LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John met the rebel leaders at Runnymede, near Windsor Castle, on 15 June 1215. Langton's efforts at mediation created a charter capturing the proposed peace agreement; it was later renamed Magna Carta, or "Great Charter". The charter went beyond simply addressing specific baronial complaints, and formed a wider proposal for political reform, albeit one focusing on the rights of free men, not serfs and unfree labour. It promised the protection of church rights, protection from illegal imprisonment, access to swift justice, new taxation only with baronial consent and limitations on scutage and other feudal payments. A council of twenty-five barons would be created to monitor and ensure John's future adherence to the charter, whilst the rebel army would stand down and London would be surrendered to the king.

Q1: When did John meet the rebel leaders at Runnymede?
A1: 15 June 1215
Q2: A council of how many barons was created to monitor John's future adherence to the charter?
A2: twenty-five
Q3: The peace agreement was renamed what?
A3: Magna Carta
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John remained Lord of Ireland throughout his reign. He drew on the country for resources to fight his war with Philip on the continent. Conflict continued in Ireland between the Anglo-Norman settlers and the indigenous Irish chieftains, with John manipulating both groups to expand his wealth and power in the country. During Richard's rule, John had successfully increased the size of his lands in Ireland, and he continued this policy as king. In 1210 the king crossed into Ireland with a large army to crush a rebellion by the Anglo-Norman lords; he reasserted his control of the country and used a new charter to order compliance with English laws and customs in Ireland. John stopped short of trying to actively enforce this charter on the native Irish kingdoms, but historian David Carpenter suspects that he might have done so, had the baronial conflict in England not intervened. Simmering tensions remained with the native Irish leaders even after John left for England.

Q1: John remained what throughout his reign?
A1: Lord of Ireland
Q2: When did the king cross into Ireland with a large army?
A2: 1210
Q3: During Richard's rule, what did John successfully do?
A3: increased the size of his lands in Ireland
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John spent much of 1205 securing England against a potential French invasion. As an emergency measure, John recreated a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms of 1181, with each shire creating a structure to mobilise local levies. When the threat of invasion faded, John formed a large military force in England intended for Poitou, and a large fleet with soldiers under his own command intended for Normandy. To achieve this, John reformed the English feudal contribution to his campaigns, creating a more flexible system under which only one knight in ten would actually be mobilised, but would be financially supported by the other nine; knights would serve for an indefinite period. John built up a strong team of engineers for siege warfare and a substantial force of professional crossbowmen. The king was supported by a team of leading barons with military expertise, including William Longespée, William the Marshal, Roger de Lacy and, until he fell from favour, the marcher lord William de Braose.

Q1: John spent much of 1205 doing what?
A1: securing England
Q2: When did John recreate a version of Henry II's Assize of Arms?
A2: 1181
Q3: How many knights out of ten would be mobilised?
A3: one
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John treated the interdict as "the equivalent of a papal declaration of war". He responded by attempting to punish Innocent personally and to drive a wedge between those English clergy that might support him and those allying themselves firmly with the authorities in Rome. John seized the lands of those clergy unwilling to conduct services, as well as those estates linked to Innocent himself; he arrested the illicit concubines that many clerics kept during the period, only releasing them after the payment of fines; he seized the lands of members of the church who had fled England, and he promised protection for those clergy willing to remain loyal to him. In many cases, individual institutions were able to negotiate terms for managing their own properties and keeping the produce of their estates. By 1209 the situation showed no signs of resolution, and Innocent threatened to excommunicate John if he did not acquiesce to Langton's appointment. When this threat failed, Innocent excommunicated the king in November 1209. Although theoretically a significant blow to John's legitimacy, this did not appear to greatly worry the king. Two of John's close allies, Emperor Otto IV and Count Raymond VI of Toulouse, had already suffered the same punishment themselves, and the significance of excommunication had been somewhat devalued. John simply tightened his existing measures and accrued significant sums from the income of vacant sees and abbeys: one 1213 estimate, for example, suggested the church had lost an estimated 100,000 marks (equivalent to £66,666 at the time) to John. Official figures suggest that around 14% of annual income from the English church was being appropriated by John each year.

Q1: John treated the interdict as what?
A1: the equivalent of a papal declaration of war
Q2: John seized the lands of who?
A2: those clergy unwilling to conduct services
Q3: When did Innocent excommunicate the king?
A3: November 1209
Q4: How many marks did the church lose?
A4: 100,000
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

John von Neumann (/vɒn ˈnɔɪmən/; Hungarian: Neumann János Lajos, pronounced [ˈnɒjmɒn ˈjaːnoʃ ˈlɒjoʃ]; December 28, 1903 – February 8, 1957) was a Hungarian-American pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath. He made major contributions to a number of fields, including mathematics (foundations of mathematics, functional analysis, ergodic theory, geometry, topology, and numerical analysis), physics (quantum mechanics, hydrodynamics, fluid dynamics and quantum statistical mechanics), economics (game theory), computing (Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing), and statistics.

Q1: What was the birth date of John Von Neumann?
A1: December 28, 1903
Q2: When did John Von Neuman die?
A2: February 8, 1957
Q3: What were the occupations that Von Neuman held?
A3: pure and applied mathematician, physicist, inventor, computer scientist, and polymath
Q4: What were Von Neuman's contributions to the field of computing?
A4: Von Neumann architecture, linear programming, self-replicating machines, stochastic computing
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

John von Neumann also consulted for the ENIAC project. The electronics of the new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed, but this in no way degraded the ENIAC's performance, since it was still entirely I/O bound. Complicated programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks required for plugboarding the old ENIAC. Some of von Neumann's early computer programs have been preserved. The next computer that von Neumann designed was the IAS machine at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey. He arranged its financing, and the components were designed and built at the RCA Research Laboratory nearby. John von Neumann recommended that the IBM 701, nicknamed the defense computer include a magnetic drum. It was a faster version of the IAS machine and formed the basis for the commercially successful IBM 704.

Q1: What was the speed difference with new ENIAC?
A1: new ENIAC ran at one-sixth the speed
Q2: What were advantages for programming new ENIAC?
A2: programs could be developed and debugged in days rather than the weeks
Q3: After the design of IAS, who built the computer?
A3: RCA Research Laboratory
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John wanted John de Gray, the Bishop of Norwich and one of his own supporters, to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Walter, but the cathedral chapter for Canterbury Cathedral claimed the exclusive right to elect Walter's successor. They favoured Reginald, the chapter's sub-prior. To complicate matters, the bishops of the province of Canterbury also claimed the right to appoint the next archbishop. The chapter secretly elected Reginald and he travelled to Rome to be confirmed; the bishops challenged the appointment and the matter was taken before Innocent. John forced the Canterbury chapter to change their support to John de Gray, and a messenger was sent to Rome to inform the papacy of the new decision. Innocent disavowed both Reginald and John de Gray, and instead appointed his own candidate, Stephen Langton. John refused Innocent's request that he consent to Langton's appointment, but the pope consecrated Langton anyway in June 1207.

Q1: Who did John want to be appointed Archbishop of Canterbury?
A1: John de Gray
Q2: Who did Innocent disavow?
A2: Reginald and John de Gray
Q3: Who did John force to change their support to John de Gray?
A3: Canterbury chapter
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John was born to Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine on 24 December 1166. Henry had inherited significant territories along the Atlantic seaboard—Anjou, Normandy and England—and expanded his empire by conquering Brittany. Henry married the powerful Eleanor of Aquitaine, who reigned over the Duchy of Aquitaine and had a tenuous claim to Toulouse and Auvergne in southern France, in addition to being the former wife of Louis VII of France. The result was the Angevin Empire, named after Henry's paternal title as Count of Anjou and, more specifically, its seat in Angers.[nb 2] The Empire, however, was inherently fragile: although all the lands owed allegiance to Henry, the disparate parts each had their own histories, traditions and governance structures. As one moved south through Anjou and Aquitaine, the extent of Henry's power in the provinces diminished considerably, scarcely resembling the modern concept of an empire at all. Some of the traditional ties between parts of the empire such as Normandy and England were slowly dissolving over time. It was unclear what would happen to the empire on Henry's death. Although the custom of primogeniture, under which an eldest son would inherit all his father's lands, was slowly becoming more widespread across Europe, it was less popular amongst the Norman kings of England. Most believed that Henry would divide the empire, giving each son a substantial portion, and hoping that his children would continue to work together as allies after his death. To complicate matters, much of the Angevin empire was held by Henry only as a vassal of the King of France of the rival line of the House of Capet. Henry had often allied himself with the Holy Roman Emperor against France, making the feudal relationship even more challenging.

Q1: When was John born?
A1: 24 December 1166
Q2: Who did Henry marry?
A2: Eleanor of Aquitaine
Q3: Who was Henry's ally?
A3: Holy Roman Emperor
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John was deeply suspicious of the barons, particularly those with sufficient power and wealth to potentially challenge the king. Numerous barons were subjected to John's malevolentia, even including William Marshal, a famous knight and baron normally held up as a model of utter loyalty. The most infamous case, which went beyond anything considered acceptable at the time, proved to be that of William de Braose, a powerful marcher lord with lands in Ireland. De Braose was subjected to punitive demands for money, and when he refused to pay a huge sum of 40,000 marks (equivalent to £26,666 at the time),[nb 13] his wife and one of his sons were imprisoned by John, which resulted in their deaths. De Braose died in exile in 1211, and his grandsons remained in prison until 1218. John's suspicions and jealousies meant that he rarely enjoyed good relationships with even the leading loyalist barons.

Q1: John was deeply suspicious of who?
A1: the barons
Q2: What famous knight was subjected to John's malevolentia?
A2: William Marshal
Q3: How many marks did De Braose refuse to pay?
A3: 40,000
Q4: When did De Braose die?
A4: 1211
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John was incensed about what he perceived as an abrogation of his customary right as monarch to influence the election. He complained both about the choice of Langton as an individual, as John felt he was overly influenced by the Capetian court in Paris, and about the process as a whole. He barred Langton from entering England and seized the lands of the archbishopric and other papal possessions. Innocent set a commission in place to try to convince John to change his mind, but to no avail. Innocent then placed an interdict on England in March 1208, prohibiting clergy from conducting religious services, with the exception of baptisms for the young, and confessions and absolutions for the dying.

Q1: John felt Langton was overly influenced by what?
A1: the Capetian court in Paris
Q2: Who was barred Langton from entering England?
A2: England
Q3: when did Innocent place an interdict on England?
A3: March 1208
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's campaign started well. In November John retook Rochester Castle from rebel baron William d'Aubigny in a sophisticated assault. One chronicler had not seen "a siege so hard pressed or so strongly resisted", whilst historian Reginald Brown describes it as "one of the greatest [siege] operations in England up to that time". Having regained the south-east John split his forces, sending William Longespée to retake the north side of London and East Anglia, whilst John himself headed north via Nottingham to attack the estates of the northern barons. Both operations were successful and the majority of the remaining rebels were pinned down in London. In January 1216 John marched against Alexander II of Scotland, who had allied himself with the rebel cause. John took back Alexander's possessions in northern England in a rapid campaign and pushed up towards Edinburgh over a ten-day period.

Q1: When did John retake Rochester Castle?
A1: November
Q2: John marched against who in January 1216?
A2: Alexander II of Scotland
Q3: John sent William Longespee to retake what?
A3: north side of London and East Anglia
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's first wife, Isabel, Countess of Gloucester, was released from imprisonment in 1214; she remarried twice, and died in 1217. John's second wife, Isabella of Angoulême, left England for Angoulême soon after the king's death; she became a powerful regional leader, but largely abandoned the children she had had by John. John had five legitimate children, all by Isabella. His eldest son, Henry III, ruled as king for the majority of the 13th century. Richard became a noted European leader and ultimately the King of the Romans in the Holy Roman Empire. Joan married Alexander II of Scotland to become his queen consort. Isabella married the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II. His youngest daughter, Eleanor, married William Marshal's son, also called William, and later the famous English rebel Simon de Montfort. John had a number of illegitimate children by various mistresses, including nine sons – Richard, Oliver, John, Geoffrey, Henry, Osbert Gifford, Eudes, Bartholomew and probably Philip – and three daughters – Joan, Maud and probably Isabel. Of these, Joan became the most famous, marrying Prince Llywelyn the Great of Wales.

Q1: When was Isabel released from imprisonment?
A1: 1214
Q2: Who did Joan marry to become queen consort?
A2: Alexander II of Scotland
Q3: How many legitimate children did John have?
A3: five
Q4: Who was John's eldest son?
A4: Henry III
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's illness grew worse and by the time he reached Newark Castle he was unable to travel any farther; John died on the night of 18 October. Numerous – probably fictitious – accounts circulated soon after his death that he had been killed by poisoned ale, poisoned plums or a "surfeit of peaches". His body was escorted south by a company of mercenaries and he was buried in Worcester Cathedral in front of the altar of St Wulfstan. A new sarcophagus with an effigy was made for him in 1232, in which his remains now rest.

Q1: When did John die?
A1: 18 October
Q2: When was a new sarcophagus made for him?
A2: 1232
Q3: Where was John buried?
A3: Worcester Cathedral
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's lack of religious conviction has been noted by contemporary chroniclers and later historians, with some suspecting that John was at best impious, or even atheistic, a very serious issue at the time. Contemporary chroniclers catalogued his various anti-religious habits at length, including his failure to take communion, his blasphemous remarks, and his witty but scandalous jokes about church doctrine, including jokes about the implausibility of the Resurrection. They commented on the paucity of John's charitable donations to the church. Historian Frank McLynn argues that John's early years at Fontevrault, combined with his relatively advanced education, may have turned him against the church. Other historians have been more cautious in interpreting this material, noting that chroniclers also reported John's personal interest in the life of St Wulfstan of Worcester and his friendships with several senior clerics, most especially with Hugh of Lincoln, who was later declared a saint. Financial records show a normal royal household engaged in the usual feasts and pious observances – albeit with many records showing John's offerings to the poor to atone for routinely breaking church rules and guidance. The historian Lewis Warren has argued that the chronicler accounts were subject to considerable bias and the King was "at least conventionally devout," citing his pilgrimages and interest in religious scripture and commentaries.

Q1: Historians suspected that John was at best what?
A1: impious
Q2: Who was later declared a saint?
A2: Hugh of Lincoln
Q3: Many records showed what?
A3: John's offerings to the poor
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's personal life greatly affected his reign. Contemporary chroniclers state that John was sinfully lustful and lacking in piety. It was common for kings and nobles of the period to keep mistresses, but chroniclers complained that John's mistresses were married noblewomen, which was considered unacceptable. John had at least five children with mistresses during his first marriage to Isabelle of Gloucester, and two of those mistresses are known to have been noblewomen. John's behaviour after his second marriage to Isabella of Angoulême is less clear, however. None of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried, and there is no actual documentary proof of adultery after that point, although John certainly had female friends amongst the court throughout the period. The specific accusations made against John during the baronial revolts are now generally considered to have been invented for the purposes of justifying the revolt; nonetheless, most of John's contemporaries seem to have held a poor opinion of his sexual behaviour.[nb 14]

Q1: Many of John's mistresses were what?
A1: married noblewomen
Q2: How many children did John have with mistresses during his first marriage?
A2: five
Q3: How many of John's known illegitimate children were born after he remarried?
A3: None
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's position in France was considerably strengthened by the victory at Mirebeau, but John's treatment of his new prisoners and of his ally, William de Roches, quickly undermined these gains. De Roches was a powerful Anjou noble, but John largely ignored him, causing considerable offence, whilst the king kept the rebel leaders in such bad conditions that twenty-two of them died. At this time most of the regional nobility were closely linked through kinship, and this behaviour towards their relatives was regarded as unacceptable. William de Roches and other of John's regional allies in Anjou and Brittany deserted him in favour of Philip, and Brittany rose in fresh revolt. John's financial situation was tenuous: once factors such as the comparative military costs of materiel and soldiers were taken into account, Philip enjoyed a considerable, although not overwhelming, advantage of resources over John.[nb 6]

Q1: What victory strengthened John's position?
A1: Mirebeau
Q2: Who deserted John in favor of Philip?
A2: William de Roches
Q3: How was John's financial situation?
A3: tenuous
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John's royal household was based around several groups of followers. One group was the familiares regis, John's immediate friends and knights who travelled around the country with him. They also played an important role in organising and leading military campaigns. Another section of royal followers were the curia regis; these curiales were the senior officials and agents of the king and were essential to his day-to-day rule. Being a member of these inner circles brought huge advantages, as it was easier to gain favours from the king, file lawsuits, marry a wealthy heiress or have one's debts remitted. By the time of Henry II, these posts were increasingly being filled by "new men" from outside the normal ranks of the barons. This intensified under John's rule, with many lesser nobles arriving from the continent to take up positions at court; many were mercenary leaders from Poitou. These men included soldiers who would become infamous in England for their uncivilised behaviour, including Falkes de Breauté, Geard d'Athies, Engelard de Cigongé and Philip Marc. Many barons perceived the king's household as what Ralph Turner has characterised as a "narrow clique enjoying royal favour at barons' expense" staffed by men of lesser status.

Q1: John's royal household was based around what?
A1: several groups of followers
Q2: Who were the curia regis?
A2: senior officials and agents of the king
Q3: The mercenary leaders became infamous in England for what?
A3: their uncivilised behaviour
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

John, the youngest of five sons of King Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, was at first not expected to inherit significant lands. Following the failed rebellion of his elder brothers between 1173 and 1174, however, John became Henry's favourite child. He was appointed the Lord of Ireland in 1177 and given lands in England and on the continent. John's elder brothers William, Henry and Geoffrey died young; by the time Richard I became king in 1189, John was a potential heir to the throne. John unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators whilst his brother was participating in the Third Crusade. Despite this, after Richard died in 1199, John was proclaimed King of England, and came to an agreement with Philip II of France to recognise John's possession of the continental Angevin lands at the peace treaty of Le Goulet in 1200.

Q1: Who was Henry's favorite child?
A1: John
Q2: When was John appointed the Lord of Ireland?
A2: 1177
Q3: When did Richard I become king?
A3: 1189
Q4: Who unsuccessfully attempted a rebellion against Richard's royal administrators?
A4: John
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Topic: History

Johnson's impeachment was perceived to have done great damage to the presidency, which came to be almost subordinate to Congress. Some believed that the president would become a mere figurehead, with the Speaker of the House of Representatives becoming a de facto Prime Minister. Grover Cleveland, the first Democratic President following Johnson, attempted to restore the power of his office. During his first term, he vetoed over four hundred bills—twice as many bills as his twenty-one predecessors combined. He also began to suspend bureaucrats who were appointed as a result of the patronage system, replacing them with more "deserving" individuals. The Senate, however, refused to confirm many new nominations, instead demanding that Cleveland turn over the confidential records relating to the suspensions. Cleveland steadfastly refused, asserting, "These suspensions are my executive acts ... I am not responsible to the Senate, and I am unwilling to submit my actions to them for judgment." Cleveland's popular support forced the Senate to back down and confirm the nominees. Furthermore, Congress finally repealed the controversial Tenure of Office Act that had been passed during the Johnson Administration. Overall, this meant that Cleveland's Administration marked the end of presidential subordination.

Q1: Who was the first president to veto over 400 bills?
A1: Grover Cleveland
Q2: Under which President was the Tenure of Office Act repealed? 
A2: Grover Cleveland
Title: The_Bronx
Topic: Geography and places

Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother.

Q1: When was Jonas Bronck born?
A1: 1600
Q2: Where did Bronck emigrate from?
A2: Småland, Sweden
Q3: When did Bronck reach the New York area?
A3: spring of 1639
Q4: What entity did Bronck get his land from?
A4: the Dutch West India Company
Q5: How much land did Bronck eventually own?
A5: 500 acres
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

Jonassohn and Björnson postulate that the major reason why no single generally accepted genocide definition has emerged is because academics have adjusted their focus to emphasise different periods and have found it expedient to use slightly different definitions to help them interpret events. For example, Frank Chalk and Kurt Jonassohn studied the whole of human history, while Leo Kuper and R. J. Rummel in their more recent works concentrated on the 20th century, and Helen Fein, Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr have looked at post World War II events. Jonassohn and Björnson are critical of some of these studies, arguing that they are too expansive, and conclude that the academic discipline of genocide studies is too young to have a canon of work on which to build an academic paradigm.

Q1: What two writers examined the lack of an accepted and singular definition for genocide?
A1: Jonassohn and Björnson
Q2: The two writers suggested that academics adjusted what in their different definitions to assist them in interpreting events? 
A2: their focus
Q3: What writer joined Jonassohn in the study of the whole of human history?
A3: Frank Chalk
Q4: With whom was Leo Kuper paired in research that focused on 20th century works?
A4: R. J. Rummel
Q5: Two women and what man concentrated on post World War II events?
A5: Ted Gurr
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

Jonathan Bellman writes that modern concert performance style—set in the "conservatory" tradition of late 19th- and 20th-century music schools, and suitable for large auditoria or recordings—militates against what is known of Chopin's more intimate performance technique. The composer himself said to a pupil that "concerts are never real music, you have to give up the idea of hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art." Contemporary accounts indicate that in performance, Chopin avoided rigid procedures sometimes incorrectly attributed to him, such as "always crescendo to a high note", but that he was concerned with expressive phrasing, rhythmic consistency and sensitive colouring. Berlioz wrote in 1853 that Chopin "has created a kind of chromatic embroidery ... whose effect is so strange and piquant as to be impossible to describe ... virtually nobody but Chopin himself can play this music and give it this unusual turn". Hiller wrote that "What in the hands of others was elegant embellishment, in his hands became a colourful wreath of flowers."

Q1: Who wrote that the current large concert style conflicts with Chopin's preference of intimate performances?
A1: Jonathan Bellman
Q2: What did Chopin tend to avoid?
A2: rigid procedures
Q3: What has been falsely credited to Chopin?
A3: "always crescendo to a high note"
Q4: What did Chopin tell a student is given up in concerts?
A4: hearing in them all the most beautiful things of art
Q5: Who wrote about Chopin's "chromatic embroidery"?
A5: Berlioz
Q6: Who wrote that Chopin's music, when played by him, became a "colorful wreath of flowers"?
A6: Hiller
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the "cultivated public" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the "enlightened" ideals of toleration and intellectual objectivity. Being a source of knowledge derived from science and reason, they were an implicit critique of existing notions of universal truth monopolized by monarchies, parliaments, and religious authorities. They also advanced Christian enlightenment that upheld "the legitimacy of God-ordained authority"—the Bible—in which there had to be agreement between the biblical and natural theories.

Q1: Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture?
A1: Jonathan Israel
Q2: To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation?
A2: established authorities
Q3: What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals?
A3: toleration and intellectual objectivity
Q4: The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics?
A4: science and reason
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and claims that it was the ideas themselves that caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th century and the early 19th century. Israel argues that until the 1650s Western civilization "was based on a largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority".

Q1: What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century?
A1: the ideas themselves
Q2: What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s?
A2: largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority
Q3: Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations?
A3: social and economic
Q4: What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on?
A4: 1650 to the end of the 18th century
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

Jones comments that "Chopin's unique position as a composer, despite the fact that virtually everything he wrote was for the piano, has rarely been questioned." He also notes that Chopin was fortunate to arrive in Paris in 1831—"the artistic environment, the publishers who were willing to print his music, the wealthy and aristocratic who paid what Chopin asked for their lessons"—and these factors, as well as his musical genius, also fuelled his contemporary and later reputation. While his illness and his love-affairs conform to some of the stereotypes of romanticism, the rarity of his public recitals (as opposed to performances at fashionable Paris soirées) led Arthur Hutchings to suggest that "his lack of Byronic flamboyance [and] his aristocratic reclusiveness make him exceptional" among his romantic contemporaries, such as Liszt and Henri Herz.

Q1: Arthur Hutchings stated that Chopin's lack of what made him special?
A1: Byronic flamboyance
Q2: Who were two of Chopin's contemporaries?
A2: Liszt and Henri Herz
Q3: What place was considered lucky for Chopin to have arrived at considering how much he charged for piano lessons?
A3: Paris
Q4: Who said Chopin was unlike his romantic contemporaries Liszt and Henri Herz?
A4: Arthur Hutchings
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

Jordanes tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities. Another 6th-century source refers to them living among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes.

Q1: Who tells us that the Sclaveni had swamps and forests for their cities?
A1: Jordanes
Q2: Who had swamps and forests for their cities?
A2: the Sclaveni
Q3: A 6th-century source refers to the Sclaveni as living where?
A3: among nearly impenetrable forests, rivers, lakes, and marshes
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Josef Kolmaš, a sinologist, Tibetologist, and Professor of Oriental Studies at the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, writes that it was during the Qing dynasty "that developments took place on the basis of which Tibet came to be considered an organic part of China, both practically and theoretically subject to the Chinese central government." Yet he states that this was a radical change in regards to all previous eras of Sino-Tibetan relations.

Q1: During Which dynasty does Josef Kolmaš claim Tibet was considered an organic part of China?
A1: the Qing dynasty
Q2: Josef Kolmaš  states that Tibet became subject to what government? 
A2: the Chinese central government
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

Josip Broz Tito (Cyrillic: Јосип Броз Тито, pronounced [jǒsip brôːz tîto]; born Josip Broz; 7 May 1892[nb 1] – 4 May 1980) was a Yugoslav revolutionary and statesman, serving in various roles from 1943 until his death in 1980. During World War II he was the leader of the Partisans, often regarded as the most effective resistance movement in occupied Europe. While his presidency has been criticized as authoritarian, and concerns about the repression of political opponents have been raised, Tito was "seen by most as a benevolent dictator" due to his economic and diplomatic policies. He was a popular public figure both in Yugoslavia and abroad. Viewed as a unifying symbol, his internal policies maintained the peaceful coexistence of the nations of the Yugoslav federation. He gained further international attention as the chief leader of the Non-Aligned Movement, working with Jawaharlal Nehru of India, Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Sukarno of Indonesia.

Q1: In what year did Josip Broz Tito die?
A1: 1980
Q2: During World War II what resistance movement did he lead?
A2: the Partisans,
Q3: For what country is Tito viewed as  unifying figure?
A3: Yugoslavia
Q4: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Egyptian leader did Tito work with?
A4: Gamal Abdel Nasser
Q5: In the Non-Aligned Movement, which Indonesian leader did Tito work with?
A5: Sukarno
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

Josip Broz Tito received a total of 119 awards and decorations from 60 countries around the world (59 countries and Yugoslavia). 21 decorations were from Yugoslavia itself, 18 having been awarded once, and the Order of the National Hero on three occasions. Of the 98 international awards and decorations, 92 were received once, and three on two occasions (Order of the White Lion, Polonia Restituta, and Karl Marx). The most notable awards included the French Legion of Honour and National Order of Merit, the British Order of the Bath, the Soviet Order of Lenin, the Japanese Order of the Chrysanthemum, the German Federal Cross of Merit, and the Order of Merit of Italy.

Q1: How many awards and decorations did Josip Broz Tito recieve?
A1: 119
Q2: Of all of the awards Tito received, how many were from Yugoslavia itself?
A2: 21
Q3: Which government awards the Legion of Honour and the National Order of Merit?
A3: French
Q4: Which government awards the Order of the Bath?
A4: British
Q5: Which government awards the Order of the Chrysanthemum?
A5: Japanese
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

Josip Broz was born on 7 May 1892 in Kumrovec, in the northern Croatian region of Hrvatsko Zagorje in Austria-Hungary.[nb 1] He was the seventh child of Franjo and Marija Broz. His father, Franjo Broz (26 November 1860 – 16 December 1936), was a Croat, while his mother Marija (25 March 1864 – 14 January 1918), was a Slovene. His parents were married on 21 January 1891. After spending part of his childhood years with his maternal grandfather Martin Javeršek in the Slovenian village of Podsreda, he entered primary school in 1900 at Kumrovec, he failed the 2nd grade and graduated in 1905. In 1907 he moved out of the rural environment and started working as a machinist's apprentice in Sisak. There, he became aware of the labour movement and celebrated 1 May – Labour Day for the first time. In 1910, he joined the union of metallurgy workers and at the same time the Social-Democratic Party of Croatia and Slavonia. Between 1911 and 1913, Broz worked for shorter periods in Kamnik (1911–1912, factory "Titan"), Cenkov, Munich and Mannheim, where he worked for the Benz car factory; then he went to Wiener Neustadt, Austria, and worked as a test driver for Daimler.

Q1: Where was Josip Broz born?
A1: Kumrovec
Q2: In what year was Broz born?
A2: 1892
Q3: What ethnicity was Broz's father?
A3: Croat
Q4: What ethnicity was Broz's mother?
A4: Slovene
Q5: What grade did he fail?
A5: 2nd
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

Josip Broz was born to a Croat father and Slovene mother in the village of Kumrovec, Croatia. Drafted into military service, he distinguished himself, becoming the youngest Sergeant Major in the Austro-Hungarian Army of that time. After being seriously wounded and captured by the Imperial Russians during World War I, Josip was sent to a work camp in the Ural Mountains. He participated in the October Revolution, and later joined a Red Guard unit in Omsk. Upon his return home, Broz found himself in the newly established Kingdom of Yugoslavia, where he joined the Communist Party of Yugoslavia (KPJ).

Q1: What ethnicity was Tito's mother?
A1: Slovene
Q2: What ethnicity was Tito's father?
A2: Croat
Q3: Who captured him during World War I?
A3: the Imperial Russians
Q4: Tito joined which unit in Omsk?
A4: Red Guard
Q5: What party in Yugoslavia did he join?
A5: Communist Party
Title: European_Central_Bank
Topic: Geography and places

José Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal department, as González-Páramo's replacement as early as January 2012 but alternatives from Luxembourg, Finland, and Slovenia were put forward and no decision made by May. After a long political battle, Luxembourg's Yves Mersch, was appointed as González-Páramo's replacement.

Q1: Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board?
A1: Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña
Q2: Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement?
A2: Luxembourg's Yves Mersch
Q3: When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board?
A3: June 2012
Q4: When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board?
A4: June 2004
Q5: Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo?
A5: ECB veteran who heads its legal department
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Journalist and author Thomas Laird, in his book The Story of Tibet: Conversations with the Dalai Lama, writes that Wang and Nyima present the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China in their Historical Status of China's Tibet, and fail to realize that China was "absorbed into a larger, non-Chinese political unit" during the Mongol Yuan dynasty, which Wang and Nyima paint as a characteristic Chinese dynasty succeeded by the Ming. Laird asserts that the ruling Mongol khans never administered Tibet as part of China and instead ruled them as separate territories, comparing the Mongols with the British who colonized India and New Zealand, yet stating this does not make India part of New Zealand as a consequence. Of later Mongol and Tibetan accounts interpreting the Mongol conquest of Tibet, Laird asserts that "they, like all non-Chinese historical narratives, never portray the Mongol subjugation of Tibet as a Chinese one."

Q1: Who wrote the book The Story of Tibet?
A1: Journalist and author Thomas Laird
Q2: who colonized India and New Zealand?
A2: the British
Q3: Who's viewpoint does Thomas Laird believe Wang and Nyima present?
A3: the government viewpoint of the People's Republic of China
Title: Guinea-Bissau
Topic: Geography and places

João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira was elected in 2005 as President of Guinea-Bissau as an independent, being declared winner of the second round by the CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições). Vieira returned to power in 2005 six years after being ousted from office during a civil war. Previously, he held power for 19 years after taking power in 1980 in a bloodless coup. In that action, he toppled the government of Luís Cabral.

Q1: Who was elected as President in 2005?
A1: João Bernardo "Nino" Vieira
Q2: What body made the declaration of who won the presidency?
A2: CNE (Comité Nacional de Eleições)
Q3: How long was it since Vieira had held the office of president?
A3: six years
Q4: What year did Vieira first assume power?
A4: 1980
Q5: Whose government did Vieira topple in 1980?
A5: Luís Cabral
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

Juan Atkins, an originator of Detroit techno music, claims the term "house" reflected the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs; those records helped differentiate the clubs and DJs, and thus were considered to be their "house" records. In an effort to maintain such exclusives, the DJs were inspired to create their own "house" records.

Q1: What is Juan Atkins an originator of?
A1: Detroit techno music
Q2: What did Atkins claim the term house reflected?
A2: the exclusive association of particular tracks with particular clubs and DJs
Q3: Why were DJs inspired to create their own house records?
A3: differentiate the clubs and DJs
Title: Jews
Topic: History

Judaism shares some of the characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion, and a culture, making the definition of who is a Jew vary slightly depending on whether a religious or national approach to identity is used. Generally, in modern secular usage Jews include three groups: people who were born to a Jewish family regardless of whether or not they follow the religion, those who have some Jewish ancestral background or lineage (sometimes including those who do not have strictly matrilineal descent), and people without any Jewish ancestral background or lineage who have formally converted to Judaism and therefore are followers of the religion.

Q1: In modern secular usage Jews include how many groups?
A1: three
Q2: What makes the definition of a Jew vary slightly? 
A2: whether a religious or national approach to identity is used
Q3: Which religion shares some characteristics of a nation, an ethnicity, a religion and a culture?
A3: Judaism
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
Topic: Language and literature

Judge Taylor appoints Atticus to defend Tom Robinson, a black man who has been accused of raping a young white woman, Mayella Ewell. Although many of Maycomb's citizens disapprove, Atticus agrees to defend Tom to the best of his ability. Other children taunt Jem and Scout for Atticus's actions, calling him a "nigger-lover". Scout is tempted to stand up for her father's honor by fighting, even though he has told her not to. Atticus faces a group of men intent on lynching Tom. This danger is averted when Scout, Jem, and Dill shame the mob into dispersing by forcing them to view the situation from Atticus' and Tom's points of view.

Q1: What was the name of the woman who was allegedly raped in the book?
A1: Mayella Ewell
Q2: What is the name of Atticus' client in the rape trial?
A2: Tom Robinson
Q3: Who stopped the mob by shaming them?
A3: Scout, Jem, and Dill
Title: Russian_language
Topic: Language and literature

Judging by the historical records, by approximately 1000 AD the predominant ethnic group over much of modern European Russia, Ukraine and Belarus was the Eastern branch of the Slavs, speaking a closely related group of dialects. The political unification of this region into Kievan Rus' in about 880, from which modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus trace their origins, established Old East Slavic as a literary and commercial language. It was soon followed by the adoption of Christianity in 988 and the introduction of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic as the liturgical and official language. Borrowings and calques from Byzantine Greek began to enter the Old East Slavic and spoken dialects at this time, which in their turn modified the Old Church Slavonic as well.

Q1: When did Eastern Slavs become the dominant group in the area of Ukraine?
A1: approximately 1000 AD
Q2: When was Kievan Rus' formed?
A2: about 880
Q3: What countries did Kievan Rus' become?
A3: modern Russia, Ukraine and Belarus
Q4: What was the main language in Kievan Rus'?
A4: Old East Slavic
Q5: When did Kievan Rus' adopt Christianity?
A5: 988
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Judging relationships based on shared characters requires care, since plants may resemble one another through convergent evolution in which characters have arisen independently. Some euphorbias have leafless, rounded bodies adapted to water conservation similar to those of globular cacti, but characters such as the structure of their flowers make it clear that the two groups are not closely related. The cladistic method takes a systematic approach to characters, distinguishing between those that carry no information about shared evolutionary history – such as those evolved separately in different groups (homoplasies) or those left over from ancestors (plesiomorphies) – and derived characters, which have been passed down from innovations in a shared ancestor (apomorphies). Only derived characters, such as the spine-producing areoles of cacti, provide evidence for descent from a common ancestor. The results of cladistic analyses are expressed as cladograms: tree-like diagrams showing the pattern of evolutionary branching and descent.

Q1: Why might two plants be similar but not actually be in the same group?
A1: convergent evolution
Q2: How can two different plants acquire the same traits?
A2: arisen independently
Q3: What traits show a shared ancestry?
A3: derived characters
Q4: How are common ancestries represented for plant families?
A4: tree-like diagrams
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Topic: History

Judicial power—the power to decide cases and controversies—is vested in the Supreme Court and inferior courts established by Congress. The judges must be appointed by the president with the advice and consent of the Senate, hold office during good behavior and receive compensations that may not be diminished during their continuance in office. If a court's judges do not have such attributes, the court may not exercise the judicial power of the United States. Courts exercising the judicial power are called "constitutional courts."

Q1: In what branch is the ability to try legal cases placed?
A1: Judicial
Q2: Who nominates justices for the U.S. Supreme Court?
A2: president
Q3: Who must approve presidential appointees to the Supreme Court?
A3: Senate
Q4: What is the term for judicial institutions exercising their power?
A4: constitutional courts
Q5: What is the power given to the supreme court and lower courts called?
A5: Judicial power
Q6: Who appoints a judge?
A6: the president
Q7: Who gives the President advice and consent for a judge appointment?
A7: the Senate