LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

Initially sensors were optical and acoustic devices developed during the First World War and continued into the 1930s, but were quickly superseded by radar, which in turn was supplemented by optronics in the 1980s. Command and control remained primitive until the late 1930s, when Britain created an integrated system for ADGB that linked the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command, although field-deployed air defence relied on less sophisticated arrangements. NATO later called these arrangements an "air defence ground environment", defined as "the network of ground radar sites and command and control centres within a specific theatre of operations which are used for the tactical control of air defence operations".

Q1: When were sensors initially developed?
A1: during the First World War
Q2: Radar was supplemented by what in the 1980s?
A2: optronics
Q3: What country created an integrated system for ADGB?
A3: Britain
Q4: What did the integrated system for ADGB link?
A4: the ground-based air defence of the army's AA Command
Q5: What agency stated that the arrangements were an air defence ground environment?
A5: NATO
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Initially sympathetic to Wieser's democratic socialism, Hayek's economic thinking shifted away from socialism and toward the classical liberalism of Carl Menger after reading von Mises' book Socialism. It was sometime after reading Socialism that Hayek began attending von Mises' private seminars, joining several of his university friends, including Fritz Machlup, Alfred Schutz, Felix Kaufmann, and Gottfried Haberler, who were also participating in Hayek's own, more general, private seminar. It was during this time that he also encountered and befriended noted political philosopher Eric Voegelin, with whom he retained a long-standing relationship.

Q1: What ideology was Hayek originally in support of?
A1: democratic socialism
Q2: What caused Hayek to turn away from Wiser's ideology?
A2: reading von Mises' book Socialism
Q3: During his attendance to von Mises' seminars, who did Hayek become friends with?
A3: Eric Voegelin
Q4: What viewpoint did the book Socialism shift Hayek toward?
A4: classical liberalism
Q5: Who is the father of the ideology Hayek came to support?
A5: Carl Menger
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Initially the change in strategy caught the RAF off-guard, and caused extensive damage and civilian casualties. Some 107,400 long tons (109,100 t) of shipping was damaged in the Thames Estuary and 1,600 civilians were casualties. Of this total around 400 were killed. The fighting in the air was more intense in daylight. Overall Loge had cost the Luftwaffe 41 aircraft; 14 bombers, 16 Messerschmitt Bf 109s, seven Messerschmitt Bf 110s and four reconnaissance aircraft. Fighter Command lost 23 fighters, with six pilots killed and another seven wounded. Another 247 bombers from Sperrle's Luftflotte 3 (Air Fleet 3) attacked that night. On 8 September, the Luftwaffe returned. This time 412 people were killed and 747 severely wounded.

Q1: The bombing of the Thames Estuary cause how many civilian casualties?
A1: 1,600
Q2: How many were killed in the bombing of the Thames Estuary?
A2: around 400
Q3: How many aircraft did the Luftwaffe lose?
A3: 41
Q4: How many German pilots were killed?
A4: six
Q5: How many Air Fleet 3 attacked that night?
A5: 247
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Initially the companies affected were those directly involved in home construction and mortgage lending such as Northern Rock and Countrywide Financial, as they could no longer obtain financing through the credit markets. Over 100 mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008. Concerns that investment bank Bear Stearns would collapse in March 2008 resulted in its fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase. The financial institution crisis hit its peak in September and October 2008. Several major institutions either failed, were acquired under duress, or were subject to government takeover. These included Lehman Brothers, Merrill Lynch, Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, Washington Mutual, Wachovia, Citigroup, and AIG. On Oct. 6, 2008, three weeks after Lehman Brothers filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history, Lehman's former CEO found himself before Representative Henry A. Waxman, the California Democrat who chaired the House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform. Fuld said he was a victim of the collapse, blaming a "crisis of confidence" in the markets for dooming his firm.

Q1: How many mortgage lenders went bankrupt during 2007 and 2008?
A1: Over 100
Q2: Who is the investment bank that was feared to collapse in March 2008 and was sold in a fire-sale to JP Morgan Chase?
A2: Bear Stearns
Q3: When did the financial institution crisis hit its peak?
A3: September and October 2008
Q4: When did Lehman's former CEO appear before Representative Henry A. Waxman?
A4: Oct. 6, 2008
Q5: What firm filed the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history?
A5: Lehman Brothers
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

Initially the existing 5:3 aspect ratio had been the main candidate but, due to the influence of widescreen cinema, the aspect ratio 16:9 (1.78) eventually emerged as being a reasonable compromise between 5:3 (1.67) and the common 1.85 widescreen cinema format. An aspect ratio of 16:9 was duly agreed upon at the first meeting of the IWP11/6 working party at the BBC's Research and Development establishment in Kingswood Warren. The resulting ITU-R Recommendation ITU-R BT.709-2 ("Rec. 709") includes the 16:9 aspect ratio, a specified colorimetry, and the scan modes 1080i (1,080 actively interlaced lines of resolution) and 1080p (1,080 progressively scanned lines). The British Freeview HD trials used MBAFF, which contains both progressive and interlaced content in the same encoding.

Q1: What aspect ratio was agreed upon due to the influence of widescreen cinema?
A1: 16:9
Q2: Who agreed upon the 16:9 aspect ratio?
A2: the IWP11/6 working party
Q3: What was a leading factor in the 16:9 aspect ratio being chosen?
A3: widescreen cinema
Q4: Which encoding contains both progressive and interlaced content?
A4: MBAFF
Q5: Which aspect ratio was the early favorite?
A5: 5:3
Title: Edmund_Burke
Topic: History

Initially, Burke did not condemn the French Revolution. In a letter of 9 August 1789, Burke wrote: "England gazing with astonishment at a French struggle for Liberty and not knowing whether to blame or to applaud! The thing indeed, though I thought I saw something like it in progress for several years, has still something in it paradoxical and Mysterious. The spirit it is impossible not to admire; but the old Parisian ferocity has broken out in a shocking manner". The events of 5–6 October 1789, when a crowd of Parisian women marched on Versailles to compel King Louis XVI to return to Paris, turned Burke against it. In a letter to his son, Richard Burke, dated 10 October he said: "This day I heard from Laurence who has sent me papers confirming the portentous state of France—where the Elements which compose Human Society seem all to be dissolved, and a world of Monsters to be produced in the place of it—where Mirabeau presides as the Grand Anarch; and the late Grand Monarch makes a figure as ridiculous as pitiable". On 4 November Charles-Jean-François Depont wrote to Burke, requesting that he endorse the Revolution. Burke replied that any critical language of it by him should be taken "as no more than the expression of doubt" but he added: "You may have subverted Monarchy, but not recover'd freedom". In the same month he described France as "a country undone". Burke's first public condemnation of the Revolution occurred on the debate in Parliament on the army estimates on 9 February 1790, provoked by praise of the Revolution by Pitt and Fox:

Q1: Who did Parisian women want to return to Paris?
A1: King Louis XVI
Q2: What was Burke's son's name?
A2: Richard Burke
Q3: Who requested that Burke support the French Revolution?
A3: Charles-Jean-François Depont
Q4: When did Burke first publicly condemn the French Revolution?
A4: 9 February 1790
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

Initially, President Eisenhower was worried that a satellite passing above a nation at over 100 kilometers (62 mi), might be construed as violating that nation's sovereign airspace. He was concerned that the Soviet Union would accuse the Americans of an illegal overflight, thereby scoring a propaganda victory at his expense. Eisenhower and his advisors believed that a nation's airspace sovereignty did not extend into outer space, acknowledged as the Kármán line, and he used the 1957–58 International Geophysical Year launches to establish this principle in international law. Eisenhower also feared that he might cause an international incident and be called a "warmonger" if he were to use military missiles as launchers. Therefore, he selected the untried Naval Research Laboratory's Vanguard rocket, which was a research-only booster. This meant that von Braun's team was not allowed to put a satellite into orbit with their Jupiter-C rocket, because of its intended use as a future military vehicle. On September 20, 1956, von Braun and his team did launch a Jupiter-C that was capable of putting a satellite into orbit, but the launch was used only as a suborbital test of nose cone reentry technology.

Q1: A Jupiter-C was launched by Von Braum on what date?
A1: September 20, 1956
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

Initially, officials were unable to contact the Wolong National Nature Reserve, home to around 280 giant pandas. However, the Foreign Ministry later said that a group of 31 British tourists visiting the Wolong Panda Reserve in the quake-hit area returned safe and uninjured to Chengdu. Nonetheless, the well-being of an even greater number of pandas in the neighbouring panda reserves remained unknown. Five security guards at the reserve were killed by the earthquake. Six pandas escaped after their enclosures were damaged. By May 20, two pandas at the reserve were found to be injured, while the search continued for another two adult pandas that went missing after the quake. By May 28, 2008, one panda was still missing. The missing panda was later found dead under the rubble of an enclosure. Nine-year-old Mao Mao, a mother of five at the breeding center, was discovered on Monday, her body crushed by a wall in her enclosure. Panda keepers and other workers placed her remains in a small wooden crate and buried her outside the breeding centre.

Q1: What place could officials not contact?
A1: the Wolong National Nature Reserve
Q2: How many pandas live at the Reserve?
A2: around 280
Q3: How many British visitors to the Reserve left unharmed?
A3: 31
Q4: How many pandas were injured?
A4: 2
Q5: What nature center was cutoff?
A5: Wolong National Nature Reserve
Q6: How many pandas escaped the reserve?
A6: Six
Q7: How many security guards died at the reserve?
A7: five
Q8: What famous panda was killed under the rubble?
A8: Mao Mao
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Initially, prajñā is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to sermons (dharma talks), reading, studying, and sometimes reciting Buddhist texts and engaging in discourse. Once the conceptual understanding is attained, it is applied to daily life so that each Buddhist can verify the truth of the Buddha's teaching at a practical level. Notably, one could in theory attain Nirvana at any point of practice, whether deep in meditation, listening to a sermon, conducting the business of one's daily life, or any other activity.

Q1: Initially prajna is attained at a conceptual level by means of listening to what?
A1: sermons
Q2: In theory when can one attain Nirvana during practice?
A2: at any point
Q3: What can be applied to daily life once it is attained?
A3: conceptual understanding
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

Initially, the Turkish Cypriots favoured the continuation of the British rule. However, they were alarmed by the Greek Cypriot calls for enosis as they saw the union of Crete with Greece, which led to the exodus of Cretan Turks, as a precedent to be avoided, and they took a pro-partition stance in response to the militant activity of EOKA. The Turkish Cypriots also viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island and believed in their having a separate right to self-determination from Greek Cypriots. Meanwhile, in the 1950s, Turkish leader Menderes considered Cyprus an "extension of Anatolia", rejected the partition of Cyprus along ethnic lines and favoured the annexation of the whole island to Turkey. Nationalistic slogans centred on the idea that "Cyprus is Turkish" and the ruling party declared Cyprus to be a part of the Turkish homeland that was vital to its security. Upon realising the fact that the Turkish Cypriot population was only 20% of the islanders made annexation unfeasible, the national policy was changed to favour partition. The slogan "Partition or Death" was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot and Turkish protests starting in the late 1950s and continuing throughout the 1960s. Although after the Zürich and London conferences Turkey seemed to accept the existence of the Cypriot state and to distance itself from its policy of favouring the partition of the island, the goal of the Turkish and Turkish Cypriot leaders remained that of creating an independent Turkish state in the northern part of the island.

Q1: Initially Turkish Cypriots favoured the continued rule of what Western power?
A1: British
Q2: Who viewed themselves as a distinct ethnic group of the island of Cyprus?
A2: Turkish Cypriots
Q3: What percentage of the population did Turkish Cypriots make up?
A3: 20%
Q4: What slogan was frequently used in Turkish Cypriot protests?
A4: "Partition or Death"
Title: BBC_Television
Topic: Media and drama

Initially, the station's range was officially a 40 kilometres radius of the Alexandra Palace transmitter—in practice, however, transmissions could be picked up a good deal further away, and on one occasion in 1938 were picked up by engineers at RCA in New York, who were experimenting with a British television set.

Q1: How far from its studio could the BBC's broadcast originally reach?
A1: 40 kilometres
Q2: In what year were BBC broadcasts seen in the United States?
A2: 1938
Q3: What company did the U.S. engineers who saw the BBC broadcast work for?
A3: RCA
Q4: What did the RCA employees use in order to receive the BBC signal?
A4: a British television set
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

Initially, the vocalists consisted of artists such as Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Connie Francis, Nat King Cole, Perry Como, and others. The custom recordings were usually instrumental versions of current or recent rock and roll or pop hit songs, a move intended to give the stations more mass appeal without selling out. Some stations would also occasionally play earlier big band-era recordings from the 1940s and early 1950s.

Q1: Along with Frank Sinatra, Doris Day, Johnny Mathis, Nat King Cole, and Perry Como, who was a prominent early adult contemporary radio artist?
A1: Connie Francis
Q2: What type of covers of pop and rock songs were usually played on adult contemporary?
A2: instrumental
Q3: What songs from the 1940s and 1950s would adult contemporary stations play?
A3: big band-era recordings
Title: Unicode
Topic: Engineering and technology

Injective mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and characters in Unicode to facilitate conversion to Unicode and allow interoperability with legacy software. Lack of consistency in various mappings between earlier Japanese encodings such as Shift-JIS or EUC-JP and Unicode led to round-trip format conversion mismatches, particularly the mapping of the character JIS X 0208 '～' (1-33, WAVE DASH), heavily used in legacy database data, to either U+FF5E ～ FULLWIDTH TILDE (in Microsoft Windows) or U+301C 〜 WAVE DASH (other vendors).

Q1: What kind of mappings must be provided between characters in existing legacy character sets and those in Unicode?
A1: Injective mappings
Q2: A lack of consistency between what earlier Japanese encodings and unicode led to mismatches?
A2: Shift-JIS or EUC-JP
Q3: what is the fullwidth tilde character code in Microsoft Windows?
A3: U+FF5E
Title: Namibia
Topic: Social sciences and society

Inline hockey was first played in 1995 and has also become more and more popular in the last years. The Women's inline hockey National Team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championships. Namibia is the home for one of the toughest footraces in the world, the Namibian ultra marathon. The most famous athlete from Namibia is Frankie Fredericks, sprinter (100 and 200 m). He won four Olympic silver medals (1992, 1996) and also has medals from several World Athletics Championships. He is also known for humanitarian activities in Namibia and beyond.

Q1: What popular sport was first played in Namibia in 1995?
A1: Inline hockey
Q2: Which team participated in the 2008 FIRS World Championship?
A2: Women's inline hockey National Team
Q3: What is the toughest footrace around the world?
A3: Namibian ultra marathon
Q4: Who is the most famous athlete from Namibia?
A4: Frankie Fredericks
Q5: What sport does the most famous Namibian athlete participate in?
A5: sprinter
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

Innate bisexuality is an idea introduced by Sigmund Freud. According to this theory, all humans are born bisexual in a very broad sense of the term, that of incorporating general aspects of both sexes. In Freud's view, this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality. Freud believed that in the course of sexual development the masculine side would normally become dominant in men and the feminine side in women, but that as adults everyone still has desires derived from both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures. Freud did not claim that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders.

Q1: What idea did Sigmund Freud bring to the table?
A1: Innate bisexuality
Q2: What does Sigmunds idea theorize?
A2: all humans are born bisexual
Q3: Why did SIgmund believe all humans are born bisexual?
A3: this was true anatomically and therefore also psychologically, with sexual attraction to both sexes being one part of this psychological bisexuality
Q4: What does Sigmund believe we all as adults desire?
A4: both the masculine and the feminine sides of their natures
Q5: Even though Sigmund believed all people where born bisexual what did he not believe to be true?
A5: that everyone is bisexual in the sense of feeling the same level of sexual attraction to both genders
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

Inner and outer vestibules lead to the octagonal chapter house, which is of exceptional architectural purity. It is built in a Geometrical Gothic style with an octagonal crypt below. A pier of eight shafts carries the vaulted ceiling. To the sides are blind arcading, remains of 14th-century paintings and numerous stone benches above which are innovatory large 4-light quatre-foiled windows. These are virtually contemporary with the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris.

Q1: What style is the octagonal chapter house?
A1: Geometrical Gothic style
Q2: There is an octagonal what below the chapter house?
A2: crypt
Q3: What kind of ceiling is in the chapter house?
A3: vaulted
Q4: What kind of windows are in the chapter house?
A4: 4-light quatre-foiled windows
Q5: The architecture of the chapter house is contemporary with what?
A5: the Sainte-Chapelle, Paris
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

Innocent gave some dispensations as the crisis progressed. Monastic communities were allowed to celebrate Mass in private from 1209 onwards, and late in 1212 the Holy Viaticum for the dying was authorised. The rules on burials and lay access to churches appear to have been steadily circumvented, at least unofficially. Although the interdict was a burden to much of the population, it did not result in rebellion against John. By 1213, though, John was increasingly worried about the threat of French invasion. Some contemporary chroniclers suggested that in January Philip II of France had been charged with deposing John on behalf of the papacy, although it appears that Innocent merely prepared secret letters in case Innocent needed to claim the credit if Philip did successfully invade England.

Q1: Where were Monastic communities allowed to celebrate Mass in private?
A1: 1209
Q2: When was the Holy Viaticum for the dying authorised?
A2: 1212
Q3: What threat was John worried about?
A3: French invasion
Title: Pub
Topic: History

Inns are buildings where travellers can seek lodging and, usually, food and drink. They are typically located in the country or along a highway. In Europe, they possibly first sprang up when the Romans built a system of roads two millennia ago.[citation needed] Some inns in Europe are several centuries old. In addition to providing for the needs of travellers, inns traditionally acted as community gathering places.

Q1: Aside from lodging, what amenities are often offered at inns?
A1: food and drink
Q2: What road is an inn often located near?
A2: highway
Q3: How many thousand years ago did the Romans build their road system?
A3: two
Q4: About how old are the oldest inns in Europe?
A4: several centuries
Q5: What role did inns serve other than housing travelers?
A5: community gathering places
Title: Queen_(band)
Topic: Music

Innuendo was released in early 1991 with an eponymous number 1 UK hit and other charting singles including, "The Show Must Go On". Mercury was increasingly ill and could barely walk when the band recorded "The Show Must Go On" in 1990. Because of this, May had concerns about whether he was physically capable of singing it. Recalling Mercury's successful performance May states; "he went in and killed it, completely lacerated that vocal". The rest of the band were ready to record when Mercury felt able to come in to the studio, for an hour or two at a time. May says of Mercury: “He just kept saying. 'Write me more. Write me stuff. I want to just sing this and do it and when I am gone you can finish it off.’ He had no fear, really.” The band's second greatest hits compilation, Greatest Hits II, followed in October 1991, which is the eighth best-selling album of all time in the UK and has sold 16 million copies worldwide.

Q1: What was one single from Queen's Innuendo that charted in the UK?
A1: The Show Must Go On
Q2: What was the name of Queen's second greatest hits compilation?
A2: Greatest Hits II
Q3: Which Queen album is the eighth best-selling album in the UK of all time?
A3: Greatest Hits II
Q4: Which band member of Queen was seriously ill in 1991?
A4: Mercury
Q5: Queen's Greatest Hits II has sold how many copies worldwide?
A5: 16 million
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Inquiry in sociocultural anthropology is guided in part by cultural relativism, the attempt to understand other societies in terms of their own cultural symbols and values. Accepting other cultures in their own terms moderates reductionism in cross-cultural comparison. This project is often accommodated in the field of ethnography. Ethnography can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research, i.e. an ethnographic monograph. As methodology, ethnography is based upon long-term fieldwork within a community or other research site. Participant observation is one of the foundational methods of social and cultural anthropology. Ethnology involves the systematic comparison of different cultures. The process of participant-observation can be especially helpful to understanding a culture from an emic (conceptual, vs. etic, or technical) point of view.

Q1: What is the attempt to understand other societies on their own terms?
A1: cultural relativism
Q2: What does accepting other cultures in their own terms moderate?
A2: reductionism in cross-cultural comparison
Q3: What can refer to both a methodology and the product of ethnographic research?
A3: Ethnography
Q4: What is one of the foundational methods of social anthropology?
A4: Participant observation
Q5: What is a needlessly complicated word which means "conceptual"?
A5: emic
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Inscriptions have been found beneath many of the rock paintings, but archaeologists have so far been unable to decipher this form of ancient writing. During the Stone age, the Doian culture and the Hargeisan culture flourished here with their respective industries and factories.

Q1: Along with the Hargesian culture, what culture was present in Somalia in the Stone age?
A1: the Doian culture
Q2: What undeciphered writings were found alongside the rock paintings?
A2: Inscriptions
Q3: During what period did the Doian culture thrive?
A3: the Stone age
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insect ecology is the scientific study of how insects, individually or as a community, interact with the surrounding environment or ecosystem.:3 Insects play one of the most important roles in their ecosystems, which includes many roles, such as soil turning and aeration, dung burial, pest control, pollination and wildlife nutrition. An example is the beetles, which are scavengers that feed on dead animals and fallen trees and thereby recycle biological materials into forms found useful by other organisms. These insects, and others, are responsible for much of the process by which topsoil is created.:3, 218–228

Q1: Learning how insects interact with the surrounding environment is called what?
A1: Insect ecology
Q2: Another term for surrounding environment is what?
A2: ecosystem
Q3: What kind of role do insects play in their ecosystem?
A3: important
Q4: What type of burial do insects engage in?
A4: dung
Q5: Beetles are also known as what?
A5: scavengers
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insect respiration is accomplished without lungs. Instead, the insect respiratory system uses a system of internal tubes and sacs through which gases either diffuse or are actively pumped, delivering oxygen directly to tissues that need it via their trachea (element 8 in numbered diagram). Since oxygen is delivered directly, the circulatory system is not used to carry oxygen, and is therefore greatly reduced. The insect circulatory system has no veins or arteries, and instead consists of little more than a single, perforated dorsal tube which pulses peristaltically. Toward the thorax, the dorsal tube (element 14) divides into chambers and acts like the insect's heart. The opposite end of the dorsal tube is like the aorta of the insect circulating the hemolymph, arthropods' fluid analog of blood, inside the body cavity.:61–65 Air is taken in through openings on the sides of the abdomen called spiracles.

Q1: Respiration for insects happens without what?
A1: lungs
Q2: Insect's respiratory system contains sacs, and what else?
A2: internal tubes
Q3: What gets diffused or actively pumped through an insect's respiratory system?
A3: gases
Q4: What gets delivered to tissues in an insect's respiratory system?
A4: oxygen
Q5: Which system inside an insect's respiratory system does not carry oxygen?
A5: circulatory system
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insectivorous insects, or insects which feed on other insects, are beneficial to humans because they eat insects that could cause damage to agriculture and human structures. For example, aphids feed on crops and cause problems for farmers, but ladybugs feed on aphids, and can be used as a means to get significantly reduce pest aphid populations. While birds are perhaps more visible predators of insects, insects themselves account for the vast majority of insect consumption. Ants also help control animal populations by consuming small vertebrates. Without predators to keep them in check, insects can undergo almost unstoppable population explosions.:328–348:400

Q1: What insects feed on other insects?
A1: Insectivorous
Q2: Insectivorous insects are beneficial or harmful to humans?
A2: beneficial
Q3: What insect feeds on aphids?
A3: ladybugs
Q4: What are the most visible predators of insects?
A4: birds
Q5: What is the largest consumer of insects?
A5: insects themselves
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects (from Latin insectum, a calque of Greek ἔντομον [éntomon], "cut into sections") are a class of invertebrates within the arthropod phylum that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body (head, thorax and abdomen), three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes and one pair of antennae. They are the most diverse group of animals on the planet, including more than a million described species and representing more than half of all known living organisms. The number of extant species is estimated at between six and ten million, and potentially represent over 90% of the differing animal life forms on Earth. Insects may be found in nearly all environments, although only a small number of species reside in the oceans, a habitat dominated by another arthropod group, crustaceans.

Q1: In what phylum are insects classified? 
A1: arthropod
Q2: How many parts comprise the body of an insect?
A2: three-part
Q3: In addition to the head and abdomen, what is the other major section of an insect's body?
A3: thorax
Q4: What type of exoskeleton do insects have?
A4: chitinous
Q5: How many pairs of jointed legs do insects have?
A5: three
Q6: What does insect mean in latin?
A6: cut into sections
Q7: What is the Latin word for insect?
A7: insectum
Q8: Insects are a class of what?
A8: invertebrates
Q9: Insects have what kind of skeleton?
A9: chitinous exoskeleton
Q10: An insects 3-part body includes a throat, abdomen, and what?
A10: head
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects are the only group of invertebrates to have developed flight. The evolution of insect wings has been a subject of debate. Some entomologists suggest that the wings are from paranotal lobes, or extensions from the insect's exoskeleton called the nota, called the paranotal theory. Other theories are based on a pleural origin. These theories include suggestions that wings originated from modified gills, spiracular flaps or as from an appendage of the epicoxa. The epicoxal theory suggests the insect wings are modified epicoxal exites, a modified appendage at the base of the legs or coxa. In the Carboniferous age, some of the Meganeura dragonflies had as much as a 50 cm (20 in) wide wingspan. The appearance of gigantic insects has been found to be consistent with high atmospheric oxygen. The respiratory system of insects constrains their size, however the high oxygen in the atmosphere allowed larger sizes. The largest flying insects today are much smaller and include several moth species such as the Atlas moth and the White Witch (Thysania agrippina).

Q1: Insects are the only invertebrates that have evolved into what?
A1: flight
Q2: What part of the insect has been up for debate?
A2: wings
Q3: Wings from the paranotal lobes are based on what theory?
A3: paranotal theory
Q4: Wings from modified gills is from what origin?
A4: pleural origin
Q5: The epicoxal theory suggests insect wings are modified what?
A5: epicoxal exites
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects are the only invertebrates to have developed active flight capability, and this has played an important role in their success.:186 Their muscles are able to contract multiple times for each single nerve impulse, allowing the wings to beat faster than would ordinarily be possible. Having their muscles attached to their exoskeletons is more efficient and allows more muscle connections; crustaceans also use the same method, though all spiders use hydraulic pressure to extend their legs, a system inherited from their pre-arthropod ancestors. Unlike insects, though, most aquatic crustaceans are biomineralized with calcium carbonate extracted from the water.

Q1: Insects are also known as what kind of vertebra?
A1: invertebrates
Q2: Insects have developed what kind of active capability?
A2: flight
Q3: Active flight ability has played what kind of role for insects?
A3: important
Q4: How many times are insects muscles able to contract?
A4: multiple
Q5: Insects muscles are attached to their what?
A5: exoskeletons
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects can be divided into two groups historically treated as subclasses: wingless insects, known as Apterygota, and winged insects, known as Pterygota. The Apterygota consist of the primitively wingless order of the silverfish (Thysanura). Archaeognatha make up the Monocondylia based on the shape of their mandibles, while Thysanura and Pterygota are grouped together as Dicondylia. The Thysanura themselves possibly are not monophyletic, with the family Lepidotrichidae being a sister group to the Dicondylia (Pterygota and the remaining Thysanura).

Q1: What is the term for the class of insects with wings?
A1: Pterygota
Q2: What is the term for the class of insects without wings? 
A2: Apterygota
Q3: What group of insects are inclusive within the Monocondylia primarily due to the shape of their mandible?
A3: Archaeognatha
Q4: What is the collective group to which Thysanura and Pterygota belong?
A4: Dicondylia
Q5: Insects are historically divided into how many groups?
A5: two groups
Q6: Insects with wings are known as what?
A6: Pterygota
Q7: Does an Apterygots have wings or wingless?
A7: wingless
Q8: What is a Thysanura?
A8: silverfish
Q9: Thysanura and Pterygota are what?
A9: Dicondylia
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects have segmented bodies supported by exoskeletons, the hard outer covering made mostly of chitin. The segments of the body are organized into three distinctive but interconnected units, or tagmata: a head, a thorax and an abdomen. The head supports a pair of sensory antennae, a pair of compound eyes, and, if present, one to three simple eyes (or ocelli) and three sets of variously modified appendages that form the mouthparts. The thorax has six segmented legs—one pair each for the prothorax, mesothorax and the metathorax segments making up the thorax—and, none, two or four wings. The abdomen consists of eleven segments, though in a few species of insects, these segments may be fused together or reduced in size. The abdomen also contains most of the digestive, respiratory, excretory and reproductive internal structures.:22–48 Considerable variation and many adaptations in the body parts of insects occur, especially wings, legs, antenna and mouthparts.

Q1: What kind of bodies to insects have?
A1: segmented bodies
Q2: Insects bodies are supported by what?
A2: exoskeletons
Q3: Chitin is what kind of outer covering on an insect?
A3: hard
Q4: An insect's body is divided into what kind of units?
A4: interconnected
Q5: What is an insects head, throat, and abdomen called?
A5: tagmata
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects play important roles in biological research. For example, because of its small size, short generation time and high fecundity, the common fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is a model organism for studies in the genetics of higher eukaryotes. D. melanogaster has been an essential part of studies into principles like genetic linkage, interactions between genes, chromosomal genetics, development, behavior and evolution. Because genetic systems are well conserved among eukaryotes, understanding basic cellular processes like DNA replication or transcription in fruit flies can help to understand those processes in other eukaryotes, including humans. The genome of D. melanogaster was sequenced in 2000, reflecting the organism's important role in biological research. It was found that 70% of the fly genome is similar to the human genome, supporting the evolution theory.

Q1: Insects play prominent roles in what?
A1: biological research
Q2: What is a common insect used for research purposes?
A2: fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster
Q3: Drosophila has helped develop principles in what kind of linkage?
A3: genetic
Q4: Genetic systems are conserved among what?
A4: eukaryotes
Q5: What percent of the fly genome is similar to the human genome
A5: 70%
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects were among the earliest terrestrial herbivores and acted as major selection agents on plants. Plants evolved chemical defenses against this herbivory and the insects, in turn, evolved mechanisms to deal with plant toxins. Many insects make use of these toxins to protect themselves from their predators. Such insects often advertise their toxicity using warning colors. This successful evolutionary pattern has also been used by mimics. Over time, this has led to complex groups of coevolved species. Conversely, some interactions between plants and insects, like pollination, are beneficial to both organisms. Coevolution has led to the development of very specific mutualisms in such systems.

Q1: What type of defense did plants adaptively evolve in response to insects?
A1: chemical
Q2: What is the term for a plant-eating insect?
A2: herbivores
Q3: What do many insects adaptively utilize in self-defense from predators?
A3: plant toxins
Q4: How is toxicity sometimes visibly displayed by insects as a warning?
A4: colors
Q5: What is an example of a mutually beneficial process indicating the coevolution of plants and insects?
A5: pollination
Q6: Insects are considered terrestrial what?
A6: herbivores
Q7: What were insects the major selection agents of?
A7: plants
Q8: What did plants eventually form against insects?
A8: chemical defenses
Q9: Insects formed mechanisms to shield against what?
A9: plant toxins
Q10: Insects show how toxic they are with what kind of colors?
A10: warning colors
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Insects were the earliest organisms to produce and sense sounds. Insects make sounds mostly by mechanical action of appendages. In grasshoppers and crickets, this is achieved by stridulation. Cicadas make the loudest sounds among the insects by producing and amplifying sounds with special modifications to their body and musculature. The African cicada Brevisana brevis has been measured at 106.7 decibels at a distance of 50 cm (20 in). Some insects, such as the Helicoverpa zeamoths, hawk moths and Hedylid butterflies, can hear ultrasound and take evasive action when they sense that they have been detected by bats. Some moths produce ultrasonic clicks that were once thought to have a role in jamming bat echolocation. The ultrasonic clicks were subsequently found to be produced mostly by unpalatable moths to warn bats, just as warning colorations are used against predators that hunt by sight. Some otherwise palatable moths have evolved to mimic these calls. More recently, the claim that some moths can jam bat sonar has been revisited. Ultrasonic recording and high-speed infrared videography of bat-moth interactions suggest the palatable tiger moth really does defend against attacking big brown bats using ultrasonic clicks that jam bat sonar.

Q1: What were the earliest organisms to produce sound?
A1: Insects
Q2: Insects can sense what?
A2: sounds
Q3: Insect sounds come from what kind of action?
A3: mechanical
Q4: The mechanical action of what allows insects t make sound?
A4: appendages
Q5: Moths create what kind of click sounds?
A5: ultrasonic
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Inside each of these parts are thousands to trillions of small electrical circuits which can be turned off or on by means of an electronic switch. Each circuit represents a bit (binary digit) of information so that when the circuit is on it represents a "1", and when off it represents a "0" (in positive logic representation). The circuits are arranged in logic gates so that one or more of the circuits may control the state of one or more of the other circuits.

Q1: A circuit in a computer part represents what?
A1: a bit (binary digit) of information
Q2: In positive logic representation a "1" represents when a circuit is what?
A2: on
Q3: In positive logic representation a "0" represents when a circuit is what?
A3: off
Title: Georgian_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Inside ornament was far more generous, and could sometimes be overwhelming. The chimneypiece continued to be the usual main focus of rooms, and was now given a classical treatment, and increasingly topped by a painting or a mirror. Plasterwork ceilings, carved wood, and bold schemes of wallpaint formed a backdrop to increasingly rich collections of furniture, paintings, porcelain, mirrors, and objets d'art of all kinds. Wood-panelling, very common since about 1500, fell from favour around the mid-century, and wallpaper included very expensive imports from China.

Q1: Where could sometimes overwhelming ornament be found?
A1: Inside ornament
Q2: What was the typical main focus of rooms?
A2: chimneypiece
Q3: What type of ceilings became commonplace?
A3: Plasterwork ceilings
Q4: What fell out of favor during this time?
A4: Wood-panelling
Q5: Where was very expensive wallpaper imported from?
A5: China
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

Inspection service is designed to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance purposes by qualified elevator mechanics. It is first activated by a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB'. When this switch is activated the elevator will come to a stop if moving, car calls will be canceled (and the buttons disabled), and hall calls will be assigned to other elevator cars in the group (or canceled in a single elevator configuration). The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches, usually located at the highest (to access the top of the car) and lowest (to access the elevator pit) landings. The access key switches will allow the car to move at reduced inspection speed with the hoistway door open. This speed can range from anywhere up to 60% of normal operating speed on most controllers, and is usually defined by local safety codes.

Q1: Who is authorized to provide inspection and/or maintenance of the elevator?
A1: qualified elevator mechanics
Q2: What is the purpose of the Inspection service? 
A2: to provide access to the hoistway and car top for inspection and maintenance
Q3: What action initiates it's activation?
A3: a key switch on the car operating panel usually labeled 'Inspection', 'Car Top', 'Access Enable' or 'HWENAB
Q4: WWhat's the first thing to happen when the switch is activated?
A4: the elevator will come to a stop if moving
Q5: Once activatated, what is the only way to deactivate it?
A5: The elevator can now only be moved by the corresponding 'Access' key switches
Title: Nonprofit_organization
Topic: Social sciences and society

Instead of being defined by "non" words, some organizations are suggesting new, positive-sounding terminology to describe the sector. The term "civil society organization" (CSO) has been used by a growing number of organizations, such as the Center for the Study of Global Governance. The term "citizen sector organization" (CSO) has also been advocated to describe the sector – as one of citizens, for citizens – by organizations such as Ashoka: Innovators for the Public. A more broadly applicable term, "Social Benefit Organization" (SBO) has been advocated for by organizations such as MiniDonations. Advocates argue that these terms describe the sector in its own terms, without relying on terminology used for the government or business sectors. However, use of terminology by a nonprofit of self-descriptive language that is not legally compliant risks confusing the public about nonprofit abilities, capabilities and limitations.

Q1: What type of language has it been suggested that NPOs should begin to get away from?
A1: "non" words
Q2: What type of language are organizations being directed towards?
A2: new, positive-sounding terminology
Q3: What is a new term for NPOs that has started to see more use?
A3: civil society organization
Q4: What is a term being used for organizations that are for the citizens, by the citizens?
A4: citizen sector organization
Q5: What would a group like Crowdfund, GoFundMe or Kickstarter possibly belong to?
A5: Social Benefit Organization
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

Instead, Nanjing, as a popular tourist destination, hosts a series of government-organised events throughout the year. The annual International Plum Blossom Festival held in Plum Blossom Hill, the largest plum collection in China, attracts thousands of tourists both domestically and internationally. Other events include Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival, Jiangxin Zhou Fruit Festival and Linggu Temple Sweet Osmanthus Festival.

Q1: What city is considered to be a place that is popular with tourists?
A1: Nanjing
Q2: Rather than host the old festivals, what type of events does Nanjing host each year?
A2: a series of government-organised events
Q3: What area holds the largest collection of plum blossoms in all of China?
A3: Plum Blossom Hill
Q4: Where do the tourists for the Plum Blossom Festival come from?
A4: domestically and internationally
Q5: What festival involves kites and fruit trees?
A5: Nanjing Baima Peach Blossom and Kite Festival
Title: Dutch_language
Topic: Language and literature

Instead, he argues, this development has been artificially frozen in an "intermediate" state by the standardisation of Dutch pronunciation in the 16th century, where lowered diphthongs found in rural dialects were perceived as ugly by the educated classes and accordingly declared substandard. Now, however, in his opinion, the newly affluent and independent women can afford to let that natural development take place in their speech. Stroop compares the role of Polder Dutch with the urban variety of British English pronunciation called Estuary English.

Q1: What word did Stroop use to describe the static stage of diphthong pronunciation?
A1: "intermediate"
Q2: What classes in the 16th century sneered at the pronunciation of Dutch by rural people?
A2: educated classes
Q3: What distinct kind of British English does Stroop say has a similar function to Polder Dutch?
A3: Estuary English
Q4: What phenomenon of Dutch pronunciation was brought about by the attitudes of the elite in the 16th century?
A4: standardisation
Q5: What specific type of diphthongs were the less educated Dutch speakers in the countryside using in the 16th century?
A5: lowered diphthongs
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

Instead, he formulated the spearhead model of evolution, a version of genetic pluralism. According to this model, living organisms themselves have goals, and act according to these goals, each guided by a central control. In its most sophisticated form, this is the brain of humans, but controls also exist in much less sophisticated ways for species of lower complexity, such as the amoeba. This control organ plays a special role in evolution—it is the "spearhead of evolution". The goals bring the purpose into the world. Mutations in the genes that determine the structure of the control may then cause drastic changes in behaviour, preferences and goals, without having an impact on the organism's phenotype. Popper postulates that such purely behavioural changes are less likely to be lethal for the organism compared to drastic changes of the phenotype.

Q1: What is the name of Popper's model of evolution?
A1: spearhead
Q2: Popper's model of evolution is part of what family of models?
A2: genetic pluralism
Q3: What directs the actions of organisms in Popper's biological model?
A3: goals
Q4: Organisms' goals shift along with which notable genetic process?
A4: Mutations