LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

The Quine-Duhem thesis argues that it's impossible to test a single hypothesis on its own, since each one comes as part of an environment of theories. Thus we can only say that the whole package of relevant theories has been collectively falsified, but cannot conclusively say which element of the package must be replaced. An example of this is given by the discovery of the planet Neptune: when the motion of Uranus was found not to match the predictions of Newton's laws, the theory "There are seven planets in the solar system" was rejected, and not Newton's laws themselves. Popper discussed this critique of naïve falsificationism in Chapters 3 and 4 of The Logic of Scientific Discovery. For Popper, theories are accepted or rejected via a sort of selection process. Theories that say more about the way things appear are to be preferred over those that do not; the more generally applicable a theory is, the greater its value. Thus Newton's laws, with their wide general application, are to be preferred over the much more specific "the solar system has seven planets".[dubious – discuss]

Q1: What thesis says a scientific hypothesis is not testable in isolation from its system of theories?
A1: Quine-Duhem
Q2: Which of Popper's works responds to critiques of naive falsificationism?
A2: The Logic of Scientific Discovery
Q3: The planet Uranus' apparent failure to follow Newton's laws led to the discovery of which planet?
A3: Neptune
Q4: According to Popper, the scientific selection process favors which type of theory?
A4: more generally applicable
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Qur'an relates detailed narrative accounts of Maryam (Mary) in two places, Qur'an 3:35–47 and 19:16–34. These state beliefs in both the Immaculate Conception of Mary and the Virgin birth of Jesus. The account given in Sura 19 is nearly identical with that in the Gospel according to Luke, and both of these (Luke, Sura 19) begin with an account of the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya (Zecharias) and Good News of the birth of Yahya (John), followed by the account of the annunciation. It mentions how Mary was informed by an angel that she would become the mother of Jesus through the actions of God alone.

Q1: By what name is Mary referred to in the Qur'an?
A1: Maryam
Q2: Which Sura in the Qur'an describes the visitation of an angel upon Zakariya?
A2: 19
Q3: In how many places does the Qur'an give detailed accounts of Mary?
A3: two
Q4: Which Gospel provides an identical account of the Virgin Birth as Sura 19 in the Qur'an? 
A4: Luke
Q5: Who was visited by an angel in Sura 19 of the Qur'an?
A5: Zakariya
Title: Umayyad_Caliphate
Topic: History

The Quran and Muhammad talked about racial equality and justice as in The Farewell Sermon. Tribal and nationalistic differences were discouraged. But after Muhammad's passing, the old tribal differences between the Arabs started to resurface. Following the Roman–Persian Wars and the Byzantine–Sassanid Wars, deep rooted differences between Iraq, formally under the Persian Sassanid Empire, and Syria, formally under the Byzantine Empire, also existed. Each wanted the capital of the newly established Islamic State to be in their area. Previously, the second caliph Umar was very firm on the governors and his spies kept an eye on them. If he felt that a governor or a commander was becoming attracted to wealth, he had him removed from his position.

Q1: Who controlled Iraq before the Arabs?
A1: Persian Sassanid Empire
Q2: Who ruled Syria before it was conquered by the followers of Muhammad?
A2: Byzantine Empire
Q3: Who was the second caliph?
A3: Umar
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quran assumes familiarity with major narratives recounted in the Biblical scriptures. It summarizes some, dwells at length on others and, in some cases, presents alternative accounts and interpretations of events. The Quran describes itself as a book of guidance. It sometimes offers detailed accounts of specific historical events, and it often emphasizes the moral significance of an event over its narrative sequence. The Quran is used along with the hadith to interpret sharia law. During prayers, the Quran is recited only in Arabic.

Q1: In which language is the Quran spoken during prayer?
A1: Arabic
Q2: The Quran is used in the interpretation of which form of law?
A2: sharia
Q3: What accounts are form the basis of much of the accounts in the Quran?
A3: Biblical scriptures
Q4: Which religious text calls itself a book of guidance?
A4: Quran
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quran consists of 114 chapters of varying lengths, each known as a sura. Suras are classified as Meccan or Medinan, depending on whether the verses were revealed before or after the migration of Muhammad to the city of Medina. However, a sura classified as Medinan may contain Meccan verses in it and vice versa. Sura titles are derived from a name or quality discussed in the text, or from the first letters or words of the sura. Suras are arranged roughly in order of decreasing size. The sura arrangement is thus not connected to the sequence of revelation. Each sura except the ninth starts with the Bismillah (بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم), an Arabic phrase meaning "In the name of God". There are, however, still 114 occurrences of the Bismillah in the Quran, due to its presence in Quran 27:30 as the opening of Solomon's letter to the Queen of Sheba.

Q1: What is a chapter of the Quran called?
A1: sura
Q2: How many suras are in the Quran?
A2: 114
Q3: What two city-related categories divide the Quran's suras?
A3: Meccan or Medinan
Q4: What determines the order in which suras are placed in the Quran?
A4: size
Q5: Which Arabic phrase opens almost all suras?
A5: Bismillah
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quran describes Muhammad as "ummi", which is traditionally interpreted as "illiterate," but the meaning is rather more complex. Medieval commentators such as Al-Tabari maintained that the term induced two meanings: first, the inability to read or write in general; second, the inexperience or ignorance of the previous books or scriptures (but they gave priority to the first meaning). Muhammad's illiteracy was taken as a sign of the genuineness of his prophethood. For example, according to Fakhr al-Din al-Razi, if Muhammad had mastered writing and reading he possibly would have been suspected of having studied the books of the ancestors. Some scholars such as Watt prefer the second meaning of "ummi" - they take it to indicate unfamiliarity with earlier sacred texts.

Q1: What is the most common interpretation of the word "ummi" that the Quran applies to Muhammad?
A1: illiterate
Q2: Because Mohammed was "ummi," what would he not have known about that lent credence to his prophethood?
A2: earlier sacred texts
Q3: What term does the Quran use to describe Mohammad's lack of exposure to scripture?
A3: ummi
Q4: What skills would have made others more suspicious that Mohammad was not getting his revelations in the way he said?
A4: writing and reading
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quran describes itself as "the discernment" (al-furqān), "the mother book" (umm al-kitāb), "the guide" (huda), "the wisdom" (hikmah), "the remembrance" (dhikr) and "the revelation" (tanzīl; something sent down, signifying the descent of an object from a higher place to lower place). Another term is al-kitāb (The Book), though it is also used in the Arabic language for other scriptures, such as the Torah and the Gospels. The adjective of "Quran" has multiple transliterations including "quranic", "koranic", and "qur'anic", or capitalised as "Qur'anic", "Koranic", and "Quranic". The term mus'haf ('written work') is often used to refer to particular Quranic manuscripts but is also used in the Quran to identify earlier revealed books. Other transliterations of "Quran" include "al-Coran", "Coran", "Kuran", and "al-Qurʼan".

Q1: Which term meaning "the mother book" does the Quran apply to itself?
A1: umm al-kitāb
Q2: What term is used in the Quran to indicate previous revelations?
A2: mus'haf
Q3: What is the Arabic term commonly used to refer to works like the Torah or the Gospels?
A3: al-kitāb
Q4: What is an English translation of huda?
A4: the guide
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quran most likely existed in scattered written form during Muhammad's lifetime. Several sources indicate that during Muhammad's lifetime a large number of his companions had memorized the revelations. Early commentaries and Islamic historical sources support the above-mentioned understanding of the Quran's early development. The Quran in its present form is generally considered by academic scholars to record the words spoken by Muhammad because the search for variants has not yielded any differences of great significance.[page needed] University of Chicago professor Fred Donner states that "...there was a very early attempt to establish a uniform consonantal text of the Qurʾān from what was probably a wider and more varied group of related texts in early transmission. [...] After the creation of this standardized canonical text, earlier authoritative texts were suppressed, and all extant manuscripts—despite their numerous variants—seem to date to a time after this standard consonantal text was established." Although most variant readings of the text of the Quran have ceased to be transmitted, some still are. There has been no critical text produced on which a scholarly reconstruction of the Quranic text could be based. Historically, controversy over the Quran's content has rarely become an issue, although debates continue on the subject.

Q1: Who had begun memorizing Muhammad's revelations in his lifetime?
A1: his companions
Q2: What was done to the Quranic text early in its history leaving few markedly different variants?
A2: standardized
Q3: Which which university is Fred Donner affiliated?
A3: University of Chicago
Q4: The Quran is widely accepted by historians to contain a relatively accurate record of whose words?
A4: Muhammad
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quranic content is concerned with basic Islamic beliefs including the existence of God and the resurrection. Narratives of the early prophets, ethical and legal subjects, historical events of Muhammad's time, charity and prayer also appear in the Quran. The Quranic verses contain general exhortations regarding right and wrong and historical events are related to outline general moral lessons. Verses pertaining to natural phenomena have been interpreted by Muslims as an indication of the authenticity of the Quranic message.

Q1: Quranic verses concerning which phenomena are thought by Muslims to authenticate its contents?
A1: natural
Q2: What types of events are related in the Quran in support of its moral teachings?
A2: historical
Q3: Historical narratives from whose time period are unique to the Quran among holy books?
A3: Muhammad's
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Quranic text seems to have no beginning, middle, or end, its nonlinear structure being akin to a web or net. The textual arrangement is sometimes considered to exhibit lack of continuity, absence of any chronological or thematic order and repetitiousness. Michael Sells, citing the work of the critic Norman O. Brown, acknowledges Brown's observation that the seeming disorganization of Quranic literary expression – its scattered or fragmented mode of composition in Sells's phrase – is in fact a literary device capable of delivering profound effects as if the intensity of the prophetic message were shattering the vehicle of human language in which it was being communicated. Sells also addresses the much-discussed repetitiveness of the Quran, seeing this, too, as a literary device.

Q1: What is lacking in the arrangement of the Quranic text?
A1: continuity
Q2: To which critic does Michael Sells refer on the subject of the Quran's disorganization?
A2: Norman O. Brown
Q3: How does Sells describe the Quran's repetitiveness?
A3: a literary device
Q4: Which scholar believes the Quran's fragmentary writing style is an effective literary device for a prophetic message?
A4: Michael Sells
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces
Topic: Warfare

The RCAF and Joint Task Force (North) (JTFN) also maintain at various points throughout Canada's northern region a chain of forward operating locations, each capable of supporting fighter operations. Elements of CF-18 squadrons periodically deploy to these airports for short training exercises or Arctic sovereignty patrols.

Q1: What does JTFN stand for?
A1: Joint Task Force (North)
Q2: What it located through Canada's Northern Regions?
A2: a chain of forward operating locations
Q3: What can each forwarding operation location provide?
A3: fighter operations
Q4: What squadrons deploy to these locations?
A4: CF-18 squadrons
Q5: What patrols are organized from these locations?
A5: Arctic sovereignty patrols.
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Topic: History

The RCC attempted to suppress regional and tribal affiliation, replacing it with a unified pan-Libyan identity. In doing so, they tried discrediting tribal leaders as agents of the old regime, and in August 1971 a Sabha military court tried many of them for counter-revolutionary activity. Long-standing administrative boundaries were re-drawn, crossing tribal boundaries, while pro-revolutionary modernizers replaced traditional leaders, but the communities they served often rejected them. Realizing the failures of the modernizers, Gaddafi created the Arab Socialist Union (ASU), a mass mobilization vanguard party of which he was president. The ASU recognized the RCC as its "Supreme Leading Authority", and was designed to further revolutionary enthusiasm throughout the country.

Q1: What sort of identity was promoted by the RCC?
A1: pan-Libyan
Q2: What identities did the RCC try to dissuade?
A2: regional and tribal
Q3: What were tribal leaders accused of in 1971?
A3: counter-revolutionary activity
Q4: Where was the military court located that tried the tribal leaders in 1971?
A4: Sabha
Q5: Of what party did Gaddafi become president in this period?
A5: Arab Socialist Union
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Topic: History

The RCC implemented measures for social reform, adopting sharia as a basis. The consumption of alcohol was banned, night clubs and Christian churches were shut down, traditional Libyan dress was encouraged, while Arabic was decreed as the only language permitted in official communications and on road signs. From 1969 to 1973, the RCC introduced social welfare programs funded with oil money, which led to house-building projects and improved healthcare and education. In doing so, they greatly expanded the public sector, providing employment for thousands.

Q1: On what philosophy was the RCC's social reforms based?
A1: sharia
Q2: What language was used in official communications by the government of Libya?
A2: Arabic
Q3: During what period were oil-funded programs for social welfare created?
A3: 1969 to 1973
Q4: What religion was suppressed in Libya?
A4: Christian
Q5: What beverage did the Libyan government ban?
A5: alcohol
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
Topic: Art and architecture

The RIBA Guide to its Archive and History (1986) has a section on the "Statutory registration of architects" with a bibliography extending from a draft bill of 1887 to one of 1969. The Guide's section on "Education" records the setting up in 1904 of the RIBA Board of Architectural Education, and the system by which any school which applied for recognition, whose syllabus was approved by the Board and whose examinations were conducted by an approved external examiner, and whose standard of attainment was guaranteed by periodical inspections by a "Visiting Board" from the BAE, could be placed on the list of "recognized schools" and its successful students could qualify for exemption from RIBA examinations.

Q1: When does the Royal Institute's Guide indicate the first RIBA Board was established?
A1: 1904
Q2: What school document had to meet the standards of the Board for admittance?
A2: syllabus
Q3: What was necessary for testing in schools applying to the RIBA Board?
A3: an approved external examiner
Q4: What body carried out on-site inspection of member schools of the RIBA Board?
A4: Visiting Board
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
Topic: Art and architecture

The RIBA has three parts to the education process: Part I which is generally a three-year first degree, a year-out of at least one year work experience in an architectural practice precedes the Part II which is generally a two-year post graduate diploma or masters. A further year out must be taken before the RIBA Part III professional exams can be taken. Overall it takes a minimum of seven years before an architecture student can seek chartered status.

Q1: What is the first step in the Royal Institute's guidelines for education?
A1: three-year first degree
Q2: What is required by the second stage in the education provisions set out by RIBA?
A2: a two-year post graduate diploma or masters
Q3: What does the third part of the Royal Institute's educational process contain?
A3: professional exams
Q4: How long does it take, at the least, for a student to be eligible for the title of Chartered?
A4: seven years
Q5: What occurs between the second and third parts of the education process prescribed by the Royal Institute?
A5: A further year out
Title: Royal_Institute_of_British_Architects
Topic: Art and architecture

The RIBA is a member organisation, with 44,000 members. Chartered Members are entitled to call themselves chartered architects and to append the post-nominals RIBA after their name; Student Members are not permitted to do so. Formerly, fellowships of the institute were granted, although no longer; those who continue to hold this title instead add FRIBA.

Q1: How many people have membership in the Royal Institute?
A1: 44,000
Q2: What can chartered members of RIBA add to their name to indicate their status?
A2: RIBA
Q3: What type of Royal Institute members are not able to use the organization's acronym after their names?
A3: Student Members
Q4: What is not provided by the Royal Institute anymore?
A4: fellowships
Q5: Fellows of the Royal Institute can use what abbreviation with their names?
A5: FRIBA
Title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic
Topic: History

The RSFSR was established on November 7, 1917 (October Revolution) as a sovereign state. The first Constitution was adopted in 1918. In 1922 the Russian SFSR signed the Treaty on the Creation of the USSR.

Q1: On what date was the RSFSR established?
A1: November 7, 1917
Q2: What event led to the establishment of the RSFSR?
A2: October Revolution
Q3: In what year was the Constitution adopted?
A3: 1918
Q4: The Treaty on the Creation of the USSR was signed in what year?
A4: 1922
Title: New_Delhi
Topic: Geography and places

The Rajpath which was built similar to the Champs-Élysées in Paris is the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India located in New Delhi. The annual Republic Day parade takes place here on 26 January.

Q1: The Rajpath was constructed similarly to what famous Parisian street?
A1: the Champs-Élysées
Q2: What is the name of the ceremonial boulevard for the Republic of India in New Delhi?
A2: The Rajpath
Q3: On what boulevard does the Republic Day parade take place each year?
A3: The Rajpath
Q4: What annual parade takes place on the Rajpath each January?
A4: Republic Day parade
Q5: On which date is the annual Republic Day parade held in New Delhi?
A5: 26 January
Title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

The Raleigh Parks and Recreation Department offers a wide variety of leisure opportunities at more than 150 sites throughout the city, which include: 8,100 acres (33 km2) of park land, 78 miles (126 km) of greenway, 22 community centers, a BMX championship-caliber race track, 112 tennis courts among 25 locations, 5 public lakes, and 8 public aquatic facilities. The J. C. Raulston Arboretum, an 8-acre (32,000 m²) arboretum and botanical garden in west Raleigh administered by North Carolina State University, maintains a year-round collection that is open daily to the public without charge.

Q1: How many sites are throughout Raleigh?
A1: 150
Q2: What are there 8,100 acres of in Raleigh?
A2: park land,
Q3: What type of race track is in Raleigh?
A3: BMX championship-caliber
Q4: How many public lakes are in Raleigh?
A4: 5 public lakes,
Q5: What is the name of the arboretum?
A5: J. C. Raulston Arboretum
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

The Rambla is an avenue that goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo. The literal meaning of the Spanish word rambla is "avenue" or "watercourse", but in the Americas it is mostly used as "coastal avenue", and since all the southern departments of Uruguay border either the Río de la Plata or the Atlantic Ocean, they all have ramblas as well. As an integral part of Montevidean identity, the Rambla has been included by Uruguay in the Indicative List of World Heritage sites, though it has not received this status. Previously, the entire Rambla was called Rambla Naciones Unidas ("United Nations"), but in recent times different names have been given to specific parts of it.

Q1: What avenue goes along the entire coastline of Montevideo?
A1: The Rambla
Q2: Avenue or Watercourse is the literal meaning of what Spanish word?
A2: rambla
Q3: In the Americas rambla is mostly used to refer to what?
A3: "coastal avenue"
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The ReWritable Audio CD is designed to be used in a consumer audio CD recorder, which will not (without modification) accept standard CD-RW discs. These consumer audio CD recorders use the Serial Copy Management System (SCMS), an early form of digital rights management (DRM), to conform to the United States' Audio Home Recording Act (AHRA). The ReWritable Audio CD is typically somewhat more expensive than CD-RW due to (a) lower volume and (b) a 3% AHRA royalty used to compensate the music industry for the making of a copy.

Q1: What does SCMS stand for?
A1: Serial Copy Management System
Q2: What does DRM stand for?
A2: digital rights management
Q3: What does AHRA stand for?
A3: Audio Home Recording Act
Q4: What type of CD is intended to be used in a Consumer audio CD Recorder?
A4: ReWritable Audio CD
Q5: Which is less expensive, the ReWritable Audio CD or a CD-RW?
A5: CD-RW
Title: Film_speed
Topic: Engineering and technology

The Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique, new in the 2006 version of the standard, allows the manufacturer to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily. The choices are based solely on the manufacturer’s opinion of what EI values produce well-exposed sRGB images at the various sensor sensitivity settings. This is the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space. This is also the only technique available under the standard when multi-zone metering (also called pattern metering) is used.

Q1: What option does the Recommended Exposure Index give manufacturers? 
A1: to specify a camera model’s EI choices arbitrarily
Q2: What is another name for multi-zone metering?
A2: pattern metering
Q3: What distinction does the Recommended Exposure Index have?
A3: the only technique available under the standard for output formats that are not in the sRGB color space
Q4: When was the Recommended Exposure Index introduced?
A4: 2006
Q5: What is the only technique that can be used when multi-zone metering is used?
A5: Recommended Exposure Index (REI) technique
Title: Southern_Europe
Topic: Geography and places

The Reconquista of Portugal and Spain led to a series of oceanic explorations resulting in the Age of Discovery that established direct links with Africa, the Americas, and Asia, while religious wars continued to be fought in Europe, which ended in 1648 with the Peace of Westphalia. The Spanish crown maintained its hegemony in Europe and was the leading power on the continent until the signing of the Treaty of the Pyrenees, which ended a conflict between Spain and France that had begun during the Thirty Years' War. An unprecedented series of major wars and political revolutions took place around Europe and indeed the world in the period between 1610 and 1700. Observers at the time, and many historians since, have argued that wars caused the revolutions. Galileo Galilei, invented the telescope and the thermometer which allowed him to observe and describe the solar system. Leonardo da Vinci painted the most famous work in the world. Guglielmo Marconi invented the radio.

Q1: Which countries initiated the Age of Exploration following the Reconquista?
A1: Portugal and Spain
Q2: When did religious conflict end in Europe?
A2: 1648
Q3: Between which two nations was the Treaty of the Pyrenees signed?
A3: Spain and France
Q4: Which scientist developed a means of viewing space?
A4: Galileo Galilei
Q5: Who was responsible for creating the first radio?
A5: Guglielmo Marconi
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The Red Book audio specification, except for a simple "anti-copy" statement in the subcode, does not include any copy protection mechanism. Known at least as early as 2001, attempts were made by record companies to market "copy-protected" non-standard compact discs, which cannot be ripped, or copied, to hard drives or easily converted to MP3s. One major drawback to these copy-protected discs is that most will not play on either computer CD-ROM drives or some standalone CD players that use CD-ROM mechanisms. Philips has stated that such discs are not permitted to bear the trademarked Compact Disc Digital Audio logo because they violate the Red Book specifications. Numerous copy-protection systems have been countered by readily available, often free, software.

Q1: When did record companies first attempt to protect their CDs from copying?
A1: 2001
Q2: Who said that protected CDs are not allowed to carry the CDDA logo?
A2: Philips
Q3: Where does the Red Book mention copy protection?
A3: in the subcode
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

The Red Cross Society of China flew 557 tents and 2,500 quilts valued at 788,000 yuan (US$113,000) to Wenchuan County. The Amity Foundation already began relief work in the region and has earmarked US$143,000 for disaster relief. The Sichuan Ministry of Civil Affairs said that they have provided 30,000 tents for those left homeless.

Q1: How many tents were flown to the region?
A1: 557
Q2: How many quilts were flown to the region?
A2: 2,500
Q3: How much were both supplies worth?
A3: 788,000 yuan
Q4: What county were the supplies flown to?
A4: Wenchuan County
Q5: How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry provide for the homeless?
A5: 30,000
Q6: What group took tents and quilts to Wenchuan county?
A6: Red Cross Society of China
Q7: How much has the Amity Foundation designated for disaster relief?
A7: US$143,000
Q8: How many tents did the Sichuan Ministry of Affairs provide?
A8: 30,000
Q9: What were all these tents and quilts for?
A9: those left homeless
Q10: What foundation had already begun relief work in the area?
A10: The Amity Foundation
Title: Pub
Topic: History

The Red Lion in Parliament Square is close to the Palace of Westminster and is consequently used by political journalists and members of parliament. The pub is equipped with a Division bell that summons MPs back to the chamber when they are required to take part in a vote. The Punch Bowl, Mayfair was at one time jointly owned by Madonna and Guy Ritchie. The Coleherne public house in Earls Court was a well-known gay pub from the 1950s. It attracted many well-known patrons, such as Freddie Mercury, Kenny Everett and Rudolph Nureyev. It was used by the serial-killer Colin Ireland to pick up victims.

Q1: Where is the Red Lion located?
A1: Parliament Square
Q2: What notable feature of the Red Lion reflects its parliamentary connection?
A2: a Division bell
Q3: Who owned the Punch Bowl with Guy Ritchie?
A3: Madonna
Q4: In what district of London was the Punch Bowl located?
A4: Mayfair
Q5: What pub was visited by Freddie Mercury?
A5: The Coleherne
Title: Lancashire
Topic: Geography and places

The Red Rose of Lancaster is the county flower found on the county's heraldic badge and flag. The rose was a symbol of the House of Lancaster, immortalised in the verse "In the battle for England's head/York was white, Lancaster red" (referring to the 15th-century Wars of the Roses). The traditional Lancashire flag, a red rose on a white field, was not officially registered. When an attempt was made to register it with the Flag Institute it was found that it was officially registered by Montrose in Scotland, several hundred years earlier with the Lyon Office. Lancashire's official flag is registered as a red rose on a gold field.

Q1: What is the county flower of Lancaster?
A1: The Red Rose of Lancaster
Q2: Where can the red rose of lancaster be found?
A2: on the county's heraldic badge and flag
Q3: What is on the traditional Lancashire flag?
A3: a red rose on a white field
Q4: What is on the official Lancashire flag?
A4: red rose on a gold field
Q5: Whos flag officially is a red rose on a white field?
A5: Montrose in Scotland
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

The Reed Dance today is not an ancient ceremony but a development of the old "umchwasho" custom. In "umchwasho", all young girls were placed in a female age-regiment. If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine of one cow to the local chief. After a number of years, when the girls had reached a marriageable age, they would perform labour service for the Queen Mother, ending with dancing and feasting. The country was under the chastity rite of "umchwasho" until 19 August 2005.

Q1: Until what date was Swaziland bound by umchwasho?
A1: 19 August 2005
Q2: What occurs during the custom of umchwaso in Swaziland?
A2: If any girl became pregnant outside of marriage, her family paid a fine
Q3: Who became bound by umchwaso in Swaziland?
A3: all young girls
Q4: From where did the Reed Dance originate?
A4: the old "umchwasho" custom
Q5: What would the end of umchwasho be marked with?
A5: dancing and feasting
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The Reformation in Europe officially began in 1517 with Martin Luther (1483–1546) and his 95 Theses. The Reformation greatly changed the Baltic region. Its ideas came quickly to the Livonian Confederation and by the 1520s were widespread. Language, education, religion and politics were transformed. Church services were now conducted in the vernacular instead of in Latin, previously used. During the Livonian War in 1561, northern Estonia submitted to Swedish control. In the 1560s two voivodeships of present-day southern Estonia, Dorpat Voivodeship (Tartu region) and Parnawa Voivodeship (Pärnu region), became the autonomous Duchy of Livonia within the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, under joint control of the Polish Crown and the Grand Duchy. In 1629, mainland Estonia came entirely under Swedish rule. Estonia was administratively divided between the provinces of Estonia in the north and Livonia in southern Estonia and northern Latvia. This division persisted until the early twentieth century.

Q1: When did the The Reformation in Europe start?
A1: 1517
Q2: Who led the The Reformation in Europe?
A2: Martin Luther
Q3: What was the year of Martin Luther's death?
A3: 1546
Q4: What parts of society did the Reformation change?
A4: Language, education, religion and politics
Q5: What was the previous language of the church?
A5: Latin
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has 150 congregations and 17 000–20 000 members. It was a mission of the Free Presbyterian church of Scotland. The Restored Reformed Church works with RPCM. Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi is an existing small church. Part of the Presbyterian Church in Malawi and Zambia is known as CCAP, Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian. Often the churches there have one main congregation and a number of Prayer Houses develop. education, health ministries as well as worship and spiritual development are important.

Q1: The Reformed Presbyterian Church in Malawi has a range of members between what amounts?
A1: 17 000–20 000 members
Q2: Which church is affiliated with the Evangelical Presbyterian Church in Malawi?
A2: Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian
Q3: The Church of Central Africa-Presbyterian often offers what services?
A3: education, health ministries as well as worship
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

The Region of Île de France, including Paris and its surrounding communities, is governed by the Regional Council, which has its headquarters in the 7th arrondissement of Paris. It is composed of 209 members representing the different communes within the region. On December 15, 2015, a list of candidates of the Union of the Right, a coalition of centrist and right-wing parties, led by Valérie Pécresse, narrowly won the regional election, defeating a coalition of Socialists and ecologists. The Socialists had governed the region for seventeen years. In 2016, the new regional council will have 121 members from the Union of the Right, 66 from the Union of the Left and 22 from the extreme right National Front.

Q1: In which district is the Regional Coucil housed?
A1: 7th
Q2: For how many years did the socialists governed the region?
A2: seventeen
Q3: How many council members will they have in 2016 from the union of the Right?
A3: 121
Q4: Who led the Union of the Right?
A4: Valérie Pécresse
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation
Topic: Social sciences and society

The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet. This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying (called by the foundation the "Omni-Ingestor") and fecal sludge processing (called "Omni-Processor"). The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients with the potential to develop local business and revenue.

Q1: What is reinvent the toilet trying to develop
A1: The Reinvent the Toilet Challenge is a long-term research and development effort to develop a hygienic, stand-alone toilet
Q2: What compliments the challenge 
A2: This challenge is being complemented by another investment program to develop new technologies for improved pit latrine emptying
Q3: What does the Omni processor do
A3: The aim of the "Omni Processor" is to convert excreta (for example fecal sludge) into beneficial products such as energy and soil nutrients
Title: Classical_music
Topic: Music

The Renaissance era was from 1400 to 1600. It was characterized by greater use of instrumentation, multiple interweaving melodic lines, and the use of the first bass instruments. Social dancing became more widespread, so musical forms appropriate to accompanying dance began to standardize.

Q1: When was the Renaissance era?
A1: from 1400 to 1600
Q2: What era was from 1400 to 1600? 
A2: Renaissance
Q3: The use of the first ass instruments occurred in what era?
A3: Renaissance
Q4: What became widespread in the Renaissance era?
A4: Social dancing
Q5: Musical forms for dance began to standardize during what era?
A5: Renaissance
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

The Republic of Cyprus has de jure sovereignty over the island of Cyprus and its surrounding waters, according to international law, except for the British Overseas Territory of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, administered as Sovereign Base Areas. However, the Republic of Cyprus is de facto partitioned into two main parts; the area under the effective control of the Republic, comprising about 59% of the island's area, and the north, administered by the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, which is recognised only by Turkey, covering about 36% of the island's area. The international community considers the northern part of the island as territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces. The occupation is viewed as illegal under international law, amounting to illegal occupation of EU territory since Cyprus became a member of the European Union.

Q1: The Republic of Cyprus does not have de jure sovereignty over what two British territories? 
A1: Akrotiri and Dhekelia
Q2: How many parts is the Republic of Cyprus partitioned into?
A2: two main parts
Q3: How much area of the island does the Republic control?
A3: 59%
Q4: The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is only recognized by what country?
A4: Turkey
Q5: What does the international community consider the northern part of Cyprus?
A5: territory of the Republic of Cyprus occupied by Turkish forces
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported "free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation". Immanuel Kant considered written communication essential to his conception of the public sphere; once everyone was a part of the "reading public", then society could be said to be enlightened. The people who participated in the Republic of Letters, such as Diderot and Voltaire, are frequently known today as important Enlightenment figures. Indeed, the men who wrote Diderot's Encyclopédie arguably formed a microcosm of the larger "republic".

Q1: What did the Republic of Letters support?
A1: free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation
Q2: Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened?
A2: the "reading public"
Q3: Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters?
A3: Diderot and Voltaire
Q4: What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere?
A4: written communication
Title: Liberia
Topic: History

The Republic of Liberia, beginning as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS), declared its independence on July 26, 1847. The United States did not recognize Liberia's independence until during the American Civil War on February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 1822 and the American Civil War, more than 15,000 freed and free-born Black Americans from United States and 3,198 Afro-Caribbeans relocated to the settlement. The Black American settlers carried their culture with them to Liberia. The Liberian constitution and flag were modeled after the United States. In January 3, 1848 Joseph Jenkins Roberts, a wealthy free-born Black American from Virginia who settled in Liberia, was elected as Liberia's first president after the people proclaimed independence.

Q1: How did the republic of liberia begin?
A1: as a settlement of the American Colonization Society (ACS)
Q2: When did the Republic of Liberia declare it's independence?
A2: July 26, 1847
Q3: When did the united states recognize the republic of Liberia's independence?
A3: February 5, 1862. Between January 7, 182
Q4: How many slaves were freed in the american civil war?
A4: more than 15,000
Q5: What was the Liberian flag and constitution modeled after?
A5: the United States
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

The Republic of the Congo (French: République du Congo), also known as Congo, Congo Republic, West Congo[citation needed], or Congo-Brazzaville, is a country located in Central Africa. It is bordered by five countries: Gabon to the west; Cameroon to the northwest; the Central African Republic to the northeast; the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the east and south; and the Angolan exclave of Cabinda to the southwest.

Q1: What is the French term for the Republic of the Congo?
A1: République du Congo
Q2: Which country lies on Congo's northeast border?
A2: Central African Republic
Q3: Whic country lies on Congo's western border?
A3: Gabon
Q4: Which country lies on Congo's northwest border?
A4: Cameroon
Q5: In what part of Africa is the Congo located?
A5: Central Africa
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

The Republic of the Congo also has large untapped base metal, gold, iron and phosphate deposits. The country is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). The Congolese government signed an agreement in 2009 to lease 200,000 hectares of land to South African farmers to reduce its dependence on imports.

Q1: What precious metals and minerals have yet to be utilized in the Republic of the Congo?
A1: base metal, gold, iron and phosphate
Q2: What business organization is the Congo a member of?
A2: Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa
Q3: How much land did the Congolese government agree to lease to South Africans in 2009?
A3: 200,000 hectares
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

The Republic of the Congo received full independence from France on August 15, 1960. Fulbert Youlou ruled as the country's first president until labour elements and rival political parties instigated a three-day uprising that ousted him. The Congolese military took charge of the country briefly and installed a civilian provisional government headed by Alphonse Massamba-Débat.

Q1: On what date was the Congo made fully independent from colonial rule?
A1: August 15, 1960
Q2: Who was the first leader of the independent Congo?
A2: Fulbert Youlou
Q3: Who replaced Youlou?
A3: Alphonse Massamba-Débat
Q4: Who were responsible for the revolts that ended with Youlou's removal?
A4: labour elements and rival political parties
Q5: Who took control of the company during the transition from Youlou to Debat?
A5: Congolese military
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

The Republic of the Congo's sparse population is concentrated in the southwestern portion of the country, leaving the vast areas of tropical jungle in the north virtually uninhabited. Thus, Congo is one of the most urbanized countries in Africa, with 70% of its total population living in a few urban areas, namely in Brazzaville, Pointe-Noire or one of the small cities or villages lining the 534-kilometre (332 mi) railway which connects the two cities. In rural areas, industrial and commercial activity has declined rapidly in recent years, leaving rural economies dependent on the government for support and subsistence.

Q1: In what part of the country can most of the Congo's citizens be found?
A1: southwest
Q2: How long is the track connecting Brazzaville and Pointe-Noire?
A2: 534-kilometre (332 mi)
Title: Dutch_Republic
Topic: History

The Republic of the United Provinces lasted until a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795 created the Batavian Republic. During this period, republican forces took several major cities of the Netherlands. After initially fleeing, the monarchist forces came back with British, Austrian, and Prussian troops and retook the Netherlands. The republican forces fled to France, but then successfully re-invaded alongside the army of the French republic. After the French Republic became the French Empire under Napoleon, the Batavian Republic was replaced by the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland.

Q1: What events created the Batavian Republic?
A1: a series of republican revolutions in 1783–1795
Q2: The republican forces fled to which country?
A2: France
Q3: The Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland replaced which republic?
A3: the Batavian Republic
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Topic: Geography and places

The Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C. served as president from 1946 to 1952. Cavanaugh's legacy at Notre Dame in the post-war years was devoted to raising academic standards and reshaping the university administration to suit it to an enlarged educational mission and an expanded student body and stressing advanced studies and research at a time when Notre Dame quadrupled in student census, undergraduate enrollment increased by more than half, and graduate student enrollment grew fivefold. Cavanaugh also established the Lobund Institute for Animal Studies and Notre Dame's Medieval Institute. Cavanaugh also presided over the construction of the Nieuwland Science Hall, Fisher Hall, and the Morris Inn, as well as the Hall of Liberal Arts (now O'Shaughnessy Hall), made possible by a donation from I.A. O'Shaughnessy, at the time the largest ever made to an American Catholic university. Cavanaugh also established a system of advisory councils at the university, which continue today and are vital to the university's governance and development

Q1: Which president did Notre Dame have in 1947?
A1: Rev. John J. Cavanaugh, C.S.C.
Q2: Around the time that Rev. Cavanaugh became president of Notre Dame by how much did the undergrad student body of Notre Dame increase?
A2: more than half
Q3: Which institute involving animal life did Cavanaugh create at Notre Dame?
A3: Lobund Institute for Animal Studies
Q4: Outside of an institute studying animals, what other institute did Cavanugh create at Notre Dame?
A4: Medieval Institute
Q5: What is O'Shaughnessy Hall of Notre Dame formerly known as?
A5: Hall of Liberal Arts
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Topic: Geography and places

The Rev. Theodore Hesburgh, C.S.C., (1917–2015) served as president for 35 years (1952–87) of dramatic transformations. In that time the annual operating budget rose by a factor of 18 from $9.7 million to $176.6 million, and the endowment by a factor of 40 from $9 million to $350 million, and research funding by a factor of 20 from $735,000 to $15 million. Enrollment nearly doubled from 4,979 to 9,600, faculty more than doubled 389 to 950, and degrees awarded annually doubled from 1,212 to 2,500.

Q1: What was the lifespan of Theodore Hesburgh?
A1: 1917–2015
Q2: During what years was Theodor Hesburgh president of Notre Dame?
A2: 1952–87
Q3: In the time that Hesburgh was president of Notre Dame by what factor did the operating budget increase?
A3: 18
Q4: What was the size of the Notre Dame endowment when Theodore Hesburgh became president?
A4: $9 million
Q5: How many faculty members were at Notre Dame when Hesburgh left the role of president?
A5: 950
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Topic: Geography and places

The Review of Politics was founded in 1939 by Gurian, modeled after German Catholic journals. It quickly emerged as part of an international Catholic intellectual revival, offering an alternative vision to positivist philosophy. For 44 years, the Review was edited by Gurian, Matthew Fitzsimons, Frederick Crosson, and Thomas Stritch. Intellectual leaders included Gurian, Jacques Maritain, Frank O'Malley, Leo Richard Ward, F. A. Hermens, and John U. Nef. It became a major forum for political ideas and modern political concerns, especially from a Catholic and scholastic tradition.

Q1: Gurian created what in 1939 at Notre Dame?
A1: The Review of Politics
Q2: What was the Review of Politics inspired by?
A2: German Catholic journals
Q3: Over how many years did Gurian edit the Review of Politics at Notre Dame?
A3: 44
Q4: Thomas Stritch was an editor of which publican from Notre Dame?
A4: Review of Politics
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

The Revolutionary War soldier Nathan Hale (Yale 1773) was the prototype of the Yale ideal in the early 19th century: a manly yet aristocratic scholar, equally well-versed in knowledge and sports, and a patriot who "regretted" that he "had but one life to lose" for his country. Western painter Frederic Remington (Yale 1900) was an artist whose heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West. The fictional, turn-of-the-20th-century Yale man Frank Merriwell embodied the heroic ideal without racial prejudice, and his fictional successor Frank Stover in the novel Stover at Yale (1911) questioned the business mentality that had become prevalent at the school. Increasingly the students turned to athletic stars as their heroes, especially since winning the big game became the goal of the student body, and the alumni, as well as the team itself.

Q1: What was Nathan Hale famous for?
A1: Revolutionary War soldier
Q2: What profession did Frederic Remington hold?
A2: artist
Q3: What was the name of the protagonist of "Stover at Yale"?
A3: Frank Stover
Q4: What turned into the goal of the student body?
A4: winning the big game
Q5: What were the subjects of Frederic Remington's paintings?
A5: heroes gloried in combat and tests of strength in the Wild West