LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter I covers animal husbandry and plant breeding, going back to ancient Egypt. Darwin discusses contemporary opinions on the origins of different breeds under cultivation to argue that many have been produced from common ancestors by selective breeding. As an illustration of artificial selection, he describes fancy pigeon breeding, noting that "[t]he diversity of the breeds is something astonishing", yet all were descended from one species of rock pigeon. Darwin saw two distinct kinds of variation: (1) rare abrupt changes he called "sports" or "monstrosities" (example: ancon sheep with short legs), and (2) ubiquitous small differences (example: slightly shorter or longer bill of pigeons). Both types of hereditary changes can be used by breeders. However, for Darwin the small changes were most important in evolution.

Q1: How far back does Chapter One of On the Origin of Species go in its coverage of animal and plant species?
A1: ancient Egypt
Q2: What does Darwin use to illustrate the effects of artificial selection?
A2: fancy pigeon breeding
Q3: From what does Darwin assert all pigeons are descended?
A3: one species of rock pigeon
Q4: Which evolutionary changes were the most important to Darwin?
A4: the small changes
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter IV details natural selection under the "infinitely complex and close-fitting ... mutual relations of all organic beings to each other and to their physical conditions of life". Darwin takes as an example a country where a change in conditions led to extinction of some species, immigration of others and, where suitable variations occurred, descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions. He remarks that the artificial selection practised by animal breeders frequently produced sharp divergence in character between breeds, and suggests that natural selection might do the same, saying:

Q1: What did Darwin say that artificial selection by animal breeders often causes?
A1: sharp divergence in character between breeds,
Q2: What did Darwin say could happen somewhere if there is a change in conditions?
A2: extinction of some species
Q3: What can happen if species immigrate to a new location?
A3: descendants of some species became adapted to new conditions
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter IX deals with the fact that the geologic record appears to show forms of life suddenly arising, without the innumerable transitional fossils expected from gradual changes. Darwin borrowed Charles Lyell's argument in Principles of Geology that the record is extremely imperfect as fossilisation is a very rare occurrence, spread over vast periods of time; since few areas had been geologically explored, there could only be fragmentary knowledge of geological formations, and fossil collections were very poor. Evolved local varieties which migrated into a wider area would seem to be the sudden appearance of a new species. Darwin did not expect to be able to reconstruct evolutionary history, but continuing discoveries gave him well founded hope that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms. To show that there had been enough time for natural selection to work slowly, he again cited Principles of Geology and other observations based on sedimentation and erosion, including an estimate that erosion of The Weald had taken 300 million years. The initial appearance of entire groups of well developed organisms in the oldest fossil-bearing layers, now known as the Cambrian explosion, posed a problem. Darwin had no doubt that earlier seas had swarmed with living creatures, but stated that he had no satisfactory explanation for the lack of fossils. Fossil evidence of pre-Cambrian life has since been found, extending the history of life back for billions of years.

Q1: Whose argument did Darwin borrow that geological record is very imperfect, because fossilization is rare?
A1: Charles Lyell
Q2: Which book written by Charles Lyell contains the argument that fossils are too rare to be used as proof of life suddenly arising?
A2: Principles of Geology
Q3: What did Darwin hope to find as he continued to explore new geologic discoveries?
A3: that new finds would occasionally reveal transitional forms
Q4: How long did Darwin estimate the erosion of the Weald to be?
A4: 300 million years
Q5: What is the name of the group of well-developed organisms that were discovered within fossil-bearing layers?
A5: the Cambrian explosion
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter VI begins by saying the next three chapters will address possible objections to the theory, the first being that often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found, though the theory implies such forms must have existed. As Darwin noted, "Firstly, why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms? Why is not all nature in confusion, instead of the species being, as we see them, well defined?" Darwin attributed this to the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms. This difficulty can be referred to as the absence or rarity of transitional varieties in habitat space.

Q1: What is one possible objection to the theory of integrated variation?
A1: often no intermediate forms between closely related species are found
Q2: Why did Darwin wonder why all of nature isn't chaotic and random?
A2: why, if species have descended from other species by insensibly fine gradations, do we not everywhere see innumerable transitional forms?
Q3: What did Darwin ultimately decide was the reason that nature is not a chaos of variation?
A3: the competition between different forms, combined with the small number of individuals of intermediate forms, often leading to extinction of such forms.
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter VII (of the first edition) addresses the evolution of instincts. His examples included two he had investigated experimentally: slave-making ants and the construction of hexagonal cells by honey bees. Darwin noted that some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others, and he observed that many ant species will collect and store the pupae of other species as food. He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps. He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax. Darwin concluded:

Q1: How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in slave-making ants?
A1: He thought it reasonable that species with an extreme dependency on slave workers had evolved in incremental steps.
Q2: How does Darwin theorize that instincts have evolved in bees?
A2: He suggested that bees that make hexagonal cells evolved in steps from bees that made round cells, under pressure from natural selection to economise wax
Q3: What did Darwin notice specifically about slave-making ants?
A3: some species of slave-making ants were more dependent on slaves than others
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter VIII addresses the idea that species had special characteristics that prevented hybrids from being fertile in order to preserve separately created species. Darwin said that, far from being constant, the difficulty in producing hybrids of related species, and the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants. Sometimes what were widely considered to be separate species produced fertile hybrid offspring freely, and in other cases what were considered to be mere varieties of the same species could only be crossed with difficulty. Darwin concluded: "Finally, then, the facts briefly given in this chapter do not seem to me opposed to, but even rather to support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties."

Q1: Why would hybrids have characteristics that keep them from being fertile?
A1: in order to preserve separately created species
Q2: What are Darwin's thoughts on producing hybrids of related species?
A2: the viability and fertility of the hybrids, varied greatly, especially among plants
Q3: What conclusion did Darwin come to after realizing that some diverse species were able to create variations easily, while other species thought to be closely related had difficulty?
A3: support the view, that there is no fundamental distinction between species and varieties
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter X examines whether patterns in the fossil record are better explained by common descent and branching evolution through natural selection, than by the individual creation of fixed species. Darwin expected species to change slowly, but not at the same rate – some organisms such as Lingula were unchanged since the earliest fossils. The pace of natural selection would depend on variability and change in the environment. This distanced his theory from Lamarckian laws of inevitable progress. It has been argued that this anticipated the punctuated equilibrium hypothesis, but other scholars have preferred to emphasise Darwin's commitment to gradualism. He cited Richard Owen's findings that the earliest members of a class were a few simple and generalised species with characteristics intermediate between modern forms, and were followed by increasingly diverse and specialised forms, matching the branching of common descent from an ancestor. Patterns of extinction matched his theory, with related groups of species having a continued existence until extinction, then not reappearing. Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras, and as he had seen in South America, and William Clift had shown in Australia, fossils from recent geological periods resembled species still living in the same area.

Q1: How did Darwin expect species to change and evolve?
A1: slowly, but not at the same rate
Q2: What did Darwin believe were the key things needed for variation of species to form?
A2: variability and change in the environment
Q3: Which scientist theorized that the earliest members of a class in a species were simple and generalized?
A3: Richard Owen
Q4: What did Darwin discover about more recently extinct species?
A4: Recently extinct species were more similar to living species than those from earlier eras
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Chapter XI deals with evidence from biogeography, starting with the observation that differences in flora and fauna from separate regions cannot be explained by environmental differences alone; South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals. The species found in one area of a continent are more closely allied with species found in other regions of that same continent than to species found on other continents. Darwin noted that barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions. The coastal sea life of the Atlantic and Pacific sides of Central America had almost no species in common even though the Isthmus of Panama was only a few miles wide. His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification. He went on to say: "On this principle of inheritance with modification, we can understand how it is that sections of genera, whole genera, and even families are confined to the same areas, as is so commonly and notoriously the case." Darwin explained how a volcanic island formed a few hundred miles from a continent might be colonised by a few species from that continent. These species would become modified over time, but would still be related to species found on the continent, and Darwin observed that this was a common pattern. Darwin discussed ways that species could be dispersed across oceans to colonise islands, many of which he had investigated experimentally.

Q1: Why couldn't differences in flora and fauna be explained by differences in regions alone?
A1: South America, Africa, and Australia all have regions with similar climates at similar latitudes, but those regions have very different plants and animals
Q2: What did Darwin consider that could explain why different regions could have such different species when they are close together?
A2: barriers to migration played an important role in the differences between the species of different regions.
Q3: What was the combination of effects that Darwin considered the most important in determining the differences in species that evolved separately in similar environments?
A3: His explanation was a combination of migration and descent with modification.
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

Chapultepec Park houses the Chapultepec Castle, now a museum on a hill that overlooks the park and its numerous museums, monuments and the national zoo and the National Museum of Anthropology (which houses the Aztec Calendar Stone). Another piece of architecture is the Fine Arts Palace, a white marble theatre/museum whose weight is such that it has gradually been sinking into the soft ground below. Its construction began during the presidency of Porfirio Díaz and ended in 1934, after being interrupted by the Mexican Revolution in the 1920s. The Plaza of the Three Cultures in the Tlatelolco neighbourhood, and the shrine and Basilicas of Our Lady of Guadalupe are also important sites. There is a double-decker bus, known as the "Turibus", that circles most of these sites, and has timed audio describing the sites in multiple languages as they are passed.

Q1: Chapultepec Castle is located where?
A1: Chapultepec Park
Q2: Where is the National Museum of Anthropology located?
A2: Chapultepec Park
Q3: When did construction of the Fine Arts Palace end?
A3: 1934
Q4: What is the name of the tour bus that shows off the monuments of Mexico City?
A4: Turibus
Q5: Why did the construction of the Fine Arts Palace take so long?
A5: interrupted by the Mexican Revolution
Title: Appalachian_Mountains
Topic: Geography and places

Characteristic birds of the forest are wild turkey (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), ruffed grouse (Bonasa umbellus), mourning dove (Zenaida macroura), common raven (Corvus corax), wood duck (Aix sponsa), great horned owl (Bubo virginianus), barred owl (Strix varia), screech owl (Megascops asio), red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis), red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus), and northern goshawk (Accipiter gentilis), as well as a great variety of "songbirds" (Passeriformes), like the warblers in particular.

Q1: What is one typical bird found in the range?
A1: wild turkey
Title: BeiDou_Navigation_Satellite_System
Topic: Engineering and technology

Characteristics of the "I" signals on E2 and E5B are generally similar to the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C), but Compass signals have somewhat greater power. The notation of Compass signals used in this page follows the naming of the frequency bands and agrees with the notation used in the American literature on the subject, but the notation used by the Chinese seems to be different and is quoted in the first row of the table.

Q1: What is the difference between the "I" signals on E2 and E5B and the civilian codes of GPS (L1-CA and L2C)?
A1: Compass signals have somewhat greater power
Title: Unicode
Topic: Engineering and technology

Characters with diacritical marks can generally be represented either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks. For example, ḗ (precomposed e with macron and acute above) and ḗ (e followed by the combining macron above and combining acute above) should be rendered identically, both appearing as an e with a macron and acute accent, but in practice, their appearance may vary depending upon what rendering engine and fonts are being used to display the characters. Similarly, underdots, as needed in the romanization of Indic, will often be placed incorrectly[citation needed]. Unicode characters that map to precomposed glyphs can be used in many cases, thus avoiding the problem, but where no precomposed character has been encoded the problem can often be solved by using a specialist Unicode font such as Charis SIL that uses Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies for advanced rendering features.

Q1: How are characters with diacritical marks represented? 
A1: either as a single precomposed character or as a decomposed sequence of a base letter plus one or more non-spacing marks
Q2: What encoding does Charis SIL use? 
A2: Graphite, OpenType, or AAT technologies
Q3: What is the issue with underdots and their placement? 
A3: often be placed incorrectly
Q4: Characters with what marks can be displayed as a single character or a decomposed sequence? 
A4: diacritical marks
Q5: How should the characters with the macron and acute be displayed? 
A5: identically
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Charlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was marked by numerous divisions of the empire among his sons and, after 829, civil wars between various alliances of father and sons over the control of various parts of the empire. Eventually, Louis recognised his eldest son Lothair I (d. 855) as emperor and gave him Italy. Louis divided the rest of the empire between Lothair and Charles the Bald (d. 877), his youngest son. Lothair took East Francia, comprising both banks of the Rhine and eastwards, leaving Charles West Francia with the empire to the west of the Rhineland and the Alps. Louis the German (d. 876), the middle child, who had been rebellious to the last, was allowed to keep Bavaria under the suzerainty of his elder brother. The division was disputed. Pepin II of Aquitaine (d. after 864), the emperor's grandson, rebelled in a contest for Aquitaine, while Louis the German tried to annex all of East Francia. Louis the Pious died in 840, with the empire still in chaos.

Q1: Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813?
A1: Louis the Pious
Q2: How long did Louis the Pious reign?
A2: 26 years
Q3: When did the reign of Louis the Pious end?
A3: 840
Q4: Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious?
A4: Lothair I
Q5: Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious?
A5: Louis the German
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Charlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the "Carolingian Renaissance". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invited to Aachen and brought the education available in the monasteries of Northumbria. Charlemagne's chancery—or writing office—made use of a new script today known as Carolingian minuscule,[M] allowing a common writing style that advanced communication across much of Europe. Charlemagne sponsored changes in church liturgy, imposing the Roman form of church service on his domains, as well as the Gregorian chant in liturgical music for the churches. An important activity for scholars during this period was the copying, correcting, and dissemination of basic works on religious and secular topics, with the aim of encouraging learning. New works on religious topics and schoolbooks were also produced. Grammarians of the period modified the Latin language, changing it from the Classical Latin of the Roman Empire into a more flexible form to fit the needs of the church and government. By the reign of Charlemagne, the language had so diverged from the classical that it was later called Medieval Latin.

Q1: Where was Charlemagne's court based?
A1: Aachen
Q2: What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne?
A2: Carolingian Renaissance
Q3: Of what ethnicity was Alcuin?
A3: English
Q4: In what year did Alcuin die?
A4: 804
Q5: What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as?
A5: Medieval Latin
Title: Ashkenazi_Jews
Topic: History

Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire around 800, including northern Italy and Rome, brought on a brief period of stability and unity in Francia. This created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle again north of the Alps. Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those once enjoyed under the Roman Empire. In addition, Jews from southern Italy, fleeing religious persecution, began to move into central Europe.[citation needed] Returning to Frankish lands, many Jewish merchants took up occupations in finance and commerce, including money lending, or usury. (Church legislation banned Christians from lending money in exchange for interest.) From Charlemagne's time to the present, Jewish life in northern Europe is well documented. By the 11th century, when Rashi of Troyes wrote his commentaries, Jews in what came to be known as "Ashkenaz" were known for their halakhic learning, and Talmudic studies. They were criticized by Sephardim and other Jewish scholars in Islamic lands for their lack of expertise in Jewish jurisprudence (dinim) and general ignorance of Hebrew linguistics and literature. Yiddish emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars in the medieval period. It was written with Hebrew letters, and heavily influenced by Hebrew and Aramaic.

Q1: Did Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire bring about a brief period of upheaval or stability in Francia?
A1: a brief period of stability
Q2: Charlemagne's expansion of the Frankish empire created opportunities for Jewish merchants to settle where?
A2: north of the Alps
Q3: Charlemagne granted the Jews freedoms similar to those enjoyed under which previous empire?
A3: Roman Empire
Q4: When Jews began to return to Frankish lands many took up occupations in which two fields?
A4: finance and commerce
Q5: Which language emerged as a result of language contact with various High German vernaculars during the medieval period?
A5: Yiddish
Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger
Topic: Media and drama

Charles "Wag" Bennett, one of the judges at the 1966 competition, was impressed with Schwarzenegger and he offered to coach him. As Schwarzenegger had little money, Bennett invited him to stay in his crowded family home above one of his two gyms in Forest Gate, London, England. Yorton's leg definition had been judged superior, and Schwarzenegger, under a training program devised by Bennett, concentrated on improving the muscle definition and power in his legs. Staying in the East End of London helped Schwarzenegger improve his rudimentary grasp of the English language. Also in 1966, Schwarzenegger had the opportunity to meet childhood idol Reg Park, who became his friend and mentor. The training paid off and, in 1967, Schwarzenegger won the title for the first time, becoming the youngest ever Mr. Universe at the age of 20. He would go on to win the title a further three times. Schwarzenegger then flew back to Munich, training for four to six hours daily, attending business school and working in a health club (Rolf Putziger's gym where he worked and trained from 1966–1968), returning in 1968 to London to win his next Mr. Universe title. He frequently told Roger C. Field, his English coach and friend in Munich at that time, "I'm going to become the greatest actor!"

Q1: Which of the bodybuilders Schwarzenegger idolized as a kid did he meet in 1966?
A1: Reg Park
Q2: Which part of his body did Schwarzenegger work to develop with Coach Bennett?
A2: legs
Q3: How many total times has Schwarzenegger won the Mr. Universe title?
A3: four
Q4: Who owned the gym Schwarzenegger worked in during the late sixties?
A4: Rolf Putziger
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Charles Babbage, an English mechanical engineer and polymath, originated the concept of a programmable computer. Considered the "father of the computer", he conceptualized and invented the first mechanical computer in the early 19th century. After working on his revolutionary difference engine, designed to aid in navigational calculations, in 1833 he realized that a much more general design, an Analytical Engine, was possible. The input of programs and data was to be provided to the machine via punched cards, a method being used at the time to direct mechanical looms such as the Jacquard loom. For output, the machine would have a printer, a curve plotter and a bell. The machine would also be able to punch numbers onto cards to be read in later. The Engine incorporated an arithmetic logic unit, control flow in the form of conditional branching and loops, and integrated memory, making it the first design for a general-purpose computer that could be described in modern terms as Turing-complete.

Q1: Who invented the concept of a programmable computer?
A1: Charles Babbage
Q2: Who is considered the "father of the computer"?
A2: Charles Babbage
Q3: During what century was the first mechanical computer invented by Charles Babbage?
A3: early 19th century
Q4: What year did Charles Babbage find out that An Analytical Engine was possible?
A4: 1833
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

Charles Darwin's book The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms (1881) presented the first scientific analysis of earthworms' contributions to soil fertility. Some burrow while others live entirely on the surface, generally in moist leaf litter. The burrowers loosen the soil so that oxygen and water can penetrate it, and both surface and burrowing worms help to produce soil by mixing organic and mineral matter, by accelerating the decomposition of organic matter and thus making it more quickly available to other organisms, and by concentrating minerals and converting them to forms that plants can use more easily. Earthworms are also important prey for birds ranging in size from robins to storks, and for mammals ranging from shrews to badgers, and in some cases conserving earthworms may be essential for conserving endangered birds.

Q1: Who published a book about worms in 1881?
A1: Charles Darwin
Q2: What was the first scientific study of how earthworms help soil?
A2: The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms
Q3: Where do earthworms prefer to live on the surface?
A3: generally in moist leaf litter
Q4: How does burrowers' loosening help the soil?
A4: oxygen and water can penetrate it
Q5: What is the largest bird that eats earthworms?
A5: storks
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Charles Darwin's grandfather Erasmus Darwin outlined a hypothesis of transmutation of species in the 1790s, and Jean-Baptiste Lamarck published a more developed theory in 1809. Both envisaged that spontaneous generation produced simple forms of life that progressively developed greater complexity, adapting to the environment by inheriting changes in adults caused by use or disuse. This process was later called Lamarckism. Lamarck thought there was an inherent progressive tendency driving organisms continuously towards greater complexity, in parallel but separate lineages with no extinction. Geoffroy contended that embryonic development recapitulated transformations of organisms in past eras when the environment acted on embryos, and that animal structures were determined by a constant plan as demonstrated by homologies. Georges Cuvier strongly disputed such ideas, holding that unrelated, fixed species showed similarities that reflected a design for functional needs. His palæontological work in the 1790s had established the reality of extinction, which he explained by local catastrophes, followed by repopulation of the affected areas by other species.

Q1: What was the name of Charles Darwin's grandfather?
A1: Erasmus Darwin
Q2: What theory did Erasmus Darwin outline in the 1790s?
A2: hypothesis of transmutation of species
Q3: What was the name of the scientist who developed and published a more complex version of Erasmus Darwin's theory in 1809?
A3: Jean-Baptiste Lamarck
Q4: What is the process of adapting to the environment and inheriting changes through use or disuse called?
A4: Lamarckism
Q5: Whose paleontology work in the 1790s established the reality of extinction?
A5: Georges Cuvier
Title: Tuvalu
Topic: Geography and places

Charles Hedley, a naturalist at the Australian Museum, accompanied the 1896 expedition and during his stay on Funafuti collected invertebrate and ethnological objects. The descriptions of these were published in Memoir III of the Australian Museum Sydney between 1896 and 1900. Hedley also wrote the General Account of the Atoll of Funafuti, The Ethnology of Funafuti, and The Mollusca of Funafuti. Edgar Waite was also part of the 1896 expedition and published an account of The mammals, reptiles, and fishes of Funafuti. William Rainbow described the spiders and insects collected at Funafuti in The insect fauna of Funafuti.

Q1: What naturalist was on the 1896 expedition to Funafuti?
A1: Charles Hedley
Q2: What type of objects did Hedley collect on Funafuti
A2: invertebrate and ethnological
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Charles Peirce (1839–1914) was highly influential in laying the groundwork for today's empirical scientific method.[citation needed] Although Peirce severely criticized many elements of Descartes' peculiar brand of rationalism, he did not reject rationalism outright. Indeed, he concurred with the main ideas of rationalism, most importantly the idea that rational concepts can be meaningful and the idea that rational concepts necessarily go beyond the data given by empirical observation. In later years he even emphasized the concept-driven side of the then ongoing debate between strict empiricism and strict rationalism, in part to counterbalance the excesses to which some of his cohorts had taken pragmatism under the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view.

Q1: When was Peirce born?
A1: 1839
Q2: When did Peirce die?
A2: 1914
Q3: What view did Peirce think had been driven to excess?
A3: the "data-driven" strict-empiricist view
Q4: Who formed the basis for modern scientific method?
A4: Charles Peirce
Q5: Whose rationalism did Peirce criticize?
A5: Descartes
Title: Capacitor
Topic: Engineering and technology

Charles Pollak (born Karol Pollak), the inventor of the first electrolytic capacitors, found out that the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remained stable in a neutral or alkaline electrolyte, even when the power was switched off. In 1896 he filed a patent for an "Electric liquid capacitor with aluminum electrodes." Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors were invented by Bell Laboratories in the early 1950s as a miniaturized and more reliable low-voltage support capacitor to complement their newly invented transistor.

Q1: Who invented the first electrolytic capacitor?
A1: Charles Pollak
Q2: In what sort of electrolyte does the oxide layer on an aluminum anode remain stable?
A2: a neutral or alkaline electrolyte
Q3: In what year was the patent filed for an electric liquid capacitor?
A3: In 1896
Q4: What sort of capacitors were created by Bell Labs in the 1950's?
A4: Solid electrolyte tantalum capacitors
Q5: Why did Bell labs create their new type of capacitor?
A5: to complement their newly invented transistor
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
Topic: Language and literature

Charles Shields, who has written the only book-length biography of Harper Lee to date, offers the reason for the novel's enduring popularity and impact is that "its lessons of human dignity and respect for others remain fundamental and universal". Atticus' lesson to Scout that "you never really understand a person until you consider things from his point of view—until you climb around in his skin and walk around in it" exemplifies his compassion. She ponders the comment when listening to Mayella Ewell's testimony. When Mayella reacts with confusion to Atticus' question if she has any friends, Scout offers that she must be lonelier than Boo Radley. Having walked Boo home after he saves their lives, Scout stands on the Radley porch and considers the events of the previous three years from Boo's perspective. One writer remarks, "... [w]hile the novel concerns tragedy and injustice, heartache and loss, it also carries with it a strong sense [of] courage, compassion, and an awareness of history to be better human beings."

Q1: Who has written the only biography of Harper Lee?
A1: Charles Shields
Q2: Who wrote the only book length- biography of Harper Lee?
A2: Charles Shields
Q3: According to Shields, which of the books lessons are fundamental and universal?
A3: human dignity and respect for others
Q4: Who does Scout think could be lonelier than Boo Radley?
A4: Mayella Ewell
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charles Town was a hub of the deerskin trade, the basis of its early economy. Trade alliances with the Cherokee and Creek nations insured a steady supply of deer hides. Between 1699 and 1715, colonists exported an average of 54,000 deer skins annually to Europe through Charles Town. Between 1739 and 1761, the height of the deerskin trade era, an estimated 500,000 to 1,250,000 deer were slaughtered. During the same period, Charles Town records show an export of 5,239,350 pounds of deer skins. Deer skins were used in the production of men's fashionable and practical buckskin pantaloons, gloves, and book bindings.

Q1: What other Native American nation supplied Charles Town with deer hides other than the Cherokee nation?
A1: Creek nations
Q2: What is the  estimation of deer slaughtered in Charles Town from 1739 to 1761?
A2: 500,000 to 1,250,000
Q3: Records indicate how many pounds of deer skins were exported from Charles Town during the height of its deerskin trade?
A3: 5,239,350
Q4: What trade was the basis of Charles Town's original economy?
A4: the deerskin trade
Q5: What was the average amount of deer skins  that Charles Town exported to Europe between 1699 to 1715? 
A5: 54,000
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Charles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reaching the summit, an experience he described as "horrifying and terrifying." Leonardo da Vinci was fascinated by variations of light in the higher altitudes, and climbed a mountain—scholars are uncertain which one; some believe it may have been Monte Rosa. From his description of a "blue like that of a gentian" sky it is thought that he reached a significantly high altitude. In the 18th century four Chamonix man almost made the summit of Mont Blanc but were overcome by altitude sickness and snowblindness.

Q1: Where was Charles VII from?
A1: France
Q2: What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do?
A2: climb Mont Aiguille
Q3: What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone?
A3: a bronze triptych of three crosses
Q4: When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille?
A4: 1492
Q5: When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc?
A5: 18th century
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston annually hosts Spoleto Festival USA founded by Gian Carlo Menotti, a 17-day art festival featuring over 100 performances by individual artists in a variety of disciplines. The Spoleto Festival is internationally recognized as America's premier performing arts festival. The annual Piccolo Spoleto festival takes place at the same time and features local performers and artists, with hundreds of performances throughout the city. Other festivals and events include Historic Charleston Foundation's Festival of Houses and Gardens and Charleston Antiques Show, the Taste of Charleston, The Lowcountry Oyster Festival, the Cooper River Bridge Run, The Charleston Marathon, Southeastern Wildlife Exposition (SEWE), Charleston Food and Wine Festival, Charleston Fashion Week, the MOJA Arts Festival, and the Holiday Festival of Lights (at James Island County Park), and the Charleston International Film Festival.

Q1: How many days does the Spoleto Festival USA run each year?
A1: 17
Q2: What kind of festival is Spoleto Festival USA?
A2: art festival
Q3: The Holiday Festival of Lights are held where?
A3: James Island County Park
Q4: About how many performances are there in the Spoleto Festival USA?
A4: over 100 performances
Q5: Who founded the Spoleto Festival USA?
A5: Gian Carlo Menotti
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), with mild winters, hot, humid summers, and significant rainfall all year long. Summer is the wettest season; almost half of the annual rainfall occurs from June to September in the form of thundershowers. Fall remains relatively warm through November. Winter is short and mild, and is characterized by occasional rain. Measurable snow (≥0.1 in or 0.25 cm) only occurs several times per decade at the most, with the last such event occurring December 26, 2010. However, 6.0 in (15 cm) fell at the airport on December 23, 1989, the largest single-day fall on record, contributing to a single-storm and seasonal record of 8.0 in (20 cm) snowfall.

Q1: What season is the wettest in Charleston?
A1: Summer
Q2: In what form does half of Charleston's annual rainfall occur?
A2: thundershowers
Q3: What season is characterized as short in Charleston?
A3: Winter
Q4: What is Charleston's seasonal record of snowfall?
A4: 8.0 in (20 cm)
Q5: What season is considered short in Charleston?
A5: Winter
Q6: What is the wettest season in Charleston?
A6: Summer
Q7: Half of Charleston's annual rainfall occurs in what form?
A7: thundershowers
Q8: How much snow did Charleston's Airport recieve on December, 23 1989?
A8: 6.0 in (15 cm
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston has one official sister city, Spoleto, Umbria, Italy. The relationship between the two cities began when Pulitzer Prize-winning Italian composer Gian Carlo Menotti selected Charleston as the city to host the American version of Spoleto's annual Festival of Two Worlds. "Looking for a city that would provide the charm of Spoleto, as well as its wealth of theaters, churches, and other performance spaces, they selected Charleston, South Carolina, as the ideal location. The historic city provided a perfect fit: intimate enough that the Festival would captivate the entire city, yet cosmopolitan enough to provide an enthusiastic audience and robust infrastructure."

Q1: What is the name of Charleston's sister city?
A1: Spoleto
Q2: In what country is Spoleto located?
A2: Italy
Q3: Who selected Charleston to host an American version of a festival?
A3: Gian Carlo Menotti
Q4: What is the name of festival held in Spoleto?
A4: Festival of Two Worlds
Q5: What is the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
A5: composer
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston is known for its unique culture, which blends traditional Southern U.S., English, French, and West African elements. The downtown peninsula has gained a reputation for its art, music, local cuisine, and fashion. Spoleto Festival USA, held annually in late spring, has become one of the world's major performing arts festivals. It was founded in 1977 by Pulitzer Prize-winning composer Gian Carlo Menotti, who sought to establish a counterpart to the Festival dei Due Mondi (the Festival of Two Worlds) in Spoleto, Italy.

Q1: What season is Spoleto Festival USA held?
A1: spring
Q2: What year was Spoleto Festival USA founded?
A2: 1977
Q3: What  the profession of Gian Carlo Menotti?
A3: composer
Q4: Spoleto Festival USA is a counterpart to what Italian festival?
A4: Festival dei Due Mondi
Q5: What major award did Gian Carlo Menotti win?
A5: Pulitzer Prize
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston is the oldest and second-largest city in the U.S. state of South Carolina, the county seat of Charleston County, and the principal city in the Charleston–North Charleston–Summerville Metropolitan Statistical Area. The city lies just south of the geographical midpoint of South Carolina's coastline and is located on Charleston Harbor, an inlet of the Atlantic Ocean formed by the confluence of the Ashley and Cooper Rivers, or, as is locally expressed, "where the Cooper and Ashley Rivers come together to form the Atlantic Ocean."

Q1: What is the oldest city in South Carolina?
A1: Charleston
Q2: What county is Charleston, South Carolina located in?
A2: Charleston County
Q3: Charleston is located on what harbor?
A3: Charleston Harbor
Q4: Charleston Harbor is an inlet of what ocean?
A4: Atlantic Ocean
Q5: What river mergers with the Cooper River to form Charleston Harbor?
A5: Ashley Rivers
Q6: What county is Charleston located in?
A6: Charleston County
Q7: Charleston Harbor is formed on what ocean?
A7: Atlantic Ocean
Q8: What river merges with the Ashley River to from the Charleston Harbor?
A8: Cooper Rivers
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston is the primary medical center for the eastern portion of the state. The city has several major hospitals located in the downtown area: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center (MUSC), Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and Roper Hospital. MUSC is the state's first school of medicine, the largest medical university in the state, and the sixth-oldest continually operating school of medicine in the United States. The downtown medical district is experiencing rapid growth of biotechnology and medical research industries coupled with substantial expansions of all the major hospitals. Additionally, more expansions are planned or underway at another major hospital located in the West Ashley portion of the city: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital. The Trident Regional Medical Center located in the City of North Charleston and East Cooper Regional Medical Center located in Mount Pleasant also serve the needs of residents of the city of Charleston.

Q1: What is the state's first school of medicine?
A1: Medical University of South Carolina Medical Center
Q2: Where is East Cooper Regional Medical Center?
A2: Mount Pleasant
Q3: Where is the Trident Regional Medical Center is located?
A3: City of North Charleston
Q4: Bon Secours-St Francis Xavier Hospital is located at what portion of the city?
A4: West Ashley portion
Q5: What medical district is experiencing growth in biotechnology and medical research field?
A5: The downtown medical district
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Charleston's oldest community theater group, the Footlight Players, has provided theatrical productions since 1931. A variety of performing arts venues includes the historic Dock Street Theatre. The annual Charleston Fashion Week held each spring in Marion Square brings in designers, journalists, and clients from across the nation. Charleston is known for its local seafood, which plays a key role in the city's renowned cuisine, comprising staple dishes such as gumbo, she-crab soup, fried oysters, Lowcountry boil, deviled crab cakes, red rice, and shrimp and grits. Rice is the staple in many dishes, reflecting the rice culture of the Low Country. The cuisine in Charleston is also strongly influenced by British and French elements.

Q1: What is Charleston's oldest community theater group?
A1: the Footlight Players
Q2: The Footlight Players  started creating theatrical productions in what year?
A2: 1931
Q3: Where is the  annual Charleston Fashion week held?
A3: Marion Square
Q4: Charleston is known for what type of food?
A4: seafood
Q5: Charleston cuisine is influenced by what two cultures?
A5: British and French
Title: FA_Cup
Topic: Sports and recreation

Chasetown, whilst playing at Level 8 of English football during the 2007–08 competition, are the lowest-ranked team to play in the Third Round Proper (final 64, of 731 teams entered that season). Chasetown was then a member of the Southern League Division One Midlands (a lower level within the Southern Football League), when they lost to Football League Championship (Level 2) team Cardiff City, the eventual FA Cup runners-up that year. Their success earned the lowly organisation over £60,000 in prize money.

Q1: Who is the lowest rank to play in the  third round proper?
A1: Chasetown
Q2: What level where they? 
A2: playing at Level 8 of English football
Q3: How many teams competed that year? 
A3: 731 teams entered that season
Q4: What place did Chasetown come in?
A4: final 64
Q5: What FA cup season did this take place in? 
A5: 2007–08 competition
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Cheesemaking is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries. A wheel of cheese from the Emmental in Switzerland can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb), and the Beaufort in Savoy can weight up to 70 kilograms (150 lb). Owners of the cows traditionally receive from the cheesemakers a portion in relation to the proportion of the cows' milk from the summer months in the high alps. Haymaking is an important farming activity in mountain villages which has become somewhat mechanized in recent years, although the slopes are so steep that usually scythes are necessary to cut the grass. Hay is normally brought in twice a year, often also on festival days. Alpine festivals vary from country to country and often include the display of local costumes such as dirndl and trachten, the playing of Alpenhorns, wrestling matches, some pagan traditions such as Walpurgis Night and, in many areas, Carnival is celebrated before Lent.

Q1: What is an ancient tradition in most Alpine countries?
A1: Cheesemaking
Q2: How much can a wheel of cheese from the Emmental weigh?
A2: up to 45 kg (100 lb)
Q3: What is an important farming activity in mountain villages?
A3: Haymaking
Q4: How many times is Hay normally brought each year?
A4: twice
Q5: When is Carnival celebrated? 
A5: before Lent
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Chemical communications in animals rely on a variety of aspects including taste and smell. Chemoreception is the physiological response of a sense organ (i.e. taste or smell) to a chemical stimulus where the chemicals act as signals to regulate the state or activity of a cell. A semiochemical is a message-carrying chemical that is meant to attract, repel, and convey information. Types of semiochemicals include pheromones and kairomones. One example is the butterfly Phengaris arion which uses chemical signals as a form of mimicry to aid in predation.

Q1: Animal taste and smell rely on what kind of communication?
A1: Chemical
Q2: What is the physiological response of a sense organ called?
A2: Chemoreception
Q3: Chemical stimuli are signals that regulate the activity of what?
A3: a cell
Q4: What is a message-carrying chemical called?
A4: semiochemical
Q5: Kairomones are a type of what?
A5: semiochemicals
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Chemical defense is another important defense found amongst species of Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, usually being advertised by bright colors, such as the Monarch butterfly. They obtain their toxicity by sequestering the chemicals from the plants they eat into their own tissues. Some Lepidoptera manufacture their own toxins. Predators that eat poisonous butterflies and moths may become sick and vomit violently, learning not to eat those types of species; this is actually the basis of Müllerian mimicry. A predator who has previously eaten a poisonous lepidopteran may avoid other species with similar markings in the future, thus saving many other species as well. Some ground beetles of the Carabidae family can spray chemicals from their abdomen with great accuracy, to repel predators.

Q1: What kind of defense is found in the Coleoptera species?
A1: Chemical
Q2: What chemical defense is used by the Monarch butterfly?
A2: bright colors
Q3: Insects become toxic by doing what with the chemicals from plants?
A3: sequestering
Q4: Which insect manufactures it's own toxins?
A4: Lepidoptera
Q5: Some beetles can spray what from their abdomen?
A5: chemicals