LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Indigenous genetic studies suggest that the first inhabitants of the Americas share a single ancestral population, one that developed in isolation, conjectured to be Beringia. The isolation of these peoples in Beringia might have lasted 10–20,000 years. Around 16,500 years ago, the glaciers began melting, allowing people to move south and east into Canada and beyond. These people are believed to have followed herds of now-extinct Pleistocene megafauna along ice-free corridors that stretched between the Laurentide and Cordilleran Ice Sheets.

Q1: What do studies on the genetics of the first American inhabitants conclude about their ancestral population?
A1: single
Q2: Where did the single ancestral population of all the indigenous peoples of the Americas likely develop?
A2: in isolation
Q3: How many years may the isolation of the peoples in Beringia lasted?
A3: 10–20,000 years
Q4: When did the glaciers begin to melt?
A4: 16,500 years ago
Q5: What did the people follow in the corridors between the ice sheets?
A5: Pleistocene megafauna
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas.

Q1: Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"?
A1: the contiguous United States
Q2: How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?
A2: 11
Q3: Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?
A3: Alaska Natives
Q4: Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?
A4: Polynesian
Q5: How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A5: geographically and culturally
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes.

Q1: How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?
A1: 0.4%
Q2: How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?
A2: millions
Q3: Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?
A3: Indian reservations
Q4: How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?
A4: 67
Q5: What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?
A5: Brazil
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence.

Q1: What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?
A1: 45%
Q2: What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?
A2: Native Peruvian traditions
Q3: What is not very well developed in Peru?
A3: Cultural citizenship
Q4: What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?
A4: Amazonian
Title: New_Delhi
Topic: Geography and places

Indira Gandhi International Airport, situated to the southwest of Delhi, is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012-13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers, making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost ₹96.8 billion (US$1.4 billion) to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.

Q1: What major airport is located to the southwest of Delhi?
A1: Indira Gandhi International Airport
Q2: Approximately how many passengers used Indira Gandhi Airport from 2012-2013?
A2: 35 million
Q3: How much money did Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi International Airport cost to construct?
A3: ₹96.8 billion
Q4: How many passengers use Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi Airport each year?
A4: 37 million
Q5: What year was construction of Terminal 3 of Indira Gandhi airport finished?
A5: 2010
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

Individual contestants have generated controversy in this competition for their past actions, or for being 'ringers' planted by the producers. A number of contestants had been disqualified for various reasons, such as for having an existing contract or undisclosed criminal records, although the show had been accused of double standard for disqualifying some but not others.

Q1: Producers have been accused of planting what within the show?
A1: ringers
Title: Gymnastics
Topic: Sports and recreation

Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at the highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results.

Q1: Individual routines start with what phases?
A1: build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height
Q2: What does the gymnast do during the 10 bounces.
A2: a sequence of aerial skills
Q3: What is the maximum scroe for routines?
A3: 10 points
Q4: How can additional points be earned?
A4: depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills
Q5: In high level competitions how many preliminary rountines are there?
A5: two preliminary routines
Title: Nonprofit_organization
Topic: Social sciences and society

Individual states and localities offer nonprofits exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax. Federal tax-exempt status does not guarantee exemption from state and local taxes, and vice versa. These exemptions generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements. Furthermore, even a tax exempt organization may be required to file annual financial reports (IRS Form 990) at the state and federal level. A tax exempt organization's 990 forms are required to be made available for public scrutiny. An example of nonprofit organization in the US is Project Vote Smart.

Q1: What can states or cities offer to NPOs?
A1: exemptions from other taxes such as sales tax or property tax
Q2: What form must an NPO make available to the public?
A2: 990 forms
Q3: Are the state requirements to be tax exempt the same as the Federal requirements?
A3: generally have separate applications and their requirements may differ from the IRS requirements
Q4: What financial form must be filed with both the state and federal governments each year?
A4: IRS Form 990
Q5: What is one example of an NPO in the United States?
A5: Project Vote Smart
Title: Southeast_Asia
Topic: Geography and places

Indonesia is the largest country in Southeast Asia and it also the largest archipelago in the world by size (according to the CIA World Factbook). Geologically, the Indonesian Archipelago is one of the most volcanically active regions in the world. Geological uplifts in the region have also produced some impressive mountains, culminating in Puncak Jaya in Papua, Indonesia at 5,030 metres (16,500 feet), on the island of New Guinea; it is the only place where ice glaciers can be found in Southeast Asia. The second tallest peak is Mount Kinabalu in Sabah, Malaysia on the island of Borneo with a height of 4,095 metres (13,435 feet). The highest mountain in Southeast Asia is Hkakabo Razi at 5,967 meters and can be found in northern Burma sharing the same range of its parent peak, Mount Everest.

Q1: Name the largest country in Southeast Asia.
A1: Indonesia
Q2: Geologically what is Indonesia's region most active for?
A2: volcanically active
Title: Lighting
Topic: Engineering and technology

Indoor lighting is usually accomplished using light fixtures, and is a key part of interior design. Lighting can also be an intrinsic component of landscape projects.

Q1: What type of fixtures do you use for indoor lighting?
A1: light fixtures
Q2: What is considered a key part of interior design?
A2: Indoor lighting
Q3: What can be a intrinsic component of landscaping?
A3: lighting
Q4: What type of fixtures are used typically used for indoor lighting?
A4: light fixtures
Q5: What can be used as a intrinsic component of landscape projects?
A5: lighting
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Indoors, neoclassicism made a discovery of the genuine classic interior, inspired by the rediscoveries at Pompeii and Herculaneum. These had begun in the late 1740s, but only achieved a wide audience in the 1760s, with the first luxurious volumes of tightly controlled distribution of Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum). The antiquities of Herculaneum showed that even the most classicising interiors of the Baroque, or the most "Roman" rooms of William Kent were based on basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in, hence their often bombastic appearance to modern eyes: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts.

Q1: What rediscoveries inspired interior designs of neoclassicism?
A1: Pompeii and Herculaneum.
Q2: What tightly controlled book brought appeal for classic interior to masses?
A2: Le Antichità di Ercolano (The Antiquities of Herculaneum).
Q3: What are some examples of the changes of interior of neoclassicism from ancient rediscoveries?
A3: pedimented window frames turned into gilded mirrors, fireplaces topped with temple fronts
Q4: What were William Kent's interior designs based from?
A4: basilica and temple exterior architecture turned outside in
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

Industrial production is mainly from the steam reforming of natural gas, and less often from more energy-intensive hydrogen production methods like the electrolysis of water. Most hydrogen is employed near its production site, with the two largest uses being fossil fuel processing (e.g., hydrocracking) and ammonia production, mostly for the fertilizer market. Hydrogen is a concern in metallurgy as it can embrittle many metals, complicating the design of pipelines and storage tanks.

Q1: What market primarily uses ammonia production?
A1: the fertilizer market
Q2: Name a process that uses fossil fuels along with hydrogen.
A2: hydrocracking
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Industrialization is the process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one. It is a subdivision of a more general modernization process, where social change and economic development are closely related with technological innovation, particularly with the development of large-scale energy and metallurgy production. It is the extensive organization of an economy for the purpose of manufacturing. Industrialization also introduces a form of philosophical change, where people obtain a different attitude towards their perception of nature.

Q1: What is industrialization? 
A1: social and economic change
Q2: During industrialization a human group is turned into what?
A2: from a pre-industrial society into an industrial one.
Q3: industrialization is a subdivision of what general process?
A3: technological innovation
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Industrialized societies generally follow a clock-based schedule for daily activities that do not change throughout the course of the year. The time of day that individuals begin and end work or school, and the coordination of mass transit, for example, usually remain constant year-round. In contrast, an agrarian society's daily routines for work and personal conduct are more likely governed by the length of daylight hours and by solar time, which change seasonally because of the Earth's axial tilt. North and south of the tropics daylight lasts longer in summer and shorter in winter, the effect becoming greater as one moves away from the tropics.

Q1: What kind of societies usually follow a regular daily schedule year-round?
A1: Industrialized
Q2: What kind of societies rely on solar time and daylight that changes with the seasons?
A2: agrarian
Q3: In what part of the world is daytime shorter in winter and longer in summer?
A3: North and south of the tropics
Q4: What is the tilt of the Earth that causes solar time to change called?
A4: axial tilt
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Industries slowly brought the city and its inhabitants back to a renewed vitality and jobs attracted new residents. As the city's commerce improved, residents worked to restore or create community institutions. In 1865, the Avery Normal Institute was established by the American Missionary Association as the first free secondary school for Charleston's African American population. General William T. Sherman lent his support to the conversion of the United States Arsenal into the Porter Military Academy, an educational facility for former soldiers and boys left orphaned or destitute by the war. Porter Military Academy later joined with Gaud School and is now a university-preparatory school, Porter-Gaud School.

Q1: What association founded the Avery Normal Institute?
A1: the American Missionary Association
Q2: What type of school was the Avery Normal Institute?
A2: free secondary school
Q3: Who attended the Avery Normal Institute?
A3: Charleston's African American population
Q4: What general supported the conversion of a US Arsenal into Porter Military Academy?
A4: William T. Sherman
Q5: Soldiers and boys helped by Porter Military Academy were affected by what?
A5: war
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

Industry is diversified, ranging from automotive (Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen), aerospace (Embraer and OGMA), electronics and textiles, to food, chemicals, cement and wood pulp. Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa motor vehicle assembly plant in Palmela is among the largest foreign direct investment projects in Portugal. Modern non-traditional technology-based industries, such as aerospace, biotechnology and information technology, have been developed in several locations across the country. Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor are the main centres of the Portuguese aerospace industry, which is led by Brazil-based company Embraer and the Portuguese company OGMA. Following the turn of the 21st century, many major biotechnology and information technology industries have been founded, and are concentrated in the metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro.[citation needed]

Q1: What automotive brands exist in Portugal?
A1: Volkswagen Autoeuropa and Peugeot Citroen
Q2: What aerospace companies exist in Portugal?
A2: Embraer and OGMA
Q3: Where is Volkswagen Group's AutoEuropa assembly plant located?
A3: Palmela
Q4: What are the main centers for the Portuguese aerospace industries?
A4: Alverca, Covilhã, Évora, and Ponte de Sor
Q5: Where are the main centers of the biotech and IT industries located?
A5: Lisbon, Porto, Braga, Coimbra and Aveiro
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

IndyMac often made loans without verification of the borrower’s income or assets, and to borrowers with poor credit histories. Appraisals obtained by IndyMac on underlying collateral were often questionable as well. As an Alt-A lender, IndyMac’s business model was to offer loan products to fit the borrower’s needs, using an extensive array of risky option-adjustable-rate-mortgages (option ARMs), subprime loans, 80/20 loans, and other nontraditional products. Ultimately, loans were made to many borrowers who simply could not afford to make their payments. The thrift remained profitable only as long as it was able to sell those loans in the secondary mortgage market. IndyMac resisted efforts to regulate its involvement in those loans or tighten their issuing criteria: see the comment by Ruthann Melbourne, Chief Risk Officer, to the regulating agencies.

Q1: IndyMac often made loans without verifying what?
A1: the borrower’s income
Q2: What was questionable on IndyMac's underlying collateral?
A2: Appraisals
Q3: IndyMac gave loans to borrower's with what type credit histories?
A3: poor
Q4: IndyMac offered this type of questionable loans to borrowers?
A4: risky
Q5: IndyMac resisted efforts by regulators to tighten this criteria of their loans?
A5: issuing criteria
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

IndyMac reported that during April 2008, Moody's and Standard & Poor's downgraded the ratings on a significant number of Mortgage-backed security (MBS) bonds including $160 million of those issued by IndyMac and which the bank retained in its MBS portfolio. IndyMac concluded that these downgrades would have negatively impacted the Company's risk-based capital ratio as of June 30, 2008. Had these lowered ratings been in effect at March 31, 2008, IndyMac concluded that the bank's capital ratio would have been 9.27% total risk-based. IndyMac warned that if its regulators found its capital position to have fallen below "well capitalized" (minimum 10% risk-based capital ratio) to "adequately capitalized" (8–10% risk-based capital ratio) the bank might no longer be able to use brokered deposits as a source of funds.

Q1: When did Moody's and Standard & Poor downgrade a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds?
A1: April 2008
Q2: What was the value of IndyMac's MBS bonds retained in its MBS portfolio that were downgraded in April 2008?
A2: $160 million
Q3: What was one of the agencies that downgraded a significant number of IndyMac's MBS bonds in April 2008?
A3: Moody's
Q4: If IndyMac's downgraded MBS bond ratings had been in effect at March 31, 2008, what would the bank's capital ratio have been?
A4: 9.27%
Q5: What is a well capitalized ratio?
A5: minimum 10% risk-based
Title: Memory
Topic: Social sciences and society

Infants do not have the language ability to report on their memories and so verbal reports cannot be used to assess very young children’s memory. Throughout the years, however, researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory. Habituation and operant conditioning techniques have been used to assess infants’ recognition memory and the deferred and elicited imitation techniques have been used to assess infants’ recall memory.

Q1: Why do infants and young childrens memories need to be assesed differently?
A1: do not have the language ability to report on their memories
Q2: Can researchers study an infants or young childs memories?
A2: , researchers have adapted and developed a number of measures for assessing both infants’ recognition memory and their recall memory.
Q3: How can a researcher study a childs memory?
A3: elicited imitation techniques
Title: Infection
Topic: Natural sciences

Infection begins when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies. This is referred to as colonization. Most humans are not easily infected. Those who are weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections. Individuals who have a suppressed immune system are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections. Entrance to the host at host-pathogen interface, generally occurs through the mucosa in orifices like the oral cavity, nose, eyes, genitalia, anus, or the microbe can enter through open wounds. While a few organisms can grow at the initial site of entry, many migrate and cause systemic infection in different organs. Some pathogens grow within the host cells (intracellular) whereas others grow freely in bodily fluids.

Q1: When does infection begin?
A1: when an organism successfully enters the body, grows and multiplies.
Q2: What group is not easily infected?
A2: humans
Q3: What group of humans have increased susceptibility to chronic or persistent infections?
A3: weak, sick, malnourished, have cancer or are diabetic
Q4: What individuals are particularly susceptible to opportunistic infections?
A4: Individuals who have a suppressed immune system
Q5: What is it called when a pathogen grows within the host cells?
A5: intracellular
Title: Infection
Topic: Natural sciences

Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use.

Q1: When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? 
A1: when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person
Q2: What is a contagious disease a subset of?
A2: infectious disease
Q3: What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?
A3: especially infective or easily transmitted
Q4: Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?
A4: medical
Q5: What is not always respected in popular use?
A5: specialized connotation of the word "contagious"
Title: Diarrhea
Topic: Natural sciences

Inflammatory diarrhea occurs when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border, which leads to a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids. Features of all three of the other types of diarrhea[clarification needed] can be found in this type of diarrhea. It can be caused by bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems such as inflammatory bowel diseases. It can also be caused by tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.[citation needed]

Q1: When does inflammatory diarrhea occur?
A1: when there is damage to the mucosal lining or brush border
Q2: What happens with inflammatory diarrhea?
A2: a passive loss of protein-rich fluids and a decreased ability to absorb these lost fluids
Q3: What can cause inflammatory diarrhea?
A3: bacterial infections, viral infections, parasitic infections, or autoimmune problems
Q4: What other causes are there for inflammatory diarrhea?
A4: tuberculosis, colon cancer, and enteritis.
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Influences also came to her from the art world, most notably through the works of Mexican artist Frida Kahlo. The music video of the song "Bedtime Story" featured images inspired by the paintings of Kahlo and Remedios Varo. Madonna is also a collector of Tamara de Lempicka's Art Deco paintings and has included them in her music videos and tours. Her video for "Hollywood" (2003) was an homage to the work of photographer Guy Bourdin; Bourdin's son subsequently filed a lawsuit for unauthorised use of his father's work. Pop artist Andy Warhol's use of sadomasochistic imagery in his underground films were reflected in the music videos for "Erotica" and "Deeper and Deeper".

Q1: Whose art influence Madonna?
A1: Frida Kahlo
Q2: Which video featured art from Kahlo and Remedios Varo?
A2: Bedtime Story
Q3: Madonna collects whose painting?
A3: Tamara de Lempicka
Q4: Her video Hollywood was a homage to which photographer?
A4: Guy Bourdin
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

Influential gospel/R&B-influenced Aly-us released "Time Passes On" in 1993 (Strictly Rhythm), then later, "Follow Me" which received radio airplay as well as being played in clubs. Another U.S. hit which received radio play was the single "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere, which became the prototype of ghetto house subgenre. Cajmere started the Cajual and Relief labels (amongst others). By the early 1990s artists such as Cajmere himself (under that name as well as Green Velvet and as producer for Dajae), DJ Sneak, Glenn Underground and others did many recordings. The 1990s saw new Chicago house artists emerge such as DJ Funk, who operates a Chicago house record label called Dance Mania. Ghetto house and acid house were other house music styles that were also started in Chicago.

Q1: What gospel/R&B-influenced group released "Time Passes On" in 1993?
A1: Aly-us
Q2: who released the hit single "time for the perculator" in the us?
A2: Cajmere
Q3: what was cajmere's alternate name?
A3: Green Velvet
Q4: what was the name of the label operated by dj funk in chicago?
A4: Dance Mania
Q5: what was the prototype of ghetto house?
A5: "Time for the Perculator" by Cajmere
Title: Education
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Informal learning is one of three forms of learning defined by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Informal learning occurs in a variety of places, such as at home, work, and through daily interactions and shared relationships among members of society. For many learners this includes language acquisition, cultural norms and manners. Informal learning for young people is an ongoing process that also occurs in a variety of places, such as out of school time, in youth programs at community centers and media labs.

Q1: Who defines informal learning?
A1: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)
Q2: Where does informal learning occur?
A2: home, work, and through daily interactions
Q3: What does informal leaning usually consist of amongst people who take this route of learning?
A3: language acquisition, cultural norms and manners
Title: Education
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Informal learning usually takes place outside educational establishments, does not follow a specified curriculum and may originate accidentally, sporadically, in association with certain occasions, from changing practical requirements. It is not necessarily planned to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects, but rather unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management and fitness for life. It is experienced directly in its "natural" function of everyday life and is often spontaneous.

Q1: Where does informal learning usually take place?
A1: outside educational establishments
Q2: What is not necessary for informal learning?
A2: to be pedagogically conscious, systematic and according to subjects
Q3: What falls under the informal learning umbrella?
A3: unconsciously incidental, holistically problem-related, and related to situation management
Title: Wayback_Machine
Topic: Engineering and technology

Information had been kept on digital tape for five years, with Kahle occasionally allowing researchers and scientists to tap into the clunky database. When the archive reached its fifth anniversary, it was unveiled and opened to the public in a ceremony at the University of California, Berkeley.

Q1: What medium was originally used to keep Internet Archive's data?
A1: digital tape
Q2: Who were sometimes permitted to use the Archive's database?
A2: researchers and scientists
Q3: At what milestone was the archive made public?
A3: fifth anniversary
Q4: Where was the event launching the publicly-available archive held?
A4: University of California, Berkeley
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Information of the oldest teachings may be obtained by analysis of the oldest texts. One method to obtain information on the oldest core of Buddhism is to compare the oldest extant versions of the Theravadin Pali Canon and other texts.[note 27] The reliability of these sources, and the possibility to draw out a core of oldest teachings, is a matter of dispute.[page needed][page needed][page needed][page needed] According to Vetter, inconsistencies remain, and other methods must be applied to resolve those inconsistencies.[note 28]

Q1: What is in dispute regarding the research into the core of the teachings?
A1: The reliability
Title: Web_browser
Topic: Engineering and technology

Information resources may contain hyperlinks to other information resources. Each link contains the URI of a resource to go to. When a link is clicked, the browser navigates to the resource indicated by the link's target URI, and the process of bringing content to the user begins again.

Q1: What can resources have to connect to other resources?
A1: hyperlinks
Title: Canadian_football
Topic: Sports and recreation

Infractions of the rules are punished with penalties, typically a loss of yardage of 5, 10 or 15 yards against the penalized team. Minor violations such as offside (a player from either side encroaching into scrimmage zone before the play starts) are penalized five yards, more serious penalties (such as holding) are penalized 10 yards, and severe violations of the rules (such as face-masking) are typically penalized 15 yards. Depending on the penalty, the penalty yardage may be assessed from the original line of scrimmage, from where the violation occurred (for example, for a pass interference infraction), or from where the ball ended after the play. Penalties on the offence may, or may not, result in a loss of down; penalties on the defence may result in a first down being automatically awarded to the offence. For particularly severe conduct, the game official(s) may eject players (ejected players may be substituted for), or in exceptional cases, declare the game over and award victory to one side or the other. Penalties do not affect the yard line which the offence must reach to gain a first down (unless the penalty results in a first down being awarded); if a penalty against the defence results in the first down yardage being attained, then the offence is awarded a first down.

Q1: What is the usual penalty when the rules of play are violated?
A1: loss of yardage
Q2: How many yards does a team lose when they commit a minor penalty?
A2: five
Q3: How many yards does a team lose for face-masking?
A3: 15
Q4: What other than yardage is sometimes awarded the offence on a defensive penalty?
A4: first down
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared cleaning is a technique used by some Motion picture film scanner, film scanners and flatbed scanners to reduce or remove the effect of dust and scratches upon the finished scan. It works by collecting an additional infrared channel from the scan at the same position and resolution as the three visible color channels (red, green, and blue). The infrared channel, in combination with the other channels, is used to detect the location of scratches and dust. Once located, those defects can be corrected by scaling or replaced by inpainting.

Q1: What is the name of the technique used in scanners to minimize the effects of dust and scratches?
A1: Infrared cleaning
Q2: Along with red and blue, what is the third visible color channel?
A2: green
Q3: Along with replacement via inpainting, what procedure is used in infrared cleaning to remove the effect of scratches and dust?
A3: scaling
Q4: Along with the visible light channels, what channel is used to locate scratches and dust in scanners?
A4: infrared
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared is used in night vision equipment when there is insufficient visible light to see. Night vision devices operate through a process involving the conversion of ambient light photons into electrons that are then amplified by a chemical and electrical process and then converted back into visible light. Infrared light sources can be used to augment the available ambient light for conversion by night vision devices, increasing in-the-dark visibility without actually using a visible light source.

Q1: What sort of equipment uses the infrared spectrum in the absence of sufficient visible light?
A1: night vision
Q2: What do night vision devices convert ambient light photons into?
A2: electrons
Q3: Along with a chemical process, what type of process is used by night vision devices to convert infrared into visible light?
A3: electrical
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared radiation is popularly known as "heat radiation"[citation needed], but light and electromagnetic waves of any frequency will heat surfaces that absorb them. Infrared light from the Sun accounts for 49% of the heating of Earth, with the rest being caused by visible light that is absorbed then re-radiated at longer wavelengths. Visible light or ultraviolet-emitting lasers can char paper and incandescently hot objects emit visible radiation. Objects at room temperature will emit radiation concentrated mostly in the 8 to 25 µm band, but this is not distinct from the emission of visible light by incandescent objects and ultraviolet by even hotter objects (see black body and Wien's displacement law).

Q1: What is a commonly used term for infrared radiation?
A1: heat radiation
Q2: What percentage of the Earth's heat is derived from the Sun's infrared light?
A2: 49%
Q3: What is the common range of emitted radiation of room temperature objects, in micrometers? 
A3: 8 to 25
Q4: Other than infrared light, what type of light is responsible for heating the Earth?
A4: visible
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared radiation is used in industrial, scientific, and medical applications. Night-vision devices using active near-infrared illumination allow people or animals to be observed without the observer being detected. Infrared astronomy uses sensor-equipped telescopes to penetrate dusty regions of space, such as molecular clouds; detect objects such as planets, and to view highly red-shifted objects from the early days of the universe. Infrared thermal-imaging cameras are used to detect heat loss in insulated systems, to observe changing blood flow in the skin, and to detect overheating of electrical apparatus.

Q1: Along with industrial and medical, in what applications is infrared radiation used?
A1: scientific
Q2: What technology is used by night-vision devices?
A2: active near-infrared illumination
Q3: What discipline uses infrared telescopes to see through molecular clouds?
A3: Infrared astronomy
Q4: What color shift indicates that space objects date from the early days of the universe?
A4: red
Q5: What devices are used to observe insulated system heat loss?
A5: Infrared thermal-imaging cameras
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared reflectography (fr; it; es), as called by art conservators, can be applied to paintings to reveal underlying layers in a completely non-destructive manner, in particular the underdrawing or outline drawn by the artist as a guide. This often reveals the artist's use of carbon black, which shows up well in reflectograms, as long as it has not also been used in the ground underlying the whole painting. Art conservators are looking to see whether the visible layers of paint differ from the underdrawing or layers in between – such alterations are called pentimenti when made by the original artist. This is very useful information in deciding whether a painting is the prime version by the original artist or a copy, and whether it has been altered by over-enthusiastic restoration work. In general, the more pentimenti the more likely a painting is to be the prime version. It also gives useful insights into working practices.

Q1: What technique is used in art to examine underlying layers of a painting without damaging it?
A1: Infrared reflectography
Q2: What shows up particularly well in reflectograms?
A2: carbon black
Q3: What is the term for differences in the painting and underdrawing made by the original artist?
A3: pentimenti
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared tracking, also known as infrared homing, refers to a passive missile guidance system, which uses the emission from a target of electromagnetic radiation in the infrared part of the spectrum to track it. Missiles that use infrared seeking are often referred to as "heat-seekers", since infrared (IR) is just below the visible spectrum of light in frequency and is radiated strongly by hot bodies. Many objects such as people, vehicle engines, and aircraft generate and retain heat, and as such, are especially visible in the infrared wavelengths of light compared to objects in the background.

Q1: What is another term for infrared homing?
A1: Infrared tracking
Q2: What devices make use of infrared homing?
A2: Missiles
Q3: What is a common name for missiles that make use of infrared seeking?
A3: heat-seekers
Q4: Along with aircraft and people, what objects notably create and retain heat?
A4: vehicle engines
Q5: What does IR stand for?
A5: infrared
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Infrared vibrational spectroscopy (see also near-infrared spectroscopy) is a technique that can be used to identify molecules by analysis of their constituent bonds. Each chemical bond in a molecule vibrates at a frequency characteristic of that bond. A group of atoms in a molecule (e.g., CH2) may have multiple modes of oscillation caused by the stretching and bending motions of the group as a whole. If an oscillation leads to a change in dipole in the molecule then it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency. The vibrational frequencies of most molecules correspond to the frequencies of infrared light. Typically, the technique is used to study organic compounds using light radiation from 4000–400 cm−1, the mid-infrared. A spectrum of all the frequencies of absorption in a sample is recorded. This can be used to gain information about the sample composition in terms of chemical groups present and also its purity (for example, a wet sample will show a broad O-H absorption around 3200 cm−1).

Q1: What is the technique that analyzes the constituent bonds of molecules to identify them?
A1: Infrared vibrational spectroscopy
Q2: What happens to a molecule if an oscillation results in a dipole being changed?
A2: it will absorb a photon that has the same frequency
Q3: What do the vibrational frequencies of molecules usually correspond to?
A3: the frequencies of infrared light
Q4: What is the term for light radiation in the 4000–400 cm−1 spectrum?
A4: the mid-infrared
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Ingersoll added that, according to Anna Freud and Edward Glover, London civilians surprisingly did not suffer from widespread shell shock, unlike the soldiers in the Dunkirk evacuation.:114,117–118 The psychoanalysts were correct, and the special network of psychiatric clinics opened to receive mental casualties of the attacks closed due to lack of need. Although the stress of the war resulted in many anxiety attacks, eating disorders, fatigue, weeping, miscarriages, and other physical and mental ailments, society did not collapse. The number of suicides and drunkenness declined, and London recorded only about two cases of "bomb neuroses" per week in the first three months of bombing. Many civilians found that the best way to retain mental stability was to be with family, and after the first few weeks of bombing avoidance of the evacuation programs grew.:80–81 Glover speculated that the knowledge that the entire country was being attacked, that there was no way to escape the bombs, forced people to accept and deal with the situation.:118

Q1: Anne Freud and Edward Glover said London civilians did not suffer from what?
A1: widespread shell shock
Q2: Why did the psychiatric clinics close?
A2: lack of need
Q3: What two things declined during the attacks in Britain?
A3: suicides and drunkenness
Q4: The entire country was being attack and Glover believe it help people to do what?
A4: accept and deal
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Inheritance in plants follows the same fundamental principles of genetics as in other multicellular organisms. Gregor Mendel discovered the genetic laws of inheritance by studying inherited traits such as shape in Pisum sativum (peas). What Mendel learned from studying plants has had far reaching benefits outside of botany. Similarly, "jumping genes" were discovered by Barbara McClintock while she was studying maize. Nevertheless, there are some distinctive genetic differences between plants and other organisms.

Q1: Does inheritance work differently in plants?
A1: same fundamental principles of genetics
Q2: What plant did Mendel use to demonstrate inheritance?
A2: Pisum sativum (peas)
Q3: What other plant was used in the discovery of different genes?
A3: maize
Q4: Are plants and animals genetically the same?
A4: distinctive genetic differences
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Inimitability of the Quran (or "I'jaz") is the belief that no human speech can match the Quran in its content and form. The Quran is considered an inimitable miracle by Muslims, effective until the Day of Resurrection—and, thereby, the central proof granted to Muhammad in authentication of his prophetic status. The concept of inimitability originates in the Quran where in five different verses opponents are challenged to produce something like the Quran: "If men and sprites banded together to produce the like of this Quran they would never produce its like not though they backed one another." So the suggestion is that if there are doubts concerning the divine authorship of the Quran, come forward and create something like it. From the ninth century, numerous works appeared which studied the Quran and examined its style and content. Medieval Muslim scholars including al-Jurjani (d. 1078) and al-Baqillani (d. 1013) have written treatises on the subject, discussed its various aspects, and used linguistic approaches to study the Quran. Others argue that the Quran contains noble ideas, has inner meanings, maintained its freshness through the ages and has caused great transformations in individual level and in the history. Some scholars state that the Quran contains scientific information that agrees with modern science. The doctrine of miraculousness of the Quran is further emphasized by Muhammad's illiteracy since the unlettered prophet could not have been suspected of composing the Quran.

Q1: What term indicates that the contents of the Quran cannot be reproduced in speech?
A1: I'jaz
Q2: Until what day is the Quran believed to be in effect?
A2: Day of Resurrection
Q3: In which year did the Medieval Muslim scholar al-Baqillani die?
A3: 1013
Q4: Which Muslim scholar studied the Quran's inimitability until his death in 1078?
A4: al-Jurjani
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
Topic: Language and literature

Initial reactions to the novel were varied. The New Yorker declared it "skilled, unpretentious, and totally ingenious", and The Atlantic Monthly's reviewer rated it as "pleasant, undemanding reading", but found the narrative voice—"a six-year-old girl with the prose style of a well-educated adult"—to be implausible. Time magazine's 1960 review of the book states that it "teaches the reader an astonishing number of useful truths about little girls and about Southern life" and calls Scout Finch "the most appealing child since Carson McCullers' Frankie got left behind at the wedding". The Chicago Sunday Tribune noted the even-handed approach to the narration of the novel's events, writing: "This is in no way a sociological novel. It underlines no cause ... To Kill a Mockingbird is a novel of strong contemporary national significance."

Q1: What newspaper wrote that the novel has strong contemporary national significance?
A1: The Chicago Sunday Tribune
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

Initially Eisenhower planned on serving only one term, but as with other decisions, he maintained a position of maximum flexibility in case leading Republicans wanted him to run again. During his recovery from a heart attack late in 1955, he huddled with his closest advisors to evaluate the GOP's potential candidates; the group, in addition to his doctor, concluded a second term was well advised, and he announced in February 1956 he would run again. Eisenhower was publicly noncommittal about Nixon's repeating as the Vice President on his ticket; the question was an especially important one in light of his heart condition. He personally favored Robert B. Anderson, a Democrat, who rejected his offer; Eisenhower then resolved to leave the matter in the hands of the party. In 1956, Eisenhower faced Adlai Stevenson again and won by an even larger landslide, with 457 of 531 electoral votes and 57.6% of the popular vote. The level of campaigning was curtailed out of health considerations.

Q1: Upon election, how many terms did Eisenhower believe he would serve?
A1: one
Q2: In what year did Eisenhower have a heart attack?
A2: 1955
Q3: When did Eisenhower make an announcement stating that he would run for a second term?
A3: February 1956
Q4: Who did Eisenhower want as his 1956 running mate?
A4: Robert B. Anderson
Q5: Who did Eisenhower defeat in the 1956 presidential election?
A5: Adlai Stevenson
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

Initially PCBs were designed manually by creating a photomask on a clear mylar sheet, usually at two or four times the true size. Starting from the schematic diagram the component pin pads were laid out on the mylar and then traces were routed to connect the pads. Rub-on dry transfers of common component footprints increased efficiency. Traces were made with self-adhesive tape. Pre-printed non-reproducing grids on the mylar assisted in layout. To fabricate the board, the finished photomask was photolithographically reproduced onto a photoresist coating on the blank copper-clad boards.

Q1: What did PCB designers used to employ on a mylar sheet?
A1: photomask
Q2: In the old PCB design method, what was used to connect component pin pads?
A2: traces
Q3: What were traces originally made out of?
A3: self-adhesive tape
Q4: Designers would rub on a dry transfer of what to make the process of laying out components simpler?
A4: common component footprints
Q5: What kind of metal coated the blank boards used to make PCBs?
A5: copper