LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Samoa
Topic: Geography and places

In music, popular local bands include The Five Stars, Penina o Tiafau and Punialava'a. The Yandall Sisters' cover of the song Sweet Inspiration reached number one on the New Zealand charts in 1974. King Kapisi was the first hip hop artist to receive the prestigious New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award in 1999 for his song Reverse Resistance. The music video for Reverse Resistance was filmed in Savai'i at his villages. Other successful Samoan hip hop artists include rapper Scribe, Dei Hamo, Savage and Tha Feelstyle whose music video Suamalie was filmed in Samoa.

Q1: What popular Samoan band has a number in its name?
A1: The Five Stars
Q2: What song covered by a Samoan group was a 1974 number one in New Zealand?
A2: Sweet Inspiration
Q3: What award did King Kapisi win for his song Reverse Resistance?
A3: New Zealand APRA Silver Scroll Award
Q4: Which hip hop artist filmed a music video for his song Suamalie in Samoa?
A4: Tha Feelstyle
Q5: What year did King Kapisi become the first hip hop artist to win an APRA Silver Scroll?
A5: 1999
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

In nature, the red color of blood comes from hemoglobin, the iron-containing protein found in the red blood cells of all vertebrates. The red color of the Grand Canyon and other geological features is caused by hematite or red ochre, both forms of iron oxide. It also causes the red color of the planet Mars. The red sky at sunset and sunrise is caused by an optical effect known as Rayleigh scattering, which, when the sun is low or below the horizon, increases the red-wavelength light that reaches the eye. The color of autumn leaves is caused by pigments called anthocyanins, which are produced towards the end of summer, when the green chlorophyll is no longer produced. One to two percent of the human population has red hair; the color is produced by high levels of the reddish pigment pheomelanin (which also accounts for the red color of the lips) and relatively low levels of the dark pigment eumelanin.

Q1: From where does the color red in blood come from?
A1: hemoglobin
Q2: What does hemoglobin contain?
A2: iron
Q3: What causes the color of hematite and red ochre?
A3: iron oxide
Q4: Why does a sky turn red when the evening comes?
A4: Rayleigh scattering
Q5: What pigment is responsible for the color of leaves in fall?
A5: anthocyanins
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

In nature, uranium is found as uranium-238 (99.2742%) and uranium-235 (0.7204%). Isotope separation concentrates (enriches) the fissionable uranium-235 for nuclear weapons and most nuclear power plants, except for gas cooled reactors and pressurised heavy water reactors. Most neutrons released by a fissioning atom of uranium-235 must impact other uranium-235 atoms to sustain the nuclear chain reaction. The concentration and amount of uranium-235 needed to achieve this is called a 'critical mass'.

Q1: What percentage of uranium in nature is uranium-235?
A1: 0.7204%
Q2: What is the most prevalent natural isotope of uranium?
A2: uranium-238
Q3: What is the term for the amount of uranium-235 needed to sustain a nuclear chain reaction?
A3: critical mass
Q4: What percentage of natural uranium is isotope 238?
A4: 99.2742%
Q5: Along with gas cooled reactors, what type of reactor doesn't use uranium-235?
A5: pressurised heavy water
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

In nature, uranium(VI) forms highly soluble carbonate complexes at alkaline pH. This leads to an increase in mobility and availability of uranium to groundwater and soil from nuclear wastes which leads to health hazards. However, it is difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate in the presence of excess carbonate at alkaline pH. A Sphingomonas sp. strain BSAR-1 has been found to express a high activity alkaline phosphatase (PhoK) that has been applied for bioprecipitation of uranium as uranyl phosphate species from alkaline solutions. The precipitation ability was enhanced by overexpressing PhoK protein in E. coli.

Q1: What type of complexes does uranium(VI) form in nature?
A1: carbonate
Q2: The presence of what substance at alkaline pH makes it difficult to precipitate uranium as phosphate?
A2: carbonate
Q3: What is BSAR-1 a strain of?
A3: Sphingomonas sp.
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

In non-Commonwealth countries the prime minister may be entitled to the style of Excellency like a president. In some Commonwealth countries prime ministers and former prime ministers are styled Right Honourable due to their position, for example in the Prime Minister of Canada. In the United Kingdom the prime minister and former prime ministers may appear to also be styled Right Honourable, however this is not due to their position as head of government but as a privilege of being current members of Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council.

Q1: In what kinds of nations can the head of government attain the title of Excellency?
A1: non-Commonwealth countries
Q2: What honorific title can be given to prime ministers in commonwealth nations?
A2: Right Honourable
Q3: What are British prime ministers part of that grants them the title Right Honourable?
A3: Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council
Q4: What is an example of a country where prime ministers can be called Right Honourable solely because of their position?
A4: Canada
Title: Time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works sufficiently well for describing the everyday phenomena of most people's experience. In the late nineteenth century, physicists encountered problems with the classical understanding of time, in connection with the behavior of electricity and magnetism. Einstein resolved these problems by invoking a method of synchronizing clocks using the constant, finite speed of light as the maximum signal velocity. This led directly to the result that observers in motion relative to one another measure different elapsed times for the same event.

Q1: What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks?
A1: concept of "relative, apparent, and common time"
Q2: In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time?
A2: the late nineteenth century
Q3: The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century?
A3: the behavior of electricity and magnetism
Q4: Which famous scientist resolved these issues?
A4: Einstein
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

In northern Galicia, the A Coruña-Ferrol metropolitan area has become increasingly dominant in terms of population. The population of the city of A Coruña in 1900 was 43,971. The population of the rest of the province including the City and Naval Station of nearby Ferrol and Santiago de Compostela was 653,556. A Coruña's growth occurred after the Spanish Civil War at the same speed as other major Galician cities, but it was the arrival of democracy in Spain after the death of Francisco Franco when A Coruña left all the other Galician cities behind.

Q1: Which metro area is largest in terms of population?
A1: A Coruña-Ferrol
Q2: What was it's total population back in 1900?
A2: 653,556
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

In nouns and adjectives, maintenance of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. hòmens 'men', jóvens 'youth'. In nouns and adjectives, loss of /n/ of medieval plurals in proparoxytone words.
E.g. homes 'men', joves 'youth'.

Q1: Where do you find medieval plurals?
A1: nouns and adjectives
Q2: What letter is lost in some words?
A2: /n/
Q3: When homens loses /n/, it becomes what word?
A3: homes
Q4: The medieval jovens becomes what what word?
A4: joves
Q5: What kind of plural words lose /n/?
A5: proparoxytone
Title: Political_party
Topic: Social sciences and society

In one-party systems, one political party is legally allowed to hold effective power. Although minor parties may sometimes be allowed, they are legally required to accept the leadership of the dominant party. This party may not always be identical to the government, although sometimes positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government. North Korea and China are examples; others can be found in Fascist states, such as Nazi Germany between 1934 and 1945. The one-party system is thus usually equated with dictatorships and tyranny.

Q1: In what systems is the political party allowed to legally hold effective power?
A1: one-party systems
Q2: What are North Korea and China examples of?
A2: positions within the party may in fact be more important than positions within the government
Q3: What is the one-party system often compared with?
A3: dictatorships and tyranny
Q4: When was Nazi Germany in a one-party system?
A4: 1934 and 1945
Title: Chicago_Cubs
Topic: Sports and recreation

In only his third career start, Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against Houston on May 6, 1998. This is the franchise record and tied for the Major League record for the most strikeouts in one game by one pitcher (the only other pitcher to strike out 20 batters in a nine-inning game was Roger Clemens, who achieved it twice). The game is often considered the most dominant pitching performance of all time. Interestingly, Wood's first pitch struck home plate umpire Jerry Meals in the facemask. Wood then struck out the first five batters he faced. Wood hit one batter, Craig Biggio, and allowed one hit, a scratch single by Ricky Gutiérrez off third baseman Kevin Orie's glove. The play was nearly scored an error, which would have given Wood a no-hitter.

Q1: How many batters did Kerry Wood strike out against Houston?
A1: 20
Q2: When did Kerry Wood strike out 20 batters against Houston?
A2: May 6, 1998
Q3: Kerry Wood struck out 20 batters against what team?
A3: Houston
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

In order not to let the routine administration take over the running of the empire, the Qing emperors made sure that all important matters were decided in the "Inner Court," which was dominated by the imperial family and Manchu nobility and which was located in the northern part of the Forbidden City. The core institution of the inner court was the Grand Council.[g] It emerged in the 1720s under the reign of the Yongzheng Emperor as a body charged with handling Qing military campaigns against the Mongols, but it soon took over other military and administrative duties and served to centralize authority under the crown. The Grand Councillors[h] served as a sort of privy council to the emperor.

Q1: Who controlled the "Inner Court"?
A1: imperial family and Manchu nobility
Q2: Where was the Inner Court?
A2: Forbidden City
Q3: What was the Grand Council?
A3: core institution of the inner court
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

In order to enlist Stalin's support, Zhou and a Chinese delegation left for Moscow on 8 October, arriving there on 10 October at which point they flew to Stalin's home at the Black Sea. There they conferred with the top Soviet leadership which included Joseph Stalin as well as Vyacheslav Molotov, Lavrentiy Beria and Georgi Malenkov. Stalin initially agreed to send military equipment and ammunition, but warned Zhou that the Soviet Union's air force would need two or three months to prepare any operations. In a subsequent meeting, Stalin told Zhou that he would only provide China with equipment on a credit basis, and that the Soviet air force would only operate over Chinese airspace, and only after an undisclosed period of time. Stalin did not agree to send either military equipment or air support until March 1951. Mao did not find Soviet air support especially useful, as the fighting was going to take place on the south side of the Yalu. Soviet shipments of matériel, when they did arrive, were limited to small quantities of trucks, grenades, machine guns, and the like.

Q1: Where did Zhou travel with a Chinese delegation to convince Stalin to support China?
A1: the Black Sea
Q2: How long did the Soviet air force need to prepare to assist
A2: two or three months
Q3: Where did Stalin say he would allow the Soviet air force to operate for a limited amount of time?
A3: Chinese airspace
Q4: When did Stalin agree to send China any type of support?
A4: March 1951
Q5: Where did the fighting take place that rendered Soviet air support useless to the Chinese?
A5: the south side of the Yalu
Title: Sanskrit
Topic: Language and literature

In order to explain the common features shared by Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages, many scholars have proposed the Indo-Aryan migration theory, asserting that the original speakers of what became Sanskrit arrived in what is now India and Pakistan from the north-west some time during the early second millennium BCE. Evidence for such a theory includes the close relationship between the Indo-Iranian tongues and the Baltic and Slavic languages, vocabulary exchange with the non-Indo-European Uralic languages, and the nature of the attested Indo-European words for flora and fauna.

Q1: When is it thought that early speakers of Sanskrit came to India?
A1: early second millennium BCE
Q2: What is the relationship between Indo-Iranian and Baltic languages?
A2: close
Q3: From what direction did Sanskrit travel to come to India?
A3: north-west
Q4: Sanskrit came from the north west and traveled to what present day countries?
A4: India and Pakistan
Q5: What is the theory called dealing with the transfer of Sanskrit to India?
A5: Indo-Aryan migration theory
Title: Copyright_infringement
Topic: Language and literature

In order to qualify for protection, a work must be an expression with a degree of originality, and it must be in a fixed medium, such as written down on paper or recorded digitally. The idea itself is not protected. That is, a copy of someone else's original idea is not infringing unless it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea. Some of these limitations, especially regarding what qualifies as original, are embodied only in case law (judicial precedent), rather than in statutes.

Q1: If a work must include a degree of originality, what else must it contain to be protected?
A1: in a fixed medium
Q2: What is NOT protected?
A2: The idea itself
Q3: What makes a copy of an original idea infringing?
A3: it copies that person's unique, tangible expression of the idea
Q4: What limitation is only embodied in case law, rather than statues?
A4: what qualifies as original
Title: Pesticide
Topic: Natural sciences

In order to reduce negative impacts, it is desirable that pesticides be degradable or at least quickly deactivated in the environment. Such loss of activity or toxicity of pesticides is due to both innate chemical properties of the compounds and environmental processes or conditions. For example, the presence of halogens within a chemical structure often slows down degradation in an aerobic environment. Adsorption to soil may retard pesticide movement, but also may reduce bioavailability to microbial degraders.

Q1: What feature is wanted to assist with reducing negative impacts of pesticides?
A1: that pesticides be degradable
Q2: How else can negative impacts of pesticides be reduced?
A2: quickly deactivated in the environment
Q3: What is one way by which pesticides lose their efficacy?
A3: presence of halogens
Q4: What may slow pesticide movement?
A4: Adsorption to soil
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In order to seek out the Karmapa, the Yongle Emperor dispatched his eunuch Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang (d. 1435) to Tibet. Traveling to Lhasa either through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan, Hou Xian and Zhi Guang did not return to Nanjing until 1407.

Q1: Who did the Yongle Emperor send to Tibet?
A1: Hou Xian and the Buddhist monk Zhi Guang
Q2: Why did the Yongle Emperor send Hou Xian and Zhi Guang to Tibet?
A2: to seek out the Karmapa
Q3: When did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang return to Nanjing?
A3: 1407
Q4: Where did Hou Xian and Zhi Guang travel through on their way to the Karmapa?
A4: through Qinghai or via the Silk Road to Khotan
Title: Lighting
Topic: Engineering and technology

In order to specifically measure the amount of light entering the eye, personal circadian light meter called the Daysimeter has been developed. This is the first device created to accurately measure and characterize light (intensity, spectrum, timing, and duration) entering the eye that affects the human body's clock.

Q1: What measures the amount of light entering the eye?
A1: Daysimeter
Q2: A Daysimeter what type of personal meter?
A2: circadian light meter
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released.

Q1: What was the price for early HDTVs?
A1: US$10,000
Q2: Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?
A2: tiny
Q3: What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?
A3: Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

In ordinary circumstances, transduction, conjugation, and transformation involve transfer of DNA between individual bacteria of the same species, but occasionally transfer may occur between individuals of different bacterial species and this may have significant consequences, such as the transfer of antibiotic resistance. In such cases, gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment is called horizontal gene transfer and may be common under natural conditions. Gene transfer is particularly important in antibiotic resistance as it allows the rapid transfer of resistance genes between different pathogens.

Q1: Between what species do usually transduction, conjugation and transformation take place?
A1: the same species
Q2: What are the consequences of transfer between different species of bacteria?
A2: transfer of antibiotic resistance
Q3: What is horizontal gene transfer?
A3: gene acquisition from other bacteria or the environment
Title: Letter_case
Topic: Language and literature

In orthography and typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case (also capital letters, capitals, caps, large letters, or more formally majuscule, see Terminology) and smaller lower case (also small letters, or more formally minuscule, see Terminology) in the written representation of certain languages. Here is a comparison of the upper and lower case versions of each letter included in the English alphabet (the exact representation will vary according to the font used):

Q1: In orthography and typography, what is the distinction between the letters that are in larger upper case and lower upper case
A1: letter case
Q2: Minuscule is a term uses to describe which case of letter?
A2: smaller lower
Q3: Capital letters refer to which case of letter?
A3: larger upper
Q4: Letter case is used to distinction betweem lowercase and uppercase letter in which common representation of certain languages?
A4: written
Title: Treaty
Topic: Language and literature

In other cases, such as New Zealand and Canada, treaties allowed native peoples to maintain a minimum amount of autonomy. In the case of indigenous Australians, unlike with the Māori of New Zealand, no treaty was ever entered into with the indigenous peoples entitling the Europeans to land ownership, under the doctrine of terra nullius (later overturned by Mabo v Queensland, establishing the concept of native title well after colonization was already a fait accompli). Such treaties between colonizers and indigenous peoples are an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century, the treaties being discussed have international standing as has been stated in a treaty study by the UN.

Q1: What were native peoples able to maintain a minimum amount of through treaties?
A1: autonomy
Q2: What indigenous people of New Zealand entered into a treaty entitling Europeans to land ownership?
A2: Māori
Q3: What doctrine was overturned by Mabo v Queensland establishing the concept of native title?
A3: terra nullius
Q4: The concept of native title was established by what court case?
A4: Mabo v Queensland
Q5: Treaties between indigenous peoples and what other groups formed an important part of political discourse in the late 20th and early 21st century?
A5: colonizers
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

In other cities, class conflict was more evident. Over a quarter of London's population had left the city by November 1940. Civilians left for more remote areas of the country. Upsurges in population south Wales and Gloucester intimated where these displaced people went. Other reasons, including industry dispersal may have been a factor. However, resentment of rich self-evacuees or hostile treatment of poor ones were signs of persistence of class resentments although these factors did not appear to threaten social order. The total number of evacuees numbered 1.4 million, including a high proportion from the poorest inner-city families. Reception committees were completely unprepared for the condition of some of the children. Far from displaying the nation's unity in time of war, the scheme backfired, often aggravating class antagonism and bolstering prejudice about the urban poor. Within four months, 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children had been returned home. The lack of bombing in the Phoney War contributed significantly to the return of people to the cities, but class conflict was not eased a year later when evacuation operations had to be put into effect again.

Q1: How much of London's population left?
A1: Over a quarter
Q2: What locations saw an increase in populations?
A2: south Wales and Gloucester
Q3: What was another reason for populations moving?
A3: industry dispersal may have been a factor
Q4: How many evacuees were there?
A4: 1.4 million
Q5: How much of the population returned in four months?
A5: 88% of evacuated mothers, 86% of small children, and 43% of school children
Title: Heresy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In other contexts the term does not necessarily have pejorative overtones and may even be complimentary when used, in areas where innovation is welcome, of ideas that are in fundamental disagreement with the status quo in any practice and branch of knowledge. Scientist/author Isaac Asimov considered heresy as an abstraction, Asimov's views are in Forward: The Role of the Heretic. mentioning religious, political, socioeconomic and scientific heresies. He divided scientific heretics into endoheretics (those from within the scientific community) and exoheretics (those from without). Characteristics were ascribed to both and examples of both kinds were offered. Asimov concluded that science orthodoxy defends itself well against endoheretics (by control of science education, grants and publication as examples), but is nearly powerless against exoheretics. He acknowledged by examples that heresy has repeatedly become orthodoxy.

Q1: What must be welcomed in areas for the term do be perceived as complimentary?
A1: innovation
Q2: What did Isaac Asimov consider heresy as?
A2: an abstraction
Q3: Which type of heresy is the scientific community well equipped to defend itself against?
A3: endoheretics
Q4: What has heresy within the scientific community repeatedly become?
A4: orthodoxy
Title: The_Times
Topic: History

In other events of the nineteenth century, The Times opposed the repeal of the Corn Laws until the number of demonstrations convinced the editorial board otherwise, and only reluctantly supported aid to victims of the Irish Potato Famine. It enthusiastically supported the Great Reform Bill of 1832, which reduced corruption and increased the electorate from 400,000 people to 800,000 people (still a small minority of the population). During the American Civil War, The Times represented the view of the wealthy classes, favouring the secessionists, but it was not a supporter of slavery.

Q1: What major event did The Times reluctantly support in the nineteenth century despite being initially opposed?
A1: Irish Potato Famine
Q2: The Times greatly supported what bill in 1832 which reduced corruption and increased the electorate?
A2: Great Reform Bill of 1832
Q3: Many demonstrations in the nineteenth century convinced The Times editorial board to finally support the repeal of what laws?
A3: Corn Laws
Q4: During the American Civil War, what classes of people did The Times support?
A4: wealthy classes
Q5: The Times favoured which political side of the American Civil War?
A5: the secessionists
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In paintings, Mary is traditionally portrayed in blue. This tradition can trace its origin to the Byzantine Empire, from c.500 AD, where blue was "the colour of an empress". A more practical explanation for the use of this colour is that in Medieval and Renaissance Europe, the blue pigment was derived from the rock lapis lazuli, a stone imported from Afghanistan of greater value than gold. Beyond a painter's retainer, patrons were expected to purchase any gold or lapis lazuli to be used in the painting. Hence, it was an expression of devotion and glorification to swathe the Virgin in gowns of blue.

Q1: Which color is traditionally used to portray Mary in paintings?
A1: blue
Q2: What rock was used as the source of blue pigment in paints in Medieval and Renaissance Europe?
A2: lapis lazuli
Q3: From which country was lapis lazuli imported?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: Lapis lazuli was thought to be more valuable than which precious metal?
A4: gold
Q5: Which ancient empire is thought to have started the tradition of portraying Mary in paintings using the color blue?
A5: Byzantine Empire
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

In paragraph 13 the judges raise the issue of the perpetrators' access to the victims: "The historical examples of genocide also suggest that the area of the perpetrators’ activity and control, as well as the possible extent of their reach, should be considered. ... The intent to destroy formed by a perpetrator of genocide will always be limited by the opportunity presented to him. While this factor alone will not indicate whether the targeted group is substantial, it can—in combination with other factors—inform the analysis."

Q1: The issue of what is raised by judges in Paragraph 13? 
A1: perpetrators' access to the victims
Q2: What is the basis for suggesting that several factors regarding the activity of the perpetrators be considered? 
A2: historical examples of genocide
Q3: The extent of what by the perpetrators was considered in an examination of their activity and level of control?
A3: possible extent of their reach
Q4: What will always be restricted in terms of a perpetrator's intent to destroy?
A4: the opportunity presented to him
Q5: While the factor cannot independently indicate if the targeted group is substantial, it can do what?
A5: inform the analysis
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

In parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Oller (realist novel), and Guimerà (drama).

Q1: What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature?
A1: revival
Q2: What is Renaixenca?
A2: Catalan literary revival
Q3: When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland?
A3: 1833
Q4: When did this revival period begin?
A4: 1833
Q5: In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte?
A5: early 20th
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

In parliamentary systems fashioned after the Westminster system, the prime minister is the presiding and actual head of government and head of the executive branch. In such systems, the head of state or the head of state's official representative (i.e. the monarch, president, or governor-general) usually holds a largely ceremonial position, although often with reserve powers.

Q1: What is a parliamentary model on which other systems have been based?
A1: Westminster system
Q2: What kind of role is the head of state in Westminster-based parliamentary governments?
A2: ceremonial
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

In parliamentary systems, governments are generally required to have the confidence of the lower house of parliament (though a small minority of parliaments, by giving a right to block supply to upper houses, in effect make the cabinet responsible to both houses, though in reality upper houses, even when they have the power, rarely exercise it). Where they lose a vote of confidence, have a motion of no confidence passed against them, or where they lose supply, most constitutional systems require either:

Q1: Most parliamentary governments need to have the support of what governmental body?
A1: lower house of parliament
Q2: Which political division does not often utilize its power, if it has any?
A2: upper houses
Q3: What kind of referendum can the lower house of parliament take against the government?
A3: vote of confidence
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

In particle physics, this inequality permits a qualitative understanding of virtual particles which carry momentum, exchange by which and with real particles, is responsible for the creation of all known fundamental forces (more accurately known as fundamental interactions). Virtual photons (which are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons) are also responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges (which results in Coulomb law), for spontaneous radiative decay of exited atomic and nuclear states, for the Casimir force, for van der Waals bond forces and some other observable phenomena.

Q1: What are simply lowest quantum mechanical energy state of photons?
A1: Virtual photons
Q2: What is responsible for electrostatic interaction between electric charges?
A2: Virtual photons
Q3: What results in Coulomb law?
A3: electrostatic interaction between electric charges
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell
Topic: Engineering and technology

In partnership with Gardiner Greene Hubbard, Bell helped establish the publication Science during the early 1880s. In 1898, Bell was elected as the second president of the National Geographic Society, serving until 1903, and was primarily responsible for the extensive use of illustrations, including photography, in the magazine. he also became a Regent of the Smithsonian Institution (1898–1922). The French government conferred on him the decoration of the Légion d'honneur (Legion of Honor); the Royal Society of Arts in London awarded him the Albert Medal in 1902; the University of Würzburg, Bavaria, granted him a PhD, and he was awarded the Franklin Institute's Elliott Cresson Medal in 1912. He was one of the founders of the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1884, and served as its president from 1891–92. Bell was later awarded the AIEE's Edison Medal in 1914 "For meritorious achievement in the invention of the telephone".

Q1: What magazine did Bell found alongside Hubbard?
A1: Science
Q2: When did Bell cease to be President of the National Geographic Society?
A2: 1903
Q3: What enduring feature of National Geographic did Bell help implement?
A3: illustrations
Q4: What award did Bell win in 1902?
A4: Albert Medal
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

In parts of Italy, which were under eastern artistic influences, like Sicily and Venice, mosaic making never went out of fashion in the Middle Ages. The whole interior of the St Mark's Basilica in Venice is clad with elaborate, golden mosaics. The oldest scenes were executed by Greek masters in the late 11th century but the majority of the mosaics are works of local artists from the 12th–13th centuries. The decoration of the church was finished only in the 16th century. One hundred and ten scenes of mosaics in the atrium of St Mark's were based directly on the miniatures of the Cotton Genesis, a Byzantine manuscript that was brought to Venice after the sack of Constantinople (1204). The mosaics were executed in the 1220s.

Q1: Which area in Italy besides Sicily did mosaic art not go out of fashion in the middle ages?
A1: Venice
Q2: Which church in Venice is decorated with elaborate golden mosaics?
A2: St Mark's Basilica
Q3: When were the oldest scenes in St. Mark's mosaics completed?
A3: the late 11th century
Q4: The majority of the mosaics in Venice were created by who?
A4: local artists
Q5: When was the sack of Constantinople?
A5: 1204
Title: Clothing
Topic: Natural sciences

In past times, mending was an art. A meticulous tailor or seamstress could mend rips with thread raveled from hems and seam edges so skillfully that the tear was practically invisible. When the raw material – cloth – was worth more than labor, it made sense to expend labor in saving it. Today clothing is considered a consumable item. Mass-manufactured clothing is less expensive than the labor required to repair it. Many people buy a new piece of clothing rather than spend time mending. The thrifty still replace zippers and buttons and sew up ripped hems.

Q1: What used to be considered an art, back in the day?
A1: mending
Q2: What could an accomplished tailor or seamstress skillfully render almost invisible?
A2: tear
Q3: Why did it make sense to spend time fixing cloth?
A3: worth more than labor
Q4: What is clothing considered today?
A4: a consumable item
Q5: What type of person is likely to replace zippers and buttons?
A5: thrifty
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

In philosophy, emotions are studied in sub-fields such as ethics, the philosophy of art (for example, sensory–emotional values, and matters of taste and sentimentality), and the philosophy of music (see also Music and emotion). In history, scholars examine documents and other sources to interpret and analyze past activities; speculation on the emotional state of the authors of historical documents is one of the tools of interpretation. In literature and film-making, the expression of emotion is the cornerstone of genres such as drama, melodrama, and romance. In communication studies, scholars study the role that emotion plays in the dissemination of ideas and messages. Emotion is also studied in non-human animals in ethology, a branch of zoology which focuses on the scientific study of animal behavior. Ethology is a combination of laboratory and field science, with strong ties to ecology and evolution. Ethologists often study one type of behavior (for example, aggression) in a number of unrelated animals.

Q1: Along with the philosophies of music and art, what field of philosophy studies emotions?
A1: ethics
Q2: Along with drama and melodrama, in what filmmaking genre does emotion play an important role?
A2: romance
Q3: Of what discipline is ethology a branch?
A3: zoology
Q4: Along with laboratory work, what does an ethologist engage in?
A4: field science
Q5: Along with evolution, what area of study is ethology tied to?
A5: ecology
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In philosophy, idealism is the group of philosophies which assert that reality, or reality as we can know it, is fundamentally mental, mentally constructed, or otherwise immaterial. Epistemologically, idealism manifests as a skepticism about the possibility of knowing any mind-independent thing. In a sociological sense, idealism emphasizes how human ideas—especially beliefs and values—shape society. As an ontological doctrine, idealism goes further, asserting that all entities are composed of mind or spirit. Idealism thus rejects physicalist and dualist theories that fail to ascribe priority to the mind.

Q1: What do idealist philosophies say is constructed in our minds?
A1: reality
Q2: What types of things are idealist philosophies skeptical about?
A2: mind-independent
Q3: Along with physicalist theories, what theories is idealism in conflict with?
A3: dualist
Q4: In sociology, what sorts of ideas does idealism focus on?
A4: beliefs and values
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

In phonetics, aspiration is the strong burst of breath that accompanies either the release or, in the case of preaspiration, the closure of some obstruents. In English, aspirated consonants are allophones in complementary distribution with their unaspirated counterparts, but in some other languages, notably most Indian and East Asian languages, the difference is contrastive.

Q1: Aspiration and preaspiration are used in what?
A1: phonetics
Q2: Aspirated consonants are what in English?
A2: allophones
Q3: What are two language types where the difference is contrastive?
A3: Indian and East Asian
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In physics, Whitehead's thought has had some influence. He articulated a view that might perhaps be regarded as dual to Einstein's general relativity, see Whitehead's theory of gravitation. It has been severely criticized. Yutaka Tanaka, who suggests that the gravitational constant disagrees with experimental findings, proposes that Einstein's work does not actually refute Whitehead's formulation. Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves. They are phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes. Consequently, Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation, and his assumption of a uniform spatio-temporal geometry, Minkowskian in particular, as an often-locally-adequate approximation. An exact replacement of Whitehead's cosmology would need to admit a Riemannian geometry. Also, although Whitehead himself gave only secondary consideration to quantum theory, his metaphysics of processes has proved attractive to some physicists in that field. Henry Stapp and David Bohm are among those whose work has been influenced by Whitehead.

Q1: How was Whitehead's theory of gravitation received?
A1: It has been severely criticized
Q2: What affect  did the discovery of gravitational waves have on Whitehead's theory?
A2: Whitehead's view has now been rendered obsolete, with the discovery of gravitational waves
Q3: What are gravitational waves?
A3: phenonena observed locally that largely violate the kind of local flatness of space that Whitehead assumes
Q4: How must Whiteheads cosmology now be considered?
A4: Whitehead's cosmology must be regarded as a local approximation
Q5: What physicists in the field of quantum theory have been influenced by Whitehead?
A5: Henry Stapp and David Bohm
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform work" is a common description, but it is difficult to give one single comprehensive definition of energy because of its many forms. For instance, in SI units, energy is measured in joules, and one joule is defined "mechanically", being the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton.[note 1] However, there are many other definitions of energy, depending on the context, such as thermal energy, radiant energy, electromagnetic, nuclear, etc., where definitions are derived that are the most convenient.

Q1: What is a property of objects which can be transferred to other objects or converted into different forms?
A1: energy
Q2: In SI units, energy is measured in what measurement?
A2: joules
Q3: Mechanically, one joule is defined as what?
A3: the energy transferred to an object by the mechanical work of moving it a distance of 1 metre against a force of 1 newton
Title: Glass
Topic: Art and architecture

In physics, the standard definition of a glass (or vitreous solid) is a solid formed by rapid melt quenching. The term glass is often used to describe any amorphous solid that exhibits a glass transition temperature Tg. If the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, the structure of a glass exists in a metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase.

Q1: How is "glass" defined in physics?
A1: a solid formed by rapid melt quenching
Q2: What is the tendency to make a glass when cooled called?
A2: glass-forming ability
Q3: What must happen quickly for glass to form?
A3: cooling
Q4: What predicts glass-forming ability?
A4: rigidity theory
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

In politics, corruption undermines democracy and good governance by flouting or even subverting formal processes. Corruption in elections and in the legislature reduces accountability and distorts representation in policymaking; corruption in the judiciary compromises the rule of law; and corruption in public administration results in the inefficient provision of services. It violates a basic principle of republicanism regarding the centrality of civic virtue.

Q1: What does corruption undermine in politics?
A1: democracy
Q2: What does corruption disregard in politics?
A2: formal processes
Q3: Political corruption in legislature reduces what, overall?
A3: accountability
Q4: Corruption in what compromises the rule of law?
A4: judiciary
Q5: Corruption in what creates weak provision of services?
A5: public administration
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

In polygynous species with considerable sexual dimorphism, males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites than their females. This is termed protandry.

Q1: What is it called when males return earlier to the breeding sites than females?
A1: protandry
Q2: What happens in polygynous species with sexual dimophism?
A2: males tend to return earlier to the breeding sites
Q3: Why do males in polygynous species return before the females?
A3: sexual dimorphism
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

In practical terms, a computer program may be just a few instructions or extend to many millions of instructions, as do the programs for word processors and web browsers for example. A typical modern computer can execute billions of instructions per second (gigaflops) and rarely makes a mistake over many years of operation. Large computer programs consisting of several million instructions may take teams of programmers years to write, and due to the complexity of the task almost certainly contain errors.

Q1: Billions of instructions per second are called what in computer terms?
A1: (gigaflops)
Title: Treaty
Topic: Language and literature

In practice, because of sovereignty, any state can withdraw from any treaty at any time. The question of whether this is permitted is really a question of how other states will react to the withdrawal; for instance, another state might impose sanctions or go to war over a treaty violation.

Q1: What factor, in practice, allows a state to withdraw from any treaty at any time?
A1: sovereignty
Q2: What really determines whether withdrawal from a treaty is permitted?
A2: how other states will react
Q3: What might a state do in response to another state's withdrawal from a treaty?
A3: impose sanctions or go to war
Q4: Although withdrawal from a treaty may not be possible in theory, when might it be possible anyway?
A4: In practice
Q5: Because of sovereignty when may a state withdrawal from a treaty?
A5: at any time
Title: Culture
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In practice, culture referred to an élite ideal and was associated with such activities as art, classical music, and haute cuisine. As these forms were associated with urban life, "culture" was identified with "civilization" (from lat. civitas, city). Another facet of the Romantic movement was an interest in folklore, which led to identifying a "culture" among non-elites. This distinction is often characterized as that between high culture, namely that of the ruling social group, and low culture. In other words, the idea of "culture" that developed in Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries reflected inequalities within European societies.

Q1: What did culture refer to in practice?
A1: élite ideal
Q2: What was associated with culture during this German practice?
A2: art, classical music, and haute cuisine
Q3: Art and music were some of these forms of  cultural related to what type of living?
A3: urban life
Q4: The idea of culture in Europe in the 19th century reflected what during this time period?
A4: inequalities within European societies.
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

In practice, not all rule violations will result in a disqualification as the referee may use their own judgement and is not obligated to stop the match. Usually, the only offenses that the referee will see and immediately disqualify the match on (as opposed to having multiple offenses) are low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee. In WWE, a referee must see the violation with their own eyes to rule that the match end in a disqualification (simply watching the video tape is not usually enough) and the referee's ruling is almost always final, although Dusty finishes (named after, and made famous by, Dusty Rhodes) will often result in the referee's decision being overturned. It is not uncommon for the referees themselves to get knocked out during a match, which is commonly referred to by the term "ref bump". While the referee remains "unconscious", wrestlers are free to violate rules until the referee is revived or replaced. In some cases, a referee might disqualify a person under the presumption that it was that wrestler who knocked them out; most referee knockouts are arranged to allow a wrestler, usually a heel, to gain an advantage. For example, a wrestler may get whipped into a referee at a slower speed, knocking the ref down for short amount of time; during that interim period, one wrestler may pin their opponent for a three-count and would have won the match but for the referee being down (sometimes, another referee will sprint to the ring from backstage to attempt to make the count, but by then, the other wrestler has had enough time to kick-out on their own accord).

Q1: What are the usual reasons for an automatic disqualification? 
A1: low blows, weapon usage, interference, or assaulting the referee
Q2: What must the referee do to rule the match at an end via disqualification?
A2: must see the violation with their own eyes
Q3: In what case can a referee's decision be overturned?
A3: Dusty finishes
Q4: What is it called when a ref is knocked out?
A4: ref bump
Q5: What can wrestlers do when a ref is out? 
A5: free to violate rules