LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century.

Q1: In what year did Louis die?
A1: 1382
Q2: Who did Louis name as his heir?
A2: Sigismund of Luxemburg
Q3: How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?
A3: 11
Q4: Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?
A4: Buda and Visegrád
Q5: What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?
A5: internal war
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Louis' advisors believed that, as long as Strasbourg remained independent, it would endanger the King's newly annexed territories in Alsace, and, that to defend these large rural lands effectively, a garrison had to be placed in towns such as Strasbourg. Indeed, the bridge over the Rhine at Strasbourg had been used repeatedly by Imperial (Holy Roman Empire) forces, and three times during the Franco-Dutch War Strasbourg had served as a gateway for Imperial invasions into Alsace. In September 1681 Louis' forces, though lacking a clear casus belli, surrounded the city with overwhelming force. After some negotiation, Louis marched into the city unopposed on 30 September 1681 and proclaimed its annexation.

Q1: How many times was the Rhines bridge used during the Franco-Dutch War?
A1: three
Q2: When did Louis surround the city with considerable force?
A2: September 1681
Q3: When did Louis march into the city unopposed and proclaimed its annexation?
A3: 30 September 1681
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

Louis-Philippe was overthrown by a popular uprising in the streets of Paris in 1848. His successor, Napoleon III, and the newly appointed prefect of the Seine, Georges-Eugène Haussmann, launched a gigantic public works project to build wide new boulevards, a new opera house, a central market, new aqueducts, sewers, and parks, including the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes. In 1860, Napoleon III also annexed the surrounding towns and created eight new arrondissements, expanding Paris to its current limits.

Q1: In what year was Louis-Phillipe over thrown?
A1: 1848
Q2: In what year did Napoleon III create new arrondissements?
A2: 1860
Q3: Who was Napoleon III's prefect of the Siene?
A3: Georges-Eugène Haussmann
Title: USB
Topic: Engineering and technology

Low-bandwidth devices are supported with a special PID value, PRE. This marks the beginning of a low-bandwidth packet, and is used by hubs that normally do not send full-bandwidth packets to low-bandwidth devices. Since all PID bytes include four 0 bits, they leave the bus in the full-bandwidth K state, which is the same as the low-bandwidth J state. It is followed by a brief pause, during which hubs enable their low-bandwidth outputs, already idling in the J state. Then a low-bandwidth packet follows, beginning with a sync sequence and PID byte, and ending with a brief period of SE0. Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents, until the final SE0 indicates that a new packet follows.

Q1: Low-bandwidth devices are supported with what?
A1: a special PID value, PRE
Q2: All PID bytes include how many 0 bits?
A2: four 0 bits
Q3:  Full-bandwidth devices other than hubs can what?
A3: simply ignore the PRE packet and its low-bandwidth contents
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Lower Manhattan is the third-largest central business district in the United States and is home to the New York Stock Exchange, on Wall Street, and the NASDAQ, at 165 Broadway, representing the world's largest and second largest stock exchanges, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total market capitalization of their listed companies in 2013. Investment banking fees on Wall Street totaled approximately $40 billion in 2012, while in 2013, senior New York City bank officers who manage risk and compliance functions earned as much as $324,000 annually. In fiscal year 2013–14, Wall Street's securities industry generated 19% of New York State's tax revenue. New York City remains the largest global center for trading in public equity and debt capital markets, driven in part by the size and financial development of the U.S. economy.:31–32 In July 2013, NYSE Euronext, the operator of the New York Stock Exchange, took over the administration of the London interbank offered rate from the British Bankers Association. New York also leads in hedge fund management; private equity; and the monetary volume of mergers and acquisitions. Several investment banks and investment mangers headquartered in Manhattan are important participants in other global financial centers.:34–35 New York is also the principal commercial banking center of the United States.

Q1: On what street is the New York Stock Exchange headquartered?
A1: Wall Street
Q2: What is the street address of NASDAQ?
A2: 165 Broadway
Q3: In 2012, how many investment banking fees were paid out to Wall Street?
A3: $40 billion
Q4: In 2013-4, what percentage of New York state tax revenues came from the securities business on Wall Street?
A4: 19%
Q5: Who was the previous overseer of the London interbank offered rate?
A5: British Bankers Association
Q6: The New York Stock exchange is located where in NYC?
A6: Wall Street
Q7: The NASDAQ is located on what street in NYC?
A7: 165 Broadway
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Lower interest rates encouraged borrowing. From 2000 to 2003, the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target from 6.5% to 1.0%. This was done to soften the effects of the collapse of the dot-com bubble and the September 2001 terrorist attacks, as well as to combat a perceived risk of deflation. As early as 2002 it was apparent that credit was fueling housing instead of business investment as some economists went so far as to advocate that the Fed "needs to create a housing bubble to replace the Nasdaq bubble". Moreover, empirical studies using data from advanced countries show that excessive credit growth contributed greatly to the severity of the crisis.

Q1: Was was the federal funds rate target lowered to by the Federal Reserve in 2003?
A1: 1.0%
Q2: What is one reason the Federal Reserve lowered the federal funds rate target to 1.0% in 2003?
A2: to combat a perceived risk of deflation
Q3: In the early 2000s, what type bubble did some economists believe the Fed needed to create to replace the Nasdaq bubble?
A3: a housing bubble
Q4: What contributed greatly to the severity of the financial crisis of 2007?
A4: excessive credit growth
Q5: What encouraged borrowing from 2000 to 2003?
A5: Lower interest rates
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Lucan depicts Sextus Pompeius, the doomed son of Pompey the Great, as convinced "the gods of heaven knew too little" and awaiting the Battle of Pharsalus by consulting with the Thessalian witch Erichtho, who practices necromancy and inhabits deserted graves, feeding on rotting corpses. Erichtho, it is said, can arrest "the rotation of the heavens and the flow of rivers" and make "austere old men blaze with illicit passions". She and her clients are portrayed as undermining the natural order of gods, mankind and destiny. A female foreigner from Thessaly, notorious for witchcraft, Erichtho is the stereotypical witch of Latin literature, along with Horace's Canidia.

Q1: Who consulted a witch before the battle of Pharsalus?
A1: Sextus Pompeius
Q2: What witch was reputed to be able to stop the rotation of the heavens?
A2: Erichtho
Q3: What natural order was Erichtho accused of undermining?
A3: order of gods
Q4: How was Erichtho portrayed?
A4: stereotypical witch
Q5: From what country did Erichtho come?
A5: Thessaly
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Luftwaffe policy at this point was primarily to continue progressive attacks on London, chiefly by night attack; second, to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands, again chiefly by night attack; and third to disrupt plants and factories during the day by means of fighter-bombers. Kesselring, commanding Luftflotte 2, was ordered to send 50 sorties per night against London and attack eastern harbours in daylight. Sperrle, commanding Luftflotte 3, was ordered to dispatch 250 sorties per night including 100 against the West Midlands. Seeschlange would be carried out by Fliegerkorps X (10th Air Corps) which concentrated on mining operations against shipping. It also took part in the bombing over Britain. By 19/20 April 1941, it had dropped 3,984 mines, ⅓ of the total dropped. The mines' ability to destroy entire streets earned them respect in Britain, but several fell unexploded into British hands allowing counter-measures to be developed which damaged the German anti-shipping campaign.

Q1: What was the Luftwaffe's second primary policy?
A1: to interfere with production in the vast industrial arms factories of the West Midlands
Q2: Who was in command of the Luftflotte 2?
A2: Kesselring
Q3: How many sorties a night was Luftflotte 3 doing?
A3: 250
Q4: What did the Fliegerkorps X concentrate on?
A4: mining operations against shipping
Q5: By April of 1941 about how many mines had been dropped?
A5: 3,984 mines
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Luke's gospel also describes an interaction between Jesus and the women among the crowd of mourners following him, quoting Jesus as saying "Daughters of Jerusalem, do not weep for me, but weep for yourselves and for your children. For behold, the days are coming when they will say, 'Blessed are the barren and the wombs that never bore and the breasts that never nursed!' Then they will begin to say to the mountains, 'Fall on us,' and to the hills, 'Cover us.' For if they do these things when the wood is green, what will happen when it is dry?"[Lk. 23:28-31]

Q1: Who described an interaction between Jesus on the cross and women?
A1: Luke's gospel
Q2: What did Jesus say to women in the crowd?
A2: do not weep for me
Q3: Where are the words found in the Gospel?
A3: Lk. 23:28-31
Q4: What followed Jesus around?
A4: crowd of mourners
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb
Topic: Engineering and technology

Luminous efficacy of a light source may be defined in two ways. The radiant luminous efficacy (LER) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths. The source luminous efficacy (LES) is the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power input to the source, such as a lamp. Visible light is measured in lumens, a unit which is defined in part by the differing sensitivity of the human eye to different wavelengths of light. Not all wavelengths of visible electromagnetic energy are equally effective at stimulating the human eye; the luminous efficacy of radiant energy (LER) is a measure of how well the distribution of energy matches the perception of the eye. The units of luminous efficacy are "lumens per watt" (lpw). The maximum LER possible is 683 lm/W for monochromatic green light at 555 nanometers wavelength, the peak sensitivity of the human eye.

Q1: What does the acronym LER refer to?
A1: radiant luminous efficacy
Q2: What is the maximum LER possible?
A2: 683 lm/W
Q3: In how many ways can one define luminous efficacy of a light source?
A3: two ways
Q4: What is the definition of radiant luminous efficacy?
A4: the ratio of the visible light flux emitted (the luminous flux) to the total power radiated over all wavelengths
Q5: What does the acronym LES refer to?
A5: source luminous efficacy
Title: Guinea-Bissau
Topic: Geography and places

Luís Cabral, brother of Amílcar and co-founder of PAIGC, was appointed the first President of Guinea-Bissau. Following independence, the PAIGC killed thousands of local Guinean soldiers who had fought along with the Portuguese Army against guerrillas. Some escaped to settle in Portugal or other African nations. One of the massacres occurred in the town of Bissorã. In 1980 the PAIGC acknowledged in its newspaper Nó Pintcha (dated 29 November 1980) that many Gueinean soldiers had been executed and buried in unmarked collective graves in the woods of Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá.

Q1: Who was the first President of Guinea-Bissau?
A1: Luís Cabral
Q2: How many Guinean soldiers did the PAIGC kill?
A2: thousands
Q3: Where did one of the massacres occur?
A3: Bissorã
Q4: When did the PAIGC acknowledge the executions?
A4: 29 November 1980
Q5: Where were the soldiers buried?
A5: Cumerá, Portogole, and Mansabá
Title: Guam
Topic: Geography and places

Lying in the western Pacific, Guam is a popular destination for Japanese tourists. Its tourist hub, Tumon, features over 20 large hotels, a Duty Free Shoppers Galleria, Pleasure Island district, indoor aquarium, Sandcastle Las Vegas–styled shows and other shopping and entertainment venues. It is a relatively short flight from Asia or Australia compared to Hawaii, with hotels and seven public golf courses accommodating over a million tourists per year. Although 75% of the tourists are Japanese, Guam receives a sizable number of tourists from South Korea, the U.S., the Philippines, and Taiwan. Significant sources of revenue include duty-free designer shopping outlets, and the American-style malls: Micronesia Mall, Guam Premier Outlets, the Agana Shopping Center, and the world's largest Kmart.[citation needed]

Q1: What tourist commonly visits Guam?
A1: Japanese
Q2: Around how many Hotels does Guam currently have?
A2: 20 large hotels
Q3: How many public golf courses does Guam currently have?
A3: seven
Q4: About how many tourist visit Guam yearly?
A4: a million
Q5: Which major U.S store does Guam currently have that happens to be the largest in the world?
A5: Kmart
Title: Oklahoma_City
Topic: Geography and places

METRO Transit is the city's public transit company. The main transfer terminal is located downtown at NW 5th Street and Hudson Avenue. METRO Transit maintains limited coverage of the city's main street grid using a hub-and-spoke system from the main terminal, making many journeys impractical due to the rather small number of bus routes offered and that most trips require a transfer downtown. The city has recognized that transit as a major issue for the rapidly growing and urbanizing city and has initiated several studies in recent times to improve upon the existing bus system starting with a plan known as the Fixed Guideway Study. This study identified several potential commuter transit routes from the suburbs into downtown OKC as well as feeder-line bus and/or rail routes throughout the city.

Q1: What is Oklahoma Cities transit company?
A1: METRO Transit
Q2: What is the name of the plan that is being made to enhance the bus system?
A2: Fixed Guideway Study
Title: Houston
Topic: History

METRO began light rail service on January 1, 2004, with the inaugural track ("Red Line") running about 8 miles (13 km) from the University of Houston–Downtown (UHD), which traverses through the Texas Medical Center and terminates at NRG Park. METRO is currently in the design phase of a 10-year expansion plan that will add five more lines. and expand the current Red Line. Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service three times a week to Houston via the Sunset Limited (Los Angeles–New Orleans), which stops at a train station on the north side of the downtown area. The station saw 14,891 boardings and alightings in fiscal year 2008. In 2012, there was a 25 percent increase in ridership to 20,327 passengers embarking from the Houston Amtrak station.

Q1: When did Houston start using light rail lines?
A1: January 1, 2004
Q2: How long was the first light rail line in Houston?
A2: about 8 miles
Q3: Where did the Red Line rail track terminate?
A3: NRG Park
Q4: How many new rail lines are planned for the future in Houston light rail?
A4: five
Q5: How many passengers used Amtrak to embark at Houston?
A5: 20,327
Title: Unicode
Topic: Engineering and technology

MIME defines two different mechanisms for encoding non-ASCII characters in email, depending on whether the characters are in email headers (such as the "Subject:"), or in the text body of the message; in both cases, the original character set is identified as well as a transfer encoding. For email transmission of Unicode the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding are recommended, depending on whether much of the message consists of ASCII-characters. The details of the two different mechanisms are specified in the MIME standards and generally are hidden from users of email software.

Q1: What is recommended for email transmission of Unicode? 
A1: the UTF-8 character set and the Base64 or the Quoted-printable transfer encoding
Q2: Where are the details of the two mechanisms for email transmission specified? 
A2: MIME standards
Q3: How many different mechanisms does MIME define for encoding Unicode in email? 
A3: two different mechanisms
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

MIT raises funds from non-governmental organizations and individuals who support the mission and objectives of the Institute. Tigray Development Association, its supporters, and REST have provided the initial funds for the launching of the Institute. As a result of the unstinting efforts made by the Provisional Governing Board to obtain technical and financial assistance, the Institute has so far secured financial and material support as well as pledges of sponsorship for 50 students, covering their tuition fees, room and board up to graduation. The MIT has also been able to create linkages with some universities and colleges in the United States of America, which have provided manpower and material support to MIT. The institute is governed by a provisional governing board.

Q1: MIT raised money to cover tuition, room and board for what number of students?
A1: 50
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

MP3 was designed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) as part of its MPEG-1 standard and later extended in the MPEG-2 standard. The first subgroup for audio was formed by several teams of engineers at Fraunhofer IIS, University of Hannover, AT&T-Bell Labs, Thomson-Brandt, CCETT, and others. MPEG-1 Audio (MPEG-1 Part 3), which included MPEG-1 Audio Layer I, II and III was approved as a committee draft of ISO/IEC standard in 1991, finalised in 1992 and published in 1993 (ISO/IEC 11172-3:1993). Backwards compatible MPEG-2 Audio (MPEG-2 Part 3) with additional bit rates and sample rates was published in 1995 (ISO/IEC 13818-3:1995).

Q1: Who designed MP3?
A1: Moving Picture Experts Group
Q2: What was the first standard that this group had?
A2: MPEG-1
Q3: The first standard later developed into which standard?
A3: MPEG-2
Q4: When was the draft passed to have MPEG-1 Audio approved as a standard?
A4: 1991
Q5: When was MPEG-2 Audio finally published?
A5: 1995
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

MPEG-1 or MPEG-2 Audio Layer III, more commonly referred to as MP3, is an audio coding format for digital audio which uses a form of lossy data compression. It is a common audio format for consumer audio streaming or storage, as well as a de facto standard of digital audio compression for the transfer and playback of music on most digital audio players.

Q1: What is the common name for MPEG-2 Audio Layer III?
A1: MP3
Q2: What kind of audio is the coding format for?
A2: digital
Q3: Other than storage, what is the common audio format used for?
A3: consumer audio streaming
Q4: What does MP3 use to format it's data?
A4: lossy data compression
Q5: Where will MP3 files most commonly be found?
A5: digital audio players
Title: Textual_criticism
Topic: Language and literature

Maas comments further that "A dictation revised by the author must be regarded as equivalent to an autograph manuscript". The lack of autograph manuscripts applies to many cultures other than Greek and Roman. In such a situation, a key objective becomes the identification of the first exemplar before any split in the tradition. That exemplar is known as the archetype. "If we succeed in establishing the text of [the archetype], the constitutio (reconstruction of the original) is considerably advanced.

Q1: What is the first goal when attempting to analyze a new text?
A1: identification of the first exemplar
Q2: Why is finding the first exemplar important in textual criticism?
A2: split in the tradition
Q3: The exemplar is otherwise known as what?
A3: the archetype
Q4: The final product of reconstruction is known as what?
A4: the constitutio
Title: Macintosh
Topic: Engineering and technology

Mac OS continued to evolve up to version 9.2.2, including retrofits such as the addition of a nanokernel and support for Multiprocessing Services 2.0 in Mac OS 8.6, though its dated architecture made replacement necessary. Initially developed in the Pascal programming language, it was substantially rewritten in C++ for System 7. From its beginnings on an 8 MHz machine with 128 KB of RAM, it had grown to support Apple's latest 1 GHz G4-equipped Macs. Since its architecture was laid down, features that were already common on Apple's competition, like preemptive multitasking and protected memory, had become feasible on the kind of hardware Apple manufactured. As such, Apple introduced Mac OS X, a fully overhauled Unix-based successor to Mac OS 9. OS X uses Darwin, XNU, and Mach as foundations, and is based on NeXTSTEP. It was released to the public in September 2000, as the Mac OS X Public Beta, featuring a revamped user interface called "Aqua". At US$29.99, it allowed adventurous Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release. The initial version of Mac OS X, 10.0 "Cheetah", was released on March 24, 2001. Older Mac OS applications could still run under early Mac OS X versions, using an environment called "Classic". Subsequent releases of Mac OS X included 10.1 "Puma" (2001), 10.2 "Jaguar" (2002), 10.3 "Panther" (2003) and 10.4 "Tiger" (2005).

Q1: What did dated architecture on the Mac OS line make necessary?
A1: replacement
Q2: What programming language was the Mac OS initially developed in?
A2: Pascal
Q3: What language replaced Pascal for System 7?
A3: C++
Q4: What was the fuly overhauled successor to Mac OS 9?
A4: Mac OS X
Q5: Upon release, what interface allowed Mac users to sample Apple's new operating system and provide feedback for the actual release?
A5: Aqua
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Mach argued that, in effect, the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe would remain flat. But if another object were introduced into this universe, perhaps a distant star, there would now be something relative to which the bucket could be seen as rotating. The water inside the bucket could possibly have a slight curve. To account for the curve that we observe, an increase in the number of objects in the universe also increases the curvature in the water. Mach argued that the momentum of an object, whether angular or linear, exists as a result of the sum of the effects of other objects in the universe (Mach's Principle).

Q1: What did Mach argue about the water experiment in an otherwise empty universe?
A1: would remain flat
Q2: What did Mach argue would happen if another object were introduce in the bucket's universe?
A2: the bucket could be seen as rotating
Q3: What does the increase in the number of objects in the universe do to the curvature of the water?
A3: increases the curvature
Q4: The Mach argument is called what?
A4: Mach's Principle
Q5: Mach argued that the momentum of an object exists as a result of the sum of the effects of what?
A5: effects of other objects in the universe
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Mach suggested that thought experiments like the bucket argument are problematic. If we were to imagine a universe that only contains a bucket, on Newton's account, this bucket could be set to spin relative to absolute space, and the water it contained would form the characteristic concave surface. But in the absence of anything else in the universe, it would be difficult to confirm that the bucket was indeed spinning. It seems equally possible that the surface of the water in the bucket would remain flat.

Q1: How did Mach describe thought experiments like the bucket argument?
A1: problematic
Q2: What is difficult to confirm about the bucket in the absence of anything else in the universe?
A2: that the bucket was indeed spinning
Q3: What was equally possible about the surface of the water in the bucket?
A3: would remain flat.
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Machine languages and the assembly languages that represent them (collectively termed low-level programming languages) tend to be unique to a particular type of computer. For instance, an ARM architecture computer (such as may be found in a PDA or a hand-held videogame) cannot understand the machine language of an Intel Pentium or the AMD Athlon 64 computer that might be in a PC.

Q1: An ARM architecture computer can be found in what?
A1: a PDA or a hand-held videogame
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

Machine vision systems often require bright and homogeneous illumination, so features of interest are easier to process. LEDs are often used for this purpose, and this is likely to remain one of their major uses until the price drops low enough to make signaling and illumination uses more widespread. Barcode scanners are the most common example of machine vision, and many low cost products use red LEDs instead of lasers. Optical computer mice are an example of LEDs in machine vision, as it is used to provide an even light source on the surface for the miniature camera within the mouse. LEDs constitute a nearly ideal light source for machine vision systems for several reasons:

Q1: LEDs are often used for what type of systems?
A1: Machine vision
Q2: Why are LEDs preferred for machine vision systems?
A2: so features of interest are easier to process
Q3: What can help make LEDs more widely used?
A3: price drops
Q4: What is the most common example of a machine vision system?
A4: Barcode scanners
Q5: Where are some LEDs in machine vision systems found?
A5: Optical computer mice
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

Madaris were largely centred on the study of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence). The ijāzat al-tadrīs wa-al-iftāʼ ("licence to teach and issue legal opinions") in the medieval Islamic legal education system had its origins in the 9th century after the formation of the madhāhib (schools of jurisprudence). George Makdisi considers the ijāzah to be the origin of the European doctorate. However, in an earlier article, he considered the ijāzah to be of "fundamental difference" to the medieval doctorate, since the former was awarded by an individual teacher-scholar not obliged to follow any formal criteria, whereas the latter was conferred on the student by the collective authority of the faculty. To obtain an ijāzah, a student "had to study in a guild school of law, usually four years for the basic undergraduate course" and ten or more years for a post-graduate course. The "doctorate was obtained after an oral examination to determine the originality of the candidate's theses", and to test the student's "ability to defend them against all objections, in disputations set up for the purpose." These were scholarly exercises practised throughout the student's "career as a graduate student of law." After students completed their post-graduate education, they were awarded ijazas giving them the status of faqīh 'scholar of jurisprudence', muftī 'scholar competent in issuing fatwās', and mudarris 'teacher'.

Q1: What term refers to Islamic law?
A1: fiqh
Q2: When did Islamic law school begin?
A2: 9th century
Q3: How long did a student have to study law, in early Islamic law graduate schools, in order to graduate?
A3: ten or more years
Q4: What traditional schooling has been considered modeled after the traditional Islamic graduate schools?
A4: European doctorate
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna Louise Ciccone (/tʃɪˈkoʊni/; Italian: [tʃikˈkoːne]; born August 16, 1958) is an American singer, songwriter, actress, and businesswoman. She achieved popularity by pushing the boundaries of lyrical content in mainstream popular music and imagery in her music videos, which became a fixture on MTV. Madonna is known for reinventing both her music and image, and for maintaining her autonomy within the recording industry. Music critics have acclaimed her musical productions, which have generated some controversy. Often referred to as the "Queen of Pop", she is often cited as an influence by other artists.

Q1: What is Madonna's real name?
A1: Madonna Louise Ciccone
Q2: When was Madonna born?
A2: August 16, 1958
Q3: Which is the other name that Madonna is always referred as?
A3: Queen of Pop
Q4: Madonna became a fixture on which TV channel?
A4: MTV
Q5: Who is known for maintaining her autonomy and reinventing her image in the music industry?
A5: Madonna
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna also began work on her thirteenth studio album, with collaborators including Avicii, Diplo and Natalia Kills. In December 2014, thirteen demos recorded for the album leaked onto the Internet. She posted in response that half of the tracks would not be used on the final release, while the other half had "changed and evolved". The album, titled Rebel Heart, was released on March 10, 2015. From September 2015, she embarked on the Rebel Heart Tour to promote the album; the tour ended in March 2016 and traveled throughout North America, Europe and Asia and was the singer's first visit to Australia in 23 years, where she also performed a one-off show for her fans. It grossed a total of $169.8 million from the 82 shows, with over 1.045 million ticket sales. While on tour Madonna became embroiled in a legal battle with Ritchie, over the custody of her son Rocco. The dispute started when Rocco decided to continue living at England with Ritchie when the Rebel Heart Tour had visited there, while Madonna wanted him to return with her. Court hearings took place in both New York and London, and after multiple deliberations, Madonna decided to withdraw her application for custody, and appealed for a mutual discussion between herself and Ritchie about Rocco.

Q1: When did Madonna's album demo leaked online?
A1: December 2014
Q2: What is Madonna's thirteenth album called?
A2: Rebel Heart
Q3: When was Rebel Heart released?
A3: March 10, 2015
Q4: When did Madonna embark on the Rebel Heart Tour?
A4: September 2015
Q5: How much did Rebel Heart Tour grossed?
A5: $169.8 million
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna embarked on the Confessions Tour in May 2006, which had a global audience of 1.2 million and grossed over $193.7 million, becoming the highest-grossing tour to that date for a female artist. Madonna used religious symbols, such as the crucifix and Crown of Thorns, in the performance of "Live to Tell". It caused the Russian Orthodox Church and the Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia to urge all their members to boycott her concert. At the same time, the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) announced officially that Madonna had sold over 200 million copies for her albums alone worldwide.

Q1: When did the Confessions Tour start?
A1: May 2006
Q2: How much did the Confessions Tour make?
A2: over $193.7 million
Q3: Why did the Russian Orthodox Church and Federation of Jewish Communities of Russian asked members to boycott the concert?
A3: used religious symbols
Q4: It was confirmed by IFPI that Madonna officially sold how many albums worldwide?
A4: over 200 million
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna entered mainstream films in February 1985, beginning with a brief appearance as a club singer in Vision Quest, a romantic drama film. Its soundtrack contained two new singles, her U.S. number-one single, "Crazy for You" and "Gambler". She also appeared in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan in March 1985, a film which introduced the song "Into the Groove", her first number one single in the United Kingdom. Although Madonna was not the lead actress for the film, her profile was such that the movie widely became considered (and marketed) as a Madonna vehicle. The New York Times film critic Vincent Canby named it one of the ten best films of 1985.

Q1: When did Madonna enter mainstream films?
A1: February 1985
Q2: What is the name of the romantic drama film that Madonna starred in?
A2: Vision Quest
Q3: When did Madonna appear in the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan?
A3: March 1985
Q4: What is the name of Madonna's two new singles?
A4: "Crazy for You" and "Gambler"
Q5: What song did the comedy Desperately Seeking Susan promote?
A5: "Into the Groove"
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna experimented with more folk and acoustic music in Music (2000) and American Life (2003). A change was noted in the content of the songs in Music, with most of them being simple love songs, but with an underlying tone of melancholy. According to Q magazine, American Life was characterized by "a thumping techno rhythm, liquid keyboard lines, an acoustic chorus and a bizarre Madonna rap." The "conventional rock songs" of the album were suffused with dramatic lyrics about patriotism and composition, including the appearance of a gospel choir in the song "Nothing Fails". Madonna returned to pure dance songs with Confessions on a Dance Floor, infusing club beats and retro music with the lyrics about paradoxical metaphors and reference to her earlier works. Madonna moved to urban direction with Hard Candy (2008), mixing R&B and hip hop music with dance tunes. MDNA (2012) largely focused in electronic dance music, which she has embraced since Ray of Light.

Q1: What type of music did Madonna experimented with in Music?
A1: folk and acoustic
Q2: Most of the songs in Music are what type of songs?
A2: simple love songs,
Q3: What type of songs are in Confessions of a Dance floor?
A3: dance songs
Q4: What type of songs does Hard Candy have?
A4: urban direction
Q5: MDNA focuses on which type of music?
A5: electronic dance music
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna gave another provocative performance later that year at the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards, while singing "Hollywood" with Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, and Missy Elliott. Madonna sparked controversy for kissing Spears and Aguilera suggestively during the performance. In October 2003, Madonna provided guest vocals on Spears' single "Me Against the Music". It was followed with the release of Remixed & Revisited. The EP contained remixed versions of songs from American Life and included "Your Honesty", a previously unreleased track from the Bedtime Stories recording sessions. Madonna also signed a contract with Callaway Arts & Entertainment to be the author of five children's books. The first of these books, titled The English Roses, was published in September 2003. The story was about four English schoolgirls and their envy and jealousy of each other. Kate Kellway from The Guardian commented, "[Madonna] is an actress playing at what she can never be—a JK Rowling, an English rose." The book debuted at the top of The New York Times Best Seller list and became the fastest-selling children's picture book of all time.

Q1: Who did Madonna kiss at the MTV Video Music Awards?
A1: Spears and Aguilera
Q2: When did Madonna collaborated as guest vocals for Spears single?
A2: October 2003
Q3: Madonna signed a contract with Callaway Arts and Entertainment to be a writer of what type of books?
A3: children's books
Q4: What was the title of the first book Madonna penned?
A4: The English Roses,
Q5: When was the The English Roses published?
A5: September 2003
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna has received acclaim as a role model for businesswomen in her industry, "achieving the kind of financial control that women had long fought for within the industry", and generating over $1.2 billion in sales within the first decade of her career. Professor Colin Barrow from Cranfield School of Management described Madonna as "America's smartest businesswoman ... who has moved to the top of her industry and stayed there by constantly reinventing herself." London Business School academics called her a "dynamic entrepreneur" worth copying; they identified her vision of success, her understanding of the music industry, her ability to recognize her own performance limits (and thus bring in help), her willingness to work hard and her ability to adapt as the keys to her commercial success. Morton wrote that "Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative, and ruthless—somebody who won't stop until she gets what she wants—and that's something you can get at the expense of maybe losing your close ones. But that hardly mattered to her." Hazel Blackmore and Rafael Fernández de Castro in the book ¿Qué es Estados Unidos? from the Fondo de Cultura Económica, noted: "Madonna has been undoubtedly the most important woman in the history of popular music and a great businesswoman in herself; creating fashion, breaking taboos and provoking controversies."

Q1: Who is an acclaim role model business woman?
A1: Madonna
Q2: Madonna generated how much in sales in the first 10 years of her career?
A2: $1.2 billion in
Q3: Who called Madonna a dynamic entrepreneur?
A3: London Business School academics
Q4: Who wrote that Madonna is opportunistic, manipulative and ruthless?
A4: Morton
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna has sold more than 300 million records worldwide. The Guinness World Records acknowledged her as the best-selling female recording artist and the fourth best-selling act of all time, behind The Beatles, Elvis Presley, and Michael Jackson. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), she is the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second top-selling female albums artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. Madonna is the most certified artist of all time in United Kingdom, with 45 awards from the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) as of April 2013. Billboard named Madonna as the top touring female artist of all time. She is also the highest grossing solo touring artist, with over $1.31 billion in concert gross, starting from the Blond Ambition World Tour; she first crossed a billion gross with The MDNA Tour. Overall, Madonna ranks third on all-time top-grossing Billboard Boxscore list, with just The Rolling Stones ($1.84 billion) and U2 ($1.67 billion) ahead of her. Madonna has been honored with 20 MTV Video Music Awards—the most for any artist—including the lifetime achievement Video Vanguard Award in 1986.

Q1: Madonna sold how many albums worldwide?
A1: 300 million records
Q2: Who is the best selling female rock artist in the 20th century?
A2: Madonna
Q3: Who named Madonna as the top female touring artist of all time?
A3: Billboard
Q4: How much did Madonna make in all her concerts together?
A4: $1.31 billion
Q5: How many MTV video music awards does Madonna have?
A5: 20
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna holds the record for the most number-ones on all combined Billboard charts, including twelve number-one songs on the Billboard Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the Billboard 200. With 45 songs topping the Hot Dance Club Songs chart, Madonna became the artist with the most number-one songs on an active Billboard chart, pulling ahead of George Strait with 44 number-one songs on the Hot Country Songs chart. She has also scored 38 top-ten singles on the Hot 100, more than any other artist in history. In 2008, Billboard magazine ranked her at number two, behind The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart.

Q1: Who holds the record for the most number 1 hits?
A1: Madonna
Q2: How many songs does Madonna have on the Hot Dance Club Songs Chart?
A2: 45
Q3: Who has the most number one songs in an active BiIlboard chart?
A3: Madonna
Q4: How many top 10 singles on the Hot 100 does Madonna have?
A4: 38
Q5: Who is the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart?
A5: Madonna
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna is dedicated to Kabbalah, and in 2004 she adopted the name Esther which in Persian means "star". She has donated millions of dollars to New York and London schools teaching the subject. She faced opposition from rabbis who felt Madonna's adoption of the Kabbalah was sacrilegious and a case of celebrity dilettantism. Madonna defended her studies, saying: "It would be less controversial if I joined the Nazi Party", and that her involvement with the Kabbalah is "not hurting anybody". The influence of the Kabbalah was subsequently observed in Madonna's music, especially albums like Ray of Light and Music. During the Re-Invention World Tour, at one point in the show, Madonna and her dancers wore T-shirts that read "Kabbalists Do It Better". Her 2012 MDNA album has also drawn many influences from her Catholic upbringing, and since 2011 she has been attending meetings and services at an Opus Dei center, a Catholic institution that encourages spirituality through every day life.

Q1: Which religion was Madonna dedicated to?
A1: Kabbalah
Q2: Which year did she adopt the name Esther?
A2: 2004
Q3: The influence of Kabbalah is seen in which album?
A3: Ray of Light
Q4: Where did Madonna attend Catholic services in 2011?
A4: Opus Dei center
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna moved in with boyfriend John "Jellybean" Benitez, asking his help for finishing the album's production. Benitez remixed most of the tracks and produced "Holiday", which was her third single and her first global hit. The overall sound of Madonna was dissonant and in the form of upbeat synthetic disco, using some of the new technology of the time, like the Linn drum machine, Moog bass and the OB-X synthesizer. The album was released in July 1983 and peaked at number eight on the Billboard 200 six months later, in 1984. It yielded two more hit singles, "Borderline" and "Lucky Star".

Q1: Who was the boyfriend that Madonna moved in with?
A1: John "Jellybean" Benitez
Q2: Who remixed most of Madonna's album tracks?
A2: Benitez
Q3: Which song was Madonna's first global hit?
A3: Holiday
Q4: When was Madonna's album released?
A4: July 1983
Q5: Which number did Madonna's album peaked at the Billboard 800 six months later?
A5: eight
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna performed at the Hope for Haiti Now: A Global Benefit for Earthquake Relief concert in January 2010. In April she released her third live album, Sticky & Sweet Tour. It was her first release under Live Nation, but was distributed by Warner Bros. Madonna granted American TV show Glee the rights to her entire catalogue of music, and the producers planned an episode featuring Madonna songs exclusively. Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna, an EP containing eight cover versions of Madonna songs featured in the episode, was released afterward and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200.

Q1: When did Madonna perform at the Hope for Haiti Now?
A1: January 2010
Q2: What album did Madonna released in April 2010?
A2: Sticky & Sweet Tour
Q3: Madonna granted which TV show the rights to her entire catalog of music?
A3: Glee
Q4: What is the name of the episode of Glee that featured Madonna's songs?
A4: Glee: The Music, The Power of Madonna
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna released her eleventh studio album, Hard Candy, in April 2008. Containing R&B and urban pop influences, the songs on Hard Candy were autobiographical in nature and saw Madonna collaborating with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate "Danja" Hills. The album debuted at number one in thirty seven countries and on the Billboard 200. Don Shewey from Rolling Stone complimented it as an "impressive taste of her upcoming tour." It received generally positive reviews worldwide though some critics panned it as "an attempt to harness the urban market".

Q1: What was the name of Madonna's eleventh album?
A1: Hard Candy
Q2: When was Hard Candy released?
A2: April 2008
Q3: Hard Candy debuted at number one in how many countries?
A3: thirty seven
Q4: Madonna worked with Justin Timberlake, Timbaland, Pharrell Williams and Nate Hills for which album?
A4: Hard Candy
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna released the Material Girl clothing line, which she designed with her daughter, Lourdes. The 1980s inspired clothing line, borrowed from Madonna's punk-girl style when she rose to fame in the 1980s, was released under the Macy's label. Madonna also opened a series of fitness centers around the world named Hard Candy Fitness. In November 2011, Madonna and MG Icon announced the release of a second fashion brand called Truth or Dare by Madonna to include footwear, underclothing, and accessories. She also directed her second feature film, W.E., a biographic about the affair between King Edward VIII and Wallis Simpson; it was co-written with Alek Keshishian. Critical and commercial response to the film was negative. Madonna contributed the ballad "Masterpiece" for the film's soundtrack, which won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.

Q1: What is the name of the clothing line Madonna released with her daughter?
A1: Material Girl
Q2: Material Girl clothing line is released under which brand?
A2: Macy's
Q3: What is the name of the fitness gyms that Madonna opened?
A3: Hard Candy Fitness
Q4: When did Madonna released her second clothing line?
A4: November 2011
Q5: What is the name of the second film that Madonna directed?
A5: W.E.
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Madonna released the song "Hey You" for the Live Earth series of concerts. The song was available as a free download during its first week of release. She also performed it at the London Live Earth concert. Madonna announced her departure from Warner Bros. Records, and a new $120 million, ten-year 360 deal with Live Nation. She produced and wrote I Am Because We Are, a documentary on the problems faced by Malawians. The documentary was directed by Nathan Rissman, who worked as Madonna's gardener. She also directed her first film Filth and Wisdom. The plot of the film revolved around three friends and their aspirations. The Times said she had "done herself proud" while The Daily Telegraph described the film as "not an entirely unpromising first effort [but] Madonna would do well to hang on to her day job." In December 2007, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame announced Madonna as one of the five inductees of 2008. At the induction ceremony on March 10, 2008, Madonna did not sing but asked fellow Hall of Fame inductees and Michigan natives The Stooges to perform her songs "Burning Up" and "Ray of Light". She thanked Christopher Flynn, her dance teacher from 35 years earlier, for his encouragement to follow her dreams.

Q1: What song did Madonna release for the Live Earth series of concerts?
A1: Hey You
Q2: Madonna had a new 10 year, $120 million record deal with which company?
A2: Live Nation
Q3: What was the documentary Madonna produced and wrote about the Malawis?
A3: I Am Because We Are
Q4: What is the name of the first film Madonna directed?
A4: Filth and Wisdom
Q5: Who was one of the five inductees of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame?
A5: Madonna