LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Stochastic computing was first introduced in a pioneering paper by von Neumann in 1953. However, the theory could not be implemented until advances in computing of the 1960s. He also created the field of cellular automata without the aid of computers, constructing the first self-replicating automata with pencil and graph paper. The concept of a universal constructor was fleshed out in his posthumous work Theory of Self Reproducing Automata. Von Neumann proved that the most effective way of performing large-scale mining operations such as mining an entire moon or asteroid belt would be by using self-replicating spacecraft, taking advantage of their exponential growth. His rigorous mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication (of the semiotic relationship between constructor, description and that which is constructed), preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. Beginning in 1949, von Neumann's design for a self-reproducing computer program is considered the world's first computer virus, and he is considered to be the theoretical father of computer virology.

Q1: When was stochastic computing introduced?
A1: 1953
Q2: How long before stochastic computing could be implemented?
A2: advances in computing of the 1960s.
Q3: When did von NEumann develop first self reproducing computer program?
A3: 1949
Q4: What is another name for the first self reproducing computer program?
A4: computer virus
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Stock trader and financial risk engineer Nassim Nicholas Taleb, author of the 2007 book The Black Swan, spent years warning against the breakdown of the banking system in particular and the economy in general owing to their use of bad risk models and reliance on forecasting, and their reliance on bad models, and framed the problem as part of "robustness and fragility". He also took action against the establishment view by making a big financial bet on banking stocks and making a fortune from the crisis ("They didn't listen, so I took their money"). According to David Brooks from the New York Times, "Taleb not only has an explanation for what’s happening, he saw it coming."

Q1: Who wrote the 2007 book The Black Swan?
A1: Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Q2: What journalist from the New York Times stated his believe in Nassim Nicholas Taleb?
A2: David Brooks
Q3: What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb warn about for years prior to the financial crisis of 2007?
A3: the breakdown of the banking system
Q4: What did Nassim Nicholas Taleb make a fortune on by making a big financial bet?
A4: banking stocks
Title: San_Diego
Topic: Geography and places

Stockton and Kearny went on to recover Los Angeles and force the capitulation of Alta California with the "Treaty of Cahuenga" on January 13, 1847. As a result of the Mexican–American War of 1846–48, the territory of Alta California, including San Diego, was ceded to the United States by Mexico, under the terms of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848. The Mexican negotiators of that treaty tried to retain San Diego as part of Mexico, but the Americans insisted that San Diego was "for every commercial purpose of nearly equal importance to us with that of San Francisco," and the Mexican-American border was eventually established to be one league south of the southernmost point of San Diego Bay, so as to include the entire bay within the United States.

Q1: What treaty was used by Stockton and Kearny on January 1, 1847?
A1: Treaty of Cahuenga
Q2: What was established after negotiations over San Diego between the Mexcians and Americans?
A2: Mexican-American border
Q3: Which war played a role in ceding San Diego to the United States?
A3: Mexican–American War of 1846–48
Q4: What was the name of the treaty developed between Mexico and the United States in 1848?
A4: Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
Q5: Why was the border between Mexico and the United States established one league south of San Diego Bay's most southern tip?
A5: to include the entire bay within the United States
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Stone and brick became the city's building materials of choice after the construction of wood-frame houses was limited in the aftermath of the Great Fire of 1835. A distinctive feature of many of the city's buildings is the wooden roof-mounted water towers. In the 1800s, the city required their installation on buildings higher than six stories to prevent the need for excessively high water pressures at lower elevations, which could break municipal water pipes. Garden apartments became popular during the 1920s in outlying areas, such as Jackson Heights.

Q1: What event led to the decline in wooden construction in New York City?
A1: the Great Fire of 1835
Q2: In the 19th century, New York city required water towers in the roofs of buildings that were more than how many stories tall?
A2: six
Q3: What area was known for its garden apartments?
A3: Jackson Heights
Q4: After the Great Fire of 1835, what became the most widespread building materials?
A4: Stone and brick
Q5: To prevent high water pressures at lower elevations what were built on many of the city's buildings?
A5: wooden roof-mounted water towers
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Stout and porter are dark beers made using roasted malts or roast barley, and typically brewed with slow fermenting yeast. There are a number of variations including Baltic porter, dry stout, and Imperial stout. The name Porter was first used in 1721 to describe a dark brown beer popular with the street and river porters of London. This same beer later also became known as stout, though the word stout had been used as early as 1677. The history and development of stout and porter are intertwined.

Q1: In what year was the name Porter first used for a dark beer?
A1: 1721
Q2: In what year was the name stout first used to describe a dark beer?
A2: 1677
Q3: What do you call a dark beer that is brewed with roasted malts or barley?
A3: Stout and porter
Q4: What type of yeast is used to make stout and porter beers?
A4: slow fermenting yeast
Q5: In what country was Porter beer popular in 1721?
A5: London
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Straddling the intersection of Germanic and Romance Europe, Switzerland comprises four main linguistic and cultural regions: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Therefore, the Swiss, although predominantly German-speaking, do not form a nation in the sense of a common ethnicity or language; rather, Switzerland's strong sense of identity and community is founded on a common historical background, shared values such as federalism and direct democracy, and Alpine symbolism. Due to its linguistic diversity, Switzerland is known by a variety of native names: Schweiz [ˈʃvaɪts] (German);[note 5] Suisse [sɥis(ə)] (French); Svizzera [ˈzvittsera] (Italian); and Svizra [ˈʒviːtsrɐ] or [ˈʒviːtsʁːɐ] (Romansh).[note 6]

Q1: Which four main linguistic and cultural regions make up Switzerland?
A1: German, French, Italian and Romansh
Q2: What is the predominant language in Switzerland?
A2: German
Q3: What do the French Swiss call Switzerland?
A3: Suisse
Q4: What do the German Swiss call Switzerland?
A4: Schweiz
Q5: What do the Italian Swiss call Switzerland?
A5: Svizzera
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg (/ˈstræzbɜːrɡ/, French pronunciation: ​[stʁaz.buʁ, stʁas.buʁ]; Alsatian: Strossburi; German: Straßburg, [ˈʃtʁaːsbʊɐ̯k]) is the capital and largest city of the Alsace-Champagne-Ardenne-Lorraine (ACAL) region in eastern France and is the official seat of the European Parliament. Located close to the border with Germany, it is the capital of the Bas-Rhin département. The city and the region of Alsace were historically predominantly Alemannic-speaking, hence the city's Germanic name. In 2013, the city proper had 275,718 inhabitants, Eurométropole de Strasbourg (Greater Strasbourg) had 475,934 inhabitants and the Arrondissement of Strasbourg had 482,384 inhabitants. With a population of 768,868 in 2012, Strasbourg's metropolitan area (only the part of the metropolitan area on French territory) is the ninth largest in France and home to 13% of the ACAL region's inhabitants. The transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau had a population of 915,000 inhabitants in 2014.

Q1: What is the population of Strasbourg in 2012?
A1: 768,868
Q2: What is the population of the transnational Eurodistrict Strasbourg-Ortenau in 2014?
A2: 915,000
Q3: What is the predominant language in the region of Alace?
A3: Alemannic
Q4: What is the largest city in the ACAL region of France?
A4: Straßburg
Q5: Strasbourg has an official seat in what parliament?
A5: European
Q6: Strasbourg has an official seat in what Parliament?
A6: European
Q7: What is the predominant language in Asace?
A7: Alemannic
Q8: What kind of name is Strasbourg?
A8: Germanic
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg also offers high-class eclecticist buildings in its very extended German district, the Neustadt, being the main memory of Wilhelmian architecture since most of the major cities in Germany proper suffered intensive damage during World War II. Streets, boulevards and avenues are homogeneous, surprisingly high (up to seven stories) and broad examples of German urban lay-out and of this architectural style that summons and mixes up five centuries of European architecture as well as Neo-Egyptian, Neo-Greek and Neo-Babylonian styles. The former imperial palace Palais du Rhin, the most political and thus heavily criticized of all German Strasbourg buildings epitomizes the grand scale and stylistic sturdiness of this period. But the two most handsome and ornate buildings of these times are the École internationale des Pontonniers (the former Höhere Mädchenschule, girls college) with its towers, turrets and multiple round and square angles and the École des Arts décoratifs with its lavishly ornate façade of painted bricks, woodwork and majolica.

Q1: What kind of high class building does Strasbourg offer? 
A1: eclecticist
Q2: What war caused severe damage to Germany?
A2: World War II
Q3: What was the former imperial palace called?
A3: Palais du Rhin
Q4: What was the former girls college called?
A4: Höhere Mädchenschule
Q5: How high were some of the buildings in urban Germany?
A5: seven stories
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg features a number of prominent parks, of which several are of cultural and historical interest: the Parc de l'Orangerie, laid out as a French garden by André le Nôtre and remodeled as an English garden on behalf of Joséphine de Beauharnais, now displaying noteworthy French gardens, a neo-classical castle and a small zoo; the Parc de la Citadelle, built around impressive remains of the 17th-century fortress erected close to the Rhine by Vauban; the Parc de Pourtalès, laid out in English style around a baroque castle (heavily restored in the 19th century) that now houses a small three-star hotel, and featuring an open-air museum of international contemporary sculpture. The Jardin botanique de l'Université de Strasbourg (botanical garden) was created under the German administration next to the Observatory of Strasbourg, built in 1881, and still owns some greenhouses of those times. The Parc des Contades, although the oldest park of the city, was completely remodeled after World War II. The futuristic Parc des Poteries is an example of European park-conception in the late 1990s. The Jardin des deux Rives, spread over Strasbourg and Kehl on both sides of the Rhine opened in 2004 and is the most extended (60-hectare) park of the agglomeration. The most recent park is Parc du Heyritz (8,7 ha), opened in 2014 along a canal facing the hôpital civil.

Q1: Who designed the Parc de l'Orangerie? 
A1: André le Nôtre
Q2: What park has a small zoo in it?
A2: Parc de l'Orangerie
Q3: What park is built close to the Rhine by Vauban?
A3: Parc de la Citadelle
Q4: What year was the Observatory of Strasbourg built?
A4: 1881
Q5: What is the oldest park in the city?
A5: Parc des Contades
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg is situated on the eastern border of France with Germany. This border is formed by the River Rhine, which also forms the eastern border of the modern city, facing across the river to the German town Kehl. The historic core of Strasbourg however lies on the Grande Île in the River Ill, which here flows parallel to, and roughly 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) from, the Rhine. The natural courses of the two rivers eventually join some distance downstream of Strasbourg, although several artificial waterways now connect them within the city.

Q1: What river is on the border of France and Germany?
A1: River Rhine
Q2: The River Ill flows parallel with what river for 4 kilometres?
A2: Rhine
Q3: What kind of waterways connect the River Ill and River Rhine within Strasbourg?
A3: artificial
Q4: Strasbourg is situated on what border of France and Germany?
A4: eastern
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg's historic city centre, the Grande Île (Grand Island), was classified a World Heritage site by UNESCO in 1988, the first time such an honour was placed on an entire city centre. Strasbourg is immersed in the Franco-German culture and although violently disputed throughout history, has been a bridge of unity between France and Germany for centuries, especially through the University of Strasbourg, currently the second largest in France, and the coexistence of Catholic and Protestant culture. The largest Islamic place of worship in France, the Strasbourg Grand Mosque, was inaugurated by French Interior Minister Manuel Valls on 27 September 2012.

Q1: What year was Grande Ile classified as a World Heritage site?
A1: 1988
Q2: What is the culture in Strasbourg?
A2: Franco-German
Q3: What is the largest Islamic place of worship in France?
A3: Strasbourg Grand Mosque
Q4: When was the Strasbourg Grand Mosque inaugurated?
A4: 27 September 2012
Q5: What is the second largest university in France?
A5: University of Strasbourg
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg's status as a free city was revoked by the French Revolution. Enragés, most notoriously Eulogius Schneider, ruled the city with an increasingly iron hand. During this time, many churches and monasteries were either destroyed or severely damaged. The cathedral lost hundreds of its statues (later replaced by copies in the 19th century) and in April 1794, there was talk of tearing its spire down, on the grounds that it was against the principle of equality. The tower was saved, however, when in May of the same year citizens of Strasbourg crowned it with a giant tin Phrygian cap. This artifact was later kept in the historical collections of the city until it was destroyed by the Germans in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian war.

Q1: What revoked Strasbourg's status as a free city? 
A1: French Revolution
Q2: Who ruled the city with an iron hand?
A2: Eulogius Schneider
Q3: What did the cathedrals lose in April 1794?
A3: statues
Q4: What was the giant Phrygian cap made out of?
A4: tin
Q5: Who destroyed the Phrygian cap in 1870?
A5: Germans
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

Strasbourg, well known as centre of humanism, has a long history of excellence in higher-education, at the crossroads of French and German intellectual traditions. Although Strasbourg had been annexed by the Kingdom of France in 1683, it still remained connected to the German-speaking intellectual world throughout the 18th century and the university attracted numerous students from the Holy Roman Empire, including Goethe, Metternich and Montgelas, who studied law in Strasbourg, among the most prominent. Nowadays, Strasbourg is known to offer among the best university courses in France, after Paris.

Q1: What is Strasbourg known as?
A1: centre of humanism
Q2: When was Strasbourg annexed by the Kingdom of France?
A2: 1683
Q3: What did Montgelas study?
A3: law
Q4:  From what empire did students come from to attend university?
A4: Holy Roman Empire
Title: Lighting
Topic: Engineering and technology

Street Lights are used to light roadways and walkways at night. Some manufacturers are designing LED and photovoltaic luminaires to provide an energy-efficient alternative to traditional street light fixtures.

Q1: What is used to light walkways at night?
A1: Street Lights
Q2: What kind of lights are being designed for energy efficiency?
A2: photovoltaic luminaires
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

Street parking in urban neighborhoods is mostly controlled by the franeleros a.k.a. "viene vienes" (lit. "come on, come on"), who ask drivers for a fee to park, in theory to guard the car, but with the implicit threat that the franelero will damage the car if the fee is not paid. Double parking is common (with franeleros moving the cars as required), impeding on the available lanes for traffic to pass. In order to mitigate that and other problems and to raise revenue, 721 parking meters (as of October 2013), have been installed in the west-central neighborhoods Lomas de Chapultepec, Condesa, Roma, Polanco and Anzures, in operation from 8 AM to 8 PM on weekdays and charging a rate of 2 pesos per 15 minutes, with offenders' cars booted, costing about 500 pesos to remove. 30 percent of the monthly 16 million-peso (as of October 2013) income from the parking-meter system (named "ecoParq") is earmarked for neighborhood improvements. The granting of the license for all zones exclusively to a new company without experience in operating parking meters, Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario, has generated controversy.

Q1: What is the name of the parking meter system in Mexico City?
A1: ecoParq
Q2: Who operates the parking meters?
A2: Operadora de Estacionamientos Bicentenario
Q3: How much money a month do the parking meters bring in?
A3: 16 million-peso
Q4: What are the hours of Mexico City Parking meters?
A4: 8 AM to 8 PM
Q5: How many parking meters were installed as of October 2013?
A5: 721
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

Street vendors play their trade from stalls in the tianguis as well as at non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals; at plazas comerciales, where vendors of a certain "theme" (e.g. stationery) are housed; originally these were organized to accommodate vendors formerly selling on the street; or simply from improvised stalls on a city sidewalk. In addition, food and goods are sold from people walking with baskets, pushing carts, from bicycles or the backs of trucks, or simply from a tarp or cloth laid on the ground.

Q1: Similar tianguis might set up shop where?
A1: plazas comerciales
Q2: What is the most basic way a street vendor might sell their goods?
A2: tarp or cloth laid on the ground
Q3: Street vendors might sell their goods in official places as well as where?
A3: non-officially controlled concentrations around metro stations and hospitals
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

Streets' names change from West to East (for instance, East 10th Street to West 10th Street) at Broadway below 8th Street, and at Fifth Avenue from 8th Street and above.

Q1: What happens at Broadway below 8th Street?
A1: Streets' names change
Q2: What happens at Fifth Avenue from 8th street and above?
A2: Streets' names change
Q3: Do streets' names change from West to East or North to South?
A3: West to East
Title: Memory
Topic: Social sciences and society

Stress has a significant effect on memory formation and learning. In response to stressful situations, the brain releases hormones and neurotransmitters (ex. glucocorticoids and catecholamines) which affect memory encoding processes in the hippocampus. Behavioural research on animals shows that chronic stress produces adrenal hormones which impact the hippocampal structure in the brains of rats. An experimental study by German cognitive psychologists L. Schwabe and O. Wolf demonstrates how learning under stress also decreases memory recall in humans. In this study, 48 healthy female and male university students participated in either a stress test or a control group. Those randomly assigned to the stress test group had a hand immersed in ice cold water (the reputable SECPT or ‘Socially Evaluated Cold Pressor Test’) for up to three minutes, while being monitored and videotaped. Both the stress and control groups were then presented with 32 words to memorize. Twenty-four hours later, both groups were tested to see how many words they could remember (free recall) as well as how many they could recognize from a larger list of words (recognition performance). The results showed a clear impairment of memory performance in the stress test group, who recalled 30% fewer words than the control group. The researchers suggest that stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.

Q1: What can cause your memory to deterioriate or not work as well?
A1: Stress
Q2: Which hormones are produces when a animal is stressed out?
A2: adrenal hormones
Q3: Who performed a study that involved having peoples hands in cold water while also memorizing words?
A3: L. Schwabe and O. Wolf
Q4: What did L. Schwabes and O. Wolfs study seem to conlcude?
A4: stress experienced during learning distracts people by diverting their attention during the memory encoding process.
Title: Memory
Topic: Social sciences and society

Stressful life experiences may be a cause of memory loss as a person ages. Glucocorticoids that are released during stress damage neurons that are located in the hippocampal region of the brain. Therefore, the more stressful situations that someone encounters, the more susceptible they are to memory loss later on. The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus are destroyed due to glucocorticoids decreasing the release of glucose and the reuptake of glutamate. This high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors which in return kills neurons. Stressful life experiences can also cause repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind. This directly relates to traumatic events in one's past such as kidnappings, being prisoners of war or sexual abuse as a child.

Q1: What neurons are damaged during stressful events?
A1: The CA1 neurons found in the hippocampus
Q2: What can make someone more prone to memory loss as they age?
A2: the more stressful situations that someone encounters,
Q3: What will a person often do with extremely stressful memories?
A3: repression of memories where a person moves an unbearable memory to the unconscious mind
Q4: What is the cause of neuron loss due to stress?
A4: high level of extracellular glutamate allow calcium to enter NMDA receptors
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

Stretching west from the Blue Ridge for approximately 55 miles (89 km) is the Ridge and Valley region, in which numerous tributaries join to form the Tennessee River in the Tennessee Valley. This area of Tennessee is covered by fertile valleys separated by wooded ridges, such as Bays Mountain and Clinch Mountain. The western section of the Tennessee Valley, where the depressions become broader and the ridges become lower, is called the Great Valley. In this valley are numerous towns and two of the region's three urban areas, Knoxville, the 3rd largest city in the state, and Chattanooga, the 4th largest city in the state. The third urban area, the Tri-Cities, comprising Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport and their environs, is located to the northeast of Knoxville.

Q1: Approximately how many miles long is Tennessee's Ridge and Valley region?
A1: 55
Q2: What is the western part of the Tennessee Valley called?
A2: the Great Valley
Q3: Which city is Tennessee's fourth largest?
A3: Chattanooga
Q4: Together, Bristol, Johnson City, and Kingsport are known by what name?
A4: the Tri-Cities
Q5: What river forms in the Tennessee Valley?
A5: Tennessee River
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Topic: History

Strict separation of powers did not operate in The United Kingdom, the political structure of which served in most instances[citation needed] as a model for the government created by the U.S. Constitution.[citation needed] Under the UK Westminster system, based on parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government, Parliament (consisting of the Sovereign (King-in-Parliament), House of Lords and House of Commons) was the supreme lawmaking authority. The executive branch acted in the name of the King ("His Majesty's Government"), as did the judiciary. The King's Ministers were in most cases members of one of the two Houses of Parliament, and the Government needed to sustain the support of a majority in the House of Commons. One minister, the Lord Chancellor, was at the same time the sole judge in the Court of Chancery and the presiding officer in the House of Lords. Therefore, it may be seen that the three branches of British government often violated the strict principle of separation of powers, even though there were many occasions when the different branches of the government disagreed with each other. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the Governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The President of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as Vice Presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct."

Q1: What country's government, on which the US government was modeled, did not formally implement separation of powers?
A1: UK
Q2: What were the two main principles informing the government of the UK?
A2: parliamentary sovereignty and responsible government
Q3: What term describes the status of the different branches of government in Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia?
A3: separate and distinct
Q4: What country's government served as a model for the United States Government?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: In the 18th century what function, besides President, did the Delaware President serve? 
A5: a member of the Court of Appeals
Title: Pub
Topic: History

Strictly the term refers to the pump itself, which is normally manually operated, though electrically powered and gas powered pumps are occasionally used. When manually powered, the term "handpump" is often used to refer to both the pump and the associated handle.

Q1: What is a common name for a beer pump powered by hand?
A1: handpump
Q2: Along with electricity, what sometimes powers beer pumps that aren't operated by hand?
A2: gas
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

Strong aftershocks continued to strike even months after the main quake. On May 25, an aftershock of 6.0 Mw (6.4 Ms according to CEA) hit northeast of the original earthquake's epicenter, in Qingchuan County, Sichuan, causing eight deaths, 1000 injuries, and destroying thousands of buildings. On May 27, two aftershocks, one 5.2 Mw in Qingchuan County and one 5.7 Mw in Ningqiang County, Shaanxi, led to the collapse of more than 420,000 homes and injured 63 people. The same area suffered two more aftershocks of 5.6 and 6.0 Ms (5.8 and 5.5 Mw, respectively, according to USGS) on July 23, resulting in 1 death, 6 serious injuries, collapse of hundreds of homes and damaging kilometers of highways. Pingwu County and Beichuan County, Sichuan, also northeast of Wenchuan and close to the epicenter of a 7.2 Ms earthquake in 1976, suffered a 6.1 Ms aftershock (5.7 Mw according to USGS) on August 1; it caused 2 deaths, 345 injuries, collapse of 707 homes, damages to over 1,000 homes, and blocked 25 kilometres (16 mi) of country roads. As late as August 5, yet another aftershock of 6.1 Ms (6.2 Mw according to USGS) hit Qingchuan, Sichuan, causing 1 death, 32 injuries, telecommunication interruptions, and widespread hill slides blocking roads in the area including a national highway.

Q1: How many buildings collapsed as a result of the May 27th aftershocks?
A1: 420,000
Q2: How strong was the May 25 aftershock in Qingchuan county?
A2: 6.0 Mw
Q3: How many people were injured in the May 25 aftershock?
A3: 1000
Q4: How many homes were destroyed because of the May 27 aftershocks?
A4: more than 420,000
Q5: During the May 27 aftershock, how many people were injured?
A5: 63
Q6: Where was the aftershock of August 5 that caused widespread hill slides?
A6: Qingchuan, Sichuan
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Strong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely hard on the peasantry. Kings profited from warfare that extended royal legislation and increased the lands they directly controlled. Paying for the wars required that methods of taxation become more effective and efficient, and the rate of taxation often increased. The requirement to obtain the consent of taxpayers allowed representative bodies such as the English Parliament and the French Estates General to gain power and authority.

Q1: Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?
A1: Portugal
Q2: Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?
A2: Paying for the wars
Q3: What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?
A3: Parliament
Q4: What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?
A4: Estates General
Q5: What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?
A5: the peasantry
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

Structural material that resembles ordinary, "dicot" or conifer wood in its gross handling characteristics is produced by a number of monocot plants, and these also are colloquially called wood. Of these, bamboo, botanically a member of the grass family, has considerable economic importance, larger culms being widely used as a building and construction material in their own right and, these days, in the manufacture of engineered flooring, panels and veneer. Another major plant group that produce material that often is called wood are the palms. Of much less importance are plants such as Pandanus, Dracaena and Cordyline. With all this material, the structure and composition of the structural material is quite different from ordinary wood.

Q1: What's another term used for "conifer" wood?
A1: dicot
Q2: What type of plants produce material that is referred to as "wood" even though it is technically not?
A2: monocot
Q3: What monocot plant produces "wood" by the same name that's often used for flooring and veneer?
A3: bamboo
Q4: While we call bamboo "wood," what botanical family does it belong to?
A4: grass
Q5: Along with bamboo, what's the other monocot that's a major source of so-called "wood"?
A5: palms
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Students attending BYU are required to follow an honor code, which mandates behavior in line with LDS teachings such as academic honesty, adherence to dress and grooming standards, and abstinence from extramarital sex and from the consumption of drugs and alcohol. Many students (88 percent of men, 33 percent of women) either delay enrollment or take a hiatus from their studies to serve as Mormon missionaries. (Men typically serve for two-years, while women serve for 18 months.) An education at BYU is also less expensive than at similar private universities, since "a significant portion" of the cost of operating the university is subsidized by the church's tithing funds.

Q1: For what reason to many student's postpone their enrollment to BYU?
A1: to serve as Mormon missionaries
Q2: What is the source of much of BYU's funding?
A2: the church's tithing funds
Q3: How many women at BYU do missionary work?
A3: 33 percent
Q4: What is the average amount of time men serve as missionaries?
A4: two-years
Q5: What is the basis of the behavioral code at BYU?
A5: LDS teachings
Q6: What is a significant portion of the BYU's operating costs subsidized by?
A6: the church's tithing funds
Q7: What percentage of men delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?
A7: 88
Q8: What percentage of women delay their BYU enrollment to serve as a Mormon missionary?
A8: 33
Q9: How does the cost of attending BYU compare to the cost of attending similar universities?
A9: less expensive
Q10: What do all students at BYU agree to abstain from consuming?
A10: drugs and alcohol
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

Students from the Imperial University organized a widespread student protest against the eunuchs of Emperor Huan's court. Huan further alienated the bureaucracy when he initiated grandiose construction projects and hosted thousands of concubines in his harem at a time of economic crisis. Palace eunuchs imprisoned the official Li Ying (李膺) and his associates from the Imperial University on a dubious charge of treason. In 167 AD, the Grand Commandant Dou Wu (d. 168 AD) convinced his son-in-law, Emperor Huan, to release them. However the emperor permanently barred Li Ying and his associates from serving in office, marking the beginning of the Partisan Prohibitions.

Q1: On what charge was Li Ying jailed for?
A1: treason
Q2: Who was responsible for imprisoning Li Ying?
A2: Palace eunuchs
Q3: During what type of crisis did Emperor Huan alienate the bureaucracy?
A3: economic
Q4: Students from what university led a protest against members of Huan's court?
A4: Imperial
Q5: When did Dou Wu die?
A5: 168 AD
Title: Circadian_rhythm
Topic: Natural sciences

Studies by Nathaniel Kleitman in 1938 and by Derk-Jan Dijk and Charles Czeisler in the 1990s put human subjects on enforced 28-hour sleep–wake cycles, in constant dim light and with other time cues suppressed, for over a month. Because normal people cannot entrain to a 28-hour day in dim light if at all,[citation needed] this is referred to as a forced desynchrony protocol. Sleep and wake episodes are uncoupled from the endogenous circadian period of about 24.18 hours and researchers are allowed to assess the effects of circadian phase on aspects of sleep and wakefulness including sleep latency and other functions.[page needed]

Q1: What time cycle did studies in 1938 and 1990s use on humans?
A1: 28-hour
Q2: What conditions were suppressed in the 28 hour wake-sleep cycle studies ?
A2: time cues
Q3: How long did the suppression of time clues study last?
A3: month
Q4: What is this forced type of study called?
A4: forced desynchrony
Q5: When in the cycle do wake-sleep cycles break off from the circadian period?
A5: 24.18 hours
Title: Circadian_rhythm
Topic: Natural sciences

Studies conducted on both animals and humans show major bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and abusive drugs. It is indicated that these abusive drugs affect the central circadian pacemaker. Individuals suffering from substance abuse display disrupted rhythms. These disrupted rhythms can increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. It is possible that genetic and/or environmental disturbances to the normal sleep and wake cycle can increase the susceptibility to addiction.

Q1: What do studies show has a bidirectional relationship with the circadian system?
A1: abusive drugs
Q2: What do abusive drugs effect in the circadian system?
A2: circadian pacemaker
Q3: What do drug abusers show in their circadian processes?
A3: disrupted rhythms
Q4: What can the disrupted circadian system cause?
A4: abuse and relapse
Q5: What can disruption to genetics and environment in the sleep cycle cause?
A5: susceptibility to addiction
Title: Jews
Topic: History

Studies of autosomal DNA, which look at the entire DNA mixture, have become increasingly important as the technology develops. They show that Jewish populations have tended to form relatively closely related groups in independent communities, with most in a community sharing significant ancestry in common. For Jewish populations of the diaspora, the genetic composition of Ashkenazi, Sephardi, and Mizrahi Jewish populations show a predominant amount of shared Middle Eastern ancestry. According to Behar, the most parsimonious explanation for this shared Middle Eastern ancestry is that it is "consistent with the historical formulation of the Jewish people as descending from ancient Hebrew and Israelite residents of the Levant" and "the dispersion of the people of ancient Israel throughout the Old World". North African, Italian and others of Iberian origin show variable frequencies of admixture with non-Jewish historical host populations among the maternal lines. In the case of Ashkenazi and Sephardi Jews (in particular Moroccan Jews), who are closely related, the source of non-Jewish admixture is mainly southern European, while Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with other Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans. Behar et al. have remarked on an especially close relationship of Ashkenazi Jews and modern Italians.

Q1: What looks at the entire DNA mixture?
A1: autosomal DNA
Q2: What has become increasingly important as the technology deveops?
A2: autosomal DNA
Q3: Mizrahi Jews show evidence of admixture with whom?
A3: Middle Eastern populations and Sub-Saharan Africans
Title: Nutrition
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Studies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific compounds and elements absorbed and metabolized in the body. The effects of nutrients may only be discernible over an extended period, during which all food and waste must be analyzed. The number of variables involved in such experiments is high, making nutritional studies time-consuming and expensive, which explains why the science of animal nutrition is still slowly evolving.

Q1: What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body?
A1: food
Q2: It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption?
A2: urine
Q3: Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count?
A3: expensive
Q4: At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve?
A4: slowly
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

Studies of this kind outside of Europe are even rarer, so it is difficult to make generalizations, but one small-scale study that compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices at specific cross-border locations in North America and Europe confirmed that low visibility of police information and intelligence sharing was a common feature (Alain, 2001). Intelligence-led policing is now common practice in most advanced countries (Ratcliffe, 2007) and it is likely that police intelligence sharing and information exchange has a common morphology around the world (Ratcliffe, 2007). James Sheptycki has analyzed the effects of the new information technologies on the organization of policing-intelligence and suggests that a number of 'organizational pathologies' have arisen that make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic. He argues that transnational police information circuits help to "compose the panic scenes of the security-control society". The paradoxical effect is that, the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity.

Q1: Where has cross-border policing been most under-studied?
A1: outside of Europe
Q2: Who compared transnational police information and intelligence sharing practices?
A2: Alain
Q3: What kind of policing has become common practice?
A3: Intelligence-led
Q4: What problems did Sheptycki say 'organizational pathologies' have caused for police?
A4: make the functioning of security-intelligence processes in transnational policing deeply problematic
Q5: What paradox did Sheptycki point out?
A5: the harder policing agencies work to produce security, the greater are feelings of insecurity
Title: Steven_Spielberg
Topic: Media and drama

Studio producers Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offered Spielberg the director's chair for Jaws, a thriller-horror film based on the Peter Benchley novel about an enormous killer shark. Spielberg has often referred to the gruelling shoot as his professional crucible. Despite the film's ultimate, enormous success, it was nearly shut down due to delays and budget over-runs. But Spielberg persevered and finished the film. It was an enormous hit, winning three Academy Awards (for editing, original score and sound) and grossing more than $470 million worldwide at the box office. It also set the domestic record for box office gross, leading to what the press described as "Jawsmania.":248 Jaws made Spielberg a household name and one of America's youngest multi-millionaires, allowing him a great deal of autonomy for his future projects.:250 It was nominated for Best Picture and featured Spielberg's first of three collaborations with actor Richard Dreyfuss.

Q1: What film did Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown offer Steven Spielberg to direct?
A1: Jaws
Q2: Why was Jaws nearly shut down?
A2: delays and budget over-runs
Q3: How many Academy Awards did the film "Jaws" win?
A3: three
Q4: How much money did the film "Jaws" gross worldwide?
A4: $470 million worldwide
Q5: What was the film "Jaws" nominated for?
A5: Best Picture
Q6: Who made Spielberg the 'Jaws' director?
A6: Richard D. Zanuck and David Brown
Q7: Who wrote the 'Jaws' book?
A7: Peter Benchley
Q8: How many Academy Awards did 'Jaws' win?
A8: three
Q9: How much did 'Jaws' earn in theaters?
A9: more than $470 million worldwide
Q10: How many times did Spielberg work with Richard Dreyfus?
A10: three
Title: Group_(mathematics)
Topic: Mathematics

Sub- and quotient groups are related in the following way: a subset H of G can be seen as an injective map H → G, i.e. any element of the target has at most one element that maps to it. The counterpart to injective maps are surjective maps (every element of the target is mapped onto), such as the canonical map G → G / N.y[›] Interpreting subgroup and quotients in light of these homomorphisms emphasizes the structural concept inherent to these definitions alluded to in the introduction. In general, homomorphisms are neither injective nor surjective. Kernel and image of group homomorphisms and the first isomorphism theorem address this phenomenon.

Q1: What map shows the relation between sub and quotient groups?
A1: injective map
Q2: What are the opposites of injective maps?
A2: surjective maps
Q3: What is an example of a surjective map?
A3: canonical map
Q4: What theory address the phenomenon of homomorphisms being neither injective nor surjective?
A4: the first isomorphism theorem
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Subjective Idealism (immaterialism or phenomenalism) describes a relationship between experience and the world in which objects are no more than collections or "bundles" of sense data in the perceiver. Proponents include Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne, an Anglo-Irish philosopher who advanced a theory he called immaterialism, later referred to as "subjective idealism", contending that individuals can only know sensations and ideas of objects directly, not abstractions such as "matter", and that ideas also depend upon being perceived for their very existence - esse est percipi; "to be is to be perceived".

Q1: Along with phenomenalism, what is another term for subjective idealism?
A1: immaterialism
Q2: Of what see was Berkeley bishop?
A2: Cloyne
Q3: What was Berkeley's ethnicity?
A3: Anglo-Irish
Q4: What does esse est percipi mean?
A4: to be is to be perceived
Q5: What did Berkeley consider things like matter to be?
A5: abstractions
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Subjective idealists like George Berkeley are anti-realists in terms of a mind-independent world, whereas transcendental idealists like Immanuel Kant are strong skeptics of such a world, affirming epistemological and not metaphysical idealism. Thus Kant defines idealism as "the assertion that we can never be certain whether all of our putative outer experience is not mere imagining". He claimed that, according to idealism, "the reality of external objects does not admit of strict proof. On the contrary, however, the reality of the object of our internal sense (of myself and state) is clear immediately through consciousness."  However, not all idealists restrict the real or the knowable to our immediate subjective experience. Objective idealists make claims about a transempirical world, but simply deny that this world is essentially divorced from or ontologically prior to the mental. Thus Plato and Gottfried Leibniz affirm an objective and knowable reality transcending our subjective awareness—a rejection of epistemological idealism—but propose that this reality is grounded in ideal entities, a form of metaphysical idealism. Nor do all metaphysical idealists agree on the nature of the ideal; for Plato, the fundamental entities were non-mental abstract forms, while for Leibniz they were proto-mental and concrete monads.

Q1: Who is a notable subjective idealist?
A1: George Berkeley
Q2: What famous philosopher was a transcendental idealist?
A2: Immanuel Kant
Q3: Who are subjective idealists opposed to?
A3: realists
Q4: Along with Plato, what notable philosopher rejected epistemological idealism?
A4: Gottfried Leibniz
Q5: Who believed the essence of reality to be composed of monads?
A5: Leibniz
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

Submission was initially a large factor in professional wrestling, but following the decline of the submission-oriented catch-as-catch-can style from mainstream professional wrestling, the submission largely faded until the rise of the legitimate sport of mixed martial arts. Despite this, some wrestlers, such as Chris Jericho, The Undertaker, Ric Flair, Bret Hart, Kurt Angle, Ken Shamrock, Dean Malenko, Chris Benoit, and Tazz, became famous for winning matches via submission. A wrestler with a signature submission technique is portrayed as better at applying the hold, making it more painful or more difficult to get out of than others who use it, or can be falsely credited as inventing the hold (such as when Tazz popularized the kata ha jime judo choke in pro wrestling as the "Tazzmission").

Q1: Several well-known wrestlers were famous for winning with a move called what?
A1: submission
Q2: What move did Tazz make popular?
A2: Tazzmission
Q3: What legitimate sport related to wrestling began to become popular?
A3: mixed martial arts
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

Subsequent plans to market a Famicom console in North America featuring a keyboard, cassette data recorder, wireless joystick controller and a special BASIC cartridge under the name "Nintendo Advanced Video System" likewise never materialized. By the beginning of 1985, the Famicom had sold more than 2.5 million units in Japan and Nintendo soon announced plans to release it in North America as the Advanced Video Entertainment System (AVS) that same year. The American video game press was skeptical that the console could have any success in the region, with the March 1985 issue of Electronic Games magazine stating that "the videogame market in America has virtually disappeared" and that "this could be a miscalculation on Nintendo's part."

Q1: How many units of the Famicom were sold in Japan by the beginning of 1985?
A1: 2.5 million units
Q2: What was this system to be called in North America?
A2: Advanced Video Entertainment System
Q3: What magazine stated that Nintendo could be errant in their anticipated product success?
A3: Electronic Games magazine