LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The etymology of the name is uncertain. The spelling Ἀπόλλων (pronounced [a.pól.lɔːn] in Classical Attic) had almost superseded all other forms by the beginning of the common era, but the Doric form Apellon (Ἀπέλλων), is more archaic, derived from an earlier *Ἀπέλjων. It probably is a cognate to the Doric month Apellaios (Ἀπελλαῖος), and the offerings apellaia (ἀπελλαῖα) at the initiation of the young men during the family-festival apellai (ἀπέλλαι). According to some scholars the words are derived from the Doric word apella (ἀπέλλα), which originally meant "wall," "fence for animals" and later "assembly within the limits of the square." Apella (Ἀπέλλα) is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta, corresponding to the ecclesia (ἐκκλησία). R. S. P. Beekes rejected the connection of the theonym with the noun apellai and suggested a Pre-Greek proto-form *Apalyun.

Q1: What is the name of the popular assembly in Sparta?
A1: Apella
Q2: Apellon is derived from what Doric month?
A2: Apellaios
Q3: What is offered at the initiation of young men during familly-festival apellai?
A3: apellaia
Q4: What Doric word originally meant wall or fence for animals?
A4: apella
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

The eusocial insects build nest, guard eggs, and provide food for offspring full-time (see Eusociality). Most insects, however, lead short lives as adults, and rarely interact with one another except to mate or compete for mates. A small number exhibit some form of parental care, where they will at least guard their eggs, and sometimes continue guarding their offspring until adulthood, and possibly even feeding them. Another simple form of parental care is to construct a nest (a burrow or an actual construction, either of which may be simple or complex), store provisions in it, and lay an egg upon those provisions. The adult does not contact the growing offspring, but it nonetheless does provide food. This sort of care is typical for most species of bees and various types of wasps.

Q1: Eusocial insects provide food for their offspring full-time or part-time?
A1: full-time
Q2: What do eusocial insects guard?
A2: eggs
Q3: What do eusocial insects build?
A3: nest
Q4: Most eusocial insects lead what kind of life once becoming an adult?
A4: short
Q5: An adult eusocial insect does not contact it's what?
A5: growing offspring
Title: Germans
Topic: Language and literature

The event of the Protestant Reformation and the politics that ensued has been cited as the origins of German identity that arose in response to the spread of a common German language and literature. Early German national culture was developed through literary and religious figures including Martin Luther, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich Schiller. The concept of a German nation was developed by German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder. The popularity of German identity arose in the aftermath of the French Revolution.

Q1: What is credited with the origins of the German identity?
A1: Protestant Reformation
Q2: How was early German culture developed?
A2: literary and religious figures
Q3: What man is credited with the emergence of the German nation?
A3: Johann Gottfried Herder
Q4: When did the popularity of the German nation increase?
A4: aftermath of the French Revolution
Q5: What is credited with creating the Origins of a German identity?
A5: Protestant Reformation
Q6: Who developed the concept of a German Nation?
A6: Johann Gottfried Herder
Q7: When did the popularity of a German identity arise?
A7: in the aftermath of the French Revolution
Q8: Who was Johann Herder?
A8: German philosopher
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

The event was significant not only for Yugoslavia and Tito, but also for the global development of socialism, since it was the first major split between Communist states, casting doubt on Comintern's claims for socialism to be a unified force that would eventually control the whole world, as Tito became the first (and the only successful) socialist leader to defy Stalin's leadership in the COMINFORM. This rift with the Soviet Union brought Tito much international recognition, but also triggered a period of instability often referred to as the Informbiro period. Tito's form of communism was labeled "Titoism" by Moscow, which encouraged purges against suspected "Titoites'" throughout the Eastern bloc.

Q1: What name refers to the period of instability during the rift between Tito and the USSR?
A1: Informbiro
Q2: What was Tito's form of communism called?
A2: Titoism
Q3: Who encouraged purges against Titoites?
A3: Moscow
Q4: Throughout what area did purges of Titoites occur?
A4: Eastern bloc
Q5: Who became the first leader to defy Stalin's leadership?
A5: Tito
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by the Prussians, to silence French guns at long range and then to directly support infantry attacks at close range, proved to be superior to the defensive doctrine employed by French gunners. The Prussian tactics were adopted by European armies by 1914, exemplified in the French 75, an artillery piece optimised to provide direct fire support to advancing infantry. Most European armies ignored the evidence of the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–05 which suggested that infantry armed with new smokeless-powder rifles could engage gun crews effectively. This forced gunners to fire at longer range using indirect fire, usually from a position of cover.

Q1: The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what?
A1: military thinking
Q2: Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system?
A2: general staff system
Q3: Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914?
A3: European armies
Q4: What was the French 75 optimised to directly support?
A4: advancing infantry
Q5: Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles?
A5: Russo-Japanese War
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

The events of the summer of 1974 dominate the politics on the island, as well as Greco-Turkish relations. Around 150,000 settlers from Turkey are believed to be living in the north—many of whom were forced from Turkey by the Turkish government—in violation of the Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions. Following the invasion and the capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops, the Republic of Cyprus announced that all of its ports of entry in the north were closed, as they were effectively not under its control.[citation needed]

Q1: What happened to ports on Cyprus after capture of its northern territory by Turkish troops?
A1: all of its ports of entry in the north were closed
Q2: How many settlers from Turkey were living in the north?
A2: 150,000
Q3: What terms did the Turkish government violate by sending people?
A3: Geneva Convention and various UN resolutions
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent the development of asthma is weak. Some show promise including: limiting smoke exposure both in utero and after delivery, breastfeeding, and increased exposure to daycare or large families but none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication. Early pet exposure may be useful. Results from exposure to pets at other times are inconclusive and it is only recommended that pets be removed from the home if a person has allergic symptoms to said pet. Dietary restrictions during pregnancy or when breast feeding have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended. Reducing or eliminating compounds known to sensitive people from the work place may be effective. It is not clear if annual influenza vaccinations effects the risk of exacerbations. Immunization; however, is recommended by the World Health Organization. Smoking bans are effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma.

Q1: What is weak that is not helping prevent the development of asthma?
A1: The evidence for the effectiveness of measures to prevent
Q2: What preventative measures always work to prevent asthma?
A2: none are well supported enough to be recommended for this indication
Q3: What has been determined about dietry restrictions during pregnancy and when breast feeding?
A3: have not been found to be effective and thus are not recommended
Q4: Why are smoking bans in place?
A4: effective in decreasing exacerbations of asthma
Q5: Who recoomends immunizations?
A5: World Health Organization
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The evidence of the early texts suggests that Siddhārtha Gautama was born in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent in the fifth century BCE. It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.

Q1: According to early texts, when was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A1: fifth century BCE
Q2: According to early texts, where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A2: in a community that was on the periphery, both geographically and culturally, of the northeastern Indian subcontinent
Q3: What type of community was Siddhārtha Gautama raised in?
A3: It was either a small republic, in which case his father was an elected chieftain, or an oligarchy, in which case his father was an oligarch.
Q4: Where was Siddhārtha Gautama born?
A4: the northeastern Indian subcontinent
Q5: When did Siddhārtha Gautama live?
A5: fifth century BCE
Q6: What size was Siddhārtha Gautama's birthplace?
A6: a small republic
Q7: Where did we find proof of his existence?
A7: early texts
Q8: What was most likely Siddhārtha Gautama's father?
A8: an oligarchy
Q9: Who was born in a northeastern part of India/
A9: Siddhārtha Gautama
Q10: If Siddhartha lived in a small republic, his father would have been a what?
A10: elected chieftain
Title: Greeks
Topic: History

The evolution of Proto-Greek should be considered within the context of an early Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages. The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language, which also seems to share some other phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.

Q1: What progression coincided with the the early Greek states that makes it difficult to give credit for the language and differences ? 
A1: Paleo-Balkan sprachbund that makes it difficult to delineate exact boundaries between individual languages.
Q2: What is commonly seen in the Greek language that is not a constant ?
A2: The characteristically Greek representation of word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels
Q3: What other language has this same trait ?
A3: word-initial laryngeals by prothetic vowels is shared, for one, by the Armenian language
Q4: What other things do the two languages seem to have in common ?
A4: phonological and morphological peculiarities of Greek; this has led some linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian
Q5: How much evidence of the link between the languages is currently available ?
A5: linguists to propose a hypothetical closer relationship between Greek and Armenian, although evidence remains scant.
Title: Flowering_plant
Topic: Natural sciences

The evolution of seed plants and later angiosperms appears to be the result of two distinct rounds of whole genome duplication events. These occurred at 319 million years ago and 192 million years ago. Another possible whole genome duplication event at 160 million years ago perhaps created the ancestral line that led to all modern flowering plants. That event was studied by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant, Amborella trichopoda, and directly addresses Darwin's "abominable mystery."

Q1: How many distinct rounds of genome duplication events are suspected in the evolution of seed plants?
A1: two
Q2: When did the first whole genome duplication event occur?
A2: 319 million years ago
Q3: What type of event perhaps created the line which led to modern flowering plants?
A3: whole genome duplication
Q4: How are duplication events studied?
A4: by sequencing the genome of an ancient flowering plant
Q5: Who coined the term "abominable mystery"?
A5: Darwin
Title: Economy_of_Greece
Topic: Geography and places

The evolution of the Greek economy during the 19th century (a period that transformed a large part of the world because of the Industrial Revolution) has been little researched. Recent research from 2006 examines the gradual development of industry and further development of shipping in a predominantly agricultural economy, calculating an average rate of per capita GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 that was only slightly lower than that of the other Western European nations. Industrial activity, (including heavy industry like shipbuilding) was evident, mainly in Ermoupolis and Piraeus. Nonetheless, Greece faced economic hardships and defaulted on its external loans in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894.

Q1: What transformed a large part of the world in the 19th century?
A1: Industrial Revolution
Q2: What does recent research from 2006 examine?
A2: evolution of the Greek economy
Q3: What was Greece's GDP growth between 1833 and 1911 compared other Western European nations?
A3: slightly lower
Q4: What type of industrial activity was evident in Greece in the period researched?
A4: shipbuilding
Q5: What did Greece do in 1826, 1843, 1860 and 1894?
A5: defaulted on its external loans
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The evolution of the Greek sculpture can be observed in his depictions from the almost static formal Kouros type in early archaic period, to the representation of motion in a relative harmonious whole in late archaic period. In classical Greece the emphasis is not given to the illusive imaginative reality represented by the ideal forms, but to the analogies and the interaction of the members in the whole, a method created by Polykleitos. Finally Praxiteles seems to be released from any art and religious conformities, and his masterpieces are a mixture of naturalism with stylization.

Q1: Whose masterpieces are a mixture of naturallism with stylization?
A1: Praxiteles
Q2: In whose depictions can the evolution of Greek sculpture be observed?
A2: Praxiteles
Q3: Who seems to be released from any art and religious conformities?
A3: Praxiteles
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

The evolutionary relationships and heredity of a group of organisms is called its phylogeny. Phylogenetic studies attempt to discover phylogenies. The basic approach is to use similarities based on shared inheritance to determine relationships. As an example, species of Pereskia are trees or bushes with prominent leaves. They do not obviously resemble a typical leafless cactus such as an Echinocactus. However, both Pereskia and Echinocactus have spines produced from areoles (highly specialised pad-like structures) suggesting that the two genera are indeed related.

Q1: What does the phylogeny of a group represent?
A1: relationships and heredity
Q2: How are the relationships within the group determined?
A2: shared inheritance
Q3: What would be an indication of a shared inheritance in two cacti?
A3: spines produced from areoles
Q4: What are areoles?
A4: pad-like structures
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The exact causes and motivations for Rome's military conflicts and expansions during the republic are subject to wide debate. While they can be seen as motivated by outright aggression and imperialism, historians typically take a much more nuanced view. They argue that Rome's expansion was driven by short-term defensive and inter-state factors (that is, relations with city-states and kingdoms outside Rome's hegemony), and the new contingencies that these decisions created. In its early history, as Rome successfully defended itself against foreign threats in central and then northern Italy, neighboring city-states sought the protection a Roman alliance would bring. As such, early republican Rome was not an "empire" or "state" in the modern sense, but an alliance of independent city-states (similar to the Greek hegemonies of the same period) with varying degrees of genuine independence (which itself changed over time) engaged in an alliance of mutual self-protection, but led by Rome. With some important exceptions, successful wars in early republican Rome generally led not to annexation or military occupation, but to the restoration of the way things were. But the defeated city would be weakened (sometimes with outright land concessions) and thus less able to resist Romanizing influences, such as Roman settlers seeking land or trade with the growing Roman confederacy. It was also less able to defend itself against its non-Roman enemies, which made attack by these enemies more likely. It was, therefore, more likely to seek an alliance of protection with Rome.

Q1: What factor is considered by some to be the main driving force behind the expansion of Rome?
A1: inter-state factors
Q2: What type of policy is considered by some to be responsible for Rome's many military conflicts?
A2: imperialism
Q3: What was a common conclusion to wars in the early days of republican Rome?
A3: restoration of the way things were
Q4: What type of alliance was created between the various Roman city-states?
A4: mutual self-protection
Q5: What did Roman settlers commonly seek out?
A5: land
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established. To date, a lot of research has been conducted to determine the influence of genetics, hormonal action, development dynamics, social and cultural influences—which has led many to think that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it. It was once thought that homosexuality was the result of faulty psychological development, resulting from childhood experiences and troubled relationships, including childhood sexual abuse. It has been found that this was based on prejudice and misinformation.

Q1: Has the cause for sexual orientation been found yet?
A1: The exact causes for the development of a particular sexual orientation have yet to be established
Q2: What has the research that has been conducted for the influence of genetics made many people think?
A2: that biology and environment factors play a complex role in forming it
Q3: What was once thought to cause homosexuality?
A3: the result of faulty psychological development
Q4: What was found out about the theory of faulty psychological development being the cause for homosexuality?
A4: this was based on prejudice and misinformation.
Title: Kievan_Rus%27
Topic: History

The exact date of creation of the Kiev Metropolis is uncertain, as well as who was the first leader of the church. Predominantly it is considered that the first head was Michael I of Kiev, however some sources also claim Leontiy who is often placed after Michael or Anastas Chersonesos, became the first bishop of the Church of the Tithes. The first metropolitan to be confirmed by historical sources is Theopemp, who was appointed by Patriarch Alexius of Constantinople in 1038. Before 1015 there were five dioceses: Kiev, Chernihiv, Bilhorod, Volodymyr, Novgorod, and soon thereafter Yuriy-upon-Ros. The Kiev Metropolitan sent his own delegation to the Council of Bari in 1098.

Q1: Although uncertian, who is considered to be the first head of Kiev?
A1: Michael I
Q2: Who was considered to be the first bishop of the Church of the Titches?
A2: Leontiy
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

The exact nature of relations between Tibet and the Ming dynasty of China (1368–1644) is unclear. Analysis of the relationship is further complicated by modern political conflicts and the application of Westphalian sovereignty to a time when the concept did not exist. Some Mainland Chinese scholars, such as Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain, assert that the Ming dynasty had unquestioned sovereignty over Tibet, pointing to the Ming court's issuing of various titles to Tibetan leaders, Tibetans' full acceptance of these titles, and a renewal process for successors of these titles that involved traveling to the Ming capital. Scholars within China also argue that Tibet has been an integral part of China since the 13th century and that it was thus a part of the Ming Empire. But most scholars outside China, such as Turrell V. Wylie, Melvin C. Goldstein, and Helmut Hoffman, say that the relationship was one of suzerainty, that Ming titles were only nominal, that Tibet remained an independent region outside Ming control, and that it simply paid tribute until the Jiajing Emperor (1521–1566), who ceased relations with Tibet.

Q1: Who were Wang Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain?
A1: Mainland Chinese scholars
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

The exact number of speakers of Somali is unknown. One source estimates that there are 7.78 million speakers of Somali in Somalia itself and 12.65 million speakers globally. The Somali language is spoken by ethnic Somalis in Greater Somalia and the Somali diaspora.

Q1: About how many people in Somalia speak Somali?
A1: 7.78 million
Q2: In millions, about how many global Somali speakers are there?
A2: 12.65
Q3: Along with Greater Somalia ethnic Somalis, who speaks Somali?
A3: the Somali diaspora
Title: Flowering_plant
Topic: Natural sciences

The exact relationship between these eight groups is not yet clear, although there is agreement that the first three groups to diverge from the ancestral angiosperm were Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales. The term basal angiosperms refers to these three groups. Among the rest, the relationship between the three broadest of these groups (magnoliids, monocots, and eudicots) remains unclear. Some analyses make the magnoliids the first to diverge, others the monocots. Ceratophyllum seems to group with the eudicots rather than with the monocots.

Q1: What three groups were the first to diverge from angiosperm?
A1: Amborellales, Nymphaeales, and Austrobaileyales
Q2: What term refers to the first three groups to diverge from angiosperm?
A2: basal
Q3: How clear is the relationship between the broadest of the three non-basal angiosperm groups?
A3: unclear
Q4: What group do some analyses seem to indicate diverged first?
A4: magnoliids
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The example Leibniz uses involves two proposed universes situated in absolute space. The only discernible difference between them is that the latter is positioned five feet to the left of the first. The example is only possible if such a thing as absolute space exists. Such a situation, however, is not possible, according to Leibniz, for if it were, a universe's position in absolute space would have no sufficient reason, as it might very well have been anywhere else. Therefore, it contradicts the principle of sufficient reason, and there could exist two distinct universes that were in all ways indiscernible, thus contradicting the identity of indiscernibles.

Q1: Leibniz's example involves how many universes?
A1: two
Q2: Where are Leibniz's universes situated?
A2: absolute space
Q3: How far are Leibniz's universes situated apart?
A3: five feet
Q4: What is the only way Leibniz's example would be possible?
A4: absolute space exists
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

The exclusion of social and political groups as targets of genocide in the CPPCG legal definition has been criticized by some historians and sociologists, for example M. Hassan Kakar in his book The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 argues that the international definition of genocide is too restricted, and that it should include political groups or any group so defined by the perpetrator and quotes Chalk and Jonassohn: "Genocide is a form of one-sided mass killing in which a state or other authority intends to destroy a group, as that group and membership in it are defined by the perpetrator." While there are various definitions of the term, Adam Jones states that the majority of genocide scholars consider that "intent to destroy" is a requirement for any act to be labelled genocide, and that there is growing agreement on the inclusion of the physical destruction criterion.

Q1: Some historians were critical of what exclusion in the definition of victims of genocide?
A1: social and political groups
Q2: In what book did Kakar contend that the international definition of genocide was too narrow?
A2: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response
Q3: Kakar argued that the definition should include any group defined by the perpetrator and which other group?
A3: political groups
Q4: In the writing of Chalk and Jonassohn, what is stated to be a form of one-sided mass killing?
A4: Genocide
Q5: In further elaborating on the definition, how did Chalk and Jonassohn phrase the intention of the perpetrator? 
A5: intends to destroy a group
Title: Oklahoma
Topic: Geography and places

The executive branch consists of the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials. The principal head of government, the Governor is the chief executive of the Oklahoma executive branch, serving as the ex officio Commander-in-Chief of the Oklahoma National Guard when not called into Federal use and reserving the power to veto bills passed through the Legislature. The responsibilities of the Executive branch include submitting the budget, ensuring that state laws are enforced, and ensuring peace within the state is preserved.

Q1: Who is in the executive branch?
A1: the Governor, their staff, and other elected officials
Q2: Who commands the Oklahoma National Guard?
A2: the Governor
Q3: Who is responsible for submitting a state budget in Oklahoma?
A3: the Executive branch
Q4: Who is responsible for enforcing Oklahoma's laws?
A4: the Executive branch
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

The exhibits include a collection of royal and other funeral effigies (funeral saddle, helm and shield of Henry V), together with other treasures, including some panels of mediaeval glass, 12th-century sculpture fragments, Mary II's coronation chair and replicas of the coronation regalia, and historic effigies of Edward III, Henry VII and his queen, Elizabeth of York, Charles II, William III, Mary II and Queen Anne.

Q1: What belonging to Henry V is in the museum?
A1: funeral saddle, helm and shield
Q2: What kind of panels are in the museum?
A2: panels of mediaeval glass
Title: Biodiversity
Topic: Natural sciences

The existence of a "global carrying capacity", limiting the amount of life that can live at once, is debated, as is the question of whether such a limit would also cap the number of species. While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on land (insects, plants and tetrapods)shows an exponential rise in diversity. As one author states, "Tetrapods have not yet invaded 64 per cent of potentially habitable modes, and it could be that without human influence the ecological and taxonomic diversity of tetrapods would continue to increase in an exponential fashion until most or all of the available ecospace is filled."

Q1: What limits the amount of life that can live at once on Earth?
A1: global carrying capacity
Q2: What type of animal shows a logistic pattern of growth?
A2: life in the sea
Q3: What type of animal shows an exponential rise in diversity?
A3: life on land
Q4: What percentage of potentially habitable modes have Tetrapods not yet invaded?
A4: 64 per cent
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

The existence of discrete inheritable units was first suggested by Gregor Mendel (1822–1884). From 1857 to 1864, he studied inheritance patterns in 8000 common edible pea plants, tracking distinct traits from parent to offspring. He described these mathematically as 2n combinations where n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas. Although he did not use the term gene, he explained his results in terms of discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics. This description prefigured the distinction between genotype (the genetic material of an organism) and phenotype (the visible traits of that organism). Mendel was also the first to demonstrate independent assortment, the distinction between dominant and recessive traits, the distinction between a heterozygote and homozygote, and the phenomenon of discontinuous inheritance.

Q1: Who first suggested the existence of discrete inheritable units?
A1: Gregor Mendel (1822–1884)
Q2: If a distinct trait in edible pea plants is mathematically described as a 2n combination, what does n represent? 
A2: n is the number of differing characteristics in the original peas
Q3: What is one thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A3: independent assortment
Q4: What is another thing that Gregor Mendel was the first to demonstrate?
A4: the distinction between dominant and recessive traits
Q5: What did Gregor Mendel explain his results in terms of?
A5: discrete inherited units that give rise to observable physical characteristics
Title: Hokkien
Topic: Language and literature

The existence of literary and colloquial readings (文白異讀), called tha̍k-im (讀音), is a prominent feature of some Hokkien dialects and indeed in many Sinitic varieties in the south. The bulk of literary readings (文讀, bûn-tha̍k), based on pronunciations of the vernacular during the Tang Dynasty, are mainly used in formal phrases and written language (e.g. philosophical concepts, surnames, and some place names), while the colloquial (or vernacular) ones (白讀, pe̍h-tha̍k) are basically used in spoken language and vulgar phrases. Literary readings are more similar to the pronunciations of the Tang standard of Middle Chinese than their colloquial equivalents.

Q1: What are literary and colloquial readings called?
A1: tha̍k-im
Q2: What is another name for colloquial?
A2: vernacular)
Q3: Literary readings are usually used where?
A3: formal phrases and written language
Q4: colloquial reading are usually used where?
A4: spoken language and vulgar phrases
Title: Sichuan
Topic: History

The existence of the early state of Shu was poorly recorded in the main historical records of China. It was, however, referred to in the Book of Documents as an ally of the Zhou. Accounts of Shu exist mainly as a mixture of mythological stories and historical legends recorded in local annals such as the Chronicles of Huayang compiled in the Jin dynasty (265–420), with folk stories such as that of Emperor Duyu (杜宇) who taught the people agriculture and transformed himself into a cuckoo after his death. The existence of a highly developed civilization with an independent bronze industry in Sichuan eventually came to light with an archaeological discovery in 1986 at a small village named Sanxingdui in Guanghan, Sichuan. This site, believed to be an ancient city of Shu, was initially discovered by a local farmer in 1929 who found jade and stone artefacts. Excavations by archaeologists in the area yielded few significant finds until 1986 when two major sacrificial pits were found with spectacular bronze items as well as artefacts in jade, gold, earthenware, and stone. This and other discoveries in Sichuan contest the conventional historiography that the local culture and technology of Sichuan were undeveloped in comparison to the technologically and culturally "advanced" Yellow River valley of north-central China. The name Shu continues to be used to refer to Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.

Q1: What did Emperor  Duyu transform himself into after his death?
A1: a cuckoo
Q2: What does the name Shu refer to?
A2: Sichuan in subsequent periods in Chinese history up to the present day.
Q3: When was the site believed to be ancient city of Shu discovered, and by whom?
A3: a local farmer in 1929
Q4: The Shu were an ally of who, according to the Book of Documents?
A4: the Zhou
Q5: When were the Chronicles of Huayang compiled?
A5: the Jin dynasty (265–420)
Title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States
Topic: Language and literature

The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems. The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s, in which 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.

Q1: Why did Salvadorans come to America?
A1: The exodus of Salvadorans was a result of both economic and political problems.
Q2: When did Salvadorans come to America?
A2: The largest immigration wave occurred as a result of the Salvadoran Civil War in the 1980s
Q3: How many Salvadorans immigrated?
A3: 20–30% of El Salvador's population emigrated. About 50%, or up to 500,000 of those who escaped headed to the United States,
Q4: What is the population of Salvadorans living in America?
A4: United States, which was already home to over 10,000 Salvadorans, making Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group
Q5: Where do Salvadorans fall on the scale for Hispanic living in America?
A5: Salvadorans Americans the fourth-largest Hispanic and Latino American group, after the Mexican-American majority, stateside Puerto Ricans, and Cubans.
Title: Armenia
Topic: History

The exonym Armenia is attested in the Old Persian Behistun Inscription (515 BC) as Armina (    ). The ancient Greek terms Ἀρμενία (Armenía) and Ἀρμένιοι (Arménioi, "Armenians") are first mentioned by Hecataeus of Miletus (c. 550 BC – c. 476 BC). Xenophon, a Greek general serving in some of the Persian expeditions, describes many aspects of Armenian village life and hospitality in around 401 BC. He relates that the people spoke a language that to his ear sounded like the language of the Persians. According to the histories of both Moses of Chorene and Michael Chamchian, Armenia derives from the name of Aram, a lineal descendant of Hayk.

Q1: What name did Armenia gain it's name from?
A1: Aram
Q2: When did Xenophon visit Armenia?
A2: 401 BC
Q3: Who first referenced the Armenians?
A3: Hecataeus of Miletus
Q4: What language does Armenias resemble most?
A4: Persians
Title: Mandolin
Topic: Music

The expansion of mandolin use continued after World War II through the late 1960s, and Japan still maintains a strong classical music tradition using mandolins, with active orchestras and university music programs. New orchestras were founded and new orchestral compositions composed. Japanese mandolin orchestras today may consist of up to 40 or 50 members, and can include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections. Japan also maintains an extensive collection of 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age, purchased by Morishige Takei.

Q1: What country still maintains strong classic music tradition with mandolin?
A1: Japan
Q2: How many people compose the Japanese mandolin orchestras?
A2: 40 or 50 members
Q3: What other instruments do the Japanese madnolin orchestras play?
A3: include woodwind, percussion, and brass sections.
Q4: Japan hold and extensive collection of what? 
A4: 20th Century mandolin music from Europe and one of the most complete collections of mandolin magazines from mandolin's golden age
Q5: Who purhcased one of the collections of mandolin magazines? 
A5: Morishige Takei.
Title: Kievan_Rus%27
Topic: History

The expansion of the Rus' put further military and economic pressure on the Khazars, depriving them of territory, tributaries, and trade. In around 890, Oleg waged an indecisive war in the lands of the lower Dniester and Dnieper rivers with the Tivertsi and the Ulichs, who were likely acting as vassals of the Magyars, blocking Rus' access to the Black Sea. In 894, the Magyars and Pechenegs were drawn into the wars between the Byzantines and the Bulgarian Empire. The Byzantines arranged for the Magyars to attack Bulgarian territory from the north, and Bulgaria in turn persuaded the Pechenegs to attack the Magyars from their rear. Boxed in, the Magyars were forced to migrate further west across the Carpathian Mountains into the Hungarian plain, depriving the Khazars of an important ally and a buffer from the Rus'. The migration of the Magyars allowed Rus' access to the Black Sea, and they soon launched excursions into Khazar territory along the sea coast, up the Don river, and into the lower Volga region. The Rus' were raiding and plundering into the Caspian Sea region from 864, with the first large-scale expedition in 913, when they extensively raided Baku, Gilan, Mazandaran and penetrated into the Caucasus.

Q1: What led to Khazar having to put more strain on its military?
A1: expansion of the Rus
Q2: Who led the war on Dniester and Dnieper?
A2: Oleg
Q3: What year were the Magyars and Pechenges drug into the war?
A3: 894
Q4: What year did the Rus raid Baku, Gilan,Mazandaran, and Caucasus?
A4: 913
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The expansion of the order produced changes. A smaller emphasis on doctrinal activity favoured the development here and there of the ascetic and contemplative life and there sprang up, especially in Germany and Italy, the mystical movement with which the names of Meister Eckhart, Heinrich Suso, Johannes Tauler, and St. Catherine of Siena are associated. (See German mysticism, which has also been called "Dominican mysticism.") This movement was the prelude to the reforms undertaken, at the end of the century, by Raymond of Capua, and continued in the following century. It assumed remarkable proportions in the congregations of Lombardy and the Netherlands, and in the reforms of Savonarola in Florence.

Q1: The term "Dominican mysticism" is also knows as what?
A1: German mysticism
Q2: In what European countries did the Dominican Order experience changes to how they thought?
A2: Germany and Italy
Q3: What saint is associated with the new Dominican mysticism?
A3: St. Catherine of Siena
Q4: Dominican mysticism also spread to what European country?
A4: the Netherlands
Q5: What friar helped to spread Dominican mysticism to Italy?
A5: Savonarola
Title: Tucson,_Arizona
Topic: Geography and places

The expansive area northwest of the city limits is diverse, ranging from the rural communities of Catalina and parts of the town of Marana, the small suburb of Picture Rocks, the affluent town of Oro Valley in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains, and residential areas in the northeastern foothills of the Tucson Mountains. Continental Ranch (Marana), Dove Mountain (Marana), and Rancho Vistoso (Oro Valley) are all masterplanned communities located in the Northwest, where thousands of residents live.

Q1: How many residents live in the master-planned communities?
A1: thousands
Q2: What mountains is Oro Valley next to?
A2: Santa Catalina Mountains
Q3: Which town is Rancho Vistoso located?
A3: Oro Valley
Q4: Which town would you find Dove Mountain and Continental Ranch?
A4: Marana
Q5: Where is Oro Valley?
A5: in the western foothills of the Santa Catalina Mountains
Q6: Where is the Continental Ranch planned community?
A6: Marana
Q7: Where is the Dove Mountain planned community?
A7: Marana
Q8: Where is the Rancho Vistoso planned community?
A8: Oro Valley
Q9: Which direction from Tucson is Picture Rocks?
A9: northwest
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

The experience of pain has many cultural dimensions. For instance, the way in which one experiences and responds to pain is related to sociocultural characteristics, such as gender, ethnicity, and age. An aging adult may not respond to pain in the way that a younger person would. Their ability to recognize pain may be blunted by illness or the use of multiple prescription drugs. Depression may also keep the older adult from reporting they are in pain. The older adult may also quit doing activities they love because it hurts too much. Decline in self-care activities (dressing, grooming, walking, etc.) may also be indicators that the older adult is experiencing pain. The older adult may refrain from reporting pain because they are afraid they will have to have surgery or will be put on a drug they might become addicted to. They may not want others to see them as weak, or may feel there is something impolite or shameful in complaining about pain, or they may feel the pain is deserved punishment for past transgressions.

Q1: What does the experience of pain have throughout cultures?
A1: dimensions
Q2: What might an aging adult not respond to the same way as a younger person would?
A2: pain
Q3: Aging adult's ability to recognize pain may be blunted by what?
A3: illness
Q4: Why may older adults quit doing activities the love?
A4: because it hurts too much
Q5: An older adult may also not report pain because they're scared they may be put on what?
A5: a drug
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

The expression "bitumen" originated in the Sanskrit, where we find the words jatu, meaning "pitch," and jatu-krit, meaning "pitch creating", "pitch producing" (referring to coniferous or resinous trees). The Latin equivalent is claimed by some to be originally gwitu-men (pertaining to pitch), and by others, pixtumens (exuding or bubbling pitch), which was subsequently shortened to bitumen, thence passing via French into English. From the same root is derived the Anglo Saxon word cwidu (mastix), the German word Kitt (cement or mastic) and the old Norse word kvada.

Q1: What language originated the word bitumen?
A1: Sanskrit
Q2: What does the Sanskrit word translate as?
A2: pitch creating
Q3: To what English word does the Latin translate?
A3: pitch
Q4:  Through what language did bitumen pass to reach English?
A4: French
Q5: To what word does the Anglo Saxon translate?
A5: mastix
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

The expression of genes encoded in DNA begins by transcribing the gene into RNA, a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA, but whose monomers contain the sugar ribose rather than deoxyribose. RNA also contains the base uracil in place of thymine. RNA molecules are less stable than DNA and are typically single-stranded. Genes that encode proteins are composed of a series of three-nucleotide sequences called codons, which serve as the "words" in the genetic "language". The genetic code specifies the correspondence during protein translation between codons and amino acids. The genetic code is nearly the same for all known organisms.:4.1

Q1: How does the expression of genes encoded in DNA begin?
A1: by transcribing the gene into RNA
Q2: What is RNA?
A2: a second type of nucleic acid that is very similar to DNA
Q3: What base does RNA have in place of thymine?
A3: the base uracil
Q4: What are codons?
A4: a series of three-nucleotide sequences
Q5: What specifies the correspondence between codons and amino acids during protein translation?
A5: The genetic code
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The extensive campaigning abroad by Roman generals, and the rewarding of soldiers with plunder on these campaigns, led to a general trend of soldiers becoming increasingly loyal to their generals rather than to the state. Rome was also plagued by several slave uprisings during this period, in part because vast tracts of land had been given over to slave farming in which the slaves greatly outnumbered their Roman masters. In the 1st century BC at least twelve civil wars and rebellions occurred. This pattern continued until 27 BC, when Octavian (later Augustus) successfully challenged the Senate's authority, and was made princeps (first citizen).

Q1: How were soldiers rewarded by Roman generals?
A1: with plunder
Q2: Who saw increased loyalty from the Roman soldiers?
A2: their generals
Q3: Who was greater in numbers than the Roman slave masters?
A3: the slaves
Q4: Around how many rebellious uprisings and civil wars happened in the 1st century BC?
A4: twelve
Q5: Which individual later became princeps after having challenged the senate?
A5: Octavian
Title: Dialect
Topic: Language and literature

The extent to which the dialects are spoken varies according to a number of factors: In Northern Germany, dialects are less common than in the South. In cities, dialects are less common than on the countryside. In a public environment, dialects are less common than in a familiar environment.

Q1: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects more common?
A1: South
Q2: In what geographic part of Germany are dialects less frequently seen?
A2: Northern Germany
Q3: Dialects are more frequently seen in the countryside as compared to what population centers?
A3: cities
Q4: In what environment are dialects less common?
A4: public
Q5: In what environment are dialects more frequently heard?
A5: familiar
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The extraordinary demands of the Punic Wars, in addition to a shortage of manpower, exposed the tactical weaknesses of the manipular legion, at least in the short term. In 217 BC, near the beginning of the Second Punic War, Rome was forced to effectively ignore its long-standing principle that its soldiers must be both citizens and property owners. During the 2nd century BC, Roman territory saw an overall decline in population, partially due to the huge losses incurred during various wars. This was accompanied by severe social stresses and the greater collapse of the middle classes. As a result, the Roman state was forced to arm its soldiers at the expense of the state, which it had not had to do in the past.

Q1: During what century did Roman controlled areas see a decline in their populations?
A1: 2nd century BC
Q2: What caused the Roman state to provide armaments to their army?
A2: greater collapse of the middle classes
Q3: What were soldiers expected to own prior to the year 217 BC?
A3: property
Q4: What was considered an attributing factor to the decline of the Roman population?
A4: huge losses incurred during various wars
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

The extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps.

Q1: What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes?
A1: extreme and stressful climatic conditions
Q2: Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties?
A2: medicinal
Q3: Where are Urtica dioica found?
A3: the Alps
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

The fact that the 1912 exhibition had been curated to show the successive stages through which Cubism had transited, and that Du "Cubisme" had been published for the occasion, indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience (art critics, art collectors, art dealers and the general public). Undoubtedly, due to the great success of the exhibition, Cubism became recognized as a tendency, genre or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal: a new avant-garde movement.

Q1: What did the 1912 exhiibtion of Cubism show?
A1: indicates the artists' intention of making their work comprehensible to a wide audience