LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

Subsequent to these developments, Randall Collins (2004) formulated his interaction ritual theory by drawing on Durkheim's work on totemic rituals that was extended by Goffman (1964/2013; 1967) into everyday focused encounters. Based on interaction ritual theory, we experience different levels or intensities of emotional energy during face-to-face interactions. Emotional energy is considered to be a feeling of confidence to take action and a boldness that one experiences when they are charged up from the collective effervescence generated during group gatherings that reach high levels of intensity.

Q1: Who came up with the interaction ritual theory?
A1: Randall Collins
Q2: From what work of Durkheim's was interaction ritual theory derived?
A2: totemic rituals
Q3: In addition to Durkheim, whose work influenced the development of interaction ritual theory?
A3: Goffman
Q4: What is the term for a feeling of confidence to take action?
A4: Emotional energy
Q5: What is the term for the energy generated during group gatherings, such as totemic rituals?
A5: collective effervescence
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Subsequent to this decision, the Supreme Court has applied a three-pronged test to determine whether government action comports with the Establishment Clause, known as the "Lemon Test". First, the law or policy must have been adopted with a neutral or non-religious purpose. Second, the principle or primary effect must be one that neither advances nor inhibits religion. Third, the statute or policy must not result in an "excessive entanglement" of government with religion. (The decision in Lemon v. Kurtzman hinged upon the conclusion that the government benefits were flowing disproportionately to Catholic schools, and that Catholic schools were an integral component of the Catholic Church's religious mission, thus the policy involved the state in an "excessive entanglement" with religion.) Failure to meet any of these criteria is a proof that the statute or policy in question violates the Establishment Clause.

Q1: How many prongs is the Supreme COurt's test to determine if a government action comports with the Establishment Clause?
A1: three
Q2: What is the three-pronged test regarding the Establishment Clause know as?
A2: "Lemon Test"
Q3: To not violate the Establishment Clause, a law must be adopted with neutral or what purpose?
A3: non-religious
Q4: What much the primary effect of a law neither advance or inhibit?
A4: religion
Q5: Excessive entanglement occurs when a state policy results in a close relationship of what?
A5: government with religion
Title: Near_East
Topic: Geography and places

Subsequently with the disgrace of "Near East" in diplomatic and military circles, "Middle East" prevailed. However, "Near East" continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department. They are not generally considered distinct regions as they were at their original definition.

Q1: What prevailed with the disgrace of "Near East"?
A1: "Middle East"
Q2: What continues in some circles at the discretion of the defining agency or academic department?
A2: Near East
Q3: What term was disgraced in diplomatic and military circles?
A3: Near East
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Subsequently, Plato and Aristotle produced the first systematic discussions of natural philosophy, which did much to shape later investigations of nature. Their development of deductive reasoning was of particular importance and usefulness to later scientific inquiry. Plato founded the Platonic Academy in 387 BC, whose motto was "Let none unversed in geometry enter here", and turned out many notable philosophers. Plato's student Aristotle introduced empiricism and the notion that universal truths can be arrived at via observation and induction, thereby laying the foundations of the scientific method. Aristotle also produced many biological writings that were empirical in nature, focusing on biological causation and the diversity of life. He made countless observations of nature, especially the habits and attributes of plants and animals in the world around him, classified more than 540 animal species, and dissected at least 50. Aristotle's writings profoundly influenced subsequent Islamic and European scholarship, though they were eventually superseded in the Scientific Revolution.

Q1: Plato and Aristotle are known for systematically discussing what?
A1: natural philosophy
Q2: What discussion technique are Plato and Aristotle responsible for?
A2: deductive reasoning
Q3: What year was the Platonic Academy founded?
A3: 387 BC
Q4: Aristotle introduced what theory?
A4: empiricism
Q5: How many species of animals were classified by Aristotle?
A5: 540
Title: War_on_Terror
Topic: History

Subsequently, in October 2001, U.S. forces (with UK and coalition allies) invaded Afghanistan to oust the Taliban regime. On 7 October 2001, the official invasion began with British and U.S. forces conducting airstrike campaigns over enemy targets. Kabul, the capital city of Afghanistan, fell by mid-November. The remaining al-Qaeda and Taliban remnants fell back to the rugged mountains of eastern Afghanistan, mainly Tora Bora. In December, Coalition forces (the U.S. and its allies) fought within that region. It is believed that Osama bin Laden escaped into Pakistan during the battle.

Q1: When did the US invade Afghanistan?
A1: October 2001
Q2: Who helped the US invade Afghanistan?
A2: UK and coalition allies
Q3: What was the goal of the US invading Afghanistan?
A3: oust the Taliban regime
Q4: When did the US begin airstrikes on Afghanistan?
A4: 7 October 2001
Q5: Where did bin Laden escape to in Dec 2001?
A5: Pakistan
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

Subsequently, it became one of Britain's most significant honours to be buried or commemorated in the abbey. The practice of burying national figures in the abbey began under Oliver Cromwell with the burial of Admiral Robert Blake in 1657. The practice spread to include generals, admirals, politicians, doctors and scientists such as Isaac Newton, buried on 4 April 1727, and Charles Darwin, buried 26 April 1882. Another was William Wilberforce who led the movement to abolish slavery in the United Kingdom and the Plantations, buried on 3 August 1833. Wilberforce was buried in the north transept, close to his friend, the former Prime Minister, William Pitt.[citation needed]

Q1: Oliver Cromwell began buring national figures in the abbey starting with whom?
A1: Admiral Robert Blake
Q2: Who was buried in the abbey on 4 April 1727?
A2: Isaac Newton
Q3: Who was buried in the abbey on 26 April 1882?
A3: Charles Darwin
Q4: Who was buried in the abbey on 3 August 1833?
A4: William Wilberforce
Q5: Who was buried next to William Wilberforce?
A5: William Pitt
Title: Marshall_Islands
Topic: Geography and places

Subsequently, seven other chiefs on seven other islands signed a treaty in German and Marshallese and a final copy witnessed by Rötger on November 1 was sent to the German Foreign Office. The Germans erected a sign declaring a "Imperial German Protectorate" at Jaluit. It has been speculated that the crisis over the Carolines with Spain, which almost provoked a war, was in fact "a feint to cover the acquisition of the Marshall Islands", which went almost unnoticed at the time, despite the islands being the largest source of copra in Micronesia. Spain sold the islands to Germany in 1884 through papal mediation.

Q1: On what day was a final treaty signed between the Marshall Islands chiefs and the Germans?
A1: November 1
Q2: What status did the Marshall Islands have in Germany?
A2: Imperial German Protectorate
Q3: What nation had control of the Carolines?
A3: Spain
Q4: What notable resource was available in the Marshall Islands?
A4: copra
Q5: In what year did Germany buy the Marshalls from Spain?
A5: 1884
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

Subtractive methods remove copper from an entirely copper-coated board to leave only the desired copper pattern. In additive methods the pattern is electroplated onto a bare substrate using a complex process. The advantage of the additive method is that less material is needed and less waste is produced. In the full additive process the bare laminate is covered with a photosensitive film which is imaged (exposed to light through a mask and then developed which removes the unexposed film). The exposed areas are sensitized in a chemical bath, usually containing palladium and similar to that used for through hole plating which makes the exposed area capable of bonding metal ions. The laminate is then plated with copper in the sensitized areas. When the mask is stripped, the PCB is finished.

Q1: Do additive or subtractive methods use less raw materials?
A1: additive
Q2: What chemical element is often present in the bath used to sensitive exposed film after it's been imaged?
A2: palladium
Q3: What object is used to expose selected parts of the photosensitive film to light?
A3: mask
Q4: In subtractive methods, what metal covers the board and is then partially removed?
A4: copper
Q5: In the additive method, which parts of the laminate are plated with copper?
A5: sensitized areas
Title: Cotton
Topic: Natural sciences

Successful cultivation of cotton requires a long frost-free period, plenty of sunshine, and a moderate rainfall, usually from 600 to 1,200 mm (24 to 47 in). Soils usually need to be fairly heavy, although the level of nutrients does not need to be exceptional. In general, these conditions are met within the seasonally dry tropics and subtropics in the Northern and Southern hemispheres, but a large proportion of the cotton grown today is cultivated in areas with less rainfall that obtain the water from irrigation. Production of the crop for a given year usually starts soon after harvesting the preceding autumn. Cotton is naturally a perennial but is grown as an annual to help control pests. Planting time in spring in the Northern hemisphere varies from the beginning of February to the beginning of June. The area of the United States known as the South Plains is the largest contiguous cotton-growing region in the world. While dryland (non-irrigated) cotton is successfully grown in this region, consistent yields are only produced with heavy reliance on irrigation water drawn from the Ogallala Aquifer. Since cotton is somewhat salt and drought tolerant, this makes it an attractive crop for arid and semiarid regions. As water resources get tighter around the world, economies that rely on it face difficulties and conflict, as well as potential environmental problems. For example, improper cropping and irrigation practices have led to desertification in areas of Uzbekistan, where cotton is a major export. In the days of the Soviet Union, the Aral Sea was tapped for agricultural irrigation, largely of cotton, and now salination is widespread.

Q1: What is the optimum amount of rainfall for cotton growth?
A1: 600 to 1,200 mm
Q2: In what soil type does cotton prefer to grow ?
A2: heavy
Q3: Why is cotton grown as an annual crop?
A3: control pests
Q4: Where in the US is considered the best place to grow cotton on Earth?
A4: South Plains
Q5: What type of tolerances make cotton an ideal crop for semiarid areas?
A5: salt and drought
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Such a theory would be true with higher probability, because it cannot be attacked so easily: to falsify the first one, it is sufficient to find that the sun has stopped rising; to falsify the second one, one additionally needs the assumption that the given day has not yet been reached. Popper held that it is the least likely, or most easily falsifiable, or simplest theory (attributes which he identified as all the same thing) that explains known facts that one should rationally prefer. His opposition to positivism, which held that it is the theory most likely to be true that one should prefer, here becomes very apparent. It is impossible, Popper argues, to ensure a theory to be true; it is more important that its falsity can be detected as easily as possible.

Q1: Which type of theory is most falsifiable?
A1: simplest
Q2: What school of philosophy does Popper's thinking on induction oppose?
A2: positivism
Q3: For Popper, knowing that a theory is true is what?
A3: impossible
Q4: What quality of a useful theory must be easily detectable?
A4: its falsity
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Such strategies, which minimize the maximum loss for each player, are called optimal. Von Neumann showed that their minimaxes are equal (in absolute value) and contrary (in sign). Von Neumann improved and extended the minimax theorem to include games involving imperfect information and games with more than two players, publishing this result in his 1944 Theory of Games and Economic Behavior (written with Oskar Morgenstern). Morgenstern wrote a paper on game theory and thought he would show it to von Neumann because of his interest in the subject. He read it and said to Morgenstern that he should put more in it. This was repeated a couple of times, and then von Neumann became a coauthor and the paper became 100 pages long. Then it became a book. The public interest in this work was such that The New York Times ran a front-page story. In this book, von Neumann declared that economic theory needed to use functional analytic methods, especially convex sets and topological fixed-point theorem, rather than the traditional differential calculus, because the maximum-operator did not preserve differentiable functions.

Q1: What is optimal strategy?
A1: minimize the maximum loss for each player
Q2: What von Neumann work was published in 1944?
A2: Theory of Games and Economic Behavior
Q3: Who was co-author with von Neman on the Theory of Games and Economic Behavior?
A3: Oskar Morgenstern
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Suffering (Pāli: दुक्ख dukkha; Sanskrit दुःख duḥkha) is also a central concept in Buddhism. The word roughly corresponds to a number of terms in English including suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration. Although the term is often translated as "suffering", its philosophical meaning is more analogous to "disquietude" as in the condition of being disturbed. As such, "suffering" is too narrow a translation with "negative emotional connotations"[web 9] that can give the impression that the Buddhist view is pessimistic, but Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic nor optimistic, but realistic. In English-language Buddhist literature translated from Pāli, "dukkha" is often left untranslated, so as to encompass its full range of meaning.[note 8]

Q1: The term dukkha corresponds to what English terms?
A1: suffering, pain, unsatisfactoriness, sorrow, affliction, anxiety, dissatisfaction, discomfort, anguish, stress, misery, and frustration
Q2: Dukkha is often translated as suffering, but the philosophical meaning of dukkha of more closely related to what term?
A2: disquietude
Q3: Buddhism seeks to be neither pessimistic or optimistic, but what?
A3: realistic
Q4: Suffering is a central concept in what?
A4: Buddhism
Q5: The philosophical meaning of suffering is close what term?
A5: disquietude
Q6: The condition of being disturbed is what?
A6: disquietude
Q7: In translation what term is often left untranslated to keep of fuller definition?
A7: dukkha
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Sugar, starch, cotton, linen, hemp, some types of rope, wood and particle boards, papyrus and paper, vegetable oils, wax, and natural rubber are examples of commercially important materials made from plant tissues or their secondary products. Charcoal, a pure form of carbon made by pyrolysis of wood, has a long history as a metal-smelting fuel, as a filter material and adsorbent and as an artist's material and is one of the three ingredients of gunpowder. Cellulose, the world's most abundant organic polymer, can be converted into energy, fuels, materials and chemical feedstock. Products made from cellulose include rayon and cellophane, wallpaper paste, biobutanol and gun cotton. Sugarcane, rapeseed and soy are some of the plants with a highly fermentable sugar or oil content that are used as sources of biofuels, important alternatives to fossil fuels, such as biodiesel.

Q1: How is charcoal made?
A1: pyrolysis of wood
Q2: Besides fire, what else is charcoal used for?
A2: one of the three ingredients of gunpowder
Q3: Plant oil is used for what kind of fuel?
A3: biodiesel
Q4: Rayon comes from what plant product?
A4: cellulose
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Suger, friend and confidant of the French Kings, Louis VI and Louis VII, decided in about 1137, to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis, attached to an abbey which was also a royal residence. He began with the West Front, reconstructing the original Carolingian façade with its single door. He designed the façade of Saint-Denis to be an echo of the Roman Arch of Constantine with its three-part division and three large portals to ease the problem of congestion. The rose window is the earliest-known example above the West portal in France. The façade combines both round arches and pointed arches of the Gothic style.

Q1: Who chose to rebuild the great Church of Saint-Denis in about 1137?
A1: Suger
Q2: Which portion the cathedral was the reconstruction of the great Church of Saint-Denis begun?
A2: the West Front
Q3: The facade of Saint Denis resembled what other well known structure?
A3: the Roman Arch of Constantine
Q4: Why were three large portal used in the construction of the Roman Arch of Constantine?
A4: to ease the problem of congestion
Q5: The facade of Saint Denis combines round arches with what other style arch?
A5: pointed arches of the Gothic style
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

Suleiman the Magnificent (1520–1566) captured Belgrade in 1521, conquered the southern and central parts of the Kingdom of Hungary as part of the Ottoman–Hungarian Wars,[not in citation given] and, after his historical victory in the Battle of Mohács in 1526, he established Turkish rule in the territory of present-day Hungary (except the western part) and other Central European territories. He then laid siege to Vienna in 1529, but failed to take the city. In 1532, he made another attack on Vienna, but was repulsed in the Siege of Güns. Transylvania, Wallachia and, intermittently, Moldavia, became tributary principalities of the Ottoman Empire. In the east, the Ottoman Turks took Baghdad from the Persians in 1535, gaining control of Mesopotamia and naval access to the Persian Gulf. In 1555, the Caucasus became officially partitioned for the first time between the Safavids and the Ottomans, a status quo that would remain until the end of the Russo-Turkish War (1768–74). By this partitioning of the Caucasus as signed in the Peace of Amasya, Western Armenia, and Western Georgia fell into Ottoman hands, while Dagestan, Eastern Armenia, Eastern Georgia, and Azerbaijan remained Persian.

Q1: During what years was Suleiman the Magnificent alive?
A1: 1520–1566
Q2: In what year did Suleiman the Magnificent capture Belgrade?
A2: 1521
Q3: Suleiman the Magnificent had an important victory in what battle in 1526?
A3: Battle of Mohács
Q4: After a victorious battle in 1526 in what present-day nation was Turkish rule expanded to?
A4: Hungary
Q5: In what siege was Suleiman the Magnificent stopped when attacking Vienna in 1532?
A5: the Siege of Güns
Title: Hyderabad
Topic: Geography and places

Sultan Quli, a governor of Golkonda, revolted against the Bahmani Sultanate and established the Qutb Shahi dynasty in 1518; he rebuilt the mud-fort of Golconda and named the city "Muhammad nagar". The fifth sultan, Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah, established Hyderabad on the banks of the Musi River in 1591, to avoid the water shortages experienced at Golkonda. During his rule, he had the Charminar and Mecca Masjid built in the city. On 21 September 1687, the Golkonda Sultanate came under the rule of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb after a year-long siege of the Golkonda fort. The annexed area was renamed Deccan Suba (Deccan province) and the capital was moved from Golkonda to Aurangabad, about 550 km (342 mi) northwest of Hyderabad.

Q1: What position did Sultan Quli hold?
A1: governor of Golkonda
Q2: Whom did Sultan Quli rebel against?
A2: the Bahmani Sultanate
Q3: In what year did the establishment of the Qutb dynasty occur?
A3: 1518
Q4: When was Hyderabad founded?
A4: 1591
Q5: In the late 17th century the capital of Deccan Suba was moved, to where?
A5: Aurangabad
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

Sumerian cities during the Uruk period were probably theocratic and were most likely headed by a priest-king (ensi), assisted by a council of elders, including both men and women. It is quite possible that the later Sumerian pantheon was modeled upon this political structure. There was little evidence of organized warfare or professional soldiers during the Uruk period, and towns were generally unwalled. During this period Uruk became the most urbanized city in the world, surpassing for the first time 50,000 inhabitants.

Q1: What is an "ensi"?
A1: priest-king
Q2: What type of leadership did Sumerian cities during the Uruk period probably have?
A2: theocratic
Q3: Who assisted the ensi?
A3: a council of elders
Q4: What was the most urbanized city in the world at the time?
A4: Uruk
Q5: Over how many people lived in Uruk?
A5: 50,000
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture.

Q1: How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?
A1: two
Q2: What does one myth see creation as being the result of?
A2: a series of hieros gami
Q3: In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?
A3: fresh and salt water
Q4: What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?
A4: the muddy ones
Q5: Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?
A5: Ninhursag
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

Summers are generally warm and sometimes hot. London's average July high is 24 °C (75.2 °F). On average London will see 31 days above 25 °C (77.0 °F) each year, and 4.2 days above 30.0 °C (86.0 °F) every year. During the 2003 European heat wave there were 14 consecutive days above 30 °C (86.0 °F) and 2 consecutive days where temperatures reached 38 °C (100.4 °F), leading to hundreds of heat related deaths. Winters are generally cool and damp with little temperature variation. Snowfall does occur from time to time, and can cause travel disruption when this happens. Spring and autumn are mixed seasons and can be pleasant. As a large city, London has a considerable urban heat island effect, making the centre of London at times 5 °C (9 °F) warmer than the suburbs and outskirts. The effect of this can be seen below when comparing London Heathrow, 15 miles west of London, with the London Weather Centre, in the city centre.

Q1: How far from the center of London is London Heathrow Airport?
A1: 15 miles west
Q2: What is London's average high temperature in July?
A2: 24 °C (75.2 °F)
Q3: What phenomenon causes the center of London to be warmer than its suburbs?
A3: urban heat island effect
Q4: Approximately how many days in a given year will London experience temperatures above 25 degrees Celsius (or 77 degrees Farenheit?
A4: 31
Q5: What occasional weather event causes problems for drivers in London?
A5: Snowfall
Title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Topic: Geography and places

Summers are typically warm and humid with a July daily average of 75.6 °F (24.2 °C). During this time, the city gets a sea breeze off the ocean that often makes daytime temperatures much cooler than inland areas, making Atlantic City a prime place for beating the summer heat from June through September. Average highs even just a few miles west of Atlantic City exceed 85 °F (29 °C) in July. Near the coast, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) on an average of only 6.8 days a year, but this reaches 21 days at nearby Atlantic City Int'l.[a] Winters are cool, with January averaging 35.5 °F (2 °C). Spring and autumn are erratic, although they are usually mild with low humidity. The average window for freezing temperatures is November 20 to March 25, allowing a growing season of 239 days. Extreme temperatures range from −9 °F (−23 °C) on February 9, 1934 to 104 °F (40 °C) on August 7, 1918.[b]

Q1: What is the daily average temperature in July?
A1: 75.6 °F
Q2: Atlantic City is a prime place to beat the heat from June through what month?
A2: September
Q3: What is the average temperature for January in Atlantic City?
A3: 35.5 °F
Q4: How many days long is the growing season?
A4: 239 days
Q5: What is the extreme low temperature of Atlantic City?
A5: −9 °F
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

Summers in the state are generally hot and humid, with most of the state averaging a high of around 90 °F (32 °C) during the summer months. Winters tend to be mild to cool, increasing in coolness at higher elevations. Generally, for areas outside the highest mountains, the average overnight lows are near freezing for most of the state. The highest recorded temperature is 113 °F (45 °C) at Perryville on August 9, 1930 while the lowest recorded temperature is −32 °F (−36 °C) at Mountain City on December 30, 1917.

Q1: What is Tennessee's average high temperature in degree Celsius during the summer?
A1: 32
Q2: What is the highest temperature ever recorded in Tennessee?
A2: 113 °F (45 °C)
Q3: Where was the highest known temperature in Tennessee recorded?
A3: Perryville
Q4: What Fahrenheit temperature is the lowest ever recorded in Tennessee?
A4: −32 °F
Q5: Where in Tennessee did the temperature reach -36 degrees Celsius in December of 1917?
A5: Mountain City
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Sunlight has influenced building design since the beginning of architectural history. Advanced solar architecture and urban planning methods were first employed by the Greeks and Chinese, who oriented their buildings toward the south to provide light and warmth.

Q1: What has influenced the design since the beginning of architectural history?
A1: Sunlight
Q2: Who first utilized solar architecture?
A2: Greeks and Chinese
Q3: In which direction were the buildings built by the Greeks and Chinese facing?
A3: toward the south
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Sunlight is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis, when carbon dioxide and water (two low-energy compounds) are converted into the high-energy compounds carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Plants also release oxygen during photosynthesis, which is utilized by living organisms as an electron acceptor, to release the energy of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis as heat or light may be triggered suddenly by a spark, in a forest fire, or it may be made available more slowly for animal or human metabolism, when these molecules are ingested, and catabolism is triggered by enzyme action.

Q1: What is also captured by plants as chemical potential energy in photosynthesis?
A1: Sunlight
Q2: What do plants release during photosynthesis?
A2: oxygen
Q3: What may be triggered suddenly by a spark?
A3: Release of the energy stored during photosynthesis
Q4: What are two low-energy compounds?
A4: carbon dioxide and water
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Sunlight may be stored as gravitational potential energy after it strikes the Earth, as (for example) water evaporates from oceans and is deposited upon mountains (where, after being released at a hydroelectric dam, it can be used to drive turbines or generators to produce electricity). Sunlight also drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events. An example of a solar-mediated weather event is a hurricane, which occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement.

Q1: When may sunlight be stored as gravitational potential energy?
A1: after it strikes the Earth
Q2: This drives many weather phenomena, save those generated by volcanic events.
A2: Sunlight
Q3: What is an example of a solar-mediated weather event?
A3: hurricane
Q4: What occurs when large unstable areas of warm ocean, heated over months, give up some of their thermal energy suddenly to power a few days of violent air movement?
A4: hurricane
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

Sunni Islam of the Hanafi school has been officially recognized by the government since 2009. Tajikistan considers itself a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion. The Government has declared two Islamic holidays, Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon, as state holidays. According to a U.S. State Department release and Pew research group, the population of Tajikistan is 98% Muslim. Approximately 87%–95% of them are Sunni and roughly 3% are Shia and roughly 7% are non-denominational Muslims. The remaining 2% of the population are followers of Russian Orthodoxy, Protestantism, Zoroastrianism and Buddhism. A great majority of Muslims fast during Ramadan, although only about one third in the countryside and 10% in the cities observe daily prayer and dietary restrictions.

Q1: What school has been recognized by the government?
A1: Sunni Islam of the Hanafi
Q2: What kind of state does Tajikistan see itself as?
A2: a secular state with a Constitution providing for freedom of religion
Q3: What are the two national Islamic holidays?
A3: Id Al-Fitr and Idi Qurbon
Q4: What percent of the population is muslim?
A4: 98%
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Supercomputers in particular often have highly unique architectures that differ significantly from the basic stored-program architecture and from general purpose computers. They often feature thousands of CPUs, customized high-speed interconnects, and specialized computing hardware. Such designs tend to be useful only for specialized tasks due to the large scale of program organization required to successfully utilize most of the available resources at once. Supercomputers usually see usage in large-scale simulation, graphics rendering, and cryptography applications, as well as with other so-called "embarrassingly parallel" tasks.

Q1: How many CPUs do supercomputers typically possess?
A1: thousands
Q2: What is the name of a computer that has many CPUs and much more powerful?
A2: Supercomputers
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Superscalar computers may contain multiple ALUs, allowing them to process several instructions simultaneously. Graphics processors and computers with SIMD and MIMD features often contain ALUs that can perform arithmetic on vectors and matrices.

Q1: Computers that have multiple ALUs are called what?
A1: Superscalar
Title: Labour_Party_(UK)
Topic: Geography and places

Support for the LRC was boosted by the 1901 Taff Vale Case, a dispute between strikers and a railway company that ended with the union being ordered to pay £23,000 damages for a strike. The judgement effectively made strikes illegal since employers could recoup the cost of lost business from the unions. The apparent acquiescence of the Conservative Government of Arthur Balfour to industrial and business interests (traditionally the allies of the Liberal Party in opposition to the Conservative's landed interests) intensified support for the LRC against a government that appeared to have little concern for the industrial proletariat and its problems.

Q1: What boosted support in 1901?
A1: Taff Vale Case
Q2: What was the Taft Vale Case?
A2: a dispute between strikers and a railway company
Q3: From this case, what happened?
A3: made strikes illegal
Q4: How much were they ordered to pay in damages for the strike?
A4: £23,000
Title: War_on_Terror
Topic: History

Support for the U.S. cooled when America made clear its determination to invade Iraq in late 2002. Even so, many of the "coalition of the willing" countries that unconditionally supported the U.S.-led military action have sent troops to Afghanistan, particular neighboring Pakistan, which has disowned its earlier support for the Taliban and contributed tens of thousands of soldiers to the conflict. Pakistan was also engaged in the War in North-West Pakistan (Waziristan War). Supported by U.S. intelligence, Pakistan was attempting to remove the Taliban insurgency and al-Qaeda element from the northern tribal areas.

Q1: What were the countries who supported the US's post-9/11 invasions called?
A1: the "coalition of the willing"
Q2: Which country disavowed the Taliban?
A2: Pakistan
Q3: How many soldiers did Pakistan contribute to fight the Taliban?
A3: tens of thousands
Q4: Where in Pakistan is Waziristan?
A4: North-West
Q5: Where did Pakistan try to remove the Taliban and Al-Qaeda?
A5: northern tribal areas
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Sure South Atlantic Ltd ("Sure") offers television for the island via 17 analogue terrestrial UHF channels, offering a mix of British, US, and South African programming. The channels are from DSTV and include Mnet, SuperSport and BBC channels. The feed signal, from MultiChoice DStv in South Africa, is received by a satellite dish at Bryant's Beacon from Intelsat 7 in the Ku band.

Q1: What does Sure South Atlantic LTD offer?
A1: television
Q2: How many analogue terrestrial UHF channels does Sure South Atlantic LTD have?
A2: 17
Q3: What is the feed signal of Sure South Atlantic received by?
A3: a satellite dish
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

Surface-mount technology emerged in the 1960s, gained momentum in the early 1980s and became widely used by the mid-1990s. Components were mechanically redesigned to have small metal tabs or end caps that could be soldered directly onto the PCB surface, instead of wire leads to pass through holes. Components became much smaller and component placement on both sides of the board became more common than with through-hole mounting, allowing much smaller PCB assemblies with much higher circuit densities. Surface mounting lends itself well to a high degree of automation, reducing labor costs and greatly increasing production rates. Components can be supplied mounted on carrier tapes. Surface mount components can be about one-quarter to one-tenth of the size and weight of through-hole components, and passive components much cheaper; prices of semiconductor surface mount devices (SMDs) are determined more by the chip itself than the package, with little price advantage over larger packages. Some wire-ended components, such as 1N4148 small-signal switch diodes, are actually significantly cheaper than SMD equivalents.

Q1: When did surface-mount become a commonly used manufacturing process?
A1: mid-1990s
Q2: What did the new components with end tabs replace?
A2: wire leads
Q3: What improvement is possible with surface-mounting that enables higher production and lower labor costs?
A3: automation
Q4: What are SMDs?
A4: surface mount devices
Q5: Is it the chip or the package that influences the price of an SMD more?
A5: chip
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

Surrounded by the Yangtze River and mountains, Nanjing also enjoys beautiful natural scenery. Natural lakes such as Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake are located in the centre of the city and are easily accessible to the public, while hills like Purple Mountain are covered with evergreens and oaks and host various historical and cultural sites. Sun Quan relocated his capital to Nanjing after Liu Bei's suggestion as Liu Bei was impressed by Nanjing's impeccable geographic position when negotiating an alliance with Sun Quan. Sun Quan then renamed the city from Moling (秣陵) to Jianye (建鄴) shortly thereafter.

Q1: What lakes are in the middle of Nanjing?
A1: Xuanwu Lake and Mochou Lake
Q2: What type of trees are on Purple Mountain?
A2: evergreens and oaks
Q3: Who convinced Sun Quan to make Nanjing his capital?
A3: Liu Bei
Q4: What impressed Liu Bei so much about Nanjing?
A4: Nanjing's impeccable geographic position
Q5: What is Nanjing surrounded by?
A5: the Yangtze River and mountains
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

Surveys show that red is the color most associated with courage. In western countries red is a symbol of martyrs and sacrifice, particularly because of its association with blood. Beginning in the Middle Ages, the Pope and Cardinals of the Roman Catholic Church wore red to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs. The banner of the Christian soldiers in the First Crusade was a red cross on a white field, the St. George's Cross. According to Christian tradition, Saint George was a Roman soldier who was a member of the guards of the Emperor Diocletian, who refused to renounce his Christian faith and was martyred. The Saint George's Cross became the Flag of England in the 16th century, and now is part of the Union Flag of the United Kingdom, as well as the Flag of the Republic of Georgia.

Q1: What trait do people most commonly link red with?
A1: courage
Q2: Why did the Popes of the middle ages wear red?
A2: to symbolize the blood of Christ and the Christian martyrs
Q3: What was depicted on the banners of Christians in the First crusade?
A3: a red cross on a white field
Q4: What is the cross on the banners used during the First Crusade known as?
A4: St. George's Cross
Q5: Who was Saint George believed to be?
A5: a Roman soldier
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

Surviving remains of 12th century merchants' houses such as King John's House and Canute's Palace are evidence of the wealth that existed in the town at this time. In 1348, the Black Death reached England via merchant vessels calling at Southampton.

Q1: Ruins of merchants' homes that survive today are evidence that Southampton had rich people in what century?
A1: 12th
Q2: What plague made it to England because of all the ships visiting Southampton in the 14th century?
A2: Black Death
Q3: What year did the Black Death arrive in England for the first time?
A3: 1348
Q4: In addition to King John's House, what's the name of another rich merchant's dwelling that still partly remains?
A4: Canute's Palace
Title: England_national_football_team
Topic: Sports and recreation

Sven-Göran Eriksson took charge of the team between 2001 and 2006, and was the first non–English manager of England. Despite controversial press coverage of his personal life, Eriksson was consistently popular with the majority of fans.[citation needed] He guided England to the quarter-finals of the 2002 FIFA World Cup, UEFA Euro 2004, and the 2006 FIFA World Cup. He lost only five competitive matches during his tenure, and England rose to an No.4 world ranking under his guidance. His contract was extended by the Football Association by two years, to include UEFA Euro 2008. However, it was terminated by them at the 2006 FIFA World Cup's conclusion.

Q1: Who was the first non-English person to manage England's football team?
A1: Sven-Göran Eriksson
Q2: How many competitive matches were lost under the tenure of manager Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A2: five
Q3: What was the highest world ranking achieved by England under management by Sven-Göran Eriksson?
A3: No.4
Q4: In what year was the contract of Sven-Göran Eriksson terminated?
A4: 2006
Q5: In what year did Sven-Göran Eriksson become the manager of England's football team?
A5: 2001
Title: Kathmandu
Topic: Geography and places

Swayambhu is a Buddhist stupa atop a hillock at the northwestern part of the city. This is among the oldest religious sites in Nepal. Although the site is considered Buddhist, it is revered by both Buddhists and Hindus. The stupa consists of a dome at the base; above the dome, there is a cubic structure with the eyes of Buddha looking in all four directions.[clarification needed] There are pentagonal Toran above each of the four sides, with statues engraved on them. Behind and above the torana there are thirteen tiers. Above all the tiers, there is a small space above which lies a gajur.

Q1: In what part of Kathmandu is Swayambhu located?
A1: northwestern
Q2: What faith does Swayambhu belong to?
A2: Buddhist
Q3: Other than Buddhists, who worships at Swayambhu?
A3: Hindus
Q4: In how many directions does the Buddha of Swayambhu look?
A4: four
Q5: In Swayambhu, what is present in the small area above the tiers?
A5: gajur
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

Swaziland derives its name from a later king named Mswati II. KaNgwane, named for Ngwane III, is an alternative name for Swaziland the surname of whose royal house remains Nkhosi Dlamini. Nkhosi literally means "king". Mswati II was the greatest of the fighting kings of Swaziland, and he greatly extended the area of the country to twice its current size. The Emakhandzambili clans were initially incorporated into the kingdom with wide autonomy, often including grants of special ritual and political status. The extent of their autonomy however was drastically curtailed by Mswati, who attacked and subdued some of them in the 1850s.

Q1: What is the literal translation of Nkhosi?
A1: king
Q2: In terms of the most successful Swaziland kings in battle, who was the best?
A2: Mswati II
Q3: What did Mswati II do to the land controlled by Swaziland during his reign?
A3: greatly extended the area of the country
Q4: What groups did Mswati attack in the mid 19th century?
A4: Emakhandzambili clans
Q5: Where does the name Swaziland originate?
A5: Mswati II. KaNgwane
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

Swaziland is a developing country with a small economy. Its GDP per capita of $9,714 means it is classified as a country with a lower-middle income. As a member of the Southern African Customs Union (SACU) and Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), its main local trading partner is South Africa. Swaziland's currency, the lilangeni, is pegged to the South African rand. Swaziland's major overseas trading partners are the United States and the European Union. The majority of the country's employment is provided by its agricultural and manufacturing sectors. Swaziland is a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the African Union, the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations.

Q1: What is the per capita GDP of Swaziland?
A1: $9,714
Q2: What is the SACU?
A2: Southern African Customs Union
Q3: What does the acronym COMESA represent?
A3: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa
Q4: What is the lilangeni?
A4: Swaziland's currency
Q5: What form of currency is the lilangeni fixed to?
A5: South African rand
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

Swaziland's currency is pegged to the South African Rand, subsuming Swaziland's monetary policy to South Africa. Customs duties from the Southern African Customs Union, which may equal as much as 70% of government revenue this year, and worker remittances from South Africa substantially supplement domestically earned income. Swaziland is not poor enough to merit an IMF program; however, the country is struggling to reduce the size of the civil service and control costs at public enterprises. The government is trying to improve the atmosphere for foreign direct investment.

Q1: What currency is Swaziland bound to?
A1: South African Rand
Q2: Which nation does Swazi defer to when it comes to monetary policy?
A2: South Africa
Q3: Duties from customs represent what amount of Swaziland government revenue?
A3: as much as 70%
Q4: From where does Swaziland get customs revenue?
A4: Southern African Customs Union
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

Swaziland's most well-known cultural event is the annual Umhlanga Reed Dance. In the eight-day ceremony, girls cut reeds and present them to the queen mother and then dance. (There is no formal competition.) It is done in late August or early September. Only childless, unmarried girls can take part. The aims of the ceremony are to preserve girls' chastity, provide tribute labour for the Queen mother, and to encourage solidarity by working together. The royal family appoints a commoner maiden to be "induna" (captain) of the girls and she announces over the radio the dates of the ceremony. She will be an expert dancer and knowledgeable on royal protocol. One of the King's daughters will be her counterpart.

Q1: What is the most widely known event in Swazi culture?
A1: Umhlanga Reed Dance.
Q2: How long is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
A2: eight
Q3: During what time of year is the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
A3: late August or early September
Q4: What individuals can take part in the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
A4: childless, unmarried girls
Q5: As it relates to girls, what is the purpose of the Umhlanga Reed Dance?
A5: to preserve girls' chastity
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Greek cuisine differs widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island. It uses some flavorings more often than other Mediterranean cuisines: oregano, mint, garlic, onion, dill and bay laurel leaves. Other common herbs and spices include basil, thyme and fennel seed. Many Greek recipes, especially in the northern parts of the country, use "sweet" spices in combination with meat, for example cinnamon and cloves in stews.

Q1: What is the name of one sweet dessert in Greece?
A1: galaktoboureko
Q2: What is one of the flavorings commonly used in Greek Mediterranean food? 
A2: oregano
Q3: What is one of the sweet spices Greeks like to use with meat?
A3: cinnamon
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Swiss are fans of football and the national team is nicknamed the 'Nati'. The headquarters of the sport's governing body, the International Federation of Association Football (FIFA), is located in Zürich. Switzerland hosted the 1954 FIFA World Cup, and was the joint host, with Austria, of the Euro 2008 tournament. The Swiss Super League is the nation's professional club league. For the Brasil 2014 World Cup finals tournament, the country's German-speaking cantons will be closely monitored by local police forces to prevent celebrations beyond one hour after matches end. Europe's highest football pitch, at 2,000 metres (6,600 ft) above sea level, is located in Switzerland and is named the Ottmar Hitzfeld Stadium.

Q1: What is the nickname for the Swiss national football team?
A1: Nati
Q2: What does FIFA stand for?
A2: International Federation of Association Football
Q3: Where is Europe's highest football pitch located?
A3: Switzerland
Q4: Where is the FIFA located?
A4: Zürich
Q5: Which FIFA world cup did Switzerland host?
A5: 1954