LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Georgian_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The period saw the growth of a distinct and trained architectural profession; before the mid-century "the high-sounding title, 'architect' was adopted by anyone who could get away with it". But most buildings were still designed by builders and landlords together, and the wide spread of Georgian architecture, and the Georgian styles of design more generally, came from dissemination through pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings. This contrasted with earlier styles, which were primarily disseminated among craftsmen through the direct experience of the apprenticeship system. Authors such as the prolific William Halfpenny (active 1723–1755) received editions in America as well as Britain. From the mid-18th century, Georgian styles were assimilated into an architectural vernacular that became part and parcel of the training of every architect, designer, builder, carpenter, mason and plasterer, from Edinburgh to Maryland.

Q1: What high sounding title was adopted by anyone who could get away with it?
A1: architect
Q2: How did most Georgian design styles disseminate?
A2: pattern books and inexpensive suites of engravings
Q3: How did styles disseminate before Georgian architecture?
A3: the apprenticeship system
Q4: Which American author received editions of Georgian architecture?
A4: William Halfpenny
Q5: What years were William Halfpenny active?
A5: 1723–1755
Title: Sahara
Topic: Geography and places

The permanent dissolution of clouds allows unhindered light and thermal radiation. The stability of the atmosphere above the desert prevents any convective overturning, thus making rainfall virtually non-existent. As a consequence, the weather tends to be sunny, dry and stable with a minimal risk of rainfall. Subsiding, diverging, dry air masses associated with subtropical high-pressure systems are extremely unfavorable for the development of convectional showers. The subtropical ridge is the predominate factor that explains the hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification BWh) of this vast region. The lowering of air is the strongest and the most effective over the eastern part of the Great Desert, in the Libyan Desert which is the sunniest, the driest and the most nearly rainless place on the planet rivaling the Atacama Desert, lying in Chile and Peru.

Q1: What allows unhindered light and thermal radiation?
A1: dissolution of clouds
Q2: What weather is virtually non-existent?
A2: rainfall
Q3: Where is the air the strongest?
A3: eastern part of the Great Desert
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

The permanent headquarters of the Arab League are located in Cairo and the body's secretary general has traditionally been Egyptian. This position is currently held by former foreign minister Nabil el-Araby. The Arab League briefly moved from Egypt to Tunis in 1978 to protest the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty, but it later returned to Cairo in 1989. Gulf monarchies, including the United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia, have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome its economic difficulties since the July 2013 coup.

Q1: Where is the Arab League headquarters?
A1: Cairo
Q2: Who is the leader of Arab League?
A2: Nabil el-Araby
Q3: What 2 Gulf monarchies have pledged billions of dollars to help Egypt overcome recent economic difficulties?
A3: United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia
Title: Glacier
Topic: Natural sciences

The permanent snow cover necessary for glacier formation is affected by factors such as the degree of slope on the land, amount of snowfall and the winds. Glaciers can be found in all latitudes except from 20° to 27° north and south of the equator where the presence of the descending limb of the Hadley circulation lowers precipitation so much that with high insolation snow lines reach above 6,500 m (21,330 ft). Between 19˚N and 19˚S, however, precipitation is higher and the mountains above 5,000 m (16,400 ft) usually have permanent snow.

Q1: Do glaciers require permanent snow or only temporary coverage?
A1: permanent snow cover
Q2: Between which north latitudes are glaciers not found?
A2: 20° to 27° north
Q3: Between which latitudes to mountains tend to have permanent snow?
A3: 19˚N and 19˚S
Q4: Why do mountains between 19N and 19S tend to have snow?
A4: precipitation is higher
Title: Jews
Topic: History

The persecution reached a peak in Nazi Germany's Final Solution, which led to the Holocaust and the slaughter of approximately 6 million Jews. Of the world's 15 million Jews in 1939, more than a third were killed in the Holocaust. The Holocaust—the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews (and certain communities of North African Jews in European controlled North Africa) and other minority groups of Europe during World War II by Germany and its collaborators remains the most notable modern-day persecution of Jews. The persecution and genocide were accomplished in stages. Legislation to remove the Jews from civil society was enacted years before the outbreak of World War II. Concentration camps were established in which inmates were used as slave labour until they died of exhaustion or disease. Where the Third Reich conquered new territory in Eastern Europe, specialized units called Einsatzgruppen murdered Jews and political opponents in mass shootings. Jews and Roma were crammed into ghettos before being transported hundreds of miles by freight train to extermination camps where, if they survived the journey, the majority of them were killed in gas chambers. Virtually every arm of Germany's bureaucracy was involved in the logistics of the mass murder, turning the country into what one Holocaust scholar has called "a genocidal nation."

Q1: How many Jews were slaughtered in the Holocaust?
A1: approximately 6 million
Q2: Worldwide, how many Jews were there in 1939?
A2: 15 million
Q3: What was the state-led systematic persecution and genocide of European Jews and other minority groups?
A3: The Holocaust
Q4: In 1939, what fraction of Jews were killed in The Holocaust?
A4: more than a third
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Topic: Natural sciences

The person or organization submits a HCP and if approved by the agency (FWS or NMFS), will be issued an Incidental Take Permit (ITP) which allows a certain number of "takes" of the listed species. The permit may be revoked at any time and can allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time. For instance, the San Bruno Habitat Conservation Plan/ Incidental Take Permit is good for 30 years and the Wal-Mart store (in Florida) permit expires after one year. Because the permit is issued by a federal agency to a private party, it is a federal action-which means other federal laws can apply, such as the National Environmental Policy Act or NEPA. A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register and a public comment period of 30 to 90 days begins.

Q1: An approved HCP results in what being issued for the species?
A1: an Incidental Take Permit (ITP)
Q2: How long do ITPs last?
A2: allow incidental takes for varying amounts of time
Q3: How is the public made aware of ITP applications?
A3: A notice of the permit application action is published in the Federal Register
Q4: How long does the public have to comment on ITP applications?
A4: 30 to 90 days
Title: Copyright_infringement
Topic: Language and literature

The personal copying exemption in the copyright law of EU member states stems from the EU Copyright Directive of 2001, which is generally devised to allow EU members to enact laws sanctioning making copies without authorization, as long as they are for personal, noncommerical use. The Copyright Directive was not intended to legitimize file-sharing, but rather the common practice of space shifting copyright-protected content from a legally purchased CD (for example) to certain kinds of devices and media, provided rights holders are compensated and no copy protection measures are circumvented. Rights-holder compensation takes various forms, depending on the country, but is generally either a levy on "recording" devices and media, or a tax on the content itself. In some countries, such as Canada, the applicability of such laws to copying onto general-purpose storage devices like computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones, for which no levies are collected, has been the subject of debate and further efforts to reform copyright law.

Q1: What directive in 2001 let European Union countries to enact laws that allowed making copies for personal use?
A1: EU Copyright Directive of 2001
Q2: What was the directive NOT intended for?
A2: legitimize file-sharing
Q3: Compensation to the rights-holder is generally a levy or what else?
A3: a tax on the content itself
Q4: What is an example of a country that has no levies collected?
A4: Canada
Q5: What are examples of general purpose storage devices?
A5: computer hard drives, portable media players, and phones
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

The phase of reflection of electromagnetic waves depends on the polarization of the incident wave. Given the larger refractive index of the ground (typically n=2) compared to air (n=1), the phase of horizontally polarized radiation is reversed upon reflection (a phase shift of  radians or 180°). On the other hand, the vertical component of the wave's electric field is reflected at grazing angles of incidence approximately in phase. These phase shifts apply as well to a ground modelled as a good electrical conductor.

Q1: What is the refractive index of the ground?
A1: n=2
Q2: What is the refractive index of air?
A2: n=1
Q3: When is polarized radiation reversed?
A3: reflection
Q4: Besides a ground, what has these phases apply well to?
A4: electrical conductor
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The phenomenalist phase of post-Humean empiricism ended by the 1940s, for by that time it had become obvious that statements about physical things could not be translated into statements about actual and possible sense data. If a physical object statement is to be translatable into a sense-data statement, the former must be at least deducible from the latter. But it came to be realized that there is no finite set of statements about actual and possible sense-data from which we can deduce even a single physical-object statement. Remember that the translating or paraphrasing statement must be couched in terms of normal observers in normal conditions of observation. There is, however, no finite set of statements that are couched in purely sensory terms and can express the satisfaction of the condition of the presence of a normal observer. According to phenomenalism, to say that a normal observer is present is to make the hypothetical statement that were a doctor to inspect the observer, the observer would appear to the doctor to be normal. But, of course, the doctor himself must be a normal observer. If we are to specify this doctor's normality in sensory terms, we must make reference to a second doctor who, when inspecting the sense organs of the first doctor, would himself have to have the sense data a normal observer has when inspecting the sense organs of a subject who is a normal observer. And if we are to specify in sensory terms that the second doctor is a normal observer, we must refer to a third doctor, and so on (also see the third man).

Q1: What phase of empiricism ended in the 1940s?
A1: phenomenalist
Q2: How can't a finite set of statements be described?
A2: in purely sensory terms
Q3: What is necessary to explain a doctor's normality in sensory terms?
A3: a second doctor
Title: Multiracial_American
Topic: History

The phenomenon known as "passing as white" is difficult to explain in other countries or to foreign students. Typical questions are: "Shouldn't Americans say that a person who is passing as white is white, or nearly all white, and has previously been passing as black?" or "To be consistent, shouldn't you say that someone who is one-eighth white is passing as black?" ... A person who is one-fourth or less American Indian or Korean or Filipino is not regarded as passing if he or she intermarries with and joins fully the life of the dominant community, so the minority ancestry need not be hidden. ... It is often suggested that the key reason for this is that the physical differences between these other groups and whites are less pronounced than the physical differences between African blacks and whites, and therefore are less threatening to whites. ... [W]hen ancestry in one of these racial minority groups does not exceed one-fourth, a person is not defined solely as a member of that group.

Q1: A person is not a member of a racial minority if ancetry does not what?
A1: exceed one-fourth
Q2: Who are consdered to have the most physical differences?
A2: African blacks and whites
Q3: What are groups other than blacks considered to be?
A3: less threatening to whites
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

The philosophies of Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto, influenced the samurai culture. Zen meditation became an important teaching due to it offering a process to calm one's mind. The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth led samurai to abandon torture and needless killing, while some samurai even gave up violence altogether and became Buddhist monks after realizing how fruitless their killings were. Some were killed as they came to terms with these realizations in the battlefield. The most defining role that Confucianism played in samurai philosophy was to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship—the loyalty that a samurai was required to show his lord.

Q1: What philosophies were the samurai influenced by?
A1: Buddhism and Zen, and to a lesser extent Confucianism and Shinto
Q2: What type of meditation did samurai do?
A2: Zen
Q3: What caused some samurai to stop fighting?
A3: The Buddhist concept of reincarnation and rebirth
Q4: What was the contribution of Confucianism to samurai?
A4: to stress the importance of the lord-retainer relationship
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

The phonautograph, patented by Léon Scott in 1857, used a vibrating diaphragm and stylus to graphically record sound waves as tracings on sheets of paper, purely for visual analysis and without any intent of playing them back. In the 2000s, these tracings were first scanned by audio engineers and digitally converted into audible sound. Phonautograms of singing and speech made by Scott in 1860 were played back as sound for the first time in 2008. Along with a tuning fork tone and unintelligible snippets recorded as early as 1857, these are the earliest known recordings of sound.

Q1: What was the original intent of the phonautograph?
A1: visual analysis
Q2: In what years where phonautograms converted to audible sound?
A2: 2000s
Q3: What year were the earliest known recordings of sound?
A3: 1857
Q4: By whom was the phonautograms patented?
A4: Léon Scott
Q5: In what year was phonautograms patented?
A5: 1857
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

The phonograph disc record was the primary medium used for music reproduction until late in the 20th century, replacing the phonograph cylinder record–with which it had co-existed from the late 1880s through to the 1920s–by the late 1920s. Records retained the largest market share even when new formats such as compact cassette were mass-marketed. By the late 1980s, digital media, in the form of the compact disc, had gained a larger market share, and the vinyl record left the mainstream in 1991. From the 1990s to the 2010s, records continued to be manufactured and sold on a much smaller scale, and were especially used by disc jockeys (DJ)s, released by artists in some genres, and listened to by a niche market of audiophiles. The phonograph record has made a niche resurgence in the early 21st century – 9.2 million records were sold in the U.S. in 2014, a 260% increase since 2009. Likewise, in the UK sales have increased five-fold from 2009 to 2014.

Q1: What was the primary use of a phonographic disc record?
A1: music reproduction
Q2: Which year did vinyl records leave the main steam media market?
A2: 1991
Q3: From the 1990s to 2010s who was the primary consumer of vinyl records?
A3: disc jockeys (DJ)s
Q4: Approximately how many phonograph records were sold in 2014?
A4: 9.2 million
Q5: What is the niche market of phonograph record fans known as?
A5: audiophiles
Title: Planck_constant
Topic: Mathematics

The photoelectric effect is the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it. It was first observed by Alexandre Edmond Becquerel in 1839, although credit is usually reserved for Heinrich Hertz, who published the first thorough investigation in 1887. Another particularly thorough investigation was published by Philipp Lenard in 1902. Einstein's 1905 paper discussing the effect in terms of light quanta would earn him the Nobel Prize in 1921, when his predictions had been confirmed by the experimental work of Robert Andrews Millikan. The Nobel committee awarded the prize for his work on the photo-electric effect, rather than relativity, both because of a bias against purely theoretical physics not grounded in discovery or experiment, and dissent amongst its members as to the actual proof that relativity was real.

Q1: Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
A1: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel
Q2: When was the photoelectric effect first observed?
A2: 1839
Q3: Who published the first thorough investigation of the photoelectric effect?
A3: Heinrich Hertz
Q4: Who received the Nobel Prize in 1921 for his work on the photoelectric effect?
A4: Einstein
Q5: What did Einstein with the 1921 Nobel Prize for?
A5: his work on the photo-electric effect
Q6: What is the photoelectric effect?
A6: the emission of electrons (called "photoelectrons") from a surface when light is shone on it
Q7: Who first observed the photoelectric effect?
A7: Alexandre Edmond Becquerel
Q8: Einstein's paper on the photoelectric effect earned him the Nobel Prize in what year?
A8: 1921
Q9: Einstein's photoelectric effect work was rewards as opposed to his work on what other topic?
A9: relativity
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

The phrase "51st state" can be used in a positive sense, meaning that a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state. It can also be used in a pejorative sense, meaning an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control. In various countries around the world, people who believe their local or national culture has become too Americanized sometimes use the term "51st state" in reference to their own countries.

Q1: What types of control are considered when labeling a country with the perjorative "51st state" label?
A1: excessive American cultural or military influence or control
Q2: Sometimes, when a country refers to themselves as the 51st state, what has happened to their culture?
A2: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
Q3: What reasoning would cause a country to be referred to as the "51st state" in a positive way?
A3: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States, that it is like a U.S. state
Q4: What is a positive connotation of the label "51st state"?
A4: a region or territory is so aligned, supportive, and conducive with the United States
Q5: What is a reason for one negative connotation of the term?
A5: an area or region is perceived to be under excessive American cultural or military influence or control
Q6: If a country refers to themselves as the "51st state" after cultural changes, what can we assume has changed?
A6: their local or national culture has become too Americanized
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The phrase "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world" was first used by Baptist theologian Roger Williams, the founder of the colony of Rhode Island, in his 1644 book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution. The phrase was later used by Thomas Jefferson as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch of the federal government, in an 1802 letter to the Danbury Baptists (a religious minority concerned about the dominant position of the Congregationalist church in Connecticut):

Q1: Who was Roger Williams?
A1: Baptist theologian
Q2: What phrase did Roger Williams first use?
A2: "[A] hedge or wall of separation between the garden of the church and the wilderness of the world"
Q3: What colony was Roger Williams the founder of?
A3: Rhode Island
Q4: When was the book The Bloody Tenent of Persecution published?
A4: 1644
Q5: Who used William's phrase as a description of the First Amendment and its restriction on the legislative branch?
A5: Thomas Jefferson
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

The phrase "in whole or in part" has been subject to much discussion by scholars of international humanitarian law. The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia found in Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Trial Chamber I – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001) that Genocide had been committed. In Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic – Appeals Chamber – Judgment – IT-98-33 (2004) ICTY 7 (19 April 2004) paragraphs 8, 9, 10, and 11 addressed the issue of in part and found that "the part must be a substantial part of that group. The aim of the Genocide Convention is to prevent the intentional destruction of entire human groups, and the part targeted must be significant enough to have an impact on the group as a whole." The Appeals Chamber goes into details of other cases and the opinions of respected commentators on the Genocide Convention to explain how they came to this conclusion.

Q1: Which phrase is especially contentious within international humanitarian law?
A1: "in whole or in part"
Q2: What 2001 case was declared genocide by the International Criminal Tribune for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY)?
A2: Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic
Q3: In the judgement, it is stated that the aim of the Genocide Convention, at its most simplest, is preventing the destruction of which victims?
A3: entire human groups
Q4: In addressing the issue of "in part," the Appeals Chamber found that the part must be a substantial part of what?
A4: that group
Q5: Who contributed to guiding the Appeals chamber in its conclusion?
A5: opinions of respected commentators
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

The phrase is usually used in local political debates, in polemic writing or in private conversations. It is rarely used by politicians themselves in a public context, although at certain times in Canadian history political parties have used other similarly loaded imagery. In the 1988 federal election, the Liberals asserted that the proposed Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada—notably, the party ran an ad in which Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists, upon the adoption of the agreement, slowly erased the Canada-U.S. border from a desktop map of North America. Within days, however, the PCs responded with an ad which featured the border being drawn back on with a permanent marker, as an announcer intoned "Here's where we draw the line."

Q1: Who suggested that the Free Trade Agreement amounted to an American takeover of Canada?
A1: Liberals
Q2: When was this campaign ran?
A2: In the 1988 federal election
Q3: Who erased the border in the ad?
A3: Progressive Conservative (PC) strategists
Q4: What was the slogan of this ad?
A4: "Here's where we draw the line."
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

The physical relief of the island is dominated by two mountain ranges, the Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range, and the central plain they encompass, the Mesaoria. The Mesaoria plain is drained by the Pedieos River, the longest on the island. The Troodos Mountains cover most of the southern and western portions of the island and account for roughly half its area. The highest point on Cyprus is Mount Olympus at 1,952 m (6,404 ft), located in the centre of the Troodos range. The narrow Kyrenia Range, extending along the northern coastline, occupies substantially less area, and elevations are lower, reaching a maximum of 1,024 m (3,360 ft). The island lies within the Anatolian Plate.

Q1: What two mountains ranges are located on the island of Cyprus?
A1: Troodos Mountains and the smaller Kyrenia Range
Q2: What plain is located in between the Troodos Mountains and the Kyrenia Range?
A2: the Mesaoria
Q3: Which river drains the Mesaoria plain?
A3: Pedieos River
Q4: What is the highest point on the island of Cyprus?
A4: Mount Olympus
Q5: How tall is Mount Olympus?
A5: 1,952 m (6,404 ft)
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The physicist Abdus Salam, in his Nobel Prize banquet address, quoted a well known verse from the Quran (67:3-4) and then stated: "This in effect is the faith of all physicists: the deeper we seek, the more is our wonder excited, the more is the dazzlement of our gaze". One of Salam's core beliefs was that there is no contradiction between Islam and the discoveries that science allows humanity to make about nature and the universe. Salam also held the opinion that the Quran and the Islamic spirit of study and rational reflection was the source of extraordinary civilizational development. Salam highlights, in particular, the work of Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni as the pioneers of empiricism who introduced the experimental approach, breaking way from Aristotle's influence, and thus giving birth to modern science. Salam was also careful to differentiate between metaphysics and physics, and advised against empirically probing certain matters on which "physics is silent and will remain so," such as the doctrine of "creation from nothing" which in Salam's view is outside the limits of science and thus "gives way" to religious considerations.

Q1: Which physicist quoted the Quran in his address after receiving the Nobel Prize?
A1: Abdus Salam
Q2: Which verse from the Quran did Abdus Salam quote at his Nobel banquet?
A2: 67:3-4
Q3: Which two Muslim scientists did Salam celebrate as inventors of empirical methods?
A3: Ibn al-Haytham and Al-Biruni
Q4: Salam suggests physics and science be kept separate from which topics which are more suited to religion?
A4: metaphysics
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

The physics of quantum mechanics was thereby reduced to the mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them. For example, the uncertainty principle, according to which the determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa, is translated into the non-commutativity of the two corresponding operators. This new mathematical formulation included as special cases the formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger. When Heisenberg was informed von Neumann had clarified the difference between an unbounded operator that was a Self-adjoint operator and one that was merely symmetric, Heisenberg replied "Eh? What is the difference?"

Q1: What are the physics of quantum mechanics?
A1: mathematics of Hilbert spaces and linear operators acting on them
Q2: What is the uncertainty principle?
A2: determination of the position of a particle prevents the determination of its momentum and vice versa
Q3: The physics of quantum mechanics included special cases for what work?
A3: formulations of both Heisenberg and Schrödinger
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

The pilgrims in Geoffrey Chaucer's late 14th-century Canterbury Tales set out for Canterbury from London – specifically, from the Tabard inn, Southwark. William Shakespeare spent a large part of his life living and working in London; his contemporary Ben Jonson was also based there, and some of his work—most notably his play The Alchemist—was set in the city. A Journal of the Plague Year (1722) by Daniel Defoe is a fictionalisation of the events of the 1665 Great Plague. Later important depictions of London from the 19th and early 20th centuries are Dickens' novels, and Arthur Conan Doyle's Sherlock Holmes stories. Modern writers pervasively influenced by the city include Peter Ackroyd, author of a "biography" of London, and Iain Sinclair, who writes in the genre of psychogeography.

Q1: What famous Elizabethan playwright spent much of his life in London?
A1: William Shakespeare
Q2: What contemporary of Williams Shakespeare wrote a play entitled The Alchemist?
A2: Ben Jonson
Q3: What author of Robinson Crusoe also wrote a fictionalized account of the Great Plague of 1665?
A3: Daniel Defoe
Q4: The people in Geoffrey Chaucer's Canterbury Tales begin their pilgrimage from what London establishment?
A4: the Tabard inn
Q5: Arthur Conan Doyle brought to life what famous detective in a series of novels?
A5: Sherlock Holmes
Title: Pitch_(music)
Topic: Music

The pitch of complex tones can be ambiguous, meaning that two or more different pitches can be perceived, depending upon the observer. When the actual fundamental frequency can be precisely determined through physical measurement, it may differ from the perceived pitch because of overtones, also known as upper partials, harmonic or otherwise. A complex tone composed of two sine waves of 1000 and 1200 Hz may sometimes be heard as up to three pitches: two spectral pitches at 1000 and 1200 Hz, derived from the physical frequencies of the pure tones, and the combination tone at 200 Hz, corresponding to the repetition rate of the waveform. In a situation like this, the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often the greatest common divisor of the frequencies present.

Q1: The pitch of complex tones can be?
A1: ambiguous
Q2: A complex tone is composed of how many waves?
A2: two
Q3:  The percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as?
A3: the missing fundamental
Q4: the percept at 200 Hz is commonly referred to as the missing fundamental, which is often?
A4: divisor of the frequencies present
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The pits and lands themselves do not directly represent the zeros and ones of binary data. Instead, non-return-to-zero, inverted encoding is used: a change from pit to land or land to pit indicates a one, while no change indicates a series of zeros. There must be at least two and no more than ten zeros between each one, which is defined by the length of the pit. This in turn is decoded by reversing the eight-to-fourteen modulation used in mastering the disc, and then reversing the cross-interleaved Reed–Solomon coding, finally revealing the raw data stored on the disc. These encoding techniques (defined in the Red Book) were originally designed for CD Digital Audio, but they later became a standard for almost all CD formats (such as CD-ROM).

Q1: What type of encoding do CDs implement?
A1: non-return-to-zero
Q2: Where can one find the encoding techniques for CDs?
A2: Red Book
Q3: What type of result from a CD will return a one?
A3: change from pit to land or land to pit
Q4: What type of modulation is implemented when a disc is mastered?
A4: eight-to-fourteen
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The placing of the nails in the hands, or the wrists is also uncertain. Some theories suggest that the Greek word cheir (χειρ) for hand includes the wrist and that the Romans were generally trained to place nails through Destot's space (between the capitate and lunate bones) without fracturing any bones. Another theory suggests that the Greek word for hand also includes the forearm and that the nails were placed near the radius and ulna of the forearm. Ropes may have also been used to fasten the hands in addition to the use of nails.

Q1: Where were the nails placed?
A1: the hands, or the wrists
Q2: Who claims the hands were pierced?
A2: the Greek
Q3: The Romans tried to affix by avoiding what?
A3: without fracturing any bones
Q4: What other location is offered by the Greek?
A4: forearm
Q5: What other way to affix to the cross is there?
A5: Ropes
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

The plains at the foot of the Sierra Madre Occidental is an elongated mesa known as Altiplanicie Mexicana that exhibits a steppe climate and serves as a transition zone from the mountain climate in the western part of the state to the desert climate in the eastern side of the state. The steppe zone accounts for a third of the state's area, and it experiences pronounced dry and wet seasons. The pronounced rainy season in the steppe is usually observed in the months of July, August, and September. The steppe also encounters extreme temperatures that often reach over 100 °F in the summer and drop below 32 °F in the winter. The steppe zone is an important agriculture zone due to an extensive development of canals exploiting several rivers that flow down from the mountains. The steppe zone is the most populated area of the state.

Q1: Which months make up the pronounced rainy season in the steppe?
A1: July, August, and September
Q2: The steppe reaches temperatures above what in the winter?
A2: 100 °F
Q3: The steppe is important agriculturally because of what feature?
A3: canals
Q4: The mountain climate is found in which part of the state?
A4: western
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

The plan stated that the following numbers of species of different groups had been recorded from Egypt: algae (1483 species), animals (about 15,000 species of which more than 10,000 were insects), fungi (more than 627 species), monera (319 species), plants (2426 species), protozoans (371 species). For some major groups, for example lichen-forming fungi and nematode worms, the number was not known. Apart from small and well-studied groups like amphibians, birds, fish, mammals and reptiles, the many of those numbers are likely to increase as further species are recorded from Egypt. For the fungi, including lichen-forming species, for example, subsequent work has shown that over 2200 species have been recorded from Egypt, and the final figure of all fungi actually occurring in the country is expected to be much higher.

Q1: How many species of plants were recorded in Egypt?
A1: 2426
Q2: How many species of fungi were recorded in Egypt?
A2: 627
Q3: How many species of algae were recorded in Egypt?
A3: 1483
Q4: How many species of animals were recorded in Egypt?
A4: 15,000
Q5: How many species of protazoa were recorded in Egypt?
A5: 371
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

The playing time of a phonograph record depended on the turntable speed and the groove spacing. At the beginning of the 20th century, the early discs played for two minutes, the same as early cylinder records. The 12-inch disc, introduced by Victor in 1903, increased the playing time to three and a half minutes. Because a 10-inch 78 rpm record could hold about three minutes of sound per side and the 10-inch size was the standard size for popular music, almost all popular recordings were limited to around three minutes in length. For example, when King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band, including Louis Armstrong on his first recordings, recorded 13 sides at Gennett Records in Richmond, Indiana, in 1923, one side was 2:09 and four sides were 2:52–2:59.

Q1: What factors would effect playing time of a phonograph?
A1: turntable speed and the groove spacing
Q2: What was the playing time common in the early 20th century?
A2: two minutes
Q3: How many recordings did Kind Oliver's Creole Jazz band require?
A3: 13
Q4: What was the normal size disc for popular music?
A4: 10-inch
Q5: What was the recording time available on a 12 inch disc?
A5: three and a half minutes
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The plebeians had finally achieved political equality with the patricians. However, the plight of the average plebeian had not changed. A small number of plebeian families achieved the same standing that the old aristocratic patrician families had always had, but the new plebeian aristocrats became as uninterested in the plight of the average plebeian as the old patrician aristocrats had always been. The plebeians rebelled by leaving Rome and refusing to return until they had more rights. The patricians then noticed how much they needed the plebeians and accepted their terms. The plebeians then returned to Rome and continued their work.

Q1: Which group of people were now considered to be politically equal with the plebeians?
A1: patricians
Q2: Which group of people rebelled by vacating Rome?
A2: The plebeians
Q3: How many plebeian families had an identical standing as the old aristocratic patrician families?
A3: A small number
Q4: What did the rebelling plebeians want before they returned to Rome?
A4: more rights
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

The poets generally associated with Cubism are Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy. As American poet Kenneth Rexroth explains, Cubism in poetry "is the conscious, deliberate dissociation and recombination of elements into a new artistic entity made self-sufficient by its rigorous architecture. This is quite different from the free association of the Surrealists and the combination of unconscious utterance and political nihilism of Dada." Nonetheless, the Cubist poets' influence on both Cubism and the later movements of Dada and Surrealism was profound; Louis Aragon, founding member of Surrealism, said that for Breton, Soupault, Éluard and himself, Reverdy was "our immediate elder, the exemplary poet." Though not as well remembered as the Cubist painters, these poets continue to influence and inspire; American poets John Ashbery and Ron Padgett have recently produced new translations of Reverdy's work. Wallace Stevens' "Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird" is also said to demonstrate how cubism's multiple perspectives can be translated into poetry.

Q1: Which poets are closely alligned with Cubism?
A1: Guillaume Apollinaire, Blaise Cendrars, Jean Cocteau, Max Jacob, André Salmon and Pierre Reverdy
Q2: What is the name of the american Poet who is associated with talking about the rigiorous architecture of Cubism?
A2: Kenneth Rexroth
Q3: Which two American poets have recently created new traslations of Reverdy's work?
A3: John Ashbery and Ron Padgett
Q4: What is the name of Wallace Steven's work that explains how cubism can be translated into poetry? 
A4: Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

The point at which chicks fledge varies dramatically. The chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets, like the ancient murrelet, leave the nest the night after they hatch, following their parents out to sea, where they are raised away from terrestrial predators. Some other species, such as ducks, move their chicks away from the nest at an early age. In most species, chicks leave the nest just before, or soon after, they are able to fly. The amount of parental care after fledging varies; albatross chicks leave the nest on their own and receive no further help, while other species continue some supplementary feeding after fledging. Chicks may also follow their parents during their first migration.

Q1: Which chicks leave the nest the night after they hatch?
A1: chicks of the Synthliboramphus murrelets
Q2: Name a species which move their chicks away from the nest at an early age.
A2: ducks
Q3: When do most species of chicks leave the nest?
A3: just before, or soon after, they are able to fly
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The pointed arch, one of the defining attributes of Gothic, was earlier incorporated into Islamic architecture following the Islamic conquests of Roman Syria and the Sassanid Empire in the Seventh Century. The pointed arch and its precursors had been employed in Late Roman and Sassanian architecture; within the Roman context, evidenced in early church building in Syria and occasional secular structures, like the Roman Karamagara Bridge; in Sassanid architecture, in the parabolic and pointed arches employed in palace and sacred construction.

Q1: What is one defining characteristic of the Gothic architectural style?
A1: The pointed arch
Q2: Which type of architecture first used the pointed arch during the seventh century?
A2: Islamic architecture
Q3: What other type of architecture also made use of the pointed arch?
A3: Sassanian architecture
Q4: The Roman Karamagara Bridge is an example of what type of structure?
A4: secular structures
Q5: Parabolic and pointed arches were used in what type of constrcution?
A5: palace and sacred construction
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

The polarization of an antenna refers to the orientation of the electric field (E-plane) of the radio wave with respect to the Earth's surface and is determined by the physical structure of the antenna and by its orientation; note that this designation is totally distinct from the antenna's directionality. Thus, a simple straight wire antenna will have one polarization when mounted vertically, and a different polarization when mounted horizontally. As a transverse wave, the magnetic field of a radio wave is at right angles to that of the electric field, but by convention, talk of an antenna's "polarization" is understood to refer to the direction of the electric field.

Q1: What is another name for electric-field?
A1: E-plane
Q2: How many polarizations will a antenna have when mounted vertically?
A2: one
Q3: Whats understood in reference of direction of an E-plane?
A3: polarization
Q4: When is a magnetic fields right angles to a electrical field?
A4: transverse wave
Title: Russian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The political reforms of Peter the Great (Пётр Вели́кий, Pyótr Velíkiy) were accompanied by a reform of the alphabet, and achieved their goal of secularization and Westernization. Blocks of specialized vocabulary were adopted from the languages of Western Europe. By 1800, a significant portion of the gentry spoke French daily, and German sometimes. Many Russian novels of the 19th century, e.g. Leo Tolstoy's (Лев Толсто́й) War and Peace, contain entire paragraphs and even pages in French with no translation given, with an assumption that educated readers would not need one.

Q1: Where did Russian get specialized vocabulary from?
A1: the languages of Western Europe
Q2: What second language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
A2: French
Q3: What third language was common among Russian nobles by 1800?
A3: German
Q4: Who wrote 'War and Peace'?
A4: Leo Tolstoy
Q5: What language often appeared in Russian novels without translation?
A5: French
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The political separation of the Church of England from Rome under Henry VIII brought England alongside this broad Reformation movement. Reformers in the Church of England alternated between sympathies for ancient Catholic tradition and more Reformed principles, gradually developing into a tradition considered a middle way (via media) between the Roman Catholic and Protestant traditions. The English Reformation followed a particular course. The different character of the English Reformation came primarily from the fact that it was driven initially by the political necessities of Henry VIII. King Henry decided to remove the Church of England from the authority of Rome. In 1534, the Act of Supremacy recognized Henry as the only Supreme Head on earth of the Church of England. Between 1535 and 1540, under Thomas Cromwell, the policy known as the Dissolution of the Monasteries was put into effect. Following a brief Roman Catholic restoration during the reign of Mary I, a loose consensus developed during the reign of Elizabeth I. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement largely formed Anglicanism into a distinctive church tradition. The compromise was uneasy and was capable of veering between extreme Calvinism on the one hand and Roman Catholicism on the other. It was relatively successful until the Puritan Revolution or English Civil War in the 17th century.

Q1: Under whose reign did the Church of England part from Rome?
A1: Henry VIII
Q2: When was the Act of Supremacy passed?
A2: 1534
Q3: Who was made the Supreme Head of the Church of England in 1534?
A3: King Henry
Q4: What made Anglicanism into a more distinct tradition?
A4: The Elizabethan Religious Settlement
Q5: In what years were the Dissolution of the Monasteries carried out?
A5: Between 1535 and 1540
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

The political situation in England rapidly began to deteriorate. Longchamp refused to work with Puiset and became unpopular with the English nobility and clergy. John exploited this unpopularity to set himself up as an alternative ruler with his own royal court, complete with his own justiciar, chancellor and other royal posts, and was happy to be portrayed as an alternative regent, and possibly the next king. Armed conflict broke out between John and Longchamp, and by October 1191 Longchamp was isolated in the Tower of London with John in control of the city of London, thanks to promises John had made to the citizens in return for recognition as Richard's heir presumptive. At this point Walter of Coutances, the Archbishop of Rouen, returned to England, having been sent by Richard to restore order. John's position was undermined by Walter's relative popularity and by the news that Richard had married whilst in Cyprus, which presented the possibility that Richard would have legitimate children and heirs.

Q1: Who refused to work with Puiset?
A1: Longchamp
Q2: When was Longchamp isolated in the Tower of London?
A2: October 1191
Q3: Where did Walter of Coutances return to?
A3: England
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

The political stability and development of hydrocarbon production made Republic of Congo the fourth largest oil producer in the Gulf of Guinea and provided the country with a relative prosperity despite the poor state of its infrastructure and public services and an unequal distribution of oil revenues.

Q1: What is the Congo's rank among other oil generating nations in the Gulf of Guinea?
A1: fourth
Q2: What income is subject to uneven distribution in the Congo?
A2: oil revenues
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

The political structure of Western Europe changed with the end of the united Roman Empire. Although the movements of peoples during this period are usually described as "invasions", they were not just military expeditions but migrations of entire peoples into the empire. Such movements were aided by the refusal of the western Roman elites to support the army or pay the taxes that would have allowed the military to suppress the migration. The emperors of the 5th century were often controlled by military strongmen such as Stilicho (d. 408), Aspar (d. 471), Ricimer (d. 472), or Gundobad (d. 516), who were partly or fully of non-Roman background. When the line of western emperors ceased, many of the kings who replaced them were from the same background. Intermarriage between the new kings and the Roman elites was common. This led to a fusion of Roman culture with the customs of the invading tribes, including the popular assemblies that allowed free male tribal members more say in political matters than was common in the Roman state. Material artefacts left by the Romans and the invaders are often similar, and tribal items were often modelled on Roman objects. Much of the scholarly and written culture of the new kingdoms was also based on Roman intellectual traditions. An important difference was the gradual loss of tax revenue by the new polities. Many of the new political entities no longer supported their armies through taxes, instead relying on granting them land or rents. This meant there was less need for large tax revenues and so the taxation systems decayed. Warfare was common between and within the kingdoms. Slavery declined as the supply weakened, and society became more rural.[F]

Q1: When did Aspar die?
A1: Aspar
Q2: What year saw the death of Gundobad?
A2: 516
Q3: What notable Roman figure died in 408?
A3: Stilicho
Q4: The loss of what led to the differentiation between the Western Roman Empire and the new kingdoms?
A4: tax revenue
Q5: Rather than taxes, what did the new kingdoms use to support their armies?
A5: land or rents