LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Universal_Studios
Topic: Media and drama

In 1945, the British entrepreneur J. Arthur Rank, hoping to expand his American presence, bought into a four-way merger with Universal, the independent company International Pictures, and producer Kenneth Young. The new combine, United World Pictures, was a failure and was dissolved within one year. Rank and International remained interested in Universal, however, culminating in the studio's reorganization as Universal-International. William Goetz, a founder of International, was made head of production at the renamed Universal-International Pictures Inc., which also served as an import-export subsidiary, and copyright holder for the production arm's films. Goetz, a son-in-law of Louis B. Mayer decided to bring "prestige" to the new company. He stopped the studio's low-budget production of B movies, serials and curtailed Universal's horror and "Arabian Nights" cycles. Distribution and copyright control remained under the name of Universal Pictures Company Inc.

Q1: In what year was United World Pictures founded?
A1: 1945
Q2: What producer was involved in the founding of United World Pictures?
A2: Kenneth Young
Q3: How long did United World Pictures last?
A3: one year
Q4: Who was the head of production at Universal-International Pictures?
A4: William Goetz
Q5: Who was William Goetz's father-in-law?
A5: Louis B. Mayer
Title: A_cappella
Topic: Music

In 1945, the first formal women's barbershop organization, Sweet Adelines, was formed. In 1953 Sweet Adelines became an international organization, although it didn't change its name to Sweet Adelines International until 1991. The membership of nearly 25,000 women, all singing in English, includes choruses in most of the fifty United States as well as in Australia, Canada, England, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Japan, New Zealand, Scotland, Sweden, Wales and the Netherlands. Headquartered in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the organization encompasses more than 1,200 registered quartets and 600 choruses.

Q1: What is the name of the first female barbershop organization?
A1: Sweet Adelines
Q2: When did the Sweet Adelines change their name to acknowledge their international reach?
A2: 1991
Q3: How many women are members of the Sweet Adelines?
A3: nearly 25,000
Q4: Where is the Sweet Adelines HQ?
A4: Tulsa, Oklahoma
Q5: In what year did the Sweet Adelines become an international group?
A5: 1953
Title: George_VI
Topic: History

In 1947, the King and his family toured Southern Africa. The Prime Minister of the Union of South Africa, Jan Smuts, was facing an election and hoped to make political capital out of the visit. George was appalled, however, when instructed by the South African government to shake hands only with whites, and referred to his South African bodyguards as "the Gestapo". Despite the tour, Smuts lost the election the following year, and the new government instituted a strict policy of racial segregation.

Q1: Who was the Prime Minister of South Africa in 1947?
A1: Jan Smuts
Q2: What were the King's South African bodyguards referred as? 
A2: the Gestapo
Q3: Who instructed the King to only shake hands with whites in South Africa?
A3: South African government
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

In 1948, Eisenhower became President of Columbia University, an Ivy League university in New York City. The assignment was described as not being a good fit in either direction. During that year Eisenhower's memoir, Crusade in Europe, was published. Critics regarded it as one of the finest U.S. military memoirs, and it was a major financial success as well. Eisenhower's profit on the book was substantially aided by an unprecedented ruling by the U.S. Department of the Treasury that Eisenhower was not a professional writer, but rather, marketing the lifetime asset of his experiences, and thus he only had to pay capital gains tax on his $635,000 advance instead of the much higher personal tax rate. This ruling saved Eisenhower about $400,000.

Q1: What position did Eisenhower occupy in 1948?
A1: President of Columbia University
Q2: Where is Columbia University located?
A2: New York City
Q3: What was the title of Eisenhower's memoir?
A3: Crusade in Europe
Q4: What group of schools did Columbia University belong to?
A4: Ivy League
Q5: What body ruled the Eisenhower was not a professional writer?
A5: Department of the Treasury
Title: Transistor
Topic: Engineering and technology

In 1948, the point-contact transistor was independently invented by German physicists Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker while working at the Compagnie des Freins et Signaux, a Westinghouse subsidiary located in Paris. Mataré had previous experience in developing crystal rectifiers from silicon and germanium in the German radar effort during World War II. Using this knowledge, he began researching the phenomenon of "interference" in 1947. By June 1948, witnessing currents flowing through point-contacts, Mataré produced consistent results using samples of germanium produced by Welker, similar to what Bardeen and Brattain had accomplished earlier in December 1947. Realizing that Bell Labs' scientists had already invented the transistor before them, the company rushed to get its "transistron" into production for amplified use in France's telephone network.

Q1: In what year was the point-contact transistor invented?
A1: 1948
Q2: Who invented the point-contact transistor?
A2: Herbert Mataré and Heinrich Welker
Q3: Where were Matare and Welker working when inventing the point-contact transistor?
A3: Compagnie des Freins et Signaux
Q4: What was the name of Matare and Welker's transistor?
A4: transistron
Q5: What was the transistron used for?
A5: amplified use in France's telephone network
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

In 1949, France started its transmissions with an 819 lines system (with 737 active lines). The system was monochrome only, and was used only on VHF for the first French TV channel. It was discontinued in 1983.

Q1: In what year did France start transmissions using and 819 line system?
A1: 1949
Q2: What country started transmissions using and 819 line system in 1949?
A2: France
Q3: What did France start transmissions with in 1949?
A3: an 819 lines system
Q4: Was France's 819 line system in color?
A4: monochrome only
Q5: When was France's 819 line system discontinued?
A5: 1983
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

In 1949, the city was chosen to be the seat of the Council of Europe with its European Court of Human Rights and European Pharmacopoeia. Since 1952, the European Parliament has met in Strasbourg, which was formally designated its official 'seat' at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council of EU heads of state and government in December 1992. (This position was reconfirmed and given treaty status in the 1997 Treaty of Amsterdam). However, only the (four-day) plenary sessions of the Parliament are held in Strasbourg each month, with all other business being conducted in Brussels and Luxembourg. Those sessions take place in the Immeuble Louise Weiss, inaugurated in 1999, which houses the largest parliamentary assembly room in Europe and of any democratic institution in the world. Before that, the EP sessions had to take place in the main Council of Europe building, the Palace of Europe, whose unusual inner architecture had become a familiar sight to European TV audiences. In 1992, Strasbourg became the seat of the Franco-German TV channel and movie-production society Arte.

Q1: What council was the city given a seat for in 1949? 
A1: Council of Europe
Q2: When did the European Parliament begin meeting in Strasbourg?
A2: 1952
Q3: When was Louise Weiss inaugurated?
A3: 1999
Title: Arsenal_F.C.
Topic: Sports and recreation

In 1949, the club unveiled a modernised crest featuring the same style of cannon below the club's name, set in blackletter, and above the coat of arms of the Metropolitan Borough of Islington and a scroll inscribed with the club's newly adopted Latin motto, Victoria Concordia Crescit "victory comes from harmony", coined by the club's programme editor Harry Homer. For the first time, the crest was rendered in colour, which varied slightly over the crest's lifespan, finally becoming red, gold and green. Because of the numerous revisions of the crest, Arsenal were unable to copyright it. Although the club had managed to register the crest as a trademark, and had fought (and eventually won) a long legal battle with a local street trader who sold "unofficial" Arsenal merchandise, Arsenal eventually sought a more comprehensive legal protection. Therefore, in 2002 they introduced a new crest featuring more modern curved lines and a simplified style, which was copyrightable. The cannon once again faces east and the club's name is written in a sans-serif typeface above the cannon. Green was replaced by dark blue. The new crest was criticised by some supporters; the Arsenal Independent Supporters' Association claimed that the club had ignored much of Arsenal's history and tradition with such a radical modern design, and that fans had not been properly consulted on the issue.

Q1: What Latin motto was added to the crest in 1949?
A1: Victoria Concordia Crescit
Q2: In 1949 what new addition was done to enhance the Arsenal club crest?
A2: rendered in colour
Q3: What legal stance did Arsenal use to win a law suit against a merchant?
A3: trademark
Q4: In what year did Arsenal produce a remodeled crest that could be copyrighted?
A4: 2002
Q5:  Who did Arsenal supporters think should have been consulted before announcing the new crest?
A5: fans
Title: Israel
Topic: History

In 1950 Egypt closed the Suez Canal to Israeli shipping and tensions mounted as armed clashes took place along Israel's borders. During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by Palestinian fedayeen, nearly always against civilians, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, leading to several Israeli counter-raids. In 1956, Great Britain and France aimed at regaining control of the Suez Canal, which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the Suez Crisis). The continued blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, together with the growing amount of Fedayeen attacks against Israel's southern population, and recent Arab grave and threatening statements, prompted Israel to attack Egypt. Israel joined a secret alliance with Great Britain and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula but was pressured to withdraw by the United Nations in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the Red Sea via the Straits of Tiran and the Canal[citation needed]. The war resulted in significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration.

Q1: When did Egypt close the Suez Canal to Israel?
A1: 1950
Q2: Who was Israel frequently attacked by?
A2: Palestinian fedayeen
Q3: What did the war result in?
A3: significant reduction of Israeli border infiltration
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

In 1950, Hayek left the London School of Economics for the University of Chicago, where he became a professor in the Committee on Social Thought. Hayek's salary was funded not by the university, but by an outside foundation. University of Chicago President Robert Hutchins was in the midst of a war with the U. of Chicago faculty over departmental autonomy and control, and Hayek got caught in the middle of that battle. Hutchins had been attempting to force all departments to adopt the neo-Thomist Great Books program of Mortimer Adler, and the U. of Chicago economists were sick of Hutchins' meddling. As the result the Economics department rejected Hutchins' pressure to hire Hayek, and Hayek became a part of the new Committee on Social Thought.

Q1: Upon leaving London, for what college did he choose to work?
A1: University of Chicago
Q2: Who supplied Hayek's salary?
A2: an outside foundation
Q3: What was the cause for the feud between Robert Hutchins and faculty?
A3: departmental autonomy and control
Q4: Why did the economics department turn down Hayek's employment?
A4: sick of Hutchins' meddling
Q5: What did Hayek serve on after his initial rejection?
A5: Committee on Social Thought
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

In 1950, von Neumann became a consultant to the Weapons Systems Evaluation Group (WSEG), whose function was to advise the Joint Chiefs of Staff and the United States Secretary of Defense on the development and use of new technologies. He also became an adviser to the Armed Forces Special Weapons Project (AFSWP), which was responsible for the military aspects on nuclear weapons.Over the following two years, he also became a consultant to the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), a member of the influential General Advisory Committee of the Atomic Energy Commission, a consultant to the newly established Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, and a member of the Scientific Advisory Group of the United States Air Force.

Q1: In 1950 von Neumann became a consultant for what organization?
A1: Weapons Systems Evaluation Group
Q2: What military organization did von NEumann also consult with for military aspect of nuclear weapons?
A2: Armed Forces Special Weapons Project
Q3: What committee did von Neumann serve on within the Atomic Energy Commission?
A3: General Advisory Committee
Title: Boston
Topic: Geography and places

In 1950, whites represented 94.7% of Boston's population. From the 1950s to the end of the 20th century, the proportion of non-Hispanic whites in the city declined; in 2000, non-Hispanic whites made up 49.5% of the city's population, making the city majority-minority for the first time. However, in recent years the city has experienced significant gentrification, in which affluent whites have moved into formerly non-white areas. In 2006, the US Census Bureau estimated that non-Hispanic whites again formed a slight majority. But as of 2010, in part due to the housing crash, as well as increased efforts to make more affordable housing more available, the minority population has rebounded. This may also have to do with an increased Latino population and more clarity surrounding US Census statistics, which indicate a Non-Hispanic White population of 47 percent (some reports give slightly lower figures).

Q1: What percent of Boston's population was white in 1950?
A1: 94.7%
Q2: In 2000, what percen tof the population were non hispanic and white?
A2: 49.5%
Q3: What year did minorities become the majority of the population for the first time?
A3: 2000
Q4: In recent years, the whote population has begun to move where?
A4: formerly non-white areas
Q5: What year did non hispanic whites once again become the majority of the population?
A5: 2006
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia
Topic: History

In 1951, during the early stages of the Cold War, Menzies spoke of the possibility of a looming third world war. The Menzies Government entered Australia's first formal military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States in San Francisco in 1951. External Affairs Minister Percy Spender had put forward the proposal to work along similar lines to the NATO Alliance. The Treaty declared that any attack on one of the three parties in the Pacific area would be viewed as a threat to each, and that the common danger would be met in accordance with each nation's constitutional processes. In 1954 the Menzies Government signed the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO) as a South East Asian counterpart to NATO. That same year, Soviet diplomat Vladimir Petrov and his wife defected from the Soviet embassy in Canberra, revealing evidence of Russian spying activities; Menzies called a Royal Commission to investigate.

Q1: Which treaty was Australia's first military alliance outside of the British Commonwealth?
A1: ANZUS Treaty
Q2: Which areas were involved in the ANZUS Treaty?
A2: Australia, New Zealand and the United States
Q3: Where was the signing of the ANZUS Treaty held in 1951?
A3: San Francisco
Q4: What does the acronym SEATO stand for?
A4: South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty
Q5: Which group is a counterpart to NATO?
A5: the South East Asia Collective Defence Treaty (SEATO)
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

In 1951, the Conservative Party returned to power in Britain, under the leadership of Winston Churchill. Churchill and the Conservatives believed that Britain's position as a world power relied on the continued existence of the empire, with the base at the Suez Canal allowing Britain to maintain its pre-eminent position in the Middle East in spite of the loss of India. However, Churchill could not ignore Gamal Abdul Nasser's new revolutionary government of Egypt that had taken power in 1952, and the following year it was agreed that British troops would withdraw from the Suez Canal zone and that Sudan would be granted self-determination by 1955, with independence to follow. Sudan was granted independence on 1 January 1956.

Q1: What party regained power in Britain in 1951?
A1: Conservative Party
Q2: Which party was Winston Churchill in?
A2: Conservative Party
Q3: Who ruled Egypt in 1952?
A3: Gamal Abdul Nasser
Q4: When did Sudan receive independence?
A4: 1 January 1956
Q5: Britain wanted to retain control of the Suez Canal to help its importance in what region?
A5: Middle East
Title: Pharmaceutical_industry
Topic: Natural sciences

In 1952 researchers at Ciba discovered the first orally available vasodilator, hydralazine. A major shortcoming of hydralazine monotherapy was that it lost its effectiveness over time (tachyphylaxis). In the mid-1950s Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co. discovered and developed chlorothiazide, which remains the most widely used antihypertensive drug today. This development was associated with a substantial decline in the mortality rate among people with hypertension. The inventors were recognized by a Public Health Lasker Award in 1975 for "the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension".

Q1: Who discovered Hydralazine?
A1: researchers at Ciba
Q2: Why were the researchers recognized in 1975?
A2: the saving of untold thousands of lives and the alleviation of the suffering of millions of victims of hypertension
Q3: Who developed Chlorothiazide?
A3: Karl H. Beyer, James M. Sprague, John E. Baer, and Frederick C. Novello of Merck and Co
Q4: What is  Chlorothiazide used to treat?
A4: hypertension
Q5: What was the main shortcoming in the drug Hydralazine?
A5: lost its effectiveness over time
Q6: What was the name of the first oral vasodilator?
A6: hydralazine
Q7: What is the most used antihypertensive drug today?
A7: chlorothiazide
Q8: Beyer, Sprague, Baer, and Novello received what award in 1975?
A8: Public Health Lasker Award
Q9: In what year was hydralazine discovered?
A9: 1952
Q10: Chlorothiazide helped reduce the mortality rate among those with what disease?
A10: hypertension
Title: IBM
Topic: History

In 1952, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., published the company's first written equal opportunity policy letter, one year before the U.S. Supreme Court decision in Brown vs. Board of Education and 11 years before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. In 1961, IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include sex, national origin, and age. The following year, IBM hosted its first Invention Award Dinner honoring 34 outstanding IBM inventors; and in 1963, the company named the first eight IBM Fellows in a new Fellowship Program that recognizes senior IBM scientists, engineers and other professionals for outstanding technical achievements.

Q1: Who published IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter?
A1: Thomas J. Watson, Jr
Q2: In what year was IBM's first equal opportunity policy letter published?
A2: 1952
Q3: In 1961 IBM's nondiscrimination policy was expanded to include what?
A3: sex, national origin, and age
Q4: How many inventors were honored at IBM's first Invention Award Dinner?
A4: 34
Q5: Starting in 1963 IBM started a program by naming 8 of these.
A5: IBM Fellows
Title: IBM
Topic: History

In 1952, Thomas Watson, Sr., stepped down after almost 40 years at the company helm; his son, Thomas Watson, Jr., was named president. In 1956, the company demonstrated the first practical example of artificial intelligence when Arthur L. Samuel of IBM's Poughkeepsie, New York, laboratory programmed an IBM 704 not merely to play checkers but "learn" from its own experience. In 1957, the FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) scientific programming language was developed. In 1961, Thomas J. Watson, Jr., was elected chairman of the board and Albert L. Williams became company president. The same year IBM developed the SABRE (Semi-Automatic Business-Related Environment) reservation system for American Airlines and introduced the highly successful Selectric typewriter.

Q1: Thomas Watson Sr. stepped down in what year?
A1: 1952
Q2: In 1956 the company demonstrated the first example of what?
A2: artificial intelligence
Q3: What computer did Arthur L. Samuel program to play checkers in 1957?
A3: an IBM 704
Q4: In 1957 the FORTRAN language was created, what is FORTRAN short for?
A4: FORmula TRANslation
Q5: In 1961 who became the president of IBM?
A5: Albert L. Williams
Title: States_of_Germany
Topic: Geography and places

In 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended into the Federal Republic, resulted in the addition of the re-established eastern states of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg-West Pomerania (in German Mecklenburg-Vorpommern), Saxony (Sachsen), Saxony-Anhalt (Sachsen-Anhalt), and Thuringia (Thüringen), as well as the reunification of West and East Berlin into Berlin and its establishment as a full and equal state. A regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg as "Berlin-Brandenburg" failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg, while a majority of Berliners voted in favour of the merger.

Q1: Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into?
A1: Baden-Württemberg
Q2: In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge?
A2: 1952
Q3:  In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city?
A3: Saarland
Q4: When did the German reunification take place?
A4: 1990
Q5: Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail?
A5: failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

In 1952, the United States elected a new president, and on 29 November 1952, the president-elect, Dwight D. Eisenhower, went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War. With the United Nations' acceptance of India's proposed Korean War armistice, the KPA, the PVA, and the UN Command ceased fire with the battle line approximately at the 38th parallel. Upon agreeing to the armistice, the belligerents established the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which has since been patrolled by the KPA and ROKA, United States, and Joint UN Commands.

Q1: Who did the US elect as president during the Korean War?
A1: Dwight D. Eisenhower
Q2: Who approved the Korean War armistice that officially declared a ceasefire?
A2: the United Nations
Q3: What area was created by the parties involved in the Korean conflict?
A3: Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ)
Q4: Along with the Joint UN Commands, ROKA and KPA, what country also still patrols the demilitarized zone?
A4: United States
Q5: What was one of the first things that the newly-elected Dwight Eisenhower did after the election?
A5: went to Korea to learn what might end the Korean War
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

In 1953, Korolev was given the go-ahead to develop the R-7 Semyorka rocket, which represented a major advance from the German design. Although some of its components (notably boosters) still resembled the German G-4, the new rocket incorporated staged design, a completely new control system, and a new fuel. It was successfully tested on August 21, 1957 and became the world's first fully operational ICBM the following month. It would later be used to launch the first satellite into space, and derivatives would launch all piloted Soviet spacecraft.

Q1: Who began developing the  R-7 Semyorka rocket?
A1: Korolev
Q2:  R-7 Semyorka rocket resembled closely to what other missile?
A2: German G-4
Q3: When was the R-7 Semyorka rocket tested successfully?
A3: August 21, 1957
Q4: The first satellite launched into space used what rocket?
A4: R-7 Semyorka rocket
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

In 1953, the Republican Party's Old Guard presented Eisenhower with a dilemma by insisting he disavow the Yalta Agreements as beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch; however, the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 made the matter a practical moot point. At this time Eisenhower gave his Chance for Peace speech in which he attempted, unsuccessfully, to forestall the nuclear arms race with the Soviet Union by suggesting multiple opportunities presented by peaceful uses of nuclear materials. Biographer Stephen Ambrose opined that this was the best speech of Eisenhower's presidency.

Q1: What agreements did the GOP Old Guard want Eisenhower to abandon?
A1: Yalta
Q2: Why did the Old Guard say Eisenhower should void the Yalta Agreements?
A2: beyond the constitutional authority of the Executive Branch
Q3: What world leader died in March of 1953?
A3: Joseph Stalin
Q4: What speech did Eisenhower give after Stalin died?
A4: Chance for Peace
Q5: Who called the Chance for Peace speech the best one Eisenhower gave as president?
A5: Stephen Ambrose
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

In 1954, Eisenhower articulated the domino theory in his outlook towards communism in Southeast Asia and also in Central America. He believed that if the communists were allowed to prevail in Vietnam, this would cause a succession of countries to fall to communism, from Laos through Malaysia and Indonesia ultimately to India. Likewise, the fall of Guatemala would end with the fall of neighboring Mexico. That year the loss of North Vietnam to the communists and the rejection of his proposed European Defence Community (EDC) were serious defeats, but he remained optimistic in his opposition to the spread of communism, saying "Long faces don't win wars". As he had threatened the French in their rejection of EDC, he afterwards moved to restore West Germany, as a full NATO partner.

Q1: What country did Eisenhower believe communists would conquer if they took over Guatemala?
A1: Mexico
Q2: The domino theory was applied to Central America and what other region?
A2: Southeast Asia
Q3: In what year was Eisenhower's EDC rejected?
A3: 1954
Q4: What country was made a full partner in NATO as the result of the failure of EDC?
A4: West Germany
Q5: According to Eisenhower, all of Southeast Asia would become communist if the communist insurgency won in what country?
A5: Vietnam
Title: Serbo-Croatian
Topic: Language and literature

In 1954, major Serbian and Croatian writers, linguists and literary critics, backed by Matica srpska and Matica hrvatska signed the Novi Sad Agreement, which in its first conclusion stated: "Serbs, Croats and Montenegrins share a single language with two equal variants that have developed around Zagreb (western) and Belgrade (eastern)". The agreement insisted on the equal status of Cyrillic and Latin scripts, and of Ekavian and Ijekavian pronunciations. It also specified that Serbo-Croatian should be the name of the language in official contexts, while in unofficial use the traditional Serbian and Croatian were to be retained. Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska were to work together on a dictionary, and a committee of Serbian and Croatian linguists was asked to prepare a pravopis. During the sixties both books were published simultaneously in Ijekavian Latin in Zagreb and Ekavian Cyrillic in Novi Sad. Yet Croatian linguists claim that it was an act of unitarianism. The evidence supporting this claim is patchy: Croatian linguist Stjepan Babić complained that the television transmission from Belgrade always used the Latin alphabet— which was true, but was not proof of unequal rights, but of frequency of use and prestige. Babić further complained that the Novi Sad Dictionary (1967) listed side by side words from both the Croatian and Serbian variants wherever they differed, which one can view as proof of careful respect for both variants, and not of unitarism. Moreover, Croatian linguists criticized those parts of the Dictionary for being unitaristic that were written by Croatian linguists. And finally, Croatian linguists ignored the fact that the material for the Pravopisni rječnik came from the Croatian Philological Society. Regardless of these facts, Croatian intellectuals brought the Declaration on the Status and Name of the Croatian Literary Language in 1967. On occasion of the publication’s 45th anniversary, the Croatian weekly journal Forum published the Declaration again in 2012, accompanied by a critical analysis.

Q1: Which agreement was signed in 1954 by writers, linguists, and literary critics?
A1: Novi Sad Agreement
Q2: On what principle did the Novi Sad Agreement focus upon?
A2: equal status
Q3: Who was given the task of creating a dictionary in the Novi Sad Agreement?
A3: Matica hrvatska and Matica srpska
Title: New_Haven,_Connecticut
Topic: Geography and places

In 1954, then-mayor Richard C. Lee began some of the earliest major urban renewal projects in the United States. Certain sections of downtown New Haven were redeveloped to include museums, new office towers, a hotel, and large shopping complexes. Other parts of the city were affected by the construction of Interstate 95 along the Long Wharf section, Interstate 91, and the Oak Street Connector. The Oak Street Connector (Route 34), running between Interstate 95, downtown, and The Hill neighborhood, was originally intended as a highway to the city's western suburbs but was only completed as a highway to the downtown area, with the area to the west becoming a boulevard (See "Redevelopment" below).

Q1: What New Haven mayor is responsible for projects that placed the city among the forefront of urban renewal in the U.S. circa 1954? 
A1: Richard C. Lee
Q2: What major U.S. interstate runs along the Long Wharf section of New Haven?
A2: Interstate 95
Q3: What New Haven thoroughfare runs between Interstate 95, downtown, and the neighborhood known as The Hill?
A3: The Oak Street Connector
Q4: What area of New Haven was Route 34 originally intended to service?
A4: the city's western suburbs
Q5: What did the western portion of Route 34 ultimately become?
A5: a boulevard
Q6: What was the name of the mayor that lead the urban development project in New Haven 1954?
A6: Richard C. Lee
Q7: What was of the major urban development that affected several New Haven neighborhood?
A7: construction of Interstate 95
Q8: During this redevelopment process what happen to the West part of Route 34?
A8: becoming a boulevard
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

In 1955 American nuclear arms policy became one aimed primarily at arms control as opposed to disarmament. The failure of negotiations over arms until 1955 was due mainly to the refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections. In talks located in London that year, they expressed a willingness to discuss inspections; the tables were then turned on Eisenhower, when he responded with an unwillingness on the part of the U.S. to permit inspections. In May of that year the Russians agreed to sign a treaty giving independence to Austria, and paved the way for a Geneva summit with the U.S., U.K. and France. At the Geneva Conference Eisenhower presented a proposal called "Open Skies" to facilitate disarmament, which included plans for Russia and the U.S. to provide mutual access to each other's skies for open surveillance of military infrastructure. Russian leader Nikita Khrushchev dismissed the proposal out of hand.

Q1: Why did nuclear arms negotiations with Russia fail prior to 1955?
A1: refusal of the Russians to permit any sort of inspections
Q2: In what city did the US and Russia conduct nuclear talks in 1955?
A2: London
Q3: Who refused to permit nuclear weapons inspections in the wake of the 1955 talks?
A3: Eisenhower
Q4: In May of 1955, a treaty was signed giving independence to what country?
A4: Austria
Q5: What was the plan Eisenhower presented at the Geneva Conference called?
A5: Open Skies
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

In 1955, the diaries of Napoleon's valet, Louis Marchand, were published. His description of Napoleon in the months before his death led Sten Forshufvud in a 1961 paper in Nature to put forward other causes for his death, including deliberate arsenic poisoning. Arsenic was used as a poison during the era because it was undetectable when administered over a long period. Forshufvud, in a 1978 book with Ben Weider, noted that Napoleon's body was found to be remarkably well preserved when moved in 1840. Arsenic is a strong preservative, and therefore this supported the poisoning hypothesis. Forshufvud and Weider observed that Napoleon had attempted to quench abnormal thirst by drinking large amounts of orgeat syrup that contained cyanide compounds in the almonds used for flavouring.

Q1: When were the diaries of Napoleon's valet published?
A1: 1955
Q2: What was the name of Napoleon's valet?
A2: Louis Marchand
Q3:  What was the possible cause for Napoleon's death suggested in a 1961 Nature paper?
A3: arsenic poisoning
Q4: In 1961, who suggested the possibility that Napoleon died from ingestion of arsenic?
A4: Sten Forshufvud
Q5: What condition was Napoleon's body in when it was moved in 1840?
A5: well preserved
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

In 1955, von Neumann became a commissioner of the AEC. He accepted this position and used it to further the production of compact hydrogen bombs suitable for Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery. He involved himself in correcting the severe shortage of tritium and lithium 6 needed for these compact weapons, and he argued against settling for the intermediate range missiles that the Army wanted. He was adamant that H-bombs delivered into the heart of enemy territory by an ICBM would be the most effective weapon possible, and that the relative inaccuracy of the missile wouldn't be a problem with an H-bomb. He said the Russians would probably be building a similar weapon system, which turned out to be the case. Despite his disagreement with Oppenheimer over the need for a crash program to develop the hydrogen bomb, he testified on the latter's behalf at the 1954 Oppenheimer security hearing, at which he asserted that Oppenheimer was loyal, and praised him for his helpfulness once the program went ahead.

Q1: In what year did von Neumann become commissioner of the AEC?
A1: 1955
Q2: What were compact hydrogen bombs useful for?
A2: Intercontinental ballistic missile delivery
Q3: What was the concern with longer range ICBM with Hbomb?
A3: relative inaccuracy of the missile
Q4: Von Neumann testified at whose hearing about loyalty and help?
A4: Oppenheimer
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

In 1955, von Neumann was diagnosed with what was either bone or pancreatic cancer. His mother, Margaret von Neumann, was diagnosed with cancer in 1956 and died within two weeks. John had eighteen months from diagnosis till death. In this period von Neumann returned to the Roman Catholic faith that had also been significant to his mother after the family's conversion in 1929–1930. John had earlier said to his mother, "There is probably a God. Many things are easier to explain if there is than if there isn't." Von Neumann held on to his exemplary knowledge of Latin and quoted to a deathbed visitor the declamation "Judex ergo cum sedebit," and ends "Quid sum miser tunc dicturus? Quem patronum rogaturus, Cum vix iustus sit securus?" (When the judge His seat hath taken ... What shall wretched I then plead? Who for me shall intercede when the righteous scarce is freed?)

Q1: In what year was von Neumann diagnosed with cancer?
A1: 1955
Q2: From when his mother was diagnosed with cancer, how long did she live?
A2: died within two weeks
Q3: How long did von Neumann survive with cancer?
A3: eighteen months
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

In 1955, with both the United States and the Soviet Union building ballistic missiles that could be utilized to launch objects into space, the "starting line" was drawn for the Space Race. In separate announcements, just four days apart, both nations publicly announced that they would launch artificial Earth satellites by 1957 or 1958. On July 29, 1955, James C. Hagerty, president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary, announced that the United States intended to launch "small Earth circling satellites" between July 1, 1957, and December 31, 1958, as part of their contribution to the International Geophysical Year (IGY). Four days later, at the Sixth Congress of International Astronautical Federation in Copenhagen, scientist Leonid I. Sedov spoke to international reporters at the Soviet embassy, and announced his country's intention to launch a satellite as well, in the "near future". On August 30, 1955, Korolev managed to get the Soviet Academy of Sciences to create a commission whose purpose was to beat the Americans into Earth orbit: this was the de facto start date for the Space Race. The Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union began a policy of treating development of its space program as a classified state secret.

Q1: Who was president Dwight D. Eisenhower's press secretary?
A1: James C. Hagerty
Q2: The starting date for the Space Race was which date?
A2: August 30, 1955
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Topic: History

In 1956, following the declaration of the Imre Nagy government of withdrawal of Hungary from the Warsaw Pact, Soviet troops entered the country and removed the government. Soviet forces crushed the nationwide revolt, leading to the death of an estimated 2,500 Hungarian citizens.

Q1: In which year did Hungary attempt to leave the Warsaw Pact?
A1: 1956
Q2: Who was the head of the Hungarian government at the time of the revolt?
A2: Imre Nagy
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

In 1956, some colleges of technology received the designation College of Advanced Technology. They became universities in the 1960s meaning they could award their own degrees. The designation "Institute of Technology" was occasionally used by polytechnics (Bolton), Central Institutions (Dundee, Robert Gordon's), and postgraduate universities, (Cranfield and Wessex), most of which later adopted the designation University, and there were two "Institutes of Science and Technology": UMIST and UWIST, part of the University of Wales. Loughborough University was called Loughborough University of Technology from 1966 to 1996, the only institution in the UK to have had such a designation.

Q1: How many Institutes of Science and Technology were affiliated with the University of Wales?
A1: two
Q2: What was the name Loughborough University was known by from 1966 to 1996?
A2: Loughborough University of Technology
Q3: In what decade did colleges of technology gain the University designation?
A3: 1960s
Title: Elizabeth_II
Topic: History

In 1956, the British and French prime ministers, Sir Anthony Eden and Guy Mollet, discussed the possibility of France joining the Commonwealth. The proposal was never accepted and the following year France signed the Treaty of Rome, which established the European Economic Community, the precursor to the European Union. In November 1956, Britain and France invaded Egypt in an ultimately unsuccessful attempt to capture the Suez Canal. Lord Mountbatten claimed the Queen was opposed to the invasion, though Eden denied it. Eden resigned two months later.

Q1: When did the prime ministers of Britain and France discuss the idea of France joining the Commonwealth?
A1: 1956
Q2: What did France sign instead of joining the Commonwealth?
A2: Treaty of Rome
Q3: What did the Treaty of Rome establish?
A3: European Economic Community
Q4: To what was the European Economic Community the precurser?
A4: European Union
Q5: When did Britain and France invade Egypt?
A5: November 1956
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

In 1957, Braunstein further demonstrated that the rudimentary devices could be used for non-radio communication across a short distance. As noted by Kroemer Braunstein".. had set up a simple optical communications link: Music emerging from a record player was used via suitable electronics to modulate the forward current of a GaAs diode. The emitted light was detected by a PbS diode some distance away. This signal was fed into an audio amplifier, and played back by a loudspeaker. Intercepting the beam stopped the music. We had a great deal of fun playing with this setup." This setup presaged the use of LEDs for optical communication applications.

Q1: What year was it discovered that early LED instruments could be used for non-radio communication?
A1: 1957
Q2: Who discovered non-radio uses for early LED devices?
A2: Kroemer Braunstein
Q3: The current in non-radio communication had to go through what type of component?
A3: a GaAs diode
Q4: What other component was needed to detect the first current of a non-radio signal?
A4: a PbS diode
Q5: What final device was needed to hear the signal from the initial GaAs diode?
A5: audio amplifier
Title: Elizabeth_II
Topic: History

In 1957, she made a state visit to the United States, where she addressed the United Nations General Assembly on behalf of the Commonwealth. On the same tour, she opened the 23rd Canadian Parliament, becoming the first monarch of Canada to open a parliamentary session. Two years later, solely in her capacity as Queen of Canada, she revisited the United States and toured Canada. In 1961, she toured Cyprus, India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. On a visit to Ghana the same year, she dismissed fears for her safety, even though her host, President Kwame Nkrumah, who had replaced her as head of state, was a target for assassins. Harold Macmillan wrote, "The Queen has been absolutely determined all through ... She is impatient of the attitude towards her to treat her as ... a film star ... She has indeed 'the heart and stomach of a man' ... She loves her duty and means to be a Queen." Before her tour through parts of Quebec in 1964, the press reported that extremists within the Quebec separatist movement were plotting Elizabeth's assassination. No attempt was made, but a riot did break out while she was in Montreal; the Queen's "calmness and courage in the face of the violence" was noted.

Q1: When did Elizabeth address the UN General Assembly?
A1: 1957
Q2: What parliamentary session did Elizabeth open in 1957 while on tour? 
A2: 23rd Canadian Parliament
Q3: On a tour to Ghana in 1961 what did Elizabeth dismiss as a fear?
A3: her safety
Q4: In 1964 what was reported that Quebec extremists planned ?
A4: Elizabeth's assassination
Title: Dwight_D._Eisenhower
Topic: History

In 1957, the state of Arkansas refused to honor a federal court order to integrate their public school system stemming from the Brown decision. Eisenhower demanded that Arkansas governor Orval Faubus obey the court order. When Faubus balked, the president placed the Arkansas National Guard under federal control and sent in the 101st Airborne Division. They escorted and protected nine black students' entry to Little Rock Central High School, an all-white public school, for the first time since the Reconstruction Era. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote to Eisenhower to thank him for his actions, writing "The overwhelming majority of southerners, Negro and white, stand firmly behind your resolute action to restore law and order in Little Rock".

Q1: What state refused to integrate its schools in 1957?
A1: Arkansas
Q2: What military unit was sent from outside of Arkansas to oversee desegregation?
A2: 101st Airborne Division
Q3: What Arkansas militia unit did Eisenhower federalize in 1957?
A3: Arkansas National Guard
Q4: Who was the governor of Arkansas in 1957?
A4: Orval Faubus
Q5: How many black students were escorted by the 101st Airborne to Little Rock Central High School?
A5: nine
Title: Tristan_da_Cunha
Topic: Geography and places

In 1958 as part of an experiment, Operation Argus, the United States Navy detonated an atomic bomb 160 kilometres (100 mi) high in the upper atmosphere about 175 kilometres (109 mi) southeast of the main island.

Q1: What year was an atomic bomb detonated near the island?
A1: 1958
Q2: What country test detonated an atomic bomb near the island?
A2: United States
Title: Egypt
Topic: Geography and places

In 1958, Egypt and Syria formed a sovereign union known as the United Arab Republic. The union was short-lived, ending in 1961 when Syria seceded, thus ending the union. During most of its existence, the United Arab Republic was also in a loose confederation with North Yemen (or the Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen), known as the United Arab States. In 1959, the All-Palestine Government of the Gaza Strip, an Egyptian client state, was absorbed into the United Arab Republic under the pretext of Arab union, and was never restored.

Q1: In what year did Egypt and Syria Form a sovereign union?
A1: 1958
Q2: What was the sovereign union with Syria known?
A2: United Arab Republic
Q3: How long did the union with Syria last?
A3: 1961
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

In 1958, Korolev upgraded the R-7 to be able to launch a 400-kilogram (880 lb) payload to the Moon. Three secret 1958 attempts to launch Luna E-1-class impactor probes failed. The fourth attempt, Luna 1, launched successfully on January 2, 1959, but missed the Moon. The fifth attempt on June 18 also failed at launch. The 390-kilogram (860 lb) Luna 2 successfully impacted the Moon on September 14, 1959. The 278.5-kilogram (614 lb) Luna 3 successfully flew by the Moon and sent back pictures of its far side on October 6, 1959.

Q1: How many attempts to the Moon did Luna E-1-class probes fail before successfully launching?
A1: 4
Q2: The first probe to land on the Moon was in what year?
A2: 1959
Q3: Which Luna probe successfully photographed the back side of the Moon?
A3: Luna 3
Title: Steven_Spielberg
Topic: Media and drama

In 1958, he became a Boy Scout and fulfilled a requirement for the photography merit badge by making a nine-minute 8 mm film entitled The Last Gunfight. Years later, Spielberg recalled to a magazine interviewer, "My dad's still-camera was broken, so I asked the scoutmaster if I could tell a story with my father's movie camera. He said yes, and I got an idea to do a Western. I made it and got my merit badge. That was how it all started." At age thirteen, while living in Phoenix, Spielberg won a prize for a 40-minute war film he titled Escape to Nowhere, using a cast composed of other high school friends. That motivated him to make 15 more amateur 8mm films.:548 In 1963, at age sixteen, Spielberg wrote and directed his first independent film, a 140-minute science fiction adventure called Firelight, which would later inspire Close Encounters. The film was made for $500, most of which came from his father, and was shown in a local cinema for one evening, which earned back its cost.

Q1: What was Spielberg's first indepenent film?
A1: Firelight
Q2: How long was Spielberg's film "Escape to Nowhere"?
A2: 40-minute
Q3: How much money did Spielberg spend to film Close Encounters?
A3: $500
Q4: Who did Spielberg get money from to film Close Encounters?
A4: his father
Q5: What genre was Spielberg's first film "The Last Gunfight"
A5: Western
Q6: When did Spielberg join the Boy Scouts?
A6: 1958
Q7: What film did Spielberg make to earn a merit badge?
A7: The Last Gunfight
Q8: Why did Spielberg make a movie instead of taking still photos for the photography merit badge?
A8: dad's still-camera was broken
Q9: At what age did Spielberg make 'Escape to Nowhere'?
A9: thirteen
Q10: What film led to Close Encounters?
A10: Firelight