LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Gautama first went to study with famous religious teachers of the day, and mastered the meditative attainments they taught. But he found that they did not provide a permanent end to suffering, so he continued his quest. He next attempted an extreme asceticism, which was a religious pursuit common among the śramaṇas, a religious culture distinct from the Vedic one. Gautama underwent prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain. He almost starved himself to death in the process. He realized that he had taken this kind of practice to its limit, and had not put an end to suffering. So in a pivotal moment he accepted milk and rice from a village girl and changed his approach. He devoted himself to anapanasati meditation, through which he discovered what Buddhists call the Middle Way (Skt. madhyamā-pratipad): a path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification.[web 2][web 3]

Q1: What was the first thing Gautama did on his spiritual quest?
A1: went to study with famous religious teachers of the day
Q2: What is the path of moderation between the extremes of self-indulgence and self-mortification called?
A2: the Middle Way
Q3: What are some of the practices Gautama underwent on his quest?
A3: prolonged fasting, breath-holding, and exposure to pain
Q4: What was the first skill Gautama learnt?
A4: meditation
Q5: What almost killed Gautama in his pursuit?
A5: asceticism
Q6: What did he receive from the locals that changed his approach?
A6: milk and rice
Q7: What is the path of moderation called he followed?
A7: Middle Way
Q8: Gautama didn't like the religious teaching he initially found because of why?
A8: they did not provide a permanent end to suffering
Q9: What did Gautama accept from a village girl?
A9: milk and rice
Q10: Gautama devoted himself to what type of meditation?
A10: anapanasati
Q11: Buddhists call anapanasati what?
A11: the Middle Way
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Gautama was now determined to complete his spiritual quest. At the age of 35, he famously sat in meditation under a Ficus religiosa tree now called the Bodhi Tree in the town of Bodh Gaya and vowed not to rise before achieving enlightenment. After many days, he finally destroyed the fetters of his mind, thereby liberating himself from the cycle of suffering and rebirth, and arose as a fully enlightened being (Skt. samyaksaṃbuddha). Soon thereafter, he attracted a band of followers and instituted a monastic order. Now, as the Buddha, he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered, traveling throughout the northeastern part of the Indian subcontinent, and died at the age of 80 (483 BCE) in Kushinagar, India. The south branch of the original fig tree available only in Anuradhapura Sri Lanka is known as Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi.

Q1: How old was Gautama when he sat under the Bodhi Tree?
A1: 35
Q2: What kind of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
A2: Ficus religiosa
Q3: What did Gautama spend the rest of his life doing after reaching enlightenment?
A3: he spent the rest of his life teaching the path of awakening he had discovered
Q4: How old was the Buddha at the time of his death?
A4: 80
Q5: What is the south branch of the tree Gautama sat under called?
A5: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Q6: What was the tree called he sat under?
A6: Ficus religiosa
Q7: What was the tree renamed that Gautama achieved enlightenment under?
A7: Bodhi Tree
Q8: At what age did Gautama come to pass?
A8: 80
Q9: When he was 35 Gautama sat in meditation under what tree?
A9: Bodhi Tree
Q10: What type of tree was the Bodhi Tree?
A10: Ficus religiosa
Q11: What town was the Bodhi Tree in?
A11: Bodh Gaya
Q12: The south branch of the original fig tree is known as?
A12: Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

Gay and lesbian people can have sexual relationships with someone of the opposite sex for a variety of reasons, including the desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism. While some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses, others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages. Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children can present challenges that are not faced by gay and lesbian people who are not married to people of the opposite sex or do not have children.

Q1: What is one reason that a homosexual would engage in heterosexual behavior?
A1: religious ostracism
Q2: What is a possible scenario that can occur when a closeted homosexual is in a heterosexual relationship?
A2: hide their respective orientations from their spouses
Q3: What are some things that can cause a homosexual person to be with the opposite sex?
A3: desire for a perceived traditional family and concerns of discrimination and religious ostracism
Q4: Can a homosexual person still grow their sexual identiries while with the opposit sex? 
A4: others develop positive gay and lesbian identities while maintaining successful heterosexual marriages
Q5: What kind of hardships can a homosexual face when admitting their ssexuality while in a heterosexual marriage?
A5: Coming out of the closet to oneself, a spouse of the opposite sex, and children
Q6: Can a homosexual person hide their true idenitys?
A6: some LGBT people hide their respective orientations from their spouses
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

Gearless traction machines are low-speed (low-RPM), high-torque electric motors powered either by AC or DC. In this case, the drive sheave is directly attached to the end of the motor. Gearless traction elevators can reach speeds of up to 20 m/s (4,000 ft/min), A brake is mounted between the motor and gearbox or between the motor and drive sheave or at the end of the drive sheave to hold the elevator stationary at a floor. This brake is usually an external drum type and is actuated by spring force and held open electrically; a power failure will cause the brake to engage and prevent the elevator from falling (see inherent safety and safety engineering). But it can also be some form of disc type like 1 or more calipers over a disc in one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in high speed, high rise and large capacity elevators with machine rooms(an exception is the Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc which is not high speed, high rise and large capacity and is machine room less but it uses the same design as is a thinner version of a conventional gearless traction machine) for breaking power, compactness and redundancy(assuming there's at least 2 calipers on the disc), or 1 or more disc brakes with a single caliper at one end of the motor shaft or drive sheave which is used in machine room less elevators for compactness, breaking power, and redundancy(assuming there's 2 brakes or more).

Q1: In a gearless traction engine, what is the drive sheave attached to?
A1: directly attached to the end of the motor
Q2: What speed is a gearless traction elevator capable of attaining?
A2: 20 m/s (4,000 ft/min)
Q3: What motivates an external drum brake held open electrically?
A3: spring force
Q4: One exception that is not high speed high rise and large capacity is what?
A4: Kone MonoSpace's EcoDisc
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Gellius says that in his day humanitas is commonly used as a synonym for philanthropy – or kindness and benevolence toward one's fellow human being. Gellius maintains that this common usage is wrong, and that model writers of Latin, such as Cicero and others, used the word only to mean what we might call "humane" or "polite" learning, or the Greek equivalent Paideia. Gellius became a favorite author in the Italian Renaissance, and, in fifteenth-century Italy, teachers and scholars of philosophy, poetry, and rhetoric were called and called themselves "humanists". Modern scholars, however, point out that Cicero (106 – 43 BCE), who was most responsible for defining and popularizing the term humanitas, in fact frequently used the word in both senses, as did his near contemporaries. For Cicero, a lawyer, what most distinguished humans from brutes was speech, which, allied to reason, could (and should) enable them to settle disputes and live together in concord and harmony under the rule of law. Thus humanitas included two meanings from the outset and these continue in the modern derivative, humanism, which even today can refer to both humanitarian benevolence and to scholarship.

Q1: What was humanism once considered the same as?
A1: philanthropy
Q2: Who has disagreed with this connotation of the word?
A2: Gellius
Q3: In which period did Gellius gain fame?
A3: Italian Renaissance
Q4: Who is credited with clarifying and making the term humanitas commonplace?
A4: Cicero
Q5: What is the characteristic that most separates humans from animals?
A5: speech
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Gender identity forms an important part of identity in psychology, as it dictates to a significant degree how one views oneself both as a person and in relation to other people, ideas and nature. Other aspects of identity, such as racial, religious, ethnic, occupational… etc. may also be more or less significant – or significant in some situations but not in others (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003 pp26–34). In cognitive psychology, the term "identity" refers to the capacity for self-reflection and the awareness of self.(Leary & Tangney 2003, p. 3)

Q1: What is identified as determining how a person views him or herself to a significant degree?
A1: Gender identity
Q2: What are racial, religious, ethnic, and occupational aspects aspects of?
A2: identity
Q3: Identity refers to the capacity for self-reflection and awareness in what scientific study?
A3: cognitive psychology
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Gene nomenclature has been established by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) for each known human gene in the form of an approved gene name and symbol (short-form abbreviation), which can be accessed through a database maintained by HGNC. Symbols are chosen to be unique, and each gene has only one symbol (although approved symbols sometimes change). Symbols are preferably kept consistent with other members of a gene family and with homologs in other species, particularly the mouse due to its role as a common model organism.

Q1: What committee has established gene nomenclature for every known human gene?
A1: HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC)
Q2: How can the gene nomenclature be accessed? 
A2: through a database maintained by HGNC
Q3: How many symbols does each gene have?
A3: only one
Q4: With what is it preferred that symbols are kept consistent with?
A4: homologs in other species
Q5: What type of model does the mouse play a role for?
A5: common model
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

General Aguirre moved to the deserts of the southeastern portion of the state and defeated the French forces in Parral, led by Colonel Cottret. By the middle of 1866, the state of Chihuahua was declared free of enemy control; Parral was the last French stronghold within the state. On June 17, 1866, President Juárez arrived in Chihuahua City and remained in the capital until December 10, 1866. During his two years in the state of Chihuahua, President Juárez passed ordinances regarding the rights of adjudication of property and nationalized the property of the clergy. The distance of the French forces and their allies allowed the Ministry of War, led by General Negrete, to reorganize the state's national guard into the Patriotic Battalion of Chihuahua, which was deployed to fight in the battle of Matamoros, Tamaulipas against the French. After a series of major defeats and an escalating threat from Prussia, France began pulling troops out of Mexico in late 1866. Disillusioned with the liberal political views of Maximilian, the Mexican conservatives abandoned him, and in 1867 the last of the Emperor's forces were defeated. Maximilian was sentenced to death by a military court; despite national and international pleas for amnesty, Juárez refused to commute the sentence. Maximilian was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867.

Q1: Where did Aguirre defeat the French forces?
A1: Parral
Q2: Who had been leading the French forces?
A2: Colonel Cottret
Q3: During which year was Chihuahua declared free of enemy control?
A3: 1866
Q4: Who passed laws regarding rights of adjudication of property?
A4: President Juárez
Q5: Who was executed by firing squad on June 19, 1867?
A5: Maximilian
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

General Bonaparte and his expedition eluded pursuit by the Royal Navy and landed at Alexandria on 1 July. He fought the Battle of Shubra Khit against the Mamluks, Egypt's ruling military caste. This helped the French practice their defensive tactic for the Battle of the Pyramids, fought on 21 July, about 24 km (15 mi) from the pyramids. General Bonaparte's forces of 25,000 roughly equalled those of the Mamluks' Egyptian cavalry. Twenty-nine French and approximately 2,000 Egyptians were killed. The victory boosted the morale of the French army.

Q1: Before landing at Alexandria, Napoleon succeeded in evading what military entity?
A1: the Royal Navy
Q2: On what date did Napoleon land at Alexandria?
A2: 1 July
Q3: What battle did Napoleon fight against the Mamluks?
A3: the Battle of Shubra Khit
Q4: What was the name of Egypt's dominant military class?
A4: the Mamluks
Q5: Roughly how many Egyptians lost their lives in the Battle of the Pyramids?
A5: 2,000
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

General Dong Zhuo (d. 192 AD) found the young emperor and his brother wandering in the countryside. He escorted them safely back to the capital and was made Minister of Works, taking control of Luoyang and forcing Yuan Shao to flee. After Dong Zhuo demoted Emperor Shao and promoted his brother Liu Xie as Emperor Xian, Yuan Shao led a coalition of former officials and officers against Dong, who burned Luoyang to the ground and resettled the court at Chang'an in May 191 AD. Dong Zhuo later poisoned Emperor Shao.

Q1: How was Luoyang destroyed?
A1: burned
Q2: Who demoted Emperor Shao?
A2: Dong Zhuo
Q3: What position would the young Liu Xie eventually be promoted to?
A3: Emperor Xian
Q4: Who had taken control of Luoyang?
A4: General Dong Zhuo
Q5: When did Dong Zhuo die?
A5: 192 AD
Title: General_Electric
Topic: Engineering and technology

General Electric heavily contaminated the Hudson River with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) between 1947-77. This pollution caused a range of harmful effects to wildlife and people who eat fish from the river or drink the water. In response to this contamination, activists protested in various ways. Musician Pete Seeger founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to draw attention to the problem. The activism led to the site being designated by the EPA as one of the superfund sites requiring extensive cleanup. Other sources of pollution, including mercury contamination and sewage dumping, have also contributed to problems in the Hudson River watershed.

Q1: In what time period did GE pollute the Hudson River with PCBs?
A1: 1947-77
Q2: Who founded the Hudson River Sloop Clearwater and the Clearwater Festival to bring attention to the pollution caused by GE?
A2: Pete Seeger
Q3: What does PCB stand for?
A3: polychlorinated biphenyls
Q4: What designation did the EPA give to the site of GE's Hudson River pollution
A4: superfund
Q5: What other types of pollution have contaminated the Hudson River watershed?
A5: mercury contamination and sewage dumping
Title: Film_speed
Topic: Engineering and technology

General Electric switched to use the ASA scale in 1946. Meters manufactured since February 1946 were equipped with the ASA scale (labeled "Exposure Index") already. For some of the older meters with scales in "Film Speed" or "Film Value" (e.g. models DW-48, DW-49 as well as early DW-58 and GW-68 variants), replaceable hoods with ASA scales were available from the manufacturer. The company continued to publish recommended film values after that date, however, they were now aligned to the ASA scale.

Q1: Which company adopted the ASA scale in 1946?
A1: General Electric
Q2: Beginning what year were cameras built with the ASA meter?
A2: 1946
Q3: How did older models convert to ASA scale?
A3: replaceable hoods with ASA scales
Q4: How was the ASA scale shown on models built after 1946?
A4: labeled "Exposure Index"
Q5: What were recommended film values lined up with after 1946?
A5: they were now aligned to the ASA scale
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

General Francisco Franco — himself a Galician from Ferrol — ruled as dictator from the civil war until his death in 1975. Franco's centralizing regime suppressed any official use of the Galician language, including the use of Galician names for newborns, although its everyday oral use was not forbidden. Among the attempts at resistance were small leftist guerrilla groups such as those led by José Castro Veiga ("El Piloto") and Benigno Andrade ("Foucellas"), both of whom were ultimately captured and executed. In the 1960s, ministers such as Manuel Fraga Iribarne introduced some reforms allowing technocrats affiliated with Opus Dei to modernize administration in a way that facilitated capitalist economic development. However, for decades Galicia was largely confined to the role of a supplier of raw materials and energy to the rest of Spain, causing environmental havoc and leading to a wave of migration to Venezuela and to various parts of Europe. Fenosa, the monopolistic supplier of electricity, built hydroelectric dams, flooding many Galician river valleys.

Q1: Francisco Franco was himself a Galician from which city?
A1: Ferrol
Q2: When did his reign end?
A2: 1975
Q3: What was Guerrilla fighter José Castro Veiga's nickname?
A3: El Piloto
Q4: And what was Benigno Andrade's?
A4: Foucellas
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

General Frossard's II Corps and Marshal Bazaine's III Corps crossed the German border on 2 August, and began to force the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division from the town of Saarbrücken with a series of direct attacks. The Chassepot rifle proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle, with French riflemen regularly outdistancing their Prussian counterparts in the skirmishing around Saarbrücken. However the Prussians resisted strongly, and the French suffered 86 casualties to the Prussian 83 casualties. Saarbrücken also proved to be a major obstacle in terms of logistics. Only one railway there led to the German hinterland but could be easily defended by a single force, and the only river systems in the region ran along the border instead of inland. While the French hailed the invasion as the first step towards the Rhineland and later Berlin, General Le Bœuf and Napoleon III were receiving alarming reports from foreign news sources of Prussian and Bavarian armies massing to the southeast in addition to the forces to the north and northeast.

Q1: On which date did Frossard's and Bazaines's troops cross the German border?
A1: 2 August
Q2: Which regiment did their respective corps force from the town of Saarbrucken?
A2: the Prussian 40th Regiment of the 16th Infantry Division
Q3: What proved its worth against the Dreyse rifle?
A3: The Chassepot rifle
Q4: How many casualties did the French suffer at Saarbrucken?
A4: 86 casualties
Q5: How many casualties did the Prussians suffer at Saarbrucken?
A5: 83 casualties
Title: Military_history_of_the_United_States
Topic: History

General George Washington (1732–99) proved an excellent organizer and administrator, who worked successfully with Congress and the state governors, selecting and mentoring his senior officers, supporting and training his troops, and maintaining an idealistic Republican Army. His biggest challenge was logistics, since neither Congress nor the states had the funding to provide adequately for the equipment, munitions, clothing, paychecks, or even the food supply of the soldiers. As a battlefield tactician Washington was often outmaneuvered by his British counterparts. As a strategist, however, he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did. The British sent four invasion armies. Washington's strategy forced the first army out of Boston in 1776, and was responsible for the surrender of the second and third armies at Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781). He limited the British control to New York and a few places while keeping Patriot control of the great majority of the population. The Loyalists, on whom the British had relied too heavily, comprised about 20% of the population but never were well organized. As the war ended, Washington watched proudly as the final British army quietly sailed out of New York City in November 1783, taking the Loyalist leadership with them. Washington astonished the world when, instead of seizing power, he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.

Q1: What was the biggest problem General Washington faced?
A1: logistics
Q2: Where were the two major surrenders of British forces in the war?
A2: Saratoga (1777) and Yorktown (1781)
Q3: What percentage of the Colonial population were loyal to the Crown?
A3: 20%
Q4: What did Washington do after defeating the British Army?
A4: he retired quietly to his farm in Virginia.
Q5: What advantage did Washington have over the British generals?
A5: he had a better idea of how to win the war than they did
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

General Ridgway was appointed Supreme Commander, Korea; he regrouped the UN forces for successful counterattacks, while General James Van Fleet assumed command of the U.S. Eighth Army. Further attacks slowly depleted the PVA and KPA forces; Operations Courageous (23–28 March 1951) and Tomahawk (23 March 1951) were a joint ground and airborne infilltration meant to trap Chinese forces between Kaesong and Seoul. UN forces advanced to "Line Kansas", north of the 38th parallel. The 187th Airborne Regimental Combat Team's ("Rakkasans") second of two combat jumps was on Easter Sunday, 1951, at Munsan-ni, South Korea, codenamed Operation Tomahawk. The mission was to get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north. The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance provided the medical cover for the operations, dropping an ADS and a surgical team and treating over 400 battle casualties apart from the civilian casualties that formed the core of their objective as the unit was on a humanitarian mission.

Q1: Who was appointed Supreme Commander in Korea after the removal of General MacArthur?
A1: General Ridgway
Q2: What was the goal of Operation Tomahawk?
A2: get behind Chinese forces and block their movement north
Q3: Who was responsible for supply humanitarian aid to civilians?
A3: The 60th Indian Parachute Field Ambulance
Q4: Under the guidance of Generals Van Fleet and Ridgway, joint forces were able to achieve what goal?
A4: depleted the PVA and KPA forces
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

General Secretary and President Hu Jintao announced that the disaster response would be rapid. Just 90 minutes after the earthquake, Premier Wen Jiabao, who has an academic background in geomechanics, flew to the earthquake area to oversee the rescue work. Soon afterward, the Ministry of Health said that it had sent ten emergency medical teams to Wenchuan County. On the same day, the Chengdu Military Region Command dispatched 50,000 troops and armed police to help with disaster relief work in Wenchuan County. However, due to the rough terrain and close proximity of the quake's epicenter, the soldiers found it very difficult to get help to the rural regions of the province.

Q1: Who flew to the earthquake area 90 minutes after it hit?
A1: Premier Wen Jiabao
Q2: What was Premier Wen Jiabao's background in?
A2: geomechanics
Q3: What did Jiabao oversee in the region?
A3: the rescue work
Q4: How many troops were dispatched by the Chengdu military?
A4: 50,000
Q5: How soon after the earthquake was Premier Wen Jiabao on his way to the area?
A5: 90 minutes after
Q6: How many medical teams were sent to Wenchuan county?
A6: ten
Q7: How many troops were sent to the area for relief work?
A7: 50,000
Q8: Besides the rough terrain, why was it difficult to get to the area?
A8: proximity of the quake's epicenter
Title: Gymnastics
Topic: Sports and recreation

General gymnastics enables people of all ages and abilities to participate in performance groups of 6 to more than 150 athletes. They perform synchronized, choreographed routines. Troupes may consist of both genders and are not separated into age divisions. The largest general gymnastics exhibition is the quadrennial World Gymnaestrada which was first held in 1939. In 1984 Gymnastics for All was officially recognized first as a Sport Program by the FIG (International Gymnastic Federation), and subsequently by national gymnastic federations worldwide with participants that now number 30 million.

Q1: What kind of routines do general gymnastic groups perform?
A1: synchronized, choreographed routines
Q2: What do the troupes consist of?
A2: of both genders and are not separated into age divisions
Q3: When was the first World Gymnaestrada held?
A3: 1939
Q4: What was the first Sport Program recongized by FIG?
A4: Gymnastics for All
Q5: How many participants are there?
A5: 30 million
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

General-in-Chief He Jin (d. 189 AD), half-brother to Empress He (d. 189 AD), plotted with Yuan Shao (d. 202 AD) to overthrow the eunuchs by having several generals march to the outskirts of the capital. There, in a written petition to Empress He, they demanded the eunuchs' execution. After a period of hesitation, Empress He consented. When the eunuchs discovered this, however, they had her brother He Miao (何苗) rescind the order. The eunuchs assassinated He Jin on September 22, 189 AD. Yuan Shao then besieged Luoyang's Northern Palace while his brother Yuan Shu (d. 199 AD) besieged the Southern Palace. On September 25 both palaces were breached and approximately two thousand eunuchs were killed. Zhang Rang had previously fled with Emperor Shao (r. 189 AD) and his brother Liu Xie—the future Emperor Xian of Han (r. 189–220 AD). While being pursued by the Yuan brothers, Zhang committed suicide by jumping into the Yellow River.

Q1: Who was assassinated on September 22, 189 AD?
A1: He Jin
Q2: Who agreed to the execuation of the eunuchs?
A2: Empress He
Q3: Who negated the execution order on the eunuchs?
A3: He Miao
Q4: Who was the family member that Emperor Shao escaped with?
A4: Liu Xie
Q5: What did General-in-Chief He petition Empress He for?
A5: the eunuchs' execution
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

Generally, American civil procedure has several notable features, including extensive pretrial discovery, heavy reliance on live testimony obtained at deposition or elicited in front of a jury, and aggressive pretrial "law and motion" practice designed to result in a pretrial disposition (that is, summary judgment) or a settlement. U.S. courts pioneered the concept of the opt-out class action, by which the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment, as opposed to opt-in class actions, where class members must join into the class. Another unique feature is the so-called American Rule under which parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees (as opposed to the English Rule of "loser pays"), though American legislators and courts have carved out numerous exceptions.

Q1: What is extensive pretrial discovery a part of?
A1: American civil procedure
Q2: What is a pretrial deposition?
A2: summary judgment
Q3: What is an opt-out class action?
A3: the burden falls on class members to notify the court that they do not wish to be bound by the judgment
Q4: What is an opt-in class action?
A4: class members must join into the class
Q5: What is the American Rule?
A5: parties generally bear their own attorneys' fees
Title: Post-punk
Topic: Music

Generally, post-punk music is defined as music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s, although many groups now categorized as post-punk were initially subsumed under the broad umbrella of punk or new wave music, only becoming differentiated as the terms came to signify more narrow styles. Additionally, the accuracy of the term's chronological prefix "post" has been disputed, as various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement. Reynolds defined the post-punk era as occurring loosely between 1978 and 1984.

Q1: What is post-punk?
A1: music that emerged from the cultural milieu of punk rock in the late 1970s
Q2: What else was music incorrectly catagorized into before post-punk?
A2: new wave music
Q3: Why is the term post-punk sometimes disputed?
A3: various groups commonly labeled post-punk in fact predate the punk rock movement
Q4: What is the acctepted era of post-punk?
A4: between 1978 and 1984
Q5: What previous movement is post-punk often identified as coming after?
A5: punk rock
Q6: What were many groups now labeled as post-punk initially categorized as?
A6: punk or new wave music
Q7: Why has the prefix 'post' caused a bit of dispute as it relates to various post-punk groups?
A7: predate the punk rock movement
Q8: Who has defined a period of when the post-punk era was?
A8: Reynolds
Q9: Between what years did Reynolds identify the post-punk era as existing?
A9: 1978 and 1984
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Generally, scholars conclude that the Mahayana scriptures were composed from the 1st century CE onwards: "Large numbers of Mahayana sutras were being composed in the period between the beginning of the common era and the fifth century", five centuries after the historical Gautama Buddha. Some of these had their roots in other scriptures composed in the 1st century BCE. It was not until after the 5th century CE that the Mahayana sutras started to influence the behavior of mainstream Buddhists in India: "But outside of texts, at least in India, at exactly the same period, very different—in fact seemingly older—ideas and aspirations appear to be motivating actual behavior, and old and established Hinnayana groups appear to be the only ones that are patronized and supported." These texts were apparently not universally accepted among Indian Buddhists when they appeared; the pejorative label Hinayana was applied by Mahayana supporters to those who rejected the Mahayana sutras.

Q1: When did Mahayana sutras start to influence the behavior of mainstream buddhists in India?
A1: after the 5th century CE
Q2: What was the pejorative label for those that rejected Mahayana sutras?
A2: Hinayana
Title: Translation
Topic: Language and literature

Generally, the greater the contact and exchange that have existed between two languages, or between those languages and a third one, the greater is the ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase that may be used in translating among them. However, due to shifts in ecological niches of words, a common etymology is sometimes misleading as a guide to current meaning in one or the other language. For example, the English actual should not be confused with the cognate French actuel ("present", "current"), the Polish aktualny ("present", "current," "topical," "timely," "feasible"), the Swedish aktuell ("topical", "presently of importance"), the Russian актуальный ("urgent", "topical") or the Dutch actueel.

Q1: A greater ratio of metaphrase to paraphrase can be used translating when there as been greater what between languages?
A1: contact and exchange
Q2: What is a common etymology sometimes misleading as?
A2: guide to current meaning
Q3: What does the French "actuel" mean in English?
A3: present
Q4: How would you convey that something is "presently of importance" in Swedish?
A4: aktuell
Q5: To indicate something is feasible in Polish, what word could be used?
A5: aktualny
Title: Airport
Topic: Engineering and technology

Generally, this pattern is a circuit consisting of five "legs" that form a rectangle (two legs and the runway form one side, with the remaining legs forming three more sides). Each leg is named (see diagram), and ATC directs pilots on how to join and leave the circuit. Traffic patterns are flown at one specific altitude, usually 800 or 1,000 ft (244 or 305 m) above ground level (AGL). Standard traffic patterns are left-handed, meaning all turns are made to the left. One of the main reason for this is that pilots sit on the left side of the airplane, and a Left-hand patterns improves their visibility of the airport and pattern. Right-handed patterns do exist, usually because of obstacles such as a mountain, or to reduce noise for local residents. The predetermined circuit helps traffic flow smoothly because all pilots know what to expect, and helps reduce the chance of a mid-air collision.

Q1: Traffic patterns are usually flown at what altitude above ground level?
A1: 800 or 1,000 ft
Q2: What does AGL stand for?
A2: above ground level
Q3: Are standard traffic patterns right-handed or left-handed?
A3: left-handed
Q4: What is one of the main reasons pilots sit on the left side of the airplane?
A4: Standard traffic patterns are left-handed
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Genes are regulated so that they are expressed only when the product is needed, since expression draws on limited resources.:7 A cell regulates its gene expression depending on its external environment (e.g. available nutrients, temperature and other stresses), its internal environment (e.g. cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status), and its specific role if in a multicellular organism. Gene expression can be regulated at any step: from transcriptional initiation, to RNA processing, to post-translational modification of the protein. The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli (lac operon) was the first such mechanism to be described in 1961.

Q1: When are genes expressed?
A1: only when the product is needed
Q2: What are examples of a cell's external environment?
A2: available nutrients, temperature and other stresses
Q3: What are examples of a cell's internal environment?
A3: cell division cycle, metabolism, infection status
Q4: At which step can gene expression be regulated?
A4: at any step
Q5: What example of post-translational modification of a protein was first described in 1961?
A5: The regulation of lactose metabolism genes in E. coli
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Genes can acquire mutations in their sequence, leading to different variants, known as alleles, in the population. These alleles encode slightly different versions of a protein, which cause different phenotype traits. Colloquial usage of the term "having a gene" (e.g., "good genes," "hair colour gene") typically refers to having a different allele of the gene. Genes evolve due to natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles.

Q1: What do mutations in a gene sequence lead to?
A1: different variants, known as alleles
Q2: What do alleles do?
A2: encode slightly different versions of a protein
Q3: What do alleles cause?
A3: different phenotype traits
Q4: What does "having a gene" or a "good gene" typically refer to?
A4: having a different allele of the gene
Q5: What causes genes to evolve?
A5: natural selection or survival of the fittest of the alleles
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Genes with a most recent common ancestor, and thus a shared evolutionary ancestry, are known as homologs. These genes appear either from gene duplication within an organism's genome, where they are known as paralogous genes, or are the result of divergence of the genes after a speciation event, where they are known as orthologous genes,:7.6 and often perform the same or similar functions in related organisms. It is often assumed that the functions of orthologous genes are more similar than those of paralogous genes, although the difference is minimal.

Q1: What are genes with a most recent common ancestor called?
A1: homologs
Q2: What is one reason for homologs to appear?
A2: gene duplication within an organism's genome
Q3: What are genes that occur from duplication within an organism's genome called?
A3: paralogous genes
Q4: What are genes that result from divergence of the genes after a speciation event called?
A4: orthologous genes
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Genetic engineering is now a routine research tool with model organisms. For example, genes are easily added to bacteria and lineages of knockout mice with a specific gene's function disrupted are used to investigate that gene's function. Many organisms have been genetically modified for applications in agriculture, industrial biotechnology, and medicine.

Q1: What has become a common research tool with model organisms?
A1: Genetic engineering
Q2: What do scientists explore by adding genes to mice with a certain gene's function disrupted?
A2: that gene's function
Q3: What is an application for which organisms have been modified for?
A3: agriculture
Q4: What is another for which  organisms have been modified for?
A4: industrial biotechnology
Q5: What is yet another application for which  organisms have been modified for?
A5: medicine
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Genetic engineering is the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology. Since the 1970s, a variety of techniques have been developed to specifically add, remove and edit genes in an organism. Recently developed genome engineering techniques use engineered nuclease enzymes to create targeted DNA repair in a chromosome to either disrupt or edit a gene when the break is repaired. The related term synthetic biology is sometimes used to refer to extensive genetic engineering of an organism.

Q1: What is known as the modification of an organism's genome through biotechnology?
A1: Genetic engineering
Q2: When did techniques begin to be developed to add, remove and edit genes?
A2: the 1970s
Q3: What sort of enzymes do recently developed genome engineering techniques use?
A3: engineered nuclease enzymes
Q4: What sort of DNA repair is created by modern genetic engineering techniques?
A4: targeted
Q5: What term refers to extensive genetic engineering of an organism?
A5: synthetic biology
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations.

Q1: What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?
A1: Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups
Q2: How is Y-DNA passed along?
A2: patrilineal line
Q3: Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?
A3: mtDNA
Q4: What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?
A4: chance mutation
Q5: What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?
A5: average continent-of-ancestry
Title: Black_people
Topic: Language and literature

Genetic studies have found significant African female-mediated gene flow in Arab communities in the Arabian Peninsula and neighboring countries, with an average of 38% of maternal lineages in Yemen are of direct African descent, 16% in Oman-Qatar, and 10% in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates.

Q1: How many people in Yemen have African lineage? 
A1: average of 38%
Q2: How many people in Oman-Qatar have African lineage?
A2: 16%
Q3: How many people in Saudi Arabia-United Arab Emirates have African lineage?
A3: 10%
Q4: Genetic studies have found which gene in Arab communities?
A4: African female-mediated gene
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%).

Q1: Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?
A1: Amerindians
Q2: What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?
A2: Asian population
Q3: When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?
A3: Middle Paleolithic
Q4: When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?
A4: 2012
Q5: What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?
A5: mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome
Title: Ashkenazi_Jews
Topic: History

Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have been conducted to determine how much of their ancestry comes from the Levant, and how much derives from European populations. These studies—researching both their paternal and maternal lineages—point to a significant prevalence of ancient Levantine origins. But they have arrived at diverging conclusions regarding both the degree and the sources of their European ancestry. These diverging conclusions focus particularly on the extent of the European genetic origin observed in Ashkenazi maternal lineages.

Q1: Genetic studies on Ashkenazim have found a significant prevalence of what type of origins?
A1: ancient Levantine origins
Q2: Have studies on the genetics of the Ashkenazim come to similar or divergent conclusions regarding the degree and sources of their European ancestry?
A2: they have arrived at diverging conclusions
Q3: Have these studies on Ashkenazim genetics researched their paternal lineages, maternal lineages, or both?
A3: researching both their paternal and maternal lineages
Q4: Genetic studies on the Ashkenazim have tried to determine how much of their ancestry is derived from European populations and from where?
A4: the Levant
Title: Jews
Topic: History

Genetic studies on Jews show that most Jews worldwide bear a common genetic heritage which originates in the Middle East, and that they bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of the Fertile Crescent. The genetic composition of different Jewish groups shows that Jews share a common genetic pool dating back 4,000 years, as a marker of their common ancestral origin. Despite their long-term separation and beside their shared genetic origin, Jews also maintained a common culture, tradition, and language.

Q1: Genetic studies show that Jews bear their strongest resemblance to the peoples of where?
A1: Fertile Crescent
Q2: How far back does the Jews' shared common genetic pool date?
A2: 4,000 years
Q3: Most Jews share a common genetic heritage that originates from what place?
A3: Middle East
Title: Cotton
Topic: Natural sciences

Genetically modified (GM) cotton was developed to reduce the heavy reliance on pesticides. The bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) naturally produces a chemical harmful only to a small fraction of insects, most notably the larvae of moths and butterflies, beetles, and flies, and harmless to other forms of life. The gene coding for Bt toxin has been inserted into cotton, causing cotton, called Bt cotton, to produce this natural insecticide in its tissues. In many regions, the main pests in commercial cotton are lepidopteran larvae, which are killed by the Bt protein in the transgenic cotton they eat. This eliminates the need to use large amounts of broad-spectrum insecticides to kill lepidopteran pests (some of which have developed pyrethroid resistance). This spares natural insect predators in the farm ecology and further contributes to noninsecticide pest management.

Q1: To stop reliance on what was GM cotton developed?
A1: pesticides
Q2: What form of cotton is GM?
A2: Genetically modified
Q3: What bacterium is used to produced GM cotton?
A3: Bacillus thuringiensis
Q4: What farming pest management technique does the use of GM grown plants promote?
A4: noninsecticide
Q5: What part of the life cycle of moths does Bt toxin effect?
A5: larvae
Title: Data_compression
Topic: Engineering and technology

Genetics compression algorithms are the latest generation of lossless algorithms that compress data (typically sequences of nucleotides) using both conventional compression algorithms and genetic algorithms adapted to the specific datatype. In 2012, a team of scientists from Johns Hopkins University published a genetic compression algorithm that does not use a reference genome for compression. HAPZIPPER was tailored for HapMap data and achieves over 20-fold compression (95% reduction in file size), providing 2- to 4-fold better compression and in much faster time than the leading general-purpose compression utilities. For this, Chanda, Elhaik, and Bader introduced MAF based encoding (MAFE), which reduces the heterogeneity of the dataset by sorting SNPs by their minor allele frequency, thus homogenizing the dataset. Other algorithms in 2009 and 2013 (DNAZip and GenomeZip) have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold—allowing 6 billion basepair diploid human genomes to be stored in 2.5 megabytes (relative to a reference genome or averaged over many genomes).

Q1: What are the latest generation of lossless algorithms? 
A1: Genetics
Q2: What encoding reduces the heterogeneity of a dataset by sorting SNPs?
A2: MAFE
Q3: What two algorithms have compression ratios of up to 1200-fold?
A3: DNAZip and GenomeZip
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Geneva and the nearby French department of Ain co-host the world's largest laboratory, CERN, dedicated to particle physics research. Another important research center is the Paul Scherrer Institute. Notable inventions include lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), the scanning tunneling microscope (Nobel prize) and Velcro. Some technologies enabled the exploration of new worlds such as the pressurized balloon of Auguste Piccard and the Bathyscaphe which permitted Jacques Piccard to reach the deepest point of the world's oceans.

Q1: What is the world's largest laboratory?
A1: CERN
Q2: Who co-hosts CERN along with the French department of Ain?
A2: Geneva
Q3: What research is CERN dedicated to?
A3: particle physics
Q4: What notable Swiss invention won the nobel prize?
A4: scanning tunneling microscope
Q5: Who invented the pressurized balloon?
A5: Auguste Piccard
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

Genocide has become an official term used in international relations. The word genocide was not in use before 1944. Before this, in 1941, Winston Churchill described the mass killing of Russian prisoners of war and civilians as "a crime without a name". In that year, a Polish-Jewish lawyer named Raphael Lemkin, described the policies of systematic murder founded by the Nazis as genocide. The word genocide is the combination of the Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill). The word is defined as a specific set of violent crimes that are committed against a certain group with the attempt to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them.

Q1: The word "genocide" was unknown until what year?
A1: 1944
Q2: In 1941, how did Winston Churchill refer to the mass killings of Russian prisoners of war?
A2: as "a crime without a name"
Q3: What was the name of the Polish-Jewish lawyer who first described Nazi atrocities as "genocide?" 
A3: Raphael Lemkin
Q4: What is the etymological basis of the word "genocide?"
A4: Greek prefix geno- (meaning tribe or race) and caedere (the Latin word for to kill)
Q5: As it pertains to violent crimes against targeted groups, what is the ultimate motivation within the actions of genocide?
A5: to remove the entire group from existence or to destroy them