LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Under Peter I (the Great), Russia was proclaimed an Empire in 1721 and became recognized as a world power. Ruling from 1682 to 1725, Peter defeated Sweden in the Great Northern War, forcing it to cede West Karelia and Ingria (two regions lost by Russia in the Time of Troubles), as well as Estland and Livland, securing Russia's access to the sea and sea trade. On the Baltic Sea Peter founded a new capital called Saint Petersburg, later known as Russia's Window to Europe. Peter the Great's reforms brought considerable Western European cultural influences to Russia. Catherine II (the Great), who ruled in 1762–96, extended Russian political control over the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and incorporated most of its territories into Russia during the Partitions of Poland, pushing the Russian frontier westward into Central Europe. In the south, after successful Russo-Turkish Wars against the Ottoman Empire, Catherine advanced Russia's boundary to the Black Sea, defeating the Crimean khanate.

Q1: Under whom was Russia declared an empire?
A1: Peter I
Q2: In what year was Russia declared an empire?
A2: 1721
Q3: Through what period did Peter I rule?
A3: 1682 to 1725
Q4: Who did Peter I defeat in the Great Northern War?
A4: Sweden
Q5: What did Peter I found on the Baltic Sea?
A5: a new capital called Saint Petersburg
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Under Ptolemy II, Callimachus, Apollonius of Rhodes, Theocritus and a host of other poets made the city a center of Hellenistic literature. Ptolemy himself was eager to patronise the library, scientific research and individual scholars who lived on the grounds of the library. He and his successors also fought a series of wars with the Seleucids, known as the Syrian wars, over the region of Coele-Syria. Ptolemy IV won the great battle of Raphia (217 BCE) against the Seleucids, using native Egyptians trained as phalangites. However these Egyptian soldiers revolted, eventually setting up a native breakaway Egyptian state in the Thebaid between 205-186/5 BCE, severely weakening the Ptolemaic state.

Q1: The Syrian was were fought between Ptolemy II and whom?
A1: the Seleucids
Q2: What region was fought for during the Syrian wars?
A2: Coele-Syria
Q3: Who won the great battle of Raphia?
A3: Ptolemy IV
Q4: When was the great battle of Raphia?
A4: 217 BCE
Q5: Who did Ptolemy IV defeat in the great battle of Raphia?
A5: Seleucids
Title: Montana
Topic: Geography and places

Under Territorial Governor Thomas Meagher, Montanans held a constitutional convention in 1866 in a failed bid for statehood. A second constitutional convention was held in Helena in 1884 that produced a constitution ratified 3:1 by Montana citizens in November 1884. For political reasons, Congress did not approve Montana statehood until 1889. Congress approved Montana statehood in February 1889 and President Grover Cleveland signed an omnibus bill granting statehood to Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington once the appropriate state constitutions were crafted. In July 1889, Montanans convened their third constitutional convention and produced a constitution acceptable by the people and the federal government. On November 8, 1889 President Benjamin Harrison proclaimed Montana the forty-first state in the union. The first state governor was Joseph K. Toole. In the 1880s, Helena (the current state capital) had more millionaires per capita than any other United States city.

Q1: When was the first constitutional convention held in Montana?
A1: 1866
Q2: Why was this constitutional convention held?
A2: bid for statehood
Q3: When was the second constitutional convention held?
A3: 1884
Q4: What year was Montana's statehood approved?
A4: 1889
Q5: What other three states were approved in the same year?
A5: North Dakota, South Dakota and Washington
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

Under Tito's leadership, Yugoslavia became a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement. In 1961, Tito co-founded the movement with Egypt's Gamal Abdel Nasser, India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Indonesia's Sukarno and Ghana's Kwame Nkrumah, in an action called The Initiative of Five (Tito, Nehru, Nasser, Sukarno, Nkrumah), thus establishing strong ties with third world countries. This move did much to improve Yugoslavia's diplomatic position. On 1 September 1961, Josip Broz Tito became the first Secretary-General of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Q1: Under whose leadership did Yugoslavia become a founding member of the Non-Aligned Movement?
A1: Tito
Q2: In what year did Tito co-found the Non-Aligned Movement?
A2: 1961
Q3: Nasser led which country in 1961?
A3: Egypt
Q4: Which Indonesian leader co-founded the Non-Aligned movement with Tito?
A4: Nehru
Q5: Who became the first Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement?
A5: Tito
Title: Northwestern_University
Topic: History

Under Walter Dill Scott's presidency from 1920 to 1939, Northwestern began construction of an integrated campus in Chicago designed by James Gamble Rogers to house the professional schools; established the Kellogg School of Management; and built several prominent buildings on the Evanston campus, Dyche Stadium (now named Ryan Field) and Deering Library among others. In 1933, a proposal to merge Northwestern with the University of Chicago was considered but rejected. Northwestern was also one of the first six universities in the country to establish a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC) in the 1920s. Northwestern played host to the first-ever NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship game in 1939 in the original Patten Gymnasium, which was later demolished and relocated farther north along with the Dearborn Observatory to make room for the Technological Institute.

Q1: What type of campus did Northwestern begin construction of during Walter Dill Scott's presidency?
A1: integrated
Q2: What was the orginal name for Northwestern's Ryan Field?
A2: Dyche Stadium
Q3: What merger was proposed and rejected in 1933?
A3: Northwestern with the University of Chicago
Q4: What was Northwestern one of the first six universities in the U.S. to establish in the 1920's?
A4: a Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps (NROTC)
Q5: What first-ever game did Northwestern host in 1939?
A5: NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Championship
Title: Pub
Topic: History

Under a banner of "reducing public drunkenness" the Beer Act of 1830 introduced a new lower tier of premises permitted to sell alcohol, the Beer Houses. At the time beer was viewed as harmless, nutritious and even healthy. Young children were often given what was described as small beer, which was brewed to have a low alcohol content, as the local water was often unsafe. Even the evangelical church and temperance movements of the day viewed the drinking of beer very much as a secondary evil and a normal accompaniment to a meal. The freely available beer was thus intended to wean the drinkers off the evils of gin, or so the thinking went.

Q1: What law allowed the existence of beer houses?
A1: Beer Act of 1830
Q2: In what way did small beer differ from regular beer?
A2: low alcohol content
Q3: What alcohol was regarded as evil when compared to beer?
A3: gin
Q4: What was the intention behind the passage of the Beer Act of 1830?
A4: reducing public drunkenness
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
Topic: History

Under a front page headline "The Truth", the paper printed allegations provided to them that some fans picked the pockets of crushed victims, that others urinated on members of the emergency services as they tried to help and that some even assaulted a police constable "whilst he was administering the kiss of life to a patient." Despite the headline, written by Kelvin MacKenzie, the story was based on allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said – a fact made clear to MacKenzie by Harry Arnold, the reporter who wrote the story.

Q1: What did the paper report that some fans did?
A1: picked the pockets of crushed victims
Q2: Who was reported to have been assaulted while trying to help a patient?
A2: a police constable
Q3: Who wrote the headline "The Truth"?
A3: Kelvin MacKenzie
Q4: Who wrote the actual story?
A4: Harry Arnold
Q5: What was the story based on?
A5: allegations either by unnamed and unattributable sources, or hearsay accounts of what named individuals had said
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

Under anaerobic conditions, iron and steel alloys are slowly oxidized by the protons of water concomitantly reduced in molecular hydrogen (H
2). The anaerobic corrosion of iron leads first to the formation of ferrous hydroxide (green rust) and can be described by the following reaction:

Q1: What condition is iron and steel alloys slowly oxidized?
A1: anaerobic
Q2: What does the anaerobic corrosion of iron lead to?
A2: formation of ferrous hydroxide
Q3: What is another name for formation of ferrous hydroxide?
A3: green rust
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player.

Q1: A combination computer/LD player was comissioned by what government entity?
A1: the U.S. Military
Q2: How much did Matrox's computer/LD combo weigh?
A2: 43 lb (20 kg)
Q3: How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?
A3: removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Under extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in younger nappes (folds) as the orogeny progressed. Coarse sediments from the continual uplift and erosion were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse. The molasse regions in Switzerland and Bavaria were well-developed and saw further upthrusting of flysch.

Q1: What was uplifted from extreme compressive stresses and pressure? 
A1: marine sedimentary rocks
Q2: When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?
A2: As the rising peaks underwent erosion
Q3: What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?
A3: Coarse sediments
Q4: Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?
A4: flysch
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Under modern constitutional conventions, the sovereign acts on the advice of his or her ministers. Since these ministers most often maintain the support of parliament and are the ones who obtain the passage of bills, it is highly improbable that they would advise the sovereign to withhold assent. An exception is sometimes stated to be if bills are not passed in good faith, though it is difficult to make an interpretation on what this circumstance might constitute. Hence, in modern practice, royal assent is always granted; a refusal to do so would be appropriate only in an emergency requiring the use of the monarch's reserve powers.

Q1: Modern-day sovereigns often acts on the advice of whom?
A1: ministers
Q2: In the event that the monarch refuses to give royal assent, what can the monarch make use of?
A2: reserve powers
Q3: Whose advice does a sovereign follow?
A3: his or her ministers
Q4: Who often maintains parliamentary support and obtains the passage of bills?
A4: ministers
Q5: Is it probable, improbable, or impossible that a sovereign would withhold assent?
A5: improbable
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

Under mounting political pressure, John finally negotiated terms for a reconciliation, and the papal terms for submission were accepted in the presence of the papal legate Pandulf Verraccio in May 1213 at the Templar Church at Dover. As part of the deal, John offered to surrender the Kingdom of England to the papacy for a feudal service of 1,000 marks (equivalent to £666 at the time) annually: 700 marks (£466) for England and 300 marks (£200) for Ireland, as well as recompensing the church for revenue lost during the crisis. The agreement was formalised in the Bulla Aurea, or Golden Bull. This resolution produced mixed responses. Although some chroniclers felt that John had been humiliated by the sequence of events, there was little public reaction. Innocent benefited from the resolution of his long-standing English problem, but John probably gained more, as Innocent became a firm supporter of John for the rest of his reign, backing him in both domestic and continental policy issues. Innocent immediately turned against Philip, calling upon him to reject plans to invade England and to sue for peace. John paid some of the compensation money he had promised the church, but he ceased making payments in late 1214, leaving two-thirds of the sum unpaid; Innocent appears to have conveniently forgotten this debt for the good of the wider relationship.

Q1: When were the papal terms for submission accepted?
A1: May 1213
Q2: How many marks did John surrender?
A2: 1,000
Q3: Where was the agreement formalised?
A3: Bulla Aurea
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

Under ordinary conditions on Earth, elemental hydrogen exists as the diatomic gas, H2. However, hydrogen gas is very rare in the Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm by volume) because of its light weight, which enables it to escape from Earth's gravity more easily than heavier gases. However, hydrogen is the third most abundant element on the Earth's surface, mostly in the form of chemical compounds such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced by some bacteria and algae and is a natural component of flatus, as is methane, itself a hydrogen source of increasing importance.

Q1: How abundant is hydrogen on the earths surface?
A1: third most abundant
Q2: what produces hydrogen gas?
A2: bacteria and algae
Title: Pub
Topic: History

Under the 1830 Act any householder who paid rates could apply, with a one-off payment of two guineas (roughly equal in value to £168 today), to sell beer or cider in his home (usually the front parlour) and even to brew his own on his premises. The permission did not extend to the sale of spirits and fortified wines, and any beer house discovered selling those items was closed down and the owner heavily fined. Beer houses were not permitted to open on Sundays. The beer was usually served in jugs or dispensed directly from tapped wooden barrels on a table in the corner of the room. Often profits were so high the owners were able to buy the house next door to live in, turning every room in their former home into bars and lounges for customers.

Q1: What is the approximate modern value of two guineas in 1830?
A1: £168
Q2: What did the Beer Act allow a householder to sell from his home?
A2: beer or cider
Q3: On what day were beer houses closed?
A3: Sundays
Q4: Along with barrels, what was beer typically dispensed from?
A4: jugs
Q5: What was forbidden from being sold in beer houses?
A5: spirits and fortified wines
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

Under the 1963 constitution, Massamba-Débat was elected President for a five-year term. During Massamba-Débat's term in office the regime adopted "scientific socialism" as the country's constitutional ideology. In 1965, Congo established relations with the Soviet Union, the People's Republic of China, North Korea and North Vietnam. Massamba-Débat's regime also invited several hundred Cuban army troops into the country to train his party's militia units and these troops helped his government survive a coup in 1966 led by paratroopers loyal to future President Marien Ngouabi. Nevertheless, Massamba-Débat was unable to reconcile various institutional, tribal and ideological factions within the country and his regime ended abruptly with a bloodless coup d'état in September 1968.

Q1: Who became president of the Congo in 1963?
A1: Massamba-Débat
Q2: What was a term that could describe the political philosophy of the Congo under Massamba-Debat?
A2: scientific socialism
Q3: Soldiers from which country were brought to the Congo?
A3: Cuban
Q4: When did Massamba-Debat lose power in the Congo?
A4: September 1968
Title: Exhibition_game
Topic: Sports and recreation

Under the 1995–2004 National Hockey League collective bargaining agreement, teams were limited to nine preseason games. From 1975 to 1991, NHL teams sometimes played exhibition games against teams from the Soviet Union in the Super Series, and in 1978, played against World Hockey Association teams also in preseason training. Like the NFL, the NHL sometimes schedules exhibition games for cities without their own NHL teams, often at a club's minor league affiliate (e.g. Carolina Hurricanes games at Time Warner Cable Arena in Charlotte, home of their AHL affiliate; Los Angeles Kings games at Citizens Business Bank Arena in Ontario, California, home of their ECHL affiliate; Montreal Canadiens games at Colisée Pepsi in Quebec City, which has no pro hockey but used to have an NHL team until 1995; Washington Capitals at 1st Mariner Arena in the Baltimore Hockey Classic; various Western Canada teams at Credit Union Centre in Saskatoon, a potential NHL expansion venue). Since the 2000s, some preseason games have been played in Europe against European teams, as part of the NHL Challenge and NHL Premiere series. In addition to the standard preseason, there also exist prospect tournaments such as the Vancouver Canucks' YoungStars tournament and the Detroit Red Wings' training camp, in which NHL teams' younger prospects face off against each other under their parent club's banner.

Q1: When did the NFL limit teams to 9 preseason games?
A1: 1995–2004
Q2: What country's teams did US teams sometimes play exhibition games against in the 1980s?
A2: Soviet Union
Q3: In what year did the NHL play against World Hockey Association teams?
A3: 1978
Q4: Where is Time Warner Cable Arena?
A4: Charlotte
Q5: What hockey arena is in Ontario, California?
A5: Citizens Business Bank Arena
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
Topic: History

Under the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996, a state prisoner is ordinarily only allowed one suit for habeas corpus in federal court. If the federal courts refuse to issue a writ of habeas corpus, an execution date may be set. In recent times, however, prisoners have postponed execution through a final round of federal litigation using the Civil Rights Act of 1871 — codified at 42 U.S.C. § 1983 — which allows people to bring lawsuits against state actors to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights.

Q1: In what year was the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act passed?
A1: 1996
Q2: How many habeas corpus suits does the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act normally allow in federal court?
A2: one
Q3: What is the US Code citation for the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A3: 42 U.S.C. § 1983
Q4: Why does a litigant initiate a lawsuit under the Civil Rights Act of 1871?
A4: to protect their federal constitutional and statutory rights
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

Under the Bretton Woods system established after World War II, the value of gold was fixed to $35 per ounce, and the value of the U.S. dollar was thus anchored to the value of gold. Rising government spending in the 1960s, however, led to doubts about the ability of the United States to maintain this convertibility, gold stocks dwindled as banks and international investors began to convert dollars to gold, and as a result the value of the dollar began to decline. Facing an emerging currency crisis and the imminent danger that the United States would no longer be able to redeem dollars for gold, gold convertibility was finally terminated in 1971 by President Nixon, resulting in the "Nixon shock".

Q1: When was the Bretton Woods system established?
A1: after World War II
Q2: What was the fixed value of gold?
A2: $35 per ounce
Q3: What was the value of the U.S. dollar linked to?
A3: the value of gold
Q4: What did banks and investors do that devalued the dollar?
A4: convert dollars to gold
Q5: In which year was gold convertability terminated?
A5: 1971
Title: CBC_Television
Topic: History

Under the CBC's current arrangement with Rogers Communications for National Hockey League broadcast rights, Hockey Night in Canada broadcasts on CBC-owned stations and affiliates are not technically aired over the CBC Television network, but over a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers. This was required by the CRTC as Rogers exercises editorial control and sells all advertising time during the HNIC broadcasts, even though the CBC bug and promos for other CBC Television programs appear throughout HNIC.

Q1: Which company owns the rights to National Hockey League broadcasts?
A1: Rogers Communications
Q2: Where are affiliates of HNIC aired?
A2: a separate CRTC-licensed part-time network operated by Rogers
Q3: Where are HNIC broadcasts aired?
A3: on CBC-owned stations
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Under the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 1035–1087), conquered England (r. 1066–87) and created a cross-channel empire that lasted, in various forms, throughout the rest of the Middle Ages. Normans also settled in Sicily and southern Italy, when Robert Guiscard (d. 1085) landed there in 1059 and established a duchy that later became the Kingdom of Sicily. Under the Angevin dynasty of Henry II (r. 1154–89) and his son Richard I (r. 1189–99), the kings of England ruled over England and large areas of France,[W] brought to the family by Henry II's marriage to Eleanor of Aquitaine (d. 1204), heiress to much of southern France.[X] Richard's younger brother John (r. 1199–1216) lost Normandy and the rest of the northern French possessions in 1204 to the French King Philip II Augustus (r. 1180–1223). This led to dissension among the English nobility, while John's financial exactions to pay for his unsuccessful attempts to regain Normandy led in 1215 to Magna Carta, a charter that confirmed the rights and privileges of free men in England. Under Henry III (r. 1216–72), John's son, further concessions were made to the nobility, and royal power was diminished. The French monarchy continued to make gains against the nobility during the late 12th and 13th centuries, bringing more territories within the kingdom under their personal rule and centralising the royal administration. Under Louis IX (r. 1226–70), royal prestige rose to new heights as Louis served as a mediator for most of Europe.[Y]

Q1: Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?
A1: William the Conqueror
Q2: During what period did William reign over England?
A2: 1066–87
Q3: When did Robert Guiscard die?
A3: 1085
Q4: What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?
A4: Kingdom of Sicily
Q5: To what dynasty did Henry II belong?
A5: Angevin
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

Under the Köppen climate classification, Philadelphia falls in the northern periphery of the humid subtropical climate zone (Köppen Cfa). Summers are typically hot and muggy, fall and spring are generally mild, and winter is cold. Snowfall is highly variable, with some winters bringing only light snow and others bringing several major snowstorms, with the normal seasonal snowfall standing at 22.4 in (57 cm); snow in November or April is rare, and a sustained snow cover is rare. Precipitation is generally spread throughout the year, with eight to twelve wet days per month, at an average annual rate of 41.5 inches (1,050 mm), but historically ranging from 29.31 in (744 mm) in 1922 to 64.33 in (1,634 mm) in 2011. The most rain recorded in one day occurred on July 28, 2013, when 8.02 in (204 mm) fell at Philadelphia International Airport.

Q1: What climate zone does Philadelphia fall under?
A1: humid subtropical climate zone
Q2: What is the summer weather like?
A2: hot and muggy
Q3: What is the normal snowfall?
A3: 22.4 in
Q4: How much rain does Philly get on average?
A4: 41.5 inches
Q5: What is the most rain in one day?
A5: 8.02 in
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Under the Köppen climate classification, using the 0 °C (32 °F) coldest month (January) isotherm, New York City itself experiences a humid subtropical climate (Cfa) and is thus the northernmost major city on the North American continent with this categorization. The suburbs to the immediate north and west lie in the transition zone from a humid subtropical (Cfa) to a humid continental climate (Dfa). The area averages 234 days with at least some sunshine annually, and averages 57% of possible sunshine annually, accumulating 2,535 hours of sunshine per annum. The city falls under USDA 7b Plant Hardiness zone.

Q1: What is the name of New York City's climate using the Köppen climate classification?
A1: humid subtropical
Q2: How many sunny days does New York average each year?
A2: 234
Q3: How many hours of sunshine does New York receive every year?
A3: 2,535
Q4: The suburbs of the city lie between the humid subtropical and what other climate zone?
A4: humid continental
Q5: What month in New York City is the coldest?
A5: January
Q6: What type of climate does NYC possess?
A6: humid subtropical
Q7: How many days on average does NYC get sunshine annually?
A7: 234
Q8: What planting zone does the city land in?
A8: USDA 7b
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

Under the Qing dynasty (1644–1911), the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning (江寧) and served as the seat of government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. It had been visited by the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors a number of times on their tours of the southern provinces. Nanjing was invaded by British troops during the close of the First Opium War, which was ended by the Treaty of Nanjing in 1842. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom (founded by the Taiping rebels in the mid-19th century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing (天京, "Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven").

Q1: When was the Qing dynasty in power?
A1: 1644–1911
Q2: What was Nanjing called during the Qing dynasty?
A2: Jiangning
Q3: What emperors visited Nanjing more than once?
A3: the Kangxi and Qianlong emperors
Q4: What year did the First Opium War end?
A4: 1842
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Under the Royal Assent Act 1967, royal assent can be granted by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament. Then, the presiding officer makes a formal, but simple statement to the house, acquainting each house that royal assent has been granted to the acts mentioned. Thus, unlike the granting of royal assent by the monarch in person or by Royal Commissioners, the method created by the Royal Assent Act 1967 does not require both houses to meet jointly for the purpose of receiving the notice of royal assent. The standard text of the letters patent is set out in The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992, with minor amendments in 2000. In practice this remains the standard method, a fact that is belied by the wording of the letters patent for the appointment of the Royal Commissioners and by the wording of the letters patent for the granting of royal assent in writing under the 1967 Act ("... And forasmuch as We cannot at this time be present in the Higher House of Our said Parliament being the accustomed place for giving Our Royal Assent...").

Q1: What is unique about the method used for assention allowed by the Royal Assent Act 1967?
A1: does not require both houses to meet jointly
Q2: How is assent granted under the Royal Assent Act 1967?
A2: by the sovereign in writing, by means of letters patent, that are presented to the presiding officer of each house of parliament
Q3: Which document formats the letters patent?
A3: The Crown Office (Forms and Proclamations Rules) Order 1992
Q4: In which year were minor amendments made to the Crown Office Order?
A4: 2000
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Under the direction of recording engineer C. Robert Fine, Mercury Records initiated a minimalist single microphone monaural recording technique in 1951. The first record, a Chicago Symphony Orchestra performance of Pictures at an Exhibition, conducted by Rafael Kubelik, was described as "being in the living presence of the orchestra" by The New York Times music critic. The series of records was then named Mercury Living Presence. In 1955, Mercury began three-channel stereo recordings, still based on the principle of the single microphone. The center (single) microphone was of paramount importance, with the two side mics adding depth and space. Record masters were cut directly from a three-track to two-track mixdown console, with all editing of the master tapes done on the original three-tracks. In 1961, Mercury enhanced this technique with three-microphone stereo recordings using 35 mm magnetic film instead of half-inch tape for recording. The greater thickness and width of 35 mm magnetic film prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response. The Mercury Living Presence recordings were remastered to CD in the 1990s by the original producer, Wilma Cozart Fine, using the same method of 3-to-2 mix directly to the master recorder.

Q1: For which company did C. Robert Fine work for?
A1: Mercury Records
Q2: What benefits were found in using the 35mm magnetic film?
A2: prevented tape layer print-through and pre-echo and gained extended frequency range and transient response
Q3: Who developed the 3-to-2 mix to create lifelike recordings?
A3: Mercury
Q4: Which microphone hold the most importance in 3 microphone recording?
A4: The center
Q5: In which year did Mercury begin 3 channel stereo recording?
A5: 1955
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

Under the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938), there is no general federal common law. Although federal courts can create federal common law in the form of case law, such law must be linked one way or another to the interpretation of a particular federal constitutional provision, statute, or regulation (which in turn was enacted as part of the Constitution or after). Federal courts lack the plenary power possessed by state courts to simply make up law, which the latter are able to do in the absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law. Only in a few narrow limited areas, like maritime law, has the Constitution expressly authorized the continuation of English common law at the federal level (meaning that in those areas federal courts can continue to make law as they see fit, subject to the limitations of stare decisis).

Q1: What states that there is no general federal common law?
A1: the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins
Q2: When was the doctrine of Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins put into effect?
A2: 1938
Q3: Why can't federal courts just make up law?
A3: lack the plenary power possessed by state courts
Q4: When are states allowed to use plenary power?
A4: absence of constitutional or statutory provisions replacing the common law
Title: Heian_period
Topic: History

Under the early courts, when military conscription had been centrally controlled, military affairs had been taken out of the hands of the provincial aristocracy. But as the system broke down after 792, local power holders again became the primary source of military strength. The re-establishment of an efficient military system was made gradually through a process of trial-and-error. At that time the imperial court did not possess an army but rather relied on an organization of professional warriors composed mainly of oryoshi, which were appointed to an individual province and tsuibushi, which were appointed over imperial circuits or for specific tasks. This gave rise to the Japanese military class. Nonetheless final authority rested with the imperial court.

Q1: The early courts' military conscription broke down around what year?
A1: 792
Q2: Warriors appointed to a province were called what?
A2: oryoshi
Q3: Warriors appointed for specific tasks were called what?
A3: tsuibushi
Q4: Where did final authority over the military lie?
A4: imperial court
Title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic
Topic: History

Under the leadership of Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks established the Soviet state on 7 November [O.S. 25 October] 1917, immediately after the Russian Provisional Government, which governed the Russian Republic, was overthrown during the October Revolution. Initially, the state did not have an official name and wasn't recognized by neighboring countries for five months. Meanwhile, anti-Bolsheviks coined the mocking label "Sovdepia" for the nascent state of the "Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies".

Q1: Which group originally created the Soviet state?
A1: the Bolsheviks
Q2: Who led the group which created the Soviet state?
A2: Vladimir Lenin
Q3: Which government was overthrown during the October Revolution?
A3: the Russian Provisional Government
Q4: How long did the new Russian Soviet state go unrecognized by other countries?
A4: five months
Q5: What name did people opposed to the Bolsheviks use for the Soviet state?
A5: Sovdepia
Q6: Who was the leader of the Bolsheviks in 1917?
A6: Vladimir Lenin
Q7: What body was overthrown by the October Revolution?
A7: Russian Provisional Government
Q8: For how long did the Soviet Union go unrecognized?
A8: five months
Q9: What derisive label was given to the USSR by the enemies of the Bolsheviks?
A9: Sovdepia
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

Under the millet system, non-Muslim people were considered subjects of the Empire, but were not subject to the Muslim faith or Muslim law. The Orthodox millet, for instance, was still officially legally subject to Justinian's Code, which had been in effect in the Byzantine Empire for 900 years. Also, as the largest group of non-Muslim subjects (or zimmi) of the Islamic Ottoman state, the Orthodox millet was granted a number of special privileges in the fields of politics and commerce, and had to pay higher taxes than Muslim subjects.

Q1: What system deemed non-Muslims subjects of the empire but unbound by Muslim law?
A1: the millet system
Q2: What code had been active for 900 years in the Byzantine empire?
A2: Justinian's Code
Q3: What were non-Muslims also known as in the Islamic Ottoman State?
A3: zimmi
Q4: Being a non-muslim in the Empire resulted in what as it related to taxes?
A4: higher taxes
Q5: What millet was subject to Justinian's Code?
A5: The Orthodox millet
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Under the provisions of the 1833 India Act, control of Saint Helena was passed from the East India Company to the British Crown, becoming a crown colony. Subsequent administrative cost-cutting triggered the start of a long-term population decline whereby those who could afford to do so tended to leave the island for better opportunities elsewhere. The latter half of the 19th century saw the advent of steam ships not reliant on trade winds, as well as the diversion of Far East trade away from the traditional South Atlantic shipping lanes to a route via the Red Sea (which, prior to the building of the Suez Canal, involved a short overland section). These factors contributed to a decline in the number of ships calling at the island from 1,100 in 1855 to only 288 in 1889.

Q1: What act gave control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
A1: 1833 India Act
Q2: Who turned over control of Saint Helena to the British Crown?
A2: East India Company
Q3: During the latter half of the 19th century what ships became prevalent that weren't dependent on trade winds?
A3: steam ships
Q4: How many ships were going to the island in 1855?
A4: 1,100
Q5: By 1889 how many ships were going to the island?
A5: 288
Title: Queen_(band)
Topic: Music

Under the supervision of May and Taylor, numerous restoration projects have been under way involving Queen's lengthy audio and video catalogue. DVD releases of their 1986 Wembley concert (titled Live at Wembley Stadium), 1982 Milton Keynes concert (Queen on Fire – Live at the Bowl), and two Greatest Video Hits (Volumes 1 and 2, spanning the 1970s and 1980s) have seen the band's music remixed into 5.1 and DTS surround sound. So far, only two of the band's albums, A Night at the Opera and The Game, have been fully remixed into high-resolution multichannel surround on DVD-Audio. A Night at the Opera was re-released with some revised 5.1 mixes and accompanying videos in 2005 for the 30th anniversary of the album's original release (CD+DVD-Video set). In 2007, a Blu-ray edition of Queen's previously released concerts, Queen Rock Montreal & Live Aid, was released, marking their first project in 1080p HD.

Q1: Queen's Live at Wembley Stadium DVD covered what year?
A1: 1986
Q2: Queen on Fire included this 1982 concert?
A2: Milton Keynes
Q3: When was Queen's A Night at the Opera re-released?
A3: 2005
Q4: When was the first Queen Bluray released?
A4: 2007
Q5: Which band members were involved in the restoration of Queen's prior projects?
A5: May and Taylor
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

Under the terms of the concluding Treaty of Versailles signed in 1919, the empire reached its greatest extent with the addition of 1,800,000 square miles (4,700,000 km2) and 13 million new subjects. The colonies of Germany and the Ottoman Empire were distributed to the Allied powers as League of Nations mandates. Britain gained control of Palestine, Transjordan, Iraq, parts of Cameroon and Togo, and Tanganyika. The Dominions themselves also acquired mandates of their own: the Union of South Africa gained South-West Africa (modern-day Namibia), Australia gained German New Guinea, and New Zealand Western Samoa. Nauru was made a combined mandate of Britain and the two Pacific Dominions.

Q1: When was the Treaty of Versailles signed?
A1: 1919
Q2: How many square miles did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
A2: 1,800,000
Q3: Which countries' colonies were given to the Allied powers in 1919?
A3: Germany and the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What modern-day country is South-West Africa?
A4: Namibia
Q5: How many people did the Treaty of Versailles add to the British Empire?
A5: 13 million
Title: Near_East
Topic: Geography and places

Under these complex circumstances regional names are less useful. They are more historical than an accurate gauge of operations. The Directorate of Intelligence, one of four directorates into which the CIA is divided, includes the Office of Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis (NESA). Its duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries, as well as on the South Asian nations of India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan." The total range of countries is in fact the same as the State Department's Near East, but the names do not correspond. The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East defined in the CIA-published on-line resource, The World Factbook. Its list of countries is limited by the Red Sea, comprises the entire eastern coast of the Mediterranean, including Israel, Turkey, the small nations of the Caucasus, Iran and the states of the Arabian Peninsula.

Q1: The Near East of the NESA is the same as the Middle East define in what?
A1: The World Factbook
Q2: What does NESA stand for?
A2: Near Eastern and South Asian Analysis
Q3: Whose duties are defined as "support on Middle Eastern and North African countries?"
A3: (NESA)
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

Under threat from the conservative forces, Governor Terrazas was deposed, and the state legislature proclaimed martial law in the state in April 1864 and established Jesús José Casavantes as the new governor. In response, José María Patoni decided to march to Chihuahua with presidential support. Meanwhile, Maximilian von Habsburg, a younger brother of the Emperor of Austria, was proclaimed Emperor Maximilian I of Mexico on April 10, 1864 with the backing of Napoleon III and a group of Mexican conservatives. Before President Benito Juárez was forced to flee, Congress granted him an emergency extension of his presidency, which would go into effect in 1865 when his term expired, and last until 1867. At the same time, the state liberals and conservatives compromised to allow the popular Ángel Trías take the governorship; by this time the French forces had taken control over the central portions of the country and were making preparations to invade the northern states.

Q1: Who was deposed under threat from conservative forces?
A1: Governor Terrazas
Q2: Who was established as the new governor?
A2: Jesús José Casavantes
Q3: Who decided to march on Chihuahua in response?
A3: José María Patoni
Q4: Which president was forced to flee?
A4: President Benito Juárez
Q5: Until which year did his extended term last?
A5: 1867
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis
Topic: Geography and places

Undergraduate BSBA students take 40–60% of their courses within the business school and are able to formally declare majors in eight areas: accounting, entrepreneurship, finance, healthcare management, marketing, managerial economics and strategy, organization and human resources, international business, and operations and supply chain management. Graduate students are able to pursue an MBA either full-time or part-time. Students may also take elective courses from other disciplines at Washington University, including law and many other fields. Mahendra R. Gupta is the Dean of the Olin Business School.

Q1: How many majors are available to students in the business school at Washington University?
A1: eight
Q2: What options are available for graduate students in pursuing an MBA at Washington University? 
A2: full-time or part-time
Q3: Who is the Dean of the Olin Business School?
A3: Mahendra R. Gupta
Q4: What percent of coursework is done at the business school by undergraduate students at Washington University?
A4: 40–60%
Title: Northwestern_University
Topic: History

Undergraduate tuition for the 2012/13 school year was $61,240; this includes the basic tuition of $43,380, fees (health $200, etc.), room and board of $13,329 (less if commuting), books and supplies $1,842, personal expenses $1,890, transportation cost of $400. Northwestern awards financial aid solely on the basis of need through loans, work-study, grants, and scholarships. The University processed in excess of $472 million in financial aid for the 2009–2010 academic year. This included $265 million in institutional funds, with the remainder coming from federal and state governments and private organizations and individuals. Northwestern scholarship programs for undergraduate students support needy students from a variety of income and backgrounds. Approximately 44 percent of the June 2010 graduates had received federal and/or private loans for their undergraduate education, graduating with an average debt of $17,200.

Q1: What was the total undergrad tuition for the 2012/2013 school year?
A1: $61,240
Q2: On what basis does Northwestern award financial aid?
A2: need
Q3: What percentage of the June 2010 graduates received federal or private loans?
A3: Approximately 44
Q4: What was the average debt for the June 2010 graduates?
A4: $17,200
Q5: How much financial aid did Northwestern process for the 2009-2010 academic year?
A5: in excess of $472 million
Title: Digestion
Topic: Natural sciences

Underlying the process is muscle movement throughout the system through swallowing and peristalsis. Each step in digestion requires energy, and thus imposes an "overhead charge" on the energy made available from absorbed substances. Differences in that overhead cost are important influences on lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures. Examples may be seen in humans, who differ considerably from other hominids (lack of hair, smaller jaws and musculature, different dentition, length of intestines, cooking, etc.).

Q1: What muscle movements are used for digestion?
A1: swallowing and peristalsis
Q2: What does every stpe of digestion require?
A2: energy
Q3: What does needing energy to digest impose?
A3: an "overhead charge"
Q4: Over head charges influence what?
A4: lifestyle, behavior, and even physical structures
Title: Houston
Topic: History

Underpinning Houston's land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region's geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.

Q1: What materials are underpinning the land surface of Houston?
A1: unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands
Q2: Houston's geology was formed from river deposits from the erosion of what mountains?
A2: Rocky Mountains
Q3: The sand and clay deposited onto decaying marine matter transformed into what?
A3: oil and natural gas
Q4: What is halite?
A4: a rock salt
Q5: What type of farming is Houston's surface soil good for?
A5: rice farming
Q6: What geological event caused the foundations of the land beneath Houston?
A6: erosion of the Rocky Mountains
Q7: Besides sands, what are the foundations of Houston's land?
A7: clays
Q8: How deep are the clay and sands foundations of Houston?
A8: several miles
Q9: What did the decaying organics under the clay and sand deposits later form?
A9: oil and natural gas
Q10: What agricultural crop was farmed in the rich soils on the outlying areas of Houston?
A10: rice
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Unemployment levels are low (31 individuals in 2013, compared to 50 in 2004 and 342 in 1998). Employment is dominated by the public sector, the number of government positions has fallen from 1,142 in 2006 to just over 800 in 2013. St Helena’s private sector employs approximately 45% of the employed labour force and is largely dominated by small and micro businesses with 218 private businesses employing 886 in 2004.

Q1: How many individuals were unemployed on the island in 2013?
A1: 31
Q2: Employment on the island is dominated by what sector?
A2: public
Q3: In 2013 the number of government jobs was what?
A3: 800
Q4: What % of people are employed in the private sector in Saint Helena?
A4: 45
Q5: How many private businesses employee people on Saint Helena?
A5: 218
Title: Green
Topic: Language and literature

Unfortunately for those who wanted or were required to wear green, there were no good vegetal green dyes which resisted washing and sunlight. Green dyes were made out of the fern, plantain, buckthorn berries, the juice of nettles and of leeks, the digitalis plant, the broom plant, the leaves of the fraxinus, or ash tree, and the bark of the alder tree, but they rapidly faded or changed color. Only in the 16th century was a good green dye produced, by first dyeing the cloth blue with woad, and then yellow with reseda luteola, also known as yellow-weed.

Q1: Why were vegetal green dyes less than ideal?
A1: they rapidly faded or changed color
Q2: When was a good green vegetal dye finally produced?
A2: 16th century
Q3: What was known as yellow-weed?
A3: reseda luteola