderate levels of genetic variation. Graves (1996) has countered that FST should not be used as a marker of subspecies status, as the statistic is used to measure the degree of differentiation between populations, although see also Wright (1978).

Q1: FST values greater than .25 represent very great what?
A1: genetic variation
Q2: About how much human variation occurs between continental populations?
A2: 5%
Q3: FST values as low as what amount have been found in some studies?
A3: 0.1
Q4: What is the name of the person who thinks FST shouldn't be used as a marker of subspecies status?
A4: Graves
Q5: FST is used to measure the degree of differentiation between what?
A5: populations
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
Topic: Language and literature

Writing about Lee's style and use of humor in a tragic story, scholar Jacqueline Tavernier-Courbin states: "Laughter ... [exposes] the gangrene under the beautiful surface but also by demeaning it; one can hardly ... be controlled by what one is able to laugh at." Scout's precocious observations about her neighbors and behavior inspire National Endowment of the Arts director David Kipen to call her "hysterically funny". To address complex issues, however, Tavernier-Courbin notes that Lee uses parody, satire, and irony effectively by using a child's perspective. After Dill promises to marry her, then spends too much time with Jem, Scout reasons the best way to get him to pay attention to her is to beat him up, which she does several times. Scout's first day in school is a satirical treatment of education; her teacher says she must undo the damage Atticus has wrought in teaching her to read and write, and forbids Atticus from teaching her further. Lee treats the most unfunny situations with irony, however, as Jem and Scout try to understand how Maycomb embraces racism and still tries sincerely to remain a decent society. Satire and irony are used to such an extent that Tavernier-Courbin suggests one interpretation for the book's title: Lee is doing the mocking—of education, the justice system, and her own society by using them as subjects of her humorous disapproval.

Q1: What two forms of humor are most found in To Kill a Mockingbird?
A1: Satire and irony
Q2:  Lee uses which writing styles to express humor in a tragic story?
A2: parody, satire, and irony
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

Writing in 1998 Kurt Jonassohn and Karin Björnson stated that the CPPCG was a legal instrument resulting from a diplomatic compromise. As such the wording of the treaty is not intended to be a definition suitable as a research tool, and although it is used for this purpose, as it has an international legal credibility that others lack, other definitions have also been postulated. Jonassohn and Björnson go on to say that none of these alternative definitions have gained widespread support for various reasons.

Q1: In 1998 it was written that the CPPCG was a legal entity resulting in which type of compromise?
A1: a diplomatic compromise
Q2: Rather than a definition, the text of the treaty is considered as what type of tool?
A2: a research tool
Q3: What does the treaty possess that others lack?
A3: international legal credibility
Q4: The writers Jonassohn and Bjornson cite various reasons for the lack of widespread support of what?
A4: alternative definitions
Title: Edmund_Burke
Topic: History

Writing to a friend in May 1795, Burke surveyed the causes of discontent: "I think I can hardly overrate the malignity of the principles of Protestant ascendency, as they affect Ireland; or of Indianism [i.e. corporate tyranny, as practiced by the British East Indies Company], as they affect these countries, and as they affect Asia; or of Jacobinism, as they affect all Europe, and the state of human society itself. The last is the greatest evil". By March 1796, however Burke had changed his mind: "Our Government and our Laws are beset by two different Enemies, which are sapping its foundations, Indianism, and Jacobinism. In some Cases they act separately, in some they act in conjunction: But of this I am sure; that the first is the worst by far, and the hardest to deal with; and for this amongst other reasons, that it weakens discredits, and ruins that force, which ought to be employed with the greatest Credit and Energy against the other; and that it furnishes Jacobinism with its strongest arms against all formal Government".

Q1: Whose ascendancy did Burke think was malignant?
A1: Protestant
Q2: What did Burke call corporate tyranny in India?
A2: Indianism
Q3: Which continent did Jacobinism affect?
A3: Europe
Q4: When did Burke decide Indianism was the worst threat?
A4: March 1796
Q5: What did Burke think was the worst threat in 1795?
A5: Jacobinism
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.

Q1: What Age's ideas allowed Estonian writings to gain significance?
A1: Age of Enlightenment
Q2: Who thought their future would be fused with Estonians?
A2: Baltic Germans
Q3: Who had admiration for the ancient Estonian culture?
A3: Estophile educated class
Q4: Who conquered the ancient Estonians?
A4: Danes and Germans
Q5: When did the ancient Estonian era of freedom come to an end?
A5: 13th century
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages).

Q1: What also includes a pair of syllabaries?
A1: Written Japanese
Q2: Why do the syllabaries differ?
A2: they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable
Q3: What uses a composite system?
A3: Modern Japanese writing
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Wu Chinese has a three-way distinction in stops and affricates: /p pʰ b/. In addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants, there is a series of muddy consonants, like /b/. These are pronounced with slack or breathy voice: that is, they are weakly voiced. Muddy consonants as initial cause a syllable to be pronounced with low pitch or light (陽 yáng) tone.

Q1: What has a three-way distinction in regards to stops and affricates?
A1: Wu Chinese
Q2: What is the actual distinction for Wu Chinese?
A2: /p pʰ b/
Q3: What is /b/ representative of, in addition to aspirated and unaspirated consonants?
A3: Muddy consonants
Q4: What kind of voice are muddy consonants pronounced with?
A4: slack or breathy
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Wylie asserts that this type of censorship of the History of Ming distorts the true picture of the history of Sino-Tibetan relations, while the Ming court granted titles to various lamas regardless of their sectarian affiliations in an ongoing civil war in Tibet between competing Buddhist factions. Wylie argues that Ming titles of "King" granted indiscriminately to various Tibetan lamas or even their disciples should not be viewed as reappointments to earlier Yuan dynasty offices, since the viceregal Sakya regime established by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown by the Phagmodru myriarchy before the Ming existed.

Q1: Regardless of their sectarian affiliations, who did the Ming grant titles to?
A1: various lamas
Q2: Who was the viceregal Sakya regime overthrown by?
A2: the Phagmodru myriarchy
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Xalwo (halva) is a popular confection eaten during festive occasions, such as Eid celebrations or wedding receptions. It is made from sugar, corn starch, cardamom powder, nutmeg powder and ghee. Peanuts are also sometimes added to enhance texture and flavor. After meals, homes are traditionally perfumed using frankincense (lubaan) or incense (cuunsi), which is prepared inside an incense burner referred to as a dabqaad.

Q1: What is another term for xalwo?
A1: halva
Q2: Along with wedding receptions, when is xalwo often consumed?
A2: Eid celebrations
Q3: What do the Somalis call frankincense?
A3: lubaan
Q4: What is the English word for cunnsi?
A4: incense
Q5: What do the Somalis call incense burners?
A5: dabqaad
Title: Xbox_360
Topic: Video games

Xbox Live Arcade is an online service operated by Microsoft that is used to distribute downloadable video games to Xbox and Xbox 360 owners. In addition to classic arcade games such as Ms. Pac-Man, the service offers some new original games like Assault Heroes. The Xbox Live Arcade also features games from other consoles, such as the PlayStation game Castlevania: Symphony of the Night and PC games such as Zuma. The service was first launched on November 3, 2004, using a DVD to load, and offered games for about US$5 to $15. Items are purchased using Microsoft Points, a proprietary currency used to reduce credit card transaction charges. On November 22, 2005, Xbox Live Arcade was re-launched with the release of the Xbox 360, in which it was now integrated with the Xbox 360's dashboard. The games are generally aimed toward more casual gamers; examples of the more popular titles are Geometry Wars, Street Fighter II' Hyper Fighting, and Uno. On March 24, 2010, Microsoft introduced the Game Room to Xbox Live. Game Room is a gaming service for Xbox 360 and Microsoft Windows that lets players compete in classic arcade and console games in a virtual arcade.

Q1: What was a classic title originally offered by the Xbox Live Arcade?
A1: Ms. Pac-Man
Q2: What was a new, original title originally available from Arcade?
A2: Assault Heroes
Q3: What date did the Xbox Live Arcade launch on?
A3: November 3, 2004
Q4: When was Arcade Live relaunched with 360 support?
A4: November 22, 2005
Q5: What is the name of the online virtual arcade that launched in 2010?
A5: Game Room
Title: Xbox_360
Topic: Video games

Xbox Live Gold includes the same features as Free and includes integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions. Microsoft has allowed previous Xbox Live subscribers to maintain their profile information, friends list, and games history when they make the transition to Xbox Live Gold. To transfer an Xbox Live account to the new system, users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com. When users add an Xbox Live enabled profile to their console, they are required to provide the console with their passport account information and the last four digits of their credit card number, which is used for verification purposes and billing. An Xbox Live Gold account has an annual cost of US$59.99, C$59.99, NZ$90.00, GB£39.99, or €59.99. As of January 5, 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million subscribers.

Q1: What extra features do Xbox Live Gold members get?
A1: integrated online game playing capabilities outside of third-party subscriptions
Q2: What information does Microsoft allow users to retain when transitioning Live subscriptions?
A2: profile information, friends list, and games history
Q3: What does a user need to do to transfer a Live account to the new system?
A3: users need to link a Windows Live ID to their gamertag on Xbox.com
Q4: What is the annual cost of a Live Gold membership in USD?
A4: $59.99
Q5: How many users are subscribed to Xbox Live?
A5: 30 million
Title: Hokkien
Topic: Language and literature

Xiamen dialect, sometimes known as Amoy, is the main dialect spoken in the Chinese city of Xiamen and its surrounding regions of Tong'an and Xiang'an, both of which are now included in the Greater Xiamen area. This dialect developed in the late Ming dynasty when Xiamen was increasingly taking over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in southeastern China. Quanzhou traders began travelling southwards to Xiamen to carry on their businesses while Zhangzhou peasants began traveling northwards to Xiamen in search of job opportunities. It is at this time when a need for a common language arose. The Quanzhou and Zhangzhou varieties are similar in many ways (as can be seen from the common place of Henan Luoyang where they originated), but due to differences in accents, communication can be a problem. Quanzhou businessmen considered their speech to be the prestige accent and considered Zhangzhou's to be a village dialect. Over the centuries, dialect leveling occurred and the two speeches mixed to produce the Amoy dialect.

Q1: What is another name for Xiamen dialect?
A1: Amoy
Q2: What is the main dialect spoken in Xiamen?
A2: Xiamen dialect
Q3: During what dynasty did the Xiamen dialect develope?
A3: late Ming dynasty
Q4: What city took over Quanzhou's position as the main port of trade in SE China?
A4: Xiamen
Q5: Why did peasants from Zhangzhou travel north to Xiamen?
A5: in search of job opportunities
Title: 2008_Summer_Olympics_torch_relay
Topic: Sports and recreation

Xinhua and CCTV quoted relay spectators who condemned the protests, to a greater extent than most Western media, but did not quote any alternate viewpoints, providing no coverage of support for the protests by some ordinary citizens in Western countries. It quoted athletes who expressed pride at taking part in the relays, to a greater extent than Western media, but not those who, like Marie-José Pérec, expressed understanding and support for the protestors. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Games mentioned the "smiling faces of the elderly, children and the artists on the streets", of cheering and supportive Londoners. Xinhua said that protesters were "radicals" who "trampled human rights" and whose activities were condemned by "the people of the world who cordially love the Olympic spirit".

Q1: Xinhua and CCTV focused on people who what?
A1: condemned the protests
Q2: Which athlete was ignored by media for supporting the protesters?
A2: Marie-José Pérec
Q3: What did Xinhua call protesters?
A3: radicals
Q4: Which athlete showed support for the people protesting?
A4: Marie-José Pérec
Q5: Which publication said that protesters were trampling human rights?
A5: Xinhua
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Xinjiang, China; Argentina; Chile; Iceland; Russia and other areas skew time zones westward, in effect observing DST year-round without complications from clock shifts. For example, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, is at 106°39′ W longitude, slightly west of center of the idealized Mountain Time Zone (105° W), but the time in Saskatchewan is Central Standard Time (90° W) year-round, so Saskatoon is always about 67 minutes ahead of mean solar time, thus effectively observing daylight saving time year-round. Conversely, northeast India and a few other areas skew time zones eastward, in effect observing negative DST. The United Kingdom and Ireland experimented with year-round DST from 1968 to 1971 but abandoned it because of its unpopularity, particularly in northern regions.

Q1: In which direction do countries like Russia and Argentina shift their time zones that could be considered all-year DST?
A1: westward
Q2: About how many minutes does Saskatoon, Saskatchewan stay ahead of mean solar time?
A2: 67
Q3: What time does Saskatoon observe all year long?
A3: Central Standard Time
Q4: Places like northeast India that shift time zones to the east could be considered to be observing what kind of DST?
A4: negative DST
Q5: What year did Ireland and the UK give up on their permanent DST experiment?
A5: 1971
Title: Jews
Topic: History

Y DNA studies tend to imply a small number of founders in an old population whose members parted and followed different migration paths. In most Jewish populations, these male line ancestors appear to have been mainly Middle Eastern. For example, Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with other Jewish and Middle Eastern groups than with non-Jewish populations in areas where Jews lived in Eastern Europe, Germany and the French Rhine Valley. This is consistent with Jewish traditions in placing most Jewish paternal origins in the region of the Middle East. Conversely, the maternal lineages of Jewish populations, studied by looking at mitochondrial DNA, are generally more heterogeneous. Scholars such as Harry Ostrer and Raphael Falk believe this indicates that many Jewish males found new mates from European and other communities in the places where they migrated in the diaspora after fleeing ancient Israel. In contrast, Behar has found evidence that about 40% of Ashkenazi Jews originate maternally from just four female founders, who were of Middle Eastern origin. The populations of Sephardi and Mizrahi Jewish communities "showed no evidence for a narrow founder effect." Subsequent studies carried out by Feder et al. confirmed the large portion of non-local maternal origin among Ashkenazi Jews. Reflecting on their findings related to the maternal origin of Ashkenazi Jews, the authors conclude "Clearly, the differences between Jews and non-Jews are far larger than those observed among the Jewish communities. Hence, differences between the Jewish communities can be overlooked when non-Jews are included in the comparisons."

Q1: Ashkenazi Jews share more common paternal lineages with what group?
A1: Jewish and Middle Eastern groups
Q2: Jewish traditions place most Jewish paternal origins in which region?
A2: Middle East
Q3: Which lineages are generally more heterogeneous?
A3: maternal lineages
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Y-Gerät was the most complex system of the three. It was, in effect, an automatic beam-tracking system, operated through the bomber's autopilot. The single approach beam along which the bomber tracked was monitored by a ground controller. The signals from the station were retransmitted by the bomber's equipment. This way the distance the bomber travelled along the beam could be precisely verified. Direction-finding checks also enabled the controller to keep the crew on an exact course. The crew would be ordered to drop their bombs either by issue of a code word by the ground controller, or at the conclusion of the signal transmissions which would stop. Although its maximum usable range was similar to the previous systems, it was not unknown for specific buildings to be hit.

Q1: Which system was the most complex of the three?
A1: Y-Gerät
Q2: Who operated the automatic beam system?
A2: the bomber's autopilot
Q3: What kind of checks help to keep the plane on course?
A3: Direction-finding
Q4: The crew could be order to drop the bomb by what?
A4: a code word
Q5: Who issued the code word to the bombers?
A5: ground controller
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale University is an American private Ivy League research university in New Haven, Connecticut. Founded in 1701 in Saybrook Colony as the Collegiate School, the University is the third-oldest institution of higher education in the United States. The school was renamed Yale College in 1718 in recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale, who was governor of the British East India Company. Established to train Congregationalist ministers in theology and sacred languages, by 1777 the school's curriculum began to incorporate humanities and sciences. In the 19th century the school incorporated graduate and professional instruction, awarding the first Ph.D. in the United States in 1861 and organizing as a university in 1887.

Q1: When was the Collegiate School of Saybrook Colony founded?
A1: 1701
Q2: When was the Collegiate School renamed to Yale College?
A2: 1718
Q3: Why was the school named Yale College?
A3: recognition of a gift from Elihu Yale
Q4: When did Yale first incorporate humanities and sciences?
A4: by 1777
Q5: When did Yale issue the first Ph.D in the United States?
A5: 1861
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale University, one of the oldest universities in the United States, is a cultural referent as an institution that produces some of the most elite members of society and its grounds, alumni, and students have been prominently portrayed in fiction and U.S. popular culture. For example, Owen Johnson's novel, Stover at Yale, follows the college career of Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell, the model for all later juvenile sports fiction, plays football, baseball, crew, and track at Yale while solving mysteries and righting wrongs. Yale University also is featured in F. Scott Fitzgerald's novel "The Great Gatsby". The narrator, Nick Carraway, wrote a series of editorials for the Yale News, and Tom Buchanan was "one of the most powerful ends that ever played football" for Yale.

Q1: Who were the main characters in Stover at Yale?
A1: Dink Stover and Frank Merriwell
Q2: What F. Scott Fitzgerald novel is Yale a part of?
A2: The Great Gatsby
Q3: What character in The Great Gatsby wrote editorials for the Yale News?
A3: Nick Carraway
Q4: What football playing character in The Great Gatsby played for Yale?
A4: Tom Buchanan
Q5: Who wrote the novel Stover at Yale?
A5: Owen Johnson
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut
Topic: Geography and places

Yale and New Haven are working to build a medical and biotechnology research hub in the city and Greater New Haven region, and are succeeding to some extent.[citation needed] The city, state and Yale together run Science Park, a large site three blocks northwest of Yale's Science Hill campus. This multi-block site, approximately bordered by Mansfield Street, Division Street, and Shelton Avenue, is the former home of Winchester's and Olin Corporation's 45 large-scale factory buildings. Currently, sections of the site are large-scale parking lots or abandoned structures, but there is also a large remodeled and functioning area of buildings (leased primarily by a private developer) with numerous Yale employees, financial service and biotech companies.

Q1: Yale and New Haven are conjointly attempting to build the area into a research hub for what two industries?
A1: medical and biotechnology
Q2: What large site is run by Yale, in conjunction with New Haven and the state, situated three blocks away from Yale's Science hill campus?
A2: Science Park
Q3: To what corporation did the multi-block site comprising Science Park formerly belong?
A3: Winchester's and Olin
Q4: In addition to Yale employees and financial services, companies in what industry can currently be found in the functioning areas Science Park?
A4: biotech
Q5: What is the name of the collaborated project between Yale University, Connecticut and New Haven city? 
A5: Science Park
Q6: The area of Science Park was originally filled with what?
A6: 45 large-scale factory buildings
Q7: Although some of the Science Park area is used by multiple institutions and groups, what remains left over Winchester's and Olin company?
A7: parking lots or abandoned structures
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale expanded gradually, establishing the Yale School of Medicine (1810), Yale Divinity School (1822), Yale Law School (1843), Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the Sheffield Scientific School (1847), and the Yale School of Fine Arts (1869). In 1887, as the college continued to grow under the presidency of Timothy Dwight V, Yale College was renamed Yale University. The university would later add the Yale School of Music (1894), the Yale School of Forestry & Environmental Studies (founded by Gifford Pinchot in 1900), the Yale School of Public Health (1915), the Yale School of Nursing (1923), the Yale School of Drama (1955), the Yale Physician Associate Program (1973), and the Yale School of Management (1976). It would also reorganize its relationship with the Sheffield Scientific School.

Q1: When was the Yale School of Medicine established?
A1: 1810
Q2: When was Yale Divinity School established?
A2: 1822
Q3: When was Yale Law School created?
A3: 1843
Q4: When was Yale Graduate Schools and Arts and Sciences established?
A4: (1847
Q5: When was the Sheffield Scientific School created?
A5: 1847
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale has a complicated relationship with its home city; for example, thousands of students volunteer every year in a myriad of community organizations, but city officials, who decry Yale's exemption from local property taxes, have long pressed the university to do more to help. Under President Levin, Yale has financially supported many of New Haven's efforts to reinvigorate the city. Evidence suggests that the town and gown relationships are mutually beneficial. Still, the economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success amid a decline in the local economy.

Q1: Why do New Haven city officials dislike Yale?
A1: exemption from local property taxes
Q2: Which Yale president assisted with New Haven's revitalization efforts?
A2: President Levin
Q3: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relationship on Yale?
A3: economic power of the university increased dramatically with its financial success
Q4: What has been the effect of Yale and New Haven's relation on New Haven?
A4: decline in the local economy
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale has a history of difficult and prolonged labor negotiations, often culminating in strikes. There have been at least eight strikes since 1968, and The New York Times wrote that Yale has a reputation as having the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S. Yale's unusually large endowment exacerbates the tension over wages. Moreover, Yale has been accused of failing to treat workers with respect. In a 2003 strike, however, the university claimed that more union employees were working than striking. Professor David Graeber was 'retired' after he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.

Q1: How many strikes has Yale had since 1968?
A1: at least eight
Q2: What are The New York Times' views on Yale's labor tension?
A2: the worst record of labor tension of any university in the U.S.
Q3: What professor was retired in a 2003 labor strike?
A3: Professor David Graeber
Q4: Why was Professor David Graeber retired during the strike?
A4: he came to the defense of a student who was involved in campus labor issues.
Q5: What adds to the tensions during wage considerations?
A5: Yale's unusually large endowment
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale has had many financial supporters, but some stand out by the magnitude or timeliness of their contributions. Among those who have made large donations commemorated at the university are: Elihu Yale; Jeremiah Dummer; the Harkness family (Edward, Anna, and William); the Beinecke family (Edwin, Frederick, and Walter); John William Sterling; Payne Whitney; Joseph E. Sheffield, Paul Mellon, Charles B. G. Murphy and William K. Lanman. The Yale Class of 1954, led by Richard Gilder, donated $70 million in commemoration of their 50th reunion. Charles B. Johnson, a 1954 graduate of Yale College, pledged a $250 million gift in 2013 to support of the construction of two new residential colleges.

Q1: How much did Charles B. Johnson pledge to Yale in 2013?
A1: $250 million
Q2: How much did the 1954 class donate for their 50th reunion?
A2: $70 million
Q3: Who led the 1954 class in their large donation?
A3: Richard Gilder
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale has numerous athletic facilities, including the Yale Bowl (the nation's first natural "bowl" stadium, and prototype for such stadiums as the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl), located at The Walter Camp Field athletic complex, and the Payne Whitney Gymnasium, the second-largest indoor athletic complex in the world. October 21, 2000, marked the dedication of Yale's fourth new boathouse in 157 years of collegiate rowing. The Richard Gilder Boathouse is named to honor former Olympic rower Virginia Gilder '79 and her father Richard Gilder '54, who gave $4 million towards the $7.5 million project. Yale also maintains the Gales Ferry site where the heavyweight men's team trains for the Yale-Harvard Boat Race.

Q1: What is the name of the United States' first bowl stadium?
A1: Yale Bowl
Q2: What landmarks did the Yale Bowl influence?
A2: Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum and the Rose Bowl
Q3: What is the name of the world's second largest indoor athletic building?
A3: Payne Whitney Gymnasium
Q4: On what day was the Richard Gilder Boathouse established?
A4: October 21, 2000
Q5: How much did the Richard Gilder Boathouse cost to construct?
A5: $7.5 million
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale has produced alumni distinguished in their respective fields. Among the best-known are U.S. Presidents William Howard Taft, Gerald Ford, George H. W. Bush, Bill Clinton and George W. Bush; royals Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo; heads of state, including Italian prime minister Mario Monti, Turkish prime minister Tansu Çiller, Mexican president Ernesto Zedillo, German president Karl Carstens, and Philippines president José Paciano Laurel; U.S. Supreme Court Justices Sonia Sotomayor, Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas; U.S. Secretaries of State John Kerry, Hillary Clinton, Cyrus Vance, and Dean Acheson; authors Sinclair Lewis, Stephen Vincent Benét, and Tom Wolfe; lexicographer Noah Webster; inventors Samuel F. B. Morse and Eli Whitney; patriot and "first spy" Nathan Hale; theologian Jonathan Edwards; actors, directors and producers Paul Newman, Henry Winkler, Vincent Price, Meryl Streep, Sigourney Weaver, Jodie Foster, Angela Bassett, Patricia Clarkson, Courtney Vance, Frances McDormand, Elia Kazan, George Roy Hill, Edward Norton, Lupita Nyong'o, Allison Williams, Oliver Stone, Sam Waterston, and Michael Cimino; "Father of American football" Walter Camp, James Franco, "The perfect oarsman" Rusty Wailes; baseball players Ron Darling, Bill Hutchinson, and Craig Breslow; basketball player Chris Dudley; football players Gary Fencik, and Calvin Hill; hockey players Chris Higgins and Mike Richter; figure skater Sarah Hughes; swimmer Don Schollander; skier Ryan Max Riley; runner Frank Shorter; composers Charles Ives, Douglas Moore and Cole Porter; Peace Corps founder Sargent Shriver; child psychologist Benjamin Spock; architects Eero Saarinen and Norman Foster; sculptor Richard Serra; film critic Gene Siskel; television commentators Dick Cavett and Anderson Cooper; New York Times journalist David Gonzalez; pundits William F. Buckley, Jr., and Fareed Zakaria; economists Irving Fischer, Mahbub ul Haq, and Paul Krugman; cyclotron inventor and Nobel laureate in Physics, Ernest Lawrence; Human Genome Project director Francis S. Collins; mathematician and chemist Josiah Willard Gibbs; and businesspeople, including Time Magazine co-founder Henry Luce, Morgan Stanley founder Harold Stanley, Boeing CEO James McNerney, FedEx founder Frederick W. Smith, Time Warner president Jeffrey Bewkes, Electronic Arts co-founder Bing Gordon, and investor/philanthropist Sir John Templeton; pioneer in electrical applications Austin Cornelius Dunham.

Q1: What royalty has attended Yale?
A1: Crown Princess Victoria Bernadotte, Prince Rostislav Romanov and Prince Akiiki Hosea Nyabongo
Q2: What Italian Prime Minister attended Yale?
A2: Mario Monti
Q3: What Mexican president attended Yale?
A3: Ernesto Zedillo
Q4: Who was the father of American football?
A4: Walter Camp
Q5: What Time magazine founder attended Yale?
A5: Henry Luce
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale is noted for its largely Collegiate Gothic campus as well as for several iconic modern buildings commonly discussed in architectural history survey courses: Louis Kahn's Yale Art Gallery and Center for British Art, Eero Saarinen's Ingalls Rink and Ezra Stiles and Morse Colleges, and Paul Rudolph's Art & Architecture Building. Yale also owns and has restored many noteworthy 19th-century mansions along Hillhouse Avenue, which was considered the most beautiful street in America by Charles Dickens when he visited the United States in the 1840s. In 2011, Travel+Leisure listed the Yale campus as one of the most beautiful in the United States.

Q1: Who called Hillhouse Avenue the most beautiful street in America in the 1840's?
A1: Charles Dickens
Q2: Who listed Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses in the United States?
A2: Travel+Leisure
Q3: What is Yale largely known for?
A3: Collegiate Gothic campus
Q4: When did Travel + Leisure list Yale as one of the most beautiful campuses?
A4: 2011
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale is organized into fourteen constituent schools: the original undergraduate college, the Yale Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, and twelve professional schools. While the university is governed by the Yale Corporation, each school's faculty oversees its curriculum and degree programs. In addition to a central campus in downtown New Haven, the University owns athletic facilities in western New Haven, including the Yale Bowl, a campus in West Haven, Connecticut, and forest and nature preserves throughout New England. The university's assets include an endowment valued at $25.6 billion as of September 2015, the second largest of any educational institution.The Yale University Library, serving all constituent schools, holds more than 15 million volumes and is the third-largest academic library in the United States.

Q1: How many schools is Yale composed of?
A1: fourteen
Q2: How much is Yale's endowment worth?
A2: $25.6 billion
Q3: How many books are in the Yale University Library?
A3: 15 million
Q4: Who runs Yale College?
A4: Yale Corporation
Q5: Where is the main Yale campus?
A5: downtown New Haven
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale seniors at graduation smash clay pipes underfoot to symbolize passage from their "bright college years," though in recent history the pipes have been replaced with "bubble pipes". ("Bright College Years," the University's alma mater, was penned in 1881 by Henry Durand, Class of 1881, to the tune of Die Wacht am Rhein.) Yale's student tour guides tell visitors that students consider it good luck to rub the toe of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus. Actual students rarely do so. In the second half of the 20th century Bladderball, a campus-wide game played with a large inflatable ball, became a popular tradition but was banned by administration due to safety concerns. In spite of administration opposition, students revived the game in 2009, 2011, and 2014, but its future remains uncertain.

Q1: What do seniors crush to celebrate graduation?
A1: clay pipes
Q2: What do they destroy now instead of clay pipes?
A2: bubble pipes
Q3: What statue is it rumored to be good luck to rub?
A3: Theodore Dwight Woolsey on Old Campus
Q4: What part of the statue of Theodore Dwight Woolsey is it said to be good luck to rub?
A4: the toe
Q5: What game was created, to later be banned by administration?
A5: Bladderball
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale traces its beginnings to "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School," passed by the General Court of the Colony of Connecticut on October 9, 1701, while meeting in New Haven. The Act was an effort to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut. Soon thereafter, a group of ten Congregationalist ministers: Samuel Andrew, Thomas Buckingham, Israel Chauncy, Samuel Mather, Rev. James Noyes II (son of James Noyes), James Pierpont, Abraham Pierson, Noadiah Russell, Joseph Webb and Timothy Woodbridge, all alumni of Harvard, met in the study of Reverend Samuel Russell in Branford, Connecticut, to pool their books to form the school's library. The group, led by James Pierpont, is now known as "The Founders".[citation needed]

Q1: When was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" approved?
A1: October 9, 1701
Q2: Who voted on "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School"?
A2: General Court of the Colony of Connecticut
Q3: What was the name of the group that started Yale's library?
A3: The Founders
Q4: Why was "An Act for Liberty to Erect a Collegiate School" proposed?
A4: to create an institution to train ministers and lay leadership for Connecticut
Q5: Where did "The Founders" go to school?
A5: Harvard
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale's English and Comparative Literature departments were part of the New Criticism movement. Of the New Critics, Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks were all Yale faculty. Later, the Yale Comparative literature department became a center of American deconstruction. Jacques Derrida, the father of deconstruction, taught at the Department of Comparative Literature from the late seventies to mid-1980s. Several other Yale faculty members were also associated with deconstruction, forming the so-called "Yale School". These included Paul de Man who taught in the Departments of Comparative Literature and French, J. Hillis Miller, Geoffrey Hartman (both taught in the Departments of English and Comparative Literature), and Harold Bloom (English), whose theoretical position was always somewhat specific, and who ultimately took a very different path from the rest of this group. Yale's history department has also originated important intellectual trends. Historians C. Vann Woodward and David Brion Davis are credited with beginning in the 1960s and 1970s an important stream of southern historians; likewise, David Montgomery, a labor historian, advised many of the current generation of labor historians in the country. Yale's Music School and Department fostered the growth of Music Theory in the latter half of the 20th century. The Journal of Music Theory was founded there in 1957; Allen Forte and David Lewin were influential teachers and scholars.

Q1: Which of the New Critics were staffed at Yale?
A1: Robert Penn Warren, W.K. Wimsatt, and Cleanth Brooks
Q2: Who is known as the father of deconstruction?
A2: Jacques Derrida
Q3: Where did Jacques Derrida teach from the late 1970's to mid 1980's?
A3: Department of Comparative Literature
Q4: Which Yale staffed labor historian advised other younger labor historians?
A4: David Montgomery
Q5: When was The Journal of Music Theory founded?
A5: 1957
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale's Office of Sustainability develops and implements sustainability practices at Yale. Yale is committed to reduce its greenhouse gas emissions 10% below 1990 levels by the year 2020. As part of this commitment, the university allocates renewable energy credits to offset some of the energy used by residential colleges. Eleven campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification. Yale Sustainable Food Project initiated the introduction of local, organic vegetables, fruits, and beef to all residential college dining halls. Yale was listed as a Campus Sustainability Leader on the Sustainable Endowments Institute’s College Sustainability Report Card 2008, and received a "B+" grade overall.

Q1: Who creates sustainability practices at Yale?
A1: Yale's Office of Sustainability
Q2: By what percent is Yale committed to reducing greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels by the year 2020?
A2: 10%
Q3: How many campus buildings are candidates for LEED design and certification?
A3: Eleven
Q4: What project is bringing organic food to all of Yale's residential college dining areas?
A4: Yale Sustainable Food Project
Q5: What grade did Yale get on their Sustainable Endowments Institute's College Sustainability Report Card 2008?
A5: B+
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale's central campus in downtown New Haven covers 260 acres (1.1 km2) and comprises its main, historic campus and a medical campus adjacent to the Yale-New Haven Hospital. In western New Haven, the university holds 500 acres (2.0 km2) of athletic facilities, including the Yale Golf Course. In 2008, Yale purchased the 136-acre (0.55 km2) former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus in West Haven, Connecticut, the buildings of which are now used as laboratory and research space. Yale also owns seven forests in Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire—the largest of which is the 7,840-acre (31.7 km2) Yale-Myers Forest in Connecticut's Quiet Corner—and nature preserves including Horse Island.

Q1: Where does Yale own 500 acres of athletic facilities?
A1: western New Haven
Q2: What campus did Yale buy in 2008?
A2: former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus
Q3: What is the former Bayer Pharmaceutical campus used for?
A3: laboratory and research space
Q4: How many forests does Yale own?
A4: seven
Q5: How big is the largest forest in Yale's possession?
A5: 7,840-acre
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale's museum collections are also of international stature. The Yale University Art Gallery, the country's first university-affiliated art museum, contains more than 180,000 works, including Old Masters and important collections of modern art, in the Swartout and Kahn buildings. The latter, Louis Kahn's first large-scale American work (1953), was renovated and reopened in December 2006. The Yale Center for British Art, the largest collection of British art outside of the UK, grew from a gift of Paul Mellon and is housed in another Kahn-designed building.

Q1: What is the name of the country's first university partnered art museum?
A1: The Yale University Art Gallery
Q2: How many items are in The Yale University Art Gallery?
A2: more than 180,000
Q3: Where is the largest center for British art, UK not included?
A3: The Yale Center for British Art
Q4: Whose contributions started The Yale Center for British Art?
A4: Paul Mellon
Q5: Who designed the building for The Yale Center for British Art?
A5: Louis Kahn
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Yale's residential college system was established in 1933 by Edward S. Harkness, who admired the social intimacy of Oxford and Cambridge and donated significant funds to found similar colleges at Yale and Harvard. Though Yale's colleges resemble their English precursors organizationally and architecturally, they are dependent entities of Yale College and have limited autonomy. The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean, who reside in the college, and university faculty and affiliates comprise each college's fellowship. Colleges offer their own seminars, social events, and speaking engagements known as "Master's Teas," but do not contain programs of study or academic departments. Instead, all undergraduate courses are taught by the Faculty of Arts and Sciences and are open to members of any college.

Q1: When was Yale's residential college system established?
A1: 1933
Q2: Who established Yale's residential college system?
A2: Edward S. Harkness
Q3: Who runs Yale's residential colleges?
A3: The colleges are led by a master and an academic dean
Q4: Are there academic programs in Yale's residential colleges?
A4: do not contain programs of study or academic departments
Q5: Who teaches Yale's residential college's undergraduate classes?
A5: Faculty of Arts and Sciences