LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

The immediate cause of the war resided in the candidacy of a Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, a Prussian prince, to the throne of Spain. France feared encirclement by an alliance between Prussia and Spain. The Hohenzollern prince's candidacy was withdrawn under French diplomatic pressure, but Otto von Bismarck goaded the French into declaring war by altering a telegram sent by William I. Releasing the Ems Dispatch to the public, Bismarck made it sound as if the king had treated the French envoy in a demeaning fashion, which inflamed public opinion in France.

Q1: In whose cadidacy did the immediate cause of war reside?
A1: Leopold of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen
Q2: What did France fear by an alliance between Prussia and Spain?
A2: encirclement
Q3: Who goaded the French into war by editing a telegram sent by William I?
A3: Otto von Bismarck
Q4: What was the name of the famous telelgram?
A4: Ems Dispatch
Q5: What was the reaction of the French people to the deceptively crafted offense in the Ems Dispatch?
A5: inflamed public opinion
Title: Crimean_War
Topic: History

The immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as sponsored by Russia.:103 The Marquis Charles de La Valette was a zealous Catholic and a leading member of the "clerical party," which demanded French protection of the Roman Catholic rights to the holy places in Palestine. In May 1851, Napoleon appointed La Valette as his ambassador to the Porte (the Ottoman Empire).:7–9 The appointment was made with the intent of forcing the Ottomans to recognise France as the "sovereign authority" over the Christian population.:19 Russia disputed this attempted change in authority. Pointing to two more treaties, one in 1757 and the 1774 Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, the Ottomans reversed their earlier decision, renouncing the French treaty and insisting that Russia was the protector of the Orthodox Christians in the Ottoman Empire.

Q1: In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia?
A1: 1854
Q2: What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia?
A2: Napoleon III
Q3: Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine?
A3: Charles de La Valette
Q4: Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party?
A4: clerical party
Q5: What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette?
A5: ambassador to the Porte
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

The immediate nationwide uprisings against the new government began by the 1979 Kurdish rebellion with the Khuzestan uprisings, along with the uprisings in Sistan and Baluchestan Province and other areas. Over the next several years, these uprisings were subdued in a violent manner by the new Islamic government. The new government went about purging itself of the non-Islamist political opposition. Although both nationalists and Marxists had initially joined with Islamists to overthrow the Shah, tens of thousands were executed by the Islamic government afterward.

Q1: The new Iranian government following the Shah's downfall dealt with the Kurdish rebellion in what year?
A1: 1979
Q2: How did the new Iranian government handle the rebellions and uprisings following their rise to power?
A2: in a violent manner
Q3: The new Iranian government purged itself of what political opposition?
A3: non-Islamist
Q4: What happened to the nationalists and Marxists that had helped the Islamic ruling government to depose the Shah?
A4: were executed
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

The immediate predecessors of MP3 were "Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain" (OCF), and Perceptual Transform Coding (PXFM). These two codecs, along with block-switching contributions from Thomson-Brandt, were merged into a codec called ASPEC, which was submitted to MPEG, and which won the quality competition, but that was mistakenly rejected as too complex to implement. The first practical implementation of an audio perceptual coder (OCF) in hardware (Krasner's hardware was too cumbersome and slow for practical use), was an implementation of a psychoacoustic transform coder based on Motorola 56000 DSP chips.

Q1: What does OCF stand for?
A1: Optimum Coding in the Frequency Domain
Q2: What does PXFM stand for?
A2: Perceptual Transform Coding
Q3: What was the name of the codec that OCF, PFXM and other contributes merged into?
A3: ASPEC
Q4: Which competition did ASPEC win?
A4: quality
Q5: What was the first practical implementation based on?
A5: Motorola 56000 DSP chips
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

The impact of American Idol is also strongly felt in musical theatre, where many of Idol alumni have forged successful careers. The striking effect of former American Idol contestants on Broadway has been noted and commented on. The casting of a popular Idol contestant can lead to significantly increased ticket sales. Other alumni have gone on to work in television and films, the most notable being Jennifer Hudson who, on the recommendation of the Idol vocal coach Debra Byrd, won a role in Dreamgirls and subsequently received an Academy Award for her performance.

Q1: Which American Idol contestant won an Oscar for Dreamgirls? 
A1: Jennifer Hudson
Q2: What job does Debra Byrd do on American Idol? 
A2: vocal coach
Q3: In what area of the entertainment industry have some Idol contestants found success?
A3: musical theatre
Q4: Which Idol won an Academy Award?
A4: Jennifer Hudson
Q5: What film did Jennifer Hudson win an Academy Award for?
A5: Dreamgirls
Q6: Who recommended the role for Hudon?
A6: Debra Byrd
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

The impact of the post-election reforms has been observed in numerous areas, including ASEAN's approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton in December 2011 for the encouragement of further progress—it was the first visit by a Secretary of State in more than fifty years (Clinton met with the Burmese president and former military commander Thein Sein, as well as opposition leader Aung San Suu Kyi); and the participation of Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy (NLD) party in the 2012 by-elections, facilitated by the government's abolition of the laws that previously barred the NLD. As of July 2013, about 100 political prisoners remain imprisoned, while conflict between the Burmese Army and local insurgent groups continues.

Q1: Have the changes in Burmese law been of benefit to the country in international views ? 
A1: approval of Myanmar's bid for the position of ASEAN chair in 2014; the visit by United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
Q2: Who was the United States Secretary of State who visited Myanmar in 2014?
A2: Secretary of State Hillary Clinton
Q3: How long was the interval between the visits from the United States Secretary of State officials ?
A3: more than fifty years
Q4: What political party does Aung San Suu Kyi belong to ?
A4: National League for Democracy (NLD) party
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

The implication has historical basis and dates to the breakup of British America during the American Revolution. The colonies that had confederated to form the United States invaded Canada (at the time a term referring specifically to the modern-day provinces of Quebec and Ontario, which had only been in British hands since 1763) at least twice, neither time succeeding in taking control of the territory. The first invasion was during the Revolution, under the assumption that French-speaking Canadians' presumed hostility towards British colonial rule combined with the Franco-American alliance would make them natural allies to the American cause; the Continental Army successfully recruited two Canadian regiments for the invasion. That invasion's failure forced the members of those regiments into exile, and they settled mostly in upstate New York. The Articles of Confederation, written during the Revolution, included a provision for Canada to join the United States, should they ever decide to do so, without needing to seek U.S. permission as other states would. The United States again invaded Canada during the War of 1812, but this effort was made more difficult due to the large number of Loyalist Americans that had fled to what is now Ontario and still resisted joining the republic. The Hunter Patriots in the 1830s and the Fenian raids after the American Civil War were private attacks on Canada from the U.S. Several U.S. politicians in the 19th century also spoke in favour of annexing Canada.

Q1: When did Quebec land in British hands?
A1: 1763
Q2: When did Ontario land in British hands?
A2: 1763
Q3: During which the US invade Canada?
A3: the War of 1812
Q4: What did several US politicians suggest doing in the 19th century?
A4: annexing Canada
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The implications are multiple as various research traditions are now[when?] heavily utilizing the lens of identity to examine phenomena.[citation needed] One implication of identity and of identity construction can be seen in occupational settings. This becomes increasing challenging in stigmatized jobs or "dirty work" (Hughes, 1951). Tracy and Trethewey (2005) state that "individuals gravitate toward and turn away from particular jobs depending in part, on the extent to which they validate a "preferred organizational self" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005, p. 169). Some jobs carry different stigmas or acclaims. In her analysis Tracy uses the example of correctional officers trying to shake the stigma of "glorified maids" (Tracy & Tretheway 2005). "The process by which people arrive at justifications of and values for various occupational choices." Among these are workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33). People in these types of jobs are forced to find ways in order to create an identity they can live with. "Crafting a positive sense of self at work is more challenging when one's work is considered "dirty" by societal standards" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 7). "In other words, doing taint management is not just about allowing the employee to feel good in that job. "If employees must navigate discourses that question the viability of their work, and/ or experience obstacles in managing taint through transforming dirty work into a badge of honor, it is likely they will find blaming the client to be an efficacious route in affirming their identity" (Tracy & Scott 2006, p. 33).

Q1: Various research traditions are using what lens to examine phenomena?
A1: the lens of identity
Q2: What stigma do correctional officers have to deal with?
A2: glorified maids
Q3: The implications of identity and identity construction are discussed in what settings?
A3: occupational settings
Q4: What are people in stigmatized jobs forced to create?
A4: an identity they can live with
Q5: What are the two examples give for justifications and values for occupational choices?
A5: workplace satisfaction and overall quality of life
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

The importance of Southampton to the cruise industry was indicated by P&O Cruises's 175th anniversary celebrations, which included all seven of the company's liners visiting Southampton in a single day. Adonia, Arcadia, Aurora, Azura, Oceana, Oriana and Ventura all left the city in a procession on 3 July 2012.

Q1: What cruise line celebrated a landmark anniversary in Southampton in July of 2012?
A1: P&O Cruises
Q2: Which anniversary did P&O celebrate in Southampton?
A2: 175th
Q3: How many P&O liners visited Southampton on the day of the 175th anniversary celebrations?
A3: seven
Q4: Which of the seven P&O cruise liners has a name that begins with "V"?
A4: Ventura
Q5: Along with the Oriana, what's the other P&O liner with a name that starts with the same letter?
A5: Oceana
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

The importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a large proportion during the early period appear to have been mounted infantry, rather than true cavalry. One exception was Anglo-Saxon England, where the armies were still composed of regional levies, known as the fyrd, which were led by the local elites. In military technology, one of the main changes was the return of the crossbow, which had been known in Roman times and reappeared as a military weapon during the last part of the Early Middle Ages. Another change was the introduction of the stirrup, which increased the effectiveness of cavalry as shock troops. A technological advance that had implications beyond the military was the horseshoe, which allowed horses to be used in rocky terrain.

Q1: The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era?
A1: heavy cavalry
Q2: What region raised a militia army called the fyrd?
A2: Anglo-Saxon England
Q3: What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages?
A3: the crossbow
Q4: Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period?
A4: the stirrup
Q5: Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages?
A5: infantry
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The important legacy of this period included substantial advances in factual knowledge, especially in anatomy, zoology, botany, mineralogy, geography, mathematics and astronomy; an awareness of the importance of certain scientific problems, especially those related to the problem of change and its causes; and a recognition of the methodological importance of applying mathematics to natural phenomena and of undertaking empirical research. In the Hellenistic age scholars frequently employed the principles developed in earlier Greek thought: the application of mathematics and deliberate empirical research, in their scientific investigations. Thus, clear unbroken lines of influence lead from ancient Greek and Hellenistic philosophers, to medieval Muslim philosophers and scientists, to the European Renaissance and Enlightenment, to the secular sciences of the modern day. Neither reason nor inquiry began with the Ancient Greeks, but the Socratic method did, along with the idea of Forms, great advances in geometry, logic, and the natural sciences. According to Benjamin Farrington, former Professor of Classics at Swansea University:

Q1: Anatomy, zoology, geography, and studies like them are considered what?
A1: factual knowledge
Q2: What era utilized Greek theories?
A2: the Hellenistic age
Q3: What scientific theory was created by the Greeks?
A3: the Socratic method
Q4: Who employed logic, geometry, and natural sciences?
A4: the Ancient Greeks
Q5: Greek thought is predominately applying mathematics and what other method?
A5: deliberate empirical research
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

The importation of slaves was made illegal in 1792. Governor Robert Patton (1802–1807) recommended that the company import Chinese labour to supplement the rural workforce. The coolie labourers arrived in 1810, and their numbers reached 600 by 1818. Many were allowed to stay, and their descendents became integrated into the population. An 1814 census recorded 3,507 people on the island.

Q1: What was made illegal in 1792?
A1: importation of slaves
Q2: What year did Coolie labourers arrive?
A2: 1810
Q3: How many coolie labourers were on the island by 1818?
A3: 600
Q4: What was the population of the island in 1814?
A4: 3,507
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

The impressive, costly, and centralised rites to the deities of the Roman state were vastly outnumbered in everyday life by commonplace religious observances pertaining to an individual's domestic and personal deities, the patron divinities of Rome's various neighborhoods and communities, and the often idiosyncratic blends of official, unofficial, local and personal cults that characterised lawful Roman religion. In this spirit, a provincial Roman citizen who made the long journey from Bordeaux to Italy to consult the Sibyl at Tibur did not neglect his devotion to his own goddess from home:

Q1: What type of religious practices outnumbered the state observances?
A1: commonplace
Q2: To what did the mixture of official and individual religious practices  pertain? 
A2: lawful Roman
Q3: What were the characteristics of state religious observances?
A3: impressive, costly, and centralised
Q4: Who made the choices of personal religious practices in Rome? 
A4: individual
Q5: What type of deities did Roman communities have?
A5: patron
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization
Topic: Engineering and technology

The incentive to use 100% renewable energy, for electricity, transport, or even total primary energy supply globally, has been motivated by global warming and other ecological as well as economic concerns. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has said that there are few fundamental technological limits to integrating a portfolio of renewable energy technologies to meet most of total global energy demand. In reviewing 164 recent scenarios of future renewable energy growth, the report noted that the majority expected renewable sources to supply more than 17% of total energy by 2030, and 27% by 2050; the highest forecast projected 43% supplied by renewables by 2030 and 77% by 2050. Renewable energy use has grown much faster than even advocates anticipated. At the national level, at least 30 nations around the world already have renewable energy contributing more than 20% of energy supply. Also, Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow have developed a series of "stabilization wedges" that can allow us to maintain our quality of life while avoiding catastrophic climate change, and "renewable energy sources," in aggregate, constitute the largest number of their "wedges."

Q1: What motivated the incentive to use 100 percent renewable energy?
A1: global warming
Q2: How many nations already have renewable energy contributing to more than 20 percent of energy supply?
A2: at least 30 nations
Q3: Who developed a series of stabilization wedges?
A3: Professors S. Pacala and Robert H. Socolow
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The inclusiveness of Weinreich's definition (above) directs attention to the totality of one's identity at a given phase in time, and assists in elucidating component aspects of one's total identity, such as one's gender identity, ethnic identity, occupational identity and so on. The definition readily applies to the young child, to the adolescent, to the young adult, and to the older adult in various phases of the life cycle. Depending on whether one is a young child or an adult at the height of one's powers, how one construes oneself as one was in the past will refer to very different salient experiential markers. Likewise, how one construes oneself as one aspires to be in the future will differ considerably according to one's age and accumulated experiences. (Weinreich & Saunderson, (eds) 2003, pp 26–34).

Q1: What are gender identity, ethnic identity, and occupational identity aspects of?
A1: one's total identity
Q2: How one construes oneself now and in the future differs considerably because of what 2 things?
A2: age and accumulated experiences
Q3: The young child, the adolescent, the young adult and the older adult are phases of what?
A3: the life cycle
Q4: The salient experiential markers one uses to define one's past self differ based on the age that one was at what?
A4: the height of one's powers
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to private religious schools, the Supreme Court held that the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to the state governments. A more recent case involving the application of this principle against the states was Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet (1994).

Q1: What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?
A1: Everson v. Board of Education
Q2: What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?
A2: state law
Q3: What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?
A3: state governments
Q4: What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?
A4: Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet
Q5: When was the case of v. Grumet?
A5: 1994
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The increased consumption of reading materials of all sorts was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment. Developments in the Industrial Revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices, encouraging the spread of books, pamphlets, newspapers and journals – "media of the transmission of ideas and attitudes". Commercial development likewise increased the demand for information, along with rising populations and increased urbanisation. However, demand for reading material extended outside of the realm of the commercial, and outside the realm of the upper and middle classes, as evidenced by the Bibliothèque Bleue. Literacy rates are difficult to gauge, but in France at least, the rates doubled over the course of the 18th century. Reflecting the decreasing influence of religion, the number of books about science and art published in Paris doubled from 1720 to 1780, while the number of books about religion dropped to just one-tenth of the total.

Q1: The increased consumption of what type of material was one of the key features of the "social" Enlightenment?
A1: reading materials
Q2: Developments in which revolution allowed consumer goods to be produced in greater quantities at lower prices?
A2: the Industrial Revolution
Q3: In additional to rising populations and increased urbanisation, what else did Commercial development increase the need for?
A3: demand for information
Q4: In what country did literacy rates double over the course of the 18th century?
A4: France
Q5: The number of books about religion in Paris from 1720 to 1780 dropped by what percentage?
A5: just one-tenth of the total
Title: European_Central_Bank
Topic: Geography and places

The independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament, the European Commission, the Council of the European Union and the European Council. The European Parliament also gets to question and then issue its opinion on candidates to the executive board.

Q1: WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability?
A1: independence
Q2: Who gets to interview and question prospective board members?
A2: The European Parliament
Q3: Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB?
A3: bound by the treaties
Q4: How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions?
A4: bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

The independence of the Thirteen Colonies in North America in 1783 after the American War of Independence caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies. British attention soon turned towards Asia, Africa, and the Pacific. After the defeat of France in the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars (1792–1815), Britain emerged as the principal naval and imperial power of the 19th century (with London the largest city in the world from about 1830). Unchallenged at sea, British dominance was later described as Pax Britannica ("British Peace"), a period of relative peace in Europe and the world (1815–1914) during which the British Empire became the global hegemon and adopted the role of global policeman. In the early 19th century, the Industrial Revolution began to transform Britain; by the time of the Great Exhibition in 1851 the country was described as the "workshop of the world". The British Empire expanded to include India, large parts of Africa and many other territories throughout the world. Alongside the formal control it exerted over its own colonies, British dominance of much of world trade meant that it effectively controlled the economies of many regions, such as Asia and Latin America. Domestically, political attitudes favoured free trade and laissez-faire policies and a gradual widening of the voting franchise. During this century, the population increased at a dramatic rate, accompanied by rapid urbanisation, causing significant social and economic stresses. To seek new markets and sources of raw materials, the Conservative Party under Disraeli launched a period of imperialist expansion in Egypt, South Africa, and elsewhere. Canada, Australia, and New Zealand became self-governing dominions.

Q1: When did the Thirteen Colonies become independent from Britain?
A1: 1783
Q2: Which war caused Britain to lose some of its oldest and most populous colonies?
A2: American War of Independence
Q3: In which wars was France defeated?
A3: the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars
Q4: What did Pax Britannica mean?
A4: British Peace
Q5: When was Britain called the "workshop of the world"?
A5: 1851
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

The indigenous peoples of the Americas are the descendants of the pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas. Pueblos indígenas (indigenous peoples) is a common term in Spanish-speaking countries. Aborigen (aboriginal/native) is used in Argentina, whereas "Amerindian" is used in Quebec, The Guianas, and the English-speaking Caribbean. Indigenous peoples are commonly known in Canada as Aboriginal peoples, which include First Nations, Inuit, and Métis peoples. Indigenous peoples of the United States are commonly known as Native Americans or American Indians, and Alaska Natives.

Q1: Who are the indigenous people of the Americas descended from?
A1: pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Americas
Q2: What is a common term in Spanish speaking countries for the indigenous peoples?
A2: Pueblos indígenas
Q3: What term is used in Argentina to refer to the original peoples of a continent?
A3: Aborigen
Q4: In Quebec, The Guianas and places in the Caribbean where English is spoken, what is the preferred term for the indigenous people of the Americas?
A4: Amerindian
Q5: How are the indigenous people most commonly referred to by citizens of the U.S.?
A5: Native Americans
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

The indirect method of applying tesserae is often used for very large projects, projects with repetitive elements or for areas needing site specific shapes. Tiles are applied face-down to a backing paper using an adhesive, and later transferred onto walls, floors or craft projects. This method is most useful for extremely large projects as it gives the maker time to rework areas, allows the cementing of the tiles to the backing panel to be carried out quickly in one operation and helps ensure that the front surfaces of the mosaic tiles and mosaic pieces are flat and in the same plane on the front, even when using tiles and pieces of differing thicknesses. Mosaic murals, benches and tabletops are some of the items usually made using the indirect method, as it results in a smoother and more even surface.

Q1: How were larger mosaics usually constructed?
A1: face-down to a backing paper
Q2: Why was adding a step i production useful for larger projects?
A2: gives the maker time to rework
Q3: What is the style called of putting tessere on a backing paper?
A3: the indirect method
Q4: What besides benches and tabletops was usually created using the indirect method?
A4: murals
Q5: The indirect method also helped for projects with what kinds of areas?
A5: repetitive
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

The inevitable march to civil war and the combat in Madrid resulted in the removal of the capital of the Republic to Valencia. On 6 November 1936 the city became the capital of Republican Spain under the control of the prime minister Manuel Azana; the government moved to the Palau de Benicarló, its ministries occupying various other buildings. The city was heavily bombarded by air and sea, necessitating the construction of over two hundred bomb shelters to protect the population. On 13 January 1937 the city was first shelled by a vessel of the Fascist Italian Navy, which was blockading the port by the order of Benito Mussolini. The bombardment intensified and inflicted massive destruction on several occasions; by the end of the war the city had survived 442 bombardments, leaving 2,831 dead and 847 wounded, although it is estimated that the death toll was higher, as the data given are those recognised by Francisco Franco's government. The Republican government passed to Juan Negrín on 17 May 1937 and on 31 October of that year moved to Barcelona. On 30 March 1939 Valencia surrendered and the Nationalist troops entered the city. The postwar years were a time of hardship for Valencians. During Franco's regime speaking or teaching Valencian was prohibited; in a significant reversal it is now compulsory for every schoolchild in Valencia.

Q1: Who was prime minister in 1936?
A1: Manuel Azana
Q2: What building did the government move to in 1936?
A2: Palau de Benicarló
Q3: How many bomb shelters were built?
A3: over two hundred
Q4: When did the Italian Navy first attack Valencia?
A4: 13 January 1937
Q5: Where did the government relocate to in 1937?
A5: Barcelona
Title: Czech_language
Topic: Language and literature

The infinitive form ends in t (archaically, ti). It is the form found in dictionaries and the form that follows auxiliary verbs (for example, můžu tě slyšet—"I can hear you"). Czech verbs have three grammatical moods: indicative, imperative and conditional. The imperative mood adds specific endings for each of three person (or number) categories: -Ø/-i/-ej for second-person singular, -te/-ete/-ejte for second-person plural and -me/-eme/-ejme for first-person plural. The conditional mood is formed with a particle after the past-tense verb. This mood indicates possible events, expressed in English as "I would" or "I wish".

Q1: What verb form is found in Czech dictionaries?
A1: infinitive
Q2: How many grammatical moods do Czech verbs have?
A2: three
Q3: What are the grammatical moods of Czech verbs?
A3: indicative, imperative and conditional
Q4: What mood adds specific endings for each of three person or number categories?
A4: imperative
Q5: Which Czech verb mood indicates possible events?
A5: conditional
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

The inflection of determinatives is complex, specially because of the high number of elisions, but is similar to the neighboring languages. Catalan has more contractions of preposition + article than Spanish, like dels ("of + the [plural]"), but not as many as Italian (which has sul, col, nel, etc.).

Q1: What does the large number of omissions  make the determinatives?
A1: complex
Q2: What is much like the neighboring languages?
A2: inflection of determinatives
Q3: What language does Catalan have more contractions than?
A3: Spanish
Q4: Catalan has less contractions than what language?
A4: Italian
Q5: What type of word is added to the contraction of the preposition?
A5: article
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Topic: History

The influence of Nasser's Arab nationalism over the RCC was immediately apparent. The administration was instantly recognized by the neighbouring Arab nationalist regimes in Egypt, Syria, Iraq and Sudan, with Egypt sending experts to aid the inexperienced RCC. Gaddafi propounded Pan-Arab ideas, proclaiming the need for a single Arab state stretching across North Africa and the Middle East. In December 1969, Libya founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Egypt and Sudan as a step towards political unification, and in 1970 Syria stated its intention to join.

Q1: What philosophy influenced the RCC?
A1: Arab nationalism
Q2: Along with Egypt, Iraq and Sudan, what country's Arab nationalist government recognized the Libyan revolutionary government?
A2: Syria
Q3: What Arab nationalist thinker was influential with the RCC?
A3: Nasser
Q4: What countries founded the Arab Revolutionary Front with Libya?
A4: Egypt and Sudan
Q5: In what year was the Arab Revolutionary Front founded?
A5: 1969
Title: Old_English
Topic: Language and literature

The influence of Old Norse certainly helped move English from a synthetic language along the continuum to a more analytic word order, and Old Norse most likely made a greater impact on the English language than any other language. The eagerness of Vikings in the Danelaw to communicate with their southern Anglo-Saxon neighbors produced a friction that led to the erosion of the complicated inflectional word-endings. Simeon Potter notes: “No less far-reaching was the influence of Scandinavian upon the inflexional endings of English in hastening that wearing away and leveling of grammatical forms which gradually spread from north to south. It was, after all, a salutary influence. The gain was greater than the loss. There was a gain in directness, in clarity, and in strength.”

Q1: What language had the greatest influence on English?
A1: Old Norse
Q2: What was the name of the area in England ruled by the Vikings?
A2: the Danelaw
Q3: Who argued that the influence of Old Norse caused English to become a clearer, stronger and more direct language?
A3: Simeon Potter
Q4: What parts of English grammar declined as a result of Old Norse influence?
A4: word-endings
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields, outside painting and sculpture. In literature, the written works of Gertrude Stein employ repetition and repetitive phrases as building blocks in both passages and whole chapters. Most of Stein's important works utilize this technique, including the novel The Making of Americans (1906–08). Not only were they the first important patrons of Cubism, Gertrude Stein and her brother Leo were also important influences on Cubism as well. Picasso in turn was an important influence on Stein's writing.

Q1: Did cubism influence other fields outside of painting and scuplture?
A1: The influence of cubism extended to other artistic fields,
Q2: Who's written works used repitition that was similar to Cubist art?
A2: Gertrude Stein
Q3: What was Gertrude Stein's brother's name?
A3: Leo
Q4: What was the title of Gertrude Stein's 1906-1908 book?
A4: The Making of Americans
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The influence of science also began appearing more commonly in poetry and literature during the Enlightenment. Some poetry became infused with scientific metaphor and imagery, while other poems were written directly about scientific topics. Sir Richard Blackmore committed the Newtonian system to verse in Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books (1712). After Newton's death in 1727, poems were composed in his honour for decades. James Thomson (1700–1748) penned his "Poem to the Memory of Newton," which mourned the loss of Newton, but also praised his science and legacy.

Q1: Who wrote "Poem to the Memory of Newton?"
A1: James Thomson
Q2: In what year did Newton die?
A2: 1727
Q3: Whose death in 1727 prompted poems to be written in his honour for decades?
A3: Newton
Q4: Who wrote Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books?
A4: Sir Richard Blackmore
Q5: In what year was Creation, a Philosophical Poem in Seven Books written?
A5: 1712
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

The infrared portion of the spectrum has several useful benefits for astronomers. Cold, dark molecular clouds of gas and dust in our galaxy will glow with radiated heat as they are irradiated by imbedded stars. Infrared can also be used to detect protostars before they begin to emit visible light. Stars emit a smaller portion of their energy in the infrared spectrum, so nearby cool objects such as planets can be more readily detected. (In the visible light spectrum, the glare from the star will drown out the reflected light from a planet.)

Q1: What irradiates clouds of gas in the galaxy and makes them glow?
A1: imbedded stars
Q2: What can be detected via infrared prior to their emitting visible light?
A2: protostars
Q3: What objects emit less of their energy as infrared light versus visible light?
A3: Stars
Title: Pub
Topic: History

The inhabitants of the British Isles have been drinking ale since the Bronze Age, but it was with the arrival of the Roman Empire in its shores in the 1st Century, and the construction of the Roman road networks that the first inns, called tabernae, in which travellers could obtain refreshment began to appear. After the departure of Roman authority in the 5th Century and the fall of the Romano-British kingdoms, the Anglo-Saxons established alehouses that grew out of domestic dwellings, the Anglo-Saxon alewife would put a green bush up on a pole to let people know her brew was ready. These alehouses quickly evolved into meeting houses for the folk to socially congregate, gossip and arrange mutual help within their communities. Herein lies the origin of the modern public house, or "Pub" as it is colloquially called in England. They rapidly spread across the Kingdom, becoming so commonplace that in 965 King Edgar decreed that there should be no more than one alehouse per village.

Q1: During what historical epoch did Britons begin drinking ale?
A1: the Bronze Age
Q2: In what century did the Romans arrive in Britain?
A2: the 1st Century
Q3: What was the Latin term for the Roman inns?
A3: tabernae
Q4: In what century did the Romans leave Britain?
A4: 5th Century
Q5: What color bush did an Anglo-Saxon woman raise to indicate that her ale was done brewing?
A5: green
Title: ASCII
Topic: Engineering and technology

The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage, created problems when transferring "plain text" files between systems. The best example of this is the newline problem on various operating systems. Teletype machines required that a line of text be terminated with both "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead). The name "Carriage Return" comes from the fact that on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary. The entire carriage had to be pushed (returned) to the right in order to position the left margin of the paper for the next line.

Q1: Why were problems created when transferring files between systems?
A1: The inherent ambiguity of many control characters, combined with their historical usage
Q2: Teletype machines had to have two codes to termanate a line, what were they?
A2: "Carriage Return" (which moves the printhead to the beginning of the line) and "Line Feed" (which advances the paper one line without moving the printhead)
Q3: Where does the name "Carriage Return" come from?
A3: on a manual typewriter the carriage holding the paper moved while the position where the typebars struck the ribbon remained stationary
Q4: What side does the carriage have to be pushed to when starting a new line?
A4: right
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

The initial assault by North Korean KPA forces were aided by the use of Soviet T-34-85 tanks. A North Korean tank corps equipped with about 120 T-34s spearheaded the invasion. These drove against a ROK Army with few anti-tank weapons adequate to deal with the Soviet T-34s. Additional Soviet armor was added as the offensive progressed. The North Korean tanks had a good deal of early successes against South Korean infantry, elements of the 24th Infantry Division, and those United States built M24 Chaffee light tanks that they encountered. Interdiction by ground attack aircraft was the only means of slowing the advancing Korean armor. The tide turned in favour of the United Nations forces in August 1950 when the North Koreans suffered major tank losses during a series of battles in which the UN forces brought heavier equipment to bear, including M4A3 Sherman medium tanks backed by U.S. M26 heavy tanks, along with the British Centurion, Churchill, and Cromwell tanks.

Q1: What form of attack was an effective measure of slowing Korean armor?
A1: ground attack aircraft
Q2: What weapon did the the KPA use that was successful early in the Korean conflict?
A2: Soviet T-34-85 tanks
Q3: What helped the UN forces and shifted the war in their favor?
A3: the North Koreans suffered major tank losses
Q4: What actions of the UN also helped them improve their results during the war?
A4: the UN forces brought heavier equipment
Q5: How many tanks were in the North Korean tank corps?
A5: 120
Title: Incandescent_light_bulb
Topic: Engineering and technology

The initial cost of an incandescent bulb is small compared to the cost of the energy it uses over its lifetime. Incandescent bulbs have a shorter life than most other lighting, an important factor if replacement is inconvenient or expensive. Some types of lamp, including incandescent and fluorescent, emit less light as they age; this may be an inconvenience, or may reduce effective lifetime due to lamp replacement before total failure. A comparison of incandescent lamp operating cost with other light sources must include illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used, effect of lamp operation on heating and air conditioning systems. When used for lighting in houses and commercial buildings, the energy lost to heat can significantly increase the energy required by a building's air conditioning system. During the heating season heat produced by the bulbs is not wasted, although in most cases it is more cost effective to obtain heat from the heating system. Regardless, over the course of a year a more efficient lighting system saves energy in nearly all climates.

Q1: Do incandescent lights emit more, less, or the same amount of light as they age?
A1: less
Q2: What appliance requires more energy due to the use of incandescent lighting?
A2: a building's air conditioning system
Q3: Do incandescent lights have a longer or shorter life than other lighting sources?
A3: shorter
Q4: What are some factors to consider in calculating operating costs of lighting?
A4: illumination requirements, cost of the lamp and labor cost to replace lamps (taking into account effective lamp lifetime), cost of electricity used
Q5: What is more cost-effective, heat from incandescent bulbs or heat from a building's heating system?
A5: heat from the heating system
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

The initial military maneuvers began in September 1806. In a notable letter to Marshal Soult detailing the plan for the campaign, Napoleon described the essential features of Napoleonic warfare and introduced the phrase le bataillon-carré ('square battalion'). In the bataillon-carré system, the various corps of the Grande Armée would march uniformly together in close supporting distance. If any single corps was attacked, the others could quickly spring into action and arrive to help. Napoleon invaded Prussia with 180,000 troops, rapidly marching on the right bank of the River Saale. As in previous campaigns, his fundamental objective was to destroy one opponent before reinforcements from another could tip the balance of the war. Upon learning the whereabouts of the Prussian army, the French swung westwards and crossed the Saale with overwhelming force. At the twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, fought on 14 October, the French convincingly defeated the Prussians and inflicted heavy casualties. With several major commanders dead or incapacitated, the Prussian king proved incapable of effectively commanding the army, which began to quickly disintegrate. In a vaunted pursuit that epitomized the "peak of Napoleonic warfare," according to historian Richard Brooks, the French managed to capture 140,000 soldiers, over 2,000 cannons and hundreds of ammunition wagons, all in a single month. Historian David Chandler wrote of the Prussian forces: "Never has the morale of any army been more completely shattered." Despite their overwhelming defeat, the Prussians refused to negotiate with the French until the Russians had an opportunity to enter the fight.

Q1: How many troops did Napoleon use for the invasion of Prussia?
A1: 180,000
Q2:  What river did the French cross to engage the Prussian army?
A2: the Saale
Q3: To whom did Napoleon send a letter detailing his plans for the campaign with Prussia?
A3: Marshal Soult
Q4:  On what date were the battles of Jena and Auerstedt fought?
A4: 14 October
Q5: How many Prussian soldiers were captured at the battles of Jena and Auerstedt?
A5: 140,000
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

The initial near-complete MPEG-1 standard (parts 1, 2 and 3) was publicly available on 6 December 1991 as ISO CD 11172. In most countries, patents cannot be filed after prior art has been made public, and patents expire 20 years after the initial filing date, which can be up to 12 months later for filings in other countries. As a result, patents required to implement MP3 expired in most countries by December 2012, 21 years after the publication of ISO CD 11172.

Q1: What became publicly available on 6 December 1991?
A1: MPEG-1 standard
Q2: When can patents not be filed in most countries?
A2: after prior art has been made public
Q3: How long does it take for patents to expire after being filed?
A3: 20 years
Q4: How long can it take for patents to be approved after initially being filed?
A4: 12 months
Q5: When did patents required to implement MP3 expire in most countries?
A5: December 2012
Title: PlayStation_3
Topic: Video games

The initial prototype shown in May 2005 featured two HDMI ports, three Ethernet ports and six USB ports; however, when the system was shown again a year later at E3 2006, these were reduced to one HDMI port, one Ethernet port and four USB ports, presumably to cut costs. Two hardware configurations were also announced for the console: a 20 GB model and a 60 GB model, priced at US$499 (€499) and US$599 (€599), respectively. The 60 GB model was to be the only configuration to feature an HDMI port, Wi-Fi internet, flash card readers and a chrome trim with the logo in silver. Both models were announced for a simultaneous worldwide release: November 11, 2006, for Japan and November 17, 2006, for North America and Europe.

Q1: How many USB ports did the original PS3 prototype have?
A1: six
Q2: By the time the system appeared at E3 2006, how many Ethernet ports was it down to?
A2: one
Q3: Why might Sony have reduced the number of ports on the PlayStation 3 before production?
A3: to cut costs
Q4: In addition to the 20 GB model, what larger model did Sony offer?
A4: 60 GB
Q5: What color is the logo on the 60 GB PS3?
A5: silver