LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

The study of genocide has mainly been focused towards the legal aspect of the term. By formally recognizing the act of genocide as a crime, involves the undergoing prosecution that begins with not only seeing genocide as outrageous past any moral standpoint but also may be a legal liability within international relations. When genocide is looked at in a general aspect it is viewed as the deliberate killing of a certain group. Yet is commonly seen to escape the process of trial and prosecution due to the fact that genocide is more often than not committed by the officials in power of a state or area. In 1648 before the term genocide had been coined, the Peace of Westphalia was established to protect ethnic, national, racial and in some instances religious groups. During the 19th century humanitarian intervention was needed due to the fact of conflict and justification of some of the actions executed by the military.

Q1: What has been the primary focus in the study of genocide?
A1: legal aspect of the term
Q2: In prosecuting genocide, what must the act be formally acknowledged as?
A2: a crime
Q3: In a general aspect, what is genocide viewed as?
A3: the deliberate killing of a certain group
Q4: In trials of genocidal crimes, what responsibly party is difficult to prosecute? 
A4: officials in power of a state or area
Q5: Long before genocide was established as a legal term, what treaty was in place to protect various groups from persecution and mass killings?
A5: the Peace of Westphalia
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

The study of kinship and social organization is a central focus of sociocultural anthropology, as kinship is a human universal. Sociocultural anthropology also covers economic and political organization, law and conflict resolution, patterns of consumption and exchange, material culture, technology, infrastructure, gender relations, ethnicity, childrearing and socialization, religion, myth, symbols, values, etiquette, worldview, sports, music, nutrition, recreation, games, food, festivals, and language (which is also the object of study in linguistic anthropology).

Q1: Why type of anthropology is the study of social organization a central focus of?
A1: Sociocultural
Q2: Why type of conflict is sociocultural anthropology interested in?
A2: resolution
Q3: What patterns does sociocultural anthropology get up in the morning to learn about?
A3: consumption and exchange
Q4: What is the object of study for linguistic anthropology?
A4: language
Q5: What is a human universal?
A5: kinship
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

The study of plants is vital because they underpin almost all animal life on Earth by generating a large proportion of the oxygen and food that provide humans and other organisms with aerobic respiration with the chemical energy they need to exist. Plants, algae and cyanobacteria are the major groups of organisms that carry out photosynthesis, a process that uses the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into sugars that can be used both as a source of chemical energy and of organic molecules that are used in the structural components of cells. As a by-product of photosynthesis, plants release oxygen into the atmosphere, a gas that is required by nearly all living things to carry out cellular respiration. In addition, they are influential in the global carbon and water cycles and plant roots bind and stabilise soils, preventing soil erosion. Plants are crucial to the future of human society as they provide food, oxygen, medicine, and products for people, as well as creating and preserving soil.

Q1: Why are plants important to human life?
A1: oxygen and food
Q2: What is the process that converts sunlight to energy?
A2: photosynthesis
Q3: What is used to rebuild cells?
A3: organic molecules
Q4: What vital element is a byproduct of photosynthesis?
A4: oxygen
Q5: What do plant roots prevent?
A5: soil erosion
Title: Avicenna
Topic: Language and literature

The study of the Quran and the Hadith thrived in such a scholarly atmosphere. Philosophy, Fiqh and theology (kalaam) were further developed, most noticeably by Avicenna and his opponents. Al-Razi and Al-Farabi had provided methodology and knowledge in medicine and philosophy. Avicenna had access to the great libraries of Balkh, Khwarezm, Gorgan, Rey, Isfahan and Hamadan. Various texts (such as the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar) show that he debated philosophical points with the greatest scholars of the time. Aruzi Samarqandi describes how before Avicenna left Khwarezm he had met Al-Biruni (a famous scientist and astronomer), Abu Nasr Iraqi (a renowned mathematician), Abu Sahl Masihi (a respected philosopher) and Abu al-Khayr Khammar (a great physician).

Q1: What was one subject that Avicenna further developed?
A1: theology
Q2: Who is another philosopher during this Islamic Golden Age?
A2: Al-Farabi
Q3: What is the name of one library that Avicenna had access to?
A3: Hamadan
Q4: Who was the famous astronomer that Avicenna met before he left Khwarezm?
A4: Al-Biruni
Q5: What text was proof that Avicenna debated philosophy with some of the greatest scholars of the time?
A5: the 'Ahd with Bahmanyar
Title: Immunology
Topic: Natural sciences

The study of the molecular and cellular components that comprise the immune system, including their function and interaction, is the central science of immunology. The immune system has been divided into a more primitive innate immune system and, in vertebrates, an acquired or adaptive immune system. The latter is further divided into humoral (or antibody) and cell-mediated components.

Q1: What is the basic, primitive part of the immune system known as?
A1: innate immune system
Q2: Vertebrates also have what type of immune system component?
A2: acquired or adaptive immune system
Q3: What is one type of adaptive immune system component?
A3: humoral (or antibody)
Q4: Name the other type of adaptive immune system component?
A4: cell-mediated
Q5: The total immune system is generally composed of what types of structures?
A5: molecular and cellular components
Title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives
Topic: History

The style and role of any minority leader is influenced by a variety of elements, including personality and contextual factors, such as the size and cohesion of the minority party, whether his or her party controls the White House, the general political climate in the House, and the controversy that is sometimes associated with the legislative agenda. Despite the variability of these factors, there are a number of institutional obligations associated with this position. Many of these assignments or roles are spelled out in the House rule book. Others have devolved upon the position in other ways. To be sure, the minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative—to assist in carrying out diverse leadership functions. Worth emphasis is that there are limits on the institutional role of the minority leader, because the majority party exercises disproportionate influence over the agenda, partisan ratios on committees, staff resources, administrative operations, and the day-to-day schedule and management of floor activities.

Q1: What influences role of minority leader?
A1: personality and contextual factors
Q2: Obligations for minority leader are stated in what document?
A2: House rule book.
Q3: How is the minority leader able to accomplish addition demands and tasks?
A3: minority leader is provided with extra staff resources—beyond those accorded him or her as a Representative
Title: Georgian_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The style of Georgian buildings is very variable, but marked by a taste for symmetry and proportion based on the classical architecture of Greece and Rome, as revived in Renaissance architecture. Ornament is also normally in the classical tradition, but typically rather restrained, and sometimes almost completely absent on the exterior. The period brought the vocabulary of classical architecture to smaller and more modest buildings than had been the case before, replacing English vernacular architecture (or becoming the new vernacular style) for almost all new middle-class homes and public buildings by the end of the period.

Q1: What classical architecture is Georgian architecture based on?
A1: Greece and Rome
Q2: What type of architecture did Georgian replace?
A2: English vernacular architecture
Q3: Where is ornament typically not found in Georgian architecture?
A3: the exterior
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

The style of Japanese professional wrestling (puroresu) is again different. With its origins in traditional American style of wrestling and still being under the same genre, it has become an entity in itself. Despite the similarity to its American counterpart in that the outcome of the matches remains predetermined, the phenomena are different in the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport; it is treated as a full contact combat sport as it mixes hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds, while in the U.S. it is rather more regarded as an entertainment show. Wrestlers incorporate kicks and strikes from martial arts disciplines, and a strong emphasis is placed on submission wrestling, and unlike the use of involved storylines in the U.S., they are not as intricate in Japan, more emphasis is placed on the concept of Fighting Spirit, meaning the Wrestlers display of physical and mental stamina are valued a lot more than theatrics. Many of Japan's wrestlers including top stars such as Shinya Hashimoto, Riki Choshu and Keiji Mutoh came from a legitimate martial arts background and many Japanese wrestlers in the 1990s began to pursue careers in mixed martial arts organizations such as Pancrase and Shooto which at the time retained the original look of puroresu, but were actual competitions.

Q1: How is Japanese wrestling similar to American?
A1: outcome of the matches remains predetermined
Q2: How does Japanese wrestling differ? 
A2: the form of the psychology and presentation of the sport
Q3: What does Japanese wrestling combine?
A3: hard hitting martial arts strikes with shoot style submission holds
Q4: What is the emphasis placed on in Japanese wrestling? 
A4: Fighting Spirit
Q5: What is a common background for a Japanese wrestler? 
A5: legitimate martial arts
Title: Georgian_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The styles that resulted fall within several categories. In the mainstream of Georgian style were both Palladian architecture— and its whimsical alternatives, Gothic and Chinoiserie, which were the English-speaking world's equivalent of European Rococo. From the mid-1760s a range of Neoclassical modes were fashionable, associated with the British architects Robert Adam, James Gibbs, Sir William Chambers, James Wyatt, George Dance the Younger, Henry Holland and Sir John Soane. John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of the late Georgian era known as The Regency style, he was responsible for designing large areas of London. Greek Revival architecture was added to the repertory, beginning around 1750, but increasing in popularity after 1800. Leading exponents were William Wilkins and Robert Smirke.

Q1: What are the whimsical alternatives of Palladian architecture?
A1: Gothic and Chinoiserie
Q2: Gothic and Chinoiserie were the English-speaking world's equivalent of what style?
A2: European Rococo
Q3: John Nash was one of the most prolific architects of which style?
A3: The Regency style
Q4: Who were two leading exponent of the Greek Revival style?
A4: William Wilkins and Robert Smirke
Q5: Around what year was the Greek Revival added to the repertory?
A5: around 1750
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

The subsequent 1912 Salon des Indépendants was marked by the presentation of Marcel Duchamp's Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2, which itself caused a scandal, even amongst the Cubists. It was in fact rejected by the hanging committee, which included his brothers and other Cubists. Although the work was shown in the Salon de la Section d'Or in October 1912 and the 1913 Armory Show in New York, Duchamp never forgave his brothers and former colleagues for censoring his work. Juan Gris, a new addition to the Salon scene, exhibited his Portrait of Picasso (Art Institute of Chicago), while Metzinger's two showings included La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912 (National Gallery of Denmark). Delaunay's monumental La Ville de Paris (Musée d'art moderne de la Ville de Paris) and Léger's La Noce, The Wedding (Musée National d'Art Moderne, Paris) were also exhibited.

Q1: Which Duchamp presentation was displayed in the 1912 Salon des Independants?
A1: Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2
Q2:  Was Duchamp's work considered controversial when displayed in 1912?
A2: caused a scandal
Q3: What were one of  Metzingers two showings in 1912's Salon des Independants? 
A3: La Femme au Cheval (Woman with a horse) 1911-1912
Title: Liberia
Topic: History

The subsequent 2005 elections were internationally regarded as the most free and fair in Liberian history. Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance, was elected as the first female president in Africa. Upon her inauguration, Sirleaf requested the extradition of Taylor from Nigeria and transferred him to the SCSL for trial in The Hague. In 2006, the government established a Truth and Reconciliation Commission to address the causes and crimes of the civil war.

Q1: The 2005 elections were known as what?
A1: the most free and fair in Liberian history
Q2: Who is ellen johnson sirleaf?
A2: a Harvard-trained economist and former Minister of Finance
Q3: Who was elected the first female president of Africa?
A3: Ellen Johnson Sirleaf
Q4: Movement For democracy in Liberia requested the extradition of whom"
A4: Taylor from Nigeria
Q5: What was created to address the causes of civil war?
A5: Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

The subsequent Slave dynasty of Delhi managed to conquer large areas of northern India, while the Khilji dynasty conquered most of central India but were ultimately unsuccessful in conquering and uniting the subcontinent. The Sultanate ushered in a period of Indian cultural renaissance. The resulting "Indo-Muslim" fusion of cultures left lasting syncretic monuments in architecture, music, literature, religion, and clothing. It is surmised that the language of Urdu (literally meaning "horde" or "camp" in various Turkic dialects) was born during the Delhi Sultanate period as a result of the intermingling of the local speakers of Sanskritic Prakrits with immigrants speaking Persian, Turkic, and Arabic under the Muslim rulers. The Delhi Sultanate is the only Indo-Islamic empire to enthrone one of the few female rulers in India, Razia Sultana (1236–1240).

Q1: What conquered large areas of northern India?
A1: Slave dynasty of Delhi
Q2: What dynasty captured most of central India?
A2: Khilji dynasty
Q3: What language was created during the Delhi Sultanate? 
A3: Urdu
Q4: Who was the only female sultana to be enthroned in a Indo-Islamic empire?
A4: Razia Sultana
Q5: By what is the fusion of Islamic and Indian cultures called?
A5: Indo-Muslim
Title: East_Prussia
Topic: History

The succeeding Prussian reforms instigated by Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg included the implementation of an Oberlandesgericht appellation court at Königsberg, a municipal corporation, economic freedom as well as emancipation of the serfs and Jews. In the course of the Prussian restoration by the 1815 Congress of Vienna, the East Prussian territories were re-arranged in the Regierungsbezirke of Gumbinnen and Königsberg. From 1905, the southern districts of East Prussia formed the separate Regierungsbezirk of Allenstein. East and West Prussia were first united in personal union in 1824, and then merged in a real union in 1829 to form the Province of Prussia. The united province was again split into separate East and West Prussian provinces in 1878.

Q1: Who instigated the Prussian reforms?
A1: Heinrich Friedrich Karl vom und zum Stein and Karl August von Hardenberg
Q2: What was included in the reform?
A2: emancipation of the serfs and Jews
Q3: In what year was East and West Prussia first united?
A3: 1824
Q4: When did East and West Prussia split again?
A4: 1878
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

The success of American Idol has been described as "unparalleled in broadcasting history". The series was also said by a rival TV executive to be "the most impactful show in the history of television". It has become a recognized springboard for launching the career of many artists as bona fide stars. According to Billboard magazine, in its first ten years, "Idol has spawned 345 Billboard chart-toppers and a platoon of pop idols, including Kelly Clarkson, Carrie Underwood, Chris Daughtry, Fantasia, Ruben Studdard, Jennifer Hudson, Clay Aiken, Adam Lambert and Jordin Sparks while remaining a TV ratings juggernaut."

Q1: How many Billboard hits did American Idol produce in its first ten years?
A1: 345
Q2: Who called American Idol "the most impactful show in the history of television"?
A2: a rival TV executive
Q3: Who was a pop idol that started on American Idol?
A3: Fantasia
Q4: How many Billboard chart toppers did American Idol contestants have within the first ten seasons?
A4: 345
Q5: Who said that American Idol is "the most impactful show in the history of televsion?
A5: a rival TV executive
Title: University_of_Notre_Dame
Topic: Geography and places

The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana.

Q1: Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?
A1: the Protestant establishment
Q2: Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?
A2: the Ku Klux Klan
Q3: What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?
A3: a week-long Klavern
Q4: Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?
A4: South Bend
Q5: Which college president of Notre Dame is credited with preventing more confrontations between students and the KKK?
A5: Fr. Matthew Walsh
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency
Topic: Geography and places

The success of the British Commandos during World War II prompted U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt to authorize the creation of an intelligence service modeled after the British Secret Intelligence Service (MI6), and Special Operations Executive. This led to the creation of the Office of Strategic Services (OSS). On September 20, 1945, shortly after the end of World War II, Harry S. Truman signed an executive order dissolving the OSS, and by October 1945 its functions had been divided between the Departments of State and War. The division lasted only a few months. The first public mention of the "Central Intelligence Agency" appeared on a command-restructuring proposal presented by Jim Forrestal and Arthur Radford to the U.S. Senate Military Affairs Committee at the end of 1945. Despite opposition from the military establishment, the United States Department of State and the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), Truman established the National Intelligence Authority in January 1946, which was the direct predecessor of the CIA. Its operational extension was known as the Central Intelligence Group (CIG)

Q1: What president authorized the creation of the intelligence service?
A1: Franklin D. Roosevelt
Q2: Who's secret intelligence service was the US's modeled after?
A2: British
Q3: What does OSS stand for?
A3: Office of Strategic Services
Q4: Who signed the order to get rid of the OSS?
A4: Harry S. Truman
Q5: In what year was the OSS dissolved?
A5: 1945
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The success of the Counter-Reformation on the Continent and the growth of a Puritan party dedicated to further Protestant reform polarised the Elizabethan Age. The early Puritan movement was a movement for reform in the Church of England. The desire was for the Church of England to resemble more closely the Protestant churches of Europe, especially Geneva. The later Puritan movement, often referred to as dissenters and nonconformists, eventually led to the formation of various Reformed denominations.

Q1: The growth of Puritanism happened during what age?
A1: the Elizabethan Age
Q2: The Puritan movement worked on reforming what church?
A2: the Church of England
Q3: What did the Puritans want the Church of England to emulate?
A3: the Protestant churches of Europe
Q4: What was another name for the later Puritan movement?
A4: dissenters and nonconformists
Q5: What did the later Puritan movement create?
A5: various Reformed denominations
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

The success of the show's alumni however has led to a more positive assessment of the show, and the show was described as having "proven it has a valid way to pick talent and a proven way to sell records". While the industry is divided on the show success, its impact is felt particularly strongly in the country music format. According to a CMT exec, reflecting on the success of Idol alumni in the country genre, "if you want to try and get famous fast by going to a cattle call audition on TV, Idol reasonably remains the first choice for anyone," and that country music and Idol "go together well".

Q1: Which music genre has had the most success from American Idol? 
A1: country
Q2: Which genre has felt the impact of Idol the most?
A2: country music
Title: Antibiotics
Topic: History

The successful outcome of antimicrobial therapy with antibacterial compounds depends on several factors. These include host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial. A bactericidal activity of antibacterials may depend on the bacterial growth phase, and it often requires ongoing metabolic activity and division of bacterial cells. These findings are based on laboratory studies, and in clinical settings have also been shown to eliminate bacterial infection. Since the activity of antibacterials depends frequently on its concentration, in vitro characterization of antibacterial activity commonly includes the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of an antibacterial. To predict clinical outcome, the antimicrobial activity of an antibacterial is usually combined with its pharmacokinetic profile, and several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy.

Q1: What does the bactericidal activitty of antibacterials depend on what?
A1: bacterial growth phase
Q2: What does this eliminate?
A2: bacterial infection
Q3: What besides ongoing metabolic activity is required in bactericidal activity?
A3: division of bacterial cells
Q4: What does the activity of antibacterials depends on?
A4: concentration
Q5: What does a successful treatment using antibiotics entail?
A5: host defense mechanisms, the location of infection, and the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of the antibacterial
Q6: What does the potency of antibacterials depend upon?
A6: concentration
Q7: How do you predict the clinical result?
A7: several pharmacological parameters are used as markers of drug efficacy
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The superior god of Oeselians as described by Henry of Latvia was called Tharapita. According to the legend in the chronicle Tharapita was born on a forested mountain in Virumaa (Latin: Vironia), mainland Estonia from where he flew to Oesel, Saaremaa The name Taarapita has been interpreted as "Taara, help!"/"Thor, help!" (Taara a(v)ita in Estonian) or "Taara keeper"/"Thor keeper" (Taara pidaja) Taara is associated with the Scandinavian god Thor. The story of Tharapita's or Taara's flight from Vironia to Saaremaa has been associated with a major meteor disaster estimated to have happened in 660 ± 85 BC that formed Kaali crater in Saaremaa.

Q1: What god did the Oeselians worship?
A1: Tharapita
Q2: Who described Tharapita?
A2: Henry of Latvia
Q3: Where was Tharapita born in his legend story?
A3: on a forested mountain in Virumaa
Q4: What famous Viking God is associated with Tharapita?
A4: Thor
Q5: What event formed a crater in Saaremaa?
A5: meteor disaster
Title: Aircraft_carrier
Topic: Warfare

The superstructure of a carrier (such as the bridge, flight control tower) are concentrated in a relatively small area called an island, a feature pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923. While the island is usually built on the starboard side of the fight deck, the Japanese aircraft carriers Akagi and Hiryū had their islands built on the port side. Very few carriers have been designed or built without an island. The flush deck configuration proved to have significant drawbacks, primary of which was management of the exhaust from the power plant. Fumes coming across the deck were a major issue in USS Langley. In addition, lack of an island meant difficulties managing the flight deck, performing air traffic control, a lack of radar housing placements and problems with navigating and controlling the ship itself.

Q1: What feature was pioneered on the HMS Hermes in 1923?
A1: an island
Q2: What is concentrated in the small area called an island?
A2: The superstructure of a carrier
Q3: Other than Japanese carriers, which side of the flight deck are islands typically built on?
A3: starboard
Q4: What was the biggest drawback to the flush deck configuration?
A4: management of the exhaust from the power plant
Q5: What was a major issue in the USS Langley?
A5: Fumes coming across the deck
Title: Miami
Topic: Geography and places

The surface bedrock under the Miami area is called Miami oolite or Miami limestone. This bedrock is covered by a thin layer of soil, and is no more than 50 feet (15 m) thick. Miami limestone formed as the result of the drastic changes in sea level associated with recent glaciations or ice ages. Beginning some 130,000 years ago the Sangamonian Stage raised sea levels to approximately 25 feet (8 m) above the current level. All of southern Florida was covered by a shallow sea. Several parallel lines of reef formed along the edge of the submerged Florida plateau, stretching from the present Miami area to what is now the Dry Tortugas. The area behind this reef line was in effect a large lagoon, and the Miami limestone formed throughout the area from the deposition of oolites and the shells of bryozoans. Starting about 100,000 years ago the Wisconsin glaciation began lowering sea levels, exposing the floor of the lagoon. By 15,000 years ago, the sea level had dropped to 300 to 350 feet (90 to 110 m) below the contemporary level. The sea level rose quickly after that, stabilizing at the current level about 4000 years ago, leaving the mainland of South Florida just above sea level.

Q1: What is another name for Miami limestone?
A1: Miami oolite
Q2: How many meters thick is the bedrock under Miami at its maximum?
A2: 15
Q3: What Stage occurred approximately 130,000 years ago?
A3: Sangamonian
Q4: How many meters did the Sangamonian Stage raise sea levels compared to their present level?
A4: 8
Q5: What event caused sea levels to decrease approximately 100,000 years ago?
A5: Wisconsin glaciation
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The sweet wort collected from sparging is put into a kettle, or "copper" (so called because these vessels were traditionally made from copper), and boiled, usually for about one hour. During boiling, water in the wort evaporates, but the sugars and other components of the wort remain; this allows more efficient use of the starch sources in the beer. Boiling also destroys any remaining enzymes left over from the mashing stage. Hops are added during boiling as a source of bitterness, flavour and aroma. Hops may be added at more than one point during the boil. The longer the hops are boiled, the more bitterness they contribute, but the less hop flavour and aroma remains in the beer.

Q1: What is a kettle called that is used to boil sweet wort after sparging?
A1: copper
Q2: How long is sweet wort boiled for after sparging?
A2: about one hour
Q3: What does boiling sweet wort destroy?
A3: enzymes
Q4: What affect do hops have in brewing when they brew for a long time?
A4: bitterness
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

The symbol $, usually written before the numerical amount, is used for the U.S. dollar (as well as for many other currencies). The sign was the result of a late 18th-century evolution of the scribal abbreviation "ps" for the peso, the common name for the Spanish dollars that were in wide circulation in the New World from the 16th to the 19th centuries. These Spanish pesos or dollars were minted in Spanish America, namely in Mexico City, Potosí, Bolivia; and Lima, Peru. The p and the s eventually came to be written over each other giving rise to $.

Q1: Which symbol is used to represent the dollar?
A1: $
Q2: What abbreviation was the dollar sign based off of?
A2: ps
Q3: What was the common name for the Spanish dollar?
A3: peso
Q4: Which century signalled the end of the Spanish dollar?
A4: 19th
Q5: In which region of the world were the Spanish pesos minted?
A5: Spanish America
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

The synagogue in Eshtemoa (As-Samu) was built around the 4th century. The mosaic floor is decorated with only floral and geometric patterns. The synagogue in Khirbet Susiya (excavated in 1971–72, founded in the end of the 4th century) has three mosaic panels, the eastern one depicting a Torah shrine, two menorahs, a lulav and an etrog with columns, deer and rams. The central panel is geometric while the western one is seriously damaged but it has been suggested that it depicted Daniel in the lion’s den. The Roman synagogue in Ein Gedi was remodeled in the Byzantine era and a more elaborate mosaic floor was laid down above the older white panels. The usual geometric design was enriched with birds in the center. It includes the names of the signs of the zodiac and important figures from the Jewish past but not their images suggesting that it served a rather conservative community.

Q1: When was the synagogue in Eshtemoa constructed?
A1: around the 4th century
Q2: What patterns are present on the mosaic at the synagogue in Eshtemoa?
A2: only floral and geometric
Q3: When was the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya re-discovered?
A3: in 1971–72
Q4: How many panels are in the synagogue in Khirbet Susiya?
A4: three
Q5: What do the images at synagogue in Khirbet Susiya suggest about the communities views?
A5: rather conservative
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The synthesis of urea by Friedrich Wöhler opened a new research field, organic chemistry, and by the end of the 19th century, scientists were able to synthesize hundreds of organic compounds. The later part of the 19th century saw the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals, after the exhaustion of the oil supply from whaling. By the 20th century, systematic production of refined materials provided a ready supply of products which provided not only energy, but also synthetic materials for clothing, medicine, and everyday disposable resources. Application of the techniques of organic chemistry to living organisms resulted in physiological chemistry, the precursor to biochemistry. The 20th century also saw the integration of physics and chemistry, with chemical properties explained as the result of the electronic structure of the atom. Linus Pauling's book on The Nature of the Chemical Bond used the principles of quantum mechanics to deduce bond angles in ever-more complicated molecules. Pauling's work culminated in the physical modelling of DNA, the secret of life (in the words of Francis Crick, 1953). In the same year, the Miller–Urey experiment demonstrated in a simulation of primordial processes, that basic constituents of proteins, simple amino acids, could themselves be built up from simpler molecules.

Q1: What scientific act is Friedrich Wohler known for?
A1: The synthesis of urea
Q2: What scientific field did Wohler discover?
A2: organic chemistry
Q3: Late 19th century is marked by what event?
A3: the exploitation of the Earth's petrochemicals
Q4: Mixing organic chemistry with living organisms created what early form of biochemistry?
A4: physiological chemistry
Q5: Who wrote The Nature of the Chemical Bond?
A5: Linus Pauling
Title: PlayStation_3
Topic: Video games

The system displays the What's New screen by default instead of the [Games] menu (or [Video] menu, if a movie was inserted) when starting up. What's New has four sections: "Our Pick", "Recently Played", latest information and new content available in PlayStation Store. There are four kinds of content the What's New screen displays and links to, on the sections. "Recently Played" displays the user's recently played games and online services only, whereas, the other sections can contain website links, links to play videos and access to selected sections of the PlayStation Store.

Q1: How many  different sections does What's New have?
A1: four
Q2: What section of What's New would a user visit to find the games they've played lately?
A2: "Recently Played"
Q3: Before What's New existed, what default screen would show when a user put a movie in their PS3?
A3: Video
Q4: What section of What's New can't show links to websites?
A4: "Recently Played"
Q5: Other than the Video default screen for movies, what menu would the PS3 default to before What's New?
A5: Games
Title: Film_speed
Topic: Engineering and technology

The system was later extended to cover larger ranges and some of its practical shortcomings were addressed by the Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de) (1896–1960), (who, in 1919/1920, jointly developed their Eder–Hecht neutral wedge sensitometer measuring emulsion speeds in Eder–Hecht grades). Still, it remained difficult for manufactures to reliably determine film speeds, often only by comparing with competing products, so that an increasing number of modified semi-Scheiner-based systems started to spread, which no longer followed Scheiner's original procedures and thereby defeated the idea of comparability.

Q1: Who developed a device that improved on the shortcomings of Scheiner's invention?
A1: Austrian scientist Josef Maria Eder (1855–1944) and Flemish-born botanist Walter Hecht (de)
Q2: What did the Eder-Hecht device measure?
A2: emulsion speeds
Q3: What method did manufacturers use much of the time to compare film speeds?
A3: comparing with competing products
Q4: What type of measurement methods began to proliferate?
A4: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Q5: What eliminated comparability?
A5: modified semi-Scheiner-based systems
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

The system was originally targeted for release in the spring of 1985, but the release date was pushed back. After test-marketing in the New York City area in late fall, retailers had reportedly stated the system "failed miserably".[contradictory] While others stated that Nintendo had an excellent nine-week market test in New York last fall Due to the moderate success launch in New York City, Nintendo tried a second time; the system was test-marketed further beginning in February 1986, with the nationwide release occurring in September 1986.

Q1: When was the system originally supposed to be released?
A1: spring of 1985
Q2: Retailers in what test area reported a miserable failure of sales?
A2: New York City
Q3: When was the second time Nintendo test marketed the NES?
A3: February 1986
Q4: When was the nationwide release of the NES?
A4: September 1986
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

The system's launch represented not only a new product, but also a reframing of the severely damaged home video game market segment as a whole. The video game market crash of 1983 had occurred in significant part due to a lack of consumer and retailer confidence in video games, which had in turn been due partially to confusion and misrepresentation in the marketing of video games. Prior to the NES, the packaging of many video games presented bombastic artwork which exaggerated the graphics of the actual game. In terms of product identity, a single game such as Pac-Man would appear in many versions on many different game consoles and computers, with large variations in graphics, sound, and general quality between the versions. By stark contrast, Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed to regain consumer and retailer confidence, by delivering a singular platform whose technology was not in need of heavy exaggeration and whose qualities were clearly defined.

Q1: What year did the video game market crash?
A1: 1983
Q2: The crash was caused in part by the confusion and misrepresentation of what in video games?
A2: marketing
Q3: What specifically was misrepresented on game products?
A3: artwork
Q4: Nintendo's marketing strategy aimed at what aspect of the consumer via realism?
A4: confidence
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

The szlachta ([ˈʂlaxta] ( listen), exonym: Nobility) was a legally privileged noble class with origins in the Kingdom of Poland. It gained considerable institutional privileges between 1333 and 1370 during the reign of King Casimir III the Great.:211 In 1413, following a series of tentative personal unions between the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland, the existing Lithuanian nobility formally joined this class.:211 As the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569–1795) evolved and expanded in territory, its membership grew to include the leaders of Ducal Prussia, Podolian and Ruthenian lands.

Q1: What class was slackta in Poland?
A1: noble class
Q2: Under whos' reign did the szlachta gain institutional privileges?
A2: King Casimir III the Great
Q3: WHich two kingdoms shared tentative personal unions?
A3: Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Crown Kingdom of Poland
Q4: When did the polish-lithuanian commonwealth thrive?
A4: 1569–1795
Q5: What is one leader from the polish-lithuanian common weaith. 
A5: Ducal Prussia
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

The szlachta's prevalent mentality and ideology were manifested in "Sarmatism", a name derived from a myth of the szlachta's origin in the powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians. This belief system became an important part of szlachta culture and affected all aspects of their lives. It was popularized by poets who exalted traditional village life, peace and pacifism. It was also manifested in oriental-style apparel (the żupan, kontusz, sukmana, pas kontuszowy, delia); and made the scimitar-like szabla, too, a near-obligatory item of everyday szlachta apparel. Sarmatism served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility as it created an almost nationalistic sense of unity and pride in the szlachta's "Golden Liberty" (złota wolność). Knowledge of Latin was widespread, and most szlachta freely mixed Polish and Latin vocabulary (the latter, "macaronisms"—from "macaroni") in everyday conversation.

Q1: What was the prevalent mentality and ideology called? 
A1: Sarmatism
Q2: Where did the name sarmatism originate?
A2: powerful ancient nation of Sarmatians
Q3: How did sarmatism effect szlachta culture?
A3: served to integrate the multi-ethnic nobility
Q4: What was also pushed for by result of sarmatism?
A4: peace and pacifism
Q5: What languages were freely mixed?
A5: Polish and Latin
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The target audience of natural history was French polite society, evidenced more by the specific discourse of the genre than by the generally high prices of its works. Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for erudition – many texts had an explicit instructive purpose. However, natural history was often a political affair. As E. C. Spary writes, the classifications used by naturalists "slipped between the natural world and the social ... to establish not only the expertise of the naturalists over the natural, but also the dominance of the natural over the social". The idea of taste (le goût) was a social indicator: to truly be able to categorize nature, one had to have the proper taste, an ability of discretion shared by all members of polite society. In this way natural history spread many of the scientific developments of the time, but also provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class. From this basis, naturalists could then develop their own social ideals based on their scientific works.

Q1: Who was the target audience of natural history?
A1: French polite society
Q2: Many texts had explicit instructive purposes as Naturalists catered to polite society's desire for what?
A2: erudition
Q3: The idea of what quality was a social indicator that provided a new source of legitimacy for the dominant class?
A3: taste (le goût)
Q4: Was the target audience of natural history evidenced more by the price of publications or its specific discourse of the genre?
A4: specific discourse of the genre
Title: United_States_Army
Topic: History

The task of organizing the U.S. Army commenced in 1775. In the first one hundred years of its existence, the United States Army was maintained as a small peacetime force to man permanent forts and perform other non-wartime duties such as engineering and construction works. During times of war, the U.S. Army was augmented by the much larger United States Volunteers which were raised independently by various state governments. States also maintained full-time militias which could also be called into the service of the army.

Q1: What year was the U.S. army organized?
A1: 1775
Q2: What group combined with the U.S. Army?
A2: United States Volunteers
Q3: Who raised the United States Volunteers?
A3: various state governments
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The teachings on the Four Noble Truths are regarded as central to the teachings of Buddhism, and are said to provide a conceptual framework for Buddhist thought. These four truths explain the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome. The four truths are:[note 4]

Q1: What is considered to be central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A1: the Four Noble Truths
Q2: What do the Four Noble Truths explain?
A2: the nature of dukkha (suffering, anxiety, unsatisfactoriness), its causes, and how it can be overcome
Q3: What teachings are the most important to Buddhism?
A3: the Four Noble Truths
Q4: What part of Dukkha deals with pain?
A4: suffering
Q5: What is considered central to the teachings of Buddhism?
A5: Four Noble Truths
Q6: The four truths explain the nature of what?
A6: dukkha
Title: Premier_League
Topic: Sports and recreation

The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League, and the sixth and seventh-placed teams can also qualify, depending on the winners of the two domestic cup competitions i.e. the FA Cup and the Capital One Cup (League Cup). Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament; if the winner of either the FA Cup or League Cup qualifies for the Champions League, then that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League. A further place in the UEFA Europa League is also available via the Fair Play initiative. If the Premier League has one of the three highest Fair Play rankings in Europe, the highest ranked team in the Premier League Fair Play standings which has not already qualified for Europe will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round.

Q1: What will a fifth place Premier League team qualify for?
A1: The team placed fifth in the Premier League automatically qualifies for the UEFA Europa League
Q2: What places are reserved for the FA Cup and the League Cup winners?
A2: Two Europa League places are reserved for the winners of each tournament;
Q3: Why is it important to have a high Fair Play ranking?
A3: will automatically qualify for the UEFA Europa League first qualifying round
Q4: If a team already qualifies for the Champions League and they winner the FA Cup or the League Cup will another team get to qualify for the Champions League?
A4: that place will go to the next-best placed finisher in the Premier League.
Q5: How many Europa League places are reserved for domestic tournament winners?
A5: Two
Q6: To which league is the fifth place Premier League team automatically qualified for?
A6: UEFA Europa League
Q7: The team which has the highest ranking in the Fair Play standings is guaranteed qualification for which qualifying round in the Europa League?
A7: first
Title: Chicago_Cubs
Topic: Sports and recreation

The team played its first games in 1876 as a founding member of the National League (NL), eventually becoming known officially as the Chicago Cubs for the 1903 season. Officially, the Cubs are tied for the distinction of being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club, along with the Atlanta Braves, which also began play in the NL in 1876 as the Boston Red Stockings (Major League Baseball does not officially recognize the National Association of Professional Base Ball Players as a major league.)

Q1: When did the Chicago Cubs play their first game?
A1: 1876
Q2: What year did the Chicago Cubs' name become official? 
A2: 1903 season
Q3: What other team besides the Chicago Cubs is tied for being the oldest currently active U.S. professional sports club?
A3: Atlanta Braves