LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

Early MPEG Layer III encoders used what is now called Constant Bit Rate (CBR). The software was only able to use a uniform bitrate on all frames in an MP3 file. Later more sophisticated MP3 encoders were able to use the bit reservoir to target an average bit rate selecting the encoding rate for each frame based on the complexity of the sound in that portion of the recording.

Q1: What does the term CBR mean?
A1: Constant Bit Rate
Q2: Which early MPEG layer used CBR?
A2: Layer III
Q3: The early software was restricted to which kind of bitrate?
A3: uniform
Q4: What did more sophisticated MP3 encoders use to target an average bit rate?
A4: bit reservoir
Q5: What did encoders base the encoding rate for each frame on?
A5: the complexity of the sound
Title: University
Topic: Language and literature

Early Modern universities initially continued the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages: natural philosophy, logic, medicine, theology, mathematics, astronomy (and astrology), law, grammar and rhetoric. Aristotle was prevalent throughout the curriculum, while medicine also depended on Galen and Arabic scholarship. The importance of humanism for changing this state-of-affairs cannot be underestimated. Once humanist professors joined the university faculty, they began to transform the study of grammar and rhetoric through the studia humanitatis. Humanist professors focused on the ability of students to write and speak with distinction, to translate and interpret classical texts, and to live honorable lives. Other scholars within the university were affected by the humanist approaches to learning and their linguistic expertise in relation to ancient texts, as well as the ideology that advocated the ultimate importance of those texts. Professors of medicine such as Niccolò Leoniceno, Thomas Linacre and William Cop were often trained in and taught from a humanist perspective as well as translated important ancient medical texts. The critical mindset imparted by humanism was imperative for changes in universities and scholarship. For instance, Andreas Vesalius was educated in a humanist fashion before producing a translation of Galen, whose ideas he verified through his own dissections. In law, Andreas Alciatus infused the Corpus Juris with a humanist perspective, while Jacques Cujas humanist writings were paramount to his reputation as a jurist. Philipp Melanchthon cited the works of Erasmus as a highly influential guide for connecting theology back to original texts, which was important for the reform at Protestant universities. Galileo Galilei, who taught at the Universities of Pisa and Padua, and Martin Luther, who taught at the University of Wittenberg (as did Melanchthon), also had humanist training. The task of the humanists was to slowly permeate the university; to increase the humanist presence in professorships and chairs, syllabi and textbooks so that published works would demonstrate the humanistic ideal of science and scholarship.

Q1: What was the source of educational material in Early Modern age universities?
A1: the curriculum and research of the Middle Ages
Q2: What sources did Early Modern age universities rely on for medical curricula?
A2: Galen and Arabic scholarship
Q3: The concentration on students to live honorable lives is an example of what form of thought?
A3: Humanist
Q4: Niccolò Leoniceno was a professor of what subject?
A4: medicine
Q5: Which individual added a humanist view into the Corpus Juris?
A5: Andreas Alciatus
Title: Umayyad_Caliphate
Topic: History

Early Muslim armies stayed in encampments away from cities because Umar feared that they might get attracted to wealth and luxury. In the process, they might turn away from the worship of God and start accumulating wealth and establishing dynasties. When Uthman ibn al-Affan became very old, Marwan I, a relative of Muawiyah I, slipped into the vacuum, became his secretary, slowly assumed more control and relaxed some of these restrictions. Marwan I had previously been excluded from positions of responsibility. In 656, Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr, the son of Abu Bakr, the adopted son of Ali ibn Abi Talib, and the great grandfather of Ja'far al-Sadiq, showed some Egyptians the house of Uthman ibn al-Affan. Later the Egyptians ended up killing Uthman ibn al-Affan.

Q1: What group murdered Uthman ibn al-Affan?
A1: Egyptians
Q2: Who was Marwan I related to?
A2: Muawiyah I
Q3: Who adopted Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr?
A3: Ali ibn Abi Talib
Q4: Who was the great grandson of Muhammad ibn Ali Bakr?
A4: Ja'far al-Sadiq
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

Early Presbyterians were careful to distinguish between the "church," which referred the members, and the "meeting house," which was the building in which the church met. Until the late 19th century, very few Presbyterians ever referred to their buildings as "churches." Presbyterians believed that meeting-houses (now called churches) are buildings to support the worship of God. The decor in some instances was austere so as not to detract from worship. Early Presbyterian meeting-houses were extremely plain. No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images were to be found in the meeting-house. The pulpit, often raised so as only to be accessible by a staircase, was the centerpiece of the building.

Q1: Presbyterians had to distinguished between "Church" and "Meeting house" What was "Church" referring too?
A1: the members
Q2: What did "Meeting house" refer to?
A2: building
Q3: What were churches called before the 19th century?
A3: meeting house
Q4: Early churches were extremely plain, what did most churches not have in them?
A4: No stained glass, no elaborate furnishings, and no images
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

Early civilisations in Myanmar included the Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma. In the 9th century, the Bamar people entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Kingdom in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country. The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged. In the 16th century, reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty, the country was for a brief period the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. The early 19th century Konbaung Dynasty ruled over an area that included modern Myanmar and briefly controlled Manipur and Assam as well. The British conquered Myanmar after three Anglo-Burmese Wars in the 19th century and the country became a British colony. Myanmar became an independent nation in 1948, initially as a democratic nation and then, following a coup d'état in 1962, a military dictatorship.

Q1: What were the names of some of the early cultures located in Myanmar?
A1: Tibeto-Burman-speaking Pyu city-states in Upper Burma and the Mon kingdoms in Lower Burma
Q2: When did the dominant religion of Myanmar become something outside of the mainstream ? 
A2: in the 1050s, the Burmese language, culture and Theravada Buddhism slowly became dominant in the country.
Q3: What caused the downfall of the downfall of the the original kingdom in Myanmar?
A3: The Pagan Kingdom fell due to the Mongol invasions and several warring states emerged
Q4: Whose rule  was Myanmar under when it was one of the most massive kingdoms in Southeast Asia ?
A4: Taungoo Dynasty
Q5: When did was Myanmar ruled by the Taungoo Dynasty ?
A5: In the 16th century
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Early computing machines had fixed programs. Changing its function required the re-wiring and re-structuring of the machine. With the proposal of the stored-program computer this changed. A stored-program computer includes by design an instruction set and can store in memory a set of instructions (a program) that details the computation. The theoretical basis for the stored-program computer was laid by Alan Turing in his 1936 paper. In 1945 Turing joined the National Physical Laboratory and began work on developing an electronic stored-program digital computer. His 1945 report ‘Proposed Electronic Calculator’ was the first specification for such a device. John von Neumann at the University of Pennsylvania, also circulated his First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC in 1945.

Q1: The basis for the stored-program computer was written by whom?
A1: Alan Turing
Q2: When did Alan Turing write his paper about the basis for the stored-program computer?
A2: 1936
Q3: When did Alan Turing join the National Physical Laboratory?
A3: 1945
Q4: The first outline for the report on the EDVAC was released by John von Neumann when?
A4: 1945.
Q5: Where did John von Neumann circulate the first draft of a report on the EDVAC?
A5: University of Pennsylvania
Title: Copyright_infringement
Topic: Language and literature

Early court cases focused on the liability of Internet service providers (ISPs) for hosting, transmitting or publishing user-supplied content that could be actioned under civil or criminal law, such as libel, defamation, or pornography. As different content was considered in different legal systems, and in the absence of common definitions for "ISPs," "bulletin boards" or "online publishers," early law on online intermediaries' liability varied widely from country to country. The first laws on online intermediaries' liability were passed from the mid-1990s onwards.[citation needed]

Q1: Who did early court cases focus on?
A1: Internet service providers
Q2: What could be sued for under civil or criminal law?
A2: libel, defamation, or pornography
Q3: What was the result of early law on online liability?
A3: varied widely from country to country
Q4: When were the first laws of liability passed?
A4: mid-1990s
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Early digital computers were electromechanical; electric switches drove mechanical relays to perform the calculation. These devices had a low operating speed and were eventually superseded by much faster all-electric computers, originally using vacuum tubes. The Z2, created by German engineer Konrad Zuse in 1939, was one of the earliest examples of an electromechanical relay computer.

Q1: Who created the relay computer, the Z2?
A1: Konrad Zuse
Q2: When did Konrad Zuse invent the Z2?
A2: 1939
Q3: What is one of the first electromechanical relay computers?
A3: The Z2
Q4: Konrad Zuse was an engineer with what nationality?
A4: German
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

Early during the Taiping Rebellion, Qing forces suffered a series of disastrous defeats culminating in the loss of the regional capital city of Nanjing in 1853. Shortly thereafter, a Taiping expeditionary force penetrated as far north as the suburbs of Tianjin, the imperial heartlands. In desperation the Qing court ordered a Chinese official, Zeng Guofan, to organize regional and village militias into an emergency army called tuanlian. Zeng Guofan's strategy was to rely on local gentry to raise a new type of military organization from those provinces that the Taiping rebels directly threatened. This new force became known as the Xiang Army, named after the Hunan region where it was raised. The Xiang Army was a hybrid of local militia and a standing army. It was given professional training, but was paid for out of regional coffers and funds its commanders — mostly members of the Chinese gentry — could muster. The Xiang Army and its successor, the Huai Army, created by Zeng Guofan's colleague and mentee Li Hongzhang, were collectively called the "Yong Ying" (Brave Camp).

Q1: What caused the Qing armies to lose many battles?
A1: Taiping Rebellion
Q2: What city did the Qing lose in 1853?
A2: Nanjing
Q3: Who created a new type of army to thwart the Taiping rebels?
A3: Zeng Guofan
Q4: What was Zeng Guofan?
A4: Xiang Army
Q5: What was the Xiang Army named after?
A5: Hunan region where it was raised
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Early followers of Whitehead were found primarily at the University of Chicago's Divinity School, where Henry Nelson Wieman initiated an interest in Whitehead's work that would last for about thirty years. Professors such as Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams made Whitehead's philosophy arguably the most important intellectual thread running through the Divinity School. They taught generations of Whitehead scholars, the most notable of which is John B. Cobb, Jr.

Q1: Where were the first followers mainly found?
A1: at the University of Chicago's Divinity School
Q2: Who began the interest in Whitehead at Chicago's Divinity School?
A2: Henry Nelson Wieman
Q3: What professors established the importance of Whitehead's work?
A3: Wieman, Charles Hartshorne, Bernard Loomer, Bernard Meland, and Daniel Day Williams
Q4: Who id the most well-known Whitehead scholar?
A4: John B. Cobb
Title: Hindu_philosophy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Early history of Shaivism is difficult to determine. However, the Śvetāśvatara Upanishad (400 – 200 BCE) is considered to be the earliest textual exposition of a systematic philosophy of Shaivism. Shaivism is represented by various philosophical schools, including non-dualist (abheda), dualist (bheda), and non-dualist-with-dualist (bhedābheda) perspectives. Vidyaranya in his works mentions three major schools of Shaiva thought— Pashupata Shaivism, Shaiva Siddhanta and Pratyabhijña (Kashmir Shaivism).

Q1: In what text is Shaivism recounted?
A1: Śvetāśvatara Upanishad
Q2: When was the text on Shaivism written?
A2: 400 – 200 BCE
Q3: Who reported the major schools of Shaivism?
A3: Vidyaranya
Q4: How many major schools of Shaivism did Vidyaranya mention?
A4: three
Q5: What is the Kashmir Shaivism mentioned by Vidyaranya?
A5: Pratyabhijña
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

Early house music was generally dance-based music characterized by repetitive 4/4 beats, rhythms mainly provided by drum machines, off-beat hi-hat cymbals, and synthesized basslines. While house displayed several characteristics similar to disco music, it was more electronic and minimalistic, and the repetitive rhythm of house was more important than the song itself. House music in the 2010s, while keeping several of these core elements, notably the prominent kick drum on every beat, varies widely in style and influence, ranging from the soulful and atmospheric deep house to the more minimalistic microhouse. House music has also fused with several other genres creating fusion subgenres, such as euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house.

Q1: House music is characterized by what type of beats?
A1: 4/4 beats
Q2: What are some subgenres of House music?
A2: euro house, tech house, electro house and jump house
Q3: What are rhythms provided by in House music?
A3: drum machines
Q4: What are some differences between House and Disco music?
A4: it was more electronic and minimalistic
Q5: What type of music is House based on?
A5: dance-based music
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Early human genetic cluster analysis studies were conducted with samples taken from ancestral population groups living at extreme geographic distances from each other. It was thought that such large geographic distances would maximize the genetic variation between the groups sampled in the analysis and thus maximize the probability of finding cluster patterns unique to each group. In light of the historically recent acceleration of human migration (and correspondingly, human gene flow) on a global scale, further studies were conducted to judge the degree to which genetic cluster analysis can pattern ancestrally identified groups as well as geographically separated groups. One such study looked at a large multiethnic population in the United States, and "detected only modest genetic differentiation between different current geographic locales within each race/ethnicity group. Thus, ancient geographic ancestry, which is highly correlated with self-identified race/ethnicity—as opposed to current residence—is the major determinant of genetic structure in the U.S. population." (Tang et al. (2005))

Q1: What groups were early samples from for genetic cluster analysis?
A1: ancestral population
Q2: Where did the groups the genetic clusters were taken from live from each other?
A2: extreme geographic distances
Q3: What was thought might maximize the odds of finding unique cluster patterns in groups?
A3: large geographic distances
Q4: What human activity has only recently accelerated?
A4: migration
Q5: Human migration tends to accelerate this type of what flow?
A5: gene
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Early humanists saw no conflict between reason and their Christian faith (see Christian Humanism). They inveighed against the abuses of the Church, but not against the Church itself, much less against religion. For them, the word "secular" carried no connotations of disbelief – that would come later, in the nineteenth century. In the Renaissance to be secular meant simply to be in the world rather than in a monastery. Petrarch frequently admitted that his brother Gherardo's life as a Carthusian monk was superior to his own (although Petrarch himself was in Minor Orders and was employed by the Church all his life). He hoped that he could do some good by winning earthly glory and praising virtue, inferior though that might be to a life devoted solely to prayer. By embracing a non-theistic philosophic base, however, the methods of the humanists, combined with their eloquence, would ultimately have a corrosive effect on established authority.

Q1: Who was able to reconcile their religious beliefs with those of humanism?
A1: Early humanists
Q2: What phrase that has come to be associated with a lack of faith was not seen as an issue for Christians?
A2: secular
Q3: During what time period did secular have a more neutral connotation?
A3: Renaissance
Q4: Petrarch felt that although he tried to do his own form of good whose life may have more meaning?
A4: Gherardo
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

Early in 1953, the French asked Eisenhower for help in French Indochina against the Communists, supplied from China, who were fighting the First Indochina War. Eisenhower sent Lt. General John W. "Iron Mike" O'Daniel to Vietnam to study and assess the French forces there. Chief of Staff Matthew Ridgway dissuaded the President from intervening by presenting a comprehensive estimate of the massive military deployment that would be necessary. Eisenhower stated prophetically that "this war would absorb our troops by divisions."

Q1: What war was being fought by France in 1953?
A1: First Indochina War
Q2: What was John W. O'Daniel's nickname?
A2: Iron Mike
Q3: Who convinced Eisenhower not to intervene in Vietnam?
A3: Matthew Ridgway
Q4: Who was providing supplies to the Vietnamese communists fighting against France?
A4: China
Q5: How large of a military deployment did Ridgway say would be necessary in Vietnam?
A5: massive
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

Early on, American courts, even after the Revolution, often did cite contemporary English cases. This was because appellate decisions from many American courts were not regularly reported until the mid-19th century; lawyers and judges, as creatures of habit, used English legal materials to fill the gap. But citations to English decisions gradually disappeared during the 19th century as American courts developed their own principles to resolve the legal problems of the American people. The number of published volumes of American reports soared from eighteen in 1810 to over 8,000 by 1910. By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining: "Now, when we require them to state the reasons for a decision, we do not mean they shall write a hundred pages of detail. We [do] not mean that they shall include the small cases, and impose on the country all this fine judicial literature, for the Lord knows we have got enough of that already."

Q1: early on American courts cited what cases?
A1: contemporary English
Q2: What century were apellate decisions regularly reported?
A2: 19th century
Q3: When did cotations to English decisions gradually disappear?
A3: 19th century
Q4: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1810?
A4: eighteen
Q5: How many published reports of American volumes existed in 1910?
A5: over 8,000
Q6: When did Americans really begin to establish their own laws independent of the English?
A6: mid-19th century
Q7: How many published volumes of American reports were released in 1810?
A7: eighteen
Q8: By 1910, how many volumes of American reports were there?
A8: 8,000
Q9: What did the lawmakers think of the increase in reports?
A9: By 1879 one of the delegates to the California constitutional convention was already complaining
Q10: What were the lawmakers beginning to drown in?
A10: judicial literature
Title: Brain
Topic: Natural sciences

Early philosophers were divided as to whether the seat of the soul lies in the brain or heart. Aristotle favored the heart, and thought that the function of the brain was merely to cool the blood. Democritus, the inventor of the atomic theory of matter, argued for a three-part soul, with intellect in the head, emotion in the heart, and lust near the liver. Hippocrates, the "father of medicine", came down unequivocally in favor of the brain. In his treatise on epilepsy he wrote:

Q1: The seal of the soul was debated to lie in what two organs of the body?
A1: brain or heart.
Q2: Aristotle thought the soul lied in what organ?
A2: the heart
Q3: Who invented the atomic theory of matter?
A3: Democritus,
Q4: The "father of medicine" is a name given to whom in history?
A4: Hippocrates
Q5: What philosopher in history argued for a three-part soul?
A5: Democritus
Title: Pharmaceutical_industry
Topic: Natural sciences

Early progress toward the development of vaccines occurred throughout this period, primarily in the form of academic and government-funded basic research directed toward the identification of the pathogens responsible for common communicable diseases. In 1885 Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux created the first rabies vaccine. The first diphtheria vaccines were produced in 1914 from a mixture of diphtheria toxin and antitoxin (produced from the serum of an inoculated animal), but the safety of the inoculation was marginal and it was not widely used. The United States recorded 206,000 cases of diphtheria in 1921 resulting in 15,520 deaths. In 1923 parallel efforts by Gaston Ramon at the Pasteur Institute and Alexander Glenny at the Wellcome Research Laboratories (later part of GlaxoSmithKline) led to the discovery that a safer vaccine could be produced by treating diphtheria toxin with formaldehyde. In 1944, Maurice Hilleman of Squibb Pharmaceuticals developed the first vaccine against Japanese encephelitis. Hilleman would later move to Merck where he would play a key role in the development of vaccines against measles, mumps, chickenpox, rubella, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, and meningitis.

Q1: Who created the first rabies vaccine?
A1: Louis Pasteur and Pierre Paul Émile Roux
Q2: How many cases of Diphtheria were there in 1921?
A2: 206,000
Q3: In 1923, what was discovered to be safer to treat Diphtheria Toxin?
A3: formaldehyde
Q4: Who created a vaccine to treat Japanese Encephalitis?
A4: Maurice Hilleman
Q5: How many deaths occurred due to Diphtheria?
A5: 15,520
Q6: The rabies vaccine was created in what year?
A6: 1885
Q7: In what year was the diphtheria vaccine made?
A7: 1914
Q8: What compound made the diphtheria vaccine safer to use?
A8: formaldehyde
Q9: Who developed the first encephalitis vaccine? 
A9: Maurice Hilleman
Q10: What company did Hilleman later work for?
A10: Merck
Title: Nutrition
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Early recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source. The original water intake recommendation in 1945 by the Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council read: "An ordinary standard for diverse persons is 1 milliliter for each calorie of food. Most of this quantity is contained in prepared foods." More recent comparisons of well-known recommendations on fluid intake have revealed large discrepancies in the volumes of water we need to consume for good health. Therefore, to help standardize guidelines, recommendations for water consumption are included in two recent European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) documents (2010): (i) Food-based dietary guidelines and (ii) Dietary reference values for water or adequate daily intakes (ADI). These specifications were provided by calculating adequate intakes from measured intakes in populations of individuals with “desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed.” For healthful hydration, the current EFSA guidelines recommend total water intakes of 2.0 L/day for adult females and 2.5 L/day for adult males. These reference values include water from drinking water, other beverages, and from food. About 80% of our daily water requirement comes from the beverages we drink, with the remaining 20% coming from food. Water content varies depending on the type of food consumed, with fruit and vegetables containing more than cereals, for example. These values are estimated using country-specific food balance sheets published by the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations. Other guidelines for nutrition also have implications for the beverages we consume for healthy hydration- for example, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommend that added sugars should represent no more than 10% of total energy intake.

Q1: What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated?
A1: 6–8 glasses of water daily
Q2: Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945?
A2: Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council
Q3: How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed?
A3: 1 milliliter
Q4: What does ADI stand for?
A4: adequate daily intakes
Q5: Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink?
A5: food
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Early recordings were made entirely acoustically, the sound being collected by a horn and piped to a diaphragm, which vibrated the cutting stylus. Sensitivity and frequency range were poor, and frequency response was very irregular, giving acoustic recordings an instantly recognizable tonal quality. A singer practically had to put his or her face in the recording horn. Lower-pitched orchestral instruments such as cellos and double basses were often doubled (or replaced) by louder wind instruments, such as tubas. Standard violins in orchestral ensembles were commonly replaced by Stroh violins, which became popular with recording studios.

Q1: What were two drawback of early recordings?
A1: Sensitivity and frequency range were poor
Q2: How would one make to early recordings?
A2: face in the recording horn
Q3: What types of violins worked best with early recordings?
A3: Stroh violins
Q4: What instruments did not record well?
A4: Lower-pitched orchestral instruments
Q5: How was the frequency response in early recordings?
A5: very irregular
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

Early releases of the Washington coin included error coins shipped primarily from the Philadelphia mint to Florida and Tennessee banks. Highly sought after by collectors, and trading for as much as $850 each within a week of discovery, the error coins were identified by the absence of the edge impressions "E PLURIBUS UNUM IN GOD WE TRUST 2007 P". The mint of origin is generally accepted to be mostly Philadelphia, although identifying the source mint is impossible without opening a mint pack also containing marked units. Edge lettering is minted in both orientations with respect to "heads", some amateur collectors were initially duped into buying "upside down lettering error" coins. Some cynics also erroneously point out that the Federal Reserve makes more profit from dollar bills than dollar coins because they wear out in a few years, whereas coins are more permanent. The fallacy of this argument arises because new notes printed to replace worn out notes, which have been withdrawn from circulation, bring in no net revenue to the government to offset the costs of printing new notes and destroying the old ones. As most vending machines are incapable of making change in banknotes, they commonly accept only $1 bills, though a few will give change in dollar coins.

Q1: Where did error coins originate?
A1: Philadelphia mint
Q2: Other than Florida, which other state got send error coins?
A2: Tennessee
Q3: How much were error coins initially worth for collectors?
A3: profit
Q4: What were some amateur collectors duped into buying?
A4: "upside down lettering error" coins
Q5: What do vending machines commonly only accept?
A5: $1 bills
Title: Guinea-Bissau
Topic: Geography and places

Early reports of Europeans reaching this area include those of the Venetian Alvise Cadamosto's voyage of 1455, the 1479–1480 voyage by Flemish-French trader Eustache de la Fosse, and Diogo Cão. In the 1480s this Portuguese explorer reached the Congo River and the lands of Bakongo, setting up the foundations of modern Angola, some 4200 km down the African coast from Guinea-Bissau.

Q1: When was Alvise Cadamosto's voyage?
A1: 1455
Q2: When was Eustache de la Fosse's voyage?
A2: 1479–1480
Q3: What was the name of the Portuguese explorer?
A3: Diogo Cão
Q4: What river did Diogo Cao reach in the 1480's?
A4: Congo River
Q5: What country is about 4200 km from Guinea-Bissau?
A5: Angola
Title: Circadian_rhythm
Topic: Natural sciences

Early research into circadian rhythms suggested that most people preferred a day closer to 25 hours when isolated from external stimuli like daylight and timekeeping. However, this research was faulty because it failed to shield the participants from artificial light. Although subjects were shielded from time cues (like clocks) and daylight, the researchers were not aware of the phase-delaying effects of indoor electric lights.[dubious – discuss] The subjects were allowed to turn on light when they were awake and to turn it off when they wanted to sleep. Electric light in the evening delayed their circadian phase.[citation needed] A more stringent study conducted in 1999 by Harvard University estimated the natural human rhythm to be closer to 24 hours, 11 minutes: much closer to the solar day but still not perfectly in sync.

Q1: What did early research show people preferred as a day length?
A1: 25 hours
Q2: What was the fault not considered in the early theories of day length?
A2: artificial light
Q3: What did electric lighting in the evening do to the test subjects circadian phase?
A3: delayed
Q4: When did more stringent testing determine that humans preferred a 24 hour day? 
A4: 1999
Q5: To what is the 24 hours, 11 minutes day outcome of research closest ?
A5: solar day
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

Early reviews were mixed in their assessment. Ken Tucker of Entertainment Weekly considered that "As TV, American Idol is crazily entertaining; as music, it's dust-mote inconsequential". Others, however, thought that "the most striking aspect of the series was the genuine talent it revealed". It was also described as a "sadistic musical bake-off", and "a romp in humiliation". Other aspects of the show have attracted criticisms. The product placement in the show in particular was noted, and some critics were harsh about what they perceived as its blatant commercial calculations – Karla Peterson of The San Diego Union-Tribune charged that American Idol is "a conniving multimedia monster" that has "absorbed the sin of our debauched culture and spit them out in a lump of reconstituted evil". The decision to send the season one winner to sing the national anthem at the Lincoln Memorial on the first anniversary of the September 11 attacks in 2002 was also poorly received by many. Lisa de Moraes of The Washington Post noted sarcastically that "The terrorists have won" and, with a sideswipe at the show's commercialism and voting process, that the decision as to who "gets to turn this important site into just another cog in the 'Great American Idol Marketing Mandala' is in the hands of the millions of girls who have made American Idol a hit. Them and a handful of phone-redialer geeks who have been clocking up to 10,000 calls each week for their contestant of choice (but who, according to Fox, are in absolutely no way skewing the outcome)."

Q1: What publication does Ken Tucker work for? 
A1: Entertainment Weekly
Q2: What did American Idols first winner sing at the Lincoln Memorial in 2002? 
A2: the national anthem
Q3: Which journalist felt Idol produced entertaining TV more than entertaining music?
A3: Ken Tucker
Q4: Which publication did Tucker work for?
A4: Entertainment Weekly
Q5: Who called American Idol a conniving multimedia monster?
A5: Karla Peterson
Q6: Where did the season one winner sing the national anthem that received huge criticism?
A6: Lincoln Memorial
Title: Web_browser
Topic: Engineering and technology

Early web browsers supported only a very simple version of HTML. The rapid development of proprietary web browsers led to the development of non-standard dialects of HTML, leading to problems with interoperability. Modern web browsers support a combination of standards-based and de facto HTML and XHTML, which should be rendered in the same way by all browsers.

Q1: Quick development of what kind of browsers led to non-standard HTML dialects?
A1: proprietary web browsers
Q2: Non-standard dialects led to what?
A2: problems with interoperability
Q3: Modern browser support standards-based and defacto what?
A3: HTML and XHTML
Q4: HTML and XHTML should be what by all browsers?
A4: rendered in the same way
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

Early work in molecular genetics suggested the model that one gene makes one protein. This model has been refined since the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins by alternative splicing and coding sequences split in short section across the genome whose mRNAs are concatenated by trans-splicing.

Q1: What model did early work in molecular genetics suggest?
A1: the model that one gene makes one protein.
Q2: What discovery caused the model that one gene makes one protein to be refined?
A2: the discovery of genes that can encode multiple proteins
Q3: How do genes encode multiple proteins?
A3: by alternative splicing and coding sequences
Q4: How are alternative splicing and coding sequences distributed?
A4: split in short section across the genome
Q5: In order for a gene to encode multiple proteins, how must its mRNAs be arranged?
A5: concatenated by trans-splicing.
Title: Great_power
Topic: History

Early writings on the subject tended to judge states by the realist criterion, as expressed by the historian A. J. P. Taylor when he noted that "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war." Later writers have expanded this test, attempting to define power in terms of overall military, economic, and political capacity. Kenneth Waltz, the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations, uses a set of five criteria to determine great power: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength. These expanded criteria can be divided into three heads: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status.

Q1: Who wrote, "The test of a great power is the test of strength for war."?
A1: A. J. P. Taylor
Q2: Whos was the founder of the neorealist theory of international relations?
A2: Kenneth Waltz
Q3: What 5 criteria did neorealist use to determine great powers?
A3: population and territory; resource endowment; economic capability; political stability and competence; and military strength
Q4: What 3 areas can summarize the great power determination?
A4: power capabilities, spatial aspects, and status
Title: Thuringia
Topic: History

Early-years education is quite common in Thuringia. Since the 1950s, nearly all children have been using the service, whereas early-years education is less developed in western Germany. Its inventor Friedrich Fröbel lived in Thuringia and founded the world's first Kindergartens there in the 19th century. The Thuringian primary school takes four years and most primary schools are all-day schools offering optional extracurricular activities in the afternoon. At the age of ten, pupils are separated according to aptitude and proceed to either the Gymnasium or the Regelschule. The former leads to the Abitur exam after a further eight years and prepares for higher education, while the latter has a more vocational focus and finishes with exams after five or six years, comparable to the Hauptschule and Realschule found elsewhere in Germany.

Q1: How long is Thuringian primary school?
A1: four years
Q2: For how long have Thuringian children been using the current education system?
A2: Since the 1950s
Q3: When do children graduate from primary school in Thuringia?
A3: At the age of ten
Q4: Who invented the early years education in Thuringia? 
A4: Friedrich Fröbel
Q5: How many years of school do students attend after primary?
A5: eight years
Title: Geological_history_of_Earth
Topic: Natural sciences

Earth was initially molten due to extreme volcanism and frequent collisions with other bodies. Eventually, the outer layer of the planet cooled to form a solid crust when water began accumulating in the atmosphere. The Moon formed soon afterwards, possibly as the result of a Mars-sized object with about 10% of the Earth's mass impacting the planet in a glancing blow. Some of this object's mass merged with the Earth, significantly altering its internal composition, and a portion was ejected into space. Some of the material survived to form an orbiting moon. Outgassing and volcanic activity produced the primordial atmosphere. Condensing water vapor, augmented by ice delivered from comets, produced the oceans.

Q1: The initial state of earth was what?
A1: molten
Q2: What formed on the outside of the earth after it cooled?
A2: a solid crust
Q3: How does the mass of the moon compare to earth?
A3: about 10% of the Earth's mass
Q4: What created a primordial atmosphere on earth?
A4: Outgassing and volcanic activity
Q5: Ice from what source helped to create earths oceans?
A5: comets
Q6: Powerful volcanism contributed to cause early earth to be in what state?
A6: molten
Q7: What occurred in the atmosphere of the earth after the crust was formed?
A7: water began accumulating
Q8: What size of object may have created the moon?
A8: Mars
Q9: When water was creating the oceans what was happening to atmospheric water vapor?
A9: Condensing
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

Earth's surface and the clouds absorb visible and invisible radiation from the sun and re-emit much of the energy as infrared back to atmosphere. Certain substances in the atmosphere, chiefly cloud droplets and water vapor, but also carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, sulfur hexafluoride, and chlorofluorocarbons, absorb this infrared, and re-radiate it in all directions including back to Earth. Thus, the greenhouse effect keeps the atmosphere and surface much warmer than if the infrared absorbers were absent from the atmosphere.

Q1: Along with the surface of the Earth, what objects absorb radiation from the sun?
A1: clouds
Q2: After Earth surface's absorbs radiation, in what spectrum is much of it re-emitted?
A2: infrared
Q3: Along with water vapor, what atmospheric substance primarily absorbs the infrared emitted by the Earth?
A3: cloud droplets
Q4: What notable warming effect does the presence of infrared absorbers contribute to?
A4: greenhouse
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

Earthworms are Oligochaetes that support terrestrial food chains both as prey and in some regions are important in aeration and enriching of soil. The burrowing of marine polychaetes, which may constitute up to a third of all species in near-shore environments, encourages the development of ecosystems by enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor. In addition to improving soil fertility, annelids serve humans as food and as bait. Scientists observe annelids to monitor the quality of marine and fresh water. Although blood-letting is no longer in favor with doctors, some leech species are regarded as endangered species because they have been over-harvested for this purpose in the last few centuries. Ragworms' jaws are now being studied by engineers as they offer an exceptional combination of lightness and strength.

Q1: How do earthworms help the soil they live in?
A1: aeration and enriching
Q2: How much of near-shore marine annelids are burrowing?
A2: up to a third
Q3: How do burrowing marine annelids help ocean ecosystems?
A3: enabling water and oxygen to penetrate the sea floor
Q4: What annelids' jaws are being studied by engineers?
A4: Ragworms
Q5: Why are some leeches endangered?
A5: they have been over-harvested
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

Earthworms make a significant contribution to soil fertility. The rear end of the Palolo worm, a marine polychaete that tunnels through coral, detaches in order to spawn at the surface, and the people of Samoa regard these spawning modules as a delicacy. Anglers sometimes find that worms are more effective bait than artificial flies, and worms can be kept for several days in a tin lined with damp moss. Ragworms are commercially important as bait and as food sources for aquaculture, and there have been proposals to farm them in order to reduce over-fishing of their natural populations. Some marine polychaetes' predation on molluscs causes serious losses to fishery and aquaculture operations.

Q1: What type of annelid tunnels through coral?
A1: Palolo worm
Q2: What annelid's rear end do Samoans like to eat?
A2: Palolo worm
Q3: What type of bait do experienced anglers prefer?
A3: spawning modules
Q4: What do some polychaetes eat that has been causing problems?
A4: molluscs
Q5: What type of worm have there been proposals to farm?
A5: Ragworms
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to Bowery. Peretz Square, a small triangular sliver park where Houston Street, First Street and First Avenue meet marks the spot where the grid takes hold.

Q1: What is the spot where the grid takes hold called?
A1: Peretz Square
Q2: What shape is the sliver park where Houston Street, First Street, and First Avenue meet?
A2: triangular
Q3: Which street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A?
A3: East 1st Street
Q4: East 1st Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue A and continues to where?
A4: Bowery
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

East 2nd Street begins just North of East Houston Street at Avenue C and also continues to Bowery. The East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets is Avenue D, with East 6th Street continuing further Eastward and connecting to FDR Drive.

Q1: East 6th Street continues further Eastward and connects to which Drive?
A1: FDR
Q2: Where is the East end of East 3rd, 4th, 5th, and 7th Streets?
A2: Avenue D
Q3: Which Avenue is the starting location for East 2nd Street?
A3: C
Q4: Which street begins just North of East Huston Street and continues to Bowery?
A4: East 2nd Street
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

East 5th Street goes west to Cooper Square, but is interrupted between Avenues B and C by The Earth School, Public School 364, and between First Avenue and Avenue A by the Village View Apartments.

Q1: Which Apartments interrupt East 5th Street between First Avenue and Avenue A?
A1: Village View
Q2: What is the Public School number that interrupts East 5th Street?
A2: 364
Q3: Which school interrupts East 5th Street?
A3: The Earth School
Q4: East 5th Street goes west to what stopping point?
A4: Cooper Square
Title: Rule_of_law
Topic: History

East Asian cultures are influenced by two schools of thought, Confucianism, which advocated good governance as rule by leaders who are benevolent and virtuous, and Legalism, which advocated strict adherence to law. The influence of one school of thought over the other has varied throughout the centuries. One study indicates that throughout East Asia, only South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong have societies that are robustly committed to a law-bound state. According to Awzar Thi, a member of the Asian Human Rights Commission, the rule of law in Thailand, Cambodia, and most of Asia is weak or nonexistent:

Q1: What East Asian philosophy emphasized virtuous leadership? 
A1: Confucianism
Q2: What East Asian philosophy emphasized unwavering rule following?
A2: Legalism
Q3: How strong is the rule of law in most Asian countries?
A3: weak or nonexistent
Q4: Which Asian countries strictly follow laws?
A4: South Korea, Singapore, Japan, Taiwan and Hong Kong
Title: East_Prussia
Topic: History

East Prussia enclosed the bulk of the ancestral lands of the Baltic Old Prussians. During the 13th century, the native Prussians were conquered by the crusading Teutonic Knights. The indigenous Balts who survived the conquest were gradually converted to Christianity. Because of Germanization and colonisation over the following centuries, Germans became the dominant ethnic group, while Poles and Lithuanians formed minorities. From the 13th century, East Prussia was part of the monastic state of the Teutonic Knights. After the Second Peace of Thorn in 1466 it became a fief of the Kingdom of Poland. In 1525, with the Prussian Homage, the province became the Duchy of Prussia. The Old Prussian language had become extinct by the 17th or early 18th century.

Q1: Who defeated the native Prussians during the 13 century?
A1: Teutonic Knights
Q2: The Balts were gradually converted into which religion?
A2: Christianity
Q3: Which ethnic group become dominant following the 13 century just a few hundred years later?
A3: Germans
Q4: What other groups during this period for form minorities?
A4: Poles and Lithuanians
Q5: Around when did the Old Prussian language become extinct?
A5: 17th or early 18th century
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

East Tennessee has several important transportation links with Middle and West Tennessee, as well as the rest of the nation and the world, including several major airports and interstates. Knoxville's McGhee Tyson Airport (TYS) and Chattanooga's Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport (CHA), as well as the Tri-Cities' Tri-Cities Regional Airport (TRI), provide air service to numerous destinations. I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26 along with numerous state highways and other important roads, traverse the Grand Division and connect Chattanooga, Knoxville, and the Tri-Cities, along with other cities and towns such as Cleveland, Athens, and Sevierville.

Q1: Which Tennessee airport has the code TYS?
A1: McGhee Tyson Airport
Q2: What is the name of the airport serving Chattanooga, TN?
A2: Chattanooga Metropolitan Airport
Q3: What interstate highways cross the Grand Division in Tennessee?
A3: I-24, I-81, I-40, I-75, and I-26
Q4: An airport with which code serves the Tri-Cities area in Tennessee?
A4: TRI