LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Having sold more than 300 million records worldwide, Madonna is recognized as the best-selling female recording artist of all time by Guinness World Records. The Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) listed her as the best-selling female rock artist of the 20th century and the second best-selling female artist in the United States, with 64.5 million certified albums. According to Billboard, Madonna is the highest-grossing solo touring artist of all time, earning US $1.31 billion from her concerts since 1990. She was ranked at number two, behind only The Beatles, on the Billboard Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists, making her the most successful solo artist in the history of American singles chart. Madonna became one of the five founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame and was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in her first year of eligibility.

Q1: How many records did Madonna sell worldwide?
A1: more than 300 million
Q2: Madonna is recognize as the best selling female music artiste by who?
A2: Guinness World Records
Q3: How many certified albums does Madonna have?
A3: 64.5 million
Q4: Since 1990, how much did Madonna make in her concerts?
A4: $1.31 billion
Q5: Who is one of the founding members of the UK Music Hall of Fame?
A5: Madonna
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek also wrote that the state can play a role in the economy, and specifically, in creating a "safety net". He wrote, "There is no reason why, in a society which has reached the general level of wealth ours has, the first kind of security should not be guaranteed to all without endangering general freedom; that is: some minimum of food, shelter and clothing, sufficient to preserve health. Nor is there any reason why the state should not help to organize a comprehensive system of social insurance in providing for those common hazards of life against which few can make adequate provision."

Q1: Hayek believed the state could aid the economy by doing what?
A1: creating a "safety net"
Q2: Who did Hayek say economic security should be guaranteed to?
A2: all
Q3: According to Hayek, clothing, food and shelter should be provided to what extent?
A3: sufficient to preserve health
Q4: What sort of system did Hayek propose the government create?
A4: social insurance
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek continued his research on monetary and capital theory, revising his theories of the relations between credit cycles and capital structure in Profits, Interest and Investment (1939) and The Pure Theory of Capital (1941), but his reputation as an economic theorist had by then fallen so much that those works were largely ignored, except for scathing critiques by Nicholas Kaldor. Lionel Robbins himself, who had embraced the Austrian theory of the business cycle in The Great Depression (1934), later regretted having written the book and accepted many of the Keynesian counter-arguments.

Q1: What was the result of Hayek's Prices and Production?
A1: works were largely ignored
Q2: What is the name of the first book Hayek released to revise his stances from Prices and Production?
A2: Profits, Interest and Investment
Q3: Who was particularly critical of Hayek's work following Prices and Production?
A3: Nicholas Kaldor
Q4: Lionel Robbins' The Great Depression was a result of his support for what?
A4: the Austrian theory of the business cycle
Q5: Who did Keynes' arguments against the Austrian theory of the business cycle eventually influence?
A5: Lionel Robbins
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek disapproved of the notion of 'social justice'. He compared the market to a game in which 'there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust' and argued that 'social justice is an empty phrase with no determinable content'; likewise "the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable, and the question as to whether the resulting distribution of incomes is just has no meaning". He generally regarded government redistribution of income or capital as an unacceptable intrusion upon individual freedom: "the principle of distributive justice, once introduced, would not be fulfilled until the whole of society was organized in accordance with it. This would produce a kind of society which in all essential respects would be the opposite of a free society."

Q1: What concept did Hayek dislike?
A1: social justice
Q2: How did Hayek feel regarding income distribution?
A2: there is no point in calling the outcome just or unjust
Q3: What reason does Hayek provide for differences in income distribution not being a matter of just or unjust?
A3: the results of the individual's efforts are necessarily unpredictable
Q4: According to Hayek, a society in which income is redistributed is what?
A4: the opposite of a free society
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek displayed an intellectual and academic bent from a very young age. He read fluently and frequently before going to school. At his father's suggestion, Hayek, as a teenager, read the genetic and evolutionary works of Hugo de Vries and the philosophical works of Ludwig Feuerbach. In school Hayek was much taken by one instructor's lectures on Aristotle's ethics. In his unpublished autobiographical notes, Hayek recalled a division between him and his younger brothers who were only few years younger than him, but he believed that they were somehow of a different generation. He preferred to associate with adults.

Q1: What did Hayek conclude regarding his brothers?
A1: they were somehow of a different generation
Q2: With whom did Hayek more frequently converse?
A2: adults
Q3: Prior to his schooling, what was the state of Hayek's reading skills?
A3: read fluently and frequently
Q4: Who told Hayek he should begin reading Hugo de Vries works?
A4: his father
Q5: Which philosopher did Hayek learn about in a school lecture?
A5: Aristotle
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek had a long-standing and close friendship with philosopher of science Karl Popper, also from Vienna. In a letter to Hayek in 1944, Popper stated, "I think I have learnt more from you than from any other living thinker, except perhaps Alfred Tarski." (See Hacohen, 2000). Popper dedicated his Conjectures and Refutations to Hayek. For his part, Hayek dedicated a collection of papers, Studies in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics, to Popper and, in 1982, said that "ever since his Logik der Forschung first came out in 1934, I have been a complete adherent to his general theory of methodology". Popper also participated in the inaugural meeting of the Mont Pelerin Society. Their friendship and mutual admiration, however, do not change the fact that there are important differences between their ideas.

Q1: Which fellow Vienna native was Hayek friends with?
A1: Karl Popper
Q2: Who is the only exception from whom Hayek claims to have learned more than he did from Popper?
A2: Alfred Tarski
Q3: Hayek dedicated many of his papers to Popper based on a dedication Popper made to him in which of his work?
A3: Conjectures and Refutations
Q4: Which of Popper's works was the first to grasp Hayek's attention?
A4: Logik der Forschung
Q5: Popper was present for which notable Mont Pelerin Society event?
A5: the inaugural meeting
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek had made contact with many at the U. of Chicago in the 1940s, with Hayek's The Road to Serfdom playing a seminal role in transforming how Milton Friedman and others understood how society works. Hayek conducted a number in influential faculty seminars while at the U. of Chicago, and a number of academics worked on research projects sympathetic to some of Hayek's own, such as Aaron Director, who was active in the Chicago School in helping to fund and establish what became the "Law and Society" program in the University of Chicago Law School. Hayek, Frank Knight, Friedman and George Stigler worked together in forming the Mont Pèlerin Society, an international forum for libertarian economists. Hayek and Friedman cooperated in support of the Intercollegiate Society of Individualists, later renamed the Intercollegiate Studies Institute, an American student organisation devoted to libertarian ideas.

Q1: Which of Hayek's works had a profound influence on those at the University of Chicago?
A1: The Road to Serfdom
Q2: Who played a critical role in the formation of the Law and Society program?
A2: Aaron Director
Q3: What group did Hayek form with three other people?
A3: Mont Pèlerin Society
Q4: What was the group that Friedman and Hayek supported later renamed to?
A4: Intercollegiate Studies Institute
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek is widely recognised for having introduced the time dimension to the equilibrium construction and for his key role in helping inspire the fields of growth theory, information economics, and the theory of spontaneous order. The "informal" economics presented in Milton Friedman's massively influential popular work Free to Choose (1980), is explicitly Hayekian in its account of the price system as a system for transmitting and co-ordinating knowledge. This can be explained by the fact that Friedman taught Hayek's famous paper "The Use of Knowledge in Society" (1945) in his graduate seminars.

Q1: Whose 1980 book mentions "informal" economics?
A1: Milton Friedman's
Q2: What is the name of the book Friedman released in 1980?
A2: Free to Choose
Q3: How is Friedman's book described in regards to the price system?
A3: Hayekian
Q4: Which of Hayek's works did Friedman once teach?
A4: The Use of Knowledge in Society
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek never produced the book-length treatment of "the dynamics of capital" that he had promised in the Pure Theory of Capital. After 1941, he continued to publish works on the economics of information, political philosophy, the theory of law, and psychology, but seldom on macroeconomics. At the University of Chicago, Hayek was not part of the economics department and did not influence the rebirth of neoclassical theory which took place there (see Chicago school of economics). When, in 1974, he shared the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics with Gunnar Myrdal, the latter complained about being paired with an "ideologue". Milton Friedman declared himself "an enormous admirer of Hayek, but not for his economics. I think Prices and Production is a very flawed book. I think his [Pure Theory of Capital] is unreadable. On the other hand, The Road to Serfdom is one of the great books of our time."

Q1: What topic did Hayek never write a book about as he said he would?
A1: the dynamics of capital
Q2: What topic did Hayek shy away from following Pure Theory of Capital?
A2: macroeconomics
Q3: What did Gunnar Myrdal call Hayek?
A3: an "ideologue"
Q4: Which of Hayeks books did Milton Friedman praise most?
A4: The Road to Serfdom
Q5: Which whom did Hayek share a Nobel prize?
A5: Gunnar Myrdal
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek received new attention in the 1980s and 1990s with the rise of conservative governments in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada. After winning the United Kingdom general election, 1979, Margaret Thatcher appointed Keith Joseph, the director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies, as her secretary of state for industry in an effort to redirect parliament's economic strategies. Likewise, David Stockman, Ronald Reagan's most influential financial official in 1981 was an acknowledged follower of Hayek.

Q1: In what year was Margaret Thatcher elected Prime Minister?
A1: 1979
Q2: Whom did the Prime Minister of England choose as secretary of state?
A2: Keith Joseph
Q3: During the 80s and 90s, three major English speaking nations experienced a political shift to to what?
A3: conservative governments
Q4: What position did the British Prime Minister's secretary of state previously hold?
A4: director of the Hayekian Centre for Policy Studies
Q5: One of Hayek's supporters served which US president?
A5: Ronald Reagan's
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek was concerned about the general view in Britain's academia that fascism was a capitalist reaction to socialism and The Road to Serfdom arose from those concerns. It was written between 1940 and 1943. The title was inspired by the French classical liberal thinker Alexis de Tocqueville's writings on the "road to servitude." It was first published in Britain by Routledge in March 1944 and was quite popular, leading Hayek to call it "that unobtainable book," also due in part to wartime paper rationing. When it was published in the United States by the University of Chicago in September of that year, it achieved greater popularity than in Britain. At the arrangement of editor Max Eastman, the American magazine Reader's Digest also published an abridged version in April 1945, enabling The Road to Serfdom to reach a far wider audience than academics. The book is widely popular among those advocating individualism and classical liberalism.

Q1: What did Hayek write regarding fascism and socialism?
A1: The Road to Serfdom
Q2: Whose works served as inspiration for the title of Road to Serfdom?
A2: Alexis de Tocqueville
Q3: When was the Road to Serfdom published?
A3: March 1944
Q4: Where was Road to Serfdom more popular than it was in Britain?
A4: United States
Q5: Who is responsible for Road to Serfdom being shortened for Reader's Digest in 1945?
A5: Max Eastman
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek was one of the leading academic critics of collectivism in the 20th century. Hayek argued that all forms of collectivism (even those theoretically based on voluntary co-operation) could only be maintained by a central authority of some kind. In Hayek's view, the central role of the state should be to maintain the rule of law, with as little arbitrary intervention as possible. In his popular book, The Road to Serfdom (1944) and in subsequent academic works, Hayek argued that socialism required central economic planning and that such planning in turn leads towards totalitarianism.

Q1: What was the name of the ideology Hayek criticized?
A1: collectivism
Q2: How did Hayek believe collectivism could be maintained?
A2: a central authority
Q3: According to Hayek, what is necessary for the implementation of a socialist economy?
A3: central economic planning
Q4: Hayek believed the requirements for a socialist economy would lead to what?
A4: totalitarianism
Q5: What did Hayek believe was the core responsibility of the state?
A5: maintain the rule of law
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek wrote an essay, "Why I Am Not a Conservative" (included as an appendix to The Constitution of Liberty), in which he disparaged conservatism for its inability to adapt to changing human realities or to offer a positive political program, remarking, "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves." Although he noted that modern day conservatism shares many opinions on economics with classical liberals, particularly a belief in the free market, he believed it's because conservatism wants to "stand still," whereas liberalism embraces the free market because it "wants to go somewhere." Hayek identified himself as a classical liberal, but noted that in the United States it had become almost impossible to use "liberal" in its original definition, and the term "libertarian" has been used instead. In this text, Hayek also opposed conservatism for "its hostility to internationalism and its proneness to a strident nationalism" and its frequent association with imperialism.

Q1: What ideology did Hayek not agree with in an essay appended to The Constitution of Liberty?
A1: conservatism
Q2: What was Hayek's statement regarding conservatism?
A2: "Conservatism is only as good as what it conserves."
Q3: What does conservatism have in common with classical liberalism?
A3: belief in the free market
Q4: What word is used in the United States to identify Hayek's ideology?
A4: libertarian
Q5: Which ideology did Hayek believe conservatism discouraged?
A5: internationalism
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek's greatest intellectual debt was to Carl Menger, who pioneered an approach to social explanation similar to that developed in Britain by Bernard Mandeville and the Scottish moral philosophers in the Scottish Enlightenment. He had a wide-reaching influence on contemporary economics, politics, philosophy, sociology, psychology and anthropology. For example, Hayek's discussion in The Road to Serfdom (1944) about truth, falsehood and the use of language influenced some later opponents of postmodernism.

Q1: Which of Hayek's books had an impact on those against postmodernism?
A1: The Road to Serfdom
Q2: To whom did Hayek owe his intellectual success?
A2: Carl Menger
Q3: Carl Menger's work in social explanation was not too different from those in which Scottish period??
A3: Scottish Enlightenment
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek's influence on the development of economics is widely acknowledged. Hayek is the second-most frequently cited economist (after Kenneth Arrow) in the Nobel lectures of the prize winners in economics, which is particularly striking since his own lecture was critical of the field of orthodox economics and neo-classical modelisation. A number of Nobel Laureates in economics, such as Vernon Smith and Herbert A. Simon, recognise Hayek as the greatest modern economist. Another Nobel winner, Paul Samuelson, believed that Hayek was worthy of his award but nevertheless claimed that "there were good historical reasons for fading memories of Hayek within the mainstream last half of the twentieth century economist fraternity. In 1931, Hayek's Prices and Production had enjoyed an ultra-short Byronic success. In retrospect hindsight tells us that its mumbo-jumbo about the period of production grossly misdiagnosed the macroeconomics of the 1927–1931 (and the 1931–2007) historical scene". Despite this comment, Samuelson spent the last 50 years of his life obsessed with the problems of capital theory identified by Hayek and Böhm-Bawerk, and Samuelson flatly judged Hayek to have been right and his own teacher, Joseph Schumpeter, to have been wrong on the central economic question of the 20th century, the feasibility of socialist economic planning in a production goods dominated economy.

Q1: Which economist is cited the most by winners of the Nobel prize in that field?
A1: Kenneth Arrow
Q2: What Nobel prize winner has spent most of his life studying Hayek's capital theory despite being critical of the man?
A2: Paul Samuelson
Q3: On the topic of the practicality of a socialist economy, who does Samuelson believe was wrong?
A3: Joseph Schumpeter
Q4: On the topic of mainstream economics, whose Nobel lecture was particularly critical?
A4: Hayek's
Q5: Which of Hayek's works does Samuelson cite as being incorrect regarding macroeconomics?
A5: Prices and Production
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek's principal investigations in economics concerned capital, money, and the business cycle. Mises had earlier applied the concept of marginal utility to the value of money in his Theory of Money and Credit (1912), in which he also proposed an explanation for "industrial fluctuations" based on the ideas of the old British Currency School and of Swedish economist Knut Wicksell. Hayek used this body of work as a starting point for his own interpretation of the business cycle, elaborating what later became known as the "Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle". Hayek spelled out the Austrian approach in more detail in his book, published in 1929, an English translation of which appeared in 1933 as Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle. There he argued for a monetary approach to the origins of the cycle. In his Prices and Production (1931), Hayek argued that the business cycle resulted from the central bank's inflationary credit expansion and its transmission over time, leading to a capital misallocation caused by the artificially low interest rates. Hayek claimed that "the past instability of the market economy is the consequence of the exclusion of the most important regulator of the market mechanism, money, from itself being regulated by the market process".

Q1: What is the name of Mises' 1912 book?
A1: Theory of Money and Credit
Q2: Hayek focused most of his economic works on the business cycle, money and what else?
A2: capital
Q3: What work did Hayek produce as a result of studying Mises' book?
A3: Austrian Theory of the Business Cycle
Q4: What is the English name for the book Hayek published in 1929?
A4: Monetary Theory and the Trade Cycle
Q5: According to Hayek, what was the cause of the banks' wrongful allocation of funds?
A5: artificially low interest rates
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek's work on the microeconomics of the choice theoretics of investment, non-permanent goods, potential permanent resources, and economically-adapted permanent resources mark a central dividing point between his work in areas of macroeconomics and that of almost all other economists. Hayek's work on the macroeconomic subjects of central planning, trade cycle theory, the division of knowledge, and entrepreneurial adaptation especially, differ greatly from the opinions of macroeconomic "Marshallian" economists in the tradition of John Maynard Keynes and the microeconomic "Walrasian" economists in the tradition of Abba Lerner.

Q1: In what economic field of study does Hayek's views differ from those in macroeconomics?
A1: microeconomics
Q2: What is the term used to describe economists following Keynes school of thought?
A2: "Marshallian"
Q3: Whose works inspire the term "Walrasian" in economics?
A3: Abba Lerner
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Hayek’s concept of the market as a spontaneous order has been recently applied to ecosystems to defend a broadly non-interventionist policy. Like the market, ecosystems contain complex networks of information, involve an ongoing dynamic process, contain orders within orders, and the entire system operates without being directed by a conscious mind. On this analysis, species takes the place of price as a visible element of the system formed by a complex set of largely unknowable elements. Human ignorance about the countless interactions between the organisms of an ecosystem limits our ability to manipulate nature. Since humans rely on the ecosystem to sustain themselves, we have a prima facie obligation to not disrupt such systems. This analysis of ecosystems as spontaneous orders does not rely on markets qualifying as spontaneous orders. As such, one need not endorse Hayek’s analysis of markets to endorse ecosystems as spontaneous orders.

Q1: What has Hayek's views on the market been used to defend?
A1: non-interventionist policy
Q2: What is the term used to describe the obligation for humans to avoid disrupting the ecosystem?
A2: prima facie
Q3: What are ecosystems views to be?
A3: spontaneous orders
Q4: One might still support spontaneous orders without agreeing with which of Hayek's assessments?
A4: analysis of markets
Q5: What is limited by the ignorance of humanity?
A5: our ability to manipulate nature
Title: Airport
Topic: Engineering and technology

Hazards to aircraft include debris, nesting birds, and reduced friction levels due to environmental conditions such as ice, snow, or rain. Part of runway maintenance is airfield rubber removal which helps maintain friction levels. The fields must be kept clear of debris using cleaning equipment so that loose material does not become a projectile and enter an engine duct (see foreign object damage). In adverse weather conditions, ice and snow clearing equipment can be used to improve traction on the landing strip. For waiting aircraft, equipment is used to spray special deicing fluids on the wings.

Q1: What includes debris and nesting birds?
A1: Hazards to aircraft
Q2: What is one part of runway maintenance that helps maintain friction levels?
A2: airfield rubber removal
Q3: In adverse weather conditions, what can be used to improve traction on the landing strip?
A3: ice and snow clearing equipment
Title: Richard_Feynman
Topic: Mathematics

He also developed Feynman diagrams, a bookkeeping device that helps in conceptualizing and calculating interactions between particles in spacetime, including the interactions between electrons and their antimatter counterparts, positrons. This device allowed him, and later others, to approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes. Feynman's mental picture for these diagrams started with the hard sphere approximation, and the interactions could be thought of as collisions at first. It was not until decades later that physicists thought of analyzing the nodes of the Feynman diagrams more closely. Feynman painted Feynman diagrams on the exterior of his van.

Q1: What did Feynman produce that help in understanding calculations between particles in space and time?
A1: Feynman diagrams
Q2: What is the name of the antimatter counterpart of electrons?
A2: positrons
Q3: Where did Feynman paint his diagrams?
A3: his van
Q4: What did Feynman digrams allow him and others to do?
A4: approach time reversibility and other fundamental processes
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

He also introduced the notion of a 'Universal Machine' (now known as a Universal Turing machine), with the idea that such a machine could perform the tasks of any other machine, or in other words, it is provably capable of computing anything that is computable by executing a program stored on tape, allowing the machine to be programmable. Von Neumann acknowledged that the central concept of the modern computer was due to this paper. Turing machines are to this day a central object of study in theory of computation. Except for the limitations imposed by their finite memory stores, modern computers are said to be Turing-complete, which is to say, they have algorithm execution capability equivalent to a universal Turing machine.

Q1: A Universal Machine is known as what today?
A1: Universal Turing machine
Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger
Topic: Media and drama

He also invested in a shopping mall in Columbus, Ohio. He has talked about some of those who have helped him over the years in business: "I couldn't have learned about business without a parade of teachers guiding me... from Milton Friedman to Donald Trump... and now, Les Wexner and Warren Buffett. I even learned a thing or two from Planet Hollywood, such as when to get out! And I did!" He has significant ownership in Dimensional Fund Advisors, an investment firm. Schwarzenegger is also the owner of Arnold's Sports Festival, which he started in 1989 and is held annually in Columbus, Ohio. It is a festival that hosts thousands of international health and fitness professionals which has also expanded into a three-day expo. He also owns a movie production company called Oak Productions, Inc. and Fitness Publications, a joint publishing venture with Simon & Schuster.

Q1: What investment firm does Schwarzenegger maintain partial ownership of?
A1: Dimensional Fund Advisors
Q2: What city hosts Arnold's Sports Festival each year?
A2: Columbus, Ohio
Q3: What's the name of Schwarzenegger's film production company?
A3: Oak Productions, Inc.
Q4: What renowned publishing company partners with Schwarzenegger in Fitness Publications?
A4: Simon & Schuster
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

He assumed duties again at Camp Meade, Maryland, commanding a battalion of tanks, where he remained until 1922. His schooling continued, focused on the nature of the next war and the role of the tank in it. His new expertise in tank warfare was strengthened by a close collaboration with George S. Patton, Sereno E. Brett, and other senior tank leaders. Their leading-edge ideas of speed-oriented offensive tank warfare were strongly discouraged by superiors, who considered the new approach too radical and preferred to continue using tanks in a strictly supportive role for the infantry. Eisenhower was even threatened with court martial for continued publication of these proposed methods of tank deployment, and he relented.

Q1: What was Eisenhower's Camp Meade unit equipped with?
A1: tanks
Q2: When did Eisenhower leave Camp Meade?
A2: 1922
Q3: Along with Patton, who was a notable interwar tank leader?
A3: Sereno E. Brett
Q4: What was the traditional doctrine on the use of tanks?
A4: supportive role for the infantry
Q5: What happened when Eisenhower was threatened with a court martial for his support for offensive tank tactics?
A5: he relented
Title: Richard_Feynman
Topic: Mathematics

He attained a perfect score on the graduate school entrance exams to Princeton University in mathematics and physics—an unprecedented feat—but did rather poorly on the history and English portions. Attendees at Feynman's first seminar included Albert Einstein, Wolfgang Pauli, and John von Neumann. He received a PhD from Princeton in 1942; his thesis advisor was John Archibald Wheeler. Feynman's thesis applied the principle of stationary action to problems of quantum mechanics, inspired by a desire to quantize the Wheeler–Feynman absorber theory of electrodynamics, laying the groundwork for the "path integral" approach and Feynman diagrams, and was titled "The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics".

Q1: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman excel in?
A1: mathematics and physics
Q2: Which two sections of the graduate exam did Feynman do poorly in?
A2: history and English
Q3: What score did Feyman receive on his math and physics entrance exams?
A3: perfect score
Q4: When did he receive his PhD?
A4: 1942
Q5: What was Feynman's PhD thesis titled?
A5: The Principle of Least Action in Quantum Mechanics
Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger
Topic: Media and drama

He continued his winning streak in the 1971–74 competitions. In 1975, Schwarzenegger was once again in top form, and won the title for the sixth consecutive time, beating Franco Columbu. After the 1975 Mr. Olympia contest, Schwarzenegger announced his retirement from professional bodybuilding.

Q1: Who did Schwarzenegger beat to win his sixth Mr. Olympia in a row?
A1: Franco Columbu
Q2: What year did Schwarzenegger quit competing as a professional bodybuilder?
A2: 1975
Q3: What was Schwarzenegger's last competition before retirement?
A3: Mr. Olympia
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

He does not argue that any such conclusions are therefore true, or that this describes the actual methods of any particular scientist.[citation needed] Rather, it is recommended as an essential principle of methodology that, if enacted by a system or community, will lead to slow but steady progress of a sort (relative to how well the system or community enacts the method). It has been suggested that Popper's ideas are often mistaken for a hard logical account of truth because of the historical co-incidence of their appearing at the same time as logical positivism, the followers of which mistook his aims for their own.

Q1: What other contemporaneous school of thought is often confused with Popper's own contributions?
A1: logical positivism
Q2: Popper has stressed that his description of scientific methodology should not be mistaken to apply to whom?
A2: any particular scientist
Q3: At what level does Popper indicate his view of scientific methodology applies?
A3: system or community
Q4: What kind of progress does science make given the methodology Popper describes?
A4: slow but steady
Title: Richard_Feynman
Topic: Mathematics

He immersed himself in work on the project, and was present at the Trinity bomb test. Feynman claimed to be the only person to see the explosion without the very dark glasses or welder's lenses provided, reasoning that it was safe to look through a truck windshield, as it would screen out the harmful ultraviolet radiation. On witnessing the blast, Feynman ducked towards the floor of his truck because of the immense brightness of the explosion, where he saw a temporary "purple splotch" afterimage of the event.

Q1: Feynman used this to protect his eyes during the test detonation
A1: truck windshield
Q2: What atomic bomb test did Feynman see?
A2: Trinity bomb test
Q3: What did Feynman see after the atomic test?
A3: "purple splotch" afterimage
Q4: What did Feynman think that the truck windshield would shield him against?
A4: ultraviolet radiation
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

He invited a Roman Catholic priest, Father Anselm Strittmatter, O.S.B., to visit him for consultation. Von Neumann reportedly said in explanation that Pascal had a point, referring to Pascal's Wager. Father Strittmatter administered the last sacraments to him. Some of von Neumann's friends (such as Abraham Pais and Oskar Morgenstern) said they had always believed him to be "completely agnostic." "Of this deathbed conversion, Morgenstern told Heims, "He was of course completely agnostic all his life, and then he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy." Father Strittmatter recalled that von Neumann did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death.

Q1: Who administered the last sacrament to von Neumann?
A1: Father Strittmatter
Q2: Did the last sacrament ease von Neumann?
A2: did not receive much peace or comfort from it, as he still remained terrified of death
Q3: Was there conflict of faith and beliefs at the end of von NEumann's life?
A3: he suddenly turned Catholic—it doesn't agree with anything whatsoever in his attitude, outlook and thinking when he was healthy
Q4: What did Oskar Morgenstern feel about von Neumann's beliefs?
A4: always believed him to be "completely agnostic."
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

He justified the program in terms of its importance to national security, and its focus of the nation's energies on other scientific and social fields. He rallied popular support for the program in his "We choose to go to the Moon" speech, on September 12, 1962, before a large crowd at Rice University Stadium, in Houston, Texas, near the construction site of the new Manned Spacecraft Center facility. Full text 

Q1: "We choose to go to the Moon" speech was given at what location in Texas?
A1: Rice University Stadium
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

He moved rapidly. First, he promoted Confucian orthodoxy and reversed what he saw as his father's laxness by cracking down on unorthodox sects and by decapitating an anti-Manchu writer his father had pardoned. In 1723 he outlawed Christianity and expelled Christian missionaries, though some were allowed to remain in the capital. Next, he moved to control the government. He expanded his father's system of Palace Memorials which brought frank and detailed reports on local conditions directly to the throne without being intercepted by the bureaucracy, and created a small Grand Council of personal advisors which eventually grew into the emperor's de facto cabinet for the rest of the dynasty. He shrewdly filled key positions with Manchu and Han Chinese officials who depended on his patronage. When he began to realize that the financial crisis was even greater than he had thought, Yongzheng rejected his father's lenient approach to local landowning elites and mounted a campaign to enforce collection of the land tax. The increased revenues were to be used for "money to nourish honesty" among local officials and for local irrigation, schools, roads, and charity. Although these reforms were effective in the north, in the south and lower Yangzi valley, where Kangxi had wooed the elites, there were long established networks of officials and landowners. Yongzheng dispatched experienced Manchu commissioners to penetrate the thickets of falsified land registers and coded account books, but they were met with tricks, passivity, and even violence. The fiscal crisis persisted.

Q1: Who did Yongzheng behead?
A1: anti-Manchu writer
Q2: What religion did Yongzheng ban?
A2: Christianity
Q3: When did Yongzheng ban christianity?
A3: 1723
Q4: What did Yongzheng crack down on?
A4: collection of the land tax
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

He notes that both A. P. de Candolle and Charles Lyell had stated that all organisms are exposed to severe competition. Darwin emphasizes that he used the phrase "struggle for existence" in "a large and metaphorical sense, including dependence of one being on another"; he gives examples ranging from plants struggling against drought to plants competing for birds to eat their fruit and disseminate their seeds. He describes the struggle resulting from population growth: "It is the doctrine of Malthus applied with manifold force to the whole animal and vegetable kingdoms." He discusses checks to such increase including complex ecological interdependencies, and notes that competition is most severe between closely related forms "which fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".

Q1: What is the struggle that Darwin describes about population likened to?
A1: doctrine of Malthus
Q2: Within what frame of reference does Darwin use the phrase "Struggle for Existence?"
A2: "a large and metaphorical sense
Q3: What was Charles Lyell's perception of what organisms are exposed to in their struggle for survival?
A3: all organisms are exposed to severe competition
Q4: When is competition strongest in the natural world?
A4: competition is most severe between closely related forms
Q5: Why is competition so fierce between related species?
A5: fill nearly the same place in the economy of nature".
Title: Pope_Paul_VI
Topic: Philosophy and religion

He reminded the council fathers that only a few years earlier Pope Pius XII had issued the encyclical Mystici corporis about the mystical body of Christ. He asked them not to repeat or create new dogmatic definitions but to explain in simple words how the Church sees itself. He thanked the representatives of other Christian communities for their attendance and asked for their forgiveness if the Catholic Church is guilty for the separation. He also reminded the Council Fathers that many bishops from the east could not attend because the governments in the East did not permit their journeys.

Q1: What edict did Pope Pius XXIII issue regarding the body of Christ?
A1: Mystici corporis
Q2: How is the body of Christ regarded by Catholic liturgy?
A2: mystical
Q3: What type of language did Paul VI want to the church to relay dogma in?
A3: simple
Q4: From what area were bishops prevented from attending the ecumenical meeting of Paul VI?
A4: the east
Q5: What did Paul VI ask other Christian faiths forgiveness for?
A5: separation
Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger
Topic: Media and drama

He tells that during this time he ran into a friend who told him that he was teaching Transcendental Meditation (TM), which prompted Schwarzenegger to reveal he had been struggling with anxiety for the first time in his life: "Even today, I still benefit from [the year of TM] because I don't merge and bring things together and see everything as one big problem."

Q1: What does TM stand for?
A1: Transcendental Meditation
Q2: What psychological problem did Schwarzenegger say he struggled with?
A2: anxiety
Title: Avicenna
Topic: Language and literature

He turned to medicine at 16, and not only learned medical theory, but also by gratuitous attendance of the sick had, according to his own account, discovered new methods of treatment. The teenager achieved full status as a qualified physician at age 18, and found that "Medicine is no hard and thorny science, like mathematics and metaphysics, so I soon made great progress; I became an excellent doctor and began to treat patients, using approved remedies." The youthful physician's fame spread quickly, and he treated many patients without asking for payment.

Q1: At what age did Avicenna turn to away from philosophy?
A1: 16
Q2: What subject did Avicenna start studying at 16?
A2: medicine
Q3: Avicenna became a qualified physician at what age?
A3: 18
Q4: Avicenna found medicine to be much easier than what subject?
A4: mathematics
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

He was General Secretary (later Chairman of the Presidium) of the League of Communists of Yugoslavia (1939–80), and went on to lead the World War II Yugoslav guerrilla movement, the Partisans (1941–45). After the war, he was the Prime Minister (1944–63), President (later President for Life) (1953–80) of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). From 1943 to his death in 1980, he held the rank of Marshal of Yugoslavia, serving as the supreme commander of the Yugoslav military, the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA). With a highly favourable reputation abroad in both Cold War blocs, Josip Broz Tito received some 98 foreign decorations, including the Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath.

Q1: What position in the League of Communists of Yugoslavia was Tito?
A1: General Secretary
Q2: What position in Yugoslavia's government did Tito hold from 1944-63?
A2: Prime Minister
Q3: How many foreign decorations did he receive?
A3: 98
Q4: What foreign decorations did Tito recieve?
A4: Legion of Honour and the Order of the Bath
Q5: During what years did Tito lead the Partisans?
A5: 1941–45
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

He was a pioneer of the application of operator theory to quantum mechanics, in the development of functional analysis, a principal member of the Manhattan Project and the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton (as one of the few originally appointed), and a key figure in the development of game theory and the concepts of cellular automata, the universal constructor and the digital computer. He published 150 papers in his life; 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics. His last work, an unfinished manuscript written while in the hospital, was later published in book form as The Computer and the Brain.

Q1: How many papers did Von Neumann publish?
A1: 150
Q2: What is the name of Von Neumann's last work?
A2: The Computer and the Brain
Q3: What high profile controversial project was Von Neumann a prinipal of?
A3: Manhattan Project
Q4: Of his published works, what topics were they covering?
A4: 60 in pure mathematics, 20 in physics, and 60 in applied mathematics
Title: Arnold_Schwarzenegger
Topic: Media and drama

He was in the news in 2014 for buying a rare Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse. He was spotted and filmed in 2015 Summer in his car, silver painted with bright aluminium forged wheels. Schwarzenegger's Bugatti has its interior adorned in dark brown leather.

Q1: What color is the exterior of Schwarzenegger's Bugatti Veyron Grand Sport Vitesse?
A1: silver
Title: Guinea-Bissau
Topic: Geography and places

He was killed on 2 March 2009, possibly by soldiers in retaliation for the assassination of General Batista Tagme Na Waie, the head of the joint chiefs of staff, killed in an explosion. Vieira's death did not trigger widespread violence, but there were signs of turmoil in the country, according to the advocacy group Swisspeace. Malam Bacai Sanhá was elected after a transition. In the 2009 election to replace the assassinated Vieira, Sanhá was the presidential candidate of the PAIGC while Kumba Ialá was the presidential candidate of the PRS.

Q1: What was NOT triggered by Vieira's death?
A1: widespread violence
Q2: When was Vieira killed?
A2: 2 March 2009
Q3: In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PAIGC?
A3: Sanhá
Q4: In the 2009 election, who was the candidate of the PRS?
A4: Kumba Ialá
Q5: Who won the 2009 election?
A5: Sanhá
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

He was known affectionately as "Good Pope John". His cause for canonization was opened under Pope Paul VI during the final session of the Second Vatican Council on 18 November 1965, along with the cause of Pope Pius XII. On 3 September 2000, John XXIII was declared "Blessed" alongside Pope Pius IX by Pope John Paul II, the penultimate step on the road to sainthood after a miracle of curing an ill woman was discovered. He was the first pope since Pope Pius X to receive this honour. Following his beatification, his body was moved from its original burial place in the grottoes below the Vatican to the altar of St. Jerome and displayed for the veneration of the faithful.[citation needed]

Q1: What was he also known as?
A1: Good Pope John
Q2: Who opened his cause for canonization?
A2: Pope Paul VI
Q3: When was Pope John XXIII considered "blessed?"
A3: 3 September 2000
Q4: Who declared him "blessed?"
A4: Pope John Paul II
Q5: Who was the last pope before John XXIII to receive the title?
A5: Pope Pius X
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

He was moved to the Bureau of Topography of the Committee of Public Safety and sought unsuccessfully to be transferred to Constantinople in order to offer his services to the Sultan. During this period, he wrote the romantic novella Clisson et Eugénie, about a soldier and his lover, in a clear parallel to Bonaparte's own relationship with Désirée. On 15 September, Bonaparte was removed from the list of generals in regular service for his refusal to serve in the Vendée campaign. He faced a difficult financial situation and reduced career prospects.

Q1: After his move to the Committee of Public Safety, where did Napoleon unsuccessfully attempt to be transferred to?
A1: Constantinople
Q2: Inspired by his own relationship, what romantic tale did Napoleon author?
A2: Clisson et Eugénie
Q3: On what date was Napoleon taken off the list of generals in service due to his refusal to serve in Vendée?
A3: 15 September
Q4: In which department of the Committee of Public Safety did Napoleon serve?
A4: the Bureau of Topography
Q5: Napoleon's novella "Clisson et Eugénie" was based on his relationship with whom?
A5: Désirée
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

He worked in street construction for a short amount of time, but was unable to cope with the heavy labour. Continuing to attend university as a guest student, he started an apprenticeship as cabinetmaker, which he completed as a journeyman. He was dreaming at that time of starting a daycare facility for children, for which he assumed the ability to make furniture might be useful. After that he did voluntary service in one of psychoanalyst Alfred Adler's clinics for children. In 1922, he did his matura by way of a second chance education and finally joined the University as an ordinary student. He completed his examination as an elementary teacher in 1924 and started working at an after-school care club for socially endangered children. In 1925, he went to the newly founded Pädagogisches Institut and continued studying philosophy and psychology. Around that time he started courting Josefine Anna Henninger, who later became his wife.

Q1: What trade did Popper enter as an apprentice?
A1: cabinetmaker
Q2: What type of facility did Popper plan to open that would benefit from his furniture-making skills?
A2: daycare
Q3: In which psychoanalysts clinics did Popper volunteer?
A3: Alfred Adler
Q4: When did Popper become an ordinary student rather than a guest at university?
A4: 1922
Q5: For which vocation did Popper complete his university examinations?
A5: elementary teacher
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

Heading east, 27th Street passes through Chelsea Park between Tenth and Ninth Avenues, with the Fashion Institute of Technology (FIT) on the corner of Eighth. On Madison Avenue between 26th and 27th streets, on the site of the old Madison Square Garden, is the New York Life Building, built in 1928 and designed by Cass Gilbert, with a square tower topped by a striking gilded pyramid. Twenty-Seventh Street passes one block north of Madison Square Park and culminates at Bellevue Hospital Center on First Avenue.

Q1: The Fashion Institute of Technology is on the corner of 27th Street and what Avenue?
A1: Eighth
Q2: What year was the New York Life Building built?
A2: 1928
Q3: Who designed the New York Life Building?
A3: Cass Gilbert
Q4: Which hospital is located at the end if 27th Street?
A4: Bellevue
Q5: Which park does 27th Street pass through between Ninth and Tenth Avenues?
A5: Chelsea