LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

In 1630, Pope Urban VIII decreed their title to be Eminence (previously, it had been "illustrissimo" and "reverendissimo")  and decreed that their secular rank would equate to Prince, making them secondary only to the Pope and crowned monarchs.

Q1: In was year was the title decreed Eminence?
A1: 1630
Q2: Who decreed this?
A2: Pope Urban VIII
Q3: What rank did the Eminece decree assigned?
A3: Prince
Q4: Who held more power then the cardinal?
A4: the Pope and crowned monarchs
Q5: Which pope decided that being pope was equal to being a prince?
A5: Pope Urban VIII
Title: East_India_Company
Topic: History

In 1634, the Mughal emperor extended his hospitality to the English traders to the region of Bengal, and in 1717 completely waived customs duties for the trade. The company's mainstay businesses were by then cotton, silk, indigo dye, saltpetre, and tea. The Dutch were aggressive competitors and had meanwhile expanded their monopoly of the spice trade in the Malaccan straits by ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41. With reduced Portuguese and Spanish influence in the region, the EIC and Dutch East India Company (VOC) entered a period of intense competition, resulting in the Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries.

Q1: How important were cotton, silk, indigo dye,saltpetre and tea to the company?
A1: The company's mainstay business
Q2: Name the wars that was caused by the intense competition between the EIC and Dutch East India Company
A2: Anglo-Dutch Wars of the 17th and 18th centuries
Q3: what caused the Dutch to expand thier spice trade in the malaccan straits?
A3: ousting the Portuguese in 1640–41
Q4: what year did the Mughal emperor completely wave customs duities?
A4: 1717
Q5: who did the Mughal emperor extend hospitality to?
A5: English traders
Q6: what region was made available to english traders by  the Mughal emperor?
A6: Bengal
Q7: in 1717 what made the region of Bengal  so appealing to English traders?
A7: waived customs duties
Q8: why type of  dye was one of the East  India company's main  products?
A8: indigo dye
Q9: Who were the main competitors that  had a monopoly of the spice trade in Malaccan?
A9: The Dutch
Q10: what wars was a result of the competitive nature of the mulitple trading companies in the 17th and 18th centuries?
A10: Anglo-Dutch Wars
Title: Hanover
Topic: History

In 1636 George, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, ruler of the Brunswick-Lüneburg principality of Calenberg, moved his residence to Hanover. The Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg were elevated by the Holy Roman Emperor to the rank of Prince-Elector in 1692, and this elevation was confirmed by the Imperial Diet in 1708. Thus the principality was upgraded to the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg, colloquially known as the Electorate of Hanover after Calenberg's capital (see also: House of Hanover). Its electors would later become monarchs of Great Britain (and from 1801, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland). The first of these was George I Louis, who acceded to the British throne in 1714. The last British monarch who ruled in Hanover was William IV. Semi-Salic law, which required succession by the male line if possible, forbade the accession of Queen Victoria in Hanover. As a male-line descendant of George I, Queen Victoria was herself a member of the House of Hanover. Her descendants, however, bore her husband's titular name of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were concurrently also Electoral Princes of Hanover.

Q1: Where did the Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg move his residence to?
A1: Hanover
Q2: Who elevated the status of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg?
A2: Holy Roman Emperor
Q3: Who confirmed the elevation of the Dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1708?
A3: Imperial Diet
Q4: Which other nation would the electors of Hanover become monarchs of?
A4: Great Britain
Q5: Who was the first elector from Hanover to sit on the British throne?
A5: George I Louis
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut
Topic: Geography and places

In 1637 a small party of Puritans reconnoitered the New Haven harbor area and wintered over. In April 1638, the main party of five hundred Puritans who left the Massachusetts Bay Colony under the leadership of the Reverend John Davenport and the London merchant Theophilus Eaton sailed into the harbor. These settlers were hoping to establish a (in their mind) better theological community, with the government more closely linked to the church than the one they left in Massachusetts and sought to take advantage of the excellent port capabilities of the harbor. The Quinnipiacs, who were under attack by neighboring Pequots, sold their land to the settlers in return for protection.

Q1: In what year did the Puritans survey New Haven Harbor?
A1: 1637
Q2: From what colony did the original 500 Puritan settlers originate?
A2: Massachusetts Bay Colony
Q3: Who was the religious leader of the original Puritan settlers?
A3: Reverend John Davenport
Q4: In what year did the original 500 Puritan settlers arrive in the New Haven harbor area?
A4: 1638
Q5: From what native tribe did the original Puritan settlers purchase land in exchange for the offer of providing protection?
A5: Quinnipiacs
Q6: What year begin the founding of New Haven Harbor?
A6: 1638
Q7: Where did the settlers came from?
A7: Massachusetts Bay Colony
Q8: What was the name of the Native Americans that sold them the land?
A8: Quinnipiacs,
Q9: In comparison to Massachusetts what where settlers hoping to establish in New Haven Harbor?
A9: better theological community
Q10: Who was the religious leader that lead the pilgrims to New Haven Harbor?
A10: Reverend John Davenport
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

In 1642, during the English Civil War, a Parliamentary garrison moved into Southampton. The Royalists advanced as far as Redbridge, Southampton, in March 1644 but were prevented from taking the town.

Q1: What war was taking place in the 1640s in England?
A1: English Civil War
Q2: What year did a Parliamentary garrison enter Southampton?
A2: 1642
Q3: What is the furthest town the Royalists reached during their advance into Southampton in 1644?
A3: Redbridge
Q4: In what month of 1644 did the Royalists fail to take Redbridge?
A4: March
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

In 1644, René Descartes theorized that pain was a disturbance that passed down along nerve fibers until the disturbance reached the brain, a development that transformed the perception of pain from a spiritual, mystical experience to a physical, mechanical sensation[citation needed]. Descartes's work, along with Avicenna's, prefigured the 19th-century development of specificity theory. Specificity theory saw pain as "a specific sensation, with its own sensory apparatus independent of touch and other senses". Another theory that came to prominence in the 18th and 19th centuries was intensive theory, which conceived of pain not as a unique sensory modality, but an emotional state produced by stronger than normal stimuli such as intense light, pressure or temperature. By the mid-1890s, specificity was backed mostly by physiologists and physicians, and the intensive theory was mostly backed by psychologists. However, after a series of clinical observations by Henry Head and experiments by Max von Frey, the psychologists migrated to specificity almost en masse, and by century's end, most textbooks on physiology and psychology were presenting pain specificity as fact.

Q1: When was Descartes pontificating about his theories regarding pain?
A1: 1644
Q2: What did Descartes think pain was?
A2: a disturbance
Q3: What theory perceives pain as being a specific sensation?
A3: Specificity
Q4: What state does the intensive theory conceive pain as being?
A4: emotional
Q5: Who migrated to the theory of specificity en mass?
A5: psychologists
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

In 1654, Otto von Guericke invented the first vacuum pump and conducted his famous Magdeburg hemispheres experiment, showing that teams of horses could not separate two hemispheres from which the air had been partially evacuated. Robert Boyle improved Guericke's design and with the help of Robert Hooke further developed vacuum pump technology. Thereafter, research into the partial vacuum lapsed until 1850 when August Toepler invented the Toepler Pump and Heinrich Geissler invented the mercury displacement pump in 1855, achieving a partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr). A number of electrical properties become observable at this vacuum level, which renewed interest in further research.

Q1: What was the vacuum created by the mercury displacement pump?
A1: partial vacuum of about 10 Pa (0.1 Torr).
Q2: What year was the Toepler Pump invented?
A2: 1850
Q3: What was first invented by Otto von Guericke ?
A3: vacuum pump
Q4: Who conducted the Magdeburg experiment?
A4: Otto von Guericke
Q5: What was made visible at a partial vacuum of 10 Pa?
A5: A number of electrical properties
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

In 1657, Oliver Cromwell granted the English East India Company a charter to govern Saint Helena and the following year the company decided to fortify the island and colonise it with planters. The first governor, Captain John Dutton, arrived in 1659, making Saint Helena one of Britain's oldest colonies outside North America and the Caribbean. A fort and houses were built. After the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660, the East India Company received a royal charter giving it the sole right to fortify and colonise the island. The fort was renamed James Fort and the town Jamestown, in honour of the Duke of York, later James II of England.

Q1: Who was granted a charter to govern Saint Helena?
A1: the English East India Company
Q2: Who granted the English East company a character to govern the island?
A2: Oliver Cromwell
Q3: Who was the first governor of Saint Helena?
A3: Captain John Dutton
Q4: What year did the first governor arrive to Saint Helena?
A4: 1659
Q5: Who had the sole right to fortify and colonize the island?
A5: East India Company
Title: Tibet
Topic: Geography and places

In 1661 another Jesuit, Johann Grueber, crossed Tibet from Sining to Lhasa (where he spent a month), before heading on to Nepal. He was followed by others who actually built a church in Lhasa. These included the Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri, 1716–1721, who gained a deep knowledge of Tibetan culture, language and Buddhism, and various Capuchins in 1707–1711, 1716–1733 and 1741–1745, Christianity was used by some Tibetan monarchs and their courts and the Karmapa sect lamas to counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect in the 17th century until in 1745 when all the missionaries were expelled at the lama's insistence.

Q1: When did Johann Grueber cross Tibet on the way to Nepal?
A1: 1661
Q2: When did Jesuit Father Ippolito Desideri spend time in Tibet?
A2: 1716–1721
Q3: How was Christianity used by some Tibetan monarchs?
A3: counterbalance the influence of the Gelugpa sect
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

In 1663 at the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence, Lambeth Palace, a Gothic hammerbeam roof was built to replace that destroyed when the building was sacked during the English Civil War. Also in the late 17th century, some discrete Gothic details appeared on new construction at Oxford University and Cambridge University, notably on Tom Tower at Christ Church, Oxford, by Christopher Wren. It is not easy to decide whether these instances were Gothic survival or early appearances of Gothic revival.

Q1: What is the name of the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
A1: Lambeth Palace
Q2: In what year was a Gothic hammerbeam roof installed on the Archbishop of Canterbury's residence?
A2: In 1663
Q3: In what century were distinct Gothic details used on new construction at Oxford and Cambridge?
A3: the late 17th century
Q4: Who used Gothic details in construction of Tom Tower, Oxford?
A4: Christopher Wren
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

In 1664, Peter Stuyvesant, the Director-General of the colony of New Netherland, surrendered New Amsterdam to the English without bloodshed. The English promptly renamed the fledgling city "New York" after the Duke of York (later King James II).

Q1: What did the English call New Amsterdam after its capture?
A1: New York
Q2: What was the regnal name of the Duke of York?
A2: James II
Q3: What person gave up New Amsterdam to the English?
A3: Peter Stuyvesant
Q4: What was Peter Stuyvesant's title?
A4: Director-General
Q5: In what year did the English take over New Amsterdam?
A5: 1664
Q6: Who gave up New Amsterdam to the English without a fight in 1664?
A6: Peter Stuyvesant
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

In 1671, Robert Boyle discovered and described the reaction between iron filings and dilute acids, which results in the production of hydrogen gas. In 1766, Henry Cavendish was the first to recognize hydrogen gas as a discrete substance, by naming the gas from a metal-acid reaction "flammable air". He speculated that "flammable air" was in fact identical to the hypothetical substance called "phlogiston" and further finding in 1781 that the gas produces water when burned. He is usually given credit for its discovery as an element. In 1783, Antoine Lavoisier gave the element the name hydrogen (from the Greek ὑδρο- hydro meaning "water" and -γενής genes meaning "creator") when he and Laplace reproduced Cavendish's finding that water is produced when hydrogen is burned.

Q1: What year was the discovery of hydrogen gas?
A1: 1671
Q2: Who discovered Hydrogen gas?
A2: Robert Boyle
Q3: Who recognized hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?
A3: Henry Cavendish
Q4: In what year did Henry Cavendish recognize hydrogen gas as a discreet substance?
A4: 1766
Q5: What does gas produce when burned?
A5: water
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

In 1681, in partial repayment of a debt, Charles II of England granted William Penn a charter for what would become the Pennsylvania colony. Despite the royal charter, Penn bought the land from the local Lenape to be on good terms with the Native Americans and ensure peace for his colony. Penn made a treaty of friendship with Lenape chief Tammany under an elm tree at Shackamaxon, in what is now the city's Fishtown section. Penn named the city Philadelphia, which is Greek for brotherly love (from philos, "love" or "friendship", and adelphos, "brother"). As a Quaker, Penn had experienced religious persecution and wanted his colony to be a place where anyone could worship freely. This tolerance, far more than afforded by most other colonies, led to better relations with the local Native tribes and fostered Philadelphia's rapid growth into America's most important city. Penn planned a city on the Delaware River to serve as a port and place for government. Hoping that Philadelphia would become more like an English rural town instead of a city, Penn laid out roads on a grid plan to keep houses and businesses spread far apart, with areas for gardens and orchards. The city's inhabitants did not follow Penn's plans, as they crowded by the Delaware River, the port, and subdivided and resold their lots. Before Penn left Philadelphia for the last time, he issued the Charter of 1701 establishing it as a city. It became an important trading center, poor at first, but with tolerable living conditions by the 1750s. Benjamin Franklin, a leading citizen, helped improve city services and founded new ones, such as fire protection, a library, and one of the American colonies' first hospitals.

Q1: Who founded the Pennsylvania colony?
A1: William Penn
Q2: Who did Penn buy the land from?
A2: Lenape
Q3: What religion did William Penn practice?
A3: Quaker
Q4: When was Philadelphia established as a city?
A4: 1701
Q5: What type of street layout did Penn use for Philadelphia?
A5: grid plan
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

In 1682, William Penn founded the city to serve as capital of the Pennsylvania Colony. Philadelphia played an instrumental role in the American Revolution as a meeting place for the Founding Fathers of the United States, who signed the Declaration of Independence in 1776 and the Constitution in 1787. Philadelphia was one of the nation's capitals in the Revolutionary War, and served as temporary U.S. capital while Washington, D.C., was under construction. In the 19th century, Philadelphia became a major industrial center and railroad hub that grew from an influx of European immigrants. It became a prime destination for African-Americans in the Great Migration and surpassed two million occupants by 1950.

Q1: Who founded Philadelphia?
A1: William Penn
Q2: What role did Philadelphia play in the American Revolution?
A2: a meeting place for the Founding Fathers
Q3: What purpose did Philadelphia serve while D.C. was under construction?
A3: temporary U.S. capital
Q4: When did it reach 2 million occupants>
A4: 1950
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

In 1687, Isaac Newton published the Principia Mathematica, detailing two comprehensive and successful physical theories: Newton's laws of motion, which led to classical mechanics; and Newton's Law of Gravitation, which describes the fundamental force of gravity. The behavior of electricity and magnetism was studied by Faraday, Ohm, and others during the early 19th century. These studies led to the unification of the two phenomena into a single theory of electromagnetism, by James Clerk Maxwell (known as Maxwell's equations).

Q1: What work was printed by Isaac Newton in 1687?
A1: the Principia Mathematica
Q2: How many theories were included within the Principia Mathematica?
A2: two
Q3: What concept did the Law of Gravitation deal with?
A3: the fundamental force of gravity
Q4: What are Maxwell's equations about?
A4: electromagnetism
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

In 1695, the Scottish Parliament granted a charter to the Company of Scotland, which established a settlement in 1698 on the isthmus of Panama. Besieged by neighbouring Spanish colonists of New Granada, and afflicted by malaria, the colony was abandoned two years later. The Darien scheme was a financial disaster for Scotland—a quarter of Scottish capital was lost in the enterprise—and ended Scottish hopes of establishing its own overseas empire. The episode also had major political consequences, persuading the governments of both England and Scotland of the merits of a union of countries, rather than just crowns. This occurred in 1707 with the Treaty of Union, establishing the Kingdom of Great Britain.

Q1: When was the Company of Scotland granted a charter?
A1: 1695
Q2: When was Panama colonized by Scotland?
A2: 1698
Q3: How long did the Scottish Panama colony survive?
A3: two years
Q4: How much Scottish capital was lost in the Panama colony attempt?
A4: a quarter
Q5: When was the Treaty of Union?
A5: 1707
Title: Hyderabad
Topic: Geography and places

In 1713 Farrukhsiyar, the Mughal emperor, appointed Asif Jah I to be Viceroy of the Deccan, with the title Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm). In 1724, Asif Jah I defeated Mubariz Khan to establish autonomy over the Deccan Suba, named the region Hyderabad Deccan, and started what came to be known as the Asif Jahi dynasty. Subsequent rulers retained the title Nizam ul-Mulk and were referred to as Asif Jahi Nizams, or Nizams of Hyderabad. The death of Asif Jah I in 1748 resulted in a period of political unrest as his sons, backed by opportunistic neighbouring states and colonial foreign forces, contended for the throne. The accession of Asif Jah II, who reigned from 1762 to 1803, ended the instability. In 1768 he signed the treaty of Masulipatnam, surrendering the coastal region to the East India Company in return for a fixed annual rent.

Q1: What position did Farrukhsiyar hold?
A1: emperor
Q2: Who was the Viceroy of the Deccan under Farrukhsiyar?
A2: Asif Jah I
Q3: What official title did the Viceroy of Deccan hold?
A3: Nizam-ul-Mulk (Administrator of the Realm)
Q4: In what year was Mubariz Khan defeated by Asif Jah I?
A4: 1724
Q5: What did Asif Jah I rename Deccan Suba to?
A5: Hyderabad Deccan
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

In 1718, at the behest of either Rector Samuel Andrew or the colony's Governor Gurdon Saltonstall, Cotton Mather contacted a successful businessman named Elihu Yale, who lived in Wales but had been born in Boston and whose father, David, had been one of the original settlers in New Haven, to ask him for financial help in constructing a new building for the college. Through the persuasion of Jeremiah Dummer, Yale, who had made a fortune through trade while living in Madras as a representative of the East India Company, donated nine bales of goods, which were sold for more than £560, a substantial sum at the time. Cotton Mather suggested that the school change its name to Yale College. Meanwhile, a Harvard graduate working in England convinced some 180 prominent intellectuals that they should donate books to Yale. The 1714 shipment of 500 books represented the best of modern English literature, science, philosophy and theology. It had a profound effect on intellectuals at Yale. Undergraduate Jonathan Edwards discovered John Locke's works and developed his original theology known as the "new divinity." In 1722 the Rector and six of his friends, who had a study group to discuss the new ideas, announced that they had given up Calvinism, become Arminians, and joined the Church of England. They were ordained in England and returned to the colonies as missionaries for the Anglican faith. Thomas Clapp became president in 1745, and struggled to return the college to Calvinist orthodoxy; but he did not close the library. Other students found Deist books in the library.

Q1: Where did Elihu Yale grow up?
A1: Wales
Q2: Where was Elihu Yale born?
A2: Boston
Q3: What was Elihu Yale's father's name?
A3: David
Q4: Who suggested the new name of Yale?
A4: Cotton Mather
Q5: How many books were in the 1714 shipment to Yale?
A5: 500
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

In 1725 Yongzheng bestowed the hereditary title of Marquis on a descendant of the Ming dynasty Imperial family, Zhu Zhiliang, who received a salary from the Qing government and whose duty was to perform rituals at the Ming tombs, and was also inducted the Chinese Plain White Banner in the Eight Banners. Later the Qianlong Emperor bestowed the title Marquis of Extended Grace posthumously on Zhu Zhuliang in 1750, and the title passed on through twelve generations of Ming descendants until the end of the Qing dynasty.

Q1: Who did Yongzheng call Marquis?
A1: Zhu Zhiliang
Q2: When did Yongzheng give this title?
A2: 1725
Q3: What was Zhu's job?
A3: perform rituals
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

In 1729, Nader Shah, a chieftain and military genius from Khorasan, successfully drove out and conquered the Pashtun invaders. He subsequently took back the annexed Caucasian territories which were divided among the Ottoman and Russian authorities by the ongoing chaos in Iran. During the reign of Nader Shah, Iran reached its greatest extent since the Sassanid Empire, reestablishing the Iranian hegemony all over the Caucasus, as well as other major parts of the west and central Asia, and briefly possessing what was arguably the most powerful empire at the time.

Q1: In what year were the Pashtuns defeated and driven out of Iran?
A1: 1729
Q2: Who drove out the Pashtuns from Iran in 1729?
A2: Nader Shah
Q3: Where was Nader Shan from?
A3: Khorasan
Q4: Nader Shah expanded Iranian power to its highest peak since what Empire?
A4: the Sassanid Empire
Q5: Nader Shah took back what territories that were annexed by the Ottomans and the Russians?
A5: Caucasian territories
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

In 1738, Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo, 1st Marquis of Pombal, began a diplomatic career as the Portuguese Ambassador in London and later in Vienna. The Queen consort of Portugal, Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa of Austria, was fond of Melo; and after his first wife died, she arranged the widowed de Melo's second marriage to the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun. King John V of Portugal, however, was not pleased and recalled Melo to Portugal in 1749. John V died the following year and his son, Joseph I of Portugal, was crowned. In contrast to his father, Joseph I was fond of de Melo, and with the Queen Mother's approval, he appointed Melo as Minister of Foreign Affairs.

Q1: Who was the 1st Marquis of Pombal?
A1: Sebastião José de Carvalho e Melo
Q2: What title did Archduchess Maria Anne Josefa hold?
A2: Queen consort of Portugal
Q3: Who arranged the widow de Melo's second marriage?
A3: Queen consort of Portugal
Q4: Who was de Melo's second marriage to?
A4: the daughter of the Austrian Field Marshal Leopold Josef, Count von Daun
Q5: Who was not pleased by de Melo's second marriage?
A5: King John V of Portugal
Title: Edmund_Burke
Topic: History

In 1744, Burke started at Trinity College Dublin, a Protestant establishment, which up until 1793, did not permit Catholics to take degrees. In 1747, he set up a debating society, "Edmund Burke's Club", which, in 1770, merged with TCD's Historical Club to form the College Historical Society; it is the oldest undergraduate society in the world. The minutes of the meetings of Burke's Club remain in the collection of the Historical Society. Burke graduated from Trinity in 1748. Burke's father wanted him to read Law, and with this in mind he went to London in 1750, where he entered the Middle Temple, before soon giving up legal study to travel in Continental Europe. After eschewing the Law, he pursued a livelihood through writing.

Q1: When did Burke begin attending Trinity College Dublin?
A1: 1744
Q2: What type of people did Trinity College Dublin not allow to earn degrees there?
A2: Catholics
Q3: When did Edmund Burke start a debate club?
A3: 1747
Q4: What club did Edmund Burke's debate club merge with in 1770?
A4: TCD's Historical Club
Q5: When did Edmund Burke graduate?
A5: 1748
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

In 1756 Austria was making military preparations for war with Prussia and pursuing an alliance with Russia for this purpose. On June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire. They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria in the event of hostilities with Prussia. Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether, reducing his sway to his electorate of Brandenburg and giving East Prussia to Poland, an exchange that would be accompanied by the cession of the Polish Duchy of Courland to Russia. Aleksey Petrovich, Graf (count) Bestuzhev-Ryumin, grand chancellor of Russia under Empress Elizabeth, was hostile to both France and Prussia, but he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia so long as Prussia was able to rely on French support.

Q1: What Russian-Austrian agreement preceded the Seven Years War that started in 1755-56?
A1: June 2, 1746, Austria and Russia concluded a defensive alliance that covered their own territory and Poland against attack by Prussia or the Ottoman Empire
Q2: According to the Russian-Austrian pact of 1746, what would happen to Silesia in the event of hostilities with Prussia?
A2: They also agreed to a secret clause that promised the restoration of Silesia and the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria
Q3: What other area was mentioned regarding Prussian dominion in the Russian-Austrian pact?
A3: the countship of Glatz (now Kłodzko, Poland) to Austria
Q4: What individual was the main target of the pact?
A4: Their real desire, however, was to destroy Frederick’s power altogether
Q5: Why couldn't Petrovich persuade Austria to invade Prussia?
A5: he could not persuade Austrian statesman Wenzel Anton von Kaunitz to commit to offensive designs against Prussia
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

In 1756 and 1757 the French captured forts Oswego and William Henry from the British. The latter victory was marred when France's native allies broke the terms of capitulation and attacked the retreating British column, which was under French guard, slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children while the French refused to protect their captives. French naval deployments in 1757 also successfully defended the key Fortress of Louisbourg on Cape Breton Island, securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.

Q1: Who assisted the French in taking forts Oswego and William Henry?
A1: France's native allies
Q2: How did France's native allies treat the British prisoners?
A2: slaughtering and scalping soldiers and taking captive many men, women and children
Q3: How did the French guard respond to the attack on the prisoners?
A3: the French refused to protect their captives
Q4: How did the French defend the Fortress of Louisbourg?
A4: French naval deployments
Q5: What Canadian area had is seaward side protected by the defense of the Fortress of Louisbourg?
A5: securing the seaward approaches to Quebec.
Title: Punjab,_Pakistan
Topic: Geography and places

In 1758, the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Attock. Timur Shah Durrani, the son and viceroy of Ahmad Shah Abdali, was driven out of Punjab. Lahore, Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir and other subahs on the south and eastern side of Peshawar were under the Maratha rule for the most part. In Punjab and Kashmir, the Marathas were now major players. The Third Battle of Panipat took place on 1761, Ahmad Shah Abdali invaded the Maratha territory of Punjab and captured remnants of the Maratha Empire in Punjab and Kashmir regions and re-consolidated control over them.

Q1: Who was Raghunath Rao?
A1: the general of the Hindu Maratha Empire
Q2: Who did Rao conquer in 1758?
A2: Lahore and Attock
Q3: When was the Third Battle of Panipat?
A3: 1761
Q4: Who ruled most of the eastern part of Peshawar?
A4: Maratha
Q5: Who captured part of the Maratha Empire in 1761?
A5: Ahmad Shah Abdali
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

In 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in Systema Naturae a categorization of species which included the Canis species. Canis is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as Canis familiaris, which means "Dog-family" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as Canis lupus, which means "Dog-wolf". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized Canis species proposed that "Canis dingo is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. Canis familiaris is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with Canis lupus." In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed Canis familiaris under Canis lupus with the comment: "Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, familiaris. Canis familiaris has page priority over Canis lupus, but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and Canis lupus has been universally used for this species", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of Canis lupus as Canis lupus familiaris.

Q1: What is the Latin term for "dog.?"
A1: Canis
Q2: What year are dogs first listed in Systema Naturae?
A2: 1758
Q3: Who published Systema Naturae?
A3: Linnaeus
Q4: What is the modern single English word for Canis lupus?
A4: wolf
Q5: What 1982 publication listed regular family dogs under wolves?
A5: Mammal Species of the World
Q6: What is the Latin word for dog?
A6: Canis
Q7: Canis familiaris is the classification for dogs, and is known as what?
A7: family dog
Q8: What is the Latin name for a wolf?
A8: Canis lupus
Q9: Feral dogs have what Latin classification?
A9: Canis dingo
Q10: What year was Canis familiaris listed under Canis lupus?
A10: 1982
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

In 1762, George III acquired Buckingham House and it was enlarged over the next 75 years. During the 18th century, London was dogged by crime, and the Bow Street Runners were established in 1750 as a professional police force. In total, more than 200 offences were punishable by death, including petty theft. Most children born in the city died before reaching their third birthday. The coffeehouse became a popular place to debate ideas, with growing literacy and the development of the printing press making news widely available; and Fleet Street became the centre of the British press.

Q1: What was King George II's royal residence beginning in 1762?
A1: Buckingham House
Q2: What was the name of the police force established in London in 1750?
A2: the Bow Street Runners
Q3: On average, when did children born in the City of London die? 
A3: before reaching their third birthday
Q4: How many crimes in 18th century London could result in the death penalty?
A4: more than 200
Q5: What was the London hub of the British press?
A5: Fleet Street
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

In 1762, towards the end of the war, French forces attacked St. John's, Newfoundland. If successful, the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table. Although they took St. John's and raided nearby settlements, the French forces were eventually defeated by British troops at the Battle of Signal Hill. This was the final battle of the war in North America, and it forced the French to surrender to Lieutenant Colonel William Amherst. The victorious British now controlled all of eastern North America.

Q1: Where did the French attack in 1762?
A1: St. John's, Newfoundland
Q2: What advantage would taking St. John's have provided for the French?
A2: the expedition would have strengthened France's hand at the negotiating table
Q3: Did the French take St. John's?
A3: they took St. John's
Q4: Did the French hold St. John's?
A4: French forces were eventually defeated by British troops
Q5: Where was the final battle between the French and British in North America?
A5: Battle of Signal Hill
Title: Florida
Topic: Geography and places

In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba, which had been captured by the British during the Seven Years' War. It was part of a large expansion of British territory following the country's victory in the Seven Years' War. Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba. The British soon constructed the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia. The road crossed the St. Johns River at a narrow point, which the Seminole called Wacca Pilatka and the British named "Cow Ford", both names ostensibly reflecting the fact that cattle were brought across the river there.

Q1: What did Spain trade Florida for
A1: In 1763, Spain traded Florida to the Kingdom of Great Britain for control of Havana, Cuba
Q2: Who did the Spanish take from Florida to Cuba 
A2: Almost the entire Spanish population left, taking along most of the remaining indigenous population to Cuba
Q3: What road did the British construct 
A3: the King's Road connecting St. Augustine to Georgia
Q4: What river does the Kings road cross 
A4: the St. Johns River
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

In 1768 Russian-backed Ukrainian Haidamaks, pursuing Polish confederates, entered Balta, an Ottoman-controlled town on the border of Bessarabia in Ukraine, and massacred its citizens and burned the town to the ground. This action provoked the Ottoman Empire into the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774. The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca of 1774 ended the war and provided freedom to worship for the Christian citizens of the Ottoman-controlled provinces of Wallachia and Moldavia. By the late 18th century, a number of defeats in several wars with Russia led some people in the Ottoman Empire to conclude that the reforms of Peter the Great had given the Russians an edge, and the Ottomans would have to keep up with Western technology in order to avoid further defeats.

Q1: Which group supported by Russia entered Balta in 1768?
A1: Ukrainian Haidamaks
Q2: Near what region was Balta bording?
A2: Bessarabia
Q3: During what years was the Russo-Turkish war?
A3: 1768–1774
Q4: The Russo-Turkish War resulted in what treaty?
A4: Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca
Q5: The culmination of the Russo-Turkish war granted what to the citizens of Ottoman controlled Provinces in Moldavia?
A5: freedom to worship
Title: Hyderabad
Topic: Geography and places

In 1769 Hyderabad city became the formal capital of the Nizams. In response to regular threats from Hyder Ali (Dalwai of Mysore), Baji Rao I (Peshwa of the Maratha Empire), and Basalath Jung (Asif Jah II's elder brother, who was supported by the Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau), the Nizam signed a subsidiary alliance with the East India Company in 1798, allowing the British Indian Army to occupy Bolarum (modern Secunderabad) to protect the state's borders, for which the Nizams paid an annual maintenance to the British.

Q1: In what year did Hyderabad become the capital of Nizams?
A1: 1769
Q2: Whom did the Nizam ally with in the late 18th century?
A2: East India Company
Q3: Which military occupied Hyderabad city in a protection role?
A3: British Indian Army
Q4: What was the title of Baji Rao I?
A4: Peshwa of the Maratha Empire
Q5: What was the title of Hyder Ali?
A5: Dalwai of Mysore
Title: Richmond,_Virginia
Topic: Geography and places

In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous "Give me Liberty or Give me Death" speech in St. John's Church in Richmond, crucial for deciding Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and setting the course for revolution and independence. On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from the colonial capital of Williamsburg to Richmond, to provide a more centralized location for Virginia's increasing westerly population, as well as to isolate the capital from British attack. The latter motive proved to be in vain, and in 1781, under the command of Benedict Arnold, Richmond was burned by British troops, causing Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee as the Virginia militia, led by Sampson Mathews, defended the city.

Q1: What did Patrick Henry's famous speech persuade Virginians to send delegates to?
A1: First Continental Congress
Q2: What was the capital of Virginia prior to Richmond?
A2: Williamsburg
Q3: What general led the troops that burned Richmond?
A3: Benedict Arnold
Q4: Who led the militia that defended Richmond?
A4: Sampson Mathews
Q5: Who was the governor of Virginia in 1781?
A5: Thomas Jefferson
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In 1781, Immanuel Kant published the Critique of Pure Reason, one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time. He describes time as an a priori notion that, together with other a priori notions such as space, allows us to comprehend sense experience. Kant denies that either space or time are substance, entities in themselves, or learned by experience; he holds, rather, that both are elements of a systematic framework we use to structure our experience. Spatial measurements are used to quantify how far apart objects are, and temporal measurements are used to quantitatively compare the interval between (or duration of) events. Although space and time are held to be transcendentally ideal in this sense, they are also empirically real—that is, not mere illusions.

Q1: When did Kant publish one of the most influential works in the history of the philosophy of space and time.
A1: 1781
Q2: What was Kant's influential work on the history of the philosophy of space and time titled?
A2: Critique of Pure Reason
Q3: What did Kant describe time as?
A3: a priori notion
Q4: What did Kant say was similar notion to time?
A4: space
Q5: What did Kant say time and space allow one to do?
A5: sense experience
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

In 1785, the assembly of the Congress of the Confederation made New York the national capital shortly after the war. New York was the last capital of the U.S. under the Articles of Confederation and the first capital under the Constitution of the United States. In 1789, the first President of the United States, George Washington, was inaugurated; the first United States Congress and the Supreme Court of the United States each assembled for the first time, and the United States Bill of Rights was drafted, all at Federal Hall on Wall Street. By 1790, New York had surpassed Philadelphia as the largest city in the United States.

Q1: In what year did New York become the United States capital?
A1: 1785
Q2: Who was the United States' first President?
A2: George Washington
Q3: In what building did the Supreme Court of the United States first sit?
A3: Federal Hall
Q4: On what street did the writing of the Bill of Rights occur?
A4: Wall Street
Q5: What was the second largest city in the United States in 1790?
A5: Philadelphia
Q6: Which organization made New York the national capital in 1785?
A6: Congress of the Confederation
Q7: New York City became the first what under the new Constitution of the United States?
A7: capital
Q8: The first president, George Washington, took office in what year?
A8: 1789
Q9: By which year, did New York City become the largest city in the United States?
A9: 1790
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

In 179 BC Philip died. His talented and ambitious son, Perseus, took the throne and showed a renewed interest in conquering Greece. With her Greek allies facing a major new threat, Rome declared war on Macedonia again, starting the Third Macedonian War. Perseus initially had some success against the Romans. However, Rome responded by sending a stronger army. This second consular army decisively defeated the Macedonians at the Battle of Pydna in 168 BC and the Macedonians duly capitulated, ending the war.

Q1: In what year did Philip pass away?
A1: 179 BC
Q2: Who was next in line to the throne at the time of Philip's death?
A2: Perseus
Q3: In what year were did the Macedonians lose The Battle of Pydna?
A3: 168 BC
Q4: How did Rome respond to their successive losses against the Macedonians?
A4: by sending a stronger army
Q5: Who had initially begun the Third Macedonian War?
A5: Rome
Title: Multiracial_American
Topic: History

In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States. Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other." Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850. Native Americans were included among "Other;" in later censuses, they were included as "Free people of color" if they were not living on Indian reservations. Slaves were counted separately from free persons in all the censuses until the Civil War and end of slavery. In later censuses, people of African descent were classified by appearance as mulatto (which recognized visible European ancestry in addition to African) or black.

Q1: When was the first federal population census taken in the US?
A1: 1790
Q2: What were the two categories for race in the census?
A2: white or "other."
Q3: Who all was identified by name in the house holds?
A3: Only the heads of households
Q4: What were Indians categorized as after they were included as others?
A4: "Free people of color"
Q5: When was the first US federal population census taken?
A5: In 1790, the first federal population census was taken in the United States
Q6: How were enumerators instructed to classify residents?
A6: . Enumerators were instructed to classify free residents as white or "other."
Q7: Was every resident listed by name?
A7: Only the heads of households were identified by name in the federal census until 1850.
Q8: Were all residents counted together or separately?
A8: Slaves were counted separately from free persons
Q9: when did any changes to counting procedures  happen?
A9: until the Civil War and end of slavery.
Q10: When did the US begin to take census?
A10: 1790
Q11: At what point were all members of the household named on a census?
A11: 1850
Q12: Who were considered "free people of color"?
A12: Native Americans
Q13: What does mulatto mean?
A13: visible European ancestry in addition to African
Q14: Where would a Native American live to not be counted in the census?
A14: Indian reservations
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

In 1795, North Carolina opened the first public university in the United States—the University of North Carolina (now named the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). More than 200 years later, the University of North Carolina system encompasses 17 public universities including North Carolina State University, North Carolina A&T State University, North Carolina Central University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, the University of North Carolina at Greensboro, East Carolina University, Western Carolina University, Winston-Salem State University, the University of North Carolina at Asheville, the University of North Carolina at Charlotte, the University of North Carolina at Pembroke, UNC Wilmington, Elizabeth City State University, Appalachian State University, Fayetteville State University, and UNC School of the Arts, and . Along with its public universities, North Carolina has 58 public community colleges in its community college system.The largest university in North Carolina is currently North Carolina State University, with more than 34,000 students. North Carolina is home to many excellent universities as well as dozens of community colleges and private universities.

Q1: What state opened the first public university in the United States?
A1: North Carolina
Q2: What year was the first public university opened in the United States?
A2: 1795
Q3: What was the name of the first public university to open in the US?
A3: University of North Carolina
Q4: What is the largest University in North Carolina?
A4: North Carolina State University
Q5: How many students does North Carolina State University enroll?
A5: 34,000
Title: Alaska
Topic: Geography and places

In 1795, the First Russian Orthodox Church was established in Kodiak. Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives helped the Russian immigrants integrate into society. As a result, an increasing number of Russian Orthodox churches gradually became established within Alaska. Alaska also has the largest Quaker population (by percentage) of any state. In 2009 there were 6,000 Jews in Alaska (for whom observance of halakha may pose special problems). Alaskan Hindus often share venues and celebrations with members of other Asian religious communities, including Sikhs and Jains.

Q1: Which church was established in Kodiak in 1795?
A1: First Russian Orthodox Church
Q2: What was one way in which Russian immigrants integrated into Alaskan society?
A2: Intermarriage with Alaskan Natives
Q3: Alaska has the largest population of what religious lifestyle of any state?
A3: Quaker population
Q4: What religious tradition may be a problem for Alaskan Jews?
A4: observance of halakha
Title: Culture
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In 1795, the Prussian linguist and philosopher Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) called for an anthropology that would synthesize Kant's and Herder's interests. During the Romantic era, scholars in Germany, especially those concerned with nationalist movements—such as the nationalist struggle to create a "Germany" out of diverse principalities, and the nationalist struggles by ethnic minorities against the Austro-Hungarian Empire—developed a more inclusive notion of culture as "worldview" (Weltanschauung). According to this school of thought, each ethnic group has a distinct worldview that is incommensurable with the worldviews of other groups. Although more inclusive than earlier views, this approach to culture still allowed for distinctions between "civilized" and "primitive" or "tribal" cultures.

Q1: Which Prussian linguist called for an anthropology?
A1: Wilhelm von Humboldt
Q2: During which ere did scholars of Germany developed a more inclusive culture?
A2: Romantic era
Q3: What was the German name given for the creation of this culture during the Romantic era?
A3: Weltanschauung