LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

DNA replication is for the most part extremely accurate, however errors (mutations) do occur.:7.6 The error rate in eukaryotic cells can be as low as 10−8 per nucleotide per replication, whereas for some RNA viruses it can be as high as 10−3. This means that each generation, each human genome accumulates 1–2 new mutations. Small mutations can be caused by DNA replication and the aftermath of DNA damage and include point mutations in which a single base is altered and frameshift mutations in which a single base is inserted or deleted. Either of these mutations can change the gene by missense (change a codon to encode a different amino acid) or nonsense (a premature stop codon). Larger mutations can be caused by errors in recombination to cause chromosomal abnormalities including the duplication, deletion, rearrangement or inversion of large sections of a chromosome. Additionally, the DNA repair mechanisms that normally revert mutations can introduce errors when repairing the physical damage to the molecule is more important than restoring an exact copy, for example when repairing double-strand breaks.:5.4

Q1: What is it called when errors occur in DNA replication?
A1: mutations
Q2: What is the lowest error rate that occurs in eukaryotic cells?
A2: 10−8 per nucleotide per replication
Q3: What is the highest error rate that can occur for some RNA viruses?
A3: 10−3
Q4: What can small mutations be caused by?
A4: DNA replication
Q5: What can larger mutations be caused by?
A5: errors in recombination
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations. Taken together, they account for 95% of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool. Only (0.7%) fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of all major European haplogroups, which were characterized by similar patterns of distribution in Poles and Russians. An analysis of the DNA did not reveal any specific combinations of unique mtDNA haplotypes and their subclusters. The DNA clearly shows that both Poles and Russians are not different from the neighbouring European populations.

Q1: DNA from how many Russians show that the Y chromosomes fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to West Eurasian populations?
A1: 1228
Q2: DNA samples from 1228 Russians show that the Y chromosomes analyzed, all except 20 (1.6%) fall into seven major haplogroups all characteristic to what populations?
A2: West Eurasian
Q3: Taken together, they account for what percentage of the total Russian Y chromosomal pool?
A3: 95%
Q4: What percentage fell into haplogroups that are specific to East and South Asian populations?
A4: 0.7%
Q5: Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) examined in Poles and Russians revealed the presence of what major haplogroups?
A5: European
Title: Genome
Topic: Natural sciences

DNA transposons generally move by "cut and paste" in the genome, but duplication has also been observed. Class 2 TEs do not use RNA as intermediate and are popular in bacteria, in metazoan it has also been found.

Q1: What is a term that can describe how DNA transposons move?
A1: cut and paste
Q2: DNA transposons do not use which genetic material used by Class 1 TEs?
A2: RNA
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST clock shifts sometimes complicate timekeeping and can disrupt travel, billing, record keeping, medical devices, heavy equipment, and sleep patterns. Computer software can often adjust clocks automatically, but policy changes by various jurisdictions of the dates and timings of DST may be confusing.

Q1: What can be affected by DST that might disrupt plans for a vacation?
A1: travel
Q2: When the clock on your laptop adjusts to DST without you resetting the clock, what is controlling the change?
A2: Computer software
Q3: What do jurisdictions sometimes change that mixes up DST dates and times?
A3: policy
Q4: What important part of daily life might be disturbed because of DST changing what time you go to bed?
A4: sleep patterns
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST has mixed effects on health. In societies with fixed work schedules it provides more afternoon sunlight for outdoor exercise. It alters sunlight exposure; whether this is beneficial depends on one's location and daily schedule, as sunlight triggers vitamin D synthesis in the skin, but overexposure can lead to skin cancer. DST may help in depression by causing individuals to rise earlier, but some argue the reverse. The Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness, chaired by blind sports magnate Gordon Gund, successfully lobbied in 1985 and 2005 for US DST extensions.

Q1: What do societies with standardized work schedules have more time for because of the increase in afternoon daylight from DST?
A1: outdoor exercise
Q2: What vitamin does sunlight help the human body absorb?
A2: vitamin D
Q3: What chair of the Retinitis Pigmentosa Foundation Fighting Blindness lobbied for an extension to daylight savings in the U.S.?
A3: Gordon Gund
Q4: What cancer can be caused by too much time in the sun?
A4: skin cancer
Q5: Some people say DST can help sufferers of depression because it encourages them to do what?
A5: rise earlier
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST inherits and can magnify the disadvantages of standard time. For example, when reading a sundial, one must compensate for it along with time zone and natural discrepancies. Also, sun-exposure guidelines such as avoiding the sun within two hours of noon become less accurate when DST is in effect.

Q1: What does DST inherit from standard time?
A1: disadvantages
Q2: Does daylight savings sometimes minimize or magnify the drawbacks of standard time?
A2: magnify
Q3: Usually, it's recommended that we avoid the sun for how many hours before and after noon?
A3: two
Q4: What kind of guidelines become less precise because of DST?
A4: sun-exposure guidelines
Q5: When using a sundial, we must adjust the reading to reflect natural discrepancies and the effect of what other influence?
A5: time zone
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST is generally not observed near the equator, where sunrise times do not vary enough to justify it. Some countries observe it only in some regions; for example, southern Brazil observes it while equatorial Brazil does not. Only a minority of the world's population uses DST because Asia and Africa generally do not observe it.

Q1: Which part of Brazil observes Daylight Saving Time?
A1: southern Brazil
Q2: What part of Brazil does not observe DST?
A2: equatorial Brazil
Q3: Which two continents that comprise a majority of the population worldwide don't observe DST?
A3: Asia and Africa
Q4: The lack of fluctuation in time for what daily event means regions of the world near the equator don't usually keep DST?
A4: sunrise
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST's clock shifts have the obvious disadvantage of complexity. People must remember to change their clocks; this can be time-consuming, particularly for mechanical clocks that cannot be moved backward safely. People who work across time zone boundaries need to keep track of multiple DST rules, as not all locations observe DST or observe it the same way. The length of the calendar day becomes variable; it is no longer always 24 hours. Disruption to meetings, travel, broadcasts, billing systems, and records management is common, and can be expensive. During an autumn transition from 02:00 to 01:00, a clock reads times from 01:00:00 through 01:59:59 twice, possibly leading to confusion.

Q1: During the fall time shift from 02:00 to 01:00, how many times will a clock show the times between 01:00:00 and 01:59:59?
A1: twice
Q2: What might a clock showing the same times twice in one day lead to?
A2: confusion
Q3: What do people often have trouble remembering to do for DST?
A3: change their clocks
Q4: What added complexity do people working across time zones have to keep track of?
A4: multiple DST rules
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

DST's potential to save energy comes primarily from its effects on residential lighting, which consumes about 3.5% of electricity in the United States and Canada. Delaying the nominal time of sunset and sunrise reduces the use of artificial light in the evening and increases it in the morning. As Franklin's 1784 satire pointed out, lighting costs are reduced if the evening reduction outweighs the morning increase, as in high-latitude summer when most people wake up well after sunrise. An early goal of DST was to reduce evening usage of incandescent lighting, which used to be a primary use of electricity. Although energy conservation remains an important goal, energy usage patterns have greatly changed since then, and recent research is limited and reports contradictory results. Electricity use is greatly affected by geography, climate, and economics, making it hard to generalize from single studies.

Q1: What percentage of all electricity usage in the U.S. and Canada is from residential lighting?
A1: 3.5%
Q2: DST will reduce electricity use in the evening but increase it during what time of the day?
A2: morning
Q3: When DST was first proposed, what type of lighting was consuming the most electricity?
A3: incandescent
Q4: Along with geography and economics, what variable often affects how much electricity an area uses?
A4: climate
Q5: Whose satire that was published in 1784 pointed out that daylight saving would only reduce electricity usage if the increase in the mornings was less than the savings in the evenings?
A5: Franklin
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

DVB created first the standard for DVB-S digital satellite TV, DVB-C digital cable TV and DVB-T digital terrestrial TV. These broadcasting systems can be used for both SDTV and HDTV. In the US the Grand Alliance proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV. Both ATSC and DVB were based on the MPEG-2 standard, although DVB systems may also be used to transmit video using the newer and more efficient H.264/MPEG-4 AVC compression standards. Common for all DVB standards is the use of highly efficient modulation techniques for further reducing bandwidth, and foremost for reducing receiver-hardware and antenna requirements.

Q1: What did the Grand Alliance propose as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A1: ATSC
Q2: Which standard were ATSC and DVB based on?
A2: MPEG-2
Q3: Who created the standard for DVB-2, DVB-C, and DVB-T?
A3: DVB
Q4: Who proposed ATSC as the new standard for SDTV and HDTV?
A4: the Grand Alliance
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Dallin H. Oaks replaced Wilkinson as president in 1971. Oaks continued the expansion of his predecessor, adding a law school and proposing plans for a new School of Management. During his administration, a new library was also added, doubling the library space on campus. Jeffrey R. Holland followed as president in 1980, encouraging a combination of educational excellence and religious faith at the university. He believed that one of the school's greatest strengths was its religious nature and that this should be taken advantage of rather than hidden. During his administration, the university added a campus in Jerusalem, now called the BYU Jerusalem Center. In 1989, Holland was replaced by Rex E. Lee. Lee was responsible for the Benson Science Building and the Museum of Art on campus. A cancer victim, Lee is memorialized annually at BYU during a cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run. Shortly before his death, Lee was replaced in 1995 by Merrill J. Bateman.

Q1: Who was responsible for the BYU's first campus outside of the U.S.?
A1: Jeffrey R. Holland
Q2: Which BYU president suffered from a terminal illness?
A2: Rex E. Lee
Q3: Who succeeded Rex E. Lee?
A3: Merrill J. Bateman
Q4: Who is responsible for the university's expansion into law and management schools?
A4: Dallin H. Oaks
Q5: What did Jeffrey R. Holland believe to be BYU's strongest asset?
A5: its religious nature
Q6: Which new BYU school was added under Pres. Dallin H. Oaks in 1971?
A6: law
Q7: In which foreign country did Jeffrey R. Holland open a BYU campus during his presidency?
A7: Jerusalem
Q8: What annual event at BYU is carried out in memory of former president Rex E. Lee, who built the Museum of Art on campus?
A8: cancer fundraiser called the Rex Lee Run
Q9: What was believed to be one of the schools greatest strengths by Pres. Jeffrey R. Holland?
A9: its religious nature
Q10: What is the name of the BYU campus in Jerusulem?
A10: BYU Jerusalem Center
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Damage to a German steel facility occurred during a DST transition in 1993, when a computer timing system linked to a radio time synchronization signal allowed molten steel to cool for one hour less than the required duration, resulting in spattering of molten steel when it was poured. Medical devices may generate adverse events that could harm patients, without being obvious to clinicians responsible for care. These problems are compounded when the DST rules themselves change; software developers must test and perhaps modify many programs, and users must install updates and restart applications. Consumers must update devices such as programmable thermostats with the correct DST rules, or manually adjust the devices' clocks. A common strategy to resolve these problems in computer systems is to express time using the Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) rather than the local time zone. For example, Unix-based computer systems use the UTC-based Unix time internally.

Q1: What year did an accident occur at a German facility with molten steel because of the change to DST?
A1: 1993
Q2: For how much more time was the molten steel supposed to cool when the computer mix-up happened in the German steel facility?
A2: one hour
Q3: Who is responsible for testing and even making changing to computer programs when daylight saving rules change?
A3: software developers
Q4: What time system do some computer systems use to avoid the issues of changes in local time?
A4: Coordinated Universal Time
Q5: What type of computer systems use an internal clock based on UTC time?
A5: Unix-based
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

Damaged spots on a LaserDisc can be played through or skipped over, while a DVD will often become unplayable past the damage. Some newer DVD players feature a repair+skip algorithm, which alleviates this problem by continuing to play the disc, filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound. The success of this feature depends upon the amount of damage. LaserDisc players, when working in full analog, recover from such errors faster than DVD players. Direct comparison here is almost impossible due to the sheer size differences between the two media. A 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a DVD will probably cause more problems than a 1 in (3 cm) scratch on a LaserDisc, but a fingerprint taking up 1% of the area of a DVD would almost certainly cause fewer problems than a similar mark covering 1% of the surface of a LaserDisc.[citation needed]

Q1: What does the repair+skip feature on newer DVD players do?
A1: filling in unreadable areas of the picture with blank space or a frozen frame of the last readable image and sound
Q2: Which format, DVD or Laserdisc, can become unreadable with damage?
A2: DVD
Q3: Will the same size scratch cause more problems for a DVD or LaserDisc?
A3: DVD
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

Dams remain the principal source of water both for domestic and agricultural use; Cyprus has a total of 107 dams (plus one currently under construction) and reservoirs, with a total water storage capacity of about 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft). Water desalination plants are gradually being constructed to deal with recent years of prolonged drought. The Government has invested heavily in the creation of water desalination plants which have supplied almost 50 per cent of domestic water since 2001. Efforts have also been made to raise public awareness of the situation and to encourage domestic water users to take more responsibility for the conservation of this increasingly scarce commodity.

Q1: What do the people of Cyprus rely on for domestic and agricultural supply of water?
A1: Dams
Q2: What is the total number of completed dams located on Cyprus?
A2: 107
Q3: What is the capacity of water that the dams on Cyprus can hold?
A3: 330,000,000 m3 (1.2×1010 cu ft).
Q4: What has the government invested in to help supply water for Cyprus?
A4: desalination plants
Q5: What percentage of domestic water do desalination plants provide on Cyprus?
A5: almost 50 per cent
Title: Capacitor
Topic: Engineering and technology

Daniel Gralath was the first to combine several jars in parallel into a "battery" to increase the charge storage capacity. Benjamin Franklin investigated the Leyden jar and came to the conclusion that the charge was stored on the glass, not in the water as others had assumed. He also adopted the term "battery", (denoting the increasing of power with a row of similar units as in a battery of cannon), subsequently applied to clusters of electrochemical cells. Leyden jars were later made by coating the inside and outside of jars with metal foil, leaving a space at the mouth to prevent arcing between the foils.[citation needed] The earliest unit of capacitance was the jar, equivalent to about 1.11 nanofarads.

Q1: Who was the first person to connect several Leyden jars in parallel?
A1: Daniel Gralath
Q2: Where did Benjamin Franklin believe the charge was stored in Leyden jars?
A2: stored on the glass
Q3: Who coined the term "battery"?
A3: Benjamin Franklin
Q4: How many nanofarads did the earliest unit of capacitance equate to? 
A4: 1.11 nanofarads
Q5: Why was a gap left at the mouth of Leyden jars?
A5: to prevent arcing between the foils
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

Daniel L. Magruder, Jr defines USAF culture as a combination of the rigorous application of advanced technology, individualism and progressive airpower theory. Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr. adds that the U.S. Air Force's culture also includes an egalitarianism bred from officers perceiving themselves as their service's principal "warriors" working with small groups of enlisted airmen either as the service crew or the onboard crew of their aircraft. Air Force officers have never felt they needed the formal social "distance" from their enlisted force that is common in the other U.S. armed services. Although the paradigm is changing, for most of its history, the Air Force, completely unlike its sister services, has been an organization in which mostly its officers fought, not its enlisted force, the latter being primarily a rear echelon support force. When the enlisted force did go into harm's way, such as members of multi-crewed aircraft, the close comradeship of shared risk in tight quarters created traditions that shaped a somewhat different kind of officer/enlisted relationship than exists elsewhere in the military.

Q1: What author wrote about the US Air Force egalitarian culture?
A1: Major General Charles J. Dunlap, Jr.
Q2: How does the US Air Force differ from other branches of the military?
A2: an organization in which mostly its officers fought
Q3: How have the enlisted forces of the US Air Force been seen?
A3: primarily a rear echelon support force
Title: Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)
Topic: Warfare

Dannatt criticised a remnant "Cold War mentality", with military expenditures based on retaining a capability against a direct conventional strategic threat; He said currently only 10% of the MoD's equipment programme budget between 2003 and 2018 was to be invested in the "land environment"—at a time when Britain was engaged in land-based wars in Afghanistan and Iraq.

Q1: Military spending that is based on conventional threats has been dismissed as what?
A1: Cold War mentality
Q2: How much of the MoD's equipment budget is invested in the "land environment"?
A2: 10%
Q3: Where was Britain involved in a land war when some thought that land wars were basically a thing of the past?
A3: Afghanistan and Iraq
Q4: Which years make up the time span mentioned for the military budget numbers?
A4: 2003 and 2018
Title: Muslim_world
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, derived features of and episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology: the Hadith and the Kitab al-Miraj (translated into Latin in 1264 or shortly before as Liber Scale Machometi) concerning the ascension to Heaven of Muhammad, and the spiritual writings of Ibn Arabi. The Moors also had a noticeable influence on the works of George Peele and William Shakespeare. Some of their works featured Moorish characters, such as Peele's The Battle of Alcazar and Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello, which featured a Moorish Othello as its title character. These works are said to have been inspired by several Moorish delegations from Morocco to Elizabethan England at the beginning of the 17th century.

Q1: In what year was Kitab al-Miraj likely translated into Latin?
A1: in 1264 or shortly before
Q2: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
A2: Dante Alighieri
Q3: Which works by Shakespeare is believed to be inspired by The Moors?
A3: Merchant of Venice, Titus Andronicus and Othello
Q4: In what century is it believed that delegations of Moors began to influence western works by the likes of Shakespeare?
A4: 17th century
Q5: What aspects from Islamic works did the Divine Comedy feature?
A5: episodes about Bolgia from Arabic works on Islamic eschatology
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy, written in the early 14th century, merged a medieval world view with classical ideals. Another promoter of the Italian language was Boccaccio with his Decameron. The application of the vernacular did not entail a rejection of Latin, and both Dante and Boccaccio wrote prolifically in Latin as well as Italian, as would Petrarch later (whose Canzoniere also promoted the vernacular and whose contents are considered the first modern lyric poems). Together the three poets established the Tuscan dialect as the norm for the modern Italian language.

Q1: Who wrote the Divine Comedy?
A1: Dante Alighieri
Q2: In what languages did Dante and Boccaccio create their works?
A2: Latin as well as Italian
Q3: Which dialect became the norm for the modern Italian language?
A3: Tuscan
Q4: What is one of Boccaccio's works that helped promote the Italian language?
A4: Decameron
Q5: Whose work, Canzoniere, is considered to be the first example of modern lyric poetry?
A5: Petrarch
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Dante made Virgil his guide in Hell and the greater part of Purgatory in The Divine Comedy. Dante also mentions Virgil in De vulgari eloquentia, along with Ovid, Lucan and Statius, as one of the four regulati poetae (ii, vi, 7).

Q1: In which of Dante's works was Virgil a guide through Hell and Purgatory?
A1: Divine Comedy
Q2: Who was the author of the Divine Comedy?
A2: Dante
Q3: Who was Dante's guide through Purgatory and Hell in the Divine Comedy?
A3: Virgil
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Daphne was a nymph, daughter of the river god Peneus, who had scorned Apollo. The myth explains the connection of Apollo with δάφνη (daphnē), the laurel whose leaves his priestess employed at Delphi. In Ovid's Metamorphoses, Phoebus Apollo chaffs Cupid for toying with a weapon more suited to a man, whereupon Cupid wounds him with a golden dart; simultaneously, however, Cupid shoots a leaden arrow into Daphne, causing her to be repulsed by Apollo. Following a spirited chase by Apollo, Daphne prays to her father, Peneus, for help, and he changes her into the laurel tree, sacred to Apollo.

Q1: Who was the daughter of Peneus?
A1: Daphne
Q2: Who is Daphne's father?
A2: Peneus
Q3: Who shot Daphne with a leaden arrow?
A3: Cupid
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

Dark meat, which avian myologists refer to as "red muscle", is used for sustained activity—chiefly walking, in the case of a chicken. The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells. White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying. Thus, the chicken's leg and thigh meat are dark, while its breast meat (which makes up the primary flight muscles) is white. Other birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout. Some cuts of meat including poultry expose the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours, an optical phenomenon sometimes called structural colouration.

Q1: Are there reasons for the dark meat  that poultry has?
A1: The dark colour comes from the protein myoglobin, which plays a key role in oxygen uptake and storage within cells
Q2: What is the white meat of chicken actually used for by the animal ?
A2: White muscle, in contrast, is suitable only for short bursts of activity such as, for chickens, flying
Q3: What causes the meat of some poultry to show rainbow like colr striations?
A3: the microscopic regular structure of intracellular muscle fibrils which can diffract light and produce iridescent colours
Q4: Do some varities of  poultry have more dark meat than others?
A4: birds with breast muscle more suitable for sustained flight, such as ducks and geese, have red muscle (and therefore dark meat) throughout
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Darwin and Wallace unveiled evolution in the late 1850s. There was an immediate rush to bring it into the social sciences. Paul Broca in Paris was in the process of breaking away from the Société de biologie to form the first of the explicitly anthropological societies, the Société d'Anthropologie de Paris, meeting for the first time in Paris in 1859.[n 4] When he read Darwin he became an immediate convert to Transformisme, as the French called evolutionism. His definition now became "the study of the human group, considered as a whole, in its details, and in relation to the rest of nature".

Q1: When did Wallace and Darwin unveil the theory of evolution?
A1: late 1850s.
Q2: What was there a rush to do with the theory of evolution?
A2: bring it into the social sciences
Q3: Where did Paul Broca reside?
A3: Paris
Q4: What organization was Broca in the process of disentangling himself from?
A4: Société de biologie
Q5: What did the French call evolutionism?
A5: Transformisme
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin continued to research and extensively revise his theory while focusing on his main work of publishing the scientific results of the Beagle voyage. He tentatively wrote of his ideas to Lyell in January 1842; then in June he roughed out a 35-page "Pencil Sketch" of his theory. Darwin began correspondence about his theorising with the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker in January 1844, and by July had rounded out his "sketch" into a 230-page "Essay", to be expanded with his research results and published if he died prematurely.

Q1: What was the name of Darwin's 35-page writing of his theory?
A1: "Pencil Sketch"
Q2: Which botanist did Darwin begin a correspondence with about his theories?
A2: Joseph Dalton Hooker
Q3: How many pages had Darwin's sketch grown to in 1844?
A3: 230-page
Q4: What information was Darwin's essay based on?
A4: scientific results of the Beagle voyage
Q5: Who did Darwin write his ideas to in 1842?
A5: Lyell
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin discusses morphology, including the importance of homologous structures. He says, "What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?" He notes that animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos. Darwin discusses rudimentary organs, such as the wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes. He remarks that some rudimentary organs, such as teeth in baleen whales, are found only in embryonic stages.

Q1: What theory does Darwin discuss that is related to the importance of homologous structures?
A1: morphology
Q2: What are some examples that Darwin gives of species whose basic form of limbs is similar, but who have vastly different uses for them?
A2: the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat
Q3: What does Darwin note about the embryos of many different species in the same class?
A3: animals of the same class often have extremely similar embryos
Q4: What are some examples of rudimentary organs that Darwin discusses in the chapter?
A4: e wings of flightless birds and the rudiments of pelvis and leg bones found in some snakes
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin had his basic theory of natural selection "by which to work" by December 1838, yet almost twenty years later, when Wallace's letter arrived on 18 June 1858, Darwin was still not ready to publish his theory. It was long thought that Darwin avoided or delayed making his ideas public for personal reasons. Reasons suggested have included fear of religious persecution or social disgrace if his views were revealed, and concern about upsetting his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma. Charles Darwin's illness caused repeated delays. His paper on Glen Roy had proved embarrassingly wrong, and he may have wanted to be sure he was correct. David Quammen has suggested all these factors may have contributed, and notes Darwin's large output of books and busy family life during that time.

Q1: By which year did Darwin have the basic premise of his natural selection theory?
A1: 1838
Q2: Why might Darwin have postponed publishing his theory of evolution for over 20 years?
A2: fear of religious persecution or social disgrace
Q3: Which paper did Darwin write that was incorrect?
A3: Glen Roy
Q4: Who might Darwin have feared upsetting by publishing his work?
A4: his clergymen naturalist friends or his pious wife Emma.
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin had initially decided to call his book An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection, but with Murray's persuasion it was eventually changed to the snappier title: On the Origin of Species, with the title page adding by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life. Here the term "races" is used as an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races—the first use in the book refers to "the several races, for instance, of the cabbage" and proceeds to a discussion of "the hereditary varieties or races of our domestic animals and plants".

Q1: What title did Darwin's book ultimately have?
A1: On the Origin of Species
Q2: What had Darwin wanted to name his book?
A2: An abstract of an Essay on the Origin of Species and Varieties Through natural selection
Q3: Who convinced Darwin that his book needed a shorter, more compelling title?
A3: Murray
Q4: What does the word "races" mean as referenced in Darwin's book?
A4: an alternative for "varieties" and does not carry the modern connotation of human races
Q5: What is the extended name of The Origin of Species that is written on the title page?
A5: by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin proposes sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates, to explain sexually dimorphic features such as lion manes, deer antlers, peacock tails, bird songs, and the bright plumage of some male birds. He analysed sexual selection more fully in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871). Natural selection was expected to work very slowly in forming new species, but given the effectiveness of artificial selection, he could "see no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings, one with another and with their physical conditions of life, which may be effected in the long course of time by nature's power of selection". Using a tree diagram and calculations, he indicates the "divergence of character" from original species into new species and genera. He describes branches falling off as extinction occurred, while new branches formed in "the great Tree of life ... with its ever branching and beautiful ramifications".

Q1: What does Darwin say can explain diverse feature such as antlers on deer and bright feathers on certain male birds?
A1: sexual selection, driven by competition between males for mates
Q2: Which of Darwin's written works has more in depth information about sexual selection?
A2: The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex
Q3: What did Darwin expect to see between species with the addition of artificial selection?
A3: no limit to the amount of change, to the beauty and infinite complexity of the coadaptations between all organic beings
Q4: What did Darwin use to illustrate the way that original species change and adapt into new ones?
A4: a tree diagram and calculations
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin was hard at work on his "big book" on Natural Selection, when on 18 June 1858 he received a parcel from Wallace, who stayed on the Maluku Islands (Ternate and Gilolo). It enclosed twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism, a response to Darwin's recent encouragement, with a request to send it on to Lyell if Darwin thought it worthwhile. The mechanism was similar to Darwin's own theory. Darwin wrote to Lyell that "your words have come true with a vengeance, ... forestalled" and he would "of course, at once write and offer to send [it] to any journal" that Wallace chose, adding that "all my originality, whatever it may amount to, will be smashed". Lyell and Hooker agreed that a joint publication putting together Wallace's pages with extracts from Darwin's 1844 Essay and his 1857 letter to Gray should be presented at the Linnean Society, and on 1 July 1858, the papers entitled On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection, by Wallace and Darwin respectively, were read out but drew little reaction. While Darwin considered Wallace's idea to be identical to his concept of natural selection, historians have pointed out differences. Darwin described natural selection as being analogous to the artificial selection practised by animal breeders, and emphasised competition between individuals; Wallace drew no comparison to selective breeding, and focused on ecological pressures that kept different varieties adapted to local conditions. Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.

Q1: Which book was Darwin working on when he received a package from Wallace?
A1: "big book" on Natural Selection,
Q2: What was in the packages Darwin received from Wallace?
A2: twenty pages describing an evolutionary mechanism
Q3: Who wrote the paper, On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties?
A3: Darwin
Q4: What do some historians think made Wallace's concept of natural selection different from Darwin's?
A4: Some historians have suggested that Wallace was actually discussing group selection rather than selection acting on individual variation.
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin went to Edinburgh University in 1825 to study medicine. In his second year he neglected his medical studies for natural history and spent four months assisting Robert Grant's research into marine invertebrates. Grant revealed his enthusiasm for the transmutation of species, but Darwin rejected it. Starting in 1827, at Cambridge University, Darwin learnt science as natural theology from botanist John Stevens Henslow, and read Paley, John Herschel and Alexander von Humboldt. Filled with zeal for science, he studied catastrophist geology with Adam Sedgwick.

Q1: When did Darwin begin attending university?
A1: 1825
Q2: What university did Darwin attend?
A2: Edinburgh University
Q3: What was Darwin originally studying at university?
A3: medicine
Q4: Who did Darwin assist in researching marine invertebrates?
A4: Robert Grant
Q5: With whom did Darwin study about catastrophic geology?
A5: Adam Sedgwick
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin's aims were twofold: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change. He knew that his readers were already familiar with the concept of transmutation of species from Vestiges, and his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism. Therefore, the first four chapters lay out his case that selection in nature, caused by the struggle for existence, is analogous to the selection of variations under domestication, and that the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.

Q1: What were Darwin's two important aims about evolution?
A1: to show that species had not been separately created, and to show that natural selection had been the chief agent of change
Q2: What did heknow his readers were already familiar with from Vestiges?
A2: the concept of transmutation of species
Q3: How did Darwin view Vestiges in the introduction to On the Origin of Species?
A3: his introduction ridicules that work as failing to provide a viable mechanism.
Q4: What is Darwin's belief about the accumulation of adaptive variations?
A4: the accumulation of adaptive variations provides a scientifically testable mechanism for evolutionary speciation.
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Darwin's barnacle studies convinced him that variation arose constantly and not just in response to changed circumstances. In 1854, he completed the last part of his Beagle-related writing and began working full-time on evolution. His thinking changed from the view that species formed in isolated populations only, as on islands, to an emphasis on speciation without isolation; that is, he saw increasing specialisation within large stable populations as continuously exploiting new ecological niches. He conducted empirical research focusing on difficulties with his theory. He studied the developmental and anatomical differences between different breeds of many domestic animals, became actively involved in fancy pigeon breeding, and experimented (with the help of his son Francis) on ways that plant seeds and animals might disperse across oceans to colonise distant islands. By 1856, his theory was much more sophisticated, with a mass of supporting evidence.

Q1: What creatures did Darwin study that made him believe variation arose constantly?
A1: barnacle
Q2: In what year did Darwin begin to work on his evolution theory full-time?
A2: 1854
Q3: Which bird species did Darwin become extremely interested in studying?
A3: fancy pigeon
Q4: By which year had Darwin's theory become more complex and supported by a lot of evidence?
A4: 1856
Q5: What species did Darwin study for dispersal across oceans>
A5: plant seeds and animals
Title: Data_compression
Topic: Engineering and technology

Data compression can be viewed as a special case of data differencing: Data differencing consists of producing a difference given a source and a target, with patching producing a target given a source and a difference, while data compression consists of producing a compressed file given a target, and decompression consists of producing a target given only a compressed file. Thus, one can consider data compression as data differencing with empty source data, the compressed file corresponding to a "difference from nothing." This is the same as considering absolute entropy (corresponding to data compression) as a special case of relative entropy (corresponding to data differencing) with no initial data.

Q1: What can be looked at as a special case of data differencing? 
A1: Data compression
Q2: What is made up of producing a difference given a source and a target?
A2: Data differencing
Q3: What can classified as data differencing with empty source data?
A3: data compression
Title: Database
Topic: Engineering and technology

Database access control deals with controlling who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information in the database. The information may comprise specific database objects (e.g., record types, specific records, data structures), certain computations over certain objects (e.g., query types, or specific queries), or utilizing specific access paths to the former (e.g., using specific indexes or other data structures to access information). Database access controls are set by special authorized (by the database owner) personnel that uses dedicated protected security DBMS interfaces.

Q1: What does database access limit?
A1: who (a person or a certain computer program) is allowed to access what information
Q2: What are examples of database objects?
A2: record types, specific records, data structures
Q3: Who sets database access?
A3: special authorized (by the database owner) personnel
Title: Database
Topic: Engineering and technology

Database storage is the container of the physical materialization of a database. It comprises the internal (physical) level in the database architecture. It also contains all the information needed (e.g., metadata, "data about the data", and internal data structures) to reconstruct the conceptual level and external level from the internal level when needed. Putting data into permanent storage is generally the responsibility of the database engine a.k.a. "storage engine". Though typically accessed by a DBMS through the underlying operating system (and often utilizing the operating systems' file systems as intermediates for storage layout), storage properties and configuration setting are extremely important for the efficient operation of the DBMS, and thus are closely maintained by database administrators. A DBMS, while in operation, always has its database residing in several types of storage (e.g., memory and external storage). The database data and the additional needed information, possibly in very large amounts, are coded into bits. Data typically reside in the storage in structures that look completely different from the way the data look in the conceptual and external levels, but in ways that attempt to optimize (the best possible) these levels' reconstruction when needed by users and programs, as well as for computing additional types of needed information from the data (e.g., when querying the database).

Q1: What is responsible for putting information into permanent storage?
A1: database engine
Q2: What is database storage?
A2: physical materialization of a database
Q3: What do database administrators closely monitor?
A3: storage properties and configuration setting
Q4: While working, does DBMS store information in one place?
A4: several types of storage
Q5: What are huge quantities of information stored as?
A5: bits
Title: Database
Topic: Engineering and technology

Database transactions can be used to introduce some level of fault tolerance and data integrity after recovery from a crash. A database transaction is a unit of work, typically encapsulating a number of operations over a database (e.g., reading a database object, writing, acquiring lock, etc.), an abstraction supported in database and also other systems. Each transaction has well defined boundaries in terms of which program/code executions are included in that transaction (determined by the transaction's programmer via special transaction commands).

Q1: What is a unit of work called in a database?
A1: transaction
Q2: How can database transactions ensure accuracy after a crash?
A2: fault tolerance
Q3: Are transactions limited?
A3: Each transaction has well defined boundaries
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

Dating violence is fairly prevalent within adolescent relationships. When surveyed, 10-45% of adolescents reported having experienced physical violence in the context of a relationship while a quarter to a third of adolescents reported having experiencing psychological aggression. This reported aggression includes hitting, throwing things, or slaps, although most of this physical aggression does not result in a medical visit. Physical aggression in relationships tends to decline from high school through college and young adulthood. In heterosexual couples, there is no significant difference between the rates of male and female aggressors, unlike in adult relationships.

Q1: What percentage of adolescents reporting having experienced physical violence in a relationship?
A1: 10-45%
Q2: What percentage of adolescents reported experiencing psychological aggression?
A2: a quarter to a third
Q3: Hitting, throwing objects, and slaps are examples of what type of aggression?
A3: Physical
Q4: In heterosexual adolescent couples, is there a significant difference in the rates of male and female aggressors?
A4: no
Q5: Does physical aggression decline or increase during high-school, college, and early adulthood?
A5: decline
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Datta (2005) shows that, following the collapse of militaristic Boulangism in the late 1880s, the Napoleonic legend was divorced from party politics and revived in popular culture. Concentrating on two plays and two novels from the period—Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne (1893), Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés (1897), Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon (1900), and André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette (1913) Datta examines how writers and critics of the Belle Époque exploited the Napoleonic legend for diverse political and cultural ends.

Q1: When did militaristic Boulangism collapse?
A1: the late 1880s
Q2: What year was Victorien Sardou's Madame Sans-Gêne written?
A2: 1893
Q3: What year was Maurice Barrès's Les Déracinés written?
A3: 1897
Q4: In what year was Edmond Rostand's L'Aiglon written?
A4: 1900
Q5: In what year was André de Lorde and Gyp's Napoléonette written?
A5: 1913
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

David Archuleta's performance of John Lennon's "Imagine" was considered by many as one of the best of the season. Jennifer Lopez, who was brought in as a judge in season ten, called it a beautiful song-moment that she will never forget. Jason Castro's semi-final performance of "Hallelujah" also received considerable attention, and it propelled Jeff Buckley's version of the song to the top of the Billboard digital song chart. This was the first season in which contestants' recordings were released onto iTunes after their performances, and although sales information was not released so as not to prejudice the contest, leaked information indicated that contestants' songs frequently reached the top of iTunes sales charts.

Q1: Which contestant sang "Imagine" on season seven of American Idol?
A1: David Archuleta
Q2: In which season of American Idol did Jennifer Lopez become a judge?
A2: season ten
Q3: What song did Jason Castro receive praise for singing during the semi-finals on American Idol?
A3: Hallelujah
Q4: Whose recording of Hallelujah became successful again after being performed on American Idol?
A4: Jeff Buckley
Q5: On what digital platform were contestants performances released to after airing on American Idol?
A5: iTunes
Q6: Which David Archuletta cover was thought to be the best of the season by many?
A6: John Lennon's "Imagine"
Q7: Who said it Archuletta's rendition is one that she will never forget?
A7: Jennifer Lopez
Q8: Which finalist sang "Hallelujah" during the semi-finals?
A8: Jason Castro
Q9: Castro's performance sent which singer's version to the top of a Billboard chart?
A9: Jeff Buckley
Q10: For the first time, recordings of the contestant's songs could be purchased where?
A10: iTunes