LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Midway through the 19th century, the focus of geology shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed. The first comprehensive theories of mountain building were proposed during this period, as were the first modern theories of earthquakes and volcanoes. Louis Agassiz and others established the reality of continent-covering ice ages, and "fluvialists" like Andrew Crombie Ramsay argued that river valleys were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them. After the discovery of radioactivity, radiometric dating methods were developed, starting in the 20th century. Alfred Wegener's theory of "continental drift" was widely dismissed when he proposed it in the 1910s, but new data gathered in the 1950s and 1960s led to the theory of plate tectonics, which provided a plausible mechanism for it. Plate tectonics also provided a unified explanation for a wide range of seemingly unrelated geological phenomena. Since 1970 it has served as the unifying principle in geology.

Q1: What changed about the way geology was implemented during the 19th century?
A1: shifted from description and classification to attempts to understand how the surface of the Earth had changed
Q2: The idea of an ice-age that completely covered a continent was suggested by whom?
A2: Louis Agassiz
Q3: What group did Andrew Crombie Ramsay belong to?
A3: fluvialists
Q4: What did Ramsay believe about river valleys?
A4: were formed, over millions of years by the rivers that flow through them
Q5: What happened after radioactivity was realized?
A5: radiometric dating methods were developed
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

Mieszko I of Poland (c. 935 – 25 May 992) established an elite knightly retinue from within his army, which he depended upon for success in uniting the Lekhitic tribes and preserving the unity of his state. Documented proof exists of Mieszko I's successors utilizing such a retinue, as well.

Q1: WHo established an elite knightly retinue?
A1: Mieszko I of Poland
Q2: How long was Miesko I of Poland reigning?
A2: (c. 935 – 25 May 992)
Q3: Along with uniting the lekhitic tribes what did poland succeed in?
A3: preserving the unity of his state
Q4: Who also established this retinue as well?
A4: Mieszko I's successors
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Migrating birds can lose their way and appear outside their normal ranges. This can be due to flying past their destinations as in the "spring overshoot" in which birds returning to their breeding areas overshoot and end up further north than intended. Certain areas, because of their location, have become famous as watchpoints for such birds. Examples are the Point Pelee National Park in Canada, and Spurn in England.

Q1: How can migrating birds lose their way?
A1: flying past their destinations
Q2: What is flying past their destinations called?
A2: spring overshoot
Q3: What location has become famous for bird overshooters?
A3: Point Pelee National Park
Q4: What other location is famous for spring overshoot?
A4: Spurn in England
Q5: Where do bird overshooters end up?
A5: further north than intended
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Migration in birds is highly labile and is believed to have developed independently in many avian lineages. While it is agreed that the behavioral and physiological adaptations necessary for migration are under genetic control, some authors have argued that no genetic change is necessary for migratory behavior to develop in a sedentary species because the genetic framework for migratory behavior exists in nearly all avian lineages. This explains the rapid appearance of migratory behavior after the most recent glacial maximum.

Q1: How was migration developed?
A1: independently
Q2: What is highly labile?
A2: Migration in birds
Q3: What causes the behavioral adaptations necessary for migration?
A3: genetic control
Q4: What exists in nearly all avian lineages?
A4: genetic framework for migratory behavior
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Migration is the regular seasonal movement, often north and south, undertaken by many species of birds. Bird movements include those made in response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather. Sometimes, journeys are not termed "true migration" because they are irregular (nomadism, invasions, irruptions) or in only one direction (dispersal, movement of young away from natal area). Migration is marked by its annual seasonality. Non-migratory birds are said to be resident or sedentary. Approximately 1800 of the world's 10,000 bird species are long-distance migrants.

Q1: Why do birds migrate?
A1: response to changes in food availability, habitat, or weather
Q2: What are non=migratory birds called?
A2: resident or sedentary
Q3: How many species of birds are there?
A3: 10,000
Q4: How many bird species are long distance migrants?
A4: 1800
Q5: Which direction do birds primarily migrate?
A5: north and south
Title: Thuringia
Topic: History

Migration plays an important role in Thuringia. The internal migration shows a strong tendency from rural areas towards the big cities. From 2008 to 2012, there was a net migration from Thuringia to Erfurt of +6,700 persons (33 per 1000 inhabitants), +1,800 to Gera (19 per 1000), +1,400 to Jena (14 per 1000), +1,400 to Eisenach (33 per 1000) and +1,300 to Weimar (21 per 1000). Between Thuringia and the other German states, the balance is negative: In 2012, Thuringia lost 6,500 persons to other federal states, the most to Bavaria, Saxony, Hesse and Berlin. Only with Saxony-Anhalt and Brandenburg the balance is positive. The international migration is fluctuating heavily. In 2009, the balance was +700, in 2010 +1,800, in 2011 +2,700 and in 2012 +4,800. The most important countries of origin of the Thuringia migrants from 2008 to 2012 were Poland (+1,700), Romania (+1,200), Afghanistan (+1,100) and Serbia/Montenegro/Kosovo (+1,000), whereas the balance was negative with Switzerland (−2,800) and Austria (−900).

Q1: How many people migrated to Thuringia between 2008 and 2012?
A1: +6,700 persons
Q2: How many migrants went to Eisenach? 
A2: +1,400
Q3: Is the migration to Thuringia steady or fluctuating? 
A3: The international migration is fluctuating heavily
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Migratory birds may use two electromagnetic tools to find their destinations: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience. A young bird on its first migration flies in the correct direction according to the Earth's magnetic field, but does not know how far the journey will be. It does this through a radical pair mechanism whereby chemical reactions in special photo pigments sensitive to long wavelengths are affected by the field. Although this only works during daylight hours, it does not use the position of the sun in any way. At this stage the bird is in the position of a boy scout with a compass but no map, until it grows accustomed to the journey and can put its other capabilities to use. With experience it learns various landmarks and this "mapping" is done by magnetites in the trigeminal system, which tell the bird how strong the field is. Because birds migrate between northern and southern regions, the magnetic field strengths at different latitudes let it interpret the radical pair mechanism more accurately and let it know when it has reached its destination. There is a neural connection between the eye and "Cluster N", the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation, suggesting that birds may actually be able to see the magnetic field of the earth.

Q1: What two electromagnetic tools do birds use to find their destinations?
A1: one that is entirely innate and another that relies on experience
Q2: Where is the neural connection that is active during migration located?
A2: between the eye and "Cluster N"
Q3: What is Cluster N?
A3: the part of the forebrain that is active during migrational orientation
Q4: What is a young bird on it's first migration compared to?
A4: a boy scout with a compass but no map
Q5: How does the magnetic field help the bird at different latitudes?
A5: let it know when it has reached its destination
Title: Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union
Topic: History

Mikhail Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on March 11, 1985, three hours after predecessor Konstantin Chernenko's death at age 73. Gorbachev, aged 54, was the youngest member of the Politburo. His initial goal as general secretary was to revive the Soviet economy, and he realized that doing so would require reforming underlying political and social structures. The reforms began with personnel changes of senior Brezhnev-era officials who would impede political and economic change. On April 23, 1985, Gorbachev brought two protégés, Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov, into the Politburo as full members. He kept the "power" ministries happy by promoting KGB Head Viktor Chebrikov from candidate to full member and appointing Minister of Defence Marshal Sergei Sokolov as a Politburo candidate.

Q1: Who was General Secretary prior to Mikhail Gorbachev?
A1: Konstantin Chernenko
Q2: What caused Chernenko to leave office?
A2: death
Q3: How old was Gorbachev when he was elected as the General Secretary? 
A3: 54
Q4: What entity was responsible for Gorbachev's being elected?
A4: Politburo
Q5: To which two people did Gorbachev grant membership into the Politburo for his own reasons? 
A5: Yegor Ligachev and Nikolai Ryzhkov,
Title: Great_power
Topic: History

Milena Sterio, American expert of international law, includes the former axis powers (Germany, Italy and Japan) and India among the great powers along with the permanent members of the UNSC. She considers Germany, Japan and Italy to be great powers due to their G7 membership and because of their influence in regional and international organizations.  Various authors describe Italy as an equal major power, while others view Italy as an "intermittent great power" or as "the least of the great powers".

Q1: Milena Sterio includes what former axis powers among great powers?
A1: Germany, Italy and Japan
Q2: What emerging power is considered a great power?
A2: India
Q3: What G7 members are among great powers?
A3: Germany, Japan and Italy
Q4: Which country is debated as intermittent and/or least of great powers?
A4: Italy
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

Militarization was another aspect of the Soviet state. Large parts of the country, especially the coastal areas, were closed to all but the Soviet military. Most of the sea shore and all sea islands (including Saaremaa and Hiiumaa) were declared "border zones". People not actually residing there were restricted from travelling to them without a permit. A notable closed military installation was the city of Paldiski, which was entirely closed to all public access. The city had a support base for the Soviet Baltic Fleet's submarines and several large military bases, including a nuclear submarine training centre complete with a full-scale model of a nuclear submarine with working nuclear reactors. The Paldiski reactors building passed into Estonian control in 1994 after the last Russian troops left the country. Immigration was another effect of Soviet occupation. Hundreds of thousands of migrants were relocated to Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union to assist industrialisation and militarisation, contributing an increase of about half a million people within 45 years.

Q1: What political strategy only allowed major parts of of Estonia to be accessed by the Soviets?
A1: Militarization
Q2: What sea islands were declared border zones?
A2: Saaremaa and Hiiumaa
Q3: What document did people need to travel to the border zones?
A3: permit
Q4: What was established in the city of Paldiski?
A4: A notable closed military installation
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Military settlement within the empire and at its borders broadened the context of Romanitas. Rome's citizen-soldiers set up altars to multiple deities, including their traditional gods, the Imperial genius and local deities – sometimes with the usefully open-ended dedication to the diis deabusque omnibus (all the gods and goddesses). They also brought Roman "domestic" deities and cult practices with them. By the same token, the later granting of citizenship to provincials and their conscription into the legions brought their new cults into the Roman military.

Q1: To whom did Roman soldiers set up alters?
A1: traditional gods
Q2: What style of religious dedication was not uncommon for outer border areas?
A2: diis deabusque omnibus
Q3: What type of household gods and cults did soldiers bring to outer areas?
A3: domestic
Q4: What act  of provincials brought new gods into the military?
A4: conscription
Q5: What did Rome typically award to provincial members of the empire?
A5: citizenship
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Mill's empiricism thus held that knowledge of any kind is not from direct experience but an inductive inference from direct experience. The problems other philosophers have had with Mill's position center around the following issues: Firstly, Mill's formulation encounters difficulty when it describes what direct experience is by differentiating only between actual and possible sensations. This misses some key discussion concerning conditions under which such "groups of permanent possibilities of sensation" might exist in the first place. Berkeley put God in that gap; the phenomenalists, including Mill, essentially left the question unanswered. In the end, lacking an acknowledgement of an aspect of "reality" that goes beyond mere "possibilities of sensation", such a position leads to a version of subjective idealism. Questions of how floor beams continue to support a floor while unobserved, how trees continue to grow while unobserved and untouched by human hands, etc., remain unanswered, and perhaps unanswerable in these terms. Secondly, Mill's formulation leaves open the unsettling possibility that the "gap-filling entities are purely possibilities and not actualities at all". Thirdly, Mill's position, by calling mathematics merely another species of inductive inference, misapprehends mathematics. It fails to fully consider the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures which do not, either today or at the time Mill wrote, fall under the agreed meaning of induction.

Q1: What did Mill say knowledge comes from?
A1: an inductive inference from direct experience
Q2: What sensations did Mill differentiate?
A2: actual and possible sensations
Q3: When Mill left a question of sensations unanswered, how did Berkeley answer it?
A3: God
Q4: What did Mill say might not actually exist?
A4: gap-filling entities
Q5: What did Mill misrepresent about math?
A5: the structure and method of mathematical science, the products of which are arrived at through an internally consistent deductive set of procedures
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Milton Winternitz led the Yale Medical School as its dean from 1920 to 1935. Dedicated to the new scientific medicine established in Germany, he was equally fervent about "social medicine" and the study of humans in their culture and environment. He established the "Yale System" of teaching, with few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system; he also created the graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department, and built numerous new buildings. Progress toward his plans for an Institute of Human Relations, envisioned as a refuge where social scientists would collaborate with biological scientists in a holistic study of humankind, unfortunately lasted for only a few years before the opposition of resentful anti-Semitic colleagues drove him to resign.

Q1: Who was dean of Yale Medical School from 1920 to 1935?
A1: Milton Winternitz
Q2: What was the driving force behind Milton Winternitz's research?
A2: social medicine
Q3: What teaching style did Milton Winternitz develop?
A3: Yale System
Q4: What is the Yale System?
A4: few lectures and fewer exams, and strengthened the full-time faculty system
Q5: What programs did Milton Winternitz create?
A5: graduate-level Yale School of Nursing and the Psychiatry Department
Title: Predation
Topic: Natural sciences

Mimicry is a related phenomenon where an organism has a similar appearance to another species. One such example is the drone fly, which looks a lot like a bee, yet is completely harmless as it cannot sting at all. Another example of batesian mimicry is the io moth, (Automeris io), which has markings on its wings that resemble an owl's eyes. When an insectivorous predator disturbs the moth, it reveals its hind wings, temporarily startling the predator and giving it time to escape. Predators may also use mimicry to lure their prey, however. Female fireflies of the genus Photuris, for example, copy the light signals of other species, thereby attracting male fireflies, which are then captured and eaten (see aggressive mimicry).

Q1: What is the phenomenon where an organism looks like another species called?
A1: Mimicry
Q2: Which organism looks like a bee but cannot sting?
A2: drone fly
Q3: A moth that has markings resembling an owl's eyes is an example of what phenomenon?
A3: Mimicry
Q4: What is a defensive way that mimicry can be used?
A4: startling the predator and giving it time to escape
Q5: How can predators use mimicry?
A5: to lure their prey
Title: Hokkien
Topic: Language and literature

Min Nan texts, all Hokkien, can be dated back to the 16th century. One example is the Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china, presumably written after 1587 by the Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines. Another is a Ming Dynasty script of a play called Romance of the Lychee Mirror (1566), supposedly the earliest Southern Min colloquial text. Xiamen University has also developed an alphabet based on Pinyin, which has been published in a dictionary called the Minnan Fangyan-Putonghua Cidian (閩南方言普通話詞典) and a language teaching book, which is used to teach the language to foreigners and Chinese non-speakers. It is known as Pumindian.

Q1: When can Min Nan texts be dated back to?
A1: the 16th century
Q2: What is an example of the Min Nan Texts?
A2: Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china
Q3: What year was Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china written?
A3: after 1587
Q4: Who wrote Doctrina Christiana en letra y lengua china?
A4: Spanish Dominicans in the Philippines
Q5: What is the name of the earliest Southern Min colloquial text?
A5: Romance of the Lychee Mirror
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

Ming government officials fought against each other, against fiscal collapse, and against a series of peasant rebellions. They were unable to capitalise on the Manchu succession dispute and installation of a minor as emperor. In April 1644, the capital at Beijing was sacked by a coalition of rebel forces led by Li Zicheng, a former minor Ming official, who established a short-lived Shun dynasty. The last Ming ruler, the Chongzhen Emperor, committed suicide when the city fell, marking the official end of the dynasty.

Q1: Who raided Beijing in 1644?
A1: Li Zicheng
Q2: Who was Li Zicheng?
A2: former minor Ming official
Q3: What dynasty did Zicheng form?
A3: Shun
Q4: Who was the last Ming leader?
A4: Chongzhen Emperor
Q5: How did the Chongzhen Emporer die?
A5: suicide
Title: Thuringia
Topic: History

Mining was important in Thuringia since the later Middle Ages, especially within the mining towns of the Thuringian Forest such as Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau. Following the industrial revolution, the old iron, copper and silver mines declined because the competition from imported metal was too strong. On the other hand, the late 19th century brought new types of mines to Thuringia: the lignite surface mining around Meuselwitz near Altenburg in the east of the Land started in the 1870s, and two potash mining districts were established around 1900. These are the Südharzrevier in the north of the state, between Bischofferode in the west and Roßleben in the east with Sondershausen at its centre, and the Werrarevier on the Hessian border around Vacha and Bad Salzungen in the west. Together, they accounted for a significant part of the world's potash production in the mid-20th century. After the reunification, the Südharzrevier was abandoned, whereas K+S took over the mines in the Werrarevier. Between 1950 and 1990, uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal. The centre was Ronneburg near Gera in eastern Thuringia and the operating company Wismut was under direct Soviet control.

Q1: Which towns in Thuringia are known as mining towns?
A1: Schmalkalden, Suhl and Ilmenau
Q2: Why did the iron, copper and silver mines fail?
A2: because the competition from imported metal was too strong
Q3: What is one of the two mining districts were established around 1900?
A3: the Südharzrevier
Q4: What did the Thuringian miners do to help the Soviet Union?
A4: uranium mining was also important to cover the Soviet Union's need for this metal
Q5: When did the Südharzrevier close?
A5: After the reunification
Title: Crimean_War
Topic: History

Minor naval skirmishes also occurred in the Far East, where at Petropavlovsk on the Kamchatka Peninsula a British and French Allied squadron including HMS Pique under Rear Admiral David Price and a French force under Counter-Admiral Auguste Febvrier Despointes besieged a smaller Russian force under Rear Admiral Yevfimy Putyatin. In September 1854, an Allied landing force was beaten back with heavy casualties, and the Allies withdrew. The Russians escaped under the cover of snow in early 1855 after Allied reinforcements arrived in the region.

Q1: Who was in charge of the HMS Pique?
A1: Rear Admiral David Price
Q2: The Russians escaped under the cover of what in 1855?
A2: snow
Q3: Petropavlovsk is located on what peninsula?
A3: the Kamchatka Peninsula
Title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives
Topic: History

Minority leaders may engage in numerous activities to publicize their party's priorities and to criticize the opposition's. For instance, to keep their party colleagues "on message," they insure that partisan colleagues are sent packets of suggested press releases or "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings" in Members' districts around the country to publicize the party's agenda or a specific priority, such as health care or education; they sponsor party "retreats" to discuss issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages that might be raised during the one-minute, morning hour, or special order period in the House; they conduct surveys of party colleagues to discern their policy preferences; they establish websites that highlight and distribute party images and issues to users; and they organize task forces or issue teams to formulate party programs and to develop strategies for communicating these programs to the public.

Q1: How do minority leaders keep party priorities publicized?
A1: "talking points" for constituent meetings in their districts; they help to organize "town meetings"
Q2: What items are discussed at party retreats?
A2: issues and assess the party's public image; they create "theme teams" to craft party messages
Q3: How do minority leaders gauge party preferences?
A3: conduct surveys of party colleagues
Title: Houston
Topic: History

Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are located in downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL's first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans). Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena's hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game. BBVA Compass Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Dynamo, the Texas Southern University football team, and Dash, located in East Downtown. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965. Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and Reliant Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston Houston Cougars football team plays. Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII and Super Bowl XXXVIII, as well as hosting the 2005 World Series and 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two. Super Bowl LI is currently slated to be hosted in NRG Stadium in 2017.

Q1: What is the name of the stadium that hosts the Houston Astros?
A1: Minute Maid Park
Q2: Where in Houston is the Toyota Center located?
A2: downtown
Q3: What is the home of the Texans named?
A3: NRG Stadium
Q4: Which stadium is located in east downtown in Houston?
A4: BBVA Compass Stadium
Q5: What was the first indoor stadium in the world?
A5: NRG Astrodome
Title: Samoa
Topic: Geography and places

Mission work in Samoa had begun in late 1830 by John Williams, of the London Missionary Society arriving in Sapapali'i from The Cook Islands and Tahiti. According to Barbara A. West, "The Samoans were also known to engage in ‘headhunting', a ritual of war in which a warrior took the head of his slain opponent to give to his leader, thus proving his bravery." However, Robert Louis Stevenson, who lived in Samoa from 1889 until his death in 1894, wrote in A Footnote to History: Eight Years of Trouble in Samoa, "… the Samoans are gentle people."

Q1: Who was the first missionary in Samoa?
A1: John Williams
Q2: What English organization did John Williams belong to?
A2: London Missionary Society
Q3: What warring ritual did Barbara A. West say the indigenous Samoans engaged in?
A3: headhunting
Q4: What notable author who lived in Samoa called the Samoans "gentle people"?
A4: Robert Louis Stevenson
Q5: In what year did Robert Louis Stevenson die?
A5: 1894
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Missionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Europe. Besides the settlements in Ireland, England, and Normandy, further settlement took place in what became Russia and in Iceland. Swedish traders and raiders ranged down the rivers of the Russian steppe, and even attempted to seize Constantinople in 860 and 907. Christian Spain, initially driven into a small section of the peninsula in the north, expanded slowly south during the 9th and 10th centuries, establishing the kingdoms of Asturias and León.

Q1: Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries?
A1: Denmark
Q2: Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople?
A2: 907
Q3: Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period?
A3: Asturias
Q4: Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period?
A4: Russia
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Mithridates the Great was the ruler of Pontus, a large kingdom in Asia Minor (modern Turkey), from 120 to 63 BC. Mithridates antagonised Rome by seeking to expand his kingdom, and Rome for her part seemed equally eager for war and the spoils and prestige that it might bring. In 88 BC, Mithridates ordered the killing of a majority of the 80,000 Romans living in his kingdom. The massacre was the official reason given for the commencement of hostilities in the First Mithridatic War. The Roman general Lucius Cornelius Sulla forced Mithridates out of Greece proper, but then had to return to Italy to answer the internal threat posed by his rival, Gaius Marius. A peace was made between Rome and Pontus, but this proved only a temporary lull.

Q1: Who was the leader of Pontus in the year 85 BC?
A1: Mithridates the Great
Q2: With which individual did Lucius Cornelius have a rivalry?
A2: Gaius Marius
Q3: How did the ruler of Pontus anger Rome?
A3: by seeking to expand his kingdom
Q4: When was the last year of Mithridates the Great's reign?
A4: 63 BC
Q5: How many Romans lived in Mithridate the Great's kingdom in 88 BC?
A5: 80,000
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

Miṣr (IPA: [mi̠sˤr] or Egyptian Arabic pronunciation: [mesˤɾ]; Arabic: مِصر‎) is the Classical Quranic Arabic and modern official name of Egypt, while Maṣr (IPA: [mɑsˤɾ]; Egyptian Arabic: مَصر) is the local pronunciation in Egyptian Arabic. The name is of Semitic origin, directly cognate with other Semitic words for Egypt such as the Hebrew מִצְרַיִם (Mitzráyim). The oldest attestation of this name for Egypt is the Akkadian 𒆳 𒈪 𒄑 𒊒 KURmi-iṣ-ru miṣru, related to miṣru/miṣirru/miṣaru, meaning "border" or "frontier".

Q1: What is the Egyptian Arabic name for Egypt?
A1: Miṣr
Q2: What is the Hebrew name for Egypt?
A2: מִצְרַיִם
Q3: What is the oldest term for Egypt?
A3: Akkadian
Q4: What does the oldest know term for Egypt translate to?
A4: "border" or "frontier".
Title: Predation
Topic: Natural sciences

Mobbing can be an interspecies activity: it is common for birds to respond to mobbing calls of a different species. Many birds will show up at the sight of mobbing and watch and call, but not participate. It should also be noted that some species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack. Crows are frequently mobbed by smaller songbirds as they prey on eggs and young from these birds' nests, but these same crows will cooperate with smaller birds to drive away hawks or larger mammalian predators. On occasion, birds will mob animals that pose no threat.

Q1: Is a species always the antagonist in a mobbing attack, or can it play roles on both sides?
A1: species can be on both ends of a mobbing attack
Q2: Which bird is an example of being both a predator and defender in mobbing attacks?
A2: Crows
Q3: Will birds often mob animals that do not pose a threat?
A3: On occasion
Q4: Crows will cooperate with small birds to drive away what predators?
A4: hawks or larger mammalian predators
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

Mobile telecommunications and radio broadcasting help to fight corruption, especially in developing regions like Africa, where other forms of communications are limited. In India, the anti-corruption bureau fights against corruption, and a new ombudsman bill called Jan Lokpal Bill is being prepared.

Q1: Radio broadcasts and what help deter corruption?
A1: Mobile telecommunications
Q2: What country is used as an example for limited forms of communications?
A2: Africa
Q3: Who works against corruption in India?
A3: the anti-corruption bureau
Q4: What new ombudsman bill is being readied in India?
A4: Jan Lokpal Bill
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Model plants such as Arabidopsis thaliana are used for studying the molecular biology of plant cells and the chloroplast. Ideally, these organisms have small genomes that are well known or completely sequenced, small stature and short generation times. Corn has been used to study mechanisms of photosynthesis and phloem loading of sugar in C4 plants. The single celled green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, while not an embryophyte itself, contains a green-pigmented chloroplast related to that of land plants, making it useful for study. A red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae has also been used to study some basic chloroplast functions. Spinach, peas, soybeans and a moss Physcomitrella patens are commonly used to study plant cell biology.

Q1: Why is a plant chosen for the study of its cells?
A1: small genomes
Q2: What mechanism can be studied through chromosome sequencing?
A2: photosynthesis
Q3: What simple plant has been used to study plant cells?
A3: red alga
Q4: What common plant has been used for studying the production of sugar?
A4: Corn
Title: Neptune
Topic: Natural sciences

Models suggest that Neptune's troposphere is banded by clouds of varying compositions depending on altitude. The upper-level clouds lie at pressures below one bar, where the temperature is suitable for methane to condense. For pressures between one and five bars (100 and 500 kPa), clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide are thought to form. Above a pressure of five bars, the clouds may consist of ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water. Deeper clouds of water ice should be found at pressures of about 50 bars (5.0 MPa), where the temperature reaches 273 K (0 °C). Underneath, clouds of ammonia and hydrogen sulfide may be found.

Q1: What is Neptune's clouds competition variants dependent on? 
A1: altitude
Q2: Which clouds on Neptune are suitable for methane to condense?  
A2: upper-level
Q3: What clouds form between one and five bars on Neptune? 
A3: ammonia and hydrogen sulfide
Q4: On Neptune, what do clouds above five bars consist of? 
A4: ammonia, ammonium sulfide, hydrogen sulfide and water
Q5: What is the temperature on Neptune's clouds that are at 50 bars? 
A5: 273 K (0 °C)
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of the original Protestant denominations. This view of Baptist origins has the most historical support and is the most widely accepted. Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be minimal. It was a time of considerable political and religious turmoil. Both individuals and churches were willing to give up their theological roots if they became convinced that a more biblical "truth" had been discovered.[page needed]

Q1: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to what movement?
A1: English Separatist movement
Q2: Adherents to this position consider the influence of Anabaptists upon early Baptists to be what?
A2: minimal
Q3: Modern Baptist churches trace their history to the English Separatist movement in the century after the rise of what?
A3: original Protestant denominations
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

Modern Chinese has many homophones; thus the same spoken syllable may be represented by many characters, depending on meaning. A single character may also have a range of meanings, or sometimes quite distinct meanings; occasionally these correspond to different pronunciations. Cognates in the several varieties of Chinese are generally written with the same character. They typically have similar meanings, but often quite different pronunciations. In other languages, most significantly today in Japanese and sometimes in Korean, characters are used to represent Chinese loanwords, to represent native words independent of the Chinese pronunciation, and as purely phonetic elements based on their pronunciation in the historical variety of Chinese from which they were acquired. These foreign adaptations of Chinese pronunciation are known as Sino-Xenic pronunciations, and have been useful in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese.

Q1: What has many homophones?
A1: Modern Chinese
Q2: What may have a wide range of meanings?
A2: single character
Q3: What have been beneficial in the reconstruction of Middle Chinese?
A3: Sino-Xenic pronunciations
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

Modern DST was first proposed by the New Zealand entomologist George Hudson, whose shift-work job gave him leisure time to collect insects, and led him to value after-hours daylight. In 1895 he presented a paper to the Wellington Philosophical Society proposing a two-hour daylight-saving shift, and after considerable interest was expressed in Christchurch, he followed up in an 1898 paper. Many publications credit DST's proposal to the prominent English builder and outdoorsman William Willett, who independently conceived DST in 1905 during a pre-breakfast ride, when he observed with dismay how many Londoners slept through a large part of a summer's day. An avid golfer, he also disliked cutting short his round at dusk. His solution was to advance the clock during the summer months, a proposal he published two years later. The proposal was taken up by the Liberal Member of Parliament (MP) Robert Pearce, who introduced the first Daylight Saving Bill to the House of Commons on 12 February 1908. A select committee was set up to examine the issue, but Pearce's bill did not become law, and several other bills failed in the following years. Willett lobbied for the proposal in the UK until his death in 1915.

Q1: What particular kind of scientist was George Hudson?
A1: entomologist
Q2: What did George Hudson spend time collecting when he wasn't working?
A2: insects
Q3: What year did Hudson first present his two-hour daylight saving theory to the Wellington Philosophical Society?
A3: 1895
Q4: Some people believe it wasn't Hudson who created DST, but an Englishman by what name?
A4: William Willett
Q5: Who was the member of Parliament who brought a bill about Daylight Saving Time to the House of Commons in 1908?
A5: Robert Pearce
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

Modern Egypt is considered to be a regional and middle power, with significant cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world. Its economy is one of the largest and most diversified in the Middle East, with sectors such as tourism, agriculture, industry and services at almost equal production levels. In 2011, longtime President Hosni Mubarak stepped down amid mass protests. Later elections saw the rise of the Muslim Brotherhood, which was ousted by the army a year later amid mass protests.

Q1: What leader stepped down in 2011?
A1: President Hosni Mubarak
Q2: What party rose to power after 2011 resignation of Egypt leader?
A2: Muslim Brotherhood
Q3: What economic sectors does Egypt have?
A3: tourism, agriculture, industry and services
Q4: What influence does Egypt have?
A4: cultural, political, and military influence in North Africa, the Middle East and the Muslim world
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

Modern Estonia is a fairly ethnically heterogeneous country, but this heterogeneity is not a feature of much of the country as the non-Estonian population is concentrated in two of Estonia's counties. Thirteen of Estonia's 15 counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian, the most homogeneous being Hiiumaa, where Estonians account for 98.4% of the population. In the counties of Harju (including the capital city, Tallinn) and Ida-Viru, however, ethnic Estonians make up 60% and 20% of the population, respectively. Russians make up 25.6% of the total population but account for 36% of the population in Harju county and 70% of the population in Ida-Viru county.

Q1: What number of Estonia's counties are over 80% ethnic Estonian?
A1: Thirteen
Q2: How many counties are in Estonia?
A2: 15
Q3: Which county in Estonia is the most uniform?
A3: Hiiumaa
Q4: What percentage accounts for the total number people living in Hiiumaa that are ethnic Estonians?
A4: 98.4%
Q5: What number describes the percentage of Russian Estonians?
A5: 25.6%
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

Modern Estonian orthography is based on the Newer Orthography created by Eduard Ahrens in the second half of the 19th century based on Finnish orthography. The Older Orthography it replaced was created in the 17th century by Bengt Gottfried Forselius and Johann Hornung based on standard German orthography. Earlier writing in Estonian had by and large used an ad hoc orthography based on Latin and Middle Low German orthography. Some influences of the standard German orthography — for example, writing 'W'/'w' instead of 'V'/'v' persisted well into the 1930s.

Q1:  In what Orthagraphy does Modern Estonian orthography have its basis?
A1: Newer Orthography
Q2: Who is responsible for the creation of the Newer Orthography?
A2: Eduard Ahrens
Q3: In what century was the Newer Orthography created?
A3: 19th century
Q4: Previous to the Newer Orthography what orthography was in place?
A4: Older Orthography
Q5: From what other country's orthography did the Older Orthography get its basis?
A5: standard German orthography
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

Modern Greek Cypriot literary figures include the poet and writer Kostas Montis, poet Kyriakos Charalambides, poet Michalis Pasiardis, writer Nicos Nicolaides, Stylianos Atteshlis, Altheides, Loukis Akritas and Demetris Th. Gotsis. Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides are folk poets who wrote poems mainly in the Cypriot-Greek dialect. Among leading Turkish Cypriot writers are Osman Türkay, twice nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature, Özker Yaşın, Neriman Cahit, Urkiye Mine Balman, Mehmet Yaşın and Neşe Yaşın.

Q1: Who are some famous Cypriot folk poets?
A1: Dimitris Lipertis, Vasilis Michaelides and Pavlos Liasides
Q2: Which Turkish Cypriot writer has been nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice?
A2: Osman Türkay
Q3: Who is a modern Greek Cypriot writer and poet?
A3: Kostas Montis
Title: Greeks
Topic: History

Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek). Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel. In addition to Greek, many Greeks in Greece and the Diaspora are bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.

Q1: What is different about the use of Greek language today as opposed to the language of the past ?
A1: Modern Greek has, in addition to Standard Modern Greek or Dimotiki, a wide variety of dialects
Q2: What are some of the local jargon used in Greek speaking?
A2: wide variety of dialects of varying levels of mutual intelligibility, including Cypriot, Pontic, Cappadocian, Griko and Tsakonian
Q3: What language still survives as the representation of the one of the three religious orders of historic Greece ?
A3: Tsakonian (the only surviving representative of ancient Doric Greek)
Q4: What ancient language is still in use today in some of the minuscule societies in the Grecian world ?
A4: Yevanic is the language of the Romaniotes, and survives in small communities in Greece, New York and Israel.
Q5: Do the people of Greek ascendancy only speak Grecian languages ?
A5: bilingual in other languages or dialects such as English, Arvanitika/Albanian, Aromanian, Macedonian Slavic, Russian and Turkish.
Title: Dialect
Topic: Language and literature

Modern Nationalism, as developed especially since the French Revolution, has made the distinction between "language" and "dialect" an issue of great political importance. A group speaking a separate "language" is often seen as having a greater claim to being a separate "people", and thus to be more deserving of its own independent state, while a group speaking a "dialect" tends to be seen not as "a people" in its own right, but as a sub-group, part of a bigger people, which must content itself with regional autonomy.[citation needed] The distinction between language and dialect is thus inevitably made at least as much on a political basis as on a linguistic one, and can lead to great political controversy, or even armed conflict.

Q1: What event is regarded as a landmark in the development of modern nationalism?
A1: the French Revolution
Q2: If possessing a language leads to a group being regarded as a separate people, what political arrangement presumably follows?
A2: its own independent state
Q3: What political arrangement is associated with being a dialect-speaking sub-group?
A3: regional autonomy
Q4: Along with political controversy, what can the distinction between a language and dialect sometimes lead to?
A4: armed conflict
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Modern Orthodoxy comprises a fairly broad spectrum of movements, each drawing on several distinct though related philosophies, which in some combination have provided the basis for all variations of the movement today. In general, Modern Orthodoxy holds that Jewish law is normative and binding, while simultaneously attaching a positive value to interaction with contemporary society. In this view, Orthodox Judaism can "be enriched" by its intersection with modernity; further, "modern society creates opportunities to be productive citizens engaged in the Divine work of transforming the world to benefit humanity". At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of halakha, any area of "powerful inconsistency and conflict" between Torah and modern culture must be avoided. Modern Orthodoxy, additionally, assigns a central role to the "People of Israel".

Q1: What is the name  of the movement that comporises a fairly broad spectrum of distinct but related philosophies? 
A1: Modern Orthodoxy
Q2: What integrity is orthodox judaism trying to preserve?
A2: halakha
Q3: Who does Modern Orthodoxy assign a central role to?
A3: People of Israel
Q4: What kind of work does orthodox Judiasm seek to transform the world with?
A4: Divine work
Q5: What is modern cutlture in conflict with?
A5: Torah
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Modern Orthodoxy, as a stream of Orthodox Judaism represented by institutions such as the U.S. National Council for Young Israel, is pro-Zionist and thus places a high national, as well as religious, significance on the State of Israel, and its affiliates are, typically, Zionist in orientation. It also practices involvement with non-Orthodox Jews that extends beyond "outreach (Kiruv)" to continued institutional relations and cooperation; see further under Torah Umadda. Other "core beliefs" are a recognition of the value and importance of secular studies, a commitment to equality of education for both men and women, and a full acceptance of the importance of being able to financially support oneself and one's family.

Q1: What does the US national council for Young Isreal represent?
A1: Modern Orthodoxy
Q2: What is involvement with non-orthodox Jews known as?
A2: "outreach (Kiruv)"
Q3: What is a core beliefe that was recognized as important by orthodox Jews?
A3: secular studies
Q4: what is it important for both men and women orthodox jews to be able to do?
A4: support oneself
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

Modern Ottoman studies think that the change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe was caused by the opening of the new sea routes. It is possible to see the decline in the significance of the land routes to the East as Western Europe opened the ocean routes that bypassed the Middle East and Mediterranean as parallel to the decline of the Ottoman Empire itself. The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty, also known as the Treaty of Balta Liman that opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors, would be seen as one of the staging posts along this development.

Q1: What is believed to have caused the opening of new sea routes during the Ottoman Empire?
A1: change in relations between the Ottoman Turks and central Europe
Q2: The formation of sea routes bypassing the Middle East may have led to the decline of what?
A2: the Ottoman Empire itself
Q3: What is another name for the Treaty of Balta Liman?
A3: The Anglo-Ottoman Treaty
Q4: What did the Treaty of Balta Liman do for Ottoman markets?
A4: opened the Ottoman markets directly to English and French competitors
Q5: In what direction did land routes lose their importance?
A5: East