LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Masonic lodges created a private model for public affairs. They "reconstituted the polity and established a constitutional form of self-government, complete with constitutions and laws, elections and representatives." In other words, the micro-society set up within the lodges constituted a normative model for society as a whole. This was especially true on the Continent: when the first lodges began to appear in the 1730s, their embodiment of British values was often seen as threatening by state authorities. For example, the Parisian lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles. Furthermore, freemasons all across Europe explicitly linked themselves to the Enlightenment as a whole. In French lodges, for example, the line "As the means to be enlightened I search for the enlightened" was a part of their initiation rites. British lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initiate the unenlightened". This did not necessarily link lodges to the irreligious, but neither did this exclude them from the occasional heresy. In fact, many lodges praised the Grand Architect, the masonic terminology for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe.

Q1: In what decade did the first Masonic lodges appear on the Continent?
A1: 1730s
Q2: The Freemason embodiment of what country's values was seen as threatening by Continental authorities?
A2: British
Q3: Which lodge that met in the mid 1720s was composed of English Jacobite exiles?
A3: the Parisian lodge
Q4: Which lodges assigned themselves the duty to "initate the unenlightened"?
A4: British
Q5: What is the masonic term for the deistic divine being who created a scientifically ordered universe?
A5: Grand Architect
Title: Freemasonry
Topic: Unknown

Masonic lodges existed in Iraq as early as 1917, when the first lodge under the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE) was opened. Nine lodges under UGLE existed by the 1950s, and a Scottish lodge was formed in 1923. However, the position changed following the revolution, and all lodges were forced to close in 1965. This position was later reinforced under Saddam Hussein; the death penalty was "prescribed" for those who "promote or acclaim Zionist principles, including freemasonry, or who associate [themselves] with Zionist organisations."

Q1: How long have Masonic Lodges been in Iraq?
A1: as early as 1917
Q2: How many lodges existed in Iraq in the 1950s?
A2: Nine
Q3: What is the greatest penalty that a Freemason in Iraq could face now?
A3: the death penalty
Q4: When were all the lodges in Iraq forced to close?
A4: 1965
Q5: When was a Scottish Lodge formed in Iraq?
A5: 1923
Q6: When did Masonic lodges start in Iraq?
A6: 1917
Q7: Who opened the first Lodge in Iraq?
A7: the United Grand Lodge of England
Q8: When was the first Scottish Masonic lodge opened in Iraq?
A8: 1923
Q9: All Masonic lodges were forced to close in Iraq in what year?
A9: 1965
Q10: Who introduced the death penalty to Freemasons living in Iraq?
A10: Saddam Hussein
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Mass incarceration in the United States disproportionately impacts African American and Latino communities. Michelle Alexander, author of The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness (2010), argues that mass incarceration is best understood as not only a system of overcrowded prisons. Mass incarceration is also, "the larger web of laws, rules, policies, and customs that control those labeled criminals both in and out of prison." She defines it further as "a system that locks people not only behind actual bars in actual prisons, but also behind virtual bars and virtual walls", illustrating the second-class citizenship that is imposed on a disproportionate number of people of color, specifically African-Americans. She compares mass incarceration to Jim Crow laws, stating that both work as racial caste systems.

Q1: What impacts African American and Latino communities in disproportionate numbers?
A1: Mass incarceration
Q2: Who is the author of "The New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness"?
A2: Michelle Alexander
Q3: What type of bars and walls beyond physical ones does Alexander think people are behind?
A3: virtual
Q4: Who does Alexander think a second class citizenship is imposed upon disproportionately?
A4: people of color
Q5: What type of caste system is mass incarceration compared to?
A5: racial
Title: Glass
Topic: Art and architecture

Mass production of glass window panes in the early twentieth century caused a similar effect. In glass factories, molten glass was poured onto a large cooling table and allowed to spread. The resulting glass is thicker at the location of the pour, located at the center of the large sheet. These sheets were cut into smaller window panes with nonuniform thickness, typically with the location of the pour centered in one of the panes (known as "bull's-eyes") for decorative effect. Modern glass intended for windows is produced as float glass and is very uniform in thickness.

Q1: What were the areas at the center of an old sheet of glass called?
A1: bull's-eyes
Q2: In early 20th century glass production, the glass was thickest at what part of the sheet?
A2: the center
Q3: Currently window glass is made as what?
A3: float glass
Q4: How was the bull's-eye used?
A4: for decorative effect
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Mass transit in New York City, most of which runs 24 hours a day, accounts for one in every three users of mass transit in the United States, and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders live in the New York City Metropolitan Area.

Q1: What fraction of United States rail riders call the New York City Metropolitan Area home?
A1: two-thirds
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Mastic asphalt is a type of asphalt which differs from dense graded asphalt (asphalt concrete) in that it has a higher asphalt/bitumen (binder) content, usually around 7–10% of the whole aggregate mix, as opposed to rolled asphalt concrete, which has only around 5% added asphalt/bitumen. This thermoplastic substance is widely used in the building industry for waterproofing flat roofs and tanking underground. Mastic asphalt is heated to a temperature of 210 °C (410 °F) and is spread in layers to form an impervious barrier about 20 millimeters (0.79 inches) thick.

Q1: What is the percentage of binder in mastic asphalt?
A1: 7–10%
Q2: How much additional binder does rolled asphalt concrete have?
A2: 5%
Q3: How is asphalt used in the construction industry?
A3: waterproofing
Q4: Prior to spreading, how hot is mastic asphalt heated?
A4: 210 °C
Q5: What is the usual thickness of the mastic spread on roofs?
A5: 20 millimeters
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

Matches are held within a wrestling ring, an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner. A cloth apron hangs over the edges of the ring. Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring, suspended with turnbuckles which are connected to the posts. For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring. Guardrails or a similar barrier enclose this area from the audience. Wrestlers are generally expected to stay within the confines of the ring, though matches sometimes end up outside the ring, and even in the audience, to add excitement.

Q1: What material is within a wrestling ring?
A1: an elevated square canvas mat with posts on each corner.
Q2: What is used for protection in the ring?
A2: For safety, the ropes are padded at the turnbuckles and cushioned mats surround the floor outside the ring.
Q3: What is around the ring?
A3: Three horizontal ropes or cables surround the ring,
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

Material transport elevators generally consist of an inclined plane on which a conveyor belt runs. The conveyor often includes partitions to ensure that the material moves forward. These elevators are often used in industrial and agricultural applications. When such mechanisms (or spiral screws or pneumatic transport) are used to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos, the entire structure is called a grain elevator. Belt elevators are often used in docks for loading loose materials such as coal, iron ore and grain into the holds of bulk carriers

Q1: An inclined plane with a conveyor belt describes what type of elevator?
A1: Material transport elevators
Q2: What do the partians do on the conveyor?
A2: ensure that the material moves forward
Q3: What industries are these types of elevators generally used in?
A3: industrial and agricultural applications
Q4: What are spiral screws used for?
A4: to elevate grain for storage in large vertical silos
Q5: What type of elevators are used for loading loose materials into bulk carriers?
A5: Belt elevators
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Materialism belongs to the class of monist ontology. As such, it is different from ontological theories based on dualism or pluralism. For singular explanations of the phenomenal reality, materialism would be in contrast to idealism, neutral monism, and spiritualism.

Q1: What class does materialism belong to?
A1: monist ontology
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Materialism developed, possibly independently, in several geographically separated regions of Eurasia during what Karl Jaspers termed the Axial Age (approximately 800 to 200 BC).

Q1: Who coined the Axial Age?
A1: Karl Jaspers
Q2: In what part of the world did materialism develop during the Axial Age?
A2: Eurasia
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Materialism is a form of philosophical monism which holds that matter is the fundamental substance in nature, and that all phenomena, including mental phenomena and consciousness, are identical with material interactions.

Q1: What is materialism?
A1: a form of philosophical monism
Q2: In nature, this is an essential substance?
A2: matter
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Materialism is closely related to physicalism, the view that all that exists is ultimately physical. Philosophical physicalism has evolved from materialism with the discoveries of the physical sciences to incorporate more sophisticated notions of physicality than mere ordinary matter, such as: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter, and so on. Thus the term "physicalism" is preferred over "materialism" by some, while others use the terms as if they are synonymous.

Q1: What are some examples of philosophical physicalism?
A1: spacetime, physical energies and forces, dark matter
Q2: Some people consider physicalism to be synonymous with what?
A2: Materialism
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Materialism is often associated with reductionism, according to which the objects or phenomena individuated at one level of description, if they are genuine, must be explicable in terms of the objects or phenomena at some other level of description — typically, at a more reduced level. Non-reductive materialism explicitly rejects this notion, however, taking the material constitution of all particulars to be consistent with the existence of real objects, properties, or phenomena not explicable in the terms canonically used for the basic material constituents. Jerry Fodor influentially argues this view, according to which empirical laws and explanations in "special sciences" like psychology or geology are invisible from the perspective of basic physics. A lot of vigorous literature has grown up around the relation between these views.

Q1: Materialism is linked to what?
A1: reductionism
Title: Immunology
Topic: Natural sciences

Maternal factors also play a role in the body’s immune response. At birth, most of the immunoglobulin present is maternal IgG. Because IgM, IgD, IgE and IgA don’t cross the placenta, they are almost undetectable at birth. Some IgA is provided by breast milk. These passively-acquired antibodies can protect the newborn for up to 18 months, but their response is usually short-lived and of low affinity. These antibodies can also produce a negative response. If a child is exposed to the antibody for a particular antigen before being exposed to the antigen itself then the child will produce a dampened response. Passively acquired maternal antibodies can suppress the antibody response to active immunization. Similarly the response of T-cells to vaccination differs in children compared to adults, and vaccines that induce Th1 responses in adults do not readily elicit these same responses in neonates. Between six to nine months after birth, a child’s immune system begins to respond more strongly to glycoproteins, but there is usually no marked improvement in their response to polysaccharides until they are at least one year old. This can be the reason for distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules.

Q1: In babies, what is another element impacting immune response?
A1: Maternal factors
Q2: Newborns can acquire antibodies from the mother through what means?
A2: breast milk
Q3: For how long do these antibodies have an effect on infants?
A3: up to 18 months
Q4: At 6 to 9 months, an infant's immune system begins to respond to which proteins?
A4: glycoproteins
Q5: The difference in responses in infant immune systems is the cause of what?
A5: distinct time frames found in vaccination schedules
Title: Group_(mathematics)
Topic: Mathematics

Mathematicians often strive for a complete classification (or list) of a mathematical notion. In the context of finite groups, this aim leads to difficult mathematics. According to Lagrange's theorem, finite groups of order p, a prime number, are necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp. Groups of order p2 can also be shown to be abelian, a statement which does not generalize to order p3, as the non-abelian group D4 of order 8 = 23 above shows. Computer algebra systems can be used to list small groups, but there is no classification of all finite groups.q[›] An intermediate step is the classification of finite simple groups.r[›] A nontrivial group is called simple if its only normal subgroups are the trivial group and the group itself.s[›] The Jordan–Hölder theorem exhibits finite simple groups as the building blocks for all finite groups. Listing all finite simple groups was a major achievement in contemporary group theory. 1998 Fields Medal winner Richard Borcherds succeeded in proving the monstrous moonshine conjectures, a surprising and deep relation between the largest finite simple sporadic group—the "monster group"—and certain modular functions, a piece of classical complex analysis, and string theory, a theory supposed to unify the description of many physical phenomena.

Q1: What level of finality do mathematicians try to reach with math concepts? 
A1: complete classification
Q2: What area of classification leads to troublesome arithmetic?
A2: finite groups
Q3: What defines finite groups of order p, a prime number, as being necessarily cyclic (abelian) groups Zp?
A3: Lagrange's theorem
Q4: What can be used to classify small groups even though there is no classification of all finite groups?
A4: Computer algebra systems
Q5: What describes finite simple groups as the building pieces for all finite groups?
A5: The Jordan–Hölder theorem
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Mathematics: From the earliest the Chinese used a positional decimal system on counting boards in order to calculate. To express 10, a single rod is placed in the second box from the right. The spoken language uses a similar system to English: e.g. four thousand two hundred seven. No symbol was used for zero. By the 1st century BC, negative numbers and decimal fractions were in use and The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art included methods for extracting higher order roots by Horner's method and solving linear equations and by Pythagoras' theorem. Cubic equations were solved in the Tang dynasty and solutions of equations of order higher than 3 appeared in print in 1245 AD by Ch'in Chiu-shao. Pascal's triangle for binomial coefficients was described around 1100 by Jia Xian.

Q1: What method did early Chinese mathematicians use to calculate?
A1: a positional decimal system on counting boards
Q2: One rod in the second box from the right is what number?
A2: 10
Q3: When did negative numbers and decimals start being used?
A3: 1st century BC
Q4: What text includes Horner's method?
A4: The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art
Q5: What advanced mathematical methods did the Tang dynasty have?
A5: Cubic equations
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Mathematics: The earliest traces of mathematical knowledge in the Indian subcontinent appear with the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 4th millennium BC ~ c. 3rd millennium BC). The people of this civilization made bricks whose dimensions were in the proportion 4:2:1, considered favorable for the stability of a brick structure. They also tried to standardize measurement of length to a high degree of accuracy. They designed a ruler—the Mohenjo-daro ruler—whose unit of length (approximately 1.32 inches or 3.4 centimetres) was divided into ten equal parts. Bricks manufactured in ancient Mohenjo-daro often had dimensions that were integral multiples of this unit of length.

Q1: The Indus Valley Civilization was the first to have traces of what?
A1: mathematical knowledge
Q2: What proportional size were the bricks that the civilization used?
A2: 4:2:1
Q3: What characteristic determined the proportions of the bricks?
A3: stability
Q4: What was the name of the ruler that they created?
A4: the Mohenjo-daro ruler
Q5: How long were the units in inches of the Mohenjo-daro ruler?
A5: 1.32 inches
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

Matisse was also one of the first 20th-century artists to make color the central element of the painting, chosen to evoke emotions. "A certain blue penetrates your soul", he wrote. "A certain red affects your blood pressure." He also was familiar with the way that complementary colors, such as red and green, strengthened each other when they were placed next to each other. He wrote, "My choice of colors is not based on scientific theory; it is based on observation, upon feelings, upon the real nature of each experience ... I just try to find a color which corresponds to my feelings."

Q1: During which century did Matisse work?
A1: 20th
Q2: Placing red and green next to each other causes their color to be what?
A2: strengthened
Q3: What color did Matisse say could penetate ones soul?
A3: blue
Q4: What color did Matisse claim would impact ones blood pressure?
A4: red
Q5: What part in the paintings of Matisse did color play?
A5: the central element
Title: Group_(mathematics)
Topic: Mathematics

Matrix groups consist of matrices together with matrix multiplication. The general linear group GL(n, R) consists of all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries. Its subgroups are referred to as matrix groups or linear groups. The dihedral group example mentioned above can be viewed as a (very small) matrix group. Another important matrix group is the special orthogonal group SO(n). It describes all possible rotations in n dimensions. Via Euler angles, rotation matrices are used in computer graphics.

Q1: What groups combine matrices with matrix multiplication?
A1: Matrix groups
Q2: What includes all invertible n-by-n matrices with real entries?
A2: The general linear group
Q3: What term describes subgroups of the general linear group?
A3: matrix groups
Q4: What matrix group portrays all possible rotations in n dimensions?
A4: the special orthogonal group SO(n)
Q5: Rotation matrix groups are utilized in computer graphics with what concept?
A5: Euler angles
Title: Universal_Studios
Topic: Media and drama

Matsushita provided a cash infusion, but the clash of cultures was too great to overcome, and five years later Matsushita sold an 80% stake in MCA/Universal to Canadian drinks distributor Seagram for $5.7 billion. Seagram sold off its stake in DuPont to fund this expansion into the entertainment industry. Hoping to build an entertainment empire around Universal, Seagram bought PolyGram in 1999 and other entertainment properties, but the fluctuating profits characteristic of Hollywood were no substitute for the reliable income stream gained from the previously held shares in DuPont.

Q1: What percentage of MCA/Universal did Matsushita Electric sell five years after acquiring the company?
A1: 80%
Q2: To whom did Matsushita sell a large share of MCA/Universal?
A2: Seagram
Q3: How much did Seagram pay to buy a large share of MCA/Universal?
A3: $5.7 billion
Q4: What did Seagram sell to finance their purchase of a share in MCA/Universal?
A4: its stake in DuPont
Q5: What company did Seagram buy in 1999?
A5: PolyGram
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

Matte solder is usually fused to provide a better bonding surface or stripped to bare copper. Treatments, such as benzimidazolethiol, prevent surface oxidation of bare copper. The places to which components will be mounted are typically plated, because untreated bare copper oxidizes quickly, and therefore is not readily solderable. Traditionally, any exposed copper was coated with solder by hot air solder levelling (HASL). The HASL finish prevents oxidation from the underlying copper, thereby guaranteeing a solderable surface. This solder was a tin-lead alloy, however new solder compounds are now used to achieve compliance with the RoHS directive in the EU and US, which restricts the use of lead. One of these lead-free compounds is SN100CL, made up of 99.3% tin, 0.7% copper, 0.05% nickel, and a nominal of 60ppm germanium.

Q1: What happens to untreated copper that makes it difficult to solder?
A1: oxidizes
Q2: What chemical treatment will prevent bare copper from oxidizing?
A2: benzimidazolethiol
Q3: What's the process by which bare copper gets covered in solder?
A3: hot air solder levelling
Q4: What does hot air solder leveling ensure the coated copper will have?
A4: solderable surface
Q5: What alloy can no longer be used in HASL because of restrictions on the use of one of its metal components?
A5: tin-lead
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Matter may be converted to energy (and vice versa), but mass cannot ever be destroyed; rather, mass/energy equivalence remains a constant for both the matter and the energy, during any process when they are converted into each other. However, since  is extremely large relative to ordinary human scales, the conversion of ordinary amount of matter (for example, 1 kg) to other forms of energy (such as heat, light, and other radiation) can liberate tremendous amounts of energy (~ joules = 21 megatons of TNT), as can be seen in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Conversely, the mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule, which is why a loss of energy (loss of mass) from most systems is difficult to measure by weight, unless the energy loss is very large. Examples of energy transformation into matter (i.e., kinetic energy into particles with rest mass) are found in high-energy nuclear physics.

Q1: Matter may be converted to what?
A1: energy
Q2: Energy may be converted to what?
A2: Matter
Q3: Why is a loss of energy difficult to measure by weight?
A3: mass equivalent of a unit of energy is minuscule
Q4: Where are examples of energy transformation into matter found?
A4: high-energy nuclear physics
Title: Culture
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Matthew Arnold contrasted "culture" with anarchy; other Europeans, following philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, contrasted "culture" with "the state of nature". According to Hobbes and Rousseau, the Native Americans who were being conquered by Europeans from the 16th centuries on were living in a state of nature; this opposition was expressed through the contrast between "civilized" and "uncivilized." According to this way of thinking, one could classify some countries and nations as more civilized than others and some people as more cultured than others. This contrast led to Herbert Spencer's theory of Social Darwinism and Lewis Henry Morgan's theory of cultural evolution. Just as some critics have argued that the distinction between high and low cultures is really an expression of the conflict between European elites and non-elites, some critics have argued that the distinction between civilized and uncivilized people is really an expression of the conflict between European colonial powers and their colonial subjects.

Q1: How did Matthew Arnold view "Culture" with?
A1: anarchy
Q2: Which two philosophers contrasted "culture" with the state of nature?
A2: Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q3: Which race was considered living "in a state of nature" by the Europeans?
A3: Native Americans
Q4: "In a state of nature" was divided into two groups, what where they?
A4: "civilized" and "uncivilized."
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

Maximilian was deeply dissatisfied with General Bazaine's decision to abandon the state capital of Chihuahua and immediately ordered Agustín B. Billaut to recapture the city. On December 11, 1865, Billaut with a force of 500 men took control of the city. By January 31, 1866 Billaut was ordered to leave Chihuahua, but he left behind 500 men to maintain control. At the zenith of their power, the imperialist forces controlled all but four states in Mexico; the only states to maintain strong opposition to the French were: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California.

Q1: Who was deeply dissatisfied with Bazaine's decision to abandon Chihuahua?
A1: Maximilian
Q2: How many men did Billaut have when he recaptured the city?
A2: 500
Q3: At its zenith, the imperialist forces controlled all but how many states in Mexico?
A3: four
Q4: Which four states opposed the French?
A4: Guerrero, Chihuahua, Sonora, and Baja California
Q5: In which year did Billaut capture Chihuahua?
A5: 1865
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

Maximum power transfer requires matching the impedance of an antenna system (as seen looking into the transmission line) to the complex conjugate of the impedance of the receiver or transmitter. In the case of a transmitter, however, the desired matching impedance might not correspond to the dynamic output impedance of the transmitter as analyzed as a source impedance but rather the design value (typically 50 ohms) required for efficient and safe operation of the transmitting circuitry. The intended impedance is normally resistive but a transmitter (and some receivers) may have additional adjustments to cancel a certain amount of reactance in order to "tweak" the match. When a transmission line is used in between the antenna and the transmitter (or receiver) one generally would like an antenna system whose impedance is resistive and near the characteristic impedance of that transmission line in order to minimize the standing wave ratio (SWR) and the increase in transmission line losses it entails, in addition to supplying a good match at the transmitter or receiver itself.

Q1: What requires matching of the empedance to an antenna system?
A1: Maximum power transfer
Q2: What is the desired design value for transmmiting circuitry?
A2: 50 ohms
Q3: Why would a transmitter have additional adjustments?
A3: "tweak" the match
Q4: What is SWR?
A4: standing wave ratio
Title: Textual_criticism
Topic: Language and literature

McKerrow had articulated textual criticism's goal in terms of "our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state". Bowers asserted that editions founded on Greg's method would "represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions." Bowers stated similarly that the editor's task is to "approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy." Tanselle notes that, "Textual criticism ... has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author".

Q1: What are editors trying to ultimately accomplish?
A1: our ideal of an author's fair copy of his work in its final state
Q2: If an editor can't achieve an exact reproduction of an authors work, what should be the goal?
A2: approximate as nearly as possible an inferential authorial fair copy
Q3: What did Bower's say about Greg's method?
A3: represent the nearest approximation in every respect of the author's final intentions
Q4: What did Tanselle say about textual criticism?
A4: has generally been undertaken with a view to reconstructing, as accurately as possible, the text finally intended by the author
Title: Glacier
Topic: Natural sciences

Mean speeds vary greatly, but is typically around 1 m (3 ft) per day. There may be no motion in stagnant areas; for example, in parts of Alaska, trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits. In other cases, glaciers can move as fast as 20–30 m (70–100 ft) per day, such as in Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbræ (Greenlandic: Sermeq Kujalleq). Velocity increases with increasing slope, increasing thickness, increasing snowfall, increasing longitudinal confinement, increasing basal temperature, increasing meltwater production and reduced bed hardness.

Q1: In what area of Greenland can glaciers move 20-30m per day?
A1: Jakobshavn Isbræ
Q2: Increasing slope, thickness, snowfall, longitudinal confinement, basal temperature, and meltwater production result in increased what?
A2: Velocity
Q3: How far do glaciers generally move per day?
A3: 1 m (3 ft)
Q4: Why are some glaciers stagnant in Alaska?
A4: trees can establish themselves on surface sediment deposits
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK) in response to Karamanlis's conservative New Democracy party, with the two political formations alternating in government ever since. Greece rejoined NATO in 1980. Greece became the tenth member of the European Communities (subsequently subsumed by the European Union) on 1 January 1981, ushering in a period of sustained growth. Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast-growing service sector raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. Traditionally strained relations with neighbouring Turkey improved when successive earthquakes hit both nations in 1999, leading to the lifting of the Greek veto against Turkey's bid for EU membership.

Q1: Who founded the PASOK?
A1: Andreas Papandreou
Q2: What does PASOK stand for?
A2: Panhellenic Socialist Movement
Q3: In what year did Greece rejoin NATO?
A3: 1980
Q4: Greece joined what later became the European Union when?
A4: 1 January 1981
Q5: Earthquakes hit both Greece and Turkey in which year?
A5: 1999
Title: Israel
Topic: History

Meanwhile, Begin's government provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank, increasing friction with the Palestinians in that area. The Basic Law: Jerusalem, the Capital of Israel, passed in 1980, was believed by some to reaffirm Israel's 1967 annexation of Jerusalem by government decree, and reignited international controversy over the status of the city. No Israeli legislation has defined the territory of Israel and no act specifically included East Jerusalem therein. The position of the majority of UN member states is reflected in numerous resolutions declaring that actions taken by Israel to settle its citizens in the West Bank, and impose its laws and administration on East Jerusalem, are illegal and have no validity. In 1981 Israel annexed the Golan Heights, although annexation was not recognized internationally.

Q1: When did Israel annex the Golan Heights?
A1: 1981
Q2: What is the Capital of Israel?
A2: Jerusalem
Q3: Who provided incentives for Israelis to settle in the occupied West Bank?
A3: Begin's government
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell
Topic: Engineering and technology

Meanwhile, Elisha Gray was also experimenting with acoustic telegraphy and thought of a way to transmit speech using a water transmitter. On February 14, 1876, Gray filed a caveat with the U.S. Patent Office for a telephone design that used a water transmitter. That same morning, Bell's lawyer filed Bell's application with the patent office. There is considerable debate about who arrived first and Gray later challenged the primacy of Bell's patent. Bell was in Boston on February 14 and did not arrive in Washington until February 26.

Q1: What material did Elisha Gray use to convey sound?
A1: water
Q2: On what date did Gray and Bell both put in for a patent?
A2: February 14, 1876
Q3: On what day did Bell get to Washington?
A3: February 26
Q4: What office in Washington did Bell and Gray visit?
A4: U.S. Patent Office
Q5: What sort of machine did Bell and Gray both try to patent at the same time?
A5: telephone
Title: John_Kerry
Topic: Warfare

Meanwhile, Kerry's staff began their own investigations and, on October 14, issued a report that exposed illegal activities on the part of Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North, who had set up a private network involving the National Security Council and the CIA to deliver military equipment to right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras). In effect, North and certain members of the President's administration were accused by Kerry's report of illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress. Kerry's staff investigation, based on a year-long inquiry and interviews with fifty unnamed sources, is said to raise "serious questions about whether the United States has abided by the law in its handling of the contras over the past three years."

Q1: Who did Kerry's staff expose in an Oct 14 report?
A1: Lieutenant Colonel Oliver North
Q2: Who had Oliver North been supporting?
A2: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels (Contras)
Q3: Who were the Contras?
A3: right-wing Nicaraguan rebels
Q4: What government agencies worked with North?
A4: the National Security Council and the CIA
Q5: What crime had Kerry said North committed?
A5: illegally funding and supplying armed militants without the authorization of Congress
Title: Neptune
Topic: Natural sciences

Meanwhile, Le Verrier by letter urged Berlin Observatory astronomer Johann Gottfried Galle to search with the observatory's refractor. Heinrich d'Arrest, a student at the observatory, suggested to Galle that they could compare a recently drawn chart of the sky in the region of Le Verrier's predicted location with the current sky to seek the displacement characteristic of a planet, as opposed to a fixed star. On the evening of 23 September 1846, the day Galle received the letter, he discovered Neptune within 1° of where Le Verrier had predicted it to be, about 12° from Adams' prediction. Challis later realised that he had observed the planet twice, on 4 and 12 August, but did not recognise it as a planet because he lacked an up-to-date star map and was distracted by his concurrent work on comet observations.

Q1: Who was Henrich d'Arrest? 
A1: student at the observatory
Q2: What did Henrich d'Arrest seek to find? 
A2: the displacement characteristic of a planet
Q3: When did Galle discover Neptune? 
A3: 23 September 1846
Q4: How many degrees off was Adams' prediction?
A4: 12°
Q5: What was Challis looking for when he saw Neptune the first two times? 
A5: comet observations
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

Meanwhile, U.S. garrisons in Japan continually dispatched soldiers and matériel to reinforce defenders in the Pusan Perimeter. Tank battalions deployed to Korea directly from the U.S. mainland from the port of San Francisco to the port of Pusan, the largest Korean port. By late August, the Pusan Perimeter had some 500 medium tanks battle-ready. In early September 1950, ROK Army and UN Command forces outnumbered the KPA 180,000 to 100,000 soldiers. The UN forces, once prepared, counterattacked and broke out of the Pusan Perimeter.

Q1: Where in the United States was the tank battalion located?
A1: San Francisco
Q2: What is Korea's largest port?
A2: the port of Pusan
Q3: Besides the United States, what other country sent military personnel to Korea?
A3: Japan
Q4: Who had the fewest number of troops in Korea?
A4: KPA
Q5: Who was able to counterattack and move the KPA away from the Pusan Perimeter?
A5: UN forces
Title: Avicenna
Topic: Language and literature

Meanwhile, he had written to Abu Ya'far, the prefect of the dynamic city of Isfahan, offering his services. The new emir of Hamadan, hearing of this correspondence and discovering where Ibn Sina was hiding, incarcerated him in a fortress. War meanwhile continued between the rulers of Isfahan and Hamadãn; in 1024 the former captured Hamadan and its towns, expelling the Tajik mercenaries. When the storm had passed, Ibn Sina returned with the emir to Hamadan, and carried on his literary labors. Later, however, accompanied by his brother, a favorite pupil, and two slaves, Ibn Sina escaped from the city in the dress of a Sufi ascetic. After a perilous journey, they reached Isfahan, receiving an honorable welcome from the prince.

Q1: Where did Ibn Sina hope to flee to after Hamadan?
A1: city of Isfahan
Q2: What two cities were at war during this time?
A2: Isfahan and Hamadãn
Q3: What year did Isfahan gain victory over Hamadan?
A3: 1024
Q4: What mercenaries were expelled after Isfahan's victory over Hamadan?
A4: the Tajik
Q5: How did Ibn Sina escape from Hamadan?
A5: in the dress of a Sufi ascetic
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Meanwhile, in January 1968, Nasser commenced the War of Attrition to reclaim territory captured by Israel, ordering attacks against Israeli positions east of the then-blockaded Suez Canal. In March, Nasser offered Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement arms and funds after their performance against Israeli forces in the Battle of Karameh that month. He also advised Arafat to think of peace with Israel and the establishment of a Palestinian state comprising the West Bank and the Gaza Strip. Nasser effectively ceded his leadership of the "Palestine issue" to Arafat.

Q1: What was the endeavor to reclaim territory from Israel called?
A1: War of Attrition
Q2: In what year did the War of Attrition begin?
A2: 1968
Q3: Who led the Fatah movement?
A3: Yasser Arafat
Q4: In what battle had the Fatah movement distinguished itself?
A4: Battle of Karameh
Q5: To whom did Nasser give authority to deal with Israel?
A5: Arafat
Title: Translation
Topic: Language and literature

Meanwhile, in Renaissance Italy, a new period in the history of translation had opened in Florence with the arrival, at the court of Cosimo de' Medici, of the Byzantine scholar Georgius Gemistus Pletho shortly before the fall of Constantinople to the Turks (1453). A Latin translation of Plato's works was undertaken by Marsilio Ficino. This and Erasmus' Latin edition of the New Testament led to a new attitude to translation. For the first time, readers demanded rigor of rendering, as philosophical and religious beliefs depended on the exact words of Plato, Aristotle and Jesus.

Q1: Whose court did Pletho arrive in and begin a new period of translation in Renaissance Italy?
A1: Cosimo de' Medici
Q2: What title did Georgius Gemistus Pletho carry?
A2: Byzantine scholar
Q3: When did Constantinople fall to the Turks?
A3: 1453
Q4: Who undertook translating Plato's works to Latin?
A4: Marsilio Ficino
Q5: What did religious beliefs depend upon when it came to Plato, Aristotle and Jesus?
A5: the exact words
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

Meanwhile, on 10 October 1950, the 89th Tank Battalion was attached to the 1st Cavalry Division, increasing the armor available for the Northern Offensive. On 15 October, after moderate KPA resistance, the 7th Cavalry Regiment and Charlie Company, 70th Tank Battalion captured Namchonjam city. On 17 October, they flanked rightwards, away from the principal road (to Pyongyang), to capture Hwangju. Two days later, the 1st Cavalry Division captured Pyongyang, the North's capital city, on 19 October 1950. Kim Il Sung and his government temporarily moved its capital to Sinuiju – although as UNC forces approached, the government again moved – this time to Kanggye.

Q1: Who did not capture the city of Namchonjam?
A1: KPA
Q2: What was the capital city in the North?
A2: Pyongyang
Q3: Where did Kim Il-Sung temporarily move the capital?
A3: Sinuiju
Q4: What caused the North Koreans to move their capital for the second time?
A4: UNC forces approached
Q5: When was Pyongyang captured?
A5: October 1950
Title: Universal_Studios
Topic: Media and drama

Meanwhile, producer Joe Pasternak, who had been successfully producing light musicals with young sopranos for Universal's German subsidiary, repeated his formula in America. Teenage singer Deanna Durbin starred in Pasternak's first American film, Three Smart Girls (1936). The film was a box-office hit and reputedly restored the studio's solvency. The success of the film led Universal to offer her a contract, which for the first five years of her career produced her most successful pictures.

Q1: Who produced the film Three Smart Girls?
A1: Joe Pasternak
Q2: Who starred in the film Three Smart Girls?
A2: Deanna Durbin
Q3: In what year was Three Smart Girls made?
A3: 1936
Q4: Prior to his work in America, where was Joe Pasternak employed?
A4: Universal's German subsidiary
Q5: What type of films did Joe Pasternak produce in Germany?
A5: light musicals
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Meanwhile, the Chinese Ming dynasty fell to the rebellion of Li Zicheng (1606–1645) in 1644, yet his short-lived Shun dynasty was crushed by the Manchu invasion and the Han Chinese general Wu Sangui (1612–1678). China Daily states that when the following Qing dynasty replaced the Ming dynasty, it merely "strengthened administration of Tibet." However, Kolmaš states that the Dalai Lama was very observant of what was going on in China and accepted a Manchu invitation in 1640 to send envoys to their capital at Mukden in 1642, before the Ming collapsed. Dawa Norbu, William Rockhill, and George N. Patterson write that when the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1644–1661) of the subsequent Qing dynasty invited the fifth Dalai Lama Lozang Gyatso to Beijing in 1652, Shunzhi treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet. Patterson writes that this was an effort of Shunzhi to secure an alliance with Tibet that would ultimately lead to the establishment of Manchu rule over Mongolia. In this meeting with the Qing emperor, Goldstein asserts that the Dalai Lama was not someone to be trifled with due to his alliance with Mongol tribes, some of which were declared enemies of the Qing. Van Praag states that Tibet and the Dalai Lama's power was recognized by the "Manchu Emperor, the Mongolian Khans and Princes, and the rulers of Ladakh, Nepal, India, Bhutan, and Sikkim."

Q1: Who did the the Chinese Ming dynasty fall to?
A1: the rebellion of Li Zicheng
Q2: According to Kolmaš who accepted an invite from a Manchu to send envoys to the capital at Mukden?
A2: the Dalai Lama
Q3: Who was said to have treated the Dalai Lama as an independent sovereign of Tibet?
A3: Shunzhi
Title: Architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Meanwhile, the Industrial Revolution laid open the door for mass production and consumption. Aesthetics became a criterion for the middle class as ornamented products, once within the province of expensive craftsmanship, became cheaper under machine production.

Q1: What started with the Industrial Revolution?
A1: mass production and consumption
Q2: What became cheap enough for the middle class to buy?
A2: ornamented products
Q3: As products came within their financial reach what concept began to interest the middle class?
A3: Aesthetics
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

Meanwhile, the Soviet Union was having its own problems with Soyuz development. Engineers reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday."[citation needed] On April 24, 1967, the single pilot of Soyuz 1, Vladimir Komarov, became the first in-flight spaceflight fatality. The mission was planned to be a three-day test, to include the first Soviet docking with an unpiloted Soyuz 2, but the mission was plagued with problems. Early on, Komarov's craft lacked sufficient electrical power because only one of two solar panels had deployed. Then the automatic attitude control system began malfunctioning and eventually failed completely, resulting in the craft spinning wildly. Komarov was able to stop the spin with the manual system, which was only partially effective. The flight controllers aborted his mission after only one day. During the emergency re-entry, a fault in the landing parachute system caused the primary chute to fail, and the reserve chute became tangled with the drogue chute; Komarov was killed on impact. Fixing the spacecraft faults caused an eighteen-month delay before piloted Soyuz flights could resume.

Q1: Who was the person credited with the first in-flight space death?
A1: Vladimir Komarov
Q2: When did Vladimir Komarov die on impact from his spacecraft crash?
A2: April 24, 1967
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Meanwhile, the Tumed Mongols began moving into the Kokonor region (modern Qinghai), raiding the Ming Chinese frontier and even as far as the suburbs of Beijing under Altan Khan (1507–1582). Klieger writes that Altan Khan's presence in the west effectively reduced Ming influence and contact with Tibet. After Altan Khan made peace with the Ming dynasty in 1571, he invited the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso (1543–1588)—to meet him in Amdo (modern Qinghai) in 1578, where he accidentally bestowed him and his two predecessors with the title of Dalai Lama—"Ocean Teacher". The full title was "Dalai Lama Vajradhara", "Vajradhara" meaning "Holder of the Thunderbolt" in Sanskrit. Victoria Huckenpahler notes that Vajradhara is considered by Buddhists to be the primordial Buddha of limitless and all-pervasive beneficial qualities, a being that "represents the ultimate aspect of enlightenment." Goldstein writes that Sönam Gyatso also enhanced Altan Khan's standing by granting him the title "king of religion, majestic purity". Rawski writes that the Dalai Lama officially recognized Altan Khan as the "Protector of the Faith".

Q1: What region did the Tumed Mongols move into?
A1: the Kokonor region
Q2: Which frontier did the Tumed Mongols raid?
A2: the Ming Chinese frontier
Q3: The presence of the Altan Khan in the west reduced whos influence? 
A3: the Ming
Q4: When did Altan Khan make peace with the Ming dynasty?
A4: 1571
Q5: Who did Altan Khan invite to meet him in Amdo?
A5: the third hierarch of the Gelug—Sönam Gyatso
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

Meanwhile, the USSR continued briefly trying to perfect their N1 rocket, finally canceling it in 1976, after two more launch failures in 1971 and 1972.

Q1: Which year did the USSR cancel the N1 rocket program after two failures that didn't launch?
A1: 1976
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

Meanwhile, the authorities in Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police in 1800. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament. In Ireland, the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.

Q1: Which law established Glasgow's police?
A1: Glasgow Police Act
Q2: When was Glasgow's police force established?
A2: 1800
Q3: Which law established Ireland's police?
A3: Irish Constabulary Act
Q4: When was Ireland's police force established?
A4: 1822
Q5: What was Ireland's police force called?
A5: Royal Irish Constabulary