LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: BBC_Television
Topic: Media and drama

BBC Television returned on 7 June 1946 at 15:00. Jasmine Bligh, one of the original announcers, made the first announcement, saying, 'Good afternoon everybody. How are you? Do you remember me, Jasmine Bligh?'. The Mickey Mouse cartoon of 1939 was repeated twenty minutes later.[unreliable source?] Alexandra Palace was the home base of the channel until the early 1950s when the majority of production moved into the newly acquired Lime Grove Studios.[original research?]

Q1: Who was the first person to speak on BBC when it was turned back on following World War II?
A1: Jasmine Bligh
Q2: On what date did BBC return to the air after World War II?
A2: 7 June 1946
Q3: In the decade following the war, where did a large portion of the BBC move to?
A3: Lime Grove Studios
Q4: What character was featured in the cartoon aired the day BBC broadcasting was restored?
A4: Mickey Mouse
Title: Child_labour
Topic: Social sciences and society

BBC, in 2012, accused Glencore of using child labour in its mining and smelting operations of Africa. Glencore denied it used child labour, and said it has strict policy of not using child labour. The company claimed it has a strict policy whereby all copper was mined correctly, placed in bags with numbered seals and then sent to the smelter. Glencore mentioned being aware of child miners who were part of a group of artisanal miners who had without authorisation raided the concession awarded to the company since 2010; Glencore has been pleading with the government to remove the artisanal miners from the concession.

Q1: What did the BBC say that Glencore used child labour for in 2012?
A1: mining and smelting operations of Africa
Q2: What did Glencore say in regards to the allegations?
A2: denied
Q3: What did Glencore admit to with regards to child labor?
A3: being aware of child miners
Title: Transistor
Topic: Engineering and technology

BJTs have three terminals, corresponding to the three layers of semiconductor—an emitter, a base, and a collector. They are useful in amplifiers because the currents at the emitter and collector are controllable by a relatively small base current. In an n–p–n transistor operating in the active region, the emitter–base junction is forward biased (electrons and holes recombine at the junction), and electrons are injected into the base region. Because the base is narrow, most of these electrons will diffuse into the reverse-biased (electrons and holes are formed at, and move away from the junction) base–collector junction and be swept into the collector; perhaps one-hundredth of the electrons will recombine in the base, which is the dominant mechanism in the base current. By controlling the number of electrons that can leave the base, the number of electrons entering the collector can be controlled. Collector current is approximately β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current. It is typically greater than 100 for small-signal transistors but can be smaller in transistors designed for high-power applications.

Q1: How many terminals do BJTs have?
A1: three
Q2: How many layers of semiconductor do BJTs have?
A2: three
Q3: What are the layers of semiconductor in a BJT?
A3: an emitter, a base, and a collector
Q4: How can one find the amount of collector current?
A4: β (common-emitter current gain) times the base current
Q5: What is the usual collector current for small-signal transistors?
A5: greater than 100
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

BMW released the first iPod automobile interface, allowing drivers of newer BMW vehicles to control an iPod using either the built-in steering wheel controls or the radio head-unit buttons. Apple announced in 2005 that similar systems would be available for other vehicle brands, including Mercedes-Benz, Volvo, Nissan, Toyota, Alfa Romeo, Ferrari, Acura, Audi, Honda, Renault, Infiniti and Volkswagen. Scion offers standard iPod connectivity on all their cars.

Q1: What company was first to create a means of connecting the iPod to an automobile?
A1: BMW
Q2: In what year did Apple reveal that it would provide compatibility with a wide range of auto manufacturers?
A2: 2005
Q3: Which company provides the ability to connect to iPods as a standard feature in their automobiles?
A3: Scion
Q4: Which car company released the first automobile interface for the iPod?
A4: BMW
Q5: Which car company first offered iPod connectivity as a standard feature on their whole product line?
A5: Scion
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU accepted 49 percent of the 11,423 people who applied for admission in the summer term and fall semester of 2013. The average GPA for these admitted students was 3.82. U.S. News and World Report describes BYU's selectivity as being "more selective" and compares it with such universities as the University of Texas at Austin and The Ohio State University. In addition, BYU is ranked 26th in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars, with 88 in 2006. BYU has one of the highest percentage of accepted applicants that go on to enroll (78 percent in 2010).

Q1: What percentage of applicants did BYU accept for it's summer term and fall semester in 2013?
A1: 49
Q2: What was the average GPA for the accepted students in 2013?
A2: 3.82
Q3: What percentage of accepted BYU students went on to enroll in 2010?
A3: 78
Q4: What is BYU's ranking in colleges with the most freshman Merit Scholars?
A4: 26th
Q5: How many freshman at BYU were Merit Scholars in 2006?
A5: 88
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU alumni in academia include former Dean of the Harvard Business School Kim B. Clark, two time world's most influential business thinker Clayton M. Christensen, Michael K. Young '73, current president of the University of Washington, Matthew S. Holland, current president of Utah Valley University, Stan L. Albrecht, current president of Utah State University, Teppo Felin, Professor at the University of Oxford, and Stephen D. Nadauld, previous president of Dixie State University. The University also graduated Nobel Prize winner Paul D. Boyer, as well as Philo Farnsworth (inventor of the electronic television) and Harvey Fletcher (inventor of the hearing aid). Four of BYU's thirteen presidents were alumni of the University. Additionally, alumni of BYU who have served as business leaders include Citigroup CFO Gary Crittenden '76, former Dell CEO Kevin Rollins '84, Deseret Book CEO Sheri L. Dew, and Matthew K. McCauley, CEO of children's clothing company Gymboree.

Q1: What is former alumnus Paul D. Boyer known for being?
A1: Nobel Prize winner
Q2: What did former BYU graduate Harvey Fletcher invent?
A2: the hearing aid
Q3: Which famous clothing company was BYU alumnus Matthew K. McCauley CEO of?
A3: Gymboree
Q4: What was BYU graduate Clayton M. Christensen known as?
A4: two time world's most influential business thinker
Q5: Which Nobel Prize winner graduated from BYU?
A5: Paul D. Boyer
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU has 21 NCAA varsity teams. Nineteen of these teams played mainly in the Mountain West Conference from its inception in 1999 until the school left that conference in 2011. Prior to that time BYU teams competed in the Western Athletic Conference. All teams are named the "Cougars", and Cosmo the Cougar has been the school's mascot since 1953. The school's fight song is the Cougar Fight Song. Because many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years (men when they're 18, women when 19), BYU athletes are often older on average than other schools' players. The NCAA allows students to serve missions for two years without subtracting that time from their eligibility period. This has caused minor controversy, but is largely recognized as not lending the school any significant advantage, since players receive no athletic and little physical training during their missions. BYU has also received attention from sports networks for refusal to play games on Sunday, as well as expelling players due to honor code violations. Beginning in the 2011 season, BYU football competes in college football as an independent. In addition, most other sports now compete in the West Coast Conference. Teams in swimming and diving and indoor track and field for both men and women joined the men's volleyball program in the Mountain Pacific Sports Federation. For outdoor track and field, the Cougars became an Independent. Softball returned to the Western Athletic Conference, but spent only one season in the WAC; the team moved to the Pacific Coast Softball Conference after the 2012 season. The softball program may move again after the 2013 season; the July 2013 return of Pacific to the WCC will enable that conference to add softball as an official sport.

Q1: How many NCAA varsity teams does BYU have?
A1: 21
Q2: What is the name of BYU's fight song?
A2: Cougar Fight Song
Q3: Why are many BYU athletes older than other schools' players?
A3: many of its players serve on full-time missions for two years
Q4: When does BYU refuse to play athletic games that got the attention of the sports networks?
A4: Sunday
Q5: What violation can lead to a player being expelled from a sports team?
A5: honor code
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU has been considered by some Latter-day Saints, as well as some university and church leaders, to be "The Lord's university". This phrase is used in reference to the school's mission as an "ambassador" to the world for the LDS Church and thus, for Jesus Christ. In the past, some students and faculty have expressed dissatisfaction with this nickname, stating that it gives students the idea that university authorities are always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted. Leaders of the school, however, acknowledge that the nickname represents more a goal that the university strives for and not its current state of being. Leaders encourage students and faculty to help fulfill the goal by following the teachings of their religion, adhering to the school's honor code, and serving others with the knowledge they gain while attending.

Q1: What phrase have some Latter-day Saints used in reference to BYU's mission as ambassador to the world for the LDS Church?
A1: "The Lord's university"
Q2: Who has expressed dissatisfaction with the nickname "The Lord's University" in the past?
A2: some students and faculty
Q3: What perception do some feel that the nickname "The Lord's University" gives about university officials?
A3: always divinely inspired and never to be contradicted
Q4: What do the leaders of BYU say "The Lord's University" represents instead of being in reference to its current state of being?
A4: more a goal
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU has designated energy conservation, products and materials, recycling, site planning and building design, student involvement, transportation, water conservation, and zero waste events as top priority categories in which to further its efforts to be an environmentally sustainable campus. The university has stated that "we have a responsibility to be wise stewards of the earth and its resources." BYU is working to increase the energy efficiency of its buildings by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans, replacing incandescent lighting with fluorescent lighting, retrofitting campus buildings with low-E reflective glass, and upgraded roof insulation to prevent heat loss. The student groups BYU Recycles, Eco-Response, and BYU Earth educate students, faculty, staff, and administrators about how the campus can decrease its environmental impact. BYU Recycles spearheaded the recent campaign to begin recycling plastics, which the university did after a year of student campaigning.

Q1: What is BYU working to increase by installing various speed drives on all pumps and fans?
A1: energy efficiency of its buildings
Q2: Who spearheaded BYU's recent campaign to begin recycling plastics?
A2: BYU Recycles
Q3: How long after student campaigning did BYU begin recycling plastics?
A3: a year
Q4: What type of waste event is a top priority at BYU for becoming environmentally sustainable?
A4: zero
Q5: What is BYU replacing it's incandescent lighting with?
A5: fluorescent
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU mandates that its students who are members of the LDS Church be religiously active. Both LDS and Non-LDS students are required to provide an endorsement from an ecclesiastic leader with their application for admittance. Over 900 rooms on BYU campus are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations. More than 150 congregations meet on BYU campus each Sunday. "BYU's campus becomes one of the busiest and largest centers of worship in the world" with about 24,000 persons attending church services on campus.

Q1: What does BYU mandate of it's student members of the LDS Church to be?
A1: religiously active
Q2: Who are both LDS and Non-LDS students required to provide an endorsement from upon submitting their application?
A2: an ecclesiastic leader
Q3: How many BYU campus rooms are used for the purposes of LDS Church congregations?
A3: Over 900
Q4: How many congregations meet on the BYU campus every Sunday?
A4: More than 150
Q5: Approximately how many people attend church services on BYU's campus?
A5: 24,000
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU offers programs in liberal arts, engineering, agriculture, management, physical and mathematical sciences, nursing and law. The university is broadly organized into 11 colleges or schools at its main Provo campus, with certain colleges and divisions defining their own admission standards. The university also administers two satellite campuses, one in Jerusalem and one in Salt Lake City, while its parent organization, the Church Educational System (CES), sponsors sister schools in Hawaii and Idaho. The university's primary focus is on undergraduate education, but it also has 68 master's and 25 doctoral degree programs.

Q1: What is BYU's main focal point?
A1: undergraduate education
Q2: What foreign city holds a branch campus of BYU?
A2: Jerusalem
Q3: What institution controls BYU?
A3: Church Educational System
Q4: Where are BYU's sibling schools located?
A4: Hawaii and Idaho
Q5: How many master's programs does BYU have?
A5: 68
Q6: How many colleges make up BYU at its main campus?
A6: 11
Q7: How many satellite campuses are run by BYU?
A7: two
Q8: What is BYU's parent organization?
A8: the Church Educational System (CES)
Q9: Where does CES sponsor BYU's sister schools?
A9: Hawaii and Idaho
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU's social and cultural atmosphere is unique. The high rate of enrollment at the university by members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (more than 98 percent) results in an amplification of LDS cultural norms; BYU was ranked by The Princeton Review in 2008 as 14th in the nation for having the happiest students and highest quality of life. However, the quirkiness and sometimes "too nice" culture is often caricatured, for example, in terms of marrying early and being very conservative.

Q1: How was BYU ranked by The Princeton Review for having the happiest students and highest quality of life in 2008?
A1: 14th in the nation
Q2: What parts of the sometimes "too nice" BYU culture is often caricatured?
A2: marrying early and being very conservative
Q3: What does BYU's high rate of enrollment by LDS members result in regarding LDS cultural norms?
A3: amplification of
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

BYU's stated mission "is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life." BYU is thus considered by its leaders to be at heart a religious institution, wherein, ideally, religious and secular education are interwoven in a way that encourages the highest standards in both areas. This weaving of the secular and the religious aspects of a religious university goes back as far as Brigham Young himself, who told Karl G. Maeser when the Church purchased the school: "I want you to remember that you ought not to teach even the alphabet or the multiplication tables without the Spirit of God."

Q1: What is the stated mission of BYU?
A1: "is to assist individuals in their quest for perfection and eternal life."
Q2: What did Brigham Young instruct Karl G. Maeser to not teach even the alphabet without?
A2: the Spirit of God
Q3: What type of institution do BYU leaders consider it to be at heart?
A3: religious
Q4: What two types of education does BYU strive to excel in while combining?
A4: religious and secular
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

Back in America the scene had still not progressed beyond a small number of clubs in Chicago, Detroit, Newark and New York City. However, many independent Chicago-based record labels were making appearances on the Dance Chart with their releases. In the UK, any house song released by a Chicago-based label was routinely considered a must play at many clubs playing house music. Paradise Garage in New York City was still a top club. The emergence of Todd Terry, a pioneer of the genre, was important in America. His cover of Class Action's Larry Levan mixed "Weekend" demonstrated the continuum from the underground disco to a new house sound with hip-hop influences evident in the quicker sampling and the more rugged bass-line.

Q1: what was a top club for house music in new york city?
A1: Paradise Garage
Q2: who was a pioneer of the genre in america?
A2: Todd Terry
Q3: what hit house song did todd terry cover? 
A3: Weekend
Q4: what new influences led to a new house sound?
A4: hip-hop influences
Q5: what was different about the bass-line in the hip-hop influenced house songs?
A5: more rugged
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

Back in Warsaw that year, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play the violin, and composed a set of variations, Souvenir de Paganini. It may have been this experience which encouraged him to commence writing his first Études, (1829–32), exploring the capacities of his own instrument. On 11 August, three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, he made his debut in Vienna. He gave two piano concerts and received many favourable reviews—in addition to some commenting (in Chopin's own words) that he was "too delicate for those accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists". In one of these concerts, he premiered his Variations on Là ci darem la mano, Op. 2 (variations on an aria from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni) for piano and orchestra. He returned to Warsaw in September 1829, where he premiered his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21 on 17 March 1830.

Q1: What did Frédéric compose after hearing Niccolò Paganini perform on the violin?
A1: Souvenir de Paganini
Q2: During what month did Frédéric make his first appearance in Vienna?
A2: August
Q3: How many piano concerts did Frédéric perform in Vienna during this time?
A3: two
Q4: On what date did Frédéric give his first performance of Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21?
A4: 17 March 1830
Q5: What did Chopin compose after hearing Niccolo Paganini?
A5: Souvenir de Paganini
Q6: Where did Chopin debut after completing his studies?
A6: Vienna
Q7: What piece did Chopin debut after returning to Warsaw?
A7: Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, Op. 21
Q8: When did Chopin return to Warsaw?
A8: September 1829
Q9: Why did some critics say that Chopin was too delicate?
A9: accustomed to the piano-bashing of local artists
Q10: Who did Chopin hear play violin in 1829 that prompted him to write a composisition?
A10: Niccolò Paganini
Q11: Where did Chopin make his debut after completing his education?
A11: Vienna
Q12: How many public performances did Chopin do where he made his debut after completing his education?
A12: two
Q13: How many weeks after completing school was it before Chopin made his public debut?
A13: three
Title: Windows_8
Topic: Engineering and technology

Backup and Restore, the backup component of Windows, is deprecated. It still ships with Windows 8 and continues to work on preset schedules, but is pushed to the background and can only be accessed through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery".:76 Shadow Copy, a component of Windows Explorer that once saved previous versions of changed files, no longer protects local files and folders. It can only access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer.:74 The subsystem on which these components worked, however, is still available for other software to use.:74

Q1: What backup element is still found on Windows 8?
A1: Backup and Restore
Q2: How is Backup and Restore opened?
A2: through a Control Panel applet called "Windows 7 File Recovery"
Q3: What does :76 Shadow Copy do?
A3: access previous versions of shared files stored on a Windows Server computer
Q4: What is :74 used for? 
A4: other software
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria (i/bækˈtɪəriə/; singular: bacterium) constitute a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. Typically a few micrometres in length, bacteria have a number of shapes, ranging from spheres to rods and spirals. Bacteria were among the first life forms to appear on Earth, and are present in most of its habitats. Bacteria inhabit soil, water, acidic hot springs, radioactive waste, and the deep portions of Earth's crust. Bacteria also live in symbiotic and parasitic relationships with plants and animals. They are also known to have flourished in manned spacecraft.

Q1: What is a large domain of prokaryotic microorganisms?
A1: Bacteria
Q2: What configurations can bacteria can bacteria take?
A2: spheres to rods and spirals
Q3: When is the typical lenght  for bacteria?
A3: few micrometres
Q4: What environments can bacteria live?
A4: present in most of its habitats
Q5: What is the relationships between plants animals and bacteria?
A5: symbiotic and parasitic relationships
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria are further divided into lithotrophs that use inorganic electron donors and organotrophs that use organic compounds as electron donors. Chemotrophic organisms use the respective electron donors for energy conservation (by aerobic/anaerobic respiration or fermentation) and biosynthetic reactions (e.g., carbon dioxide fixation), whereas phototrophic organisms use them only for biosynthetic purposes. Respiratory organisms use chemical compounds as a source of energy by taking electrons from the reduced substrate and transferring them to a terminal electron acceptor in a redox reaction. This reaction releases energy that can be used to synthesise ATP and drive metabolism. In aerobic organisms, oxygen is used as the electron acceptor. In anaerobic organisms other inorganic compounds, such as nitrate, sulfate or carbon dioxide are used as electron acceptors. This leads to the ecologically important processes of denitrification, sulfate reduction, and acetogenesis, respectively.

Q1: What do lithotrophs use ?
A1: inorganic electron donors
Q2: What type of electron donors organotrophs use?
A2: organic compounds
Q3: What do respiratory organisms use as electron donors?
A3: chemical compounds
Q4: In what organisms is oxygen used as eelectron acceptor?
A4: anaerobic organisms
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria can be grown in the laboratory on nutrient culture media, but viruses need living cells in which to replicate. Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs. Millions of eggs are used each year to generate the annual flu vaccine requirements, a complex process that takes about six months after the decision is made as to what strains of virus to include in the new vaccine. A problem with using eggs for this purpose is that people with egg allergies are unable to be immunised, but this disadvantage may be overcome as new techniques for cell-based rather than egg-based culture become available. Cell-based culture will also be useful in a pandemic when it may be difficult to acquire a sufficiently large quantity of suitable sterile, fertile eggs.

Q1: What are poultry eggs used for aside from consumption?
A1: Many vaccines to infectious diseases can be grown in fertilised chicken eggs.
Q2: What is the major difficulty faced in using poultry to cultivate vaccines?
A2: egg allergies are unable to be immunised
Q3: How long does it take for the flu vaccine to be fully ready for deployment into the population ?
A3: process that takes about six months
Q4: In order to make a vaccine , what do viruses require that bacteria does not?
A4: viruses need living cells in which to replicate
Q5: What new technology is being used in teh vaccine making process that will make vaccines safer and eaier for most consumers?
A5: . Cell-based culture
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria display a wide diversity of shapes and sizes, called morphologies. Bacterial cells are about one-tenth the size of eukaryotic cells and are typically 0.5–5.0 micrometres in length. However, a few species are visible to the unaided eye — for example, Thiomargarita namibiensis is up to half a millimetre long and Epulopiscium fishelsoni reaches 0.7 mm. Among the smallest bacteria are members of the genus Mycoplasma, which measure only 0.3 micrometres, as small as the largest viruses. Some bacteria may be even smaller, but these ultramicrobacteria are not well-studied.

Q1: What is the common name for shapes and forms of bacteria?
A1: morphologies
Q2: Are bacteria cells smaller than eukaryotic cells?
A2: one-tenth the size
Q3: How big is Epulopiscium bacteria?
A3: 0.7 mm
Q4: What are one of the smallest bacteria?
A4: genus Mycoplasma
Q5: Is ultramicrobacteria is well examined?
A5: not well-studied
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria do not have a membrane-bound nucleus, and their genetic material is typically a single circular DNA chromosome located in the cytoplasm in an irregularly shaped body called the nucleoid. The nucleoid contains the chromosome with its associated proteins and RNA. The phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria may be exceptions to the general absence of internal membranes in bacteria, because they appear to have a double membrane around their nucleoids and contain other membrane-bound cellular structures. Like all living organisms, bacteria contain ribosomes, often grouped in chains called polyribosomes, for the production of proteins, but the structure of the bacterial ribosome is different from that of eukaryotes and Archaea. Bacterial ribosomes have a sedimentation rate of 70S (measured in Svedberg units): their subunits have rates of 30S and 50S. Some antibiotics bind specifically to 70S ribosomes and inhibit bacterial protein synthesis. Those antibiotics kill bacteria without affecting the larger 80S ribosomes of eukaryotic cells and without harming the host.

Q1: What is genetic make of bacteria?
A1: a single circular DNA chromosome
Q2: Where is DNA chromosome of bacteria located?
A2: in the cytoplasm
Q3: How does nucleoid look?
A3: irregularly shaped body
Q4: What are the exceptions of non-internal membrane bacteria?
A4: phylum Planctomycetes and candidate phylum Poribacteria
Q5: What is the purpose of polyribosomes in bacteria?
A5: production of proteins
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria exhibit an extremely wide variety of metabolic types. The distribution of metabolic traits within a group of bacteria has traditionally been used to define their taxonomy, but these traits often do not correspond with modern genetic classifications. Bacterial metabolism is classified into nutritional groups on the basis of three major criteria: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors used for growth. An additional criterion of respiratory microorganisms are the electron acceptors used for aerobic or anaerobic respiration.

Q1: What is commonly used to determine taxonomy of bacteria?
A1: The distribution of metabolic traits
Q2: How is bacterial metabolism determined?
A2: nutritional groups
Q3: What are three main criterias of bacterial metabolism?
A3: the kind of energy used for growth, the source of carbon, and the electron donors
Q4: What are electron acceptors accountable for?
A4: aerobic or anaerobic respiration
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria often attach to surfaces and form dense aggregations called biofilms or bacterial mats. These films can range from a few micrometers in thickness to up to half a meter in depth, and may contain multiple species of bacteria, protists and archaea. Bacteria living in biofilms display a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular components, forming secondary structures, such as microcolonies, through which there are networks of channels to enable better diffusion of nutrients. In natural environments, such as soil or the surfaces of plants, the majority of bacteria are bound to surfaces in biofilms. Biofilms are also important in medicine, as these structures are often present during chronic bacterial infections or in infections of implanted medical devices, and bacteria protected within biofilms are much harder to kill than individual isolated bacteria.

Q1: What does bacteria use to adhere to surfaces?
A1: biofilms
Q2: How extent can biofilm be?
A2: up to half a meter in depth
Q3: What is part of secondary structure in the complex formation of bacteria?
A3: microcolonies,
Q4: What is the purpose of networks of channels in microcolonies?
A4: to enable better diffusion of nutrients
Q5: Which bacteria is more difficult to eradicate?
A5: bacteria protected within biofilms
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria were first observed by the Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, using a single-lens microscope of his own design. He then published his observations in a series of letters to the Royal Society of London. Bacteria were Leeuwenhoek's most remarkable microscopic discovery. They were just at the limit of what his simple lenses could make out and, in one of the most striking hiatuses in the history of science, no one else would see them again for over a century. Only then were his by-then-largely-forgotten observations of bacteria — as opposed to his famous "animalcules" (spermatozoa) — taken seriously.

Q1: When was the first time bacteria were observed?
A1: 1676
Q2: Who discovered bacteria?
A2: Dutch microscopist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Q3: How was he able to see bacteria?
A3: using a single-lens microscope of his own design
Q4: How long did it take for his discovery to be taken seriously?
A4: over a century
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteria, as asexual organisms, inherit identical copies of their parent's genes (i.e., they are clonal). However, all bacteria can evolve by selection on changes to their genetic material DNA caused by genetic recombination or mutations. Mutations come from errors made during the replication of DNA or from exposure to mutagens. Mutation rates vary widely among different species of bacteria and even among different clones of a single species of bacteria. Genetic changes in bacterial genomes come from either random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation", where genes involved in a particular growth-limiting process have an increased mutation rate.

Q1: What makes bacteria an asexual organism?
A1: inherit identical copies of their parent's genes
Q2: What can cause mutation in bacteria?
A2: changes to their genetic material DNA
Q3: What are two ways changes to DNA of bacteria can occur?
A3: random mutation during replication or "stress-directed mutation"
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacterial growth follows four phases. When a population of bacteria first enter a high-nutrient environment that allows growth, the cells need to adapt to their new environment. The first phase of growth is the lag phase, a period of slow growth when the cells are adapting to the high-nutrient environment and preparing for fast growth. The lag phase has high biosynthesis rates, as proteins necessary for rapid growth are produced. The second phase of growth is the log phase, also known as the logarithmic or exponential phase. The log phase is marked by rapid exponential growth. The rate at which cells grow during this phase is known as the growth rate (k), and the time it takes the cells to double is known as the generation time (g). During log phase, nutrients are metabolised at maximum speed until one of the nutrients is depleted and starts limiting growth. The third phase of growth is the stationary phase and is caused by depleted nutrients. The cells reduce their metabolic activity and consume non-essential cellular proteins. The stationary phase is a transition from rapid growth to a stress response state and there is increased expression of genes involved in DNA repair, antioxidant metabolism and nutrient transport. The final phase is the death phase where the bacteria run out of nutrients and die.

Q1: How many phase are in the growth of bacteria?
A1: four phases
Q2: What is the first stage of bacteria adaptation?
A2: lag phase
Q3: What is the second phase of bacteria growth known for?
A3: rapid exponential growth
Q4: What is called the third statge of growth of bacteria?
A4: stationary phase
Q5: The absence of what causes the last stage of bacteria growth?
A5: nutrients
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacterial infections may be treated with antibiotics, which are classified as bacteriocidal if they kill bacteria, or bacteriostatic if they just prevent bacterial growth. There are many types of antibiotics and each class inhibits a process that is different in the pathogen from that found in the host. An example of how antibiotics produce selective toxicity are chloramphenicol and puromycin, which inhibit the bacterial ribosome, but not the structurally different eukaryotic ribosome. Antibiotics are used both in treating human disease and in intensive farming to promote animal growth, where they may be contributing to the rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations. Infections can be prevented by antiseptic measures such as sterilizing the skin prior to piercing it with the needle of a syringe, and by proper care of indwelling catheters. Surgical and dental instruments are also sterilized to prevent contamination by bacteria. Disinfectants such as bleach are used to kill bacteria or other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.

Q1: What type of antibiotics called bacterocidal?
A1: if they kill bacteria
Q2: What kind of antibiotics are used for prevention of bacterial growth
A2: bacteriostatic
Q3: Besides in treating human disease where else are antibiotics used?
A3: in intensive farming to promote animal growth
Q4: What is the drawback of using antibiotics if agriculture?
A4: rapid development of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations
Q5: What is common prevention method of infections in medicine?
A5: sterilizing
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacterial species differ in the number and arrangement of flagella on their surface; some have a single flagellum (monotrichous), a flagellum at each end (amphitrichous), clusters of flagella at the poles of the cell (lophotrichous), while others have flagella distributed over the entire surface of the cell (peritrichous). The bacterial flagella is the best-understood motility structure in any organism and is made of about 20 proteins, with approximately another 30 proteins required for its regulation and assembly. The flagellum is a rotating structure driven by a reversible motor at the base that uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane for power. This motor drives the motion of the filament, which acts as a propeller.

Q1: What is monotrichous?
A1: single flagellum
Q2: If bacteria has flagellum at each end what is the name of the species?
A2: amphitrichous
Q3: When flagellum is distributed throughout the surface of the cell?
A3: peritrichous
Q4: How many proteins is typical flagellum consist os?
A4: 20 proteins
Q5: How does flagellum function within the cell?
A5: uses the electrochemical gradient across the membrane
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

Bacteriophages are viruses that infect bacteria. Many types of bacteriophage exist, some simply infect and lyse their host bacteria, while others insert into the bacterial chromosome. A bacteriophage can contain genes that contribute to its host's phenotype: for example, in the evolution of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Clostridium botulinum, the toxin genes in an integrated phage converted a harmless ancestral bacterium into a lethal pathogen. Bacteria resist phage infection through restriction modification systems that degrade foreign DNA, and a system that uses CRISPR sequences to retain fragments of the genomes of phage that the bacteria have come into contact with in the past, which allows them to block virus replication through a form of RNA interference. This CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity to infection.

Q1: What are Bacteriophages?
A1: viruses that infect bacteria
Q2: What can viruses do to bacteria?
A2: infect and lyse their host bacteria
Q3: What can happen if Bacteriophage contain genes of host's phenotype?
A3: lethal pathogen
Q4: How can bacteria resist virus DNA?
A4: CRISPR system provides bacteria with acquired immunity
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature". In America, Asa Gray argued that evolution is the secondary effect, or modus operandi, of the first cause, design, and published a pamphlet defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology. Theistic evolution became a popular compromise, and St. George Jackson Mivart was among those accepting evolution but attacking Darwin's naturalistic mechanism. Eventually it was realised that supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation, and naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism were favoured over natural selection as being more compatible with purpose.

Q1: What was Baden Powell's opinion of On the Origin of Species?
A1: Baden Powell praised "Mr Darwin's masterly volume [supporting] the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature"
Q2: What did the pamphlet that Asa Gray published defend?
A2: defending the book in terms of theistic evolution, Natural Selection is not inconsistent with Natural Theology.
Q3: What was a way that theologians compromised with the information in Darwin's book?
A3: Theistic evolution became a popular compromise
Q4: What was later realized that caused naturalistic mechanisms such as neo-Lamarckism to be embraced?
A4: supernatural intervention could not be a scientific explanation
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

Bahrain's prime minister, Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah has been in the post since 1970, making him the longest serving non-elected prime minister.

Q1: Which non-elected official has held the longest term as prime minister?
A1: Sheikh Khalifah bin Sulman Al Khalifah
Q2: When did Khalifa first take the post of prime minister?
A2: 1970
Q3: What country does Khalifah serve for as prime minister?
A3: Bahrain
Title: BBC_Television
Topic: Media and drama

Baird Television Ltd. made Britain's first television broadcast, on 30 September 1929 from its studio in Long Acre, London, via the BBC's London transmitter, using the electromechanical system pioneered by John Logie Baird. This system used a vertically-scanned image of 30 lines – just enough resolution for a close-up of one person, and with a bandwidth low enough to use existing radio transmitters. Simultaneous transmission of sound and picture was achieved on 30 March 1930, by using the BBC's new twin transmitter at Brookmans Park. By late 1930, 30 minutes of morning programmes were broadcast Monday to Friday, and 30 minutes at midnight on Tuesdays and Fridays, after BBC radio went off the air. Baird broadcasts via the BBC continued until June 1932.

Q1: On what date was the first TV show seen in the UK?
A1: 30 September 1929
Q2: From where was the first TV show in the UK broadcasted?
A2: Long Acre, London
Q3: How many lines made up the picture on Britain's earliest TV broadcasts?
A3: 30
Q4: When did Baird cease showing its programs on BBC?
A4: June 1932
Q5: When were both audio and video first broadcasted at the same time?
A5: 30 March 1930
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, an Indian nationalist leader, declared Swaraj as the destiny of the nation. His popular sentence "Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it" became the source of inspiration for Indians. Tilak was backed by rising public leaders like Bipin Chandra Pal and Lala Lajpat Rai, who held the same point of view. Under them, India's three big provinces – Maharashtra, Bengal and Punjab, India shaped the demand of the people and India's nationalism. In 1907, the Congress was split into two factions: The radicals, led by Tilak, advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire and the abandonment of all things British. The moderates, led by leaders like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, on the other hand wanted reform within the framework of British rule.

Q1: What Indian leader said that Swaraj was his birthright?
A1: Bal Gangadhar Tilak
Q2: What parts of India shaped the demands of the people for nationalism?
A2: three big provinces
Q3: How was the Congress split in 1907?
A3: two factions
Q4: Which faction of the Congress did Tilak lead?
A4: The radicals
Q5: Which faction wanted reform within British rule?
A5: The moderates
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

Bal-musette is a style of French music and dance that first became popular in Paris in the 1870s and 1880s; by 1880 Paris had some 150 dance halls in the working-class neighbourhoods of the city. Patrons danced the bourrée to the accompaniment of the cabrette (a bellows-blown bagpipe locally called a "musette") and often the vielle à roue (hurdy-gurdy) in the cafés and bars of the city. Parisian and Italian musicians who played the accordion adopted the style and established themselves in Auvergnat bars especially in the 19th arrondissement, and the romantic sounds of the accordion has since become one of the musical icons of the city. Paris became a major centre for jazz and still attracts jazz musicians from all around the world to its clubs and cafés.

Q1: What style of french music became populars in the 1870sto 1880s?
A1: Bal-musette
Q2: in 1880, how many dance halls were in Paris?
A2: 150
Q3: What is a cabrette known as locally?
A3: musette
Q4: What type of bars were accordions often played in?
A4: Auvergnat
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Balansiyya had a rebirth of sorts with the beginning of the Taifa of Valencia kingdom in the 11th century. The town grew, and during the reign of Abd al-Aziz a new city wall was built, remains of which are preserved throughout the Old City (Ciutat Vella) today. The Castilian nobleman Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar, known as El Cid, who was intent on possessing his own principality on the Mediterranean, entered the province in command of a combined Christian and Moorish army and besieged the city beginning in 1092. By the time the siege ended in May 1094, he had carved out his own fiefdom—which he ruled from 15 June 1094 to July 1099. This victory was immortalised in the Lay of the Cid. During his rule, he converted nine mosques into churches and installed the French monk Jérôme as bishop of the See of Valencia. El Cid was killed in July 1099 while defending the city from an Almoravid siege, whereupon his wife Ximena Díaz ruled in his place for two years.

Q1: What was El Cid's real name?
A1: Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar
Q2: When did El Cid die?
A2: July 1099
Q3: Who took El Cid's position after his death?
A3: Ximena Díaz
Q4: When did El Cid rule?
A4: 15 June 1094 to July 1099
Q5: Who was the ruler when the new city wall was constructed?
A5: Abd al-Aziz
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

Ban Chao (d. AD 102) enlisted the aid of the Kushan Empire, occupying the area of modern India, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Tajikistan, to subdue Kashgar and its ally Sogdiana. When a request by Kushan ruler Vima Kadphises (r. c. 90–c. 100 AD) for a marriage alliance with the Han was rejected in AD 90, he sent his forces to Wakhan (Afghanistan) to attack Ban Chao. The conflict ended with the Kushans withdrawing because of lack of supplies. In AD 91, the office of Protector General of the Western Regions was reinstated when it was bestowed on Ban Chao.

Q1: Which ruler requested a marriage alliance with the Han in AD 90?
A1: Vima Kadphises
Q2: Who was the Protector General of the Western Regions in AD 91?
A2: Ban Chao
Q3: Which empire was asked to help subdue Kashgar?
A3: Kushan
Q4: Which empire sent armies to attack Ban Chao?
A4: Kushan
Q5: Who was allied with Kashgar?
A5: Sogdiana
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

Bangladesh's constitution clearly outlines the functions and powers of the Prime Minister, and also details the process of his/her appointment and dismissal.

Q1: Which constitution details the role and abilities of the prime minister?
A1: Bangladesh's
Q2: What other considerations are included in the constitution of Bangladesh as regards the prime minister?
A2: the process of his/her appointment and dismissal
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

Banking has traditionally been one of the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay: the country was once dubbed "the Switzerland of America", mainly for its banking sector and stability, although that stability has been threatened in the 21st century by the recent global economic climate. The largest bank in Uruguay is Banco Republica (BROU), based in Montevideo. Almost 20 private banks, most of them branches of international banks, operate in the country (Banco Santander, ABN AMRO, Citibank, Lloyds TSB, among others). There are also a myriad of brokers and financial-services bureaus, among them Ficus Capital, Galfin Sociedad de Bolsa, Europa Sociedad de Bolsa, Darío Cukier, GBU, Hordeñana & Asociados Sociedad de Bolsa, etc.

Q1: What has traditionally been the strongest service export sectors in Uruguay?
A1: Banking
Q2: Uruguay was once dubbed as what?
A2: the Switzerland of America
Q3: What is the largest bank in Uruguay? 
A3: Banco Republica
Q4: Where is Banco Republica based in?
A4: Montevideo
Title: Tuvalu
Topic: Geography and places

Banking services are provided by the National Bank of Tuvalu. Public sector workers make up about 65% of those formally employed. Remittances from Tuvaluans living in Australia and New Zealand, and remittances from Tuvaluan sailors employed on overseas ships are important sources of income for Tuvaluans. Approximately 15% of adult males work as seamen on foreign-flagged merchant ships. Agriculture in Tuvalu is focused on coconut trees and growing pulaka in large pits of composted soil below the water table. Tuvaluans are otherwise involved in traditional subsistence agriculture and fishing.

Q1: What business provides banking services on Tuvalu?
A1: National Bank of Tuvalu
Q2: What percentage of the Tuvalu workforce is in the public sector?
A2: 65%
Q3: Where are many of those who provide income to residents earning?
A3: overseas
Q4: How do 15% of male Tuvaluans earn their income?
A4: seamen
Q5: What are the traditional forms of living employed by Tuvaluans?
A5: agriculture and fishing.