LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

While the housing and credit bubbles were building, a series of factors caused the financial system to both expand and become increasingly fragile, a process called financialization. U.S. Government policy from the 1970s onward has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, which resulted in less oversight of activities and less disclosure of information about new activities undertaken by banks and other evolving financial institutions. Thus, policymakers did not immediately recognize the increasingly important role played by financial institutions such as investment banks and hedge funds, also known as the shadow banking system. Some experts believe these institutions had become as important as commercial (depository) banks in providing credit to the U.S. economy, but they were not subject to the same regulations.

Q1: What institutions comprise the shadow banking system?
A1: investment banks and hedge funds
Q2: What institutions are not subject to the same regulations as commercial banks?
A2: investment banks and hedge funds
Q3: What process caused the financial system to both expand and become fragile?
A3: financialization
Q4: What policy has U.S. Government emphasized from the 1970's onward?
A4: deregulation
Q5: Since the 1970's, what has emphasized deregulation to encourage business, but resulted in less oversight and less disclosure?
A5: U.S. Government policy
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

While the incumbents of some sees are regularly made cardinals, and some countries are entitled to at least one cardinal by concordate (usually earning its primate the cardinal's hat), no see carries an actual right to the cardinalate, not even if its bishop is a Patriarch.

Q1: Do any sees carry the right to the cardinalate?
A1: no
Q2: Despite some traditions and rights, no see has the right to what?
A2: the cardinalate
Title: Montana
Topic: Geography and places

While the largest European-American population in Montana overall is German, pockets of significant Scandinavian ancestry are prevalent in some of the farming-dominated northern and eastern prairie regions, parallel to nearby regions of North Dakota and Minnesota. Farmers of Irish, Scots, and English roots also settled in Montana. The historically mining-oriented communities of western Montana such as Butte have a wider range of European-American ethnicity; Finns, Eastern Europeans and especially Irish settlers left an indelible mark on the area, as well as people originally from British mining regions such as Cornwall, Devon and Wales. The nearby city of Helena, also founded as a mining camp, had a similar mix in addition to a small Chinatown. Many of Montana's historic logging communities originally attracted people of Scottish, Scandinavian, Slavic, English and Scots-Irish descent.[citation needed]

Q1: What is the largest European-American race in Montana?
A1: German
Q2: What was Helena originally founded as?
A2: a mining camp
Title: Flowering_plant
Topic: Natural sciences

While the majority of flowers are perfect or hermaphrodite (having both pollen and ovule producing parts in the same flower structure), flowering plants have developed numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms to reduce or prevent self-fertilization. Heteromorphic flowers have short carpels and long stamens, or vice versa, so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil (receptive part of the carpel). Homomorphic flowers may employ a biochemical (physiological) mechanism called self-incompatibility to discriminate between self and non-self pollen grains. In other species, the male and female parts are morphologically separated, developing on different flowers.

Q1: What sexual feature do a majority of flowers demonstrate?
A1: hermaphrodite
Q2: Why did flowering plants develop numerous morphological and physiological mechanisms?
A2: reduce or prevent self-fertilization
Q3: Why are a heteromorphic flower's carpels and stamens different lengths?
A3: so animal pollinators cannot easily transfer pollen to the pistil
Q4: What type of mechanism might homomorphic flowers use to tell the difference between foreign and self pollen grains?
A4: biochemical
Q5: How are some male and female parts separated for some species?
A5: different flowers
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

While the new plebeian nobility made social, political and religious inroads on traditionally patrician preserves, their electorate maintained their distinctive political traditions and religious cults. During the Punic crisis, popular cult to Dionysus emerged from southern Italy; Dionysus was equated with Father Liber, the inventor of plebeian augury and personification of plebeian freedoms, and with Roman Bacchus. Official consternation at these enthusiastic, unofficial Bacchanalia cults was expressed as moral outrage at their supposed subversion, and was followed by ferocious suppression. Much later, a statue of Marsyas, the silen of Dionysus flayed by Apollo, became a focus of brief symbolic resistance to Augustus' censorship. Augustus himself claimed the patronage of Venus and Apollo; but his settlement appealed to all classes. Where loyalty was implicit, no divine hierarchy need be politically enforced; Liber's festival continued.

Q1: What did the patrician electorate keep in spite of a new plebeian nobility? 
A1: political traditions and religious cults
Q2: What cult arrived from southern Italy?
A2: Dionysus
Q3: During what time did the Dionysus cult become popular?
A3: Punic crisis
Q4: To what Roman god was Dionysus similar?
A4: Bacchus
Q5: With loyalty a necessity, what censorship did not need to be enforced?
A5: divine hierarchy
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

While the new technique of polyphony was developing in the West, the Eastern Orthodox Church resisted any type of change. Therefore, Byzantine music remained monophonic and without any form of instrumental accompaniment. As a result, and despite certain attempts by certain Greek chanters (such as Manouel Gazis, Ioannis Plousiadinos or the Cypriot Ieronimos o Tragoudistis), Byzantine music was deprived of elements of which in the West encouraged an unimpeded development of art. However, this method which kept music away from polyphony, along with centuries of continuous culture, enabled monophonic music to develop to the greatest heights of perfection. Byzantium presented the monophonic Byzantine chant; a melodic treasury of inestimable value for its rhythmical variety and expressive power.

Q1: The Eastern Orthodox Church resisted what change in music?
A1: polyphony
Q2: Music without any form of instrumental accompaniment is known as what? 
A2: monophonic
Q3: One type of music derived from Byzantine is called what?
A3: Byzantine chant
Title: Architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

While the notion that structural and aesthetic considerations should be entirely subject to functionality was met with both popularity and skepticism, it had the effect of introducing the concept of "function" in place of Vitruvius' "utility". "Function" came to be seen as encompassing all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building, not only practical but also aesthetic, psychological and cultural.

Q1: What term replaced Vitruvius' term "utility"?
A1: Function
Q2: In addition to being practically useful what other aspects did a building need in order to be considered functional?
A2: aesthetic, psychological and cultural
Q3: Whose concept of utility did the more modern concept of function replace?
A3: Vitruvius
Q4: What aspects of a building were considered part of the larger concept of function?
A4: all criteria of the use, perception and enjoyment of a building
Q5: What were the reactions to the idea that function should come before other concerns?
A5: both popularity and skepticism
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

While the number of cardinals was small from the times of the Roman Empire to the Renaissance, and frequently smaller than the number of recognized churches entitled to a cardinal priest, in the 16th century the College expanded markedly. In 1587, Pope Sixtus V sought to arrest this growth by fixing the maximum size of the College at 70, including 50 cardinal priests, about twice the historical number. This limit was respected until 1958, and the list of titular churches modified only on rare occasions, generally when a building fell into disrepair. When Pope John XXIII abolished the limit, he began to add new churches to the list, which Popes Paul VI and John Paul II continued to do. Today there are close to 150 titular churches, out of over 300 churches in Rome.

Q1: In what year did Pope Sixtus V put a cap on the number of cardinals in the College of Cardinals?
A1: 1587
Q2: What was the maximum number allowed per Pope Sixtus V?
A2: 70
Q3: Who removed the cap on cardinals in the College of the Cardinals?
A3: Pope John XXIII
Title: Xbox_360
Topic: Video games

While the original Xbox sold poorly in Japan, selling just 2 million units while it was on the market (between 2002 and 2005),[citation needed] the Xbox 360 sold even more poorly, selling only 1.5 million units from 2005 to 2011. Edge magazine reported in August 2011 that initially lackluster and subsequently falling sales in Japan, where Microsoft had been unable to make serious inroads into the dominance of domestic rivals Sony and Nintendo, had led to retailers scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales of the Xbox 360 completely.

Q1: How did the original Xbox fare in Japan in general?
A1: sold poorly
Q2: How many original Xboxes were sold in Japan between 2002 and 2005?
A2: 2 million units
Q3: Between 2005 and 2011, how many 360 consoles were sold in Japan?
A3: 1.5 million units
Q4: What two console manufacturers dominate the Japanese market?
A4: Sony and Nintendo
Q5: Lackluster sales caused Japanese retailers to take what action with the 360?
A5: scaling down and in some cases discontinuing sales
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

While the republican government was amenable to war reparations or ceding colonial territories in Africa or in South East Asia to Prussia, Favre on behalf of the Government of National Defense, declared on 6 September that France would not "yield an inch of its territory nor a stone of its fortresses." The republic then renewed the declaration of war, called for recruits in all parts of the country and pledged to drive the German troops out of France by a guerre à outrance. Under these circumstances, the Germans had to continue the war, yet could not pin down any proper military opposition in their vicinity. As the bulk of the remaining French armies were digging-in near Paris, the German leaders decided to put pressure upon the enemy by attacking Paris. By September 15, German troops reached the outskirts of the fortified city. On September 19, the Germans surrounded it and erected a blockade, as already established at Metz.

Q1: What was the republican government amenable to?
A1: war reparations
Q2: Who declared that France would not yield "an inch of its territory?"
A2: Favre
Q3: Who was Favre speaking on behalf of?
A3: Government of National Defense
Q4: When did Favre make the declaration concerning colonial territories?
A4: 6 September
Q5: What did this cause the Republic to renew?
A5: declaration of war
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

While the state is far enough from the coast to avoid any direct impact from a hurricane, the location of the state makes it likely to be impacted from the remnants of tropical cyclones which weaken over land and can cause significant rainfall, such as Tropical Storm Chris in 1982 and Hurricane Opal in 1995. The state averages around 50 days of thunderstorms per year, some of which can be severe with large hail and damaging winds. Tornadoes are possible throughout the state, with West and Middle Tennessee the most vulnerable. Occasionally, strong or violent tornadoes occur, such as the devastating April 2011 tornadoes that killed 20 people in North Georgia and Southeast Tennessee. On average, the state has 15 tornadoes per year. Tornadoes in Tennessee can be severe, and Tennessee leads the nation in the percentage of total tornadoes which have fatalities. Winter storms are an occasional problem, such as the infamous Blizzard of 1993, although ice storms are a more likely occurrence. Fog is a persistent problem in parts of the state, especially in East Tennessee.

Q1: Which hurricane brought damaging rains to Tennessee in 1995?
A1: Hurricane Opal
Q2: On average, how many days each year are there thunderstorms in Tennessee?
A2: 50
Q3: Which parts of Tennessee are most threatened by tornadoes?
A3: West and Middle Tennessee
Q4: How many tornadoes strike in Tennessee in an average year?
A4: 15
Q5: What year in the 1990s did an unusual blizzard visit Tennessee?
A5: 1993
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

While the terms "institute of technology" and "polytechnic" are synonymous, the preference concerning which one is the preferred term varies from country to country.[citation needed]

Q1: What word means the same thing as "institute of technology"?
A1: polytechnic
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

While the times of sunrise and sunset change at roughly equal rates as the seasons change, proponents of Daylight Saving Time argue that most people prefer a greater increase in daylight hours after the typical "nine-to-five" workday. Supporters have also argued that DST decreases energy consumption by reducing the need for lighting and heating, but the actual effect on overall energy use is heavily disputed.

Q1: What two sources of energy use do DST proponents say are reduced by the time change?
A1: lighting and heating
Q2: What word describes the approximate rates at which sunset and sunrise change with the seasons?
A2: equal
Q3: Do those who favor DST say people would rather have an extra hour of daylight before or after their usual workday?
A3: after
Q4: Is it the supporters or opponents of Daylight Saving Time who say it significantly reduces energy use?
A4: Supporters
Title: Alloy
Topic: Mathematics

While the use of iron started to become more widespread around 1200 BC, mainly because of interruptions in the trade routes for tin, the metal is much softer than bronze. However, very small amounts of steel, (an alloy of iron and around 1% carbon), was always a byproduct of the bloomery process. The ability to modify the hardness of steel by heat treatment had been known since 1100 BC, and the rare material was valued for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Because the ancients could not produce temperatures high enough to melt iron fully, the production of steel in decent quantities did not occur until the introduction of blister steel during the Middle Ages. This method introduced carbon by heating wrought iron in charcoal for long periods of time, but the penetration of carbon was not very deep, so the alloy was not homogeneous. In 1740, Benjamin Huntsman began melting blister steel in a crucible to even out the carbon content, creating the first process for the mass production of tool steel. Huntsman's process was used for manufacturing tool steel until the early 1900s.

Q1: Heat treatment of steel has been know since what time?
A1: 1100 BC
Q2: When did iron start to become melted by people?
A2: Middle Ages
Q3: Who created the first process for the mass production of tool steel?
A3: Benjamin Huntsman
Q4: When did Benjamin Huntsman begin to melt blister steel in a crucible
A4: 1740
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

While there is no convincing evidence for meditation in pre-Buddhist early Brahminic texts, Wynne argues that formless meditation originated in the Brahminic or Shramanic tradition, based on strong parallels between Upanishadic cosmological statements and the meditative goals of the two teachers of the Buddha as recorded in the early Buddhist texts. He mentions less likely possibilities as well. Having argued that the cosmological statements in the Upanishads also reflect a contemplative tradition, he argues that the Nasadiya Sukta contains evidence for a contemplative tradition, even as early as the late Rig Vedic period.

Q1: In pre-buddhist early Brahminic texts there is no evidence for what?
A1: meditation
Q2: The upanishads statements reflect what type of tradition?
A2: contemplative
Q3: What contains evidence for a contemplative tradition?
A3: Nasadiya Sukta
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

While there is some dispute as to the matter of influence, Popper had a long-standing and close friendship with economist Friedrich Hayek, who was also brought to the London School of Economics from Vienna. Each found support and similarities in the other's work, citing each other often, though not without qualification. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper, and in 1982 said, "...ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology."

Q1: Which other Austrian scholar and friend of Popper also worked near him at the London School of Economics?
A1: Friedrich Hayek
Q2: What was Hayek's academic field?
A2: Economics
Q3: In which year did Popper write Hayek a letter expressing his intellectual debt to him?
A3: 1944
Q4: Who did Popper say was the only thinker who might have had a greater influence on him than Hayek?
A4: Alfred Tarski
Q5: Which of Hayek's publications was dedicated to Popper?
A5: Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics
Title: Political_party
Topic: Social sciences and society

While there is some international commonality in the way political parties are recognized, and in how they operate, there are often many differences, and some are significant. Many political parties have an ideological core, but some do not, and many represent very different ideologies than they did when first founded. In democracies, political parties are elected by the electorate to run a government. Many countries have numerous powerful political parties, such as Germany and India and some nations have one-party systems, such as China. The United States is a two-party system, with its two most powerful parties being the Democratic Party and the Republican Party.

Q1: What are the two most powerful political parties in the United States?
A1: Democratic Party and the Republican Party
Q2: Name a nation that has a one-party political system.
A2: China
Q3: How are political parties elected in democracies? 
A3: the electorate
Q4: What are some countries that have multiple powerful political parties?
A4: Germany and India
Title: Database
Topic: Engineering and technology

While there is typically only one conceptual (or logical) and physical (or internal) view of the data, there can be any number of different external views. This allows users to see database information in a more business-related way rather than from a technical, processing viewpoint. For example, a financial department of a company needs the payment details of all employees as part of the company's expenses, but does not need details about employees that are the interest of the human resources department. Thus different departments need different views of the company's database.

Q1: How many conceptual or physical views of data are there?
A1: one
Q2: How many different external views of data are there?
A2: any number
Q3: What is the benefit of external views of data?
A3: see database information in a more business-related way
Title: Hard_rock
Topic: Music

While these few hard rock bands managed to maintain success and popularity in the early part of the decade, alternative forms of hard rock achieved mainstream success in the form of grunge in the US and Britpop in the UK. This was particularly evident after the success of Nirvana's Nevermind (1991), which combined elements of hardcore punk and heavy metal into a "dirty" sound that made use of heavy guitar distortion, fuzz and feedback, along with darker lyrical themes than their "hair band" predecessors. Although most grunge bands had a sound that sharply contrasted mainstream hard rock, several, including Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden, were more strongly influenced by 1970s and 1980s rock and metal, while Stone Temple Pilots managed to turn alternative rock into a form of stadium rock. However, all grunge bands shunned the macho, anthemic and fashion-focused aesthetics particularly associated with glam metal. In the UK, Oasis were unusual among the Britpop bands of the mid-1990s in incorporating a hard rock sound.

Q1: What was the title of Nirvana's 1991 album?
A1: Nevermind
Q2: What was the hard rock style that emerged in the early 1990s?
A2: grunge
Q3: What are some grunge bands with a strong 1970s influence?
A3: Pearl Jam, Alice in Chains, Mother Love Bone and Soundgarden
Q4: What 1990s hard rock band had a big stadium rock sound?
A4: Stone Temple Pilots
Q5: What element made Oasis unique among 1990s Britpop bands?
A5: a hard rock sound
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

While these preparations were underway in the North, there were frequent clashes along the 38th parallel, especially at Kaesong and Ongjin, many initiated by the South. The Republic of Korea Army (ROK Army) was being trained by the U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group (KMAG). On the eve of war, KMAG's commander General William Lynn Roberts voiced utmost confidence in the ROK Army and boasted that any North Korean invasion would merely provide "target practice". For his part, Syngman Rhee repeatedly expressed his desire to conquer the North, including when American diplomat John Foster Dulles visited Korea on 18 June.

Q1: Who primarily initiated the clashes along the 38th parallel?
A1: the South
Q2: What group trained the Republic of Korea army?
A2: U.S. Korean Military Advisory Group
Q3: What general had a lot of confidence in the Republic of Korea's army?
A3: General William Lynn Roberts
Q4: Who wanted to take over North Korea?
A4: Syngman Rhee
Q5: Who was the diplomat that visited Korea?
A5: John Foster Dulles
Title: Boston
Topic: Geography and places

While they have played in suburban Foxborough since 1971, the New England Patriots of the National Football League were founded in 1960 as the Boston Patriots, changing their name after relocating. The team won the Super Bowl after the 2001, 2003, 2004, and 2014 seasons. They share Gillette Stadium with the New England Revolution of Major League Soccer. The Boston Breakers of Women's Professional Soccer, which formed in 2009, play their home games at Dilboy Stadium in Somerville.

Q1: What league do the new England patriots belong to?
A1: the National Football League
Q2: What year were the new England patriots founded in?
A2: 1960
Q3: What was the original name of the new England patriots?
A3: Boston Patriots
Q4: When dod the Boston patriots change their name?
A4: after relocating
Q5: What stadium do the patriots play in?
A5: Gillette Stadium
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

While true exhibition matches are not uncommon, most matches tell a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama: The face will sometimes win (triumph) or sometimes lose (tragedy). Longer story arcs can result from multiple matches over the course of time. Since most promotions have a championship title, competition for the championship is a common impetus for stories. Also, anything from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion can be wagered in a match. The same type of good vs. evil storylines were also once popular in roller derby.

Q1: What do most matches have?
A1: a story analogous to a scene in a play or film, or an episode of a serial drama:
Q2: What is it called when the protagonist loses?
A2: tragedy
Q3: What do they call it when a protagonist wins? 
A3: triumph
Q4: What can be wagered in a match? 
A4: from a character's own hair to their job with the promotion
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service usages of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM Corporations which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, Project DIANE (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to utilize a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, neighborhood centers, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, public assistance centers, and other community oriented organizations.

Q1: What year did one the first community service usages of videoconferencing take place?
A1: 1992
Q2: What company helped in the creation of community service videoconferencing?
A2: IBM
Q3: What is the videoconferencing product that both IBM and PictureTel worked on?
A3: PCS/1
Q4: What does DIANE in Project DIANE stand for?
A4: Diversified Information and Assistance Network
Q5: How many years did it take for Project DIANE to grow?
A5: 15
Title: A_cappella
Topic: Music

While worship in the Temple in Jerusalem included musical instruments (2 Chronicles 29:25–27), traditional Jewish religious services in the Synagogue, both before and after the last destruction of the Temple, did not include musical instruments given the practice of scriptural cantillation. The use of musical instruments is traditionally forbidden on the Sabbath out of concern that players would be tempted to repair (or tune) their instruments, which is forbidden on those days. (This prohibition has been relaxed in many Reform and some Conservative congregations.) Similarly, when Jewish families and larger groups sing traditional Sabbath songs known as zemirot outside the context of formal religious services, they usually do so a cappella, and Bar and Bat Mitzvah celebrations on the Sabbath sometimes feature entertainment by a cappella ensembles. During the Three Weeks musical instruments are prohibited. Many Jews consider a portion of the 49-day period of the counting of the omer between Passover and Shavuot to be a time of semi-mourning and instrumental music is not allowed during that time. This has led to a tradition of a cappella singing sometimes known as sefirah music.

Q1: On what day is using musical instruments not allowed? 
A1: Sabbath
Q2: In what style do Jewish families typically sing Sabbath songs?
A2: a cappella
Q3: What is a cappella music occasionally called among those of Jewish faith?
A3: sefirah music
Q4: How many days are counted between Passover and Shavuot?
A4: 49
Q5: What is part of the time between Passover and Shavuot thought to be?
A5: a time of semi-mourning
Title: Spectre_(2015_film)
Topic: Media and drama

Whilst filming in Mexico City, speculation in the media claimed that the script had been altered to accommodate the demands of Mexican authorities—reportedly influencing details of the scene and characters, casting choices, and modifying the script in order to portray the country in a "positive light"—in order to secure tax concessions and financial support worth up to $20 million for the film. This was denied by producer Michael G. Wilson, who stated that the scene had always been intended to be shot in Mexico as production had been attracted to the imagery of the Day of the Dead, and that the script had been developed from there. Production of Skyfall had previously faced similar problems while attempting to secure permits to shoot the film's pre-title sequence in India before moving to Istanbul.

Q1: How much money were possible changes to the Mexico City section of the film rumored to have saved the production?
A1: $20 million
Q2: Which Bond producer would not confirm that the film had been changed to accommodate Mexican authorities?
A2: Michael G. Wilson
Q3: In what other country, besides Mexico, did the film experience administrative issues with local authorities?
A3: India
Q4: Which country did Skyfall move its pre-title sequence filming to?
A4: Istanbul
Title: Federalism
Topic: History

Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between territories can still be found in federalist countries such as Canada and federation as a way to appease and quell military conflict has failed recently in places like Lybia or Iraq, while the formula is simultaneously proposed and dismissed in countries such as Ukraine or Syria. Federations such as Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia collapsed as soon as it was possible to put the model to the test.

Q1: Where does the federalist model work best in? 
A1: homogeneous states
Q2: What are homogeneous states? 
A2: United States, Germany or Australia
Q3: Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?
A3: Canada
Q4: What countries did the federalist model fail in? 
A4: Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia
Q5: What countries dismissed the federalist model? 
A5: Ukraine or Syria
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

White LEDs can also be made by coating near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs with a mixture of high-efficiency europium-based phosphors that emit red and blue, plus copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al) that emits green. This is a method analogous to the way fluorescent lamps work. This method is less efficient than blue LEDs with YAG:Ce phosphor, as the Stokes shift is larger, so more energy is converted to heat, but yields light with better spectral characteristics, which render color better. Due to the higher radiative output of the ultraviolet LEDs than of the blue ones, both methods offer comparable brightness. A concern is that UV light may leak from a malfunctioning light source and cause harm to human eyes or skin.

Q1: White LEDs can be made by coating what?
A1: near-ultraviolet (NUV) LEDs
Q2: What are near-ultraviolet LEDs coated with to create white LED?
A2: copper and aluminium-doped zinc sulfide (ZnS:Cu, Al)
Q3: What device also works in a similar way as NUV LEDs?
A3: fluorescent lamps
Q4: The method of coating NUVs less efficient than what other LEDs?
A4: blue
Q5: What light can harm human eyes or skin?
A5: UV light
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

White light can be formed by mixing differently colored lights; the most common method is to use red, green, and blue (RGB). Hence the method is called multi-color white LEDs (sometimes referred to as RGB LEDs). Because these need electronic circuits to control the blending and diffusion of different colors, and because the individual color LEDs typically have slightly different emission patterns (leading to variation of the color depending on direction) even if they are made as a single unit, these are seldom used to produce white lighting. Nonetheless, this method has many applications because of the flexibility of mixing different colors, and in principle, this mechanism also has higher quantum efficiency in producing white light.[citation needed]

Q1: What colors are used to form white light?
A1: red, green, and blue
Q2: What is the method called that mixes red, green, and blue colors to form white light?
A2: multi-color white LEDs
Q3: What does the multi-color white LED method need to produce the end result?
A3: electronic circuits
Q4: What is another name to reference the multi-color white LED method?
A4: RGB LEDs
Title: Software_testing
Topic: Engineering and technology

White-box testing (also known as clear box testing, glass box testing, transparent box testing and structural testing, by seeing the source code) tests internal structures or workings of a program, as opposed to the functionality exposed to the end-user. In white-box testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills, are used to design test cases. The tester chooses inputs to exercise paths through the code and determine the appropriate outputs. This is analogous to testing nodes in a circuit, e.g. in-circuit testing (ICT).

Q1: What is another term used for White-box testing?
A1: clear box testing
Q2: What is involved with White-box testing?
A2: by seeing the source code
Q3: Which two procedures are used to design test cases in White-box testing?
A3: testing an internal perspective of the system, as well as programming skills
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Whitehall's disquiet at the failures of the RAF led to the replacement of Dowding (who was already due for retirement) with Sholto Douglas on 25 November. Douglas set about introducing more squadrons and dispersing the few GL sets to create a carpet effect in the southern counties. Still, in February 1941, there remained only seven squadrons with 87 pilots, under half the required strength. The GL carpet was supported by six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters. By the height of the Blitz, they were becoming more successful. The number of contacts and combats rose in 1941, from 44 and two in 48 sorties in January 1941, to 204 and 74 in May (643 sorties). But even in May, 67% of the sorties were visual cat's-eye missions. Curiously, while 43% of the contacts in May 1941 were by visual sightings, they accounted for 61% of the combats. Yet when compared with Luftwaffe daylight operations, there was a sharp decline in German losses to 1%. If a vigilant bomber crew could spot the fighter first, they had a decent chance at evading it.

Q1: Who replaced Dowding on November 25?
A1: Sholto Douglas
Q2: How many pilots remained in February 1941?
A2: 87 pilots
Q3: What supported the GL carpet?
A3: six GCI sets controlling radar-equipped night-fighters
Q4: How many number of contacts and combats were there in May?
A4: 204 and 74
Q5: What did a bomber crew need to do for a good chance at evasion?
A5: spot the fighter first
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead also described religion more technically as "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone." In other words, religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world, helping people to identify their wider meaning and significance. For Whitehead, religion served as a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society. It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.

Q1: What was Whitehead's technical definition of religion?
A1: "an ultimate craving to infuse into the insistent particularity of emotion that non-temporal generality which primarily belongs to conceptual thought alone."
Q2: What did Whitehead believe religion did with strong emotions?
A2: religion takes deeply felt emotions and contextualizes them within a system of general truths about the world
Q3: What purpose did Whitehead believe religion served?
A3: a kind of bridge between philosophy and the emotions and purposes of a particular society
Q4: What did Whitehead believe was the job of religion regarding philosophy?
A4: It is the task of religion to make philosophy applicable to the everyday lives of ordinary people.
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead and Russell had thought originally that Principia Mathematica would take a year to complete; it ended up taking them ten years. To add insult to injury, when it came time for publication, the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians) that it was initially published at a loss of 600 pounds, 300 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell themselves. Despite the initial loss, today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica.

Q1: How long did Whitehead and Russell think it would take them to complete Principia Mathematica?
A1: a year
Q2: How long did it actually take Whitehead and Russell to complete Principia Mathematica?
A2: ten years
Q3: How many volumes was Principia Mathematica?
A3: three
Q4: How many pages was Principia Mathematica?
A4: 2,000
Q5: Who paid to publish Principia Mathematica?
A5: Cambridge University Press
Q6: How long did Whitehead and Russell expect to spend creating Principia Mathematica?
A6: a year
Q7: How long did it actually take to complete Principia Mathematica? 
A7: ten years
Q8: Why was there a funding shortfall for the publishing of Princpia Mathematica? 
A8: the three-volume work was so massive (more than 2,000 pages) and its audience so narrow (professional mathematicians)
Q9: Who supplied the funding to cover the shortfall?
A9: 00 of which was paid by Cambridge University Press, 200 by the Royal Society of London, and 50 apiece by Whitehead and Russell
Q10: How prevalent is Principia Mathematica today?
A10: today there is likely no major academic library in the world which does not hold a copy of Principia Mathematica
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead describes causal efficacy as "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go." It is, in other words, the sense of causal relations between entities, a feeling of being influenced and affected by the surrounding environment, unmediated by the senses. Presentational immediacy, on the other hand, is what is usually referred to as "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation. In other words, it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive (e.g. mistaking an image in a mirror for "the real thing").

Q1: What is the term for the experience dominating primitive organisms that have a sense for fate?
A1: causal efficacy
Q2: What is the other term for "pure sense perception"?
A2: Presentational immediacy
Q3: What is it called if you mistake a reflection in a mirror for the real thing?
A3: Presentational immediacy
Q4: How does Whitehead define causal efficacy?
A4: "the experience dominating the primitive living organisms, which have a sense for the fate from which they have emerged, and the fate towards which they go."
Q5: How do the senses affect causal efficacy?
A5: unmediated by the senses
Q6: How does Whitehead define presentational immediacy?
A6: "pure sense perception", unmediated by any causal or symbolic interpretation, even unconscious interpretation
Q7: What can be said about the accuracy of presentational immediacy?
A7: it is pure appearance, which may or may not be delusive
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead did not begin his career as a philosopher. In fact, he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education. Early in his life he showed great interest in and respect for philosophy and metaphysics, but it is evident that he considered himself a rank amateur. In one letter to his friend and former student Bertrand Russell, after discussing whether science aimed to be explanatory or merely descriptive, he wrote: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter." Ironically, in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.

Q1: What is the highest Whitehead was trained in philosophy? 
A1: undergraduate
Q2: What did Whitehead consider himself as a philosopher? 
A2: rank amateur
Q3: What is the relationship between Whitehead and Russell?
A3: friend and former student
Q4: What was Whitehead considered as a metaphysician?
A4: one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians.
Q5: What was the extent of Whitehead's education in philosophy?
A5: he never had any formal training in philosophy beyond his undergraduate education
Q6: With what friend and former student did Whitehead correspond regarding the goals of science?
A6: Bertrand Russell
Q7: What was Whitehead's opinion of his own knowledge of metaphysics in that correspondence?
A7: "This further question lands us in the ocean of metaphysic, onto which my profound ignorance of that science forbids me to enter."
Q8: How did Whitehead eventually become regarded in the field of metaphysics?
A8: in later life Whitehead would become one of the 20th century's foremost metaphysicians
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead has had some influence on philosophy of business administration and organizational theory. This has led in part to a focus on identifying and investigating the effect of temporal events (as opposed to static things) within organizations through an “organization studies” discourse that accommodates a variety of 'weak' and 'strong' process perspectives from a number of philosophers. One of the leading figures having an explicitly Whiteheadian and panexperientialist stance towards management is Mark Dibben, who works in what he calls "applied process thought" to articulate a philosophy of management and business administration as part of a wider examination of the social sciences through the lens of process metaphysics. For Dibben, this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening." Dibben has published two books on applied process thought, Applied Process Thought I: Initial Explorations in Theory and Research (2008), and Applied Process Thought II: Following a Trail Ablaze (2009), as well as other papers in this vein in the fields of philosophy of management and business ethics.

Q1: What business fields has Whitehead influenced?
A1: philosophy of business administration and organizational theory
Q2: What prominent business professor has been heavily influenced by Whitehead?
A2: Mark Dibben
Q3: What does Dibben call his philosophy on management and business administration?
A3: "applied process thought"
Q4: According to Dibben, what are the benefits of applying process metaphysics to examining management and business administration as a component of social science?
A4: this allows "a comprehensive exploration of life as perpetually active experiencing, as opposed to occasional – and thoroughly passive – happening."
Q5: In what fields has Dibben published two books and other papers?
A5: philosophy of management and business ethics
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead makes the startling observation that "life is comparatively deficient in survival value." If humans can only exist for about a hundred years, and rocks for eight hundred million, then one is forced to ask why complex organisms ever evolved in the first place; as Whitehead humorously notes, "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them." He then observes that the mark of higher forms of life is that they are actively engaged in modifying their environment, an activity which he theorizes is directed toward the three-fold goal of living, living well, and living better. In other words, Whitehead sees life as directed toward the purpose of increasing its own satisfaction. Without such a goal, he sees the rise of life as totally unintelligible.

Q1: Whitehead observes that life is deficient in what?
A1: survival value
Q2: What are higher life forms actively engaged in?
A2: modifying their environment
Q3: How many goals of living is there?
A3: three
Q4: Whitehead sees life as directed towards what purpose?
A4: increasing its own satisfaction
Q5: Without Whitehead's proposed purpose, life would be what?
A5: unintelligible
Q6: What observation did Whitehead make about life?
A6: "life is comparatively deficient in survival value."
Q7: What was Whitehead's response to questions about why complex life evolved?
A7: "they certainly did not appear because they were better at that game than the rocks around them."
Q8: What did Whitehead state was the biggest indicator of a higher form of life?
A8: they are actively engaged in modifying their environment
Q9: What did Whitehead believe are the goals f life?
A9: living, living well, and living better
Q10: What did Whitehead believe was the fundamental purpose of life?
A10: increasing its own satisfaction
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead pointed to the limitations of language as one of the main culprits in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking, and acknowledged that it may be difficult to ever wholly move past such ideas in everyday speech. After all, each moment of each person's life can hardly be given a different proper name, and it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things, rather than constantly keeping in mind that each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago. Yet the limitations of everyday living and everyday speech should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum of particular, concrete processes. No one questions that a ten-year-old person is quite different by the time he or she turns thirty years old, and in many ways is not the same person at all; Whitehead points out that it is not philosophically or ontologically sound to think that a person is the same from one second to the next.

Q1: What did Whitehead believe was a culprit in maintaining a materialistic way of thinking?
A1: limitations of language
Q2: Why couldn't each moment of each person's life be given a different proper name?
A2: limitations of language
Q3: Whitehead's main philosophy on humans changing is what?
A3: each thing is a different thing from what it was a moment ago
Q4: What did Whitehead believe was one of the biggest reasons materialistic thinking endured?
A4: limitations of language
Q5: Why did Whitehead think people continued to subscribe to materialistic thinking?
A5: it is easy and convenient to think of people and objects as remaining fundamentally the same things
Q6: What did Whitehead believe regarding factors that limit people's understanding of his concepts?
A6: should not prevent people from realizing that "material substances" or "essences" are a convenient generalized description of a continuum
Q7: What did Whitehead state about the belief that a person is exactly the same from moment to moment?
A7: it is not philosophically or ontologically sound
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another. He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time. On the other hand, he sees God as permanent but as deficient in actuality and change: alone, God is merely eternally unrealized possibilities, and requires the world to actualize them. God gives creatures permanence, while the creatures give God actuality and change. Here it is worthwhile to quote Whitehead at length:

Q1: How does Whitehead view the relationship between God an the world?
A1: Whitehead thus sees God and the world as fulfilling one another
Q2: How does he define entities' need for God?
A2: He sees entities in the world as fluent and changing things that yearn for a permanence which only God can provide
Q3: How dis Whitehead believe God provided permanence to entities?
A3: by taking them into God's self, thereafter changing God and affecting the rest of the universe throughout time
Q4: In what way did Whitehead view God as deficient?
A4: deficient in actuality and change
Q5: What did Whitehead claim God would be without the world?
A5: merely eternally unrealized possibilities