LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The ad fontes principle also had many applications. The re-discovery of ancient manuscripts brought a more profound and accurate knowledge of ancient philosophical schools such as Epicureanism, and Neoplatonism, whose Pagan wisdom the humanists, like the Church fathers of old, tended, at least initially, to consider as deriving from divine revelation and thus adaptable to a life of Christian virtue. The line from a drama of Terence, Homo sum, humani nihil a me alienum puto (or with nil for nihil), meaning "I am a human being, I think nothing human alien to me", known since antiquity through the endorsement of Saint Augustine, gained renewed currency as epitomising the humanist attitude. The statement, in a play modeled or borrowed from a (now lost) Greek comedy by Menander, may have originated in a lighthearted vein – as a comic rationale for an old man's meddling – but it quickly became a proverb and throughout the ages was quoted with a deeper meaning, by Cicero and Saint Augustine, to name a few, and most notably by Seneca. Richard Bauman writes:

Q1: What allowed for a deeper understanding and personal exploration of older philosophers theories?
A1: ancient manuscripts
Q2: Who were the Humanists in agreement with about using these manuscripts in their quests for pure Christian living?
A2: Church fathers
Q3: Who was the most influential supporter of the ideals of Terence?
A3: Saint Augustine
Q4: Who quoted the line of Terence most notably?
A4: Seneca
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

The administration continues to follow the market reform plans of the previous one and indicated that it will diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy. Iran has also developed a biotechnology, nanotechnology, and pharmaceuticals industry. However, nationalized industries such as the bonyads have often been managed badly, making them ineffective and uncompetitive with years. Currently, the government is trying to privatize these industries, and, despite successes, there are still several problems to be overcome, such as the lagging corruption in the public sector and lack of competitiveness. In 2010, Iran was ranked 69, out of 139 nations, in the Global Competitiveness Report.

Q1: What is a main goal of Iran's market reform plans?
A1: diversify Iran's oil-reliant economy
Q2: What Iranian nationalized industry has been noncompetitive and managed badly? 
A2: the bonyads
Q3: What, along with a lack of competition, has held back Iran's nationalized industries?
A3: lagging corruption in the public sector
Q4: The Global COmpetitiveness Report in 2010 ranked Iran where out of 139 countries?
A4: ranked 69
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

The administration of London is formed of two tiers—a city-wide, strategic tier and a local tier. City-wide administration is coordinated by the Greater London Authority (GLA), while local administration is carried out by 33 smaller authorities. The GLA consists of two elected components; the Mayor of London, who has executive powers, and the London Assembly, which scrutinises the mayor's decisions and can accept or reject the mayor's budget proposals each year. The headquarters of the GLA is City Hall, Southwark; the mayor is Boris Johnson. The mayor's statutory planning strategy is published as the London Plan, which was most recently revised in 2011. The local authorities are the councils of the 32 London boroughs and the City of London Corporation. They are responsible for most local services, such as local planning, schools, social services, local roads and refuse collection. Certain functions, such as waste management, are provided through joint arrangements. In 2009–2010 the combined revenue expenditure by London councils and the GLA amounted to just over £22 billion (£14.7 billion for the boroughs and £7.4 billion for the GLA).

Q1: London's government administration is comprised of how many tiers?
A1: two
Q2: What governmental entity oversees London's city-wide administrative tier?
A2: the Greater London Authority (GLA)
Q3: Who is the current Mayor of London?
A3: Boris Johnson
Q4: How many boroughs does London consist of?
A4: 32
Q5: What group of elected officials provides checks and balances on the Mayor's executive authority?
A5: the London Assembly
Title: Edmund_Burke
Topic: History

The administration of Lord North (1770–1782) tried to defeat the colonist rebellion by military force. British and American forces clashed in 1775 and, in 1776, came the American Declaration of Independence. Burke was appalled by celebrations in Britain of the defeat of the Americans at New York and Pennsylvania. He claimed the English national character was being changed by this authoritarianism. Burke wrote: "As to the good people of England, they seem to partake every day more and more of the Character of that administration which they have been induced to tolerate. I am satisfied, that within a few years there has been a great Change in the National Character. We seem no longer that eager, inquisitive, jealous, fiery people, which we have been formerly".

Q1: When did Lord North take office?
A1: 1770
Q2: When did Lord North leave office?
A2: 1782
Q3: Which victories against the Americans did the British celebrate?
A3: New York and Pennsylvania
Q4: How did Burke feel about the British celebrating victories against the Americans?
A4: appalled
Q5: When was the American Declaration of Independence issued?
A5: 1776
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

The administration of justice was of particular importance to John. Several new processes had been introduced to English law under Henry II, including novel disseisin and mort d'ancestor. These processes meant the royal courts had a more significant role in local law cases, which had previously been dealt with only by regional or local lords. John increased the professionalism of local sergeants and bailiffs, and extended the system of coroners first introduced by Hubert Walter in 1194, creating a new class of borough coroners. John worked extremely hard to ensure that this system operated well, through judges he had appointed, by fostering legal specialists and expertise, and by intervening in cases himself. John continued to try relatively minor cases, even during military crises. Viewed positively, Lewis Warren considers that John discharged "his royal duty of providing justice ... with a zeal and a tirelessness to which the English common law is greatly endebted". Seen more critically, John may have been motivated by the potential of the royal legal process to raise fees, rather than a desire to deliver simple justice; John's legal system also only applied to free men, rather than to all of the population. Nonetheless, these changes were popular with many free tenants, who acquired a more reliable legal system that could bypass the barons, against whom such cases were often brought. John's reforms were less popular with the barons themselves, especially as they remained subject to arbitrary and frequently vindictive royal justice.

Q1: What was of particular importance to John?
A1: administration of justice
Q2: When was the system of coroners first introduced?
A2: 1194
Q3: Why was John motivated?
A3: potential of the royal legal process to raise fees
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

The adolescent growth spurt is a rapid increase in the individual's height and weight during puberty resulting from the simultaneous release of growth hormones, thyroid hormones, and androgens. Males experience their growth spurt about two years later, on average, than females. During their peak height velocity (the time of most rapid growth), adolescents grow at a growth rate nearly identical to that of a toddler—about 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year for males and 3.5 inches (9 cm) for females. In addition to changes in height, adolescents also experience a significant increase in weight (Marshall, 1978). The weight gained during adolescence constitutes nearly half of one's adult body weight. Teenage and early adult males may continue to gain natural muscle growth even after puberty.

Q1: Do males or females experience growth spurts first?
A1: females
Q2: How much later on average do males experience their growth spurt?
A2: two years later
Q3: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a male adolescent?
A3: 4 inches (10.3 cm) a year
Q4: What is the growth rate during peak height velocity for a female adolescent?
A4: 3.5 inches (9 cm)
Q5: Growth rates during adolescent are comparible to those of what other life stage?
A5: toddler
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The adoption of the mother of Jesus as a virtual goddess may represent a reintroduction of aspects of the worship of Isis. "When looking at images of the Egyptian goddess Isis and those of the Virgin Mary, one may initially observe iconographic similarities. These parallels have led many scholars to suggest that there is a distinct iconographic relationship between Isis and Mary. In fact, some scholars have gone even further, and have suggested, on the basis of this relationship, a direct link between the cult of Mary and that of Isis." 

Q1: Which Egyptian goddess do some scholars ascribe similarities to?
A1: Isis
Q2: What type of goddess is Isis?
A2: Egyptian
Q3: What kind of relationship do some scholars believe exists between Isis and Mary?
A3: iconographic
Title: Cotton
Topic: Natural sciences

The advent of the Industrial Revolution in Britain provided a great boost to cotton manufacture, as textiles emerged as Britain's leading export. In 1738, Lewis Paul and John Wyatt, of Birmingham, England, patented the roller spinning machine, as well as the flyer-and-bobbin system for drawing cotton to a more even thickness using two sets of rollers that traveled at different speeds. Later, the invention of the James Hargreaves' spinning jenny in 1764, Richard Arkwright's spinning frame in 1769 and Samuel Crompton's spinning mule in 1775 enabled British spinners to produce cotton yarn at much higher rates. From the late 18th century on, the British city of Manchester acquired the nickname "Cottonopolis" due to the cotton industry's omnipresence within the city, and Manchester's role as the heart of the global cotton trade.

Q1: What event produced an expansion of the British cotton industry?
A1: Industrial Revolution
Q2: When was a new spinning machine patented that boosted cotton production?
A2: 1738
Q3: What device did James Hargreaves invent?
A3: spinning jenny
Q4: What was Samuel Crompton's invention of 1775?
A4: spinning mule
Q5: Whic British city was nicknamed "Cottonopolis" because of its cotton production?
A5: Manchester
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

The advertised battery life on most models is different from the real-world achievable life. For example, the fifth generation 30 GB iPod is advertised as having up to 14 hours of music playback. An MP3.com report stated that this was virtually unachievable under real-life usage conditions, with a writer for MP3.com getting on average less than 8 hours from an iPod. In 2003, class action lawsuits were brought against Apple complaining that the battery charges lasted for shorter lengths of time than stated and that the battery degraded over time. The lawsuits were settled by offering individuals either US$50 store credit or a free battery replacement.

Q1: How long were 5th generation iPods marketed as being able to function before needing to be charged?
A1: 14 hours
Q2: Which website criticized Apple's battery life claims?
A2: MP3.com
Q3: In what year was Apple sued for issues relating to its battery life?
A3: 2003
Q4: Discrepancy in what spec brought about a class action suit against Apple in 2003?
A4: battery life
Q5: How many hours of real-time battery life did the 5th-generation iPod test at, compared to its advertised 14 hours?
A5: 8 hours
Title: Pharmaceutical_industry
Topic: Natural sciences

The aftermath of World War II saw an explosion in the discovery of new classes of antibacterial drugs including the cephalosporins (developed by Eli Lilly based on the seminal work of Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham), streptomycin (discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory), the tetracyclines (discovered at Lederle Laboratories, now a part of Pfizer), erythromycin (discovered at Eli Lilly and Co.) and their extension to an increasingly wide range of bacterial pathogens. Streptomycin, discovered during a Merck-funded research program in Selman Waksman's laboratory at Rutgers in 1943, became the first effective treatment for tuberculosis. At the time of its discovery, sanitoriums for the isolation of tuberculosis-infected people were an ubiquitous feature of cities in developed countries, with 50% dying within 5 years of admission.

Q1: When was the first effective treatment for Tuberculosis discovered?
A1: 1943
Q2: What drug effectively treated Tuberculosis?
A2: Streptomycin
Q3: Who was Eli Lilly's work based off of?
A3: Giuseppe Brotzu and Edward Abraham
Q4: Where was Tetracyclines discovered?
A4: Lederle Laboratories
Q5: 50% of tuberculosis-infected people died within 5 years where?
A5: cities in developed countries
Q6: What was the first treatment for tuberculosis?
A6: Streptomycin
Q7: What percentage of patients infected with tuberculosis died within 5 years?
A7: 50%
Q8: In what year was streptomycin discovered?
A8: 1943
Q9: Many more antibiotics were made following the end of what war?
A9: World War II
Q10: What company funded the research that led to the discovery of streptomycin?
A10: Merck
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

The age of consent to sexual activity varies widely between jurisdictions, ranging from 12 to 20 years, as does the age at which people are allowed to marry. Specific legal ages for adolescents that also vary by culture are enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels. It should be noted that the legal coming of age often does not correspond with the sudden realization of autonomy; many adolescents who have legally reached adult age are still dependent on their guardians or peers for emotional and financial support. Nonetheless, new legal privileges converge with shifting social expectations to usher in a phase of heightened independence or social responsibility for most legal adolescents.

Q1: What is the range of consentual age variance between jurisdictions?
A1: 12 to 20 years
Q2: Is the age that peope are allowed to marry universally decided upon?
A2: No
Q3: What are other areas in which legal societal age varies?
A3: enlisting in the military, gambling, and the purchase of alcohol, cigarettes or items with parental advisory labels
Title: Biodiversity
Topic: Natural sciences

The age of the Earth is about 4.54 billion years old. The earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth dates at least from 3.5 billion years ago, during the Eoarchean Era after a geological crust started to solidify following the earlier molten Hadean Eon. There are microbial mat fossils found in 3.48 billion-year-old sandstone discovered in Western Australia. Other early physical evidence of a biogenic substance is graphite in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in Western Greenland. More recently, in 2015, "remains of biotic life" were found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia. According to one of the researchers, "If life arose relatively quickly on Earth ... then it could be common in the universe."

Q1: What is the estimate age of the Earth?
A1: about 4.54 billion years old
Q2: What era contains the earliest undisputed evidence of life on Earth?
A2: the Eoarchean Era
Q3: What is the name of the era that predated life on Earth?
A3: Hadean Eon
Q4: Where were the billion year old microbial mat fossils found?
A4: Western Australia
Q5: Where were the 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered?
A5: Western Greenland
Title: Kathmandu
Topic: Geography and places

The agglomeration of Kathmandu has not yet been officially defined. The urban area of the Kathmandu valley is split among three different districts (collections of local government units within a zone) which extend very little beyond the valley fringe, except towards the southern ranges, which have comparatively small population. They have the three highest population densities in the country. Within the districts lie VDCs (villages), 3 municipalities (Bhaktapur, Kirtipur, Madhyapur Thimi), 1 sub-metropolitan city (Lalitpur), and 1 metropolitan city (Kathmandu). Some district subdivisions remain legally villages yet are densely populated, Gonggabu VDC notably recorded a density over 20,000 people/km2. (2011 census). The following data table describes the districts considered part of the agglomeration:

Q1: How many districts make up the Kathmandu Valley urban area?
A1: three
Q2: What are Madhyapur Thimi, Kirtipur and Bhaktapur?
A2: municipalities
Q3: How many sub-metropolitan cities are present in the districts that make up the Kathmandu valley?
A3: 1
Q4: About how many people live in a square kilometer in Gonggabu VDC?
A4: 20,000
Q5: What is another term for VDCs?
A5: villages
Title: East_India_Company
Topic: History

The aggressive policies of Lord Wellesley and the Marquis of Hastings led to the Company gaining control of all India (except for the Punjab and Sindh), and some part of the then kingdom of Nepal under the Sugauli Treaty. The Indian Princes had become vassals of the Company. But the expense of wars leading to the total control of India strained the Company's finances. The Company was forced to petition Parliament for assistance. This was the background to the Charter Act of 1813 which, among other things:

Q1: What Lord helped the EIC through his politics, take control over all of india?
A1: Lord Wellesley
Q2: While the EIc took over all of India there were, two exception the first being Punjab, what was the Second?
A2: Sindh
Q3: in the past the deals under the crown strained the finances of EIC  now as they expained throughout India what was the biggest strain on their finances
A3: the expense of wars
Q4: what treaty  allowed the Eic in to the then kingdom of nepal?
A4: Sugauli Treaty
Q5: EIC reached out to parliament for help with finances. this lead to which Act?
A5: Charter Act of 1813
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

The air force includes the 449th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (449 ΜΑΕ) – operating Aérospatiale SA-342L and Bell 206 and the 450th Helicopter Gunship Squadron (450 ME/P) – operating Mi-35P helicopters and the Britten-Norman BN-2B and Pilatus PC-9 fixed-wing aircraft. Current senior officers include Supreme Commander, Cypriot National Guard, Lt. General Stylianos Nasis, and Chief of Staff, Cypriot National Guard: Maj. General Michalis Flerianos.[citation needed] The Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion, which occurred on 11 July 2011, was the most deadly military accident ever recorded in Cyprus.

Q1: What incident was the most deadly military accident that occurred on Cyprus?
A1: Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion
Q2: What date did the Evangelos Florakis Naval Base explosion occur?
A2: 11 July 2011
Q3: What is one of the senior officer titles of the Cyprus air force?
A3: Supreme Commander
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

The air offensive against the RAF and British industry failed to have the desired effect. More might have been achieved had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot, the vulnerability of British sea communications. The Allies did so later when Bomber Command attacked rail communications and the United States Army Air Forces targeted oil, but that would have required an economic-industrial analysis of which the Luftwaffe was incapable. The OKL instead sought clusters of targets that suited the latest policy (which changed frequently), and disputes within the leadership were about tactics rather than strategy. Though militarily ineffective, the Blitz caused enormous damage to Britain's infrastructure and housing stock. It cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000.

Q1: How could have more been achieved in the air offensive?
A1: had the OKL exploited their enemy's weak spot
Q2: What did the disputes in the OKL tend to be about?
A2: about tactics rather than strategy
Q3: What was the Luftwaffe incapable of doing?
A3: an economic-industrial analysis
Q4: How many casualties did the Blitz ultimately cause?
A4: cost around 41,000 lives, and may have injured another 139,000
Title: Aircraft_carrier
Topic: Warfare

The aircraft carrier dramatically changed naval combat in World War II, because air power was becoming a significant factor in warfare. The advent of aircraft as focal weapons was driven by the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness of carrier-launched aircraft. They had higher range and precision than naval guns, making them highly effective. The versatility of the carrier was demonstrated in November 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched a long-range strike on the Italian fleet at their base in Taranto, signalling the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes. This operation incapacitated three of the six battleships at a cost of two torpedo bombers. World War II in the Pacific Ocean involved clashes between aircraft carrier fleets. The 1941 Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor was a clear illustration of the power projection capability afforded by a large force of modern carriers. Concentrating six carriers in a single unit turned naval history about, as no other nation had fielded anything comparable. However, the vulnerability of carriers compared to traditional battleships when forced into a gun-range encounter was quickly illustrated by the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships during the Norwegian campaign in 1940.

Q1: What dramatically changed naval combat in World War II?
A1: The aircraft carrier
Q2: What drove the advent of carrier-launched aircraft as focal weapons?
A2: the superior range, flexibility and effectiveness
Q3: Why were carrier-launched aircraft more effective than naval guns?
A3: They had higher range and precision
Q4: What was signalled in 1940 when HMS Illustrious launched an strike on an Italian fleet?
A4: the beginning of the effective and highly mobile aircraft strikes
Q5: What event showed the vulnerability of carriers when forced into gun-range enounters?
A5: the sinking of HMS Glorious by German battleships
Title: Queen_(band)
Topic: Music

The album also featured the hit single "Bohemian Rhapsody", which was number one in the UK for nine weeks. Mercury's close friend and advisor, Capital London radio DJ Kenny Everett, played a pivotal role in giving the single exposure. It is the third-best-selling single of all time in the UK, surpassed only by Band Aid's "Do They Know It's Christmas?" and Elton John's "Candle in the Wind 1997", and is the best-selling commercial single in the UK. It also reached number nine in the United States (a 1992 re-release reached number two on the Billboard Hot 100 for five weeks). It is the only single ever to sell a million copies on two separate occasions, and became the Christmas number one twice in the UK, the only single ever to do so. "Bohemian Rhapsody" has been voted numerous times the greatest song of all time. The band decided to make a video to help go with the single and hired Trilion, a subsidiary of the former management company Trident Studios, using new technology to create the video; the result is generally considered to have been the first "true" music video ever produced, and popularised the medium. The album's first track "Death on Two Legs" is said to be written by Mercury about Norman Sheffield and the former management at Trident who helped make the video so popular. Although other bands, including the Beatles, had made short promotional films or videos of songs prior to this, generally, those were specifically made to be aired on specific television shows. On the impact of "Bohemian Rhapsody", Rolling Stone states: "Its influence cannot be overstated, practically inventing the music video seven years before MTV went on the air." The second single from the album, "You're My Best Friend", the second song composed by John Deacon, and his first single, peaked at number sixteen in the United States and went on to become a worldwide Top Ten hit. The band's A Night at the Opera Tour began in November 1975, and covered Europe, the United States, Japan, and Australia.

Q1: Which Queen song was number one on the UK charts for nine weeks?
A1: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q2: What is the third best selling single of all time in the UK?
A2: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q3: What Queen single sold a million copies on two separate occasions?
A3: Bohemian Rhapsody
Q4: In what year did Queen's A Night at the Opera Tour begin?
A4: 1975
Q5: Queen's 1975 tour included Europe and what three countries?
A5: United States, Japan, and Australia
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

The album garnered critical acclaim. Ray of Light was honored with four Grammy Awards. In 2003, Slant Magazine called it "one of the great pop masterpieces of the '90s" and Rolling Stone listed it among "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time". Commercially, the album peaked at number one in numerous countries and sold more than 16 million copies worldwide. The album's first single, "Frozen", became Madonna's first single to debut at number one in the UK, while in the U.S. it became her sixth number-two single, setting another record for Madonna as the artist with the most number two hits. The second single, "Ray of Light", debuted at number five on the Billboard Hot 100.

Q1: How many Emmy awards did Ray of Light won?
A1: four
Q2: Who listed Ray of Light as "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time?"
A2: Rolling Stone
Q3: How many albums did Ray of Light sell worldwide?
A3: 16 million copies
Q4: Which single in the album made it to the UK number one?
A4: Frozen
Q5: The single Ray of Light debut at which number of the Billboard Hot 100?
A5: five
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The alcohol in beer comes primarily from the metabolism of sugars that are produced during fermentation. The quantity of fermentable sugars in the wort and the variety of yeast used to ferment the wort are the primary factors that determine the amount of alcohol in the final beer. Additional fermentable sugars are sometimes added to increase alcohol content, and enzymes are often added to the wort for certain styles of beer (primarily "light" beers) to convert more complex carbohydrates (starches) to fermentable sugars. Alcohol is a by-product of yeast metabolism and is toxic to the yeast; typical brewing yeast cannot survive at alcohol concentrations above 12% by volume. Low temperatures and too little fermentation time decreases the effectiveness of yeasts and consequently decreases the alcohol content.

Q1: What is the main source of the alcohol in beer?
A1: sugars
Q2: What is the process during brewing in which sugar is metabolized into alcohol?
A2: fermentation
Q3: At what concentration can yeast no longer survive in alcohol?
A3: above 12%
Q4: What could decrease alcohol content during the brewing process?
A4: Low temperatures
Q5: Why would more fermentable sugars be added to be beer during the brewing process?
A5: to increase alcohol content
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

The algae are a polyphyletic group and are placed in various divisions, some more closely related to plants than others. There are many differences between them in features such as cell wall composition, biochemistry, pigmentation, chloroplast structure and nutrient reserves. The algal division Charophyta, sister to the green algal division Chlorophyta, is considered to contain the ancestor of true plants. The Charophyte class Charophyceae and the land plant sub-kingdom Embryophyta together form the monophyletic group or clade Streptophytina.

Q1: Are all algae different from land plants?
A1: some more closely related
Q2: What algae is the ancestor of true plants?
A2: Charophyta
Q3: Are all species of algae similar?
A3: many differences
Q4: To what species of algae is Charophyta related?
A4: Chlorophyta
Title: Glass
Topic: Art and architecture

The alkali metal ions are small and mobile; their presence in glass allows a degree of electrical conductivity, especially in molten state or at high temperature. Their mobility decreases the chemical resistance of the glass, allowing leaching by water and facilitating corrosion. Alkaline earth ions, with their two positive charges and requirement for two non-bridging oxygen ions to compensate for their charge, are much less mobile themselves and also hinder diffusion of other ions, especially the alkalis. The most common commercial glasses contain both alkali and alkaline earth ions (usually sodium and calcium), for easier processing and satisfying corrosion resistance. Corrosion resistance of glass can be achieved by dealkalization, removal of the alkali ions from the glass surface by reaction with e.g. sulfur or fluorine compounds. Presence of alkaline metal ions has also detrimental effect to the loss tangent of the glass, and to its electrical resistance; glasses for electronics (sealing, vacuum tubes, lamps...) have to take this in account.

Q1: What component gives glass the ability to conduct electricity?
A1: alkali metal ions
Q2: How can glass be prevented from corroding?
A2: dealkalization
Q3: What types of ions does typical glass have?
A3: alkali and alkaline earth ions
Q4: Reaction with what causes dealkalization?
A4: sulfur or fluorine compounds
Q5: What can alkaline ions in glass harm, in addition to electrical resistance?
A5: loss tangent
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

The allies' most advanced technologies were showcased by the anti-aircraft defence against the German V-1 cruise missiles (V stands for Vergeltungswaffe, "retaliation weapon"). The 419th and 601st Antiaircraft Gun Battalions of the US Army were first allocated to the Folkestone-Dover coast to defend London, and then moved to Belgium to become part of the "Antwerp X" project. With the liberation of Antwerp, the port city immediately became the highest priority target, and received the largest number of V-1 and V-2 missiles of any city. The smallest tactical unit of the operation was a gun battery consisting of four 90 mm guns firing shells equipped with a radio proximity fuse. Incoming targets were acquired and automatically tracked by SCR-584 radar, developed at the MIT Rad Lab. Output from the gun-laying radar was fed to the M-9 director, an electronic analog computer developed at Bell Laboratories to calculate the lead and elevation corrections for the guns. With the help of these three technologies, close to 90% of the V-1 missiles, on track to the defence zone around the port, were destroyed.

Q1: What did advanced ally technology showcase it could defend against?
A1: German V-1 cruise missiles
Q2: Where did the US Army's 419th and 601st locate at to defend London?
A2: Folkestone-Dover coast
Q3: Where did the US Army 419th and 601st relocate to as part of the Antwerp X project?
A3: Belgium
Q4: What city got attacked by more V-1 and V-2 missiles than any other?
A4: Antwerp
Q5: What acquired and automatically tracked incoming targets?
A5: SCR-584 radar
Title: Copper
Topic: History

The alloy of copper and nickel, called cupronickel, is used in low-denomination coins, often for the outer cladding. The US 5-cent coin called a nickel consists of 75% copper and 25% nickel and has a homogeneous composition. The alloy consisting of 90% copper and 10% nickel is remarkable for its resistance to corrosion and is used in various parts that are exposed to seawater. Alloys of copper with aluminium (about 7%) have a pleasant golden color and are used in decorations. Some lead-free solders consist of tin alloyed with a small proportion of copper and other metals.

Q1: What is the alloy of copper and nickel called?
A1: cupronickel
Q2: what is the alloy of copper and nickel used for?
A2: low-denomination coins
Q3: What is the metal composition of a US nickel?
A3: 75% copper and 25% nickel
Q4: What extraordinary property does the alloy made up of 90% copper and 10% nickel possess?
A4: resistance to corrosion
Q5: What color is created when the alloys of copper and aluminium are combined?
A5: golden
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers.

Q1: What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?
A1: almost constant wars
Q2: How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?
A2: 2000 years
Q3: Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?
A3: Lagash and Umma
Q4: What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?
A4: infantry
Q5: What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?
A5: rectangular
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

The altitude and size of the range affects the climate in Europe; in the mountains precipitation levels vary greatly and climatic conditions consist of distinct zones. Wildlife such as ibex live in the higher peaks to elevations of 3,400 m (11,155 ft), and plants such as Edelweiss grow in rocky areas in lower elevations as well as in higher elevations. Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes back to the Paleolithic era.

Q1: What affects the climate in Europe? 
A1: The altitude and size of the range
Q2: What type of animal lives inn the higher peaks?
A2: ibex
Q3: What plant grows in the rocky areas of the range?
A3: Edelweiss
Q4: Evidence of human habitation in the Alps goes as far back to what era? 
A4: Paleolithic era
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

The ammunition and shells fired by these weapons are usually fitted with different types of fuses (barometric, time-delay, or proximity) to explode close to the airborne target, releasing a shower of fast metal fragments. For shorter-range work, a lighter weapon with a higher rate of fire is required, to increase a hit probability on a fast airborne target. Weapons between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber have been widely used in this role. Smaller weapons, typically .50 caliber or even 8 mm rifle caliber guns have been used in the smallest mounts.

Q1: What are two types of fuses used for shells?
A1: barometric, time-delay, or proximity
Q2: At shorter ranges a light weapon with what is used on fast targets?
A2: a higher rate of fire
Q3: What size of weapon calibers are better hitting at short range fast targets?
A3: between 20 mm and 40 mm caliber
Q4: Smaller .50 caliber and 8 millimeter guns have been used in what?
A4: smallest mounts
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

The amount of crossover between the AC chart and the Hot 100 has varied based on how much the passing pop music trends of the times appealed to adult listeners. Not many disco or new wave songs were particularly successful on the AC chart during the late 1970s and early 1980s, and much of the hip-hop and harder rock music featured on CHR formats later in the decade would have been unacceptable on AC radio.

Q1: In the 1970s, what two genres were not particularly successful on the adult contemporary charts?
A1: disco or new wave
Q2: What genres, featured on the CHR radio format, were rarely found on adult contemporary radio?
A2: hip-hop and harder rock music
Q3: During what decade did hip-hop begin to be featured on the radio?
A3: 1980s
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

The amount of signal received from a distant transmission source is essentially geometric in nature due to the inverse square law, and this leads to the concept of effective area. This measures the performance of an antenna by comparing the amount of power it generates to the amount of power in the original signal, measured in terms of the signal's power density in Watts per square metre. A half-wave dipole has an effective area of 0.13 2. If more performance is needed, one cannot simply make the antenna larger. Although this would intercept more energy from the signal, due to the considerations above, it would decrease the output significantly due to it moving away from the resonant length. In roles where higher performance is needed, designers often use multiple elements combined together.

Q1: What accounts for the geometry involved in the use of an antenna?
A1: inverse square law
Q2:  How is the compactness of the signal measured?
A2: Watts per square metre
Q3: What type of project would call for more than one element used together?
A3: higher performance
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The analog information encoded on LaserDiscs does not include any form of built-in checksum or error correction. Because of this, slight dust and scratches on the disc surface can result in read-errors which cause various video quality problems: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions. In contrast, the digital MPEG-2 format information used on DVDs has built-in error correction which ensures that the signal from a damaged disc will remain identical to that from a perfect disc right up until the point at which damage to the disc surface is so substantial that it prevents the laser from being able to identify usable data.

Q1: What video problems on a LaserDisc can be caused by dust or scratches?
A1: glitches, streaks, bursts of static, or momentary picture interruptions
Q2: Which format used in DVDs has built-in error correction?
A2: digital MPEG-2
Q3: What type of encoding, analog or digital, causes LaserDiscs to be succeptable to damages?
A3: analog
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

The analysis of HLA antigens has also helped clarify the possible background of the Somali people, as the distribution of haplotype frequencies vary among population groups. According to Mohamoud et al. (2006):

Q1: In what year did Mahamoud publish his research?
A1: 2006
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

The ancestors of modern bacteria were unicellular microorganisms that were the first forms of life to appear on Earth, about 4 billion years ago. For about 3 billion years, most organisms were microscopic, and bacteria and archaea were the dominant forms of life. In 2008, fossils of macroorganisms were discovered and named as the Francevillian biota. Although bacterial fossils exist, such as stromatolites, their lack of distinctive morphology prevents them from being used to examine the history of bacterial evolution, or to date the time of origin of a particular bacterial species. However, gene sequences can be used to reconstruct the bacterial phylogeny, and these studies indicate that bacteria diverged first from the archaeal/eukaryotic lineage. Bacteria were also involved in the second great evolutionary divergence, that of the archaea and eukaryotes. Here, eukaryotes resulted from the entering of ancient bacteria into endosymbiotic associations with the ancestors of eukaryotic cells, which were themselves possibly related to the Archaea. This involved the engulfment by proto-eukaryotic cells of alphaproteobacterial symbionts to form either mitochondria or hydrogenosomes, which are still found in all known Eukarya (sometimes in highly reduced form, e.g. in ancient "amitochondrial" protozoa). Later on, some eukaryotes that already contained mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms. This led to the formation of chloroplasts in algae and plants. There are also some algae that originated from even later endosymbiotic events. Here, eukaryotes engulfed a eukaryotic algae that developed into a "second-generation" plastid. This is known as secondary endosymbiosis.

Q1: When did the first antecedents of bacteria appear on Earth?
A1: 4 billion years ago
Q2: Why were bacteria and archaea dominant forms of life?
A2: most organisms were microscopic
Q3: What are Stromatolites?
A3: bacterial fossils
Q4: What pre-historic group did bacteria evolve from?
A4: archaeal/eukaryotic lineage
Q5: How did chloroplast appear in first vegetation?
A5: mitochondria also engulfed cyanobacterial-like organisms
Title: Kathmandu
Topic: Geography and places

The ancient history of Kathmandu is described in its traditional myths and legends. According to Swayambhu Purana, present-day Kathmandu was once a huge and deep lake names "Nagdaha" as it was full of snakes. The lake was cut drained by Bodhisatwa Manjusri with his sword and the water was evacuated out from there and he established a city called Manjupattan and made Dharmakar the ruler of the valley land. After sometimes, a demon named Banasur closed the outlet and the valley was again a lake. Then lots Krishna came to Nepal, killed Banasur and again drained out water. He has brought some Gops with him and made Bhuktaman the king of Nepal. 

Q1: According to legend, what body of water once existed on the site of Kathmandu?
A1: lake
Q2: What animals notably resided in Nagdaha?
A2: snakes
Q3: Who was the founder of Manjupattan?
A3: Bodhisatwa Manjusri
Q4: What type of creature was Banasur?
A4: demon
Q5: Who was Banasur's murderer?
A5: Krishna
Title: Kathmandu
Topic: Geography and places

The ancient trade route between India and Tibet that passed through Kathmandu enabled a fusion of artistic and architectural traditions from other cultures to be amalgamated with local art and architecture. The monuments of Kathmandu City have been influenced over the centuries by Hindu and Buddhist religious practices. The architectural treasure of the Kathmandu valley has been categorized under the well-known seven groups of heritage monuments and buildings. In 2006 UNESCO declared these seven groups of monuments as a World Heritage Site (WHS). The seven monuments zones cover an area of 188.95 hectares (466.9 acres), with the buffer zone extending to 239.34 hectares (591.4 acres). The Seven Monument Zones (Mzs) inscribed originally in 1979 and with a minor modification in 2006 are Durbar squares of Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changunarayan, the Buddhist stupas of Swayambhu and Boudhanath.

Q1: What religion does Changunarayan belong to?
A1: Hindu
Q2: What Buddhist monuments are present at Boudhanath?
A2: stupas
Q3: How many acres are the Kathmandu valley monument zones?
A3: 466.9
Q4: In hectares, how large is the Kathmandu valley monument buffer zone?
A4: 239.34
Q5: When did the Kathmandu valley monuments receive WHS status?
A5: 2006
Title: Guam
Topic: Geography and places

The ancient-Chamorro society had four classes: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class).:20–21 The matua were located in the coastal villages, which meant they had the best access to fishing grounds, whereas the mana'chang were located in the interior of the island. Matua and mana'chang rarely communicated with each other, and matua often used achaot as intermediaries. There were also "makåhna" (similar to shamans), skilled in healing and medicine. Belief in spirits of ancient Chamorros called "Taotao mo'na" still persists as a remnant of pre-European culture. Their society was organized along matrilineal clans.:21

Q1: Which four classes made up the ancient -Chamorro society?
A1: chamorri (chiefs), matua (upper class), achaot (middle class), and mana'chang (lower class)
Q2: Where were the matua located on the island?
A2: coastal villages
Q3: Where were the mana'chag located?
A3: interior of the island
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

The animals most often thought of as being "typical" of Galicia are the livestock raised there. The Galician horse is native to the region, as is the Galician Blond cow and the domestic fowl known as the galiña de Mos. The latter is an endangered species, although it is showing signs of a comeback since 2001. Galicia's woodlands and mountains are home to rabbits, hares, wild boars, and roe deer, all of which are popular with hunters. Several important bird migration routes pass through Galicia, and some of the community's relatively few environmentally protected areas are Special Protection Areas (such as on the Ría de Ribadeo) for these birds. From a domestic point of view, Galicia has been credited for author Manuel Rivas as the "land of one million cows". Galician Blond and Holstein cattle coexist on meadows and farms.

Q1: Which cow species is native to Galicia?
A1: Galician Blond
Q2: Which fowl species is native to the area?
A2: galiña de Mos
Q3: One of the Special Protection Areas for birds is in which area?
A3: Ría de Ribadeo
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The animistic idea as the representation of the imaginative reality, is sanctified in the Homeric poems and in Greek myths, in stories of the god Hephaestus (Phaistos) and the mythic Daedalus (the builder of the labyrinth) that made images which moved of their own accord. This kind of art goes back to the Minoan period, when its main theme was the representation of motion in a specific moment. These free-standing statues were usually marble, but also the form rendered in limestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta.

Q1: Who is said to be the builder of the labyrinth?
A1: Daedalus
Q2: During what period was art's main theme the representation of motion in a specific movement?
A2: Minoan period
Q3: These free-standing statues were sometimes rendered from immestone, bronze, ivory and terracotta but were usually made from what material?
A3: marble
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

The annelids are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, coelomate, invertebrate organisms. They also have parapodia for locomotion. Most textbooks still use the traditional division into polychaetes (almost all marine), oligochaetes (which include earthworms) and leech-like species. Cladistic research since 1997 has radically changed this scheme, viewing leeches as a sub-group of oligochaetes and oligochaetes as a sub-group of polychaetes. In addition, the Pogonophora, Echiura and Sipuncula, previously regarded as separate phyla, are now regarded as sub-groups of polychaetes. Annelids are considered members of the Lophotrochozoa, a "super-phylum" of protostomes that also includes molluscs, brachiopods, flatworms and nemerteans.

Q1: What kind of symmetry do annelids have?
A1: bilateral
Q2: What do annelids use to move?
A2: parapodia
Q3: Which subtype of annelids includes most marine worms?
A3: polychaetes
Q4: Which subtype of annelids includes earthworms?
A4: oligochaetes
Q5: Since 1997, what are leeches seen as a subgroup of?
A5: oligochaetes
Title: Dell
Topic: History

The announcement came two years after Dell Inc. returned to private ownership, claiming that it faced bleak prospects and would need several years out of the public eye to rebuild its business. It's thought that the company's value has roughly doubled since then. EMC was being pressured by Elliott Management, a hedge fund holding 2.2% of EMC's stock, to reorganize their unusual "Federation" structure, in which EMC's divisions were effectively being run as independent companies. Elliott argued this structure deeply undervalued EMC's core "EMC II" data storage business, and that increasing competition between EMC II and VMware products was confusing the market and hindering both companies. The Wall Street Journal estimated that in 2014 Dell had revenue of $27.3 billion from personal computers and $8.9bn from servers, while EMC had $16.5bn from EMC II, $1bn from RSA Security, $6bn from VMware, and $230 million from Pivotal Software. EMC owns around 80 percent of the stock of VMware. The proposed acquisition will maintain VMware as a separate company, held via a new tracking stock, while the other parts of EMC will be rolled into Dell. Once the acquisition closes Dell will again publish quarterly financial results, having ceased these on going private in 2013.

Q1: How much has Dell's value increased since they went private?
A1: doubled
Q2: What hedge fund group was pressuring EMC into restructuring?
A2: Elliott Management
Q3: What news source published revenue estimations between Dell and EMC?
A3: The Wall Street Journal
Q4: What year did Dell go private?
A4: 2013