LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Freemasonry
Topic: Unknown

In general, Continental Freemasonry is sympathetic to Freemasonry amongst women, dating from the 1890s when French lodges assisted the emergent co-masonic movement by promoting enough of their members to the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite to allow them, in 1899, to form their own grand council, recognised by the other Continental Grand Councils of that Rite. The United Grand Lodge of England issued a statement in 1999 recognising the two women's grand lodges there to be regular in all but the participants. While they were not, therefore, recognised as regular, they were part of Freemasonry "in general". The attitude of most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons.

Q1: When did the French try to create co-masonic lodges?
A1: the 1890s
Q2: When did the United Grand Lodge of England recognize the two female Masonic lodges?
A2: 1999
Q3: What did the french lodges promote to try to get women accepted into the Freemasons?
A3: the 33rd degree of the Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite
Q4: Do Anglo-American grand lodges accept women as members today?
A4: most regular Anglo-American grand lodges remains that women Freemasons are not legitimate Masons
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

In general, German bombers were likely to get through to their targets without too much difficulty. It was to be some months before an effective night fighter force would be ready, and anti-aircraft defences only became adequate after the Blitz was over, so ruses were created to lure German bombers away from their targets. Throughout 1940, dummy airfields were prepared, good enough to stand up to skilled observation. A number[clarification needed] of bombs fell on these diversionary ("Starfish") targets.

Q1: Anti-aircraft defenses became better after what?
A1: Blitz was over
Q2: What did they use to lure German bombers away from their targets?
A2: ruses
Q3: What kind of airfields were prepared to stand up to skilled observers? 
A3: dummy
Q4: What was the name given to these dummy airfields?
A4: Starfish
Title: Hokkien
Topic: Language and literature

In general, Hokkien dialects have 5 to 7 phonemic tones. According to the traditional Chinese system, however, there are 7 to 9 "tones",[citation needed] more correctly termed tone classes since two of them are non-phonemic "entering tones" (see the discussion on Chinese tone). Tone sandhi is extensive. There are minor variations between the Quanzhou and Zhangzhou tone systems. Taiwanese tones follow the patterns of Amoy or Quanzhou, depending on the area of Taiwan. Many dialects have an additional phonemic tone ("tone 9" according to the traditional reckoning), used only in special or foreign loan words.

Q1: How many phonemic tones do Hokkien dialects have?
A1: 5 to 7
Q2: What is another name for phonemic tones?
A2: tone classes
Q3: What type of variations are there between the Quanznou and Zhangzhou tone system?
A3: minor
Q4: What patterns do Taiwanese tones follow?
A4: Amoy or Quanzhou
Q5: What is the pattern used un Taiwanese tones determined by?
A5: the area of Taiwan
Title: Tucson,_Arizona
Topic: Geography and places

In general, Tucson and Pima County support the Democratic Party, as opposed the state's largest metropolitan area, Phoenix, which usually supports the Republican Party. Congressional redistricting in 2013, following the publication of the 2010 Census, divided the Tucson area into three Federal Congressional districts (the first, second and third of Arizona). The city center is in the 3rd District, represented by Raul Grijalva, a Democrat, since 2003, while the more affluent residential areas to the south and east are in the 2nd District, represented by Republican Martha McSally since 2015, and the exurbs north and west between Tucson and Phoenix in the 3rd District are represented by Democrat Ann Kirkpatrick since 2008. The United States Postal Service operates post offices in Tucson. The Tucson Main Post Office is located at 1501 South Cherrybell Stravenue.

Q1: Which political party does Tucson usually support?
A1: Democratic
Q2: Which political party does Phoenix usually support?
A2: Republican
Q3: How many Federal Congressional districts was Tucson split into in 2013?
A3: three
Q4: Who represents Tucson's city center in Congress?
A4: Raul Grijalva
Q5: Who represent's Tucson's wealthy areas in Congress?
A5: Martha McSally
Title: USB
Topic: Engineering and technology

In general, USB cables have only plugs on their ends, while hosts and devices have only receptacles. Hosts almost universally have Type-A receptacles, while devices have one or another Type-B variety. Type-A plugs mate only with Type-A receptacles, and the same applies to their Type-B counterparts; they are deliberately physically incompatible. However, an extension to the USB standard specification called USB On-The-Go (OTG) allows a single port to act as either a host or a device, which is selectable by the end of the cable that plugs into the receptacle on the OTG-enabled unit. Even after the cable is hooked up and the units are communicating, the two units may "swap" ends under program control. This capability is meant for units such as PDAs in which the USB link might connect to a PC's host port as a device in one instance, yet connect as a host itself to a keyboard and mouse device in another instance.

Q1: USB cables and device have only what on their ends?
A1: plugs
Q2: Hosts and devices only have what in terms of connecting to a USB device?
A2: receptacles
Q3: Devices usually have what type of receptacle?
A3: one or another Type-B variety
Q4: Hosts almost always have what type of receptacle?
A4: Type-A receptacles
Title: Pesticide
Topic: Natural sciences

In general, a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium, antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors. Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.

Q1: What are three pests pesticides target?
A1: plant pathogens, weeds, mollusks
Q2: Are pesticides chemical or biological agents?
A2: a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent
Q3: What are possible cons of pesticides?
A3: potential toxicity to humans and other species
Q4: What are pesticides meant to prevent?
A4: destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

In general, avian influenza is a disease of birds caused by bird-specific influenza A virus that is not normally transferred to people; however, people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus and this is of particular concern in areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected. The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.

Q1: Is the Avian flu a risk only to animals?
A1: people in contact with live poultry are at the greatest risk of becoming infected with the virus
Q2: What portion of the world is considered to be most at risk for the rapid spread of the avian flu?
A2: areas such as Southeast Asia, where the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected
Q3: What is the danger to humans in regards to the spread of avian flu to humans ?
A3: The virus possibly could mutate to become highly virulent and infectious in humans and cause an influenza pandemic.
Q4: Can the avian flu be sread from wild birds to birds kept in husbandry?
A4: the disease is endemic in the wild bird population and domestic poultry can become infected.
Title: Translation
Topic: Language and literature

In general, translators have sought to preserve the context itself by reproducing the original order of sememes, and hence word order — when necessary, reinterpreting the actual grammatical structure, for example, by shifting from active to passive voice, or vice versa. The grammatical differences between "fixed-word-order" languages (e.g. English, French, German) and "free-word-order" languages (e.g., Greek, Latin, Polish, Russian) have been no impediment in this regard. The particular syntax (sentence-structure) characteristics of a text's source language are adjusted to the syntactic requirements of the target language.

Q1: What have translators tried to preserve?
A1: context itself
Q2: How do translators preserve context?
A2: reproducing the original order of sememes
Q3: What is it sometimes necessary to reinterpret when translating?
A3: grammatical structure
Q4: What is the active voice sometimes shifted to when needed?
A4: passive
Q5: What are the syntax characteristics of a text's source language adjusted to for a target language?
A5: syntactic requirements
Title: Glacier
Topic: Natural sciences

In glaciated areas where the glacier moves faster than one km per year, glacial earthquakes occur. These are large scale temblors that have seismic magnitudes as high as 6.1. The number of glacial earthquakes in Greenland peaks every year in July, August and September and is increasing over time. In a study using data from January 1993 through October 2005, more events were detected every year since 2002, and twice as many events were recorded in 2005 as there were in any other year. This increase in the numbers of glacial earthquakes in Greenland may be a response to global warming.

Q1: How far does a glacier have to move to cause glacial earthquakes?
A1: one km per year
Q2: How high can the seismic magnitude be of a glacial earthquake?
A2: 6.1
Q3: Are Greenland's glacial earthquakes increasing or decreasing as time goes on?
A3: increasing
Q4: During which months do glacial earthquakes peak in Greenland?
A4: July, August and September
Q5: In what year were twice as many glacial earthquakes seen than in any other year in Greenland?
A5: 2005
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

In grading lumber and structural timber, knots are classified according to their form, size, soundness, and the firmness with which they are held in place. This firmness is affected by, among other factors, the length of time for which the branch was dead while the attaching stem continued to grow.

Q1: What's the process in which knots are classified called?
A1: grading
Q2: Along with firmness, soundness, and form, what property of a knot is classified?
A2: size
Q3: What property of knots does the amount of time a branch stayed on a tree while the stem kept growing affect?
A3: firmness
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

In heartwood it occurs only in the first and last forms. Wood that is thoroughly air-dried retains 8–16% of the water in the cell walls, and none, or practically none, in the other forms. Even oven-dried wood retains a small percentage of moisture, but for all except chemical purposes, may be considered absolutely dry.

Q1: What does wood retain in its cell walls despite being air-dried?
A1: water
Q2: Air-dried wood keeps up to what percentage of the water in its cell walls?
A2: 16
Q3: What kind of dried wood retains a small quantity of water but is considered absolutely dry?
A3: oven-dried
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

In higher education, Politecnico refers to a technical university awarding degrees in engineering. Historically there were two Politecnici, one in each of the two largest industrial cities of the north:

Q1: What term in higher education refers to technical universities that award engineering degrees?
A1: Politecnico
Q2: Traditionally, how many Politecnici were there?
A2: two
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In higher organisms (like people), these two modes of perception combine into what Whitehead terms "symbolic reference", which links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it. By way of illustration, Whitehead uses the example of a person's encounter with a chair. An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair. However, an artist, Whitehead supposes, "might not have jumped to the notion of a chair", but instead "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape." This is not the normal human reaction; most people place objects in categories by habit and instinct, without even thinking about it. Moreover, animals do the same thing. Using the same example, Whitehead points out that a dog "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such." In this way symbolic reference is a fusion of pure sense perceptions on the one hand and causal relations on the other, and that it is in fact the causal relationships that dominate the more basic mentality (as the dog illustrates), while it is the sense perceptions which indicate a higher grade mentality (as the artist illustrates).

Q1: What is Whitehead's term for the two modes of perceptions combining?
A1: symbolic reference
Q2: What does symbolic reference link appearance with?
A2: causation
Q3: What dominates more basic mentality in symbolic reference?
A3: causal relationships
Q4: What does having sense perceptions conclude about a person?
A4: higher grade mentality
Q5: What is the purpose of symbolic reference?
A5: links appearance with causation in a process that is so automatic that both people and animals have difficulty refraining from it
Q6: How does Whitehead describe the process of a typical person noticing a chair?
A6: An ordinary person looks up, sees a colored shape, and immediately infers that it is a chair
Q7: How might an artist view a chair differently than a typical person?
A7: "might have stopped at the mere contemplation of a beautiful color and a beautiful shape."
Q8: How does Whitehead say a dog may interpret the presence of a chair?
A8: "would have acted immediately on the hypothesis of a chair and would have jumped onto it by way of using it as such."
Q9: Which concept does Whitehead state is more dominant in a lower mentality?
A9: causal relationships
Title: Mandolin
Topic: Music

In his 1805 mandolin method, Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi, Bartolomeo Bortolazzi popularised the Cremonese mandolin, which had four single-strings and a fixed bridge, to which the strings were attached. Bortolazzi said in this book that the new wire strung mandolins were uncomfortable to play, when compared with the gut-string instruments. Also, he felt they had a "less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone" as compared to the gut string's "softer, full-singing tone." He favored the four single strings of the Cremonese instrument, which were tuned the same as the Neapolitan.

Q1: Who popularised the Cremonese Mandolin?
A1: Bartolomeo Bortolazzi
Q2: What was Bartolomeo Bortolazzi's popular mandolin method?
A2: Anweisung die Mandoline von selbst zu erlernen nebst einigen Uebungsstucken von Bortolazzi
Q3: How many strings did the Cremonese Mandolin have?
A3: four single-strings
Q4: Did Bortolazzi like playing the new wire strung mandolins? 
A4: uncomfortable to play
Q5: What did Bortolazzi say about the sound? 
A5: less pleasing...hard, zither-like tone
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

In his 1854 book "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star" John Choules described Southampton thus: "I hardly know a town that can show a more beautiful Main Street than Southampton, except it be Oxford. The High Street opens from the quay, and under various names it winds in a gently sweeping line for one mile and a half, and is of very handsome width. The variety of style and color of material in the buildings affords an exhibition of outline, light and color, that I think is seldom equalled. The shops are very elegant, and the streets are kept exceedingly clean."

Q1: Who wrote "The Cruise of the Steam Yacht North Star"?
A1: John Choules
Q2: What town did Choules say had the only Main Street more beautiful than Southampton's?
A2: Oxford
Q3: How long was Southampton's High Street as described by Choules?
A3: one mile and a half
Q4: What adjective did Choules use to describe the shops of Southampton's High Street?
A4: elegant
Q5: Choules complimented the streets of Southampton for being kept in what condition?
A5: clean
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

In his 1884 article William James argued that feelings and emotions were secondary to physiological phenomena. In his theory, James proposed that the perception of what he called an "exciting fact" directly led to a physiological response, known as "emotion." To account for different types of emotional experiences, James proposed that stimuli trigger activity in the autonomic nervous system, which in turn produces an emotional experience in the brain. The Danish psychologist Carl Lange also proposed a similar theory at around the same time, and therefore this theory became known as the James–Lange theory. As James wrote, "the perception of bodily changes, as they occur, is the emotion." James further claims that "we feel sad because we cry, angry because we strike, afraid because we tremble, and neither we cry, strike, nor tremble because we are sorry, angry, or fearful, as the case may be."

Q1: Who wrote that exciting facts lead to emotions?
A1: William James
Q2: What did James believe a stimulus act upon to produce emotion?
A2: the autonomic nervous system
Q3: What did James believe emotion was synonymous with?
A3: the perception of bodily changes
Q4: Who developed a theory similar to that of James?
A4: Carl Lange
Q5: What was the profession of Lange?
A5: psychologist
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

In his 2003 paper, "Human Genetic Diversity: Lewontin's Fallacy", A. W. F. Edwards argued that rather than using a locus-by-locus analysis of variation to derive taxonomy, it is possible to construct a human classification system based on characteristic genetic patterns, or clusters inferred from multilocus genetic data. Geographically based human studies since have shown that such genetic clusters can be derived from analyzing of a large number of loci which can assort individuals sampled into groups analogous to traditional continental racial groups. Joanna Mountain and Neil Risch cautioned that while genetic clusters may one day be shown to correspond to phenotypic variations between groups, such assumptions were premature as the relationship between genes and complex traits remains poorly understood. However, Risch denied such limitations render the analysis useless: "Perhaps just using someone's actual birth year is not a very good way of measuring age. Does that mean we should throw it out? ... Any category you come up with is going to be imperfect, but that doesn't preclude you from using it or the fact that it has utility."

Q1: What type of classification system for humans did A.W.F. Edwards argue for?
A1: characteristic genetic patterns
Q2: What might genetic clusters be shown to correspond to one day?
A2: phenotypic variations between groups
Q3: How is the relationship between genes and complex traits understood?
A3: poorly
Q4: Risch feels any category someone comes up with will be what?
A4: imperfect
Q5: Risch thinks imperfect categories still have what?
A5: utility
Title: John_Kerry
Topic: Warfare

In his 2004 presidential campaign, Kerry criticized George W. Bush for the Iraq War. He and his running mate, North Carolina Senator John Edwards, lost the election, finishing 35 electoral votes behind Bush and Vice President Dick Cheney. Kerry returned to the Senate, becoming Chairman of the Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship in 2007 and then of the Foreign Relations Committee in 2009. In January 2013, Kerry was nominated by President Barack Obama to succeed outgoing Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and then confirmed by the U.S. Senate, assuming the office on February 1, 2013.

Q1: When did Kerry run for president?
A1: 2004
Q2: Who was Kerry's running mate?
A2: John Edwards
Q3: How much did Kerry lose by?
A3: 35 electoral votes
Q4: Who was Bush's running mate?
A4: Dick Cheney
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his Harvard "Lectures on Pragmatism" (1903), Peirce enumerated what he called the "three cotary propositions of pragmatism" (L: cos, cotis whetstone), saying that they "put the edge on the maxim of pragmatism". First among these he listed the peripatetic-thomist observation mentioned above, but he further observed that this link between sensory perception and intellectual conception is a two-way street. That is, it can be taken to say that whatever we find in the intellect is also incipiently in the senses. Hence, if theories are theory-laden then so are the senses, and perception itself can be seen as a species of abductive inference, its difference being that it is beyond control and hence beyond critique – in a word, incorrigible. This in no way conflicts with the fallibility and revisability of scientific concepts, since it is only the immediate percept in its unique individuality or "thisness" – what the Scholastics called its haecceity – that stands beyond control and correction. Scientific concepts, on the other hand, are general in nature, and transient sensations do in another sense find correction within them. This notion of perception as abduction has received periodic revivals in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research, most recently for instance with the work of Irvin Rock on indirect perception.

Q1: Who wrote 'Lectures on Pragmatism'?
A1: Peirce
Q2: When was 'Lectures on Pragmatism' published?
A2: 1903
Q3: What is 'haecceity'?
A3: unique individuality or "thisness"
Q4: What did Irvin Rock write about?
A4: indirect perception
Q5: Where has 'perception as abduction' come up repeatedly?
A5: in artificial intelligence and cognitive science research
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

In his Physics, book IV, Aristotle offered numerous arguments against the void: for example, that motion through a medium which offered no impediment could continue ad infinitum, there being no reason that something would come to rest anywhere in particular. Although Lucretius argued for the existence of vacuum in the first century BC and Hero of Alexandria tried unsuccessfully to create an artificial vacuum in the first century AD, it was European scholars such as Roger Bacon, Blasius of Parma and Walter Burley in the 13th and 14th century who focused considerable attention on these issues. Eventually following Stoic physics in this instance, scholars from the 14th century onward increasingly departed from the Aristotelian perspective in favor of a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself, a conclusion widely acknowledged by the 17th century, which helped to segregate natural and theological concerns.

Q1: In what century did believes start to move away from Aristotle's idea regarding a void?
A1: 14th century
Q2: What thought process was used in the beginning belief of the existence of vacuums?
A2: Stoic physics
Q3: What belief regarding a cosmic void was accepted by most in the 17th century?
A3: a supernatural void beyond the confines of the cosmos itself
Q4: Roger Bacon,Walter Burley and Blasius of Parma were from what century?
A4: 13th and 14th
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his Science of Logic (1812–1814) Hegel argues that finite qualities are not fully "real" because they depend on other finite qualities to determine them. Qualitative infinity, on the other hand, would be more self-determining and hence more fully real. Similarly finite natural things are less "real"—because they are less self-determining—than spiritual things like morally responsible people, ethical communities and God. So any doctrine, such as materialism, that asserts that finite qualities or natural objects are fully real is mistaken.

Q1: When was Science of Logic written?
A1: 1812–1814
Q2: Who was the author of Science of Logic?
A2: Hegel
Q3: Why did Hegel believe natural things are less real than spiritual things?
A3: less self-determining
Q4: Along with God and morally responsible people, what is an example of a spiritual thing to Hegel?
A4: ethical communities
Q5: What is an example of a school of thought Hegel believed to be wrong?
A5: materialism
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

In his book "Ideals of the Samurai" translator William Scott Wilson states: "The warriors in the Heike Monogatari served as models for the educated warriors of later generations, and the ideals depicted by them were not assumed to be beyond reach. Rather, these ideals were vigorously pursued in the upper echelons of warrior society and recommended as the proper form of the Japanese man of arms. With the Heike Monogatari, the image of the Japanese warrior in literature came to its full maturity." Wilson then translates the writings of several warriors who mention the Heike Monogatari as an example for their men to follow.

Q1: Who wrote 'Ideals of the Samurai'?
A1: William Scott Wilson
Q2: Who were the models for future generations of samurai?
A2: The warriors in the Heike Monogatari
Q3: Where did Japanese warriors come to literary maturity?
A3: the Heike Monogatari
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his book The Crucifixion of Jesus, physician and forensic pathologist Frederick Zugibe studied the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus in great detail. Zugibe carried out a number of experiments over several years to test his theories while he was a medical examiner. These studies included experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging at specific angles and the amount of pull on each hand was measured, in cases where the feet were also secured or not. In these cases the amount of pull and the corresponding pain was found to be significant.

Q1: Who wrote The Crucifixion of Jesus?
A1: Frederick Zugibe
Q2: What did Frederick Zugibe study in detail for this book?
A2: the likely circumstances of the death of Jesus
Q3: How did Zugibe try to prove his theories?
A3: carried out a number of experiments over several years
Q4: What kind of experiments did Zugibe run?
A4: experiments in which volunteers with specific weights were hanging
Q5: What specifics were recorded in his experiments?
A5: amount of pull and the corresponding pain
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his book, Humanism (1997), Tony Davies calls these critics "humanist anti-humanists". Critics of antihumanism, most notably Jürgen Habermas, counter that while antihumanists may highlight humanism's failure to fulfil its emancipatory ideal, they do not offer an alternative emancipatory project of their own. Others, like the German philosopher Heidegger considered themselves humanists on the model of the ancient Greeks, but thought humanism applied only to the German "race" and specifically to the Nazis and thus, in Davies' words, were anti-humanist humanists. Such a reading of Heidegger's thought is itself deeply controversial; Heidegger includes his own views and critique of Humanism in Letter On Humanism. Davies acknowledges that after the horrific experiences of the wars of the 20th century "it should no longer be possible to formulate phrases like 'the destiny of man' or the 'triumph of human reason' without an instant consciousness of the folly and brutality they drag behind them". For "it is almost impossible to think of a crime that has not been committed in the name of human reason". Yet, he continues, "it would be unwise to simply abandon the ground occupied by the historical humanisms. For one thing humanism remains on many occasions the only available alternative to bigotry and persecution. The freedom to speak and write, to organise and campaign in defence of individual or collective interests, to protest and disobey: all these can only be articulated in humanist terms."

Q1: In what year was the book humanism published?
A1: 1997
Q2: In what century was the horrific wars?
A2: 20th century
Q3: What is the only alternative to bigotry and persecution on many occasions?
A3: humanism
Q4: Who wrote the book humanism?
A4: Tony Davies
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

In his book, The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution, biologist Richard Dawkins grapples with the question of why pain has to be so very painful. He describes the alternative as a simple, mental raising of a "red flag". To argue why that red flag might be insufficient, Dawkins explains that drives must compete with each other within living beings. The most fit creature would be the one whose pains are well balanced. Those pains which mean certain death when ignored will become the most powerfully felt. The relative intensities of pain, then, may resemble the relative importance of that risk to our ancestors (lack of food, too much cold, or serious injuries are felt as agony, whereas minor damage is felt as mere discomfort). This resemblance will not be perfect, however, because natural selection can be a poor designer. The result is often glitches in animals, including supernormal stimuli. Such glitches help explain pains which are not, or at least no longer directly adaptive (e.g. perhaps some forms of toothache, or injury to fingernails).

Q1: Who wrote "The Greatest Show on Earth: The Evidence for Evolution"?
A1: Richard Dawkins
Q2: What does Dawkins explain must compete with each other in living begins?
A2: drives
Q3: What would be the most fit creature?
A3: one whose pains are well balanced
Q4: What might the relative intensities of pain resemble?
A4: risk
Q5: What type of designer is natural selection?
A5: poor
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

In his dissent to the majority report of the Financial Crisis Inquiry Commission, American Enterprise Institute fellow Peter J. Wallison stated his belief that the roots of the financial crisis can be traced directly and primarily to affordable housing policies initiated by HUD in the 1990s and to massive risky loan purchases by government-sponsored entities Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. Later, based upon information in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case against 6 ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie, Peter Wallison and Edward Pinto estimated that, in 2008, Fannie and Freddie held 13 million substandard loans totaling over $2 trillion.

Q1: Which government-sponsored entities had massive risky loan purchases?
A1: Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac
Q2: How many estimated substandard loans did Fannie and Freddie have in 2008? 
A2: 13 million
Q3: What was the value of the estimated 13 million substandard loans held by Fannie and Freddie in 2008?
A3: over $2 trillion
Q4: How many ex-executives of Fannie and Freddie were named in the SEC's December 2011 securities fraud case?
A4: 6
Q5: Peter J. Wallison believes that the one of the roots of the financial crisis can be traced to affordable housing policies by which agency in the 1990s?
A5: HUD
Title: Karl_Popper
Topic: Natural sciences

In his early years Popper was impressed by Marxism, whether of Communists or socialists. An event that happened in 1919 had a profound effect on him: During a riot, caused by the Communists, the police shot several unarmed people, including some of Popper's friends, when they tried to free party comrades from prison. The riot had, in fact, been part of a plan by which leaders of the Communist party with connections to Béla Kun tried to take power by a coup; Popper did not know about this at that time. However, he knew that the riot instigators were swayed by the Marxist doctrine that class struggle would produce vastly more dead men than the inevitable revolution brought about as quickly as possible, and so had no scruples to put the life of the rioters at risk to achieve their selfish goal of becoming the future leaders of the working class. This was the start of his later criticism of historicism. Popper began to reject Marxist historicism, which he associated with questionable means, and later socialism, which he associated with placing equality before freedom (to the possible disadvantage of equality).

Q1: Who instigated the 1919 riot that reshaped Popper's political views?
A1: Communists
Q2: The 1919 riot involving Popper's comrades was part of what larger political move?
A2: a coup
Q3: Popper's critique of which doctrine has its origins in first-hand observation of communist agitation?
A3: historicism
Q4: Which historically significant communist activist was associated with the 1919 riots in which some of Popper's friends were killed?
A4: Béla Kun
Q5: What did the Marxist rioters believe would cause more death and suffering than their own agitation?
A5: class struggle
Title: States_of_Germany
Topic: Geography and places

In his investiture address, given on 28 October 1969 in Bonn, Chancellor Willy Brandt proposed that the government would consider Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order. An expert commission was established, named after its chairman, the former Secretary of State Professor Werner Ernst. After two years of work, the experts delivered their report in 1973. It provided an alternative proposal for both northern Germany and central and southwestern Germany. In the north, either a single new state consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg, Bremen and Lower Saxony should be created (solution A) or two new states, one in the northeast consisting of Schleswig-Holstein, Hamburg and the northern part of Lower Saxony (from Cuxhaven to Lüchow-Dannenberg) and one in the northwest consisting of Bremen and the rest of Lower Saxony (solution B). In the Center and South West either Rhineland-Palatinate (with the exception of the Germersheim district but including the Rhine-Neckar region) should be merged with Hesse and the Saarland (solution C), the district of Germersheim would then become part of Baden-Württemberg.

Q1: What did Chancellor Willy Brandt propose in his  28 October 1969 address?
A1: Article 29 of the Basic Law as a binding order
Q2: Where did Chancellor Willy Brandt make his  28 October 1969 address?
A2: Bonn
Q3: An expert commission was established under which chairman?
A3: Werner Ernst
Q4: When did the expert commission deliver its report?
A4: the district of Germersheim
Q5: Which state would the district of Germersheim be a part of?
A5: Baden-Württemberg
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

In his native Poland, in France, where he composed most of his works, and beyond, Chopin's music, his status as one of music's earliest superstars, his association (if only indirect) with political insurrection, his love life and his early death have made him, in the public consciousness, a leading symbol of the Romantic era. His works remain popular, and he has been the subject of numerous films and biographies of varying degrees of historical accuracy.

Q1: What was the degree of Frédéric's association with political insurrection?
A1: indirect
Q2: What parts of Frédéric's personal life influenced his legacy as a leading symbol of the era?
A2: his love life and his early death
Q3: In which era was Frédéric leave a legacy of as a leading symbol?
A3: Romantic era
Q4: In what forms of media has Frédéric been the subject of?
A4: films and biographies
Q5: Where did Chopin create the majority of his compositions?
A5: France
Q6: Chopin is a native of what country?
A6: Poland
Q7: He had a non-direct association with what?
A7: political insurrection
Q8: Chopin is closely associated with what era?
A8: Romantic era
Q9: Where did Chopin create most of his works?
A9: France
Q10: Chopin was indirectly related to what?
A10: political insurrection
Q11: Chopin is considered a prominent symbol of what?
A11: Romantic era
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his role as god of prophecy and truth, Apollo had the epithets Manticus (/ˈmæntᵻkəs/ MAN-ti-kəs; Μαντικός, Mantikos, literally "prophetic"), Leschenorius (/ˌlɛskᵻˈnɔəriəs/ LES-ki-NOHR-ee-əs; Λεσχηνόριος, Leskhēnorios, from λεσχήνωρ, "converser"), and Loxias (/ˈlɒksiəs/ LOK-see-əs; Λοξίας, Loxias, from λέγειν, "to say"). The epithet "Loxias" has historically been associated with λοξός, "ambiguous". In this respect, the Romans called him Coelispex (/ˈsɛlᵻspɛks/ SEL-i-speks; from Latin coelum, "sky", and specere, "to look at"). The epithet Iatromantis (/aɪˌætrəˈmæntɪs/ eye-AT-rə-MAN-tis; Ἰατρομάντις, Iātromantis, from ἰατρός, "physician", and μάντις, "prophet") refers to both his role as a god of healing and of prophecy. As god of music and arts, Apollo had the epithet Musagetes (/mjuːˈsædʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SAJ-i-teez; Doric Μουσαγέτας, Mousāgetās) or Musegetes (/mjuːˈsɛdʒᵻtiːz/ mew-SEJ-i-teez; Μουσηγέτης, Mousēgetēs, from Μούσα, "Muse", and ἡγέτης, "leader").

Q1: Which epithet has historically been associated with ambiguous?
A1: Loxias
Q2: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of music and arts?
A2: Musagetes
Q3: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of prophecy and truth?
A3: Manticus
Q4: Which epithet did Apollo have as god of healing and of prophecy?
A4: Iatromantis
Title: John_Kerry
Topic: Warfare

In his sophomore year, Kerry became the Chairman of the Liberal Party of the Yale Political Union, and a year later he served as President of the Union. Amongst his influential teachers in this period was Professor H. Bradford Westerfield, who was himself a former President of the Political Union. His involvement with the Political Union gave him an opportunity to be involved with important issues of the day, such as the civil rights movement and the New Frontier program. He also became a member of the secretive Skull and Bones Society, and traveled to Switzerland through AIESEC Yale.

Q1: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a junior?
A1: President of the Union
Q2: What secret society did Kerry join?
A2: Skull and Bones Society
Q3: What country did Kerry visit as a student?
A3: Switzerland
Q4: Who was Kerry's most influential professor?
A4: H. Bradford Westerfield
Q5: What was Kerry's role in the Yale Political Union as a sophomore?
A5: Chairman of the Liberal Party
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In his usurpation of the throne from the Jianwen Emperor (r. 1398–1402), the Yongle Emperor was aided by the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao, and like his father, the Hongwu Emperor, the Yongle Emperor was "well-disposed towards Buddhism", claims Rossabi. On March 10, 1403, the Yongle Emperor invited Deshin Shekpa, 5th Karmapa Lama (1384–1415), to his court, even though the fourth Karmapa had rejected the invitation of the Hongwu Emperor. A Tibetan translation in the 16th century preserves the letter of the Yongle Emperor, which the Association for Asian Studies notes is polite and complimentary towards the Karmapa. The letter of invitation reads,

Q1: What year did the Jianwen Emperor reign start and end?
A1: 1398–1402
Q2: Who aided the Yongle Emperor?
A2: the Buddhist monk Yao Guangxiao
Q3: Who was Yongle Emperor's father?
A3: the Hongwu Emperor
Q4: When did the Yongle Emperor invite Deshin Shekpa to his court?
A4: March 10, 1403
Title: Heresy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In his work "On the Jews and Their Lies" (1543), German Reformation leader Martin Luther claims that Jewish history was "assailed by much heresy", and that Christ the logos swept away the Jewish heresy and goes on to do so, "as it still does daily before our eyes." He stigmatizes Jewish Prayer as being "blasphemous" (sic) and a lie, and vilifies Jews in general as being spiritually "blind" and "surely possessed by all devils." Luther calls the members of the Orthodox Catholic Church "papists" and heretics, and has a special spiritual problem with Jewish circumcision.

Q1: What is the work called that Martin Luther created regarding Jews and heresy?
A1: "On the Jews and Their Lies"
Q2: What term does Luther assign to the practice of Jewish Prayer?
A2: blasphemous
Q3: What is said to be a special spiritual problem?
A3: Jewish circumcision
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

In his youth Tito attended Catholic Sunday school, and was later an altar boy. After an incident where he was slapped and shouted at by a priest when he had difficulty assisting the priest to remove his vestments, Tito would not enter a church again. As an adult, he frequently declared that he was an atheist.

Q1: What did Tito declare himself to be religiously as an adult?
A1: atheist
Q2: What type of religious educaton did Tito attend as a child?
A2: Catholic
Q3: What did a priest do to Tito as a child when he had difficulty removing the priest's vestments?
A3: slapped and shouted at
Q4: After being yelled at by a priest as a child, what place of worship would Tito refuse to enter again?
A4: church
Title: Brain
Topic: Natural sciences

In humans and many other mammals, new neurons are created mainly before birth, and the infant brain contains substantially more neurons than the adult brain. There are, however, a few areas where new neurons continue to be generated throughout life. The two areas for which adult neurogenesis is well established are the olfactory bulb, which is involved in the sense of smell, and the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus, where there is evidence that the new neurons play a role in storing newly acquired memories. With these exceptions, however, the set of neurons that is present in early childhood is the set that is present for life. Glial cells are different: as with most types of cells in the body, they are generated throughout the lifespan.

Q1: The infant brain contains more of what type of cells in the brain than the adult brain?
A1: neurons
Q2: The olfactory bulb is related to what sense?
A2: sense of smell
Q3: What area of the hippocampus plays a role in storing new memories?
A3: dentate gyrus of the hippocampus
Q4: Which type of cells in the brain are generated throughout your lifetime?
A4: Glial cells
Q5: Neurogenesis is the process of what?
A5: neurons continue to be generated throughout life
Title: Elevator
Topic: History

In hydraulic elevator systems, emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit. The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch. Typically, due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor, hydraulic elevators are not run using standard emergency power systems. Buildings like hospitals and nursing homes usually size their emergency generators to accommodate this draw. However, the increasing use of current-limiting motor starters, commonly known as "soft-start" contactors, avoid much of this problem, and the current draw of the pump motor is less of a limiting concern.

Q1: How do hydraulic elevators work in emergencies?
A1: emergency power will lower the elevators to the lowest landing and open the doors to allow passengers to exit
Q2: Once the passengers have exited, what happens?
A2: The doors then close after an adjustable time period and the car remains unusable until reset, usually by cycling the elevator main power switch
Q3: For what reason are hydraulic elevators not powered by the standard emergency system?
A3: due to the high current draw when starting the pump motor
Q4: What are current-limiting motor starters referred to as?
A4: "soft-start" contactors
Title: Infrared
Topic: Natural sciences

In infrared photography, infrared filters are used to capture the near-infrared spectrum. Digital cameras often use infrared blockers. Cheaper digital cameras and camera phones have less effective filters and can "see" intense near-infrared, appearing as a bright purple-white color. This is especially pronounced when taking pictures of subjects near IR-bright areas (such as near a lamp), where the resulting infrared interference can wash out the image. There is also a technique called 'T-ray' imaging, which is imaging using far-infrared or terahertz radiation. Lack of bright sources can make terahertz photography more challenging than most other infrared imaging techniques. Recently T-ray imaging has been of considerable interest due to a number of new developments such as terahertz time-domain spectroscopy.

Q1: What is used in infrared photography to capture the near-infrared spectrum?
A1: infrared filters
Q2: What devices are often equipped with infrared blockers?
A2: Digital cameras
Q3: What is the technique that involves imaging with terahertz radiation?
A3: 'T-ray' imaging
Q4: What is another name for terahertz radiation?
A4: far-infrared
Q5: What is a notable recent development in T-ray imaging?
A5: terahertz time-domain spectroscopy
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

In inorganic chemistry, hydrides can also serve as bridging ligands that link two metal centers in a coordination complex. This function is particularly common in group 13 elements, especially in boranes (boron hydrides) and aluminium complexes, as well as in clustered carboranes.

Q1: What chemistry do hydrides serve as bridging ligands?
A1: inorganic chemistry
Q2: What do hydrides that are bridging ligands link up?
A2: link two metal centers
Q3: What group is briging ligands most common in?
A3: group 13
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

In intelligent mammals, such as primates, the cerebrum is larger relative to the rest of the brain. Intelligence itself is not easy to define, but indications of intelligence include the ability to learn, matched with behavioral flexibility. Rats, for example, are considered to be highly intelligent, as they can learn and perform new tasks, an ability that may be important when they first colonize a fresh habitat. In some mammals, food gathering appears to be related to intelligence: a deer feeding on plants has a brain smaller than a cat, which must think to outwit its prey.

Q1: Which part is larger relative to the brain in primates?
A1: cerebrum
Q2: Which non-primate has the ability to learn and perform new task?
A2: Rats
Q3: Mammals with smaller brains tend to be in what class in the food chain?
A3: prey
Title: Treaty
Topic: Language and literature

In international law and international relations, a protocol is generally a treaty or international agreement that supplements a previous treaty or international agreement. A protocol can amend the previous treaty, or add additional provisions. Parties to the earlier agreement are not required to adopt the protocol. Sometimes this is made clearer by calling it an "optional protocol", especially where many parties to the first agreement do not support the protocol.

Q1: What is a treaty that supplements a previous treaty in international law?
A1: a protocol
Q2: A protocol may either amend a previous treaty or do what?
A2: add additional provisions
Q3: Do parties to a treaty have an obligation to adopt a later protocol?
A3: not required
Q4: What do we sometimes call an agreement that supplements a treaty especially when few parties to the treaty support the protocol?
A4: an "optional protocol"
Q5: A protocol may add additional provisions to a treaty or else do what?
A5: amend the previous treaty
Title: Copyright_infringement
Topic: Language and literature

In its 2011 report, conducted in partnership with IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs, the BSA stated: "Over half of the world's personal computer users – 57 percent – admit to pirating software." The ninth annual "BSA Global Software Piracy Study" claims that the "commercial value of this shadow market of pirated software" was worth US$63.4 billion in 2011, with the highest commercial value of pirated PC software existent in the U.S. during that time period (US$9,773,000). According to the 2011 study, Zimbabwe was the nation with the highest piracy rate, at 92%, while the lowest piracy rate was present in the U.S., at 19%.

Q1: Who else did the BSA issues a report in 2011 with?
A1: IDC and Ipsos Public Affairs
Q2: What percentage of people admit to pirating software?
A2: 57 percent
Q3: What was the commercial value of pirated software in 2011?
A3: US$63.4 billion
Q4: What nation had the higest piracy rate?
A4: Zimbabwe
Q5: What was the U.S.'s piracy rate?
A5: 19%