LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Constantius, ordered Liberius into exile in 356 giving him, then, three days to comply. He was ordered into banishment to Beroea, in Thrace; Beroea (Thrace). He sent expensive presents, too, if he were to accept the Arian position but were refused. He sent him, indeed, five hundred pieces of gold "to bear his charges" but Liberius refused them, saying, he might bestow them on his flatters; as he did also a like present from the empress, bidding the messenger learn to believe in Christ, and not to persecute the Church of God. Attempts were made to leave the presents in The Church, but Liberius threw them out. Constantius hereupon sent for him under a strict guard to Milan, where, in a conference recorded by Theodoret, he boldly told Constantius that Athanasius had been acquitted at Sardica, and his enemies proved calumniators (see: "calumny") and impostors, and that it was unjust to condemn a person who could not be legally convicted of any crime. The emperor was reduced to silence on every article, but being the more out of patience, ordered him into banishment. Liberius went into exile. Constantius, after two years went to Rome to celebrate the twentieth year of his reign. The ladies joined in a petition to him that he would restore Liberius. He assented, upon condition that he should comply with the bishops, then, at court. He subscribed the condemnation of Athanasius, and a confession or creed which had been framed by the Arians at Sirmium. And he no sooner had recovered his see that he declared himself for the Creed of Niceae, as Theodoret testifies. (Theodoret, Hist. lib. ii. c. 17.). The Emperor knew what he wanted people to believe. So did the bishops at his court. Athanasius stuck by the orthodox creed. Constantius was an avowed Arian, became sole ruler in 350, at the death of his brother, Constans.

Q1: How much warning was Liberius given before his exile?
A1: three days
Q2: Where did Liberius go?
A2: Beroea
Q3: Did bribery work in convincing Liberius to believe the Arians?
A3: were refused
Q4: Who tried to bribe Liberius?
A4: Constantius
Q5: What did Liberius have to promise to do in order to return?
A5: comply with the bishops
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Constantius, renewing his previous policies favoring the Arians, banished Athanasius from Alexandria once again. This was followed, in 356, by an attempt to arrest Athanasius during a vigil service. Athanasius fled to Upper Egypt, where he stayed in several monasteries and other houses. During this period, Athanasius completed his work Four Orations against the Arians and defended his own recent conduct in the Apology to Constantius and Apology for His Flight. Constantius's persistence in his opposition to Athanasius, combined with reports Athanasius received about the persecution of non-Arians by the new Arian bishop George of Laodicea, prompted Athanasius to write his more emotional History of the Arians, in which he described Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist.

Q1: Who had a policy of condemning Athanasius?
A1: the Arians
Q2: What was Athanasius doing the next time an arrest was attempted?
A2: a vigil service
Q3: Where did Athanasius flee to after this attempt?
A3: Upper Egypt
Q4: What did he write during this time?
A4: Four Orations against the Arians
Q5: In which work did he refer to Constantius as a precursor of the Antichrist?
A5: History of the Arians
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

Constitutional changes voted on 19 March 2007 prohibited parties from using religion as a basis for political activity, allowed the drafting of a new anti-terrorism law, authorised broad police powers of arrest and surveillance, and gave the president power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring. In 2009, Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki, Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party (NDP), described Egypt as a "pharaonic" political system, and democracy as a "long-term goal". Dessouki also stated that "the real center of power in Egypt is the military".

Q1: What did constitutional changes in 2007 prohibit?
A1: parties from using religion as a basis for political activity
Q2: What was the long term goal for Egypt?
A2: democracy
Q3: What presidential powers were included in 2007 law changes?
A3: power to dissolve parliament and end judicial election monitoring
Q4: What was Dr. Ali El Deen Hilal Dessouki's position?
A4: Media Secretary of the National Democratic Party
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

Construction began in 1941 of two airbases consisting of 5.8 km2 (2.2 sq mi) of land, largely reclaimed from the sea. For many years, Bermuda's bases were used by US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft patrolling the Atlantic for enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet. The principal installation, Kindley Air Force Base on the eastern coast, was transferred to the US Navy in 1970 and redesignated Naval Air Station Bermuda. As a naval air station, the base continued to host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.

Q1: What did the US begin building in 1941?
A1: two airbases
Q2: Who primarily used the bases in Bermuda?
A2: US Air Force transport and refuelling aircraft and by US Navy aircraft
Q3: What was the navy patrolling for?
A3: enemy submarines, first German and, later, Soviet
Q4: What was the Naval Air Station Bermuda originally?
A4: Kindley Air Force Base
Q5: What is the Naval Air Station used for?
A5: host both transient and deployed USN and USAF aircraft, as well as transitioning or deployed Royal Air Force and Canadian Forces aircraft.
Title: Miami
Topic: Geography and places

Construction is currently underway on the Miami Intermodal Center and Miami Central Station, a massive transportation hub servicing Metrorail, Amtrak, Tri-Rail, Metrobus, Greyhound Lines, taxis, rental cars, MIA Mover, private automobiles, bicycles and pedestrians adjacent to Miami International Airport. Completion of the Miami Intermodal Center is expected to be completed by winter 2011, and will serve over 150,000 commuters and travelers in the Miami area. Phase I of Miami Central Station is scheduled to begin service in the spring of 2012, and Phase II in 2013.

Q1: What year was to see the completion of the Miami Intermodal Center?
A1: 2011
Q2: When was Phase II of the Miami Center Station supposed to enter service?
A2: 2013
Q3: Approximately how many people were intended to use Miami Intermodal Center?
A3: 150,000
Q4: What airport is Miami Intermodal Center next to?
A4: Miami International
Q5: What part of 2012 was to have seen Phase I of Miami Central Station begin?
A5: spring
Title: Eton_College
Topic: History

Construction of the chapel, originally intended to be slightly over twice as long, with eighteen - or possibly seventeen - bays (there are eight today) was stopped when Henry VI was deposed. Only the Quire of the intended building was completed. Eton's first Headmaster, William Waynflete, founder of Magdalen College, Oxford and previously Head Master of Winchester College, built the ante-chapel that finishes the Chapel today. The important wall paintings in the Chapel and the brick north range of the present School Yard also date from the 1480s; the lower storeys of the cloister, including College Hall, had been built between 1441 and 1460.

Q1: Who was Eton's first Headmaster?
A1: William Waynflete
Q2: How old are the wall paintings in the Chapel and School Yard?
A2: 1480s
Q3: Between what years was College Hall built?
A3: 1441 and 1460
Q4: How many bays was the chapel originially intended to have?
A4: eighteen - or possibly seventeen
Q5: How many bays does the chapel have today?
A5: eight
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Contact with European diseases such as smallpox and measles killed between 50 and 67 per cent of the Aboriginal population of North America in the first hundred years after the arrival of Europeans. Some 90 per cent of the native population near Massachusetts Bay Colony died of smallpox in an epidemic in 1617–1619. In 1633, in Plymouth, the Native Americans there were exposed to smallpox because of contact with Europeans. As it had done elsewhere, the virus wiped out entire population groups of Native Americans. It reached Lake Ontario in 1636, and the lands of the Iroquois by 1679. During the 1770s, smallpox killed at least 30% of the West Coast Native Americans. The 1775–82 North American smallpox epidemic and 1837 Great Plains smallpox epidemic brought devastation and drastic population depletion among the Plains Indians. In 1832, the federal government of the United States established a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832).

Q1: What percent of the Aboriginal population of North America was killed in the first hundred years after first contact by smallpox and measles?
A1: between 50 and 67 per cent
Q2: How much of the native population near Massachusetts was killed by smallpox in the epidemic between 1617 and 1619?
A2: 90 per cent
Q3: Who were the Native Americans exposed to smallpox because of?
A3: Europeans
Q4: When did smallpox read the lands of the Iroquois?
A4: by 1679
Q5: What did the Indian Vaccination Act of 1832 establish?
A5: a smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans
Title: Political_philosophy
Topic: History

Contemporaneously with the rise of analytic ethics in Anglo-American thought, in Europe several new lines of philosophy directed at critique of existing societies arose between the 1950s and 1980s. Most of these took elements of Marxist economic analysis, but combined them with a more cultural or ideological emphasis. Out of the Frankfurt School, thinkers like Herbert Marcuse, Theodor W. Adorno, Max Horkheimer, and Jürgen Habermas combined Marxian and Freudian perspectives. Along somewhat different lines, a number of other continental thinkers—still largely influenced by Marxism—put new emphases on structuralism and on a "return to Hegel". Within the (post-) structuralist line (though mostly not taking that label) are thinkers such as Gilles Deleuze, Michel Foucault, Claude Lefort, and Jean Baudrillard. The Situationists were more influenced by Hegel; Guy Debord, in particular, moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption, and looked at the relation between consumerism and dominant ideology formation.

Q1: Herbert Marcuse was from what school?
A1: Frankfurt School,
Q2: Thinkers out of the Frankfurt School combined Marxian and what other perspective?
A2: Freudian
Q3: Who in particular moved a Marxist analysis of commodity fetishism to the realm of consumption? 
A3: Guy Debord
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

Contemporary Christian music (CCM) has several subgenres, one being "Christian AC". Radio & Records, for instance, lists Christian AC among its format charts. There has been crossover to mainstream and hot AC formats by many of the core artists of the Christian AC genre, notably Amy Grant, Michael W. Smith, Kathy Troccoli, Steven Curtis Chapman, Plumb, and more recently, MercyMe.

Q1: What is CCM an acronym of?
A1: Contemporary Christian music
Q2: What genre of music is performed by MercyMe?
A2: Christian AC
Q3: What publication includes Christian AC with its format charts?
A3: Radio & Records
Q4: Along with mainstream AC, what format has also featured Christian AC artists on a crossover basis?
A4: hot AC
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration" of the faith and because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin. All the same, the historical and authentic tradition of Mariology in Byzantium took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators. The most famous Eastern Orthodox theologian to imply Mary's Immaculate Conception was St. Gregory Palamas. Though many passages from his works were long known to extol and attribute to Mary a Christlike holiness in her human nature, traditional objections to Palamas' disposition toward the Immaculate Conception typically rely on a poor understanding of his doctrine of "the purification of Mary" at the Annunciation. Not only did he explicitly cite St. Gregory Nazianzen for his understanding of Jesus' purification at His baptism and Mary's at the Annunciation, but Theophanes of Nicaea, Joseph Bryennius, and Gennadios Scholarios all explicitly placed Mary's Conception as the first moment of her all-immaculate participation in the divine energies to such a degree that she was always completely without spot and graced. In addition to Emperor Manuel II and Gennadius Scholarius, St. Mark of Ephesus also fervently defended Mary's title as "prepurified" against the Dominican, Manuel Calecas, who was perhaps promoting thomistic Mariology that denied Mary's all-holiness from the first moment of her existence.

Q1: What sect often stands in disagreement over the virginal inception of Mary ?
A1: Contemporary Eastern Orthodox Christians often object to the dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception
Q2: What does this group believe of the story of a Virgin mother for Mary and those who follow its teaching ?
A2: dogmatic declaration of her immaculate conception as an "over-elaboration"
Q3: What in particular does the group feels is impossible to believe ?
A3: because they see it as too closely connected with a particular interpretation of the doctrine of ancestral sin.
Q4: What is the theological study of Mary called ?
A4: Mariology
Q5: What did this theological study do to set itself apart from the other groups ?
A5: took its historical point of departure from Sophronios, Damascene, and their imitators.
Title: A_cappella
Topic: Music

Contemporary a cappella includes many vocal groups and bands who add vocal percussion or beatboxing to create a pop/rock/gospel sound, in some cases very similar to bands with instruments. Examples of such professional groups include Straight No Chaser, Pentatonix, The House Jacks, Rockapella, Mosaic, and M-pact. There also remains a strong a cappella presence within Christian music, as some denominations purposefully do not use instruments during worship. Examples of such groups are Take 6, Glad and Acappella. Arrangements of popular music for small a cappella ensembles typically include one voice singing the lead melody, one singing a rhythmic bass line, and the remaining voices contributing chordal or polyphonic accompaniment.

Q1: In place of instruments, what do some modern a cappella groups implement?
A1: vocal percussion
Q2: Where does a cappella still maintain a heavy presence?
A2: Christian music
Q3: In a cappella, what do the voices not contributing lead vocals or a bass line contribute?
A3: chordal or polyphonic accompaniment
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

Contemporary chroniclers were mostly critical of John's performance as king, and his reign has since been the subject of significant debate and periodic revision by historians from the 16th century onwards. Historian Jim Bradbury has summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities, observing that John is today usually considered a "hard-working administrator, an able man, an able general". Nonetheless, modern historians agree that he also had many faults as king, including what historian Ralph Turner describes as "distasteful, even dangerous personality traits", such as pettiness, spitefulness and cruelty. These negative qualities provided extensive material for fiction writers in the Victorian era, and John remains a recurring character within Western popular culture, primarily as a villain in films and stories depicting the Robin Hood legends.

Q1: Who was critical of John's performance as king?
A1: Contemporary chroniclers
Q2: What historian summarised the contemporary historical opinion of John's positive qualities?
A2: Jim Bradbury
Q3: John remains a recurring character within what culture?
A3: Western
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Contemporary humanism entails a qualified optimism about the capacity of people, but it does not involve believing that human nature is purely good or that all people can live up to the Humanist ideals without help. If anything, there is recognition that living up to one's potential is hard work and requires the help of others. The ultimate goal is human flourishing; making life better for all humans, and as the most conscious species, also promoting concern for the welfare of other sentient beings and the planet as a whole. The focus is on doing good and living well in the here and now, and leaving the world a better place for those who come after. In 1925, the English mathematician and philosopher Alfred North Whitehead cautioned: "The prophecy of Francis Bacon has now been fulfilled; and man, who at times dreamt of himself as a little lower than the angels, has submitted to become the servant and the minister of nature. It still remains to be seen whether the same actor can play both parts".

Q1: What is contemporary humanism optimistic about?
A1: capacity of people
Q2: What is the main goal of humanism optimistic?
A2: human flourishing
Q3: What is human flourishing?
A3: making life better
Q4: What doesnt conetemporary humanism  believe about human nature?
A4: purely good
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

Contestants go through at least three sets of cuts. The first is a brief audition with a few other contestants in front of selectors which may include one of the show's producers. Although auditions can exceed 10,000 in each city, only a few hundred of these make it past the preliminary round of auditions. Successful contestants then sing in front of producers, where more may be cut. Only then can they proceed to audition in front of the judges, which is the only audition stage shown on television. Those selected by the judges are sent to Hollywood. Between 10–60 people in each city may make it to Hollywood[citation needed].

Q1: How many auditions are there before contestants audition for the judges?
A1: at least three
Q2: Which audition stage is televised?
A2: the judges
Q3: How many contestants make it through the initial auditions in each city?
A3: a few hundred
Q4: What is the only televised portion of the preliminary audition rounds?
A4: in front of the judges
Q5: How many rounds can a contestant make it through before Hollywood?
A5: three
Q6: Who do contestants sing for in the second round of cuts during auditions?
A6: producers
Q7: If contestants get approval from the judges, where do they go next?
A7: Hollywood
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

Continental Portugal's 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi) territory is serviced by four international airports located near the principal cities of Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja. Lisbon's geographical position makes it a stopover for many foreign airlines at several airports within the country. The primary flag-carrier is TAP Portugal, although many other domestic airlines provide services within and without the country. The government decided to build a new airport outside Lisbon, in Alcochete, to replace Lisbon Portela Airport, though this plan has been stalled due to the austerity. Currently, the most important airports are in Lisbon, Porto, Faro, Funchal (Madeira), and Ponta Delgada (Azores), managed by the national airport authority group ANA – Aeroportos de Portugal.

Q1: How much land does the Continental Portugal cover?
A1: 89,015 km2 (34,369 sq mi)
Q2: How many national airports does Portugal have?
A2: four
Q3: Near what cities are the Portuguese airports located?
A3: Lisbon, Porto, Faro and Beja
Q4: Why is Lisbon a popular stopover for many foreign airlines?
A4: geographical position
Q5: What is the primary flag-carrier in Portugal?
A5: TAP Portugal
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell
Topic: Engineering and technology

Continuing his experiments in Brantford, Bell brought home a working model of his telephone. On August 3, 1876, from the telegraph office in Mount Pleasant five miles (eight km) away from Brantford, Bell sent a tentative telegram indicating that he was ready. With curious onlookers packed into the office as witnesses, faint voices were heard replying. The following night, he amazed guests as well as his family when a message was received at the Bell home from Brantford, four miles (six km) distant, along an improvised wire strung up along telegraph lines and fences, and laid through a tunnel. This time, guests at the household distinctly heard people in Brantford reading and singing. These experiments clearly proved that the telephone could work over long distances.

Q1: From what city did Bell send his first message?
A1: Mount Pleasant
Q2: Bell sent messages over wires hooked onto telegraph lines and what?
A2: fences
Q3: What did the group at the Bells house hear other people doing?
A3: reading and singing
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

Contract law covers obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties. Generally, contract law in transactions involving the sale of goods has become highly standardized nationwide as a result of the widespread adoption of the Uniform Commercial Code. However, there is still significant diversity in the interpretation of other kinds of contracts, depending upon the extent to which a given state has codified its common law of contracts or adopted portions of the Restatement (Second) of Contracts.

Q1: What is contract law?
A1: obligations established by agreement (express or implied) between private parties
Q2: What standardized contract law?
A2: Uniform Commercial Code
Q3: What kinds of agreements do contract law cover?
A3: express or implied
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Contrarily, having so firmly entrenched themselves into Greek affairs, the Romans now completely ignored the rapidly disintegrating Seleucid empire (perhaps because it posed no threat); and left the Ptolemaic kingdom to decline quietly, while acting as a protector of sorts, in as much as to stop other powers taking Egypt over (including the famous line-in-the-sand incident when the Seleucid Antiochus IV Epiphanes tried to invade Egypt). Eventually, instability in the near east resulting from the power vacuum left by the collapse of the Seleucid empire caused the Roman proconsul Pompey the Great to abolish the Seleucid rump state, absorbing much of Syria into the Roman republic. Famously, the end of Ptolemaic Egypt came as the final act in the republican civil war between the Roman triumvirs Mark Anthony and Augustus Caesar. After the defeat of Anthony and his lover, the last Ptolemaic monarch, Cleopatra VII at the Battle of Actium, Augustus invaded Egypt and took it as his own personal fiefdom. He thereby completed both the destruction of the Hellenistic kingdoms and the Roman republic, and ended (in hindsight) the Hellenistic era.

Q1: Who tried to invade Egypt in the famous line-in-the-sand incident?
A1: Antiochus IV Epiphanes
Q2: Which Roman proconsul ablished the Seleucid rump state?
A2: Pompey the Great
Q3: Who was the last Ptolemaic monarch?
A3: Cleopatra VII
Q4: At what battle was Mark Anthony defeated?
A4: Battle of Actium
Q5: What region did Augustus take on as his personal fiefdom?
A5: Egypt
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Contrary to how the Protestant Reformers were often characterized, the concept of a catholic or universal Church was not brushed aside during the Protestant Reformation. On the contrary, the visible unity of the catholic or universal church was seen by the Protestant reformers as an important and essential doctrine of the Reformation. The Magisterial reformers, such as Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli, believed that they were reforming the Roman Catholic Church, which they viewed as having become corrupted. Each of them took very seriously the charges of schism and innovation, denying these charges and maintaining that it was the Roman Catholic Church that had left them. In order to justify their departure from the Roman Catholic Church, Protestants often posited a new argument, saying that there was no real visible Church with divine authority, only a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church—this notion began in the early days of the Protestant Reformation.

Q1: Who were Magisterial reformers?
A1: Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Huldrych Zwingli
Q2: What institution did Martin Luther believe he was reforming?
A2: the Roman Catholic Church
Q3: Instead of a visible church, what did Protestants believe there was?
A3: a spiritual, invisible, and hidden church
Q4: When did the idea of a hidden church begin?
A4: in the early days of the Protestant Reformation
Q5: What church did the Reformers claim had left them?
A5: the Roman Catholic Church
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Contrary to popular belief, if placed properly and prepared-for, drums could be effectively used and heard on even the earliest jazz and military band recordings. The loudest instruments such as the drums and trumpets were positioned the farthest away from the collecting horn. Lillian Hardin Armstrong, a member of King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, which recorded at Gennett Records in 1923, remembered that at first Oliver and his young second trumpet, Louis Armstrong, stood next to each other and Oliver's horn could not be heard. "They put Louis about fifteen feet over in the corner, looking all sad." For fading instrumental parts in and out while recording, some performers were placed on a moveable platform, which could draw the performer(s) nearer or further away as required.[citation needed]

Q1: What tool was used to improve sound quality in early recordings for special effects?
A1: moveable platform
Q2: Where were loud instruments best placed for good sound quality?
A2: farthest away from the collecting horn
Q3: How far away has a trumpeter been known to stand?
A3: fifteen feet
Q4: Were drums heard on early jazz recordings?
A4: drums could be effectively used
Q5: What was the item called that recorded the sounds?
A5: collecting horn
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Contrary to the diffusionist theory, it appears that there was simultaneously a structural evolution towards the pointed arch, for the purpose of vaulting spaces of irregular plan, or to bring transverse vaults to the same height as diagonal vaults. This latter occurs at Durham Cathedral in the nave aisles in 1093. Pointed arches also occur extensively in Romanesque decorative blind arcading, where semi-circular arches overlap each other in a simple decorative pattern, and the points are accidental to the design.

Q1: The use of the pointed arch for bringing transverse vaults to the same height diagonal ones, is in disagreement with what theory?
A1: the diffusionist theory
Q2: At which cathedral is the pointed arch used to match the heights of transverse and diagonal vaults?
A2: Durham Cathedral
Q3: In what type of decorative blind arcading are pointed arches common?
A3: Romanesque
Q4: When semicircular arches overlap each other, what type of design is accidentally created?
A4: points
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

Contrary to the popular belief of there being only one script per period, there were in fact multiple scripts in use during the Han period. Although mature clerical script, also called 八分 (bāfēn) script, was dominant at that time, an early type of cursive script was also in use by the Han by at least as early as 24 BC (during the very late Western Han period),[b] incorporating cursive forms popular at the time, well as many elements from the vulgar writing of the Warring State of Qin. By around the time of the Eastern Jin dynasty, this Han cursive became known as 章草 zhāngcǎo (also known as 隶草 / 隸草 lìcǎo today), or in English sometimes clerical cursive, ancient cursive, or draft cursive. Some believe that the name, based on 章 zhāng meaning "orderly", arose because the script was a more orderly form of cursive than the modern form, which emerged during the Eastern Jin dynasty and is still in use today, called 今草 jīncǎo or "modern cursive".

Q1: Were multiple scripts used during the Han period?
A1: there were in fact multiple scripts in use
Q2: What was one of the more dominant scripts during the time?
A2: bāfēn
Q3: What name stood for "orderly"?
A3: zhāng
Title: United_Nations_Population_Fund
Topic: Social sciences and society

Contributions from governments and the private sector to UNFPA in 2014 exceeded $1 billion. The amount includes $477 million to the organization’s core resources and $529 million earmarked for specific programs and initiatives.

Q1: Who contributes to UNFPA?
A1: governments and the private sector
Q2: Contributions exceeded how much in 2014?
A2: $1 billion
Q3: How much of its funding was earmarked?
A3: $529 million
Q4: What was the amount of funding for UNFPA's core resources?
A4: $477 million
Title: Neolithic
Topic: History

Control of labour and inter-group conflict is characteristic of corporate-level or 'tribal' groups, headed by a charismatic individual; whether a 'big man' or a proto-chief, functioning as a lineage-group head. Whether a non-hierarchical system of organization existed is debatable, and there is no evidence that explicitly suggests that Neolithic societies functioned under any dominating class or individual, as was the case in the chiefdoms of the European Early Bronze Age. Theories to explain the apparent implied egalitarianism of Neolithic (and Paleolithic) societies have arisen, notably the Marxist concept of primitive communism.

Q1: What production trait existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
A1: Control of labour
Q2: What theory describes the implied egalitarianism of Neolithic societies?
A2: Marxist concept of primitive communism
Q3: What type of disagreement existed in tribal groups that were controlled by charismatic leaders?
A3: inter-group conflict
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Controversy erupted when Madonna decided to adopt from Malawi again. Chifundo "Mercy" James was finally adopted in June 2009. Madonna had known Mercy from the time she went to adopt David. Mercy's grandmother had initially protested the adoption, but later gave in, saying "At first I didn't want her to go but as a family we had to sit down and reach an agreement and we agreed that Mercy should go. The men insisted that Mercy be adopted and I won't resist anymore. I still love Mercy. She is my dearest." Mercy's father was still adamant saying that he could not support the adoption since he was alive.

Q1: When was Mercy adopted?
A1: June 2009
Q2: Madonna known Mercy since going to adopt which child in Malawi?
A2: David
Q3: Who initially protested the adoption?
A3: Mercy's grandmother
Q4: Who insisted that Mercy should be adopted?
A4: The men
Q5: Who stated that he could not support the adoption since he was alive??
A5: Mercy's father
Title: Kievan_Rus%27
Topic: History

Controversy persists over whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs. This uncertainty is due largely to a paucity of contemporary sources. Attempts to address this question instead rely on archaeological evidence, the accounts of foreign observers, legends and literature from centuries later. To some extent the controversy is related to the foundation myths of modern states in the region. According to the "Normanist" view, the Rus' were Scandinavians, while Russian and Ukrainian nationalist historians generally argue that the Rus' were themselves Slavs. Normanist theories focus on the earliest written source for the East Slavs, the Russian Primary Chronicle, although even this account was not produced until the 12th century. Nationalist accounts have suggested that the Rus' were present before the arrival of the Varangians, noting that only a handful of Scandinavian words can be found in modern Russian and that Scandinavian names in the early chronicles were soon replaced by Slavic names. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence from the area suggests that a Scandinavian population was present during the 10th century at the latest. On balance, it seems likely that the Rus' proper were a small minority of Scandinavians who formed an elite ruling class, while the great majority of their subjects were Slavs. Considering the linguistic arguments mounted by nationalist scholars, if the proto-Rus' were Scandinavians, they must have quickly become nativized, adopting Slavic languages and other cultural practices.

Q1: What controversy currently surrounds the Rus?
A1: whether the Rus’ were Varangians (Vikings) or Slavs
Q2: What were the "Rus" accourding to the "Normanist"?
A2: Scandinavians
Q3: What did the Russians beleive the Rus were?
A3: Slavs
Title: Aircraft_carrier
Topic: Warfare

Conventional ("tailhook") aircraft rely upon a landing signal officer (LSO, radio call sign paddles) to monitor the aircraft's approach, visually gauge glideslope, attitude, and airspeed, and transmit that data to the pilot. Before the angled deck emerged in the 1950s, LSOs used colored paddles to signal corrections to the pilot (hence the nickname). From the late 1950s onward, visual landing aids such as Optical Landing System have provided information on proper glide slope, but LSOs still transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio.

Q1: What does LSO stand for?
A1: landing signal officer
Q2: Who does a conventional aircraft rely upon to moniter the aircraft's approach and transmit the data to the pilot?
A2: a landing signal officer
Q3: What did LSO's use to signal corrections to the pilot prior to the angled deck designs introduced in the 1950's?
A3: colored paddles
Q4: Which visual landing aids have provided information on proper glide slope since the late 1950's?
A4: Optical Landing System
Q5: What are LSO's still being used to do?
A5: transmit voice calls to approaching pilots by radio
Title: Paper
Topic: Natural sciences

Conventional bleaching of wood pulp using elemental chlorine produces and releases into the environment large amounts of chlorinated organic compounds, including chlorinated dioxins. Dioxins are recognized as a persistent environmental pollutant, regulated internationally by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants. Dioxins are highly toxic, and health effects on humans include reproductive, developmental, immune and hormonal problems. They are known to be carcinogenic. Over 90% of human exposure is through food, primarily meat, dairy, fish and shellfish, as dioxins accumulate in the food chain in the fatty tissue of animals.

Q1: What process of papermaking is most heavily linked to the pollution?
A1: bleaching
Q2: How are humans commonly exposed to the byproducts of the bleaching process?
A2: through food
Q3: Where are dioxins stored in our animal sources of food?
A3: fatty tissue
Q4: What agency internationally regulates dioxins?
A4: the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
Title: Iranian_languages
Topic: Language and literature

Conventionally, Iranian languages are grouped in "western" and "eastern" branches. These terms have little meaning with respect to Old Avestan as that stage of the language may predate the settling of the Iranian peoples into western and eastern groups. The geographic terms also have little meaning when applied to Younger Avestan since it isn't known where that dialect (or dialects) was spoken either. Certain is only that Avestan (all forms) and Old Persian are distinct, and since Old Persian is "western", and Avestan was not Old Persian, Avestan acquired a default assignment to "eastern". Confusing the issue is the introduction of a western Iranian substrate in later Avestan compositions and redactions undertaken at the centers of imperial power in western Iran (either in the south-west in Persia, or in the north-west in Nisa/Parthia and Ecbatana/Media).

Q1: What are the two main divisions of Iranian tongues?
A1: western and eastern
Q2: Which language is associated with the western branch of Iranian?
A2: Old Persian
Q3: Which language is associated with the eastern branch of Iranian?
A3: Avestan
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Conventionally, a computer consists of at least one processing element, typically a central processing unit (CPU), and some form of memory. The processing element carries out arithmetic and logic operations, and a sequencing and control unit can change the order of operations in response to stored information. Peripheral devices allow information to be retrieved from an external source, and the result of operations saved and retrieved.

Q1: In computer terms, what does CPU stand for?
A1: central processing unit
Q2: What are the devices called that are from an external source?
A2: Peripheral devices
Q3: What are two things that a computer always has?
A3: (CPU), and some form of memory
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Conversely, DST can adversely affect farmers, parents of young children, and others whose hours are set by the sun and they have traditionally opposed the practice, although some farmers are neutral. One reason why farmers oppose DST is that grain is best harvested after dew evaporates, so when field hands arrive and leave earlier in summer their labor is less valuable. Dairy farmers are another group who complain of the change. Their cows are sensitive to the timing of milking, so delivering milk earlier disrupts their systems. Today some farmers' groups are in favor of DST.

Q1: Is it better to harvest grain before or after the morning dew evaporates?
A1: after
Q2: What animal on dairy farms is affected by timing?
A2: cows
Q3: What does earlier milk delivery do to cows?
A3: disrupts their systems
Q4: Some farmers oppose DST because their farm laborers arrive to work and leave later or earlier?
A4: earlier
Q5: Besides farmers, what other group of people set their schedules by the sun?
A5: parents of young children
Title: YouTube
Topic: Engineering and technology

Conversely, YouTube has also allowed government to more easily engage with citizens, the White House's official YouTube channel being the seventh top news organization producer on YouTube in 2012 and in 2013 a healthcare exchange commissioned Obama impersonator Iman Crosson's YouTube music video spoof to encourage young Americans to enroll in the Affordable Care Act (Obamacare)-compliant health insurance. In February 2014, U.S. President Obama held a meeting at the White House with leading YouTube content creators to not only promote awareness of Obamacare but more generally to develop ways for government to better connect with the "YouTube Generation". Whereas YouTube's inherent ability to allow presidents to directly connect with average citizens was noted, the YouTube content creators' new media savvy was perceived necessary to better cope with the website's distracting content and fickle audience.

Q1: How has youtube helped the government?
A1: to more easily engage with citizens
Q2: the white house's youtube channel was the what number ranked news channel on youtube in 2012?
A2: seventh
Q3: What was deemed necessary by the white house when creating youtube content?
A3: creators' new media savvy
Q4: In 2013 who did the healthcare exchange commission to impersonate Obama and post it to youtube?
A4: Iman Crosson
Q5: What was the purpose of Iman Crosson's video?
A5: encourage young Americans to enroll
Title: Alloy
Topic: Mathematics

Conversely, most heat-treatable alloys are precipitation hardening alloys, which produce the opposite effects that steel does. When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly, these alloys become much softer than normal, during the diffusionless transformation, and then harden as they age. The solutes in these alloys will precipitate over time, forming intermetallic phases, which are difficult to discern from the base metal. Unlike steel, in which the solid solution separates to form different crystal phases, precipitation hardening alloys separate to form different phases within the same crystal. These intermetallic alloys appear homogeneous in crystal structure, but tend to behave heterogeneous, becoming hard and somewhat brittle.

Q1: Precipitation hardening alloys produce the opposite effects of?
A1: steel
Q2: Precipitation hardening alloys are sometimes also?
A2: heat-treatable alloys
Q3: What makes alloys more softer than normal?
A3: When heated to form a solution and then cooled quickly
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

Conversely, some Slavs were assimilated into other populations. Although the majority continued south, attracted by the riches of the territory which would become Bulgaria, a few remained in the Carpathian basin and were ultimately assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population. There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in Romania.[better source needed]

Q1: Slavs that remained in the Carpathian basin were assimilated into who?
A1: the Magyar or Romanian population
Q2: There is a large number of river names and other placenames of Slavic origin in what country?
A2: Romania
Q3: Majority of Slavs continued south to the riches of the territory that became what country?
A3: Bulgaria
Q4: Where did the Slavs that assimilated into the Magyar or Romanian population remain?
A4: Carpathian basin
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Convinced now that the Greeks (and therefore the rest of the region) would not have peace if left alone, Rome decided to establish its first permanent foothold in the Greek world, and divided the Kingdom of Macedonia into four client republics. Yet, Macedonian agitation continued. The Fourth Macedonian War, 150 to 148 BC, was fought against a Macedonian pretender to the throne who was again destabilizing Greece by trying to re-establish the old kingdom. The Romans swiftly defeated the Macedonians at the Second battle of Pydna.

Q1: How many republics was the Kingdom of Macedonia splintered into?
A1: four client republics
Q2: In what year did the Fourt Macedonian War end?
A2: 148 BC
Q3: Who did Rome fight in the Fourth Macedonian War?
A3: a Macedonian pretender to the throne
Q4: What effect did the establishment of the kingdom of Macedonia have on Greece?
A4: destabilizing
Q5: Who could claim victory at the Second Battle of Pydna?
A5: The Romans
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Convinced that he needed a wasta, or an influential intermediary to promote his application above the others, Nasser managed to secure a meeting with Under-Secretary of War Ibrahim Khairy Pasha, the person responsible for the academy's selection board, and requested his help. Khairy Pasha agreed and sponsored Nasser's second application, which was accepted in late 1937. Nasser focused on his military career from then on, and had little contact with his family. At the academy, he met Abdel Hakim Amer and Anwar Sadat, both of whom became important aides during his presidency. After graduating from the academy in July 1938, he was commissioned a second lieutenant in the infantry, and posted to Mankabad. It was here that Nasser and his closest comrades, including Sadat and Amer, first discussed their dissatisfaction at widespread corruption in the country and their desire to topple the monarchy. Sadat would later write that because of his "energy, clear-thinking, and balanced judgement", Nasser emerged as the group's natural leader.

Q1: What's another term for influential intermediary?
A1: wasta
Q2: Who sponsored Nasser's second application to the Military Academy?
A2: Khairy Pasha
Q3: What allies did Nasser meet at the Academy?
A3: Sadat and Amer
Q4: What were the students dissatisfied by in Egypt?
A4: widespread corruption
Q5: What Egyptian institution did Nasser and his friends want to end?
A5: monarchy
Title: Southern_Europe
Topic: Geography and places

Cooler climates can be found in certain parts of Southern European countries, for example within the mountain ranges of Spain and Italy. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate.

Q1: Where do colder areas occur within southern Europe?
A1: mountain ranges of Spain and Italy
Q2: Where are more moist areas found in southern Europe?
A2: north coast of Spain
Q3: What term can be used to describe the wet area of North Spain?
A3: Atlantic climate
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Coop et al. (2009) found "a selected allele that strongly differentiates the French from both the Yoruba and Han could be strongly clinal across Europe, or at high frequency in Europe and absent elsewhere, or follow any other distribution according to the geographic nature of the selective pressure. However, we see that the global geographic distributions of these putatively selected alleles are largely determined simply by their frequencies in Yoruba, French and Han (Figure 3). The global distributions fall into three major geographic patterns that we interpret as non-African sweeps, west Eurasian sweeps and East Asian sweeps, respectively."

Q1: What thing that strongly differentiates the French from some other populations be clinal across Europe?
A1: a selected allele
Q2: When did Coop and others find out something about a selected allele?
A2: 2009
Q3: Something that is found at high frequency in Europe could be what elsewhere?
A3: absent
Q4: How many major geographic patterns do the global distributions fall into?
A4: three
Q5: What are sweeps?
A5: major geographic patterns
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Cooperative breeding in birds typically occurs when offspring, usually males, delay dispersal from their natal group in order to remain with the family to help rear younger kin. Female offspring rarely stay at home, dispersing over distances that allow them to breed independently, or to join unrelated groups. In general, inbreeding is avoided because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness (inbreeding depression) due largely to the homozygous expression of deleterious recessive alleles. Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals ordinarily leads to the masking of deleterious recessive alleles in progeny.

Q1: What occurs when offspring delay dispersal from their natal group?
A1: Cooperative breeding
Q2: What leads to the masking of deleterious recesive alleles in progeny?
A2: Cross-fertilization between unrelated individuals
Q3: Why is inbreeding avoided?
A3: because it leads to a reduction in progeny fitness
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Coordination strategies differ when adjacent time zones shift clocks. The European Union shifts all at once, at 01:00 UTC or 02:00 CET or 03:00 EET; for example, Eastern European Time is always one hour ahead of Central European Time. Most of North America shifts at 02:00 local time, so its zones do not shift at the same time; for example, Mountain Time is temporarily (for one hour) zero hours ahead of Pacific Time, instead of one hour ahead, in the autumn and two hours, instead of one, ahead of Pacific Time in the spring. In the past, Australian districts went even further and did not always agree on start and end dates; for example, in 2008 most DST-observing areas shifted clocks forward on October 5 but Western Australia shifted on October 26. In some cases only part of a country shifts; for example, in the US, Hawaii and most of Arizona do not observe DST.

Q1: Which time zone in Europe always has a one-hour lead on Central European Time?
A1: Eastern European Time
Q2: For one hour each spring, how far ahead of Pacific Time is Mountain Time in the United States?
A2: two hours
Q3: In 2008, what month and day did Western Australia change their clocks?
A3: October 26
Q4: At DST in the fall, how long does it stay the same time in both Pacific and Mountain time in the United States?
A4: one hour
Q5: In addition to much of the state of Arizona, what U.S. state does not ever change their clocks for DST?
A5: Hawaii