LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Political_party
Topic: Social sciences and society

Political parties, still called factions by some, especially those in the governmental apparatus, are lobbied vigorously by organizations, businesses and special interest groups such as trade unions. Money and gifts-in-kind to a party, or its leading members, may be offered as incentives. Such donations are the traditional source of funding for all right-of-centre cadre parties. Starting in the late 19th century these parties were opposed by the newly founded left-of-centre workers' parties. They started a new party type, the mass membership party, and a new source of political fundraising, membership dues.

Q1: What are called factions by some people?
A1: Political parties
Q2: What are political parties lobbied by?
A2: organizations, businesses and special interest groups
Q3: What are traditional sources of funding for parties?
A3: Money and gifts
Q4: Around which time was the mass membership party started?
A4: 19th century
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Political science is a late arrival in terms of social sciences[citation needed]. However, the discipline has a clear set of antecedents such as moral philosophy, political philosophy, political economy, history, and other fields concerned with normative determinations of what ought to be and with deducing the characteristics and functions of the ideal form of government. The roots of politics are in prehistory. In each historic period and in almost every geographic area, we can find someone studying politics and increasing political understanding.

Q1: What larger group does political science belong to?
A1: social sciences
Q2: Where did the ideas of political science begin?
A2: prehistory
Q3: In history, where could you find someone studying politics?
A3: in almost every geographic area
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

Political unification returned in the mid-16th century, due to the efforts of Taungoo, a former vassal state of Ava. Taungoo's young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti defeated the more powerful Hanthawaddy in the Toungoo–Hanthawaddy War (1534–41). His successor Bayinnaung went on to conquer a vast swath of mainland Southeast Asia including the Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Mong Mao, the Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang and southern Arakan. However, the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia unravelled soon after Bayinnaung's death in 1581, completely collapsing by 1599. Ayutthaya seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam).

Q1: Before attempting to obtain political unification, what title did Taungoo,hold ? 
A1: a former vassal state of Ava.
Q2: Who was the ruling monarchy when Taungoo, was vassal?
A2: king Tabinshwehti
Q3: Who was the ruler of the largest kingdom in Southeast Asia ?
A3: Bayinnaung
Q4: In what year did the dynasty of Bayinnaung fully collapse ?
A4: 1599
Q5: Have any other countries ever established a foot hole in Burma?
A5: Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule at Thanlyin (Syriam)
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Politically, Calvin favoured a mixture of aristocracy and democracy. He appreciated the advantages of democracy: "It is an invaluable gift, if God allows a people to freely elect its own authorities and overlords." Calvin also thought that earthly rulers lose their divine right and must be put down when they rise up against God. To further protect the rights of ordinary people, Calvin suggested separating political powers in a system of checks and balances (separation of powers). Thus he and his followers resisted political absolutism and paved the way for the rise of modern democracy. Besides England, the Netherlands were, under Calvinist leadership, the freest country in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It granted asylum to philosophers like Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle. Hugo Grotius was able to teach his natural-law theory and a relatively liberal interpretation of the Bible.

Q1: What political mixture did Calvin prefer?
A1: aristocracy and democracy
Q2: What is the term for checks and balances in a political system?
A2: separation of powers
Q3: Who paved the way for modern democracy to emerge?
A3: Calvin
Q4: Who was allowed to teach a liberal Bible interpretation?
A4: Hugo Grotius
Q5: What philosophers were given asylum?
A5: Baruch Spinoza and Pierre Bayle
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Politically, Orthodox Jews, given their variety of movements and affiliations, tend not to conform easily to the standard left-right political spectrum, with one of the key differences between the movements stemming from the groups' attitudes to Zionism. Generally speaking, of the three key strands of Orthodox Judaism, Haredi Orthodox and Hasidic Orthodox Jews are at best ambivalent towards the ideology of Zionism and the creation of the State of Israel, and there are many groups and organisations who are outspokenly anti-Zionistic, seeing the ideology of Zionism as diametrically opposed to the teaching of the Torah, and the Zionist administration of the State of Israel, with its emphasis on militarism and nationalism, as destructive of the Judaic way of life.

Q1: What do orthodox Jews express ambivalence towards?
A1: Zionism
Q2: What is the administration of the state of Isreal seen as?
A2: Zionist
Q3: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on besides Militarism?
A3: nationalism
Q4: What does the State of Isreal place emphasis on in addition to Nationalism?
A4: militarism
Q5: what is the Zionist administrartion of the state of Israel seen as according to the judaic way of life?
A5: destructive
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
Topic: History

Politically, The Sun in the early Murdoch years, remained nominally Labour. It supported the Labour Party led by Harold Wilson in the 1970 General Election, with the headline "Why It Must Be Labour" but by February 1974 it was calling for a vote for the Conservative Party led by Edward Heath while suggesting that it might support a Labour Party led by James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins. In the October election an editorial asserted: "ALL our instincts are left rather than right and we would vote for any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat."

Q1: What were the Sun's political leanings early on under Murdoch?
A1: nominally Labour
Q2: Who led the Labour Party in the 1970 General Election?
A2: Harold Wilson
Q3: Who did the Sun support in 1974?
A3: Edward Heath
Q4: Who would the Sun consider supporting from the Labour Party in 1974?
A4: James Callaghan or Roy Jenkins
Q5: What type of politician did a Sun editorial state that it would support in October 1974?
A5: any able politician who would describe himself as a Social Democrat
Title: Marshall_Islands
Topic: Geography and places

Politically, the Marshall Islands is a presidential republic in free association with the United States, with the US providing defense, subsidies, and access to U.S. based agencies such as the FCC and the USPS. With few natural resources, the islands' wealth is based on a service economy, as well as some fishing and agriculture; aid from the United States represents a large percentage of the islands' gross domestic product. The country uses the United States dollar as its currency.

Q1: What term describes the type of government of the Marshall Islands?
A1: presidential republic
Q2: With which country are the Marshall Islands closely related?
A2: the United States
Q3: What is the main focus of the Marshall Islands' economy?
A3: service
Q4: What does the Marshall Islands receive from the United States?
A4: aid
Q5: What is the currency of the Marshall Islands?
A5: the United States dollar
Q6: Along with the USPS, what United States agency operates in the Marshall Islands?
A6: the FCC
Q7: What is the main component of the Marshall Islands economy?
A7: service
Q8: What is the official currency of the Marshall Islands?
A8: United States dollar
Q9: What is the government structure of the Marshall Islands?
A9: presidential republic
Q10: Assistance from what country is an important part of the Marshall Islands economy?
A10: the United States
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
Topic: History

Politically, the paper's stance was less clear under Prime Minister Gordon Brown who succeeded Blair in June 2007. Its editorials were critical of many of Brown's policies and often more supportive of those of Conservative leader David Cameron. Rupert Murdoch, head of The Sun's parent company News Corporation, speaking at a 2007 meeting with the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications, which was investigating media ownership and the news, said that he acts as a "traditional proprietor". This means he exercises editorial control on major issues such as which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe.

Q1: Who followed Tony Blair as Prime Minister?
A1: Gordon Brown
Q2: Who was the Conservative leader that The Sun often supported?
A2: David Cameron
Q3: What is the name of the company that operates The Sun?
A3: News Corporation
Q4: What was the House of Lords Select Committee on Communications investigating in 2007?
A4: media ownership and the news
Q5: On which issues did Murdoch claim he exerted editorial control?
A5: which political party to back in a general election or which policy to adopt on Europe
Title: Northwestern_University
Topic: History

Politics & Policy was founded at Northwestern and is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy. Begun in 2010 by students in the Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, School of Communication, and Medill School of Journalism, the organization reaches students on more than 250 college campuses around the world. Run entirely by undergraduates, Politics & Policy publishes several times a week with material ranging from short summaries of events to extended research pieces. The organization is funded in part by the Buffett Center.

Q1: What is the publication that is dedicated to the analysis of current events and public policy?
A1: Politics & Policy
Q2: How many college campuses does Politics & Policy reach worldwide?
A2: 250
Q3: Who completely runs Politics and Policy?
A3: undergraduates
Q4: Who partially funds Politics and Policy?
A4: the Buffett Center
Q5: How often is Politics & Policy published?
A5: several times a week
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Pollination is the process by which pollen is transferred in the reproduction of plants, thereby enabling fertilisation and sexual reproduction. Most flowering plants require an animal to do the transportation. While other animals are included as pollinators, the majority of pollination is done by insects. Because insects usually receive benefit for the pollination in the form of energy rich nectar it is a grand example of mutualism. The various flower traits (and combinations thereof) that differentially attract one type of pollinator or another are known as pollination syndromes. These arose through complex plant-animal adaptations. Pollinators find flowers through bright colorations, including ultraviolet, and attractant pheromones. The study of pollination by insects is known as anthecology.

Q1: Pollen transferred in the reproduction of plants is called?
A1: Pollination
Q2: What is required to transport pollen?
A2: an animal
Q3: Most pollination is completed by what?
A3: insects
Q4: What do insects receive in return for pollination?
A4: energy rich nectar
Q5: Flowers that allow only one type of pollinator is called what?
A5: pollination syndromes
Title: Copper
Topic: History

Polyols, compounds containing more than one alcohol functional group, generally interact with cupric salts. For example, copper salts are used to test for reducing sugars. Specifically, using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution the presence of the sugar is signaled by a color change from blue Cu(II) to reddish copper(I) oxide. Schweizer's reagent and related complexes with ethylenediamine and other amines dissolve cellulose. Amino acids form very stable chelate complexes with copper(II). Many wet-chemical tests for copper ions exist, one involving potassium ferrocyanide, which gives a brown precipitate with copper(II) salts.

Q1: What is the name of the componds that has more than one alcohol functional group?
A1: Polyols
Q2: What are copper salts used to test?
A2: reducing sugars
Q3: How is the presence of sugar shown by using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution?
A3: color change
Q4: What color does the copper salts turn to using Benedict's reagent and Fehling's solution if sugar is present?
A4: reddish
Q5: What does Schweizer's reagent dissolve?
A5: cellulose
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnic Institutes are technological universities, many dating back to the mid-19th century. A handful of world-renowned Elite American universities include the phrases "Institute of Technology", "Polytechnic Institute", "Polytechnic University", or similar phrasing in their names; these are generally research-intensive universities with a focus on engineering, science and technology. The earliest and most famous of these institutions are, respectively, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI, 1824), New York University Tandon School of Engineering (1854) and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, 1861). Conversely, schools dubbed "technical colleges" or "technical institutes" generally provide post-secondary training in technical and mechanical fields, focusing on training vocational skills primarily at a community college level—parallel and sometimes equivalent to the first two years at a bachelor's degree-granting institution.

Q1: In what year was Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute founded?
A1: 1824
Q2: Which of the three earliest technological universities was founded most recently, in 1861?
A2: Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnic schools are distinct from academic universities in Finland. Ammattikorkeakoulu is the common term in Finland, as is the Swedish alternative "yrkeshögskola" – their focus is on studies leading to a degree (for instance insinööri, engineer; in international use, Bachelor of Engineering) in kind different from but in level comparable to an academic bachelor's degree awarded by a university. Since 2006 the polytechnics have offered studies leading to master's degrees (Master of Engineering). After January 1, 2006, some Finnish ammattikorkeakoulus switched the English term "polytechnic" to the term "university of applied sciences" in the English translations of their legal names. The ammattikorkeakoulu has many similarities to the hogeschool in Belgium and in the Netherlands and to the Fachhochschule in the German language areas.

Q1: In what country are polytechnic schools designated uniquely from academic universities?
A1: Finland
Q2: What word means polytechnic school in Finnish?
A2: ammattikorkeakoulus
Q3: What's the Swedish word for a polytechnic school?
A3: yrkeshögskola
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnics in Malaysia has been operated for almost 44 years. The institutions provide courses for bachelor's degree & Bachelor of Science (BSc) (offer at Premier Polytechnics for September 2013 intake & 2014 intake), Advanced Diploma, Diploma and Special Skills Certificate. It was established by the Ministry of Education with the help of UNESCO in 1969. The amount of RM24.5 million is used to fund the pioneer of Politeknik Ungku Omar located in Ipoh, Perak from the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).

Q1: What country has operated polytechnic institutes for nearly 44 years?
A1: Malaysia
Q2: What international organization partnered with Malaysia's Ministry of Education in 1969?
A2: UNESCO
Q3: In what city in the state of Perak is the Politeknik Ungku Omar located?
A3: Ipoh
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnics in Singapore provides industry oriented education equivalent to a junior college or sixth form college in the UK. Singapore retains a system similar but not the same as in the United Kingdom from 1970–1992, distinguishing between polytechnics and universities. Unlike the British Polytechnic (United Kingdom) system Singapore Polytechnics do not offer bachelors, masters or PhD degrees. Under this system, most Singaporean students sit for their O-Level examinations after a four or five years of education in secondary school, and apply for a place at either a technical school termed ITE, a polytechnic or a university-preparatory school (a junior college or the Millennia Institute, a centralized institute). Polytechnic graduates may be granted transfer credits when they apply to local and overseas universities, depending on the overall performance in their grades, as well as the university's policies on transfer credits. A few secondary schools are now offering six-year program which leads directly to university entrance.

Q1: What's the name of Singapore's centralized institute that students can attend before university?
A1: Millennia Institute
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnics offer three-year diploma courses in fields such as information technology, engineering subjects and other vocational fields, like psychology and nursing. There are 5 polytechnics in Singapore. They are namely:

Q1: How many polytechnics are there in Singapore?
A1: 5
Q2: How many years of study would it take to obtain a degree from a polytechnic in Singapore?
A2: three
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnics were granted university status under the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. This meant that Polytechnics could confer degrees without the oversight of the national CNAA organization. These institutions are sometimes referred to as post-1992 universities.

Q1: What act allowed polytechnic schools to become universities?
A1: the Further and Higher Education Act 1992
Q2: The Further and Higher Education Act 1992 allows polytechnics to award degrees without what organization's approval?
A2: CNAA
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Polytechnics were tertiary education teaching institutions in England, Wales and Northern Ireland. Since 1970 UK Polytechnics operated under the binary system of education along with universities. Polytechnics offered diplomas and degrees (bachelor's, master's, PhD) validated at the national level by the UK Council for National Academic Awards CNAA. They particularly excelled in engineering and applied science degree courses similar to technological universities in the USA and continental Europe. The comparable institutions in Scotland were collectively referred to as Central Institutions. Britain's first Polytechnic, the Royal Polytechnic Institution later known as the Polytechnic of Central London (now the University of Westminster) was established in 1838 at Regent Street in London and its goal was to educate and popularize engineering and scientific knowledge and inventions in Victorian Britain "at little expense." The London Polytechnic led a mass movement to create numerous Polytechnic institutes across the UK in the late 19th Century. Most Polytechnic institutes were established at the centre of major metropolitan cities and their focus was on engineering, applied science and technology education.

Q1: What year did UK polytechnics start functioning in a binary education system?
A1: 1970
Q2: What organization validates degrees received from polytechnic schools?
A2: the UK Council for National Academic Awards
Q3: What two-word term does Scotland use to describe their technological universities?
A3: Central Institutions
Q4: What was the first polytechnic in Britain originally named?
A4: Royal Polytechnic Institution
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

Pomors are distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N among them. Postulated to originate from southeast Asia, it is found at high rates in Uralic peoples. Its presence in Pomors (called "Northern Russians" in the report) attests to the non-Slavic tribes (mixing with Finnic tribes of northern Eurasia). Autosomally, Russians are generally similar to populations in central-eastern Europe but some northern Russians are intermediate to Finno-Ugric groups.

Q1: What is distinguished by the presence of Y Haplogroup N?
A1: Pomors
Q2: Pomors are distinguished by the presence of what?
A2: Y Haplogroup N
Q3: Y Haplogroup N are found at high rates in who?
A3: Uralic peoples
Q4: Russians are generally similar to populations in what region?
A4: central-eastern Europe
Q5: Pomors are also known as what?
A5: Northern Russians
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope John XXIII did not live to see the Vatican Council to completion. He died of stomach cancer on 3 June 1963, four and a half years after his election and two months after the completion of his final and famed encyclical, Pacem in terris. He was buried in the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica on 6 June 1963 and his cause for canonization was opened on 18 November 1965 by his successor, Pope Paul VI, who declared him a Servant of God. In addition to being named Venerable on 20 December 1999, he was beatified on 3 September 2000 by Pope John Paul II alongside Pope Pius IX and three others. Following his beatification, his body was moved on 3 June 2001 from its original place to the altar of Saint Jerome where it could be seen by the faithful. On 5 July 2013, Pope Francis – bypassing the traditionally required second miracle – declared John XXIII a saint, after unanimous agreement by a consistory, or meeting, of the College of Cardinals, based on the fact that he was considered to have lived a virtuous, model lifestyle, and because of the good for the Church which had come from his having opened the Second Vatican Council. He was canonised alongside Pope Saint John Paul II on 27 April 2014. John XXIII today is affectionately known as the "Good Pope" and in Italian, "il Papa buono".

Q1: When did the pope die?
A1: 3 June 1963
Q2: What did the pope die of?
A2: stomach cancer
Q3: Where was he buried?
A3: the Vatican grottoes beneath Saint Peter's Basilica
Q4: When was he beatified?
A4: 3 September 2000
Q5: He is still known today as what?
A5: the "Good Pope"
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope John XXIII offered to mediate between US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev during the Cuban Missile Crisis in October 1962. Both men applauded the pope for his deep commitment to peace. Khrushchev would later send a message via Norman Cousins and the letter expressed his best wishes for the pontiff's ailing health. John XXIII personally typed and sent a message back to him, thanking him for his letter. Cousins, meanwhile, travelled to New York City and ensured that John would become Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'. John XXIII became the first Pope to receive the title, followed by John Paul II in 1994 and Francis in 2013.

Q1: John XXIII offered to mediate between who?
A1: US President John F. Kennedy and Nikita Khrushchev
Q2: When was the Cuban Missile Crisis?
A2: October 1962
Q3: Who expressed best wishes for the pope's health?
A3: Nikita Khrushchev
Q4: John XXIII became the first pope to receive what title?
A4: Time magazine's 'Man of the Year'
Q5: Who was the latest pope to hold the title of 'Man of the Year?'
A5: Francis
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Julius had died in April, 352, and was succeeded by Liberius. For two years Liberius had been favourable to the cause of Athanasius; but driven at last into exile, he was induced to sign an ambiguous formula, from which the great Nicene text, the "homoousion", had been studiously omitted. In 355 a council was held at Milan, where in spite of the vigorous opposition of a handful of loyal prelates among the Western bishops, a fourth condemnation of Athanasius was announced to the world. With his friends scattered, the saintly Hosius in exile, and Pope Liberius denounced as acquiescing in Arian formularies, Athanasius could hardly hope to escape. On the night of 8 February, 356, while engaged in services in the Church of St. Thomas, a band of armed men burst in to secure his arrest. It was the beginning of his third exile.

Q1: In what year did Pope Julius die?
A1: 352
Q2: Did Liberius sympathize with Athanasius?
A2: Liberius had been favourable
Q3: What was the outcome of the Council of Milan?
A3: a fourth condemnation of Athanasius
Q4: What was  Athanasius doing when he was arrested?
A4: engaged in services
Q5: Where the men armed who arrested him?
A5: armed men
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Paul VI (Latin: Paulus VI; Italian: Paolo VI), born Giovanni Battista Enrico Antonio Maria Montini (Italian pronunciation: [dʒioˈvani baˈtista enˈriko anˈtonjo marˈija monˈtini]; 26 September 1897 – 6 August 1978), reigned as Pope from 21 June 1963 to his death in 1978. Succeeding Pope John XXIII, he continued the Second Vatican Council which he closed in 1965, implementing its numerous reforms, and fostered improved ecumenical relations with Eastern Orthodox and Protestants, which resulted in many historic meetings and agreements. Montini served in the Vatican's Secretariat of State from 1922 to 1954. While in the Secretariat of State, Montini and Domenico Tardini were considered as the closest and most influential colleagues of Pope Pius XII, who in 1954 named him Archbishop of Milan, the largest Italian diocese. Montini automatically became the Secretary of the Italian Bishops Conference. John XXIII elevated him to the College of Cardinals in 1958, and after the death of John XXIII, Montini was considered one of his most likely successors.

Q1: On What date was Pope Paul VI born?
A1: 26 September 1897
Q2: On what date did Pope Paul VI die?
A2: 6 August 1978)
Q3: In what year did Pope Paul VI close the Second Vatican Counsel?
A3: 1965
Q4: When was Pope Paul VI elected as Pope?
A4: 21 June 1963
Q5: What was Pope Paul VI's first name at birth?
A5: Giovanni
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Paul VI became the first pope to visit six continents, and was the most travelled pope in history to that time, earning the nickname "the Pilgrim Pope". With his travels he opened new avenues for the papacy, which were continued by his successors John Paul II and Benedict XVI. He travelled to the Holy Land in 1964, to the Eucharistic Congresses in Bombay, India and Bogotá, Colombia. In 1966, however, he was twice denied permission to visit Poland for the 1,000th anniversary of the baptism of Poland. In 1967, however, fifty years after the first apparition, he visited Fátima in Portugal. He undertook a pastoral visit to Africa in 1969. On 27 November 1970 he was the target of an assassination attempt at Manila International Airport in the Philippines. He was only lightly stabbed by the would-be assassin Benjamín Mendoza y Amor Flores, who was subdued by the pope's personal bodyguard and trip organizer, Msgr. Paul Marcinkus.

Q1: How many continents did Paul Vi visit as pope?
A1: six
Q2: What was Paul Vi's nickname during his papacy?
A2: the Pilgrim Pope
Q3: In what year did Paul VI journey to the Holy Land?
A3: 1964
Q4: In what country was an assignation attempt made on the life of Paul VI?
A4: Manila
Q5: Who organized Paul Vi's visit to Manila?
A5: Msgr. Paul Marcinkus
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Paul VI became the first reigning pontiff ever to visit the Americas when he flew to New York in October 1965 to address the United Nations. As a gesture of goodwill, the pope gave to the UN two pieces of papal jewelry, a diamond cross and ring, with the hopes that the proceeds from their sale at auction would contribute to the UN's efforts to end human suffering. During the pope's visit, as the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War escalated under President Johnson, Paul VI pleaded for peace before the UN:

Q1: What group did Paul VI address in New York in 1965?
A1: United Nations
Q2: Who was the first pope to visit the United States?
A2: Pope Paul VI
Q3: To whom did Paul VI give a diamond cross and ring in hopes it would raise funds to help people globally?
A3: United Nations
Q4: What did Paul VI ask the UN to promote during the Vietnam war?
A4: peace
Q5: What US president was in office when Paul VI visited America for the first time?
A5: President Johnson
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Paul VI knew the Roman Curia well, having worked there for a generation from 1922 to 1954. He implemented his reforms in stages, rather than in one fell swoop. On 1 March 1968, he issued a regulation, a process that had been initiated by Pius XII and continued by John XXIII. On 28 March, with Pontificalis Domus, and in several additional Apostolic Constitutions in the following years, he revamped the entire Curia, which included reduction of bureaucracy, streamlining of existing congregations and a broader representation of non-Italians in the curial positions.

Q1: For whom did Paul VI work for from 1922 to 1954?
A1: Roman Curia
Q2: In what year did Paul VI issue a regulation?
A2: 1968
Q3: With whom did Paul VI issue a regulation in 1968?
A3: Pontificalis Domus
Q4: What did Paul Vi's reforms reduce in the Curia?
A4: bureaucracy
Q5: Whose representation was enlarged through reforms in the Curia?
A5: non-Italians
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Paul VI left the Vatican to go to the papal summer residence, Castel Gandolfo, on 14 July 1978, visiting on the way the tomb of Cardinal Giuseppe Pizzardo, who had introduced him to the Vatican half a century earlier. Although he was sick, he agreed to see the new Italian President Sandro Pertini for over two hours. In the evening he watched a Western on TV, happy only when he saw "horses, the most beautiful animals that God had created." He had breathing problems and needed oxygen. On Sunday, at the Feast of the Transfiguration, he was tired, but wanted to say the Angelus. He was neither able nor permitted to do so and instead stayed in bed, his temperature rising.

Q1: Where was Paul VI headed to on July 14, 1978?
A1: Castel Gandolfo
Q2: What was considered to be the papal summer residence?
A2: Castel Gandolfo
Q3: Who was the Italian Prime Minister in July of 1978?
A3: Sandro Pertini
Q4: For how long did an ailing Paul VI meet with Sandro Pertini in 1978?
A4: two hours
Q5: What animals did Paul VI consider to be "the most beautiful animals God ever created"?
A5: horses
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope Saint John XXIII (Latin: Ioannes XXIII; Italian: Giovanni XXIII) born Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli,[a] Italian pronunciation: [ˈandʒelo dʒuˈzɛppe roŋˈkalli]; 25 November 1881 – 3 June 1963) reigned as Pope from 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963 and was canonized on 27 April 2014. Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli was the fourth of fourteen children born to a family of sharecroppers who lived in a village in Lombardy. He was ordained to the priesthood on 10 August 1904 and served in a number of posts, including papal nuncio in France and a delegate to Bulgaria, Greece and Turkey. In a consistory on 12 January 1953 Pope Pius XII made Roncalli a cardinal as the Cardinal-Priest of Santa Prisca in addition to naming him as the Patriarch of Venice.

Q1: What was Pope Saint John XXIII's birth name?
A1: Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli
Q2: When was Pope Saint John XXIII born?
A2: 25 November 1881
Q3: When did Pope Saint XXIII die?
A3: 3 June 1963
Q4: How long did he reign as Pope?
A4: 28 October 1958 to his death in 1963
Q5: When was he ordained to the priesthood?
A5: 10 August 1904
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to 70, comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons. Starting in the pontificate of Pope John XXIII, that limit has been exceeded. At the start of 1971, Pope Paul VI set the number of cardinal electors at a maximum of 120, but set no limit on the number of cardinals generally. He also established a maximum age of eighty years for electors. His action deprived twenty-five living cardinals, including the three living cardinals elevated by Pope Pius XI, of the right to participate in a conclave.[citation needed] Popes can dispense from church laws and have sometimes brought the number of cardinals under the age of 80 to more than 120. Pope Paul VI also increased the number of cardinal bishops by giving that rank to patriarchs of the Eastern Catholic Churches.

Q1: Pope Sixtus V limited the number of cardinals to?
A1: 70
Q2: What did the composition of the cardinals consist of?
A2: comprising six cardinal bishops, 50 cardinal priests, and 14 cardinal deacons.
Q3: During who's term did the ruling exceed? 
A3: Pope John XXIII
Q4: Pope Paul VI increse the number of cardinal electors to? 
A4: 120
Q5: What is the maximum age for electors?
A5: 80
Q6: Pope Paul VI raised the cap on cardinal electors from 70 to what?
A6: 120
Q7: Pope Paul VI had no cap on what?
A7: the number of cardinals generally
Title: Heresy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Pope St. Gregory stigmatized Judaism and the Jewish People in many of his writings. He described Jews as enemies of Christ: "The more the Holy Spirit fills the world, the more perverse hatred dominates the souls of the Jews." He labeled all heresy as "Jewish", claiming that Judaism would "pollute [Catholics and] deceive them with sacrilegious seduction." The identification of Jews and heretics in particular occurred several times in Roman-Christian law,

Q1: Who denounced Jewish People in many of his writings?
A1: Pope St. Gregory
Q2: What were the Jews described as enemies of?
A2: Christ
Q3: According to Pope St. Gregory what religion must you be in order to be a heretic?
A3: Jewish
Q4: In what culture of law were Jews and heretics often lumped together?
A4: Roman-Christian law
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Popes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish military religious orders were founded, most of which had become part of the two main orders of Calatrava and Santiago by the beginning of the 12th century. Northern Europe also remained outside Christian influence until the 11th century or later, and became a crusading venue as part of the Northern Crusades of the 12th to 14th centuries. These crusades also spawned a military order, the Order of the Sword Brothers. Another order, the Teutonic Knights, although originally founded in the crusader states, focused much of its activity in the Baltic after 1225, and in 1309 moved its headquarters to Marienburg in Prussia.

Q1: Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?
A1: southern France
Q2: Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?
A2: Marienburg
Q3: What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?
A3: the Order of the Sword Brothers
Q4: In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?
A4: 12th
Q5: What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?
A5: 14th
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper claimed to have recognised already in the 1934 version of his Logic of Discovery a fact later stressed by Kuhn, "that scientists necessarily develop their ideas within a definite theoretical framework", and to that extent to have anticipated Kuhn's central point about "normal science". (But Popper criticised what he saw as Kuhn's relativism.) Also, in his collection Conjectures and Refutations: The Growth of Scientific Knowledge (Harper & Row, 1963), Popper writes, "Science must begin with myths, and with the criticism of myths; neither with the collection of observations, nor with the invention of experiments, but with the critical discussion of myths, and of magical techniques and practices. The scientific tradition is distinguished from the pre-scientific tradition in having two layers. Like the latter, it passes on its theories; but it also passes on a critical attitude towards them. The theories are passed on, not as dogmas, but rather with the challenge to discuss them and improve upon them."

Q1: Popper believed he had already discussed similar ideas to Kuhn's about scientific communities in what work?
A1: Logic of Discovery
Q2: What aspect of Kuhn's thinking did Popper criticize?
A2: relativism
Q3: What did Popper say must be the beginning phase of science?
A3: the critical discussion of myths
Q4: According to Popper, what second layer does scientific inquiry have that pre-scientific inquiry does not?
A4: a critical attitude
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper coined the term "critical rationalism" to describe his philosophy. Concerning the method of science, the term indicates his rejection of classical empiricism, and the classical observationalist-inductivist account of science that had grown out of it. Popper argued strongly against the latter, holding that scientific theories are abstract in nature, and can be tested only indirectly, by reference to their implications. He also held that scientific theory, and human knowledge generally, is irreducibly conjectural or hypothetical, and is generated by the creative imagination to solve problems that have arisen in specific historico-cultural settings.

Q1: What term did Popper use for his philosophy?
A1: critical rationalism
Q2: Which account of scientific method did Popper's repudiate?
A2: the classical observationalist-inductivist account
Q3: What was Popper's position on classical empiricism?
A3: rejection
Q4: According to Popper, what is the only way one can test scientific theories because they are necessarily abstract?
A4: indirectly
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper contrasts his views with the notion of the "hopeful monster" that has large phenotype mutations and calls it the "hopeful behavioural monster". After behaviour has changed radically, small but quick changes of the phenotype follow to make the organism fitter to its changed goals. This way it looks as if the phenotype were changing guided by some invisible hand, while it is merely natural selection working in combination with the new behaviour. For example, according to this hypothesis, the eating habits of the giraffe must have changed before its elongated neck evolved. Popper contrasted this view as "evolution from within" or "active Darwinism" (the organism actively trying to discover new ways of life and being on a quest for conquering new ecological niches), with the naturalistic "evolution from without" (which has the picture of a hostile environment only trying to kill the mostly passive organism, or perhaps segregate some of its groups).

Q1: Which view of evolution emphasizing large changes in organisms' phenotypes does Popper oppose to his own?
A1: hopeful monster
Q2: Which aspect of organisms changes most radically in the process of evolution Popper envisions?
A2: behaviour
Q3: How does Popper describe the "monsters" that evolve in his view of evolutionary processes?
A3: hopeful behavioural monster
Q4: What kind of Darwinism does Popper subscribe to in contrast to the naturalistic kind?
A4: active
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper died of "complications of cancer, pneumonia and kidney failure" in Kenley at the age of 92 on 17 September 1994. He had been working continuously on his philosophy until two weeks before, when he suddenly fell terminally ill. After cremation, his ashes were taken to Vienna and buried at Lainzer cemetery adjacent to the ORF Centre, where his wife Josefine Anna Popper (called ‘Hennie’) had already been buried. Popper's estate is managed by his secretary and personal assistant Melitta Mew and her husband Raymond. Popper's manuscripts went to the Hoover Institution at Stanford University, partly during his lifetime and partly as supplementary material after his death. Klagenfurt University possesses Popper's library, including his precious bibliophilia, as well as hard copies of the original Hoover material and microfilms of the supplementary material. The remaining parts of the estate were mostly transferred to The Karl Popper Charitable Trust. In October 2008 Klagenfurt University acquired the copyrights from the estate.

Q1: How old was Popper when he died?
A1: 92
Q2: Which cemetery in Vienna received Popper's ashes?
A2: Lainzer
Q3: Where are Popper's manuscripts kept now?
A3: Hoover Institution at Stanford University
Q4: Which university has the contents of Popper's library?
A4: Klagenfurt University
Q5: What was Popper's wife's name?
A5: Josefine Anna Popper
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper had his own sophisticated views on evolution that go much beyond what the frequently-quoted passages say. In effect, Popper agreed with some of the points of both creationists and naturalists, but also disagreed with both views on crucial aspects. Popper understood the universe as a creative entity that invents new things, including life, but without the necessity of something like a god, especially not one who is pulling strings from behind the curtain. He said that evolution must, as the creationists say, work in a goal-directed way but disagreed with their view that it must necessarily be the hand of god that imposes these goals onto the stage of life.

Q1: Along with some creationists, Popper believed that evolution must have what quality to its progress?
A1: goal-directed
Q2: Popper disagreed with creationists that whose hand must be directing evolution?
A2: god
Q3: What kind of an entity did Popper believe the universe to be?
A3: creative
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper held that rationality is not restricted to the realm of empirical or scientific theories, but that it is merely a special case of the general method of criticism, the method of finding and eliminating contradictions in knowledge without ad-hoc-measures. According to this view, rational discussion about metaphysical ideas, about moral values and even about purposes is possible. Popper's student W.W. Bartley III tried to radicalise this idea and made the controversial claim that not only can criticism go beyond empirical knowledge, but that everything can be rationally criticised.

Q1: Popper's rational approach opposes what technique sometimes used to remove contradictions in knowledge?
A1: ad-hoc-measures
Q2: Which of Popper's students argued that rational criticism should be most widely applied?
A2: W.W. Bartley III
Q3: What type of knowledge is not the only sphere of rational criticism, according to Popper's student W.W. Bartley III?
A3: empirical
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper is known for his rejection of the classical inductivist views on the scientific method, in favour of empirical falsification: A theory in the empirical sciences can never be proven, but it can be falsified, meaning that it can and should be scrutinized by decisive experiments. He used the black swan fallacy to discuss falsification. If the outcome of an experiment contradicts the theory, one should refrain from ad hoc manoeuvres that evade the contradiction merely by making it less falsifiable. Popper is also known for his opposition to the classical justificationist account of knowledge, which he replaced with critical rationalism, "the first non-justificational philosophy of criticism in the history of philosophy."

Q1: Which classical views about the method of science did Popper reject?
A1: inductivist
Q2: Who proposed empirical falsification as the central principle of the scientific method?
A2: Popper
Q3: What is necessary for a scientific theory to be falsified?
A3: decisive experiments
Q4: Which account of knowledge did Popper contest?
A4: classical justificationist
Q5: What is the term for Popper's non-justificational theory of criticism?
A5: critical rationalism
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper left school at the age of 16 and attended lectures in mathematics, physics, philosophy, psychology and the history of music as a guest student at the University of Vienna. In 1919, Popper became attracted by Marxism and subsequently joined the Association of Socialist School Students. He also became a member of the Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria, which was at that time a party that fully adopted the Marxist ideology. After the street battle in the Hörlgasse on 15 June 1919, when police shot eight of his unarmed party comrades, he became disillusioned by what he saw to be the "pseudo-scientific" historical materialism of Marx, abandoned the ideology, and remained a supporter of social liberalism throughout his life.

Q1: At which age did Popper first attend university?
A1: 16
Q2: What political doctrine interested Popper in 1919?
A2: Marxism
Q3: Which Austrian political party did Popper join as a youth?
A3: Social Democratic Workers' Party of Austria
Q4: What incident killed several of Poppers Marxist political comrades?
A4: street battle in the Hörlgasse
Q5: To which political philosophy did Popper continue to adhere after moving away from Marxism?
A5: social liberalism
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper played a vital role in establishing the philosophy of science as a vigorous, autonomous discipline within philosophy, through his own prolific and influential works, and also through his influence on his own contemporaries and students. Popper founded in 1946 the Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method at the London School of Economics and there lectured and influenced both Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend, two of the foremost philosophers of science in the next generation of philosophy of science. (Lakatos significantly modified Popper's position,:1 and Feyerabend repudiated it entirely, but the work of both is deeply influenced by Popper and engaged with many of the problems that Popper set.)

Q1: What branch of philosophy did Popper advance the most?
A1: philosophy of science
Q2: Which department did Popper found at the London School of Economics?
A2: Department of Philosophy, Logic and Scientific Method
Q3: Which two major philosophers of science learned a great deal from Popper at the London School Economics?
A3: Imre Lakatos and Paul Feyerabend
Q4: What did Paul Feyerabend ultimate do to Popper's philosophy of science?
A4: repudiated it entirely
Q5: Where did Popper establish a university department for the philosophy of science in 1946?
A5: London School of Economics
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Popper puzzled over the stark contrast between the non-scientific character of Freud and Adler's theories in the field of psychology and the revolution set off by Einstein's theory of relativity in physics in the early 20th century. Popper thought that Einstein's theory, as a theory properly grounded in scientific thought and method, was highly "risky", in the sense that it was possible to deduce consequences from it which were, in the light of the then-dominant Newtonian physics, highly improbable (e.g., that light is deflected towards solid bodies—confirmed by Eddington's experiments in 1919), and which would, if they turned out to be false, falsify the whole theory. In contrast, nothing could, even in principle, falsify psychoanalytic theories. He thus came to the conclusion that psychoanalytic theories had more in common with primitive myths than with genuine science.

Q1: Which two important psychologists did Popper view as advancing non-scientific theories?
A1: Freud and Adler
Q2: Whose recent breakthrough in physics did Popper view as paradigmatic science?
A2: Einstein
Q3: What quality of the theory of relativity did Popper believe made it proper science?
A3: risky
Q4: What did Popper think psychoanalytic theory shared more feature with than real science ?
A4: primitive myths
Q5: What could you not do to psychoanalytic theory that Popper believed crucial in genuine science?
A5: falsify