LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

Meanwhile, with the advent and popularity of Internet-based distribution of files in lossily-compressed audio formats such as MP3, sales of CDs began to decline in the 2000s. For example, between 2000 - 2008, despite overall growth in music sales and one anomalous year of increase, major-label CD sales declined overall by 20%, although independent and DIY music sales may be tracking better according to figures released 30 March 2009, and CDs still continue to sell greatly. As of 2012, CDs and DVDs made up only 34 percent of music sales in the United States. In Japan, however, over 80 percent of music was bought on CDs and other physical formats as of 2015.

Q1: What portion of music sales did CDs and DVDs account for in the United States as of 2012?
A1: 34 percent
Q2: Which country attributes over 80 percent of its music sales to physical formats?
A2: Japan
Q3: How are MP3s compressed?
A3: lossily-compressed
Q4: When did CD sales experience their original decline?
A4: 2000s
Q5: What has caused a decrease in CD sales?
A5: Internet-based distribution of files
Title: Lighting
Topic: Engineering and technology

Measurement of light or photometry is generally concerned with the amount of useful light falling on a surface and the amount of light emerging from a lamp or other source, along with the colors that can be rendered by this light. The human eye responds differently to light from different parts of the visible spectrum, therefore photometric measurements must take the luminosity function into account when measuring the amount of useful light. The basic SI unit of measurement is the candela (cd), which describes the luminous intensity, all other photometric units are derived from the candela. Luminance for instance is a measure of the density of luminous intensity in a given direction. It describes the amount of light that passes through or is emitted from a particular area, and falls within a given solid angle. The SI unit for luminance is candela per square metre (cd/m2). The CGS unit of luminance is the stilb, which is equal to one candela per square centimetre or 10 kcd/m2. The amount of useful light emitted from a source or the luminous flux is measured in lumen (lm).

Q1: What is the basic SI unit of measurement?
A1: candela (cd)
Q2: What is the SI unit for lumiance?
A2: cd/m2
Q3: What is the CGS unit of lumiance?
A3: stilb
Q4: What is the amount of useful light emitted from a luminous flux measured in? 
A4: lumen (lm)
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Measures, which were the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011, were assented to by the Queen by means of an Order in Council. Section 102 of the Government of Wales Act 2006 required the Clerk to the Assembly to present measures passed by the assembly after a four-week period during which the Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General could refer the proposed measure to the Supreme Court for a decision as to whether the measure was within the assembly's legislative competence.

Q1: What was the name of the method by which Wales passed legislation in the 2000's?
A1: Measures
Q2: After a four-week period, who could refer a proposed measure to the Supreme Court?
A2: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Q3: What were "measures" in Wales?
A3: the means by which the National Assembly for Wales passed legislation between 2006 and 2011
Q4: During which years were measures used in order to pass legislation in Wales?
A4: 2006 and 2011
Q5: In Wales, who had the capability of submitting a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Counsel General for Wales or the Attorney General
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

Measuring corruption statistically is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. While "corruption" indices first appeared in 1995 with the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI, all of these metrics address different proxies for corruption, such as public perceptions of the extent of the problem.

Q1: Why is it difficult to measure corruption?
A1: imprecise definitions of corruption
Q2: When did indices on corruption first appear?
A2: 1995
Q3: What was the first index on corruption, in 1995?
A3: the Corruption Perceptions Index CPI
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Mechanical analog computers started appearing in the first century and were later used in the medieval era for astronomical calculations. In World War II, mechanical analog computers were used for specialized military applications such as calculating torpedo aiming. During this time the first electronic digital computers were developed. Originally they were the size of a large room, consuming as much power as several hundred modern personal computers (PCs).

Q1: What were analog computers originally used for?
A1: astronomical calculations
Q2: During what war were computers first used for military applications?
A2: World War II,
Q3: In computer terms, what does PC stand for?
A3: personal computers
Q4: During what war were the first digital computers invented?
A4: World War II
Title: Paper
Topic: Natural sciences

Mechanical pulping yields almost a tonne of pulp per tonne of dry wood used, which is why mechanical pulps are sometimes referred to as "high yield" pulps. With almost twice the yield as chemical pulping, mechanical pulps is often cheaper. Mass-market paperback books and newspapers tend to use mechanical papers. Book publishers tend to use acid-free paper, made from fully bleached chemical pulps for hardback and trade paperback books.

Q1: How many times more yield does the mechanical pulping process produce when compared to to the chemical pulping process?
A1: twice
Q2: What type of process is used to produce most paper used in paperback books?
A2: Mechanical
Q3: What level of acid is usually found in the paper used by book publishers?
A3: acid-free
Title: Capacitor
Topic: Engineering and technology

Mechanically controlled variable capacitors allow the plate spacing to be adjusted, for example by rotating or sliding a set of movable plates into alignment with a set of stationary plates. Low cost variable capacitors squeeze together alternating layers of aluminum and plastic with a screw. Electrical control of capacitance is achievable with varactors (or varicaps), which are reverse-biased semiconductor diodes whose depletion region width varies with applied voltage. They are used in phase-locked loops, amongst other applications.

Q1: What do mechanically controlled variable capacitors enable to be modified?
A1: the plate spacing
Q2: How do cheap variable capacitors vary the separation distance between layers of a plastic and aluminum?
A2: with a screw
Q3: Of what type of diodes are varactors or varicaps comprised?
A3: reverse-biased semiconductor diodes
Q4: What varies as a function of voltage in varactors?
A4: depletion region
Q5: What is an application of varactors?
A5: phase-locked loops
Title: BBC_Television
Topic: Media and drama

Mechanically scanned, 30-line television broadcasts by John Logie Baird began in 1929, using the BBC transmitter in London, and by 1930 a regular schedule of programmes was transmitted from the BBC antenna in Brookmans Park. Television production was switched from Baird's company to what is now known as BBC One on 2 August 1932, and continued until September 1935. Regularly scheduled electronically scanned television began from Alexandra Palace in London on 2 November 1936, to just a few hundred viewers in the immediate area. The first programme broadcast – and thus the first ever, on a dedicated TV channel – was "Opening of the BBC Television Service" at 15:00. The first major outside broadcast was the coronation of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth in May 1937. The service was reaching an estimated 25,000–40,000 homes before the outbreak of World War II which caused the service to be suspended in September 1939. The VHF broadcasts would have provided an ideal radio beacon for German bombers homing in on London, and the engineers and technicians of the service would be needed for the war effort, in particular the radar programme.

Q1: Where was the BBC's transmitter located in 1930?
A1: Brookmans Park
Q2: When did the BBC start broadcasting under the name BBC One?
A2: 2 August 1932
Q3: What was the title of the first show seen on the BBC?
A3: Opening of the BBC Television Service
Q4: Which members of British royalty were seen on the BBC in May of 1937?
A4: King George VI and Queen Elizabeth
Q5: When did the BBC cease broadcasts due to World War II?
A5: September 1939
Title: USB
Topic: Engineering and technology

Media Transfer Protocol (MTP) was designed by Microsoft to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem than USB mass storage, at the level of files rather than disk blocks. It also has optional DRM features. MTP was designed for use with portable media players, but it has since been adopted as the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system from the version 4.1 Jelly Bean as well as Windows Phone 8 (Windows Phone 7 devices had used the Zune protocol which was an evolution of MTP). The primary reason for this is that MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does, alleviating potential problems should an Android program request the storage while it is attached to a computer. The main drawback is that MTP is not as well supported outside of Windows operating systems.

Q1: Media Transfer Protocol was designed by who?
A1: Microsoft
Q2: Why was Media Transfer Protocol designed?
A2: to give higher-level access to a device's filesystem
Q3: What was MTP originally designed for?
A3: use with portable media players
Q4: Why has MTP become the primary storage access protocol of the Android operating system?
A4: MTP does not require exclusive access to the storage device the way UMS does
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Media anthropology (also known as anthropology of media or mass media) emphasizes ethnographic studies as a means of understanding producers, audiences, and other cultural and social aspects of mass media. The types of ethnographic contexts explored range from contexts of media production (e.g., ethnographies of newsrooms in newspapers, journalists in the field, film production) to contexts of media reception, following audiences in their everyday responses to media. Other types include cyber anthropology, a relatively new area of internet research, as well as ethnographies of other areas of research which happen to involve media, such as development work, social movements, or health education. This is in addition to many classic ethnographic contexts, where media such as radio, the press, new media and television have started to make their presences felt since the early 1990s.

Q1: What type of anthropology tries to understand the social aspects of mass media?
A1: Media anthropology
Q2: Media production and media reception are examples of what type of context?
A2: ethnographic
Q3: What type of anthropology involves the relatively new area of internet search?
A3: cyber
Q4: Media such as a radio and television have started to make their presences felt since what years?
A4: early 1990s
Q5: Following audiences in their everyday responses to media is encompassed by what type of context?
A5: media reception
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

Media files are stored on an iPod in a hidden folder, along with a proprietary database file. The hidden content can be accessed on the host operating system by enabling hidden files to be shown. The media files can then be recovered manually by copying the files or folders off the iPod. Many third-party applications also allow easy copying of media files off of an iPod.

Q1: In what kind of folder are files located in the iPod?
A1: hidden
Q2: On what kind of operating system can hidden iPod files be accessed?
A2: host
Q3: What method of file recovery is used to retrieve data from the iPod?
A3: manual
Title: Comcast
Topic: Geography and places

Media outlets began reporting in late September 2009 that Comcast was in talks to buy NBCUniversal. Comcast denied the rumors at first, while NBC would not comment on them. However, CNBC itself reported on October 1 that General Electric was considering spinning NBCUniversal off into a separate company that would merge the NBC television network and its cable properties such as USA Network, Syfy and MSNBC with Comcast's content assets. GE would maintain 49% control of the new company, while Comcast owned 51%. Vivendi, which owns 20%, would have to sell its stake to GE. It was reported that under the current deal with GE that it would happen in November or December. It was also reported that Time Warner would be interested in placing a bid, until CEO Jeffrey L. Bewkes directly denied interest, leaving Comcast the sole bidder. On November 1, 2009, The New York Times reported Comcast had moved closer to a deal to purchase NBCUniversal and that a formal announcement could be made sometime the following week.

Q1: What media conglomerate did Comcast begin preliminary talks to buy in 2009?
A1: NBCUniversal
Q2: What was NBC's parent company in 2009?
A2: General Electric
Q3: What ownership stake did Ccomcast get in this deal?
A3: 51%
Q4: What company was forced to sell its interest in NBCUniversal as part of the purchase deal?
A4: Vivendi
Q5: What other cable company was reputed to have an interest in NBCUniversal?
A5: Time Warner
Title: The_Legend_of_Zelda:_Twilight_Princess
Topic: Video games

Media requests at the trade show prompted Kondo to consider using orchestral music for the other tracks in the game as well, a notion reinforced by his preference for live instruments. He originally envisioned a full 50-person orchestra for action sequences and a string quartet for more "lyrical moments", though the final product used sequenced music instead. Kondo later cited the lack of interactivity that comes with orchestral music as one of the main reasons for the decision. Both six- and seven-track versions of the game's soundtrack were released on November 19, 2006, as part of a Nintendo Power promotion and bundled with replicas of the Master Sword and the Hylian Shield.

Q1: What kind of instruments are favored by Kondo?
A1: live
Q2: How many people would be in the orchestra Kondo imagined using for the soundtrack?
A2: 50
Q3: When was the soundtrack of Twilight Princess made available?
A3: November 19, 2006
Q4: Which publication was associated with the soundtrack release?
A4: Nintendo Power
Q5: Who made the requests for Kondo to use orchestral music throughout the game?
A5: Media
Q6: When were track versions of the game's sountrack released?
A6: November 19, 2006
Q7: What were replicas of the Master Sword and Hylian Shield bundled with?
A7: soundtrack
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

Medical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. To train a cancer dog requires 6 months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.

Q1: What can trained dogs detect by sniffing a person or a sample of their urine?
A1: diseases
Q2: How much larger is a dog brain olfactory cortex when compared to humans?
A2: 40 times larger
Q3: A dog can detect smells in one part per what?
A3: trillion
Q4: How much larger is a dog's olfactory cortex than a person's?
A4: 40 times larger
Q5: How many cancer patients has Daisy detected?
A5: 551
Title: Mali
Topic: Geography and places

Medical facilities in Mali are very limited, and medicines are in short supply. Malaria and other arthropod-borne diseases are prevalent in Mali, as are a number of infectious diseases such as cholera and tuberculosis. Mali's population also suffers from a high rate of child malnutrition and a low rate of immunization. An estimated 1.9 percent of the adult and children population was afflicted with HIV/AIDS that year, among the lowest rates in Sub-Saharan Africa. An estimated 85–91 percent of Mali's girls and women have had female genital mutilation (2006 and 2001 data).

Q1: What are the two main prevalent infectious diseases of Mali?
A1: cholera and tuberculosis
Q2: what arthropod born disease has plagued the nation?
A2: Malaria
Q3: According to the data from 2001 to 2006 what percent of female genitalia are mutilated?
A3: 85–91
Q4: What Sexually transmitted disease afflicts roughly 1.9 percent of the population?
A4: HIV/AIDS
Q5: Malians suffer from malnutrition and low rates of what type of medical need?
A5: immunization
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Medicine, which was dominated by the Hippocratic tradition, saw new advances under Praxagoras of Kos, who theorized that blood traveled through the veins. Herophilos (335–280 BC) was the first to base his conclusions on dissection of the human body, animal vivisection and to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system, liver and other key organs. Inﬂuenced by Philinus of Cos (ﬂ. 250), a student of Herophilos, a new medical sect emerged, the Empiric school, which was based on strict observation and rejected unseen causes of the Dogmatic school.

Q1: Who theorized that blood traveled through the veins?
A1: Praxagoras of Kos
Q2: Who was the first to finalize his conclusions with dissections of cadevers?
A2: Herophilos
Q3: Which school of medicine was based on strict observation?
A3: Empiric
Q4: Who was the first to provide accurate descriptions of the nervous system?
A4: Herophilos
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Medicine: Findings from Neolithic graveyards in what is now Pakistan show evidence of proto-dentistry among an early farming culture. Ayurveda is a system of traditional medicine that originated in ancient India before 2500 BC, and is now practiced as a form of alternative medicine in other parts of the world. Its most famous text is the Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta, which is notable for describing procedures on various forms of surgery, including rhinoplasty, the repair of torn ear lobes, perineal lithotomy, cataract surgery, and several other excisions and other surgical procedures.

Q1: Where are the Neolithic graveyards?
A1: Pakistan
Q2: What do the findings in the graveyards show evidence of?
A2: proto-dentistry
Q3: What kind of medicine was practiced in India before 2500 BC?
A3: Ayurveda
Q4: What is the name of the text that has information regarding Ayurveda?
A4: Suśrutasamhitā of Suśruta
Q5: What information is in the Susrutasamhita of Susruta?
A5: surgical procedures
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

Medieval Cholas rose to prominence during the middle of the 9th century C.E. and established the greatest empire South India had seen. They successfully united the South India under their rule and through their naval strength extended their influence in the Southeast Asian countries such as Srivijaya. Under Rajaraja Chola I and his successors Rajendra Chola I, Rajadhiraja Chola, Virarajendra Chola and Kulothunga Chola I the dynasty became a military, economic and cultural power in South Asia and South-East Asia. Rajendra Chola I's navies went even further, occupying the sea coasts from Burma to Vietnam, the Andaman and Nicobar Islands, the Lakshadweep (Laccadive) islands, Sumatra, and the Malay Peninsula in Southeast Asia and the Pegu islands. The power of the new empire was proclaimed to the eastern world by the expedition to the Ganges which Rajendra Chola I undertook and by the occupation of cities of the maritime empire of Srivijaya in Southeast Asia, as well as by the repeated embassies to China. They dominated the political affairs of Sri Lanka for over two centuries through repeated invasions and occupation. They also had continuing trade contacts with the Arabs in the west and with the Chinese empire in the east. Rajaraja Chola I and his equally distinguished son Rajendra Chola I gave political unity to the whole of Southern India and established the Chola Empire as a respected sea power. Under the Cholas, the South India reached new heights of excellence in art, religion and literature. In all of these spheres, the Chola period marked the culmination of movements that had begun in an earlier age under the Pallavas. Monumental architecture in the form of majestic temples and sculpture in stone and bronze reached a finesse never before achieved in India.

Q1: What area did the Cholas unite in the 9th century?
A1: South India
Q2: What kind of power did the Chola dynasty become in south India?
A2: military, economic and cultural
Q3: In what area did the Chola Empire establish political unity?
A3: whole of Southern India
Q4: In what type of architecture did the Cholas excel? 
A4: Monumental
Q5: From their contacts and conquests in surrounding sea areas, what did this establish the Chola empire as? 
A5: sea power
Title: Political_philosophy
Topic: History

Medieval political philosophy in Europe was heavily influenced by Christian thinking. It had much in common with the Mutazalite Islamic thinking in that the Roman Catholics though subordinating philosophy to theology did not subject reason to revelation but in the case of contradictions, subordinated reason to faith as the Asharite of Islam. The Scholastics by combining the philosophy of Aristotle with the Christianity of St. Augustine emphasized the potential harmony inherent in reason and revelation. Perhaps the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe was St. Thomas Aquinas who helped reintroduce Aristotle's works, which had only been transmitted to Catholic Europe through Muslim Spain, along with the commentaries of Averroes. Aquinas's use of them set the agenda, for scholastic political philosophy dominated European thought for centuries even unto the Renaissance.

Q1: What was heavily influenced by Christian thinking?
A1: Medieval political philosophy in Europe
Q2: Medieval political philosophy had much in common with what type of thinking?
A2: Mutazalite Islamic thinking
Q3: Who was the most influential political philosopher of medieval Europe? 
A3: St. Thomas Aquinas
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

Medieval thought experiments into the idea of a vacuum considered whether a vacuum was present, if only for an instant, between two flat plates when they were rapidly separated. There was much discussion of whether the air moved in quickly enough as the plates were separated, or, as Walter Burley postulated, whether a 'celestial agent' prevented the vacuum arising. The commonly held view that nature abhorred a vacuum was called horror vacui. Speculation that even God could not create a vacuum if he wanted to was shut down[clarification needed] by the 1277 Paris condemnations of Bishop Etienne Tempier, which required there to be no restrictions on the powers of God, which led to the conclusion that God could create a vacuum if he so wished. Jean Buridan reported in the 14th century that teams of ten horses could not pull open bellows when the port was sealed.

Q1: Who required no restrictions regarding God's power?
A1: Bishop Etienne Tempier
Q2: When did Buridan state that teams of ten horses could not open a bellow with a sealed port?
A2: 14th century
Q3: the 1277 Paris Condemnations led to what conclusion?
A3: God could create a vacuum if he so wished.
Q4: What was a common belief about vacuums and nature?
A4: nature abhorred a vacuum
Q5: what was the belief that nature abhorred a vaccuum called?
A5: horror vacui
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Medieval writers divided history into periods such as the "Six Ages" or the "Four Empires", and considered their time to be the last before the end of the world. When referring to their own times, they spoke of them as being "modern". In the 1330s, the humanist and poet Petrarch referred to pre-Christian times as antiqua (or "ancient") and to the Christian period as nova (or "new"). Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodisation in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Bruni and later historians argued that Italy had recovered since Petrarch's time, and therefore added a third period to Petrarch's two. The "Middle Ages" first appears in Latin in 1469 as media tempestas or "middle season". In early usage, there were many variants, including medium aevum, or "middle age", first recorded in 1604, and media saecula, or "middle ages", first recorded in 1625. The alternative term "medieval" (or occasionally "mediaeval") derives from medium aevum. Tripartite periodisation became standard after the German 17th century historian Christoph Cellarius divided history into three periods: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern.

Q1: Along with the Six Ages, what other scheme did writers in the Middle Ages use to divide history?
A1: Four Empires
Q2: What writer referred to the Christian period as new?
A2: Petrarch
Q3: Who wrote the History of the Florentine People?
A3: Leonardo Bruni
Q4: When was the History of the Florentine People published?
A4: 1442
Q5: Who first divided history into the ancient, medieval and modern periods?
A5: Christoph Cellarius
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

Medievalist specialists who define the university as a legally autonomous corporation disagree with the term "university" for the Islamic madaris and jāmi‘ahs because the medieval university (from Latin universitas) was structurally different, being a legally autonomous corporation rather than a waqf institution like the madrasa and jāmiʻah. Despite the many similarities, medieval specialists have coined the term "Islamic college" for madrasa and jāmiʻah to differentiate them from the legally autonomous corporations that the medieval European universities were. In a sense, the madrasa resembles a university college in that it has most of the features of a university, but lacks the corporate element. Toby Huff summarises the difference as follows:

Q1: What do scholars believe is missing from madaris that prevent them from being considered universities?
A1: corporate element
Q2: What do scholars that specialize in the medieval period describe madaris as?
A2: Islamic college
Q3: Who argues that madaris are not the same as traditional European universities?
A3: Medievalist specialists
Q4: What are two examples of waqfs?
A4: madrasa and jāmiʻah
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Meditation was an aspect of the practice of the yogis in the centuries preceding the Buddha. The Buddha built upon the yogis' concern with introspection and developed their meditative techniques, but rejected their theories of liberation. In Buddhism, mindfulness and clear awareness are to be developed at all times; in pre-Buddhist yogic practices there is no such injunction. A yogi in the Brahmanical tradition is not to practice while defecating, for example, while a Buddhist monastic should do so.

Q1: Meditation was an aspect of the practice of who?
A1: the yogis
Q2: In Buddhism, what must be developed at all times?
A2: mindfulness and clear awareness
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Meetings for worship and study are held at Kingdom Halls, which are typically functional in character, and do not contain religious symbols. Witnesses are assigned to a congregation in whose "territory" they usually reside and attend weekly services they refer to as "meetings" as scheduled by congregation elders. The meetings are largely devoted to study of Watch Tower Society literature and the Bible. The format of the meetings is established by the religion's headquarters, and the subject matter for most meetings is the same worldwide. Congregations meet for two sessions each week comprising five distinct meetings that total about three-and-a-half hours, typically gathering mid-week (three meetings) and on the weekend (two meetings). Prior to 2009, congregations met three times each week; these meetings were condensed, with the intention that members dedicate an evening for "family worship". Gatherings are opened and closed with kingdom songs (hymns) and brief prayers. Twice each year, Witnesses from a number of congregations that form a "circuit" gather for a one-day assembly. Larger groups of congregations meet once a year for a three-day "regional convention", usually at rented stadiums or auditoriums. Their most important and solemn event is the commemoration of the "Lord's Evening Meal", or "Memorial of Christ's Death" on the date of the Jewish Passover.

Q1: Where do Jehovah Witnesses meet for worship and study?
A1: Kingdom Halls
Q2: How are Jehovah Witnesses assigned to congregations?
A2: "territory" they usually reside
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses refer to their weekly services as?
A3: meetings
Q4: How often did Jehovah Witnesses congregations meet prior to 2009?
A4: three times each week
Q5: What are Jehovah Witnesses' gatherings opened and closed with?
A5: songs (hymns) and brief prayers
Title: Circadian_rhythm
Topic: Natural sciences

Melatonin is absent from the system or undetectably low during daytime. Its onset in dim light, dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO), at roughly 21:00 (9 p.m.) can be measured in the blood or the saliva. Its major metabolite can also be measured in morning urine. Both DLMO and the midpoint (in time) of the presence of the hormone in the blood or saliva have been used as circadian markers. However, newer research indicates that the melatonin offset may be the more reliable marker. Benloucif et al. found that melatonin phase markers were more stable and more highly correlated with the timing of sleep than the core temperature minimum. They found that both sleep offset and melatonin offset are more strongly correlated with phase markers than the onset of sleep. In addition, the declining phase of the melatonin levels is more reliable and stable than the termination of melatonin synthesis.

Q1: What chemical is absent or low during daylight?
A1: Melatonin
Q2: When is the melatonin onset?
A2: 9 p.m
Q3: At its onset, what can be measured in blood or saliva?
A3: Melatonin
Q4: The presence of what is a circadian marker?
A4: hormone
Q5: What are the more reliable markers in determining sleep timing?
A5: melatonin phase
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne (/ˈmɛlbərn/, AU i/ˈmɛlbən/) is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia and Oceania. The name "Melbourne" refers to the area of urban agglomeration (as well as a census statistical division) spanning 9,900 km2 (3,800 sq mi) which comprises the broader metropolitan area, as well as being the common name for its city centre. The metropolis is located on the large natural bay of Port Phillip and expands into the hinterlands towards the Dandenong and Macedon mountain ranges, Mornington Peninsula and Yarra Valley. Melbourne consists of 31 municipalities. It has a population of 4,347,955 as of 2013, and its inhabitants are called Melburnians.

Q1: What is the most populas city in the Australian state of Victoria?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: What is the second most populas city in Australia?
A2: Oceania
Q3: Where is the Metropolis?
A3: large natural bay of Port Phillip
Q4: What is the population of Melbourne?
A4: 4,347,955 as of 2013
Q5: What are inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A5: Melburnians
Q6: Which city is the capital of Victoria?
A6: Melbourne
Q7: Which city is the most populous city in Victoria?
A7: Melbourne
Q8: Melbourne consists of how many municipalities?
A8: 31
Q9: What was Melbourne's population in 2013?
A9: 4,347,955
Q10: What are the inhabitants of Melbourne called?
A10: Melburnians
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has a highly diversified economy with particular strengths in finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism. Melbourne houses the headquarters for many of Australia's largest corporations, including five of the ten largest in the country (based on revenue), and four of the largest six in the country (based on market capitalisation) (ANZ, BHP Billiton (the world's largest mining company), the National Australia Bank and Telstra), as well as such representative bodies and think tanks as the Business Council of Australia and the Australian Council of Trade Unions. Melbourne's suburbs also have the Head Offices of Wesfarmers companies Coles (including Liquorland), Bunnings, Target, K-Mart & Officeworks. The city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport which handles more than $75 billion in trade every year and 39% of the nation's container trade. Melbourne Airport provides an entry point for national and international visitors, and is Australia's second busiest airport.[citation needed]

Q1: In which areas does Melbourne's diversified economy have strengths?
A1: finance, manufacturing, research, IT, education, logistics, transportation and tourism
Q2: Which company is the world's largest mining company?
A2: BHP Billiton
Q3: Which city is home to Australia's largest and busiest seaport?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: Which city is home to Australia's second busiest airport?
A4: Melbourne
Q5: How much money in trade does Australia's largest and busiest seaport handle?
A5: $75 billion
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification Cfb) and is well known for its changeable weather conditions. This is mainly due to Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean. This temperature differential is most pronounced in the spring and summer months and can cause very strong cold fronts to form. These cold fronts can be responsible for all sorts of severe weather from gales to severe thunderstorms and hail, large temperature drops, and heavy rain.

Q1: During which seasons are Melbourne's temperature differentials most pronounced?
A1: spring and summer
Q2: Which type of weather fronts are responsible for severe weather such as gales, thunderstorms, hail, and heavy rain in Melbourne?
A2: cold fronts
Q3: What is Melbourne's Koppen climate classification?
A3: Cfb
Q4: Is Melbourne known for changeable or steady weather patterns?
A4: changeable
Q5: What is one cause for Melbourne's fluctuating weather patterns?
A5: Melbourne's location situated on the boundary of the very hot inland areas and the cool southern ocean
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has an integrated public transport system based around extensive train, tram, bus and taxi systems. Flinders Street Station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927 and Melbourne's tram network overtook Sydney's to become the world's largest in the 1940s, at which time 25% of travellers used public transport but by 2003 it had declined to just 7.6%. The public transport system was privatised in 1999, symbolising the peak of the decline. Despite privatisation and successive governments persisting with auto-centric urban development into the 21st century, there have since been large increases in public transport patronage, with the mode share for commuters increasing to 14.8% and 8.4% of all trips. A target of 20% public transport mode share for Melbourne by 2020 was set by the state government in 2006. Since 2006 public transport patronage has grown by over 20%.

Q1: Which rail station was the world's busiest passenger station in 1927?
A1: Flinders Street Station
Q2: In the 1940s, what percentage of travellers used public transport?
A2: 25%
Q3: In 2003, what percentage of travellers used public transport?
A3: 7.6%
Q4: In what year was the public transport system privatised?
A4: 1999
Q5: What was the target percentage of public transport mode share that was set by the state government in 2006?
A5: 20%
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has four airports. Melbourne Airport, at Tullamarine, is the city's main international and domestic gateway and second busiest in Australia. The airport is home base for passenger airlines Jetstar Airways and Tiger Airways Australia and cargo airlines Australian air Express and Toll Priority; and is a major hub for Qantas and Virgin Australia. Avalon Airport, located between Melbourne and Geelong, is a secondary hub of Jetstar. It is also used as a freight and maintenance facility. Buses and taxis are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports. Air Ambulance facilities are available for domestic and international transportation of patients. Melbourne also has a significant general aviation airport, Moorabbin Airport in the city's south east that also handles a small number of passenger flights. Essendon Airport, which was once the city's main airport also handles passenger flights, general aviation and some cargo flights.

Q1: How many airports does Melbourne have?
A1: four
Q2: Which airport is the city's main international and domestic gateway?
A2: Melbourne Airport
Q3: Which airport is the second busiest in all of Australia?
A3: Melbourne Airport
Q4: What are the only forms of public transport to and from the city's main airports?
A4: Buses and taxis
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe, a population comparable to some larger Greek cities like Larissa and Volos. Thessaloniki is Melbourne's Greek sister city. The Vietnamese surname Nguyen is the second most common in Melbourne's phone book after Smith. The city also features substantial Indian, Sri Lankan, and Malaysian-born communities, in addition to recent South African and Sudanese influxes. The cultural diversity is reflected in the city's restaurants that serve international cuisines.

Q1: Which city has the largest Greek-speaking population outside of Europe?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: Which city in Greece is Melbourne's sister city?
A2: Thessaloniki
Q3: What is the most common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
A3: Smith
Q4: What is the secondmost common surname in Melbourne's phone book?
A4: Nguyen
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne has the largest tram network in the world which had its origins in the city's 1880s land boom. In 2013–2014, 176.9 million passenger trips were made by tram. Melbourne's is Australia's only tram network to comprise more than a single line and consists of 250 km (155.3 mi) of track, 487 trams, 25 routes, and 1,763 tram stops. Around 80 per cent of Melbourne's tram network shares road space with other vehicles, while the rest of the network is separated or are light rail routes. Melbourne's trams are recognised as iconic cultural assets and a tourist attraction. Heritage trams operate on the free City Circle route, intended for visitors to Melbourne, and heritage restaurant trams travel through the city and surrounding areas during the evening. Melbourne is currently building 50 new E Class trams with some already in service in 2014. The E Class trams are about 30 metres long and are superior to the C2 class tram of similar length. Melbourne's bus network consists of almost 300 routes which mainly service the outer suburbs and fill the gaps in the network between rail and tram services. 127.6 million passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013–2014, an increase of 10.2 percent on the previous year.

Q1: What are the origins of Melbourne's tram network?
A1: the city's 1880s land boom
Q2: How many passenger trips were made by tram in Melbourne between 2013-2014?
A2: 176.9 million
Q3: How many tram stops are on Melbourne's tram network?
A3: 1,763
Q4: How many routes does Melbourne's bus network consist of?
A4: almost 300
Q5: How many passenger trips were recorded on Melbourne's buses in 2013-2014
A5: 127.6 million
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is also an important financial centre. Two of the big four banks, NAB and ANZ, are headquartered in Melbourne. The city has carved out a niche as Australia's leading centre for superannuation (pension) funds, with 40% of the total, and 65% of industry super-funds including the $109 billion-dollar Federal Government Future Fund. The city was rated 41st within the top 50 financial cities as surveyed by the MasterCard Worldwide Centers of Commerce Index (2008), second only to Sydney (12th) in Australia. Melbourne is Australia's second-largest industrial centre. It is the Australian base for a number of significant manufacturers including Boeing, truck-makers Kenworth and Iveco, Cadbury as well as Bombardier Transportation and Jayco, among many others. It is also home to a wide variety of other manufacturers, ranging from petrochemicals and pharmaceuticals to fashion garments, paper manufacturing and food processing. The south-eastern suburb of Scoresby is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters. The city also boasts a research and development hub for Ford Australia, as well as a global design studio and technical centre for General Motors and Toyota respectively.

Q1: How many of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A1: Two
Q2: Which two of the big four banks are headquartered in Melbourne?
A2: NAB and ANZ
Q3: Which city is Australia's second-largest industrial centre?
A3: Melbourne
Q4: Which south-eastern suburb is home to Nintendo's Australian headquarters?
A4: Scoresby
Q5: Melbourne is home to a research and development hub for which auto manufacturer?
A5: Ford Australia
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is also prone to isolated convective showers forming when a cold pool crosses the state, especially if there is considerable daytime heating. These showers are often heavy and can contain hail and squalls and significant drops in temperature, but they pass through very quickly at times with a rapid clearing trend to sunny and relatively calm weather and the temperature rising back to what it was before the shower. This often occurs in the space of minutes and can be repeated many times in a day, giving Melbourne a reputation for having "four seasons in one day", a phrase that is part of local popular culture and familiar to many visitors to the city. The lowest temperature on record is −2.8 °C (27.0 °F), on 21 July 1869. The highest temperature recorded in Melbourne city was 46.4 °C (115.5 °F), on 7 February 2009. While snow is occasionally seen at higher elevations in the outskirts of the city, it has not been recorded in the Central Business District since 1986.

Q1: What weather phrase has become part of local popular culture in Melbourne and concerns the city's rapid change in weather?
A1: four seasons in one day
Q2: What is the lowest temperature on Melbourne's record?
A2: −2.8 °C (27.0 °F)
Q3: On what date did the lowest temperature in Melbourne's records occur?
A3: 21 July 1869
Q4: What is Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A4: 46.4 °C (115.5 °F)
Q5: On what date was Melbourne's highest temperature recorded?
A5: 7 February 2009
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is an international cultural centre, with cultural endeavours spanning major events and festivals, drama, musicals, comedy, music, art, architecture, literature, film and television. The climate, waterfront location and nightlife make it one of the most vibrant destinations in Australia. For five years in a row (as of 2015) it has held the top position in a survey by The Economist Intelligence Unit of the world's most liveable cities on the basis of a number of attributes which include its broad cultural offerings. The city celebrates a wide variety of annual cultural events and festivals of all types, including Australia's largest free community festival—Moomba, the Melbourne International Arts Festival, Melbourne International Film Festival, Melbourne International Comedy Festival and the Melbourne Fringe Festival. The culture of the city is an important drawcard for tourists, of which just under two million international overnight visitors and 57.7 million domestic overnight visited during the year ending March 2014.

Q1: Which factors make Melbourne one of the moust vibrant destinations in Australia?
A1: The climate, waterfront location and nightlife
Q2: For how many years in a row has Melbourne held the top position in a survey of the world's most liveable cities?
A2: five
Q3: What is Australia's largest free community festival?
A3: Moomba
Q4: How many international overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
A4: just under two million
Q5: How many domestic overnight visitors came to Melbourne during the year ending March 2014?
A5: 57.7 million
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is experiencing high population growth, generating high demand for housing. This housing boom has increased house prices and rents, as well as the availability of all types of housing. Subdivision regularly occurs in the outer areas of Melbourne, with numerous developers offering house and land packages. However, after 10 years[when?] of planning policies to encourage medium-density and high-density development in existing areas with greater access to public transport and other services, Melbourne's middle and outer-ring suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment.

Q1: What is generating high demand for housing in Melbourne?
A1: high population growth
Q2: What effect has the housing boom had on house prices and rents?
A2: increased
Q3: Which of Melbourne's suburbs have seen significant brownfields redevelopment in recent years?
A3: middle and outer-ring
Q4: What types of surburban development did Melbourne policies promote?
A4: medium-density and high-density
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is notable as the host city for the 1956 Summer Olympic Games (the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere and Oceania, with all previous games held in Europe and the United States), along with the 2006 Commonwealth Games. Melbourne is so far the southernmost city to host the games. The city is home to three major annual international sporting events: the Australian Open (one of the four Grand Slam tennis tournaments); the Melbourne Cup (horse racing); and the Australian Grand Prix (Formula One). Also, the Australian Masters golf tournament is held at Melbourne since 1979, having been co-sanctioned by the European Tour from 2006 to 2009. Melbourne was proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City", in 2006, 2008 and 2010. The city is home to the National Sports Museum, which until 2003 was located outside the members pavilion at the Melbourne Cricket Ground. It reopened in 2008 in the Olympic Stand.

Q1: In what year was Melbourne the host city for the first Olympic Games held in the southern hemisphere?
A1: 1956
Q2: Previous to Melbourne, where were all Olympic games held?
A2: Europe and the United States
Q3: In what three years was Melbourne proclaimed the "World's Ultimate Sports City"?
A3: 2006, 2008 and 2010
Q4: Where did the National Sports Museum reopen in 2008?
A4: Olympic Stand
Q5: Which city is so far the southernmost city to host the Olympic Games?
A5: Melbourne
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Melbourne is often referred to as Australia's garden city, and the state of Victoria was once known as the garden state. There is an abundance of parks and gardens in Melbourne, many close to the CBD with a variety of common and rare plant species amid landscaped vistas, pedestrian pathways and tree-lined avenues. Melbourne's parks are often considered the best public parks in all of Australia's major cities. There are also many parks in the surrounding suburbs of Melbourne, such as in the municipalities of Stonnington, Boroondara and Port Phillip, south east of the central business district. The extensive area covered by urban Melbourne is formally divided into hundreds of suburbs (for addressing and postal purposes), and administered as local government areas 31 of which are located within the metropolitan area.

Q1: Which city is often referred to as Australia's garden city?
A1: Melbourne
Q2: Which Australian state was once known as the garden state?
A2: Victoria
Q3: Why is urban Melbourne divided into hundreds of suburbs?
A3: addressing and postal purposes