LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Bird migration routes have been studied by a variety of techniques including the oldest, marking. Swans have been marked with a nick on the beak since about 1560 in England. Scientific ringing was pioneered by Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen in 1899. Other techniques include radar and satellite tracking.

Q1: What is the oldest way to study migration?
A1: marking
Q2: How have swans been marked?
A2: a nick on the beak
Q3: Since when have swans been marked?
A3: 1560
Q4: Who was scientific ringing pioneered by?
A4: Hans Christian Cornelius Mortensen
Q5: What are other forms of studying migration?
A5: radar and satellite tracking
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds (Aves) are a group of endothermic vertebrates, characterised by feathers, toothless beaked jaws, the laying of hard-shelled eggs, a high metabolic rate, a four-chambered heart, and a lightweight but strong skeleton. Birds live worldwide and range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) bee hummingbird to the 2.75 m (9 ft) ostrich. They rank as the class of tetrapods with the most living species, at approximately ten thousand, with more than half of these being passerines, sometimes known as perching birds or, less accurately, as songbirds.

Q1: What is a group of endothermic vertebrates characterised by feathers and toothless beaked jaws?
A1: Birds
Q2: What is the smallest bird?
A2: bee hummingbird
Q3: What is the largest bird?
A3: ostrich
Q4: What is the size of the smallest bird?
A4: 5 cm (2 in)
Q5: What is the size of the largest bird?
A5: 2.75 m (9 ft)
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds are often important to island ecology. Birds have frequently reached islands that mammals have not; on those islands, birds may fulfill ecological roles typically played by larger animals. For example, in New Zealand the moas were important browsers, as are the kereru and kokako today. Today the plants of New Zealand retain the defensive adaptations evolved to protect them from the extinct moa. Nesting seabirds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding seas, principally through the concentration of large quantities of guano, which may enrich the local soil and the surrounding seas.

Q1: What are often important to island ecology?
A1: Birds
Q2: What type of birds may also affect the ecology of islands and surrounding areas?
A2: Nesting seabirds
Q3: In New Zealand, what were important browsers, as the kereru and kokako are today?
A3: moas
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds fly at varying altitudes during migration. An expedition to Mt. Everest found skeletons of northern pintail Anas acuta and black-tailed godwit Limosa limosa at 5,000 m (16,000 ft) on the Khumbu Glacier. Bar-headed geese Anser indicus have been recorded by GPS flying at up to 6,540 metres (21,460 ft) while crossing the Himalayas, at the same time engaging in the highest rates of climb to altitude for any bird. Anecdotal reports of them flying much higher have yet to be corroborated with any direct evidence. Seabirds fly low over water but gain altitude when crossing land, and the reverse pattern is seen in landbirds. However most bird migration is in the range of 150 to 600 m (490 to 1,970 ft). Bird strike aviation records from the United States show most collisions occur below 600 m (2,000 ft) and almost none above 1,800 m (5,900 ft).

Q1: What part of birds was found on an expedition to Mt. Everest?
A1: skeletons
Q2: Which birds have the highest rates of climb to altitude?
A2: Bar-headed geese Anser indicus
Q3: What kind of birds fly low over water?
A3: Seabirds
Q4: What altitude range is most migration recorded?
A4: 150 to 600 m
Q5: Where do most in air collisions occur?
A5: below 600 m
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have a very efficient system for diffusing oxygen into the blood; birds have a ten times greater surface area to gas exchange volume than mammals. As a result, birds have more blood in their capillaries per unit of volume of lung than a mammal. The arteries are composed of thick elastic muscles to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction, and become more rigid as they move away from the heart. Blood moves through the arteries, which undergo vasoconstriction, and into arterioles which act as a transportation system to distribute primarily oxygen as well as nutrients to all tissues of the body. As the arterioles move away from the heart and into individual organs and tissues they are further divided to increase surface area and slow blood flow. Travelling through the arterioles blood moves into the capillaries where gas exchange can occur. Capillaries are organized into capillary beds in tissues, it is here that blood exchanges oxygen for carbon dioxide waste. In the capillary beds blood flow is slowed to allow maximum diffusion of oxygen into the tissues. Once the blood has become deoxygenated it travels through venules then veins and back to the heart. Veins, unlike arteries, are thin and rigid as they do not need to withstand extreme pressure. As blood travels through the venules to the veins a funneling occurs called vasodilation bringing blood back to the heart. Once the blood reaches the heart it moves first into the right atrium, then the right ventricle to be pumped through the lungs for further gas exchange of carbon dioxide waste for oxygen. Oxygenated blood then flows from the lungs through the left atrium to the left ventricle where it is pumped out to the body.

Q1: Why are birds' arteries composed of thick elastic muscles?
A1: to withstand the pressure of the ventricular constriction
Q2: What moves through the arteries?
A2: Blood
Q3: What is organized into capillary beds in tissues?
A3: Capillaries
Q4: What is the funneling that occurs that brings blood back to the heart?
A4: vasodilation
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have been domesticated by humans both as pets and for practical purposes. Colourful birds, such as parrots and mynas, are bred in captivity or kept as pets, a practice that has led to the illegal trafficking of some endangered species. Falcons and cormorants have long been used for hunting and fishing, respectively. Messenger pigeons, used since at least 1 AD, remained important as recently as World War II. Today, such activities are more common either as hobbies, for entertainment and tourism, or for sports such as pigeon racing.

Q1: Why have birds been domesticated by humans?
A1: both as pets and for practical purposes
Q2: What type of birds are bred in captivity or kept as pets?
A2: Colourful birds
Q3: How long have messenger pigeons been used?
A3: since at least 1 AD
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have evolved a variety of mating behaviors, with the peacock tail being perhaps the most famous example of sexual selection and the Fisherian runaway. Commonly occurring sexual dimorphisms such as size and color differences are energetically costly attributes that signal competitive breeding situations. Many types of avian sexual selection have been identified; intersexual selection, also known as female choice; and intrasexual competition, where individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate. Sexually selected traits often evolve to become more pronounced in competitive breeding situations until the trait begins to limit the individual’s fitness. Conflicts between an individual fitness and signaling adaptations ensure that sexually selected ornaments such as plumage coloration and courtship behavior are "honest" traits. Signals must be costly to ensure that only good-quality individuals can present these exaggerated sexual ornaments and behaviors.

Q1: What is the most famous example of sexual selection?
A1: peacock tail
Q2: What is intersexual selection also known as?
A2: female choice
Q3: What is it called when individuals of the more abundant sex compete with each other for the privilege to mate?
A3: intrasexual competition
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have featured in culture and art since prehistoric times, when they were represented in early cave paintings. Some birds have been perceived as monsters, including the mythological Roc and the Māori's legendary Pouākai, a giant bird capable of snatching humans. Birds were later used as symbols of power, as in the magnificent Peacock Throne of the Mughal and Persian emperors. With the advent of scientific interest in birds, many paintings of birds were commissioned for books. Among the most famous of these bird artists was John James Audubon, whose paintings of North American birds were a great commercial success in Europe and who later lent his name to the National Audubon Society. Birds are also important figures in poetry; for example, Homer incorporated nightingales into his Odyssey, and Catullus used a sparrow as an erotic symbol in his Catullus 2. The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of Samuel Taylor Coleridge's The Rime of the Ancient Mariner, which led to the use of the term as a metaphor for a 'burden'. Other English metaphors derive from birds; vulture funds and vulture investors, for instance, take their name from the scavenging vulture.

Q1: When were birds represented in early cave paintings?
A1: since prehistoric times
Q2: What is a mythological giant bird capable of snatching humans?
A2: Pouākai
Q3: John James Audubon later lent his name to which group?
A3: National Audubon Society
Q4: What did Homer incorporate into his Odyssey?
A4: nightingales
Q5: The relationship between an albatross and a sailor is the central theme of what book?
A5: The Rime of the Ancient Mariner
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have one of the most complex respiratory systems of all animal groups. Upon inhalation, 75% of the fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac which extends from the lungs and connects with air spaces in the bones and fills them with air. The other 25% of the air goes directly into the lungs. When the bird exhales, the used air flows out of the lung and the stored fresh air from the posterior air sac is simultaneously forced into the lungs. Thus, a bird's lungs receive a constant supply of fresh air during both inhalation and exhalation. Sound production is achieved using the syrinx, a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes which diverges from the lower end of the trachea; the trachea being elongated in some species, increasing the volume of vocalizations and the perception of the bird's size.

Q1: Which animal has one of the most complex respiratory system of all animal groups?
A1: Birds
Q2: Upon inhalation, what percentage of fresh air bypasses the lungs and flows directly into a posterior air sac?
A2: 75%
Q3: Where does the other 25 percent of fresh air go?
A3: directly into the lungs
Q4: Sound production is achieved using what muscular chamber?
A4: syrinx
Q5: What is the syrinx?
A5: a muscular chamber incorporating multiple tympanic membranes
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds have wings which are more or less developed depending on the species; the only known groups without wings are the extinct moas and elephant birds. Wings, which evolved from forelimbs, give most birds the ability to fly, although further speciation has led to some flightless birds, including ratites, penguins, and diverse endemic island species of birds. The digestive and respiratory systems of birds are also uniquely adapted for flight. Some bird species of aquatic environments, particularly the aforementioned flightless penguins, and also members of the duck family, have also evolved for swimming. Birds, specifically Darwin's finches, played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection.

Q1: What makes birds uniquely adapted for flight?
A1: digestive and respiratory systems
Q2: What type of bird particularly played an important part in the inception of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?
A2: Darwin's finches
Q3: Which part of the bird developed from forelimbs?
A3: Wings
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds live and breed in most terrestrial habitats and on all seven continents, reaching their southern extreme in the snow petrel's breeding colonies up to 440 kilometres (270 mi) inland in Antarctica. The highest bird diversity occurs in tropical regions. It was earlier thought that this high diversity was the result of higher speciation rates in the tropics, however recent studies found higher speciation rates in the high latitudes that were offset by greater extinction rates than in the tropics. Several families of birds have adapted to life both on the world's oceans and in them, with some seabird species coming ashore only to breed and some penguins have been recorded diving up to 300 metres (980 ft).

Q1: Birds live on how many continents?
A1: seven
Q2: Highest bird diversity occurs in which regions?
A2: tropical
Q3: Some penguins have been recording diving up to how many feet?
A3: 980
Q4: Some seabird species only come ashore for what purpose?
A4: to breed
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds need to alter their metabolism in order to meet the demands of migration. The storage of energy through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep in nocturnal migrants require special physiological adaptations. In addition, the feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear and require to be molted. The timing of this molt - usually once a year but sometimes twice - varies with some species molting prior to moving to their winter grounds and others molting prior to returning to their breeding grounds. Apart from physiological adaptations, migration sometimes requires behavioural changes such as flying in flocks to reduce the energy used in migration or the risk of predation.

Q1: What do birds need to change to meet the demands of migration?
A1: their metabolism
Q2: How often do birds molt?
A2: usually once a year
Q3: How do birds store energy?
A3: through the accumulation of fat and the control of sleep
Q4: Why do birds need to molt?
A4: feathers of a bird suffer from wear-and-tear
Q5: When do birds molt?
A5: varies with some species
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds occupy a wide range of ecological positions. While some birds are generalists, others are highly specialised in their habitat or food requirements. Even within a single habitat, such as a forest, the niches occupied by different species of birds vary, with some species feeding in the forest canopy, others beneath the canopy, and still others on the forest floor. Forest birds may be insectivores, frugivores, and nectarivores. Aquatic birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating, and piracy or kleptoparasitism. Birds of prey specialise in hunting mammals or other birds, while vultures are specialised scavengers. Avivores are animals that are specialized at preying on birds.

Q1: What type of birds generally feed by fishing, plant eating or piracy?
A1: Aquatic birds
Q2: What type of birds may be either insectivores, frugivores and nectarivores?
A2: Forest birds
Q3: What type of birds specialise in hunting mammals or other birds?
A3: Birds of prey
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds play prominent and diverse roles in religion and mythology. In religion, birds may serve as either messengers or priests and leaders for a deity, such as in the Cult of Makemake, in which the Tangata manu of Easter Island served as chiefs or as attendants, as in the case of Hugin and Munin, the two common ravens who whispered news into the ears of the Norse god Odin. In several civilizations of ancient Italy, particularly Etruscan and Roman religion, priests were involved in augury, or interpreting the words of birds while the "auspex" (from which the word "auspicious" is derived) watched their activities to foretell events. They may also serve as religious symbols, as when Jonah (Hebrew: יוֹנָה, dove) embodied the fright, passivity, mourning, and beauty traditionally associated with doves. Birds have themselves been deified, as in the case of the common peacock, which is perceived as Mother Earth by the Dravidians of India. In religious images preserved from the Inca and Tiwanaku empires, birds are depicted in the process of transgressing boundaries between earthly and underground spiritual realms. Indigenous peoples of the central Andes maintain legends of birds passing to and from metaphysical worlds. The mythical chullumpi bird is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama.

Q1: What play prominent roles in religion and mythology?
A1: Birds
Q2: The word auspicious is derived from which word?
A2: auspex
Q3: What is said to mark the existence of a portal between such worlds, and to transform itself into a llama?
A3: mythical chullumpi bird
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds sometimes use plumage to assess and assert social dominance, to display breeding condition in sexually selected species, or to make threatening displays, as in the sunbittern's mimicry of a large predator to ward off hawks and protect young chicks. Variation in plumage also allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species. Visual communication among birds may also involve ritualised displays, which have developed from non-signalling actions such as preening, the adjustments of feather position, pecking, or other behaviour. These displays may signal aggression or submission or may contribute to the formation of pair-bonds. The most elaborate displays occur during courtship, where "dances" are often formed from complex combinations of many possible component movements; males' breeding success may depend on the quality of such displays.

Q1: What do birds sometimes use to assess and assert social dominance?
A1: plumage
Q2: What allows for the identification of birds, particularly between species?
A2: Variation in plumage
Q3: Visual communication among birds may involve what kind of displays?
A3: ritualised displays
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Birds that employ many strategies to obtain food or feed on a variety of food items are called generalists, while others that concentrate time and effort on specific food items or have a single strategy to obtain food are considered specialists. Birds' feeding strategies vary by species. Many birds glean for insects, invertebrates, fruit, or seeds. Some hunt insects by suddenly attacking from a branch. Those species that seek pest insects are considered beneficial 'biological control agents' and their presence encouraged in biological pest control programs. Nectar feeders such as hummingbirds, sunbirds, lories, and lorikeets amongst others have specially adapted brushy tongues and in many cases bills designed to fit co-adapted flowers. Kiwis and shorebirds with long bills probe for invertebrates; shorebirds' varied bill lengths and feeding methods result in the separation of ecological niches. Loons, diving ducks, penguins and auks pursue their prey underwater, using their wings or feet for propulsion, while aerial predators such as sulids, kingfishers and terns plunge dive after their prey. Flamingos, three species of prion, and some ducks are filter feeders. Geese and dabbling ducks are primarily grazers.

Q1: What is the term used for birds that employ many strategies to obtain food?
A1: generalists
Q2: What is the term used for birds that concentrate time and effort on specific food items?
A2: specialists
Q3: What type of birds have specially adapted brushy tongues?
A3: Nectar feeders
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Bitumen was the nemesis of many artists during the 19th century. Although widely used for a time, it ultimately proved unstable for use in oil painting, especially when mixed with the most common diluents, such as linseed oil, varnish and turpentine. Unless thoroughly diluted, bitumen never fully solidifies and will in time corrupt the other pigments with which it comes into contact. The use of bitumen as a glaze to set in shadow or mixed with other colors to render a darker tone resulted in the eventual deterioration of many paintings, for instance those of Delacroix. Perhaps the most famous example of the destructiveness of bitumen is Théodore Géricault's Raft of the Medusa (1818–1819), where his use of bitumen caused the brilliant colors to degenerate into dark greens and blacks and the paint and canvas to buckle.

Q1: What pigment did 19th century artists use that was deemed unfavorably?
A1: Bitumen
Q2: What did bitumen when used as a paint not do correctly?
A2: solidifies
Q3: What did even limited use of bitumen do to damage paintings?
A3: deterioration
Q4: What artist's work i considered to be an example of the damaging effects of bitumen?
A4: Théodore Géricault's
Q5: What major problem did bitumen as a pigment show itself to be?  
A5: unstable
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Bitumen was used in early photographic technology. In 1826 or 1827, it was used by French scientist Joseph Nicéphore Niépce to make the oldest surviving photograph from nature. The bitumen was thinly coated onto a pewter plate which was then exposed in a camera. Exposure to light hardened the bitumen and made it insoluble, so that when it was subsequently rinsed with a solvent only the sufficiently light-struck areas remained. Many hours of exposure in the camera were required, making bitumen impractical for ordinary photography, but from the 1850s to the 1920s it was in common use as a photoresist in the production of printing plates for various photomechanical printing processes.[not in citation given]

Q1: In what early technology was bitumen used?
A1: photographic
Q2: What photographer used bitumen to make the earliest extant nature picture?
A2: Joseph Nicéphore Niépce
Q3: What feature of bitumen use in photography made it impractical?
A3: hours of exposure
Q4: During what period was bitumen used in printing processes?
A4: 1850s to the 1920s
Q5: Exposure to what natural element was necessary for early photographic plates?
A5: light
Title: Miami
Topic: Geography and places

Black labor played a crucial role in Miami's early development. During the beginning of the 20th century, migrants from the Bahamas and African-Americans constituted 40 percent of the city's population. Whatever their role in the city's growth, their community's growth was limited to a small space. When landlords began to rent homes to African-Americans in neighborhoods close to Avenue J (what would later become NW Fifth Avenue), a gang of white man with torches visited the renting families and warned them to move or be bombed.

Q1: In the early 1900s, what percentage of Miami's population was of African origin?
A1: 40
Q2: What was NW Fifth Avenue previously called?
A2: Avenue J
Q3: Where did a portion of Miami's black population migrate from in the early 1900s?
A3: Bahamas
Title: Black_people
Topic: Language and literature

Black people is a term used in certain countries, often in socially based systems of racial classification or of ethnicity, to describe persons who are perceived to be dark-skinned compared to other given populations. As such, the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context. For many other individuals, communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label, and as a result is neither used nor defined.

Q1: Do some countries have negative feelings towards the word "black"?
A1: communities and countries, "black" is also perceived as a derogatory,
Q2: What is "black people" a term for?
A2: racial classification or of ethnicity
Q3: Do all regions perceive that term "black people" the same?
A3: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies
Q4: Do some cultures not use the term "Black people"?
A4: , "black" is also perceived as a derogatory, outdated, reductive or otherwise unrepresentative label,
Q5: Can the term "black people" have different meanings?
A5: the meaning of the expression varies widely both between and within societies, and depends significantly on context.
Title: Software_testing
Topic: Engineering and technology

Black-box testing treats the software as a "black box", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis, all-pairs testing, state transition tables, decision table testing, fuzz testing, model-based testing, use case testing, exploratory testing and specification-based testing.

Q1: What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing?
A1: seeing the source code
Q2: What are the software testers aware of?
A2: aware of what the software is supposed to do
Q3: What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing??
A3: equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis
Title: Labour_Party_(UK)
Topic: Geography and places

Blair announced in September 2006 that he would quit as leader within the year, though he had been under pressure to quit earlier than May 2007 in order to get a new leader in place before the May elections which were expected to be disastrous for Labour. In the event, the party did lose power in Scotland to a minority Scottish National Party government at the 2007 elections and, shortly after this, Blair resigned as Prime Minister and was replaced by his Chancellor, Gordon Brown. Although the party experienced a brief rise in the polls after this, its popularity soon slumped to its lowest level since the days of Michael Foot. During May 2008, Labour suffered heavy defeats in the London mayoral election, local elections and the loss in the Crewe and Nantwich by-election, culminating in the party registering its worst ever opinion poll result since records began in 1943, of 23%, with many citing Brown's leadership as a key factor. Membership of the party also reached a low ebb, falling to 156,205 by the end of 2009: over 40 per cent of the 405,000 peak reached in 1997 and thought to be the lowest total since the party was founded.

Q1: When did Blair announce he was quitting?
A1: September 2006
Q2: When were the next elections?
A2: May 2007
Q3: Who did Labour lose power in the election to?
A3: Scottish National Party
Q4: Who was Blair replaced by?
A4: his Chancellor, Gordon Brown
Q5: What was the party membership at the end of 2009?
A5: 156,205
Title: Hard_rock
Topic: Music

Blues rock acts that pioneered the sound included Cream, The Jimi Hendrix Experience, and The Jeff Beck Group. Cream, in songs like "I Feel Free" (1966) combined blues rock with pop and psychedelia, particularly in the riffs and guitar solos of Eric Clapton. Jimi Hendrix produced a form of blues-influenced psychedelic rock, which combined elements of jazz, blues and rock and roll. From 1967 Jeff Beck brought lead guitar to new heights of technical virtuosity and moved blues rock in the direction of heavy rock with his band, The Jeff Beck Group. Dave Davies of The Kinks, Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones, Pete Townshend of The Who, Hendrix, Clapton and Beck all pioneered the use of new guitar effects like phasing, feedback and distortion. The Beatles began producing songs in the new hard rock style beginning with the White Album in 1968 and, with the track "Helter Skelter", attempted to create a greater level of noise than the Who. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic has described the "proto-metal roar" of "Helter Skelter," while Ian MacDonald argued that "their attempts at emulating the heavy style were without exception embarrassing."

Q1: Who was the guitarist for the band Cream?
A1: Eric Clapton
Q2: Who was the guitarist in the Kinks?
A2: Dave Davies
Q3: Who played guitar in The Who?
A3: Pete Townshend
Q4: When did The White Album come out?
A4: 1968
Q5: Keith Richards is the guitarist of what band?
A5: The Rolling Stones
Title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Topic: Geography and places

Boardwalk Hall, formally known as the "Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall", is an arena in Atlantic City along the boardwalk. Boardwalk Hall was Atlantic City's primary convention center until the opening of the Atlantic City Convention Center in 1997. The Atlantic City Convention Center includes 500,000 sq ft (46,000 m2) of showroom space, 5 exhibit halls, 45 meeting rooms with 109,000 sq ft (10,100 m2) of space, a garage with 1,400 parking spaces, and an adjacent Sheraton hotel. Both the Boardwalk Hall and Convention Center are operated by the Atlantic City Convention & Visitors Authority.

Q1: What was Boardwalk Hall formerly known as?
A1: Historic Atlantic City Convention Hall
Q2: What is the Boardwalk Hall?
A2: an arena
Q3: In what year did the newer Atlantic City Convention Center open?
A3: 1997
Q4: How many sq ft of showroom space is included in the Atlantic City Convention Center?
A4: 500,000 sq ft
Q5: What hotel is adjacent to the Atlantic City Convention Center?
A5: Sheraton hotel
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Bodhi (Pāli and Sanskrit, in devanagari: बॊधि) is a term applied to the experience of Awakening of arahants. Bodhi literally means "awakening", but it is more commonly translated into English as "enlightenment". In Early Buddhism, bodhi carried a meaning synonymous to nirvana, using only some different metaphors to describe the experience, which implies the extinction of raga (greed, craving),[web 12] dosa (hate, aversion)[web 13] and moha (delusion).[web 14] In the later school of Mahayana Buddhism, the status of nirvana was downgraded in some scriptures, coming to refer only to the extinction of greed and hate, implying that delusion was still present in one who attained nirvana, and that one needed to attain bodhi to eradicate delusion:

Q1: What is the term applied to the experience of the awakening of arahants?
A1: Bodhi
Q2: In early Buddhism Bodhi used a meaning synonymous to what word?
A2: nirvana
Q3: What is the term for greed or craving?
A3: raga
Q4: what is the word for hate or aversion?
A4: dosa
Q5: What does moha mean?
A5: delusion
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Bodhi and nirvana carry the same meaning, that of being freed from craving, hate, and delusion. In attaining bodhi, the arahant has overcome these obstacles. As a further distinction, the extinction of only hatred and greed (in the sensory context) with some residue of delusion, is called anagami.

Q1: Nirvana and what term carry the same meaning?
A1: Bodhi
Q2: What is the term for extinction of only hatred and greed, with residue of delusion?
A2: anagami
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Bodhisattva means "enlightenment being", and generally refers to one who is on the path to buddhahood. Traditionally, a bodhisattva is anyone who, motivated by great compassion, has generated bodhicitta, which is a spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all sentient beings. Theravada Buddhism primarily uses the term in relation to Gautama Buddha's previous existences, but has traditionally acknowledged and respected the bodhisattva path as well.[web 17]

Q1: What does Bodhisattva mean?
A1: enlightenment being
Q2: What is the term for the spontaneous wish to attain Buddhahood for the benefit of all beings?
A2: bodhicitta
Title: Czech_language
Topic: Language and literature

Bohemia (as Czech civilization was known by then) increased in power over the centuries, as its language did in regional importance. This growth was expedited during the fourteenth century by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV, who founded Charles University in Prague in 1348. Here, early Czech literature (a biblical translation, hymns and hagiography) flourished. Old Czech texts, including poetry and cookbooks, were produced outside the university as well. Later in the century Jan Hus contributed significantly to the standardization of Czech orthography, advocated for widespread literacy among Czech commoners (particularly in religion) and made early efforts to model written Czech after the spoken language.

Q1: What was Czech civilization called back in the day?
A1: Bohemia
Q2: What Holy Roman Emperor expedited the growth of Bohemia in the 14th century?
A2: Charles IV
Q3: When was Charles University founded in Prague?
A3: 1348
Q4: Who contributed heavily to the effort to standardize Czech orthography?
A4: Jan Hus
Q5: What did Jan Hus advocate for among the Czech commoners?
A5: widespread literacy
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels.

Q1: In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?
A1: 1806
Q2: In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?
A2: 1356
Q3: The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?
A3: financial
Q4: In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?
A4: the Habsburgs
Title: Planck_constant
Topic: Mathematics

Bohr also introduced the quantity , now known as the reduced Planck constant, as the quantum of angular momentum. At first, Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom: this proved incorrect and, despite developments by Sommerfeld and others, an accurate description of the electron angular momentum proved beyond the Bohr model. The correct quantization rules for electrons – in which the energy reduces to the Bohr model equation in the case of the hydrogen atom – were given by Heisenberg's matrix mechanics in 1925 and the Schrödinger wave equation in 1926: the reduced Planck constant remains the fundamental quantum of angular momentum. In modern terms, if J is the total angular momentum of a system with rotational invariance, and Jz the angular momentum measured along any given direction, these quantities can only take on the values

Q1: Who introduced the reduced Planck constant?
A1: Bohr
Q2: What is the reduced Planck constant also known as?
A2: the quantity
Q3: Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1925?
A3: Heisenberg
Q4: Who helped to give the correct quantization rules for electrons in 1926?
A4: Schrödinger
Q5: According to Heisenberg and Schrödinger, the reduced Planck constant remains what?
A5: the fundamental quantum of angular momentum
Q6: Bohr introduced what value as the quantum of angular momentum?
A6: the reduced Planck constant
Q7: What incorrect belief did Bohr hold about the reduced Planck constant?
A7: Bohr thought that this was the angular momentum of each electron in an atom
Q8: What scientist used matrix mechanics to bring electron behavior in line with the Bohr model?
A8: Heisenberg
Q9: When was the Schrödinger wave equation proposed?
A9: 1926
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Bomber crews already had some experience with these types of systems due to the deployment of the Lorenz beam, a commercial blind-landing aid which allowed aircraft to land at night or in bad weather. The Germans developed the short-range Lorenz system into the Knickebein aid, a system which used two Lorenz beams with much stronger signal transmissions. The concept was the same as the Lorenz system. Two aerials were rotated for the two converging beams which were pointed to cross directly over the target. The German bombers would attach themselves to either beam and fly along it until they started to pick up the signal from the other beam. When a continuous sound was heard from the second beam the crew knew they were above the target and began dropping their bombs.

Q1: What did the Lorenz beam allow aircraft to do?
A1: land at night or in bad weather
Q2: The Germans developed the Lorenz into what system?
A2: Knickebein
Q3: The Knickebein was the same as the Lorenz but used how many beams?
A3: two Lorenz beams
Q4: The Germans flew along one beam until they picked up the second beam the sound telling them when to start doing what?
A4: dropping their bombs
Title: Hard_rock
Topic: Music

Bon Jovi's third album, Slippery When Wet (1986), mixed hard rock with a pop sensitivity and spent a total of 8 weeks at the top of the Billboard 200 album chart, selling 12 million copies in the US while becoming the first hard rock album to spawn three top 10 singles — two of which reached number one. The album has been credited with widening the audiences for the genre, particularly by appealing to women as well as the traditional male dominated audience, and opening the door to MTV and commercial success for other bands at the end of the decade. The anthemic The Final Countdown (1986) by Swedish group Europe was an international hit, reaching number eight on the US charts while hitting the top 10 in nine other countries. This era also saw more glam-infused American hard rock bands come to the forefront, with both Poison and Cinderella releasing their multi-platinum début albums in 1986. Van Halen released 5150 (1986), their first album with Sammy Hagar on lead vocals, which was number one in the US for three weeks and sold over 6 million copies. By the second half of the decade, hard rock had become the most reliable form of commercial popular music in the United States.

Q1: What is the title of Bon Jovi's third lp?
A1: Slippery When Wet
Q2: How many copies did this record sell?
A2: 12 million
Q3: What was the band Europe's international hit?
A3: The Final Countdown
Q4: What was Van Halen's 1986 album called?
A4: 5150
Q5: Who was the new lead singer for Van Halen on 5150?
A5: Sammy Hagar
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Bonaparte began with an army of 13,000 men; 1,500 were reported missing, 1,200 died in combat, and thousands perished from disease—mostly bubonic plague. He failed to reduce the fortress of Acre, so he marched his army back to Egypt in May. To speed up the retreat, Bonaparte ordered plague-stricken men to be poisoned with opium; the number who died remains disputed, ranging from a low of 30 to a high of 580. He also brought out 1,000 wounded men. Back in Egypt on 25 July, Bonaparte defeated an Ottoman amphibious invasion at Abukir.

Q1: How many men were in Napoleon's army when the battle began?
A1: 13,000
Q2: How many soldiers in Napoleon's army died in combat?
A2: 1,200
Q3: How many soldiers from Napoleon's army were reported missing?
A3: 1,500
Q4: What disease took the heaviest toll on Napoleon's army?
A4: bubonic plague
Q5: To speed his retreat to Egypt, Napoleon ordered the poisoning of sick men with what substance?
A5: opium
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Bonaparte could win battles by concealment of troop deployments and concentration of his forces on the 'hinge' of an enemy's weakened front. If he could not use his favourite envelopment strategy, he would take up the central position and attack two co-operating forces at their hinge, swing round to fight one until it fled, then turn to face the other. In this Italian campaign, Bonaparte's army captured 150,000 prisoners, 540 cannons, and 170 standards. The French army fought 67 actions and won 18 pitched battles through superior artillery technology and Bonaparte's tactics.

Q1: What was Napoleon's favorite strategy?
A1: envelopment
Q2: How many prisoners did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A2: 150,000
Q3: How many cannons did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A3: 540
Q4: In what area did the French army display superior technology to its opponents?
A4: artillery
Q5: How many standards did Napoleon's army capture in the Italian campaign?
A5: 170
Title: Spectre_(2015_film)
Topic: Media and drama

Bond and Swann return to London where they meet M, Bill Tanner, Q, and Moneypenny; they intend to arrest C and stop Nine Eyes from going online. Swann leaves Bond, telling him she cannot be part of a life involving espionage, and is subsequently kidnapped. On the way, the group is ambushed and Bond is kidnapped, but the rest still proceed with the plan. After Q succeeds in preventing the Nine Eyes from going online, a brief struggle between M and C ends with the latter falling to his death. Meanwhile, Bond is taken to the old MI6 building, which is scheduled for demolition, and frees himself. Moving throughout the ruined labyrinth, he encounters a disfigured Blofeld, who tells him that he has three minutes to escape the building before explosives are detonated or die trying to save Swann. Bond finds Swann and the two escape by boat as the building collapses. Bond shoots down Blofeld's helicopter, which crashes onto Westminster Bridge. As Blofeld crawls away from the wreckage, Bond confronts him but ultimately leaves him to be arrested by M. Bond leaves the bridge with Swann.

Q1: Where is Bond brought after he is kidnapped?
A1: the old MI6 building
Q2: Who does Bond meet in the MI6 building?
A2: Blofeld
Q3: Where does Blofeld get arrested?
A3: Westminster Bridge
Q4: Who does M fight with?
A4: C
Q5: Who prevents Nine Eyes from going online?
A5: Q
Q6: Which characters falls to their death, M or C?
A6: C
Title: Spectre_(2015_film)
Topic: Media and drama

Bond disobeys M's order and travels to Rome to attend Sciarra's funeral. That evening he visits Sciarra's widow Lucia, who tells him about Spectre, a criminal organisation to which her husband belonged. Bond infiltrates a Spectre meeting, where he identifies the leader, Franz Oberhauser. When Oberhauser addresses Bond by name, he escapes and is pursued by Mr. Hinx, a Spectre assassin. Moneypenny informs Bond that the information he collected leads to Mr. White, former member of Quantum, a subsidiary of Spectre. Bond asks her to investigate Oberhauser, who was presumed dead years earlier.

Q1: Where does Bond go after his suspension?
A1: Rome
Q2: What group did Sciarra belong to?
A2: Spectre
Q3: Who is the head of Spectre?
A3: Franz Oberhauser
Q4: What is Mr. Hinx's job?
A4: assassin
Q5: Who performs research for Bond?
A5: Moneypenny
Q6: Where does Sciarra's funeral take place?
A6: Rome
Q7: Who is the leader of Spectre?
A7: Franz Oberhauser
Q8: What is the name of the Spectre assassin who tracks Bond?
A8: Mr. Hinx
Q9: Which member of Spectre had been presumed to be dead?
A9: Franz Oberhauser
Title: Spectre_(2015_film)
Topic: Media and drama

Bond travels to Austria to find White, who is dying of thallium poisoning. He admits to growing disenchanted with Quantum and tells Bond to find and protect his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann, who will take him to L'Américain; this will in turn lead him to Spectre. White then commits suicide. Bond locates Swann at the Hoffler Klinik, but she is abducted by Hinx. Bond rescues her and the two meet Q, who discovers that Sciarra's ring links Oberhauser to Bond's previous missions, identifying Le Chiffre, Dominic Greene and Raoul Silva as Spectre agents. Swann reveals that L'Américain is a hotel in Tangier.

Q1: What is White suffering from when Bond finds him?
A1: thallium poisoning
Q2: Who is White's daughter?
A2: Dr. Madeline Swann
Q3: How does White deal with his condition?
A3: commits suicide
Q4: Where does JAmes find Dr. Swann?
A4: Hoffler Klinik
Q5: Where is L'Americain located?
A5: Tangier
Q6: What is Mr. White dying of?
A6: thallium poisoning.
Q7: Who does Mr. White ask James Bond to protect?
A7: his daughter, Dr. Madeline Swann
Q8: Where is the L'Americain hotel?
A8: Tangier.
Q9: Who kidnaps Dr. Swann?
A9: Hinx.
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Book 1 (at the head of the Odyssean section) opens with a storm which Juno, Aeneas' enemy throughout the poem, stirs up against the fleet. The storm drives the hero to the coast of Carthage, which historically was Rome's deadliest foe. The queen, Dido, welcomes the ancestor of the Romans, and under the influence of the gods falls deeply in love with him. At a banquet in Book 2, Aeneas tells the story of the sack of Troy, the death of his wife, and his escape, to the enthralled Carthaginians, while in Book 3 he recounts to them his wanderings over the Mediterranean in search of a suitable new home. Jupiter in Book 4 recalls the lingering Aeneas to his duty to found a new city, and he slips away from Carthage, leaving Dido to commit suicide, cursing Aeneas and calling down revenge in a symbolic anticipation of the fierce wars between Carthage and Rome. In Book 5, Aeneas' father Anchises dies and funeral games are celebrated for him. On reaching Cumae, in Italy in Book 6, Aeneas consults the Cumaean Sibyl, who conducts him through the Underworld where Aeneas meets the dead Anchises who reveals Rome's destiny to his son.

Q1: Who is Aeneas' enemy throughout the Aeneid?
A1: Juno
Q2: Which queen committed suicide in Book 4 of the Aeneid?
A2: Dido
Q3: In which book does Aeneas' father die?
A3: 5
Q4: Who reveals Rome's destiny to Aeneas?
A4: Anchises
Q5: Who guides Aeneas through the Underworld?
A5: Sibyl
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Book 7 (beginning the Iliadic half) opens with an address to the muse and recounts Aeneas' arrival in Italy and betrothal to Lavinia, daughter of King Latinus. Lavinia had already been promised to Turnus, the king of the Rutulians, who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto, and Amata Lavinia's mother. In Book 8, Aeneas allies with King Evander, who occupies the future site of Rome, and is given new armor and a shield depicting Roman history. Book 9 records an assault by Nisus and Euryalus on the Rutulians, Book 10, the death of Evander's young son Pallas, and 11 the death of the Volscian warrior princess Camilla and the decision to settle the war with a duel between Aeneas and Turnus. The Aeneid ends in Book 12 with the taking of Latinus' city, the death of Amata, and Aeneas' defeat and killing of Turnus, whose pleas for mercy are spurned. The final book ends with the image of Turnus' soul lamenting as it flees to the underworld.

Q1: To whom is Aeneas betrothed?
A1: Lavinia
Q2: Which King does Aeneas ally with in Book 8 of the Aeneid?
A2: King Evander
Q3: Who had Lavinia already been promised to?
A3: Turnus
Q4: Who is roused to war by the Fury Allecto and Amata Lavinia's mother?
A4: Turnus
Title: Comics
Topic: Language and literature

Book-length comics take different forms in different cultures. European comics albums are most commonly printed in A4-size colour volumes. In English-speaking countries, bound volumes of comics are called graphic novels and are available in various formats. Despite incorporating the term "novel"—a term normally associated with fiction—"graphic novel" also refers to non-fiction and collections of short works. Japanese comics are collected in volumes called tankōbon following magazine serialization.

Q1: What are bounds volumes of comics called in America?
A1: graphic novels
Q2: What is the name given to Japanese comics volumes?
A2: tankōbon
Q3: What type of work is the word novel generally geared towards?
A3: fiction
Q4: What term can mean a non-fiction piece of a collection of short pieces?
A4: graphic novels