LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

The development of quadraphonic records was announced in 1971. These recorded four separate sound signals. This was achieved on the two stereo channels by electronic matrixing, where the additional channels were combined into the main signal. When the records were played, phase-detection circuits in the amplifiers were able to decode the signals into four separate channels. There were two main systems of matrixed quadraphonic records produced, confusingly named SQ (by CBS) and QS (by Sansui). They proved commercially unsuccessful, but were an important precursor to later surround-sound systems, as seen in SACD and home cinema today.

Q1: What did quadraphonic recording feature?
A1: recorded four separate sound signals.
Q2: What was the newest break through in home sound systems in 1971?
A2: development of quadraphonic records
Q3: How would the commercial success of quadraphonic records be defined?
A3: commercially unsuccessful
Q4: What did developments in quadraphonic recordings inspire?
A4: later surround-sound systems
Title: San_Diego
Topic: Geography and places

The development of skyscrapers over 300 feet (91 m) in San Diego is attributed to the construction of the El Cortez Hotel in 1927, the tallest building in the city from 1927 to 1963. As time went on multiple buildings claimed the title of San Diego's tallest skyscraper, including the Union Bank of California Building and Symphony Towers. Currently the tallest building in San Diego is One America Plaza, standing 500 feet (150 m) tall, which was completed in 1991. The downtown skyline contains no super-talls, as a regulation put in place by the Federal Aviation Administration in the 1970s set a 500 feet (152 m) limit on the height of buildings due to the proximity of San Diego International Airport. An iconic description of the skyline includes its skyscrapers being compared to the tools of a toolbox.

Q1: What was the first skyscraper built in San Diego that was over 300-feet tall?
A1: El Cortez Hotel
Q2: How tall is One America Plaza?
A2: 500 feet
Q3: What played a role in determining the maximum height skyscrapers can be in San Diego?
A3: San Diego International Airport
Q4: What organization regulates building heights in San Diego?
A4: Federal Aviation Administration
Q5: What bank spent time as being the tallest building in San Diego?
A5: Union Bank of California Building
Title: The_Bronx
Topic: Geography and places

The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether.

Q1: When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A1: 1759
Q2: Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?
A2: tolls were resented
Q3: What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?
A3: between New England and New York
Q4: When was Kingsbridge built?
A4: 1693
Q5: Who owned Kingsbridge?
A5: Frederick Philipse
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

The development of the appreciation medals was initiated by the White House and executed by the Bureau of the Mint through the U.S. Mint in Philadelphia. The medals were struck from September 1958 through October 1960. A total of twenty designs are cataloged with a total mintage of 9,858. Each of the designs incorporates the text "with appreciation" or "with personal and official gratitude" accompanied with Eisenhower's initials "D.D.E." or facsimile signature. The design also incorporates location, date, and/or significant event. Prior to the end of his second term as President, 1,451 medals were turned-in to the Bureau of the Mint and destroyed. The Eisenhower appreciation medals are part of the Presidential Medal of Appreciation Award Medal Series.

Q1: How many appreciation medals were minted?
A1: 9,858
Q2: In what city were the appreciation medals minted?
A2: Philadelphia
Q3: During what period were the appreciation medals minted?
A3: September 1958 through October 1960
Q4: What were Eisenhower's initials?
A4: D.D.E.
Q5: How many appreciation medals were destroyed by the Bureau of the Mint?
A5: 1,451
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The development of writing enabled knowledge to be stored and communicated across generations with much greater fidelity. Combined with the development of agriculture, which allowed for a surplus of food, it became possible for early civilizations to develop, because more time and effort could be devoted to tasks (other than food production) than hunter-gatherers or early subsistence farmers had available. This surplus allowed a community to support individuals who did things other than work towards bare survival. These other tasks included systematic studies of nature, study of written information gathered and recorded by others, and often of adding to that body of information.

Q1: The advancement of agriculture made what possible?
A1: a surplus of food
Q2: Having a surplus of food allowed farmers and hunter-gatherers to spend less time working on what?
A2: food production
Q3: Before agriculture advancements, what were farmers having to do?
A3: work towards bare survival
Q4: What advancement aided in spreading knowledge across generations?
A4: The development of writing
Q5: Who was able to support the people who were adding to the written knowledge of nature?
A5: community
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

The development of writing is counted among the many achievements and innovations of pre-Columbian American cultures. Independent from the development of writing in other areas of the world, the Mesoamerican region produced several indigenous writing systems beginning in the 1st millennium BCE. What may be the earliest-known example in the Americas of an extensive text thought to be writing is by the Cascajal Block. The Olmec hieroglyphs tablet has been indirectly dated from ceramic shards found in the same context to approximately 900 BCE, around the time that Olmec occupation of San Lorenzo Tenochtitlán began to wane.

Q1: What was one of the many achievements of the American cultures?
A1: development of writing
Q2: What region produced several writing systems independent of other areas of the world?
A2: the Mesoamerican region
Q3: When were writing systems being created in the Americas?
A3: beginning in the 1st millennium BCE
Q4: What is presumed to be written upon the Cascajal Block?
A4: extensive text
Q5: When has the Olmec tablet been dated to?
A5: 900 BCE
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

The developments during World War II continued for a short time into the post-war period as well. In particular the U.S. Army set up a huge air defence network around its larger cities based on radar-guided 90 mm and 120 mm guns. US efforts continued into the 1950s with the 75 mm Skysweeper system, an almost fully automated system including the radar, computers, power, and auto-loading gun on a single powered platform. The Skysweeper replaced all smaller guns then in use in the Army, notably the 40 mm Bofors. In Europe NATO's Allied Command Europe developed an integrated air defence system, NATO Air Defence Ground Environment (NADGE), that later became the NATO Integrated Air Defence System.

Q1: Which military set up a large air defence network surrounding its larger cities?
A1: the U.S. Army
Q2: What US system was created in the 1950s that included radar and computers?
A2: the 75 mm Skysweeper system
Q3: The Skysweeper replaced the small guns that the Army was using, including which one?
A3: the 40 mm Bofors
Q4: What does NADGE stand for?
A4: NATO Air Defence Ground Environment
Q5: What did NADGE become?
A5: the NATO Integrated Air Defence System
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

The devotio was the most extreme offering a Roman general could make, promising to offer his own life in battle along with the enemy as an offering to the underworld gods. Livy offers a detailed account of the devotio carried out by Decius Mus; family tradition maintained that his son and grandson, all bearing the same name, also devoted themselves. Before the battle, Decius is granted a prescient dream that reveals his fate. When he offers sacrifice, the victim's liver appears "damaged where it refers to his own fortunes". Otherwise, the haruspex tells him, the sacrifice is entirely acceptable to the gods. In a prayer recorded by Livy, Decius commits himself and the enemy to the dii Manes and Tellus, charges alone and headlong into the enemy ranks, and is killed; his action cleanses the sacrificial offering. Had he failed to die, his sacrificial offering would have been tainted and therefore void, with possibly disastrous consequences. The act of devotio is a link between military ethics and those of the Roman gladiator.

Q1: What was a Roman general's most extreme offering?
A1: devotio
Q2: What Roman general had a dream of his fate in battle?
A2: Decius Mus
Q3: With what does the devotio link to military ethics?
A3: Roman gladiator
Q4: By dying what did Decius avoid for the battle?
A4: disastrous consequences
Q5: Who wrote a detailed account of the demise of Decius Mus?
A5: Livy
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

The dialects of the Catalan language feature a relative uniformity, especially when compared to other Romance languages; both in terms of vocabulary, semantics, syntax, morphology, and phonology. Mutual intelligibility between dialects is very high, estimates ranging from 90% to 95%. The only exception is the isolated idiosyncratic Alguerese dialect.

Q1: What do the dialects of Catalan feature?
A1: uniformity
Q2: In comparison to what are the dialects uniform?
A2: other Romance languages
Q3: What is high among dialects?
A3: intelligibility
Q4: What is the percentage of intelligibility between dialects?
A4: 90% to 95%
Q5: What dialect is the exception to intelligibility?
A5: Alguerese
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

The dictatorship of Franco forbade political parties and began a harsh ideological and cultural repression countenanced and sometimes even led by the Church. The financial markets were destabilised, causing a severe economic crisis that led to rationing. A black market in rationed goods existed for over a decade. The Francoist administrations of Valencia silenced publicity of the catastrophic consequences of the floods of 1949 with the attendant dozens of deaths, but could not do the same after the even more tragic flood of 1957 when the river Turia overflowed its banks again, killing many Valencians (officially, eighty-one died; the actual figure is not known). To prevent further disasters, the river was eventually diverted to a new course. The old river bed was abandoned for years, and successive Francoist mayors proposed making it a motorway, but that option was finally rejected with the advent of democracy and fervent neighbourhood protests. The river was divided in two at the western city limits (Plan Sur de Valencia), and diverted southwards along a new course that skirts the city, before meeting the Mediterranean. The old course of the river continues, dry, through the city centre, almost to the sea. The old riverbed is now a verdant sunken park called the 'Garden of the Turia' (Jardí del Túria or Jardín del Turia) that allows cyclists and pedestrians to traverse much of the city without the use of roads; overhead bridges carry motor traffic across the park.

Q1: Whose regime prohibited political parties?
A1: Franco
Q2: According to official figures, how many died in the flood of 1957?
A2: eighty-one
Q3: What river flooded in 1957?
A3: Turia
Q4: What park is located in the previous river bed?
A4: Garden of the Turia
Q5: What suggested use for the river bed was rejected?
A5: motorway
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The die is a negative image of the glass master: typically, several are made, depending on the number of pressing mills that are to make the CD. The die then goes into a press, and the physical image is transferred to the blank CD, leaving a final positive image on the disc. A small amount of lacquer is applied as a ring around the center of the disc, and rapid spinning spreads it evenly over the surface. Edge protection lacquer is applied before the disc is finished. The disc can then be printed and packed.

Q1: What is the term for a negative image of the glass master?
A1: die
Q2: How is the positive image on a CD protected? 
A2: lacquer
Q3: How is lacquer distrubted on a CD?
A3: rapid spinning
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

The difference in the above factors for the case of θ=0 is the reason that most broadcasting (transmissions intended for the public) uses vertical polarization. For receivers near the ground, horizontally polarized transmissions suffer cancellation. For best reception the receiving antennas for these signals are likewise vertically polarized. In some applications where the receiving antenna must work in any position, as in mobile phones, the base station antennas use mixed polarization, such as linear polarization at an angle (with both vertical and horizontal components) or circular polarization.

Q1: What type of programmin relies on vertical polarization?
A1: broadcasting
Q2: If you were to position your receiver closer to the ground what might be a negative of this placement?
A2: cancellation
Q3: What is one use that would require an antenna to receive signals in various ways at once?
A3: mobile phones
Q4: If you were to develop a signal to be used with mobile phones what would be an effective antenna type?
A4: circular polarization.
Q5: What would the antenna you are using take advantage of to allow it to work in multiple locations?
A5: mixed polarization
Title: Dutch_language
Topic: Language and literature

The different dialects show many sound shifts in different vowels (even shifting between diphthongs and monophthongs), and in some cases consonants also shift pronunciation. For example, an oddity of West Flemings (and to a lesser extent, East Flemings) is that, the voiced velar fricative (written as "g" in Dutch) shifts to a voiced glottal fricative (written as "h" in Dutch), while the letter "h" in West Flemish becomes mute (just like in French). As a result, when West Flemish try to talk Standard Dutch, they're often unable to pronounce the g-sound, and pronounce it similar to the h-sound. This leaves f.e. no difference between "held" (hero) and "geld" (money). Or in some cases, they are aware of the problem, and hyper-correct the "h" into a voiced velar fricative or g-sound, again leaving no difference.

Q1: What's the Dutch word for "money"?
A1: geld
Q2: West Flemings pronounce the Dutch "g" as a voiced glottal frivative, which would be represented by what letter in standard Dutch?
A2: "h"
Q3: What other European language has a mute "h" like the West Flemings do?
A3: French
Q4: What word that means "hero" would a West Fleming speaker probably pronounce the same as "geld"?
A4: held
Q5: If a West Fleming speaker were being extra careful to avoid the silent "h," they might over-correct into what sound?
A5: g-sound
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

The differential analyser, a mechanical analog computer designed to solve differential equations by integration, used wheel-and-disc mechanisms to perform the integration. In 1876 Lord Kelvin had already discussed the possible construction of such calculators, but he had been stymied by the limited output torque of the ball-and-disk integrators. In a differential analyzer, the output of one integrator drove the input of the next integrator, or a graphing output. The torque amplifier was the advance that allowed these machines to work. Starting in the 1920s, Vannevar Bush and others developed mechanical differential analyzers.

Q1: What type of mechanisms did the differential analyzer use?
A1: wheel-and-disc
Q2: In 1876 who lobbied for the construction of the differential analyzers?
A2: Lord Kelvin
Q3: During what decade were mechanical differential analyzers developed?
A3: 1920s
Q4: In the 1920s, who was the person who developed mechanical differential analyzers?
A4: Vannevar Bush
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

The difficult question is whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent through strict adherence to the rule of stare decisis. This is where the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself, in that an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases (and therefore also impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction). Prior to a major change to federal court rules in 2007, about one-fifth of federal appellate cases were published and thereby became binding precedents, while the rest were unpublished and bound only the parties to each case.

Q1: What is used to determine whether federal judicial power extends to formulating binding precedent?
A1: stare decisis
Q2: What is stare decisis?
A2: the act of deciding a case becomes a limited form of lawmaking in itself
Q3: Why is stare decisis a limited form of lawmaking?
A3: an appellate court's rulings will thereby bind itself and lower courts in future cases
Q4: Who else does stare decisis affect?
A4: impliedly binds all persons within the court's jurisdiction
Title: Compact_disc
Topic: Engineering and technology

The digital data on a CD begins at the center of the disc and proceeds toward the edge, which allows adaptation to the different size formats available. Standard CDs are available in two sizes. By far, the most common is 120 millimetres (4.7 in) in diameter, with a 74- or 80-minute audio capacity and a 650 or 700 MiB (737,280,000-byte) data capacity. This capacity was reportedly specified by Sony executive Norio Ohga in May 1980 so as to be able to contain the entirety of the London Philharmonic Orchestra's recording of Beethoven's Ninth Symphony on one disc. This is a myth according to Kees Immink, as the code format had not yet been decided in May 1980. The adoption of EFM one month later would have allowed a playing time of 97 minutes for 120 mm diameter or 74 minutes for a disc as small as 100 mm. The 120 mm diameter has been adopted by subsequent formats, including Super Audio CD, DVD, HD DVD, and Blu-ray Disc. Eighty-millimeter discs ("Mini CDs") were originally designed for CD singles and can hold up to 24 minutes of music or 210 MiB of data but never became popular.[citation needed] Today, nearly every single is released on a 120 mm CD, called a Maxi single.[citation needed]

Q1: Where is the start of data on a CD?
A1: the center
Q2: What size CD is most frequently used?
A2: 120 millimetres (4.7 in)
Q3: What is the size of a Mini CD?
A3: Eighty-millimeter
Q4: What is the size of a Maxi Single?
A4: 120 mm
Q5: Who was the Sony Executive in 1980?
A5: Norio Ohga
Title: Neptune
Topic: Natural sciences

The dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of Neptune is about 14 microteslas (0.14 G). The dipole magnetic moment of Neptune is about 2.2 × 1017 T·m3 (14 μT·RN3, where RN is the radius of Neptune). Neptune's magnetic field has a complex geometry that includes relatively large contributions from non-dipolar components, including a strong quadrupole moment that may exceed the dipole moment in strength. By contrast, Earth, Jupiter and Saturn have only relatively small quadrupole moments, and their fields are less tilted from the polar axis. The large quadrupole moment of Neptune may be the result of offset from the planet's centre and geometrical constraints of the field's dynamo generator.

Q1: What is Neptune's dipole magnetic moment? 
A1: 2.2 × 1017 T·m3
Q2: What is one of Neptune's non-dipolar component what may exceed the dipole moment in strength? 
A2: strong quadrupole moment
Q3: Which three planets have small quadrupole moments compared to Neptune?
A3: Earth, Jupiter and Saturn
Q4: Besides the geometrical constraints of Neptune's dynamo generator, what is another result of the quadrupole moment?
A4: the planet's centre
Q5: What is the dipole component of the magnetic field at the magnetic equator of neptune?
A5: 14 microteslas (0.14 G)
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The direct object of the verb appears either in the accusative (for total objects) or in the partitive (for partial objects). The accusative coincides with the genitive in the singular and with nominative in the plural. Accusative vs. partitive case opposition of the object used with transitive verbs creates a telicity contrast, just as in Finnish. This is a rough equivalent of the perfective vs. imperfective aspect opposition.

Q1: What other language has a telicity contrast?
A1: Finnish
Q2: Aside from the accusative, where can the direct object of the verb be found?
A2: partitive
Q3: What is the accusative used for?
A3: total objects
Title: Aircraft_carrier
Topic: Warfare

The disadvantage of the ski-jump is the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load (and thus range); heavily laden aircraft can not launch using a ski-jump because their high loaded weight requires either a longer takeoff roll than is possible on a carrier deck, or assistance from a catapult or JATO rocket. For example, the Russian Su-33 is only able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov with a minimal armament and fuel load. Another disadvantage is on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are also present such as a US Landing Helicopter Dock or Landing Helicopter Assault amphibious assault ship a ski jump is not included as this would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas, this flat deck limits the loading of Harriers but is somewhat mitigated by the longer rolling start provided by a long flight deck compared to many STOVL carriers.

Q1: What is the disadvantage of the ski-jump?
A1: the penalty it exacts on aircraft size, payload, and fuel load
Q2: What cannot launch using a ski-jump due to their high loaded weight?
A2: heavily laden aircraft
Q3: What do heavily laden aircraft sometimes require the assistance from?
A3: a catapult or JATO rocket
Q4: Why is a ski-jump not included on mixed flight deck operations where helicopters are present?
A4: would eliminate one or more helicopter landing areas
Q5: How is the Russian SU-33 able to launch from the carrier Admiral Kuznetsov?
A5: with a minimal armament and fuel load
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The discipline of ecology typically traces its origin to the synthesis of Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography, in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Equally important in the rise of ecology, however, were microbiology and soil science—particularly the cycle of life concept, prominent in the work Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn. The word ecology was coined by Ernst Haeckel, whose particularly holistic view of nature in general (and Darwin's theory in particular) was important in the spread of ecological thinking. In the 1930s, Arthur Tansley and others began developing the field of ecosystem ecology, which combined experimental soil science with physiological concepts of energy and the techniques of field biology. The history of ecology in the 20th century is closely tied to that of environmentalism; the Gaia hypothesis, first formulated in the 1960s, and spreading in the 1970s, and more recently the scientific-religious movement of Deep Ecology have brought the two closer together.

Q1: The discipline of ecology is a combination of what two subjects?
A1: Darwinian evolution and Humboldtian biogeography
Q2: What did the work of Louis Pasteur and Ferdinand Cohn focus on?
A2: the cycle of life concept
Q3: Who came up with the word "ecology"?
A3: Ernst Haeckel
Q4: When was the Gaia hypothesis discovered?
A4: in the 1960s
Q5: What movement occurred during the 1970s?
A5: Deep Ecology
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

The discipline of plant ecology was pioneered in the late 19th century by botanists such as Eugenius Warming, who produced the hypothesis that plants form communities, and his mentor and successor Christen C. Raunkiær whose system for describing plant life forms is still in use today. The concept that the composition of plant communities such as temperate broadleaf forest changes by a process of ecological succession was developed by Henry Chandler Cowles, Arthur Tansley and Frederic Clements. Clements is credited with the idea of climax vegetation as the most complex vegetation that an environment can support and Tansley introduced the concept of ecosystems to biology. Building on the extensive earlier work of Alphonse de Candolle, Nikolai Vavilov (1887–1943) produced accounts of the biogeography, centres of origin, and evolutionary history of economic plants.

Q1: What did Warming believe that plants can do?
A1: form communities
Q2: What is the term for the most complex plant life in a specific environment?
A2: climax vegetation
Q3: Who created the concept of ecosystems?
A3: Arthur Tansley
Q4: Whose earlier work did Nicholas Vavilov build upon?
A4: Alphonse de Candolle
Q5: What history did Vavilov write about?
A5: history of economic plants
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

The discovery and isolation of radium in uranium ore (pitchblende) by Marie Curie sparked the development of uranium mining to extract the radium, which was used to make glow-in-the-dark paints for clock and aircraft dials. This left a prodigious quantity of uranium as a waste product, since it takes three tonnes of uranium to extract one gram of radium. This waste product was diverted to the glazing industry, making uranium glazes very inexpensive and abundant. Besides the pottery glazes, uranium tile glazes accounted for the bulk of the use, including common bathroom and kitchen tiles which can be produced in green, yellow, mauve, black, blue, red and other colors.

Q1: What is another term for uranium ore?
A1: pitchblende
Q2: Who isolated radium in uranium ore?
A2: Marie Curie
Q3: In what types of paints was radium first used?
A3: glow-in-the-dark
Q4: What devices were painted with radium paint?
A4: clock and aircraft dials
Q5: Along with red, blue, black, yellow and green, what was a notable color of uranium tile glaze?
A5: mauve
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

The discovery of gold in Victoria in mid 1851 led to the Victorian gold rush, and Melbourne, which served as the major port and provided most services for the region, experienced rapid growth. Within months, the city's population had increased by nearly three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants. Thereafter, growth was exponential and by 1865, Melbourne had overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city. Additionally, Melbourne along with the Victorian regional cities of Ballarat and Geelong became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era.

Q1: Melbourne experienced rapid growth after 1851 due to the discovery of what?
A1: gold
Q2: Melbourne and which other regional cities became the wealthiest cities in the world during the Gold Rush era?
A2: Ballarat and Geelong
Q3: How much did Melbourne's population increase within months of the gold rush?
A3: three-quarters, from 25,000 to 40,000 inhabitants
Q4: By what year had Melbourne overtaken Sydney as Australia's most populous city?
A4: 1865
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

The discovery of infrared radiation is ascribed to William Herschel, the astronomer, in the early 19th century. Herschel published his results in 1800 before the Royal Society of London. Herschel used a prism to refract light from the sun and detected the infrared, beyond the red part of the spectrum, through an increase in the temperature recorded on a thermometer. He was surprised at the result and called them "Calorific Rays". The term 'Infrared' did not appear until late in the 19th century.

Q1: Who discovered infrared radiation?
A1: William Herschel
Q2: In what year did Herschel publish his work on infrared radiation?
A2: 1800
Q3: To whom did Herschel present his work on infrared radiation?
A3: the Royal Society of London
Q4: What device did Herschel use to discover the infrared?
A4: a prism
Q5: What did Herschel call the infrared spectrum?
A5: Calorific Rays
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

The discovery of new maritime trade routes by Western European states allowed them to avoid the Ottoman trade monopoly. The Portuguese discovery of the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 initiated a series of Ottoman-Portuguese naval wars in the Indian Ocean throughout the 16th century. The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire, allied with the Ottomans, defied the Portuguese economic monopoly in the Indian Ocean by employing a new coinage which followed the Ottoman pattern, thus proclaiming an attitude of economic independence in regard to the Portuguese.

Q1: Avoiding the strength of Ottoman trade was accomplished with the discovery of what?
A1: new maritime trade routes
Q2: What did the Portuguese discover in 1488?
A2: the Cape of Good Hope
Q3: Where did the Ottoman and Portuguese have Naval wars in the 16th century?
A3: the Indian Ocean
Q4: Who did the Ottomans ally with in the Indian Ocean?
A4: The Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire
Q5: New coins were a proclamation of independence by the Somali Muslim Ajuran Empire from whom?
A5: the Portuguese
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

The discovery of the element is credited to the German chemist Martin Heinrich Klaproth. While he was working in his experimental laboratory in Berlin in 1789, Klaproth was able to precipitate a yellow compound (likely sodium diuranate) by dissolving pitchblende in nitric acid and neutralizing the solution with sodium hydroxide. Klaproth assumed the yellow substance was the oxide of a yet-undiscovered element and heated it with charcoal to obtain a black powder, which he thought was the newly discovered metal itself (in fact, that powder was an oxide of uranium). He named the newly discovered element after the planet Uranus, (named after the primordial Greek god of the sky), which had been discovered eight years earlier by William Herschel.

Q1: Who discovered uranium?
A1: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
Q2: In what city was uranium discovered?
A2: Berlin
Q3: In what year did the discovery of uranium occur?
A3: 1789
Q4: What did Klaproth probably create when he dissolved pitchblende in nitric acid?
A4: sodium diuranate
Q5: Who discovered the planet Uranus?
A5: William Herschel
Title: United_States_presidential_election,_2004
Topic: History

The dismal results caused Gephardt to drop out and later endorse Kerry. Carol Moseley Braun also dropped out, endorsing Howard Dean. Besides the impact of coming in third, Dean was further hurt by a speech he gave at a post-caucus rally. Dean was shouting over the cheers of his enthusiastic audience, but the crowd noise was being filtered out by his unidirectional microphone, leaving only his full-throated exhortations audible to the television viewers. To those at home, he seemed to raise his voice out of sheer emotion. The incessant replaying of the "Dean Scream" by the press became a debate on the topic of whether Dean was the victim of media bias. The scream scene was shown approximately 633 times by cable and broadcast news networks in just four days following the incident, a number that does not include talk shows and local news broadcasts. However, those who were in the actual audience that day insist that they were not aware of the infamous "scream" until they returned to their hotel rooms and saw it on TV.

Q1: Which candidate, after dropping out, went on to endorse Kerry?
A1: Gephardt
Q2: Which troubled candidate did Carol Moseley Braun end up endorsing, after she dropped out?
A2: Howard Dean
Q3: The continual playing of Dean's post-rally speech by the media stirred what type of controversy?
A3: whether Dean was the victim of media bias
Q4: What tag did the media attach to Dean's post-rally speech?
A4: "Dean Scream"
Q5: Did those in attendance at Dean's speech know about the "Dean Scream"?
A5: they were not aware
Title: Nigeria
Topic: History

The disquilibrium and perceived corruption of the electoral and political process led, in 1966, to back-to-back military coups. The first coup was in January 1966 and was led by Igbo soldiers under Majors Emmanuel Ifeajuna and Chukwuma Kaduna Nzeogwu. The coup plotters succeeded in murdering Prime Minister Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Premier Ahmadu Bello of the Northern Region and Premier Ladoke Akintola of the Western Region. But, the coup plotters struggled to form a central government. President Nwafor Orizu handed over government control to the Army, then under the command of another Igbo officer, General JTU Aguiyi-Ironsi.

Q1: In what year were there two military coups in Nigeria?
A1: 1966
Q2: Which group led the first 1966 coup?
A2: Igbo soldiers
Q3: Which Prime Minister was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A3: Abubakar Tafawa Balewa
Q4: Which Northern Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A4: Ahmadu Bello
Q5: Which Western Premier was murdered in the Igbo coup?
A5: Ladoke Akintola
Title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
Topic: History

The dissolution of the Soviet Union was formally enacted on December 26, 1991, as a result of the declaration no. 142-Н of the Soviet of the Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or not at all. On the previous day, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and last leader of the Soviet Union, resigned, declared his office extinct, and handed over its powers – including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes – to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.

Q1: On what date did the Soviet Union dissolve?
A1: December 26, 1991
Q2: What entity was created in place of the Soviet Union?
A2: Commonwealth of Independent States
Q3: Who was president of the Soviet Union when it came to an end?
A3: Mikhail Gorbachev,
Q4: Who became president of Russia after Gorbachev left office?
A4: Boris Yeltsin
Q5: Which flag replaced the Soviet flag at the Kremlin?
A5: pre-revolutionary Russian flag.
Title: Airport
Topic: Engineering and technology

The distances passengers need to move within a large airport can be substantial. It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and buses. The Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim. Major airports with more than one terminal offer inter-terminal transportation, such as Mexico City International Airport, where the domestic building of Terminal 1 is connected by Aerotrén to Terminal 2, on the other side of the airport.

Q1: It is common for airports to provide moving walkways and what?
A1: buses
Q2: What airport has a tram that takes people through the concourses and baggage claim?
A2: Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Q3: Name one airport that offers inter-terminal transportation.
A3: Mexico City International Airport
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The distinctive characteristic of English cathedrals is their extreme length, and their internal emphasis upon the horizontal, which may be emphasised visually as much or more than the vertical lines. Each English cathedral (with the exception of Salisbury) has an extraordinary degree of stylistic diversity, when compared with most French, German and Italian cathedrals. It is not unusual for every part of the building to have been built in a different century and in a different style, with no attempt at creating a stylistic unity. Unlike French cathedrals, English cathedrals sprawl across their sites, with double transepts projecting strongly and Lady Chapels tacked on at a later date, such as at Westminster Abbey. In the west front, the doors are not as significant as in France, the usual congregational entrance being through a side porch. The West window is very large and never a rose, which are reserved for the transept gables. The west front may have two towers like a French Cathedral, or none. There is nearly always a tower at the crossing and it may be very large and surmounted by a spire. The distinctive English east end is square, but it may take a completely different form. Both internally and externally, the stonework is often richly decorated with carvings, particularly the capitals.

Q1: What is the unique design feature of English cathedrals?
A1: their extreme length
Q2: What type of transepts do English cathedrals often feature? 
A2: double transepts
Q3: What size of window is typically featured on the west end of English cathedrals?
A3: very large
Q4: Where are rose windows used on English cathedrals?
A4: the transept gables
Q5: On English cathedrals, where is a tower almost always found?
A5: at the crossing
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The distinctive characteristic of French cathedrals, and those in Germany and Belgium that were strongly influenced by them, is their height and their impression of verticality. Each French cathedral tends to be stylistically unified in appearance when compared with an English cathedral where there is great diversity in almost every building. They are compact, with slight or no projection of the transepts and subsidiary chapels. The west fronts are highly consistent, having three portals surmounted by a rose window, and two large towers. Sometimes there are additional towers on the transept ends. The east end is polygonal with ambulatory and sometimes a chevette of radiating chapels. In the south of France, many of the major churches are without transepts and some are without aisles.

Q1: What is the distinguiushing visual design feature of French cathedrals?
A1: their impression of verticality
Q2: How many portals are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?
A2: three portals
Q3: How many towers are typically found on the west front of French cathedrals?
A3: two large towers
Q4: What shape does the east end of French chapels typically have?
A4: The east end is polygonal
Q5: What do many major churches in Southern France often lack?
A5: transepts
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The distinctive characteristic of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula is their spatial complexity, with many areas of different shapes leading from each other. They are comparatively wide, and often have very tall arcades surmounted by low clerestories, giving a similar spacious appearance to the 'Hallenkirche of Germany, as at the Church of the Batalha Monastery in Portugal. Many of the cathedrals are completely surrounded by chapels. Like English cathedrals, each is often stylistically diverse. This expresses itself both in the addition of chapels and in the application of decorative details drawn from different sources. Among the influences on both decoration and form are Islamic architecture and, towards the end of the period, Renaissance details combined with the Gothic in a distinctive manner. The West front, as at Leon Cathedral, typically resembles a French west front, but wider in proportion to height and often with greater diversity of detail and a combination of intricate ornament with broad plain surfaces. At Burgos Cathedral there are spires of German style. The roofline often has pierced parapets with comparatively few pinnacles. There are often towers and domes of a great variety of shapes and structural invention rising above the roof.

Q1: What is the distinctive design element of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula? 
A1: their spatial complexity
Q2: What size are the arcades of Gothic cathedrals of the Iberian Peninsula?
A2: very tall arcades
Q3: What type of architecture is a prominent influence on the design and form of Gothic cathedrals from the Iberian Peninsula? 
A3: Islamic architecture
Q4: What type of West front does the Leon Cathedral resemble?
A4: a French west front
Q5: What style are the spires at Burgos Cathedral?
A5: German style
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The distinctive characteristic of Italian Gothic is the use of polychrome decoration, both externally as marble veneer on the brick façade and also internally where the arches are often made of alternating black and white segments, and where the columns may be painted red, the walls decorated with frescoes and the apse with mosaic. The plan is usually regular and symmetrical, Italian cathedrals have few and widely spaced columns. The proportions are generally mathematically equilibrated, based on the square and the concept of "armonìa", and except in Venice where they loved flamboyant arches, the arches are almost always equilateral. Colours and moldings define the architectural units rather than blending them. Italian cathedral façades are often polychrome and may include mosaics in the lunettes over the doors. The façades have projecting open porches and occular or wheel windows rather than roses, and do not usually have a tower. The crossing is usually surmounted by a dome. There is often a free-standing tower and baptistry. The eastern end usually has an apse of comparatively low projection. The windows are not as large as in northern Europe and, although stained glass windows are often found, the favourite narrative medium for the interior is the fresco.

Q1: What is the unique characteristic of Italian Gothic design?
A1: the use of polychrome decoration
Q2: What color are the columns of Italian Gothic cathedrals often painted?
A2: the columns may be painted red
Q3: What type of arches do they love to use in Venice?
A3: they loved flamboyant arches
Q4: Instead of rose windows, what type of windows do Italian cathedral facades usually feature?
A4: occular or wheel windows
Q5: What is the preferred narrative medium for the interior of Italian cathedrals?
A5: the fresco
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

The diversion of heavier bombers to the Balkans meant that the crews and units left behind were asked to fly two or three sorties per night. Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly. Added to the tension of the mission which exhausted and drained crews, tiredness caught up with and killed many. In one incident on 28/29 April, Peter Stahl of KG 30 was flying on his 50th mission. He fell asleep at the controls of his Ju 88 and woke up to discover the entire crew asleep. He roused them, ensured they took oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets, then completed the mission.

Q1: How many sorties a night were crews asked to fly?
A1: two or three sorties
Q2: What contributed to the exhaustion of crews flying extra sorties?
A2: Bombers were noisy, cold, and vibrated badly
Q3: What happened to Peter Stahl when he fell asleep flying?
A3: woke up to discover the entire crew asleep.
Q4: What did Peter's crew take to complete their mission?
A4: oxygen and Dextro-Energen tablets
Title: Treaty
Topic: Language and literature

The division between the two is often not clear and is often politicized in disagreements within a government over a treaty, since a non-self-executing treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law. If a treaty requires implementing legislation, a state may be in default of its obligations by the failure of its legislature to pass the necessary domestic laws.

Q1: What type of treaty cannot be acted on without the proper change in domestic law?
A1: a non-self-executing treaty
Q2: A state party may be in default of its obligations under a non-self-executing treaty if its legislature fails to do what?
A2: pass the necessary domestic laws
Q3: What institution of a party to a treaty must act to fulfill the party's obligations under a non-self-executing treaty?
A3: its legislature
Q4: The often unclear division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can lead to a treaty being what if disagreements exist within a party?
A4: politicized
Q5: A treaty may be politicized due to disagreements within a party because the division between a self-executing treaty and a non-self-executing treaty can often be described as what?
A5: not clear
Title: Jews
Topic: History

The divisions between all these groups are approximate and their boundaries are not always clear. The Mizrahim for example, are a heterogeneous collection of North African, Central Asian, Caucasian, and Middle Eastern Jewish communities that are no closer related to each other than they are to any of the earlier mentioned Jewish groups. In modern usage, however, the Mizrahim are sometimes termed Sephardi due to similar styles of liturgy, despite independent development from Sephardim proper. Thus, among Mizrahim there are Egyptian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Lebanese Jews, Kurdish Jews, Libyan Jews, Syrian Jews, Bukharian Jews, Mountain Jews, Georgian Jews, Iranian Jews and various others. The Teimanim from Yemen are sometimes included, although their style of liturgy is unique and they differ in respect to the admixture found among them to that found in Mizrahim. In addition, there is a differentiation made between Sephardi migrants who established themselves in the Middle East and North Africa after the expulsion of the Jews from Spain and Portugal in the 1490s and the pre-existing Jewish communities in those regions.

Q1: In modern usage, why is Mizrahim sometimes termed Sephardi?
A1: due to similar styles of liturgy
Q2: When did the expulsion of Jews from Spain and Portugal occur?
A2: the 1490s
Q3: Where are the Teimanim from?
A3: Yemen
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

The dock connector also allowed the iPod to connect to accessories, which often supplement the iPod's music, video, and photo playback. Apple sells a few accessories, such as the now-discontinued iPod Hi-Fi, but most are manufactured by third parties such as Belkin and Griffin. Some peripherals use their own interface, while others use the iPod's own screen. Because the dock connector is a proprietary interface, the implementation of the interface requires paying royalties to Apple.

Q1: Which iPod accessory was made by Apple but is no longer produced?
A1: iPod Hi-Fi
Q2: What are two companies that make iPod accessories?
A2: Belkin and Griffin
Q3: What part of the iPod is needed to communicate with peripherals?
A3: dock connector
Q4: What is the condition for third parties using the dock connector?
A4: paying royalties
Q5: The majority of peripherals for iPod are produced by what kinds of companies?
A5: third parties
Q6: What's the name of the now-discontinued accessory manufactured by Apple, that connected via the iPod's dock connector?
A6: iPod Hi-Fi
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The doctrine of pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起) is an important part of Buddhist metaphysics. It states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect. It is variously rendered into English as "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency".

Q1: What is the name of the Buddhist doctrine that states that phenomena arise together in a mutually interdependent web of cause and effect?
A1: pratītyasamutpāda, (Sanskrit; Pali: paticcasamuppāda; Tibetan Wylie: rten cing 'brel bar 'byung ba; Chinese: 緣起)
Q2: Translated into English, what does pratītyasamutpāda mean?
A2: "dependent origination", "conditioned genesis", "dependent relationship", "dependent co-arising", "interdependent arising", or "contingency"
Q3: The doctrine of pratityasumatupada is a important part of what type of metaphysics?
A3: Buddhist