LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Comprehensive_school
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first comprehensives were set up after the Second World War. In 1946, for example, Walworth School was one of five 'experimental' comprehensive schools set up by the London County Council Another early comprehensive school was Holyhead County School in Anglesey in 1949. Other early examples of comprehensive schools included Woodlands Boys School in Coventry (opened in 1954) and Tividale Comprehensive School in Tipton.

Q1: In what year was the Walworth School established?
A1: 1946
Q2: Who established the Walworth School?
A2: London County Council
Q3: What comprehensive school was established in Anglesey?
A3: Holyhead County School
Q4: When was Holyhead County School established?
A4: 1949
Q5: Which comprehensive school openend in coventry?
A5: Woodlands Boys School
Title: Copyright_infringement
Topic: Language and literature

The first criminal provision in U.S. copyright law was added in 1897, which established a misdemeanor penalty for "unlawful performances and representations of copyrighted dramatic and musical compositions" if the violation had been "willful and for profit." Criminal copyright infringement requires that the infringer acted "for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain." 17 U.S.C. § 506. To establish criminal liability, the prosecutor must first show the basic elements of copyright infringement: ownership of a valid copyright, and the violation of one or more of the copyright holder's exclusive rights. The government must then establish that defendant willfully infringed or, in other words, possessed the necessary mens rea. Misdemeanor infringement has a very low threshold in terms of number of copies and the value of the infringed works.

Q1: When was the first criminal part of copyright law in the U.S. added?
A1: 1897
Q2: What type of penalty was made for unlawful performances that are willful and for profit?
A2: misdemeanor
Q3: What did a criminal infringer do to be prosecuted?
A3: for the purpose of commercial advantage or private financial gain
Q4: What must a prosecuter show after the basic elements of infringement?
A4: that defendant willfully infringed
Q5: What is the threshold of the number of copies and the value of the works?
A5: very low threshold
Title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004
Topic: History

The first debate was held on September 30 at the University of Miami, moderated by Jim Lehrer of PBS. During the debate, slated to focus on foreign policy, Kerry accused Bush of having failed to gain international support for the 2003 Invasion of Iraq, saying the only countries assisting the U.S. during the invasion were the United Kingdom and Australia. Bush replied to this by saying, "Well, actually, he forgot Poland." Later, a consensus formed among mainstream pollsters and pundits that Kerry won the debate decisively, strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign. In the days after, coverage focused on Bush's apparent annoyance with Kerry and numerous scowls and negative facial expressions.

Q1: Where did the first debate, between Kerry and Bush take place?
A1: University of Miami
Q2: Who was considered to have been the winner of the debate?
A2: Kerry
Q3: Who was the moderator of the first debate between Kerry and Bush?
A3: Jim Lehrer
Q4: What was thought to be the main focal point of the debate?
A4: foreign policy
Q5: How did the opinion regarding Kerry change, after being delared the winner of the debate?
A5: strengthening what had come to be seen as a weak and troubled campaign
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Topic: Geography and places

The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building.

Q1: In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?
A1: 1849
Q2: In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?
A2: 1865
Q3: Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?
A3: Father Lemonnier
Q4: In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?
A4: 1879
Q5: In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?
A5: 1873
Title: Department_store
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first department store in Spain was Almacenes el Siglo opened in October 1881 in Barcelona. Following the 2002 closure by the Australian group Partridges of their SEPU (Sociedad Española de Precios Unicos) department store chain, which was one of Spain's oldest, the market is now dominated by El Corte Inglés, founded in 1934 as a drapery store. El Corte Inglés stores tend to be vast buildings, selling a very broad range of products and the group also controls a number of other retail formats including supermarket chain 'Supercor' and hypermarket chain 'Hipercor'. Other competitors such as 'Simago' and 'Galerías Preciados' closed in the 1990s, however El Corte Inglés, faces major competition from French discount operators such as Carrefour and Auchan.

Q1: What was the name of the first Spanish department store?
A1: Almacenes el Siglo
Q2: When was the first Spanish department store opened? 
A2: October 1881
Q3: What department store brand now owns most of the market in Spain? 
A3: El Corte Inglés
Q4: When was El Corte Ingles established? 
A4: 1934
Title: Department_store
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first department store in the Philippines is the Hoskyn's Department Store of Hoskyn & Co. established in 1877 in Iloilo by the Englishman Henry Hoskyn, nephew of Nicholas Loney, the first British vice-consul in Iloilo. Some of the earliest department stores in the Philippines were located in Manila as early as 1898 with the opening of the American Bazaar, which was later named Beck's. During the course of the American occupation of the Philippines, many department stores were built throughout the city, many of which were located in Escolta. Heacock's, a luxury department store, was considered as the best department store in the Orient. Other department stores included Aguinaldo's, La Puerta del Sol, Estrella del Norte, and the Crystal Arcade, all of which were destroyed during the Battle of Manila in 1945. After the war, department stores were once again alive with the establishment of Shoemart (now SM), and Rustan's. Since the foundation of these companies in the 1950s, there are now more than one hundred department stores to date. At present, due to the huge success of shopping malls, department stores in the Philippines usually are anchor tenants within malls. SM Supermalls and Robinsons Malls are two of the country's most prominent mall chains, all of which has Department Store sections.

Q1: When was the first department store in the Philippines opened?
A1: 1877
Q2: Who opened some of the first department stores in the Philippines? 
A2: Henry Hoskyn
Q3: Where were some of the original Philippine stores located?  
A3: Manila
Q4: What historical event led to many department stores in the area being destroyed? 
A4: Battle of Manila in 1945
Q5: When were the companies Shoemart and Rustan's established? 
A5: 1950s
Title: Department_store
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first department stores Lane Crawford was opened in 1850 by Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford on Des Voeux Road, Hong Kong Island. At the beginning, the store mainly catered visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families. In 1900, the first ethnic-Chinese owned Sincere Department Store was opened by Ma Ying Piu, who returned from Australia and inspired by David Jones. In 1907, another former Hong Kong expatriate in Australia, the Kwok's family, returned to Hong Kong and founded Wing On.

Q1: What year did Lane Crawford open? 
A1: 1850
Q2: Who established Lane Crawford? 
A2: Scots Thomas Ash Lane and Ninian Crawford
Q3: What was the store's original target customer base?
A3: visiting ships' crews as well as British Navy staff and their families
Q4: Who opened the first Chinese-owned department store? 
A4: Ma Ying Piu
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

The first documented visit by a European was in 1524 by Giovanni da Verrazzano, a Florentine explorer in the service of the French crown, who sailed his ship La Dauphine into New York Harbor. He claimed the area for France and named it "Nouvelle Angoulême" (New Angoulême).

Q1: In what year did the first European arrive in the New York area?
A1: 1524
Q2: What was the name of the first European who arrived in the New York area?
A2: Giovanni da Verrazzano
Q3: What was the name of Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship?
A3: La Dauphine
Q4: What nation did Giovanni da Verrazzano serve?
A4: France
Q5: What did Giovanni da Verrazzano call the area when he staked claim on it?
A5: Nouvelle Angoulême
Q6: When was the first European to visit the area of NYC?
A6: 1524
Q7: Giovanni da Verrazzano's ship that sailed to New York was named what?
A7: La Dauphine
Q8: Giovani da Verrazzano was an explorer from which country?
A8: France
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

The first draft of the Convention included political killings, but these provisions were removed in a political and diplomatic compromise following objections from some countries, including the USSR, a permanent security council member. The USSR argued that the Convention's definition should follow the etymology of the term, and may have feared greater international scrutiny of its own Great Purge. Other nations feared that including political groups in the definition would invite international intervention in domestic politics. However leading genocide scholar William Schabas states: “Rigorous examination of the travaux fails to confirm a popular impression in the literature that the opposition to inclusion of political genocide was some Soviet machination. The Soviet views were also shared by a number of other States for whom it is difficult to establish any geographic or social common denominator: Lebanon, Sweden, Brazil, Peru, Venezuela, the Philippines, the Dominican Republic, Iran, Egypt, Belgium, and Uruguay. The exclusion of political groups was in fact originally promoted by a non-governmental organization, the World Jewish Congress, and it corresponded to Raphael Lemkin’s vision of the nature of the crime of genocide.” 

Q1: Which provision was initially included in the first write-up of the Convention and then removed?
A1: political killings
Q2: What is one of the countries that objected to the inclusion of political killings in the early version of the Convention?
A2: USSR
Q3: What atrocity motivated a self-serving USSR to object to the provision of political killings drafted into the Convention?
A3: its own Great Purge
Q4: What was the primary concern of other nations who objected to including political groups in the definition of genocide?
A4: international intervention in domestic politics
Q5: Which distinguished academic of genocide highlighted several other countries opposed to including political genocide in the Convention?
A5: William Schabas
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

The first elected head of government was Cuauhtémoc Cárdenas. Cárdenas resigned in 1999 to run in the 2000 presidential elections and designated Rosario Robles to succeed him, who became the first woman (elected or otherwise) to govern Mexico City. In 2000 Andrés Manuel López Obrador was elected, and resigned in 2005 to run in the 2006 presidential elections, Alejandro Encinas being designated by the Legislative Assembly to finish the term. In 2006, Marcelo Ebrard was elected for the 2006–2012 period.

Q1: Who was elected to be the head of government in 2006?
A1: Marcelo Ebrard
Q2: Why did the first elected head of government of Mexico City resign?
A2: to run in the 2000 presidential elections
Q3: Who was the second head of government elected?
A3: Andrés Manuel López Obrador
Q4: Who was head of government after the first elected head of government?
A4: Rosario Robles
Q5: Who was the first woman to run Mexico City?
A5: Rosario Robles
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

The first electric elevator was built by Werner von Siemens in 1880 in Germany. The inventor Anton Freissler developed the ideas of von Siemens and built up a successful enterprise in Austria-Hungary. The safety and speed of electric elevators were significantly enhanced by Frank Sprague who added floor control, automatic elevators, acceleration control of cars, and safeties. His elevator ran faster and with larger loads than hydraulic or steam elevators, and 584 electric elevators were installed before Sprague sold his company to the Otis Elevator Company in 1895. Sprague also developed the idea and technology for multiple elevators in a single shaft.

Q1: Who built the first electric elevator?
A1: Werner von Siemens
Q2: The first electric elevator, built in 1880, was in what Country?
A2: Germany
Q3: Who ultilized von Siemens ideas to build a succesful business?
A3: Anton Freissler
Q4: Who is credited with increasing the safety and speed of electric elevators?
A4: Frank Sprague
Q5: To whom did Frank Sprague sell his company to in 1895?
A5: Otis Elevator Company
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

The first elevator shaft preceded the first elevator by four years. Construction for Peter Cooper's Cooper Union Foundation building in New York began in 1853. An elevator shaft was included in the design, because Cooper was confident that a safe passenger elevator would soon be invented. The shaft was cylindrical because Cooper thought it was the most efficient design. Later, Otis designed a special elevator for the building. Today the Otis Elevator Company, now a subsidiary of United Technologies Corporation, is the world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems.

Q1: What year did constructrion begin for the Cooper Union Foundation?
A1: 1853
Q2: Which was built first, the first elevator shaft or the first elevator?
A2: first elevator shaft
Q3: What design did Peter Cooper feel was the most efficient?
A3: cylindrical
Q4: The Otis Elevator Company is today a subsidiary of what major corporation?
A4: United Technologies Corporation
Q5: What title does United Technologies Corporation hold?
A5: world's largest manufacturer of vertical transport systems
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

The first emperor of the Ming dynasty, Zhu Yuanzhang (the Hongwu Emperor), who overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian, rebuilt it, and made it the dynastic capital in 1368. He constructed a 48 km (30 mi) long city wall around Yingtian, as well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls. It took 200,000 laborers 21 years to finish the project. The present-day City Wall of Nanjing was mainly built during that time and today it remains in good condition and has been well preserved. It is among the longest surviving city walls in China. The Jianwen Emperor ruled from 1398 to 1402.

Q1: Who was the first emperor of the Ming dynasty?
A1: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q2: Who did Zhu Yuanzhang defeat?
A2: the Yuan dynasty
Q3: What did Zhu Yuanzhang build around the city of Nanjing?
A3: long city wall
Q4: How long did it take to finish the wall?
A4: 21 years
Q5: How many workers worked on the wall?
A5: 200,000
Title: Old_English
Topic: Language and literature

The first example is taken from the opening lines of the folk-epic Beowulf, a poem of some 3,000 lines and the single greatest work of Old English. This passage describes how Hrothgar's legendary ancestor Scyld was found as a baby, washed ashore, and adopted by a noble family. The translation is literal and represents the original poetic word order. As such, it is not typical of Old English prose. The modern cognates of original words have been used whenever practical to give a close approximation of the feel of the original poem.

Q1: What is regarded as the greatest literary work in Old English?
A1: Beowulf
Q2: About how many lines was Beowulf?
A2: 3,000
Q3: Who was Hrothgar a descendant of?
A3: Scyld
Q4: Who adopted Hrothgar's ancestor?
A4: a noble family
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

The first experimental radio license was issued in Philadelphia in August 1912 to St. Joseph's College. The first commercial broadcasting radio stations appeared in 1922: first WIP, then owned by Gimbel's department store, on March 17, followed the same year by WFIL, WOO, WCAU and WDAS. The highest-rated stations in Philadelphia include soft rock WBEB, KYW Newsradio, and urban adult contemporary WDAS-FM. Philadelphia is served by three major non-commercial public radio stations, WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM (adult alternative music), as well as several smaller stations.

Q1: Where was the first radio license granted?
A1: St. Joseph's College
Q2: When did the first radio stations appear?
A2: 1922
Q3: Name the 3 public radio stations?
A3: WHYY-FM (NPR), WRTI (jazz, classical), and WXPN-FM
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S. Wanradt and J. Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.

Q1: What two people are responsible for the first still in existence book in the Estonian Language?
A1: S. Wanradt and J. Koell
Q2: In what year was S. Wanradt and J. Koell's book written?
A2: 1535
Q3: What type of book was it?
A3: bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism
Q4: What book specifically for the use of priests was printed in Estonian?
A4: An Estonian grammar book
Q5: What year was the priests' grammar book put into print?
A5: 1637
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first favours a primordialist approach which takes the sense of self and belonging to a collective group as a fixed thing, defined by objective criteria such as common ancestry and common biological characteristics. The second, rooted in social constructionist theory, takes the view that identity is formed by a predominantly political choice of certain characteristics. In so doing, it questions the idea that identity is a natural given, characterised by fixed, supposedly objective criteria. Both approaches need to be understood in their respective political and historical contexts, characterised by debate on issues of class, race and ethnicity. While they have been criticized, they continue to exert an influence on approaches to the conceptualisation of identity today.

Q1: What approach takes the sense of self and belonging as a fixed thing?
A1: a primordialist approach
Q2: The view that identity is based on a political choice of characteristics is rooted in what theory?
A2: social constructionist theory
Q3: Primordialist and social constructionist views need to be understood in what contexts?
A3: political and historical contexts
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The first few naval battles were disasters for Rome. However, after training more sailors and inventing a grappling engine, a Roman naval force was able to defeat a Carthaginian fleet, and further naval victories followed. The Carthaginians then hired Xanthippus of Carthage, a Spartan mercenary general, to reorganise and lead their army. He cut off the Roman army from its base by re-establishing Carthaginian naval supremacy. The Romans then again defeated the Carthaginians in naval battle at the Battle of the Aegates Islands and left Carthage with neither a fleet nor sufficient coin to raise one. For a maritime power the loss of their access to the Mediterranean stung financially and psychologically, and the Carthaginians sued for peace.

Q1: What battles were initially complete disasters for Rome?
A1: naval battles
Q2: What type of engine was invented by the Romans?
A2: grappling engine
Q3: Who did the Carthaginians hire to lead their army after several losses against the Romans?
A3: Xanthippus
Q4: Who claimed victory at the Battle of Aegates Islands?
A4: The Romans
Q5: Who lost access to the Mediterranean after numerous naval losses?
A5: the Carthaginians
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first fully attested complete translations of the Quran were done between the 10th and 12th centuries in Persian. The Samanid king, Mansur I (961-976), ordered a group of scholars from Khorasan to translate the Tafsir al-Tabari, originally in Arabic, into Persian. Later in the 11th century, one of the students of Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari wrote a complete tafsir of the Quran in Persian. In the 12th century, Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi translated the Quran into Persian. The manuscripts of all three books have survived and have been published several times.[citation needed]

Q1: In which language was the Quran first translated?
A1: Persian
Q2: Which work did scribes from Khorasan translate in the 10th century?
A2: Tafsir al-Tabari
Q3: Whose student wrote a Persian tafsir of the Quran in the 11th century?
A3: Abu Mansur Abdullah al-Ansari
Q4: Who wrote a Persian translation of the Quran in the 12th century?
A4: Najm al-Din Abu Hafs al-Nasafi
Q5: To which dynasty did the king who commissioned the first translation of Quranic texts belong?
A5: Samanid
Title: Arena_Football_League
Topic: Sports and recreation

The first game in Arena Football League history was played on June 19, 1987, between the Gladiators and Commandos at Pittsburgh Civic Arena in front of 12,117 fans. The game was deliberately not televised so that it could be analyzed and any follies and failures would not be subject to national public scrutiny. Following the inaugural game, tweaks and adjustments were made, and the first season continued. The Dynamite and Bruisers played in the first-ever televised AFL game the next night, on June 20, 1987, at the Rosemont Horizon in suburban Chicago on ESPN with Bob Rathbun and Lee Corso calling the play. The broadcast showed a short clip of the Commandos-Gladiators game. Each team played six games, two against each other team. The top two teams, Denver and Pittsburgh, then competed in the first-ever AFL championship game, ArenaBowl I.

Q1: On what date was the inaugural game of the AFL played?
A1: June 19, 1987
Q2: Along with the Commandos, who played in the first Arena Football League game?
A2: Gladiators
Q3: How many spectators watched the first Arena Football League game?
A3: 12,117
Q4: On what date was the first AFL game that aired on television?
A4: June 20, 1987
Q5: At what venue did the first televised Arena Football League game occur?
A5: the Rosemont Horizon
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first generation iPod Nano may overheat and pose a health and safety risk. Affected iPod Nanos were sold between September 2005 and December 2006. This is due to a flawed battery used by Apple from a single battery manufacturer. Apple recommended that owners of affected iPod Nanos stop using them. Under an Apple product replacement program, affected Nanos were replaced with current generation Nanos free of charge.

Q1: What part of the iPod Nano was the cause of the overheating issue?
A1: battery
Q2: What program allowed users to exchange iPod Nanos which suffered from overheating problems with new safe models?
A2: Apple product replacement program
Title: Armenians
Topic: Geography and places

The first geographical entity that was called Armenia by neighboring peoples (such as by Hecataeus of Miletus and on the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription) was established in the late 6th century BC under the Orontid dynasty within the Achaemenid Persian Empire as part of the latters' territories, and which later became a kingdom. At its zenith (95–65 BC), the state extended from the Caucasus all the way to what is now central Turkey, Lebanon, and northern Iran. The imperial reign of Tigranes the Great is thus the span of time during which Armenia itself conquered areas populated by other peoples.

Q1: When was Armenia established?
A1: in the late 6th century BC
Q2: What famous inscription mentioned Armenia?
A2: the Achaemenid Behistun Inscription
Q3: During which dynasty was Armenia established?
A3: Orontid dynasty
Q4: When was Armenia at its largest?
A4: 95–65 BC
Title: Translation
Topic: Language and literature

The first great English translation was the Wycliffe Bible (ca. 1382), which showed the weaknesses of an underdeveloped English prose. Only at the end of the 15th century did the great age of English prose translation begin with Thomas Malory's Le Morte Darthur—an adaptation of Arthurian romances so free that it can, in fact, hardly be called a true translation. The first great Tudor translations are, accordingly, the Tyndale New Testament (1525), which influenced the Authorized Version (1611), and Lord Berners' version of Jean Froissart's Chronicles (1523–25).

Q1: What was the first great English translation?
A1: Wycliffe Bible
Q2: When was the Wycliffe Bible translated?
A2: 1382
Q3: When did the age of great English prose translation begin?
A3: end of the 15th century
Q4: What adaptation of Arthurian romances took so many liberties with the source material that it could hardly be called a translation?
A4: Le Morte Darthur
Q5: The Tyndale New Testament was one of the first great translations from what style?
A5: Tudor
Title: War_on_Terror
Topic: History

The first ground attack came at the Battle of Umm Qasr on 21 March 2003 when a combined force of British, American and Polish forces seized control of the port city of Umm Qasr. Baghdad, Iraq's capital city, fell to American forces in April 2003 and Saddam Hussein's government quickly dissolved. On 1 May 2003, Bush announced that major combat operations in Iraq had ended. However, an insurgency arose against the U.S.-led coalition and the newly developing Iraqi military and post-Saddam government. The insurgency, which included al-Qaeda affiliated groups, led to far more coalition casualties than the invasion. Other elements of the insurgency were led by fugitive members of President Hussein's Ba'ath regime, which included Iraqi nationalists and pan-Arabists. Many insurgency leaders are Islamists and claim to be fighting a religious war to reestablish the Islamic Caliphate of centuries past. Iraq's former president, Saddam Hussein was captured by U.S. forces in December 2003. He was executed in 2006.

Q1: When was the first ground attack in the post-9/11 Iraq war?
A1: 21 March 2003
Q2: Which nationalities worked together in the Battle of Umm Qasr?
A2: British, American and Polish
Q3: When did the US capture Baghdad?
A3: April 2003
Q4: When did Bush say 'major combat operations' were complete in Iraq?
A4: 1 May 2003
Q5: What regime were Hussein loyalists part of?
A5: Ba'ath
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The first half of the 14th century saw much important scientific work being done, largely within the framework of scholastic commentaries on Aristotle's scientific writings. William of Ockham introduced the principle of parsimony: natural philosophers should not postulate unnecessary entities, so that motion is not a distinct thing but is only the moving object and an intermediary "sensible species" is not needed to transmit an image of an object to the eye. Scholars such as Jean Buridan and Nicole Oresme started to reinterpret elements of Aristotle's mechanics. In particular, Buridan developed the theory that impetus was the cause of the motion of projectiles, which was a first step towards the modern concept of inertia. The Oxford Calculators began to mathematically analyze the kinematics of motion, making this analysis without considering the causes of motion.

Q1: Who pioneered parsimony?
A1: William of Ockham
Q2: What theory is based off of projectiles' motion?
A2: impetus
Q3: What theory did impetus pave the way for?
A3: inertia
Q4: What did the Oxford Calculators measure?
A4: the kinematics of motion
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

The first half of the 20th century in Russia and the Soviet Union was marked by a succession of wars, famines and other disasters, each accompanied by large-scale population losses. Stephen J. Lee estimates that, by the end of World War II in 1945, the Russian population was about 90 million fewer than it could have been otherwise.

Q1: The first half of the 20th century was marked by what in Russia and the Soviet Union?
A1: succession of wars, famines and other disasters
Q2: Who estimated the Russian population was 90 million fewer than it could have been in 1945?
A2: Stephen J. Lee
Q3: When was the Russian population estimated to be about 90 million fewer than it could have been?
A3: 1945
Q4: What was marked by succession of wars, famines, and other disasters in the 20th century?
A4: Russia and the Soviet Union
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

The first helicopter landing at the new airfield was conducted by the Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377 from 825 Squadron 201 Flight, embarked on visiting HMS Lancaster on 23 October 2015.

Q1: Who conducted the first helicopter landing at the airfield?
A1: Wildcat HMA.2 ZZ377
Q2: Where did the helicopter embark on visiting?
A2: HMS Lancaster
Q3: When did the aircraft visit HMS Lancaster?
A3: 23 October 2015
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first high-brightness blue LED was demonstrated by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation in 1994 and was based on InGaN. In parallel, Isamu Akasaki and Hiroshi Amano in Nagoya were working on developing the important GaN nucleation on sapphire substrates and the demonstration of p-type doping of GaN. Nakamura, Akasaki and Amano were awarded the 2014 Nobel prize in physics for their work. In 1995, Alberto Barbieri at the Cardiff University Laboratory (GB) investigated the efficiency and reliability of high-brightness LEDs and demonstrated a "transparent contact" LED using indium tin oxide (ITO) on (AlGaInP/GaAs).

Q1: What color LED was demonstrated in 1994?
A1: blue
Q2: Who demonstrated the first blue LED?
A2: Shuji Nakamura
Q3: What did Nakamura, Akasaki, and Amano receive for their work?
A3: 2014 Nobel prize in physics
Q4: Who investigated the efficiency of high-brightness LED at Cardiff University in 1995?
A4: Alberto Barbieri
Q5: What substance did Barbieri use in his work with high-brightness LED?
A5: indium tin oxide
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The first historical mention of the use of hops in beer was from 822 AD in monastery rules written by Adalhard the Elder, also known as Adalard of Corbie, though the date normally given for widespread cultivation of hops for use in beer is the thirteenth century. Before the thirteenth century, and until the sixteenth century, during which hops took over as the dominant flavouring, beer was flavoured with other plants; for instance, grains of paradise or alehoof. Combinations of various aromatic herbs, berries, and even ingredients like wormwood would be combined into a mixture known as gruit and used as hops are now used. Some beers today, such as Fraoch' by the Scottish Heather Ales company and Cervoise Lancelot by the French Brasserie-Lancelot company, use plants other than hops for flavouring.

Q1: In what year were hops first known to be used in beer?
A1: 822 AD
Q2: What name was Adalhard the Elder also known as in 822 AD?
A2: Adalard of Corbie
Q3: In which century were hops first widely cultivated for making beer?
A3: the thirteenth century
Q4: In which century did hops become the most popular flavoring for beer?
A4: the sixteenth century
Q5: What would you call a mixture of ingredients used for brewing before the 16th century?
A5: gruit
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

The first hydrogen-filled balloon was invented by Jacques Charles in 1783. Hydrogen provided the lift for the first reliable form of air-travel following the 1852 invention of the first hydrogen-lifted airship by Henri Giffard. German count Ferdinand von Zeppelin promoted the idea of rigid airships lifted by hydrogen that later were called Zeppelins; the first of which had its maiden flight in 1900. Regularly scheduled flights started in 1910 and by the outbreak of World War I in August 1914, they had carried 35,000 passengers without a serious incident. Hydrogen-lifted airships were used as observation platforms and bombers during the war.

Q1: Who invented the hydrogen filled balloons?
A1: Jacques Charles
Q2: What year was hydrogen filled balloons invented?
A2: 1783
Q3: what were the hydrogen lifted airships called?
A3: Zeppelins
Q4: In what year did the first zeppelin make flight?
A4: 1900
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

The first indigenous group encountered by Columbus were the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola who represented the dominant culture in the Greater Antilles and the Bahamas. Within thirty years about 70% of the Taínos had died. They had no immunity to European diseases, so outbreaks of measles and smallpox ravaged their population. Increasing punishment of the Taínos for revolting against forced labour, despite measures put in place by the encomienda, which included religious education and protection from warring tribes, eventually led to the last great Taíno rebellion.

Q1: Who was the first group of indigenous people Columbus encountered?
A1: the 250,000 Taínos of Hispaniola
Q2: What did the Taínos represent in the Greater Antilles and Bahamas?
A2: dominant culture
Q3: What percentage of the Taínos were dead thirty years after contact with Columbus?
A3: 70%
Q4: Why were outbreaks of measles and smallpox able to so easily decimate the Taínos' population?
A4: no immunity to European diseases
Q5: What led to the last great Taínos rebellion?
A5: Increasing punishment
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

The first institute of madrasa education was at the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam near a hill called Safa, where Hazrat Muhammad was the teacher and the students were some of his followers.[citation needed] After Hijrah (migration) the madrasa of "Suffa" was established in Madina on the east side of the Al-Masjid an-Nabawi mosque. Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit was appointed there by Hazrat Muhammad as teacher and among the students.[citation needed] In the curriculum of the madrasa, there were teachings of The Qur'an,The Hadith, fara'iz, tajweed, genealogy, treatises of first aid, etc. There were also trainings of horse-riding, art of war, handwriting and calligraphy, athletics and martial arts. The first part of madrasa based education is estimated from the first day of "nabuwwat" to the first portion of the "Umaiya" caliphate.[citation needed]

Q1: Where was the first madrasa located?
A1: the estate of Hazrat Zaid bin Arkam
Q2: Who was the teacher at the first madrasa?
A2: Hazrat Muhammad
Q3: Who was named as a teacher at the second madrasa, housed in a mosque?
A3: Hazrat 'Ubada bin Samit
Q4: What handwriting art form was taught in the early madaris?
A4: calligraphy
Q5: What type of physical fitness activities were taught in the early madaris?
A5: athletics and martial arts
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

The first issue was ammunition. Before the war it was recognised that ammunition needed to explode in the air. Both high explosive (HE) and shrapnel were used, mostly the former. Airburst fuses were either igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork). Igniferious fuses were not well suited for anti-aircraft use. The fuse length was determined by time of flight, but the burning rate of the gunpowder was affected by altitude. The British pom-poms had only contact-fused ammunition. Zeppelins, being hydrogen filled balloons, were targets for incendiary shells and the British introduced these with airburst fuses, both shrapnel type-forward projection of incendiary 'pot' and base ejection of an incendiary stream. The British also fitted tracers to their shells for use at night. Smoke shells were also available for some AA guns, these bursts were used as targets during training.

Q1: It was understood that ammunition needed to explode where?
A1: in the air
Q2: In addition to high explosive, what else was used?
A2: shrapnel
Q3: Airburst fuses could be which two things?
A3: igniferious (based on a burning fuse) or mechanical (clockwork)
Q4: What were hydrogen filled balloons called?
A4: Zeppelins
Q5: What was used as targets in training practices?
A5: Smoke shells
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was Spanish sea captain Juan de Bermúdez in 1503, after whom the islands are named. He claimed the apparently uninhabited islands for the Spanish Empire. Paying two visits to the archipelago, Bermúdez never landed on the islands, but did create a recognisable map of the archipelago. Shipwrecked Portuguese mariners are now thought to have been responsible for the 1543 inscription in Portuguese Rock (previously called Spanish Rock). Subsequent Spanish or other European parties are believed to have released pigs there, which had become feral and abundant on the island by the time European settlement began. In 1609, the English Virginia Company, which had established Jamestown in Virginia (a term originally applied to all of the North American continent) two years earlier, permanently settled Bermuda in the aftermath of a hurricane, when the crew and passengers of the Sea Venture steered the ship onto the surrounding reef to prevent its sinking, then landed ashore.

Q1: The first known European explorer to reach Bermuda was of what nationality?
A1: Spanish
Q2: What is the name of the first European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A2: Juan de Bermúdez
Q3: What animal did the Spaniards or other Europeans bring to the island that then became wild inhabitants?
A3: pigs
Q4: What company permanently settled Bermuda?
A4: the English Virginia Company
Q5: Who was the first known European explorer to reach Bermuda?
A5: Juan de Bermúdez
Q6: In what year did Jaun de Bermudez first reach Bermuda?
A6: 1503
Q7: How many times did Bermudez visit the archipelago?
A7: two
Q8: What animal are European parties responsible for releasing in Bermuda?
A8: pigs
Q9: In what year did the English Virginia Company settle permanently in Bermuda?
A9: 1609
Title: Alloy
Topic: Mathematics

The first known smelting of iron began in Anatolia, around 1800 BC. Called the bloomery process, it produced very soft but ductile wrought iron. By 800 BC, iron-making technology had spread to Europe, arriving in Japan around 700 AD. Pig iron, a very hard but brittle alloy of iron and carbon, was being produced in China as early as 1200 BC, but did not arrive in Europe until the Middle Ages. Pig iron has a lower melting point than iron, and was used for making cast-iron. However, these metals found little practical use until the introduction of crucible steel around 300 BC. These steels were of poor quality, and the introduction of pattern welding, around the 1st century AD, sought to balance the extreme properties of the alloys by laminating them, to create a tougher metal. Around 700 AD, the Japanese began folding bloomery-steel and cast-iron in alternating layers to increase the strength of their swords, using clay fluxes to remove slag and impurities. This method of Japanese swordsmithing produced one of the purest steel-alloys of the early Middle Ages.

Q1: Where did smelting of iron begin?
A1: Anatolia
Q2: When did the smelting of iron first begin?
A2: around 1800 BC
Q3: When did iron making technology begin in Japan?
A3: around 700 AD
Q4: Pig iron is composed of iron and what else?
A4: carbon
Q5: What makes Pig iron different from regular iron?
A5: lower melting point
Title: Heresy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first known usage of the term in a legal context was in AD 380 by the Edict of Thessalonica of Theodosius I, which made Christianity the state church of the Roman Empire. Prior to the issuance of this edict, the Church had no state-sponsored support for any particular legal mechanism to counter what it perceived as "heresy". By this edict the state's authority and that of the Church became somewhat overlapping. One of the outcomes of this blurring of Church and state was the sharing of state powers of legal enforcement with church authorities. This reinforcement of the Church's authority gave church leaders the power to, in effect, pronounce the death sentence upon those whom the church considered heretical.

Q1: In what year was the first usage of the term heresy in a legal context?
A1: AD 380
Q2: Who intitiated Christianity to be a state church of the Roman Empire?
A2: Thessalonica of Theodosius I
Q3: What was the church lacking before the edict that would allow them to legally counter heresy?
A3: state-sponsored support
Q4: What did church authorities gain as a result of this edict?
A4: state powers of legal enforcement
Q5: What punishment is cited as church authorities being able to exact on individuals perceived as heretics?
A5: death sentence
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first known use of the word "computer" was in 1613 in a book called The Yong Mans Gleanings by English writer Richard Braithwait: "I haue read the truest computer of Times, and the best Arithmetician that euer breathed, and he reduceth thy dayes into a short number." It referred to a person who carried out calculations, or computations. The word continued with the same meaning until the middle of the 20th century. From the end of the 19th century the word began to take on its more familiar meaning, a machine that carries out computations.

Q1: When was the first known use of the word "computer"?
A1: 1613
Q2: In which book, was the term "computer" first used?
A2: The Yong Mans Gleanings
Q3: Who was the author of the book, The Yong Mans Gleanings?
A3: Richard Braithwait
Q4: From the end of what century, did the word "computer" take its well known meaning of today?
A4: 19th century
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

The first landing was followed by another, precision landing on Apollo 12 in November 1969. NASA had achieved its first landing goal with enough Apollo spacecraft and Saturn V launchers left for eight follow-on lunar landings through Apollo 20, conducting extended-endurance missions and transporting the landing crews in Lunar Roving Vehicles on the last five. They also planned an Apollo Applications Program to develop a longer-duration Earth orbital workshop (later named Skylab) to be constructed in orbit from a spent S-IVB upper stage, using several launches of the smaller Saturn IB launch vehicle. But planners soon decided this could be done more efficiently by using the two live stages of a Saturn V to launch the workshop pre-fabricated from an S-IVB (which was also the Saturn V third stage), which immediately removed Apollo 20. Belt-tightening budget cuts soon led NASA to cut Apollo 18 and 19 as well, but keep three extended/Lunar Rover missions. Apollo 13 encountered an in-flight spacecraft failure and had to abort its lunar landing in April 1970, returning its crew safely but temporarily grounding the program again. It resumed with four successful landings on Apollo 14 (February 1971), Apollo 15 (July 1971), Apollo 16 (April 1972), and Apollo 17 (December 1972).

Q1: When was the second landing on the Moon successful?
A1: November 1969
Q2: When did the Apollo 14 mission land successfully?
A2: February 1971
Q3: Apollo 15 landed on the Moon on what date?
A3: July 1971
Q4: On what date was the Apollo 16 successful on landing on the Moon?
A4: April 1972
Q5: Apollo 17 landed on the Moon on which date?
A5: December 1972
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

The first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve were the enantiornithes, or "opposite birds", so named because the construction of their shoulder bones was in reverse to that of modern birds. Enantiornithes occupied a wide array of ecological niches, from sand-probing shorebirds and fish-eaters to tree-dwelling forms and seed-eaters. While they were the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period, enantiornithes became extinct along with many other dinosaur groups at the end of the Mesozoic era.

Q1: What were the first large, diverse lineage of short-tailed avialans to evolve?
A1: enantiornithes
Q2: Because of the construction of their shoulder bones, what were the enantiornithes called?
A2: opposite birds
Q3: What was the dominant group of avialans during the Cretaceous period?
A3: enantiornithes
Q4: When did enantiornithes become extinct?
A4: end of the Mesozoic era
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

The first law of thermodynamics asserts that energy (but not necessarily thermodynamic free energy) is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer. For homogeneous systems, with a well-defined temperature and pressure, a commonly used corollary of the first law is that, for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes, the differential change in the internal energy of the system (with a gain in energy signified by a positive quantity) is given as

Q1: What asserts that energy is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer.
A1: first law of thermodynamics
Q2: The first law of thermodynamics asserts that what is always conserved and that heat flow is a form of energy transfer?
A2: energy
Q3: What is a commonly used corollary of the first law?
A3: for a system subject only to pressure forces and heat transfer (e.g., a cylinder-full of gas) without chemical changes
Title: Child_labour
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first legal steps taken to end the occurrence of child labour was enacted more than fifty years ago. In 1966, the nation adopted the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. This act legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14. But 23 years later in 1989 the Convention on the Rights of Children was adopted and helped to reduce the exploitation of children and demanded safe working environments. They all worked towards the goal of ending the most problematic forms of child labour.

Q1: When was the UN General Assembly of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights enacted?
A1: 1966
Q2: What did this act due?
A2: legally limited the minimum age for when children could start work at the age of 14
Q3: When were safe working environments legislation adopted for child labourers?
A3: 1989
Q4: What did it help do to?
A4: helped to reduce the exploitation of children
Title: Pesticide
Topic: Natural sciences

The first legislation providing federal authority for regulating pesticides was enacted in 1910; however, decades later during the 1940s manufacturers began to produce large amounts of synthetic pesticides and their use became widespread. Some sources consider the 1940s and 1950s to have been the start of the "pesticide era." Although the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency was established in 1970 and amendments to the pesticide law in 1972, pesticide use has increased 50-fold since 1950 and 2.3 million tonnes (2.5 million short tons) of industrial pesticides are now[when?] used each year. Seventy-five percent of all pesticides in the world are used in developed countries, but use in developing countries is increasing. A study of USA pesticide use trends through 1997 was published in 2003 by the National Science Foundation's Center for Integrated Pest Management.

Q1: When were laws first created to regulate pesticides?
A1: 1910
Q2: What might someone knowledgable about the history of pesticides call ther period of the 1940s and 1950s?
A2: pesticide era
Q3: When did America establish the Environmental Protection Agency?
A3: 1970
Q4: Countries which are established use what amount of pesticides?
A4: Seventy-five percent
Q5: Trends about use of pesticides have been published from which country?
A5: USA