LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

In the increasingly globalized film industry, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film Frozen, Burbank-based Walt Disney Animation Studios hired the New York City-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of Robert Lopez and Kristen Anderson-Lopez to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.

Q1: In what industry has videoconferencing become useful?
A1: film
Q2: On what film was videoconferencing widely used?
A2: Frozen
Q3: What year was the movie Frozen released?
A3: 2013
Q4: In what city were the songwriting team of Frozen located?
A4: New York City
Q5: How many months did the songwriters work on the movie via videoconferencing?
A5: 14
Title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives
Topic: History

In the instance when the Presidency and both Houses of Congress are controlled by one party, the Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President. For that situation the House Minority Leader can play the role of a de facto "leader of the opposition", often more so than the Senate Minority Leader, due to the more partisan nature of the House and the greater role of leadership. Minority Leaders who have played prominent roles in opposing the incumbent President have included Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner.

Q1: What is the leadership structure when party controls house and presidency?
A1: Speaker normally assumes a lower profile and defers to the President
Q2: Is the Senate or the House more partisan?
A2: more partisan nature of the House
Q3: What minority leaders have played prominenct roles to opposing incumbent president?
A3: Gerald Ford, Richard Gephardt, Nancy Pelosi, and John Boehner
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

In the inter-war years and after 1940, Hugh Dowding, Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command has received credit for the defence of British air space and the failure of the Luftwaffe to achieve air superiority. However, Dowding had spent so much effort preparing day fighter defences, there was little to prevent the Germans carrying out an alternative strategy by bombing at night. When the Luftwaffe struck at British cities for the first time on 7 September 1940, a number of civic and political leaders were worried by Dowding's apparent lack of reaction to the new crisis.

Q1: Who was the Air Officer Commanding Fighter Command after 1940?
A1: Hugh Dowding
Q2: What credit did Dowding receive?
A2: defence of British air space
Q3: What strategy could the German's have used instead of day raids?
A3: bombing at night
Q4: Why were civic and political leaders worried about Dowdings?
A4: lack of reaction to the new crisis
Title: Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives
Topic: History

In the judgment of political scientist Randall Ripley, since 1883 "the candidate for Speaker nominated by the minority party has clearly been the Minority Leader." However, this assertion is subject to dispute. On December 3, 1883, the House elected Democrat John G. Carlisle of Kentucky as Speaker. Republicans placed in nomination for the speakership J. Warren Keifer of Ohio, who was Speaker the previous Congress. Clearly, Keifer was not the Republicans' minority leader. He was a discredited leader in part because as Speaker he arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries." Keifer received "the empty honor of the minority nomination. But with it came a sting -- for while this naturally involves the floor leadership, he was deserted by his [partisan] associates and his career as a national figure terminated ingloriously." Representative Thomas Reed, R-ME, who later became Speaker, assumed the de facto role of minority floor leader in Keifer's stead. "[A]lthough Keifer was the minority's candidate for Speaker, Reed became its acknowledged leader, and ever after, so long as he served in the House, remained the most conspicuous member of his party.

Q1: Who's contention is it that the minority party candidate is clearly Minority Leader since 1883?
A1: Randall Ripley
Q2: Why was Keifer discredited/empty leader?
A2: arbitrarily handed out "choice jobs to close relatives ... all at handsome salaries.
Q3: Although Keifer held minority leader role, who was actual gloof leader?
A3: Thomas Reed,
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

In the laboratory, bacteria are usually grown using solid or liquid media. Solid growth media, such as agar plates, are used to isolate pure cultures of a bacterial strain. However, liquid growth media are used when measurement of growth or large volumes of cells are required. Growth in stirred liquid media occurs as an even cell suspension, making the cultures easy to divide and transfer, although isolating single bacteria from liquid media is difficult. The use of selective media (media with specific nutrients added or deficient, or with antibiotics added) can help identify specific organisms.

Q1: In what environment are bacteria being cultivated in labs?
A1: solid or liquid media
Q2: What is typical solid setting?
A2: agar plates
Q3: Which media is preffered to grow larger volumes of bacteria?
A3: liquid growth media
Q4: Which environment is better to isolate a single example of bacteria strain?
A4: agar plates
Q5: What can help to indentify specific bacteria?
A5: The use of selective media
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In the language of the Noble Eightfold Path, samyaksamādhi is "right concentration". The primary means of cultivating samādhi is meditation. Upon development of samādhi, one's mind becomes purified of defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous.

Q1: What does the word samyaksamadhi mean?
A1: right concentration
Q2: Meditation is the primary means of cultivating what?
A2: samādhi
Q3: Upon development of samadhi, a person gets rid of what?
A3: defilement, calm, tranquil, and luminous
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

In the last two decades of the 18th century, the theory of polygenism, the belief that different races had evolved separately in each continent and shared no common ancestor, was advocated in England by historian Edward Long and anatomist Charles White, in Germany by ethnographers Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster, and in France by Julien-Joseph Virey. In the US, Samuel George Morton, Josiah Nott and Louis Agassiz promoted this theory in the mid-nineteenth century. Polygenism was popular and most widespread in the 19th century, culminating in the founding of the Anthropological Society of London (1863) during the period of the American Civil War, in opposition to the Ethnological Society, which had abolitionist sympathies.

Q1: What theory is the belief that differences races had evolved independently on each continent?
A1: polygenism
Q2: What country did Edward Long and Charles White advocated the belief of polygenism in?
A2: England
Q3: What was the profession of Christoph Meiners and Georg Forster?
A3: ethnographers
Q4: In what century was polygenism most widespread?
A4: 19th century
Q5: The Ethnological Society was sympathetic towards what cause?
A5: abolitionist
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

In the last two decades, photovoltaics (PV), also known as solar PV, has evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source. A solar cell is a device that converts light directly into electricity using the photoelectric effect. The first solar cell was constructed by Charles Fritts in the 1880s. In 1931 a German engineer, Dr Bruno Lange, developed a photo cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide. Although the prototype selenium cells converted less than 1% of incident light into electricity, both Ernst Werner von Siemens and James Clerk Maxwell recognized the importance of this discovery. Following the work of Russell Ohl in the 1940s, researchers Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin created the crystalline silicon solar cell in 1954. These early solar cells cost 286 USD/watt and reached efficiencies of 4.5–6%. By 2012 available efficiencies exceed 20% and the maximum efficiency of research photovoltaics is over 40%.

Q1: In the 1880s, who constructed the first solar cell?
A1: Charles Fritts
Q2: In what year was the crystalline silicon solar cell constructed?
A2: 1954
Q3: What has happened to photovoltaic in the past 20 years?
A3: evolved from a pure niche market of small scale applications towards becoming a mainstream electricity source
Q4: What is a solar cell?
A4: a device that converts light directly into electricity
Q5: Who created the first solar cell?
A5: Charles Fritts
Q6: Who created the first solar cell using silver selenide in place of copper oxide?
A6: Dr Bruno Lange
Q7: Who created the crystalline silicon solar cell?
A7: Gerald Pearson, Calvin Fuller and Daryl Chapin
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

In the last two weeks of February 1951, Operation Roundup was followed by Operation Killer, carried out by the revitalized Eighth Army. It was a full-scale, battlefront-length attack staged for maximum exploitation of firepower to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible. Operation Killer concluded with I Corps re-occupying the territory south of the Han River, and IX Corps capturing Hoengseong. On 7 March 1951, the Eighth Army attacked with Operation Ripper, expelling the PVA and the KPA from Seoul on 14 March 1951. This was the city's fourth conquest in a years' time, leaving it a ruin; the 1.5 million pre-war population was down to 200,000, and people were suffering from severe food shortages.

Q1: What Operation was initiated after the successful Operation Roundup?
A1: Operation Killer
Q2: What the the goal of the operation that followed Operation Roundup?
A2: to kill as many KPA and PVA troops as possible
Q3: What signified the end of Operation Killer?
A3: capturing Hoengseong
Q4: How many times was Seoul captured in a year?
A4: This was the city's fourth conquest
Q5: Other than the drastic decrease in population, what other issue did the people in Seoul face?
A5: severe food shortages
Title: Near_East
Topic: Geography and places

In the last years of the 19th century the term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protracted conflicts of the Balkans. For a time, "Near East" meant primarily the Balkans. Robert Hichens' book The Near East (1913) is subtitled Dalmatia, Greece and Constantinople.

Q1: When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?
A1: the 19th century
Q2: The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?
A2: English-speaking public
Q3: What was the cause of the onus?
A3: the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians
Q4: What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?
A4: they were Christians
Q5: When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?
A5: 1913)
Title: Planck_constant
Topic: Mathematics

In the last years of the nineteenth century, Planck was investigating the problem of black-body radiation first posed by Kirchhoff some forty years earlier. It is well known that hot objects glow, and that hotter objects glow brighter than cooler ones. The electromagnetic field obeys laws of motion similarly to a mass on a spring, and can come to thermal equilibrium with hot atoms. The hot object in equilibrium with light absorbs just as much light as it emits. If the object is black, meaning it absorbs all the light that hits it, then its thermal light emission is maximized.

Q1: What was Planck studying in the last part of the nineteenth century?
A1: the problem of black-body radiation
Q2: Who posed the problem of black-body radiation?
A2: Kirchhoff
Q3: Cooler objects glow less than objects that are what?
A3: hotter
Q4: What does a black object do to any of the light that hits it?
A4: it absorbs all the light
Q5: What is maximized as a result of a black object absorbing all the light that hits it?
A5: thermal light emission
Q6: Planck studied what problem posed originally by Kirchhoff?
A6: black-body radiation
Q7: If an object is black, what is known about its thermal light emission?
A7: its thermal light emission is maximized.
Q8: What is known about the light absorption of a hot object in equilibrium with light?
A8: absorbs just as much light as it emits
Q9: Electromagnetic fields obey what laws?
A9: laws of motion
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In the late 1130s, Arnold of Brescia, an Italian canon regular became one of the first theologians to attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church. After his death, his teachings on apostolic poverty gained currency among Arnoldists, and later more widely among Waldensians and the Spiritual Franciscans, though no written word of his has survived the official condemnation. In the early 1170s, Peter Waldo founded the Waldensians. He advocated an interpretation of the Gospel that led to conflicts with the Roman Catholic Church. By 1215, the Waldensians were declared heretical and subject to persecution. Despite that, the movement continues to exist to this day in Italy, as a part of the wider Reformed tradition.

Q1: Who was one of the first to try to reform the Catholic Church?
A1: Arnold of Brescia
Q2: When were the Waldensians created?
A2: the early 1170s
Q3: In what year were the Waldensians labeled as heretics?
A3: 1215
Q4: Where does the Waldensian movement still exist currently?
A4: Italy
Q5: What teachings originated with Arnold of Brescia?
A5: apostolic poverty
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

In the late 12th and early 13th centuries the border and political relationship between England and Scotland was disputed, with the kings of Scotland claiming parts of what is now northern England. John's father, Henry II, had forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him at the Treaty of Falaise in 1174. This had been rescinded by Richard I in exchange for financial compensation in 1189, but the relationship remained uneasy. John began his reign by reasserting his sovereignty over the disputed northern counties. He refused William's request for the earldom of Northumbria, but did not intervene in Scotland itself and focused on his continental problems. The two kings maintained a friendly relationship, meeting in 1206 and 1207, until it was rumoured in 1209 that William was intending to ally himself with Philip II of France. John invaded Scotland and forced William to sign the Treaty of Norham, which gave John control of William's daughters and required a payment of £10,000. This effectively crippled William's power north of the border, and by 1212 John had to intervene militarily to support the Scottish king against his internal rivals.[nb 16] John made no efforts to reinvigorate the Treaty of Falaise, though, and both William and Alexander remained independent kings, supported by, but not owing fealty to, John.

Q1: When was the political relationship between England and Scotland disputed?
A1: late 12th and early 13th centuries
Q2: Who forced William the Lion to swear fealty to him?
A2: Henry II
Q3: What did John force William to sign?
A3: Treaty of Norham
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

In the late 12th-century, a school of polyphony was established at the Notre-Dame. A group of Parisian aristocrats, known as Trouvères, became known for their poetry and songs. Troubadors were also popular. During the reign of Francois I, the lute became popular in the French court, and a national musical printing house was established. During the Renaissance era, the French Boleroroyals "disported themselves in masques, ballets, allegorical dances, recitals, and opera and comedy". Baroque-era composers include Jean-Baptiste Lully, Jean-Philippe Rameau, and François Couperin and were popular. The Conservatoire de Musique de Paris was founded in 1795. By 1870, Paris had become an important centre for symphony, ballet and operatic music. Romantic-era composers (in Paris) include Hector Berlioz (La Symphonie fantastique), Charles Gounod (Faust), Camille Saint-Saëns (Samson et Delilah), Léo Delibes (Lakmé) and Jules Massenet (Thaïs), among others. Georges Bizet's Carmen premiered 3 March 1875. Carmen has since become one of the most popular and frequently-performed operas in the classical canon; Impressionist composers Claude Debussy ((La Mer) and Maurice Ravel (Boléro) also made significant contributions to piano (Clair de lune, Miroirs), orchestra, opera (Palléas et Mélisande), and other musical forms. Foreign-born composers have made their homes in Paris and have made significant contributions both with their works and their influence. They include Frédéric Chopin (Poland), Franz Liszt (Hungary), Jacques Offenbach (Germany), and Igor Stravinsky (Russia).

Q1: in what century was a school of polyphony established at Notre Dame?
A1: 12th
Q2: In what year was the Conservatoire de Musique de Paris founded?
A2: 1795
Q3: Under whos reign did the lute become popular?
A3: Francois I
Q4: Who wrote Carmen?
A4: Georges Bizet's
Q5: Where was Frederic Chopin from?
A5: Poland
Title: Late_Middle_Ages
Topic: History

In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy.

Q1: What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?
A1: double-entry bookkeeping
Q2: In which country did the so-called 'commercial revolution' primarily take place?
A2: Italy
Q3: What was the main benefit of the creation of new forms of partnerships during the commercial revolution?
A3: reducing the risk of commercial ventures
Q4: Laws against what lending practice were addressed by the creation of bills of exchange?
A4: usury
Q5: What were the benefits of the new system of double-entry bookkeeping?
A5: better oversight and accuracy
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In the late 14th century, in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vytautas the Great reformed the Grand Duchy's army: instead of calling all men to arms, he created forces comprising professional warriors—bajorai ("nobles"; see the cognate "boyar"). As there were not enough nobles, Vytautas trained suitable men, relieving them of labor on the land and of other duties; for their military service to the Grand Duke, they were granted land that was worked by hired men (veldams). The newly formed noble families generally took up, as their family names, the Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors; this was the case with the Goštautai, Radvilos, Astikai, Kęsgailos and others. These families were granted their coats of arms under the Union of Horodlo (1413).

Q1: WHo reformed the grand duchy army?
A1: Vytautas the Great
Q2: vytautas created what for compromising professional warriors?
A2: bajorai
Q3: What names did the newly formed noble families take afteR?
A3: Lithuanian pagan given names of their ennobled ancestors
Q4: What is an example of noble family name?
A4: Goštautai,
Q5: Who gave the coat of arms to others?
A5: Union of Horodlo
Title: Mali
Topic: Geography and places

In the late 14th century, the Songhai gradually gained independence from the Mali Empire and expanded, ultimately subsuming the entire eastern portion of the Mali Empire. The Songhai Empire's eventual collapse was largely the result of a Moroccan invasion in 1591, under the command of Judar Pasha. The fall of the Songhai Empire marked the end of the region's role as a trading crossroads. Following the establishment of sea routes by the European powers, the trans-Saharan trade routes lost significance.

Q1: The Sonhgai Empire's demise was due to what invasion?
A1: Moroccan invasion in 1591
Q2: What major impact did the falling of the Songhai Empire have?
A2: Saharan trade routes lost significance.
Q3: What century did Songhai become independent from Mali?
A3: 14th century
Q4: Who was the commander of the Moroccan invasion of 1591? 
A4: Judar Pasha
Q5: What type of trading routes did Europeans make that compounded to the profound effect?
A5: establishment of sea routes
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

In the late 17th century, Gottfried Leibniz proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva, or living force, which defined as the product of the mass of an object and its velocity squared; he believed that total vis viva was conserved. To account for slowing due to friction, Leibniz theorized that thermal energy consisted of the random motion of the constituent parts of matter, a view shared by Isaac Newton, although it would be more than a century until this was generally accepted. The modern analog of this property, kinetic energy, differs from vis viva only by a factor of two.

Q1: What is a term for living force?
A1: vis viva
Q2: What is defined as the product of mass of an object and its velocity squared?
A2: vis viva
Q3: Who proposed the idea of the Latin: vis viva?
A3: Gottfried Leibniz
Q4: In what century did Leibniz propose the idea of Latin: vis viva?
A4: late 17th century
Q5: Who shared Leibniz's view that thermal energy consisted of random motion of the constituent parts of matter?
A5: Isaac Newton
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

In the late 1800s, Presbyterian missionaries established a presence in what is now northern New Mexico. This provided an alternative to the Catholicism, which was brought to the area by the Spanish Conquistadors and had remained unchanged. The area experienced a "mini" reformation, in that many converts were made to Presbyterianism, prompting persecution. In some cases, the converts left towns and villages to establish their own neighboring villages. The arrival of the United States to the area prompted the Catholic church to modernize and make efforts at winning the converts back, many of which did return. However, there are still stalwart Presbyterians and Presbyterian churches in the area.

Q1: Around when did Presbyterian missionaries arrived in New Mexico?
A1: 1800s
Q2: The established Presbyterian church in New Mexico provided an alternative to which religion?
A2: Catholicism
Q3: Who brought Catholicism into New Mexico?
A3: Spanish Conquistadors
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

In the late 1940s, during the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland (at the time a dominion-dependency in the Commonwealth and independent of Canada), there was mainstream support, although not majority, for Newfoundland to form an economic union with the United States, thanks to the efforts of the Economic Union Party and significant U.S. investment in Newfoundland stemming from the U.S.-British alliance in World War II. The movement ultimately failed when, in a 1948 referendum, voters narrowly chose to confederate with Canada (the Economic Union Party supported an independent "responsible government" that they would then push toward their goals).

Q1: When were the last days of the Dominion of Newfoundland?
A1: In the late 1940s
Q2: What was the result of the 1948 referendum?
A2: The movement ultimately failed
Q3: What did the Economic Union Party support?
A3: an independent "responsible government"
Title: Hard_rock
Topic: Music

In the late 1960s, the term heavy metal was used interchangeably with hard rock, but gradually began to be used to describe music played with even more volume and intensity. While hard rock maintained a bluesy rock and roll identity, including some swing in the back beat and riffs that tended to outline chord progressions in their hooks, heavy metal's riffs often functioned as stand-alone melodies and had no swing in them. Heavy metal took on "darker" characteristics after Black Sabbath's breakthrough at the beginning of the 1970s. In the 1980s it developed a number of subgenres, often termed extreme metal, some of which were influenced by hardcore punk, and which further differentiated the two styles. Despite this differentiation, hard rock and heavy metal have existed side by side, with bands frequently standing on the boundary of, or crossing between, the genres.

Q1: By the late 60s, what term was synonymous with hard rock?
A1: heavy metal
Q2: What heavy metal group introduced darker themes to the music?
A2: Black Sabbath
Q3: What genre was an influence on extreme metal in the 1980s?
A3: hardcore punk
Q4: Hard rock is differentiated from heavy metal by containing more of an influence of what genre?
A4: bluesy
Q5: In heavy metal, riffs typically form what element of a song?
A5: stand-alone melodies
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

In the late 1970s many arterial roads were redesigned as ejes viales; high-volume one-way roads that cross, in theory, Mexico City proper from side to side. The eje vial network is based on a quasi-Cartesian grid, with the ejes themselves being called Eje 1 Poniente, Eje Central, and Eje 1 Oriente, for example, for the north-south roads, and Eje 2 Sur and Eje 3 Norte, for example, for east-west roads. Ring roads are the Circuito Interior (inner ring), Anillo Periférico; the Circuito Exterior Mexiquense ("State of Mexico outer loop") toll road skirting the northeastern and eastern edges of the metropolitan area, the Chamapa-La Venta toll road skirting the northwestern edge, and the Arco Norte completely bypassing the metropolitan area in an arc from northwest (Atlacomulco) to north (Tula, Hidalgo) to east (Puebla). A second level (where tolls are charged) of the Periférico, colloquially called the segundo piso ("second floor"), was officially opened in 2012, with sections still being completed. The Viaducto Miguel Alemán crosses the city east-west from Observatorio to the airport. In 2013 the Supervía Poniente opened, a toll road linking the new Santa Fe business district with southwestern Mexico City.

Q1: What are the one-way roads in Mexico city called?
A1: ejes viales
Q2: What is different about the second level roads?
A2: tolls are charged
Q3: When were these second level roads opened?
A3: 2012
Q4: What main road leads to the airport?
A4: The Viaducto Miguel Alemán
Q5: What connects Santa Fe and the southwestern part of the city?
A5: the Supervía Poniente
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

In the late 1980s, Nu Groove Records prolonged, if not launched the careers of Rheji Burrell & Rhano Burrell, collectively known as Burrell (after a brief stay on Virgin America via Timmy Regisford and Frank Mendez), along with basically every relevant DJ and Producer in the NY underground scene. The Burrell's are responsible for the "New York Underground" sound and are the undisputed champions of this style of house. Their 30+ releases on this label alone seems to support that fact. In today's market Nu Groove Record releases like the Burrells' enjoy a cult-like following and mint vinyl can fetch $100 U.S. or more in the open market.

Q1: what label launched the careers of burrell?
A1: Nu Groove Records
Q2: what sound are the burrell's responsible for? 
A2: "New York Underground"
Q3: how much can old vinyl releases of the burrells sell for today?
A3: $100
Q4: what label were the burrell's briefly with before their success?
A4: Virgin America
Title: Richard_Feynman
Topic: Mathematics

In the late 1980s, according to "Richard Feynman and the Connection Machine", Feynman played a crucial role in developing the first massively parallel computer, and in finding innovative uses for it in numerical computations, in building neural networks, as well as physical simulations using cellular automata (such as turbulent fluid flow), working with Stephen Wolfram at Caltech. His son Carl also played a role in the development of the original Connection Machine engineering; Feynman influencing the interconnects while his son worked on the software.

Q1: What did Feynman help develop in the 1980s?
A1: parallel computer
Q2: Who did Feynman work with on computers at Caltech?
A2: Stephen Wolfram
Q3: Who else worked with Feynman on developing computers?
A3: His son Carl
Q4: What specifically did his son work on?
A4: software
Q5: What did Feyman do while his son worked on software?
A5: influencing the interconnects
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

In the late 1980s, key breakthroughs in GaN epitaxial growth and p-type doping ushered in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices. Building upon this foundation, Dr. Moustakas at Boston University patented a method for producing high-brightness blue LEDs using a new two-step process. Two years later, in 1993, high-brightness blue LEDs were demonstrated again by Shuji Nakamura of Nichia Corporation using a gallium nitride growth process similar to Dr. Moustakas's. Both Dr. Moustakas and Mr. Nakamura were issued separate patents, which confused the issue of who was the original inventor (partly because although Dr. Moustakas invented his first, Dr. Nakamura filed first).[citation needed] This new development revolutionized LED lighting, making high-power blue light sources practical, leading to the development of technologies like BlueRay, as well as allowing the bright high resolution screens of modern tablets and phones.[citation needed]

Q1: In what decade were breakthroughs made that brought in the modern era of GaN-based optoelectronic devices?
A1: 1980s
Q2: Who first patented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
A2: Shuji Nakamura
Q3: Who first invented a method to produce high-brightness blue LEDs?
A3: Dr. Moustakas
Q4: What technology was made possible by high-power blue light sources?
A4: BlueRay
Q5: What is one modern gadget that benefits from high-power blue LED lighting?
A5: tablets
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

In the late 1980s, many local Chicago house music artists suddenly found themselves presented with major label deals. House music proved to be a commercially successful genre and a more mainstream pop-based variation grew increasingly popular. Artists and groups such as Madonna, Janet Jackson, Paula Abdul, Aretha Franklin, Bananarama, Diana Ross, Tina Turner, Whitney Houston, Steps, Kylie Minogue, Bjork, and C+C Music Factoryhave all incorporated the genre into some of their work. After enjoying significant success in the early to mid-90s, house music grew even larger during the second wave of progressive house (1999–2001). The genre has remained popular and fused into other popular subgenres, for example, G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House. As of 2015, house music remains extremely popular in both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene while retaining a foothold on underground scenes across the globe.[citation needed]

Q1: When was the second wave of progressive house?
A1: 1999–2001
Q2: What are some popular subgenres of House?
A2: G-house, Deep House, Tech House and Bass House
Q3: where is house music extremely popular?
A3: both clubs and in the mainstream pop scene
Q4: What variation of house music was produced by artists such as Madonna and Kylie Minogue?
A4: a more mainstream pop-based variation
Title: Association_football
Topic: History

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the IFAB experimented with ways of creating a winner without requiring a penalty shootout, which was often seen as an undesirable way to end a match. These involved rules ending a game in extra time early, either when the first goal in extra time was scored (golden goal), or if one team held a lead at the end of the first period of extra time (silver goal). Golden goal was used at the World Cup in 1998 and 2002. The first World Cup game decided by a golden goal was France's victory over Paraguay in 1998. Germany was the first nation to score a golden goal in a major competition, beating Czech Republic in the final of Euro 1996. Silver goal was used in Euro 2004. Both these experiments have been discontinued by IFAB.

Q1: Who experimented with creating winners without requiring penalty shootouts?
A1: the IFAB
Q2: What is the golden goal?
A2: the first goal in extra time
Q3: Who was the first team to win using the golden goal to their advantage?
A3: France
Q4: What team did France beat in 1998?
A4: Paraguay
Q5: What year did the Czech Republic lose in the final of Euro?
A5: 1996
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In the late 19th and early 20th century several forms of pragmatic philosophy arose. The ideas of pragmatism, in its various forms, developed mainly from discussions between Charles Sanders Peirce and William James when both men were at Harvard in the 1870s. James popularized the term "pragmatism", giving Peirce full credit for its patrimony, but Peirce later demurred from the tangents that the movement was taking, and redubbed what he regarded as the original idea with the name of "pragmaticism". Along with its pragmatic theory of truth, this perspective integrates the basic insights of empirical (experience-based) and rational (concept-based) thinking.

Q1: When did pragmatism arise?
A1: In the late 19th and early 20th century
Q2: Who developed pragmatism?
A2: Charles Sanders Peirce and William James
Q3: Where did Peirce and James meet?
A3: Harvard
Q4: When did Peirce and James meet?
A4: in the 1870s
Q5: What did Peirce later call his ideas instead of pragmatism?
A5: pragmaticism
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

In the late 19th century, after the Berlin conference had ended, European empires sailed with their armies to the Horn of Africa. The imperial clouds wavering over Somalia alarmed the Dervish leader Mohammed Abdullah Hassan, who gathered Somali soldiers from across the Horn of Africa and began one of the longest anti-colonial wars ever. The Dervish State successfully repulsed the British empire four times and forced it to retreat to the coastal region. As a result of its successes against the British, the Dervish State received support from the Ottoman and German empires. The Turks also named Hassan Emir of the Somali nation, and the Germans promised to officially recognize any territories the Dervishes were to acquire. After a quarter of a century of holding the British at bay, the Dervishes were finally defeated in 1920, when Britain for the first time in Africa used airplanes to bomb the Dervish capital of Taleex. As a result of this bombardment, former Dervish territories were turned into a protectorate of Britain. Italy similarly faced the same opposition from Somali Sultans and armies and did not acquire full control of parts of modern Somalia until the Fascist era in late 1927. This occupation lasted till 1941 and was replaced by a British military administration.

Q1: What states supported the Dervish State?
A1: the Ottoman and German empires
Q2: In what year did the British defeat the Dervishes?
A2: 1920
Q3: What was the capital of the Dervish State?
A3: Taleex
Q4: In what year did Fascist Italy achieve full control of Somalia?
A4: 1927
Q5: In what year did the Italian occupation of Somalia end?
A5: 1941
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

In the late 19th century, the most influential theorists were William James (1842–1910) and Carl Lange (1834–1900). James was an American psychologist and philosopher who wrote about educational psychology, psychology of religious experience/mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism. Lange was a Danish physician and psychologist. Working independently, they developed the James–Lange theory, a hypothesis on the origin and nature of emotions. The theory states that within human beings, as a response to experiences in the world, the autonomic nervous system creates physiological events such as muscular tension, a rise in heart rate, perspiration, and dryness of the mouth. Emotions, then, are feelings which come about as a result of these physiological changes, rather than being their cause.

Q1: Along with William James, who was an influential 19th century theorist?
A1: Carl Lange
Q2: What was William James' nationality?
A2: American
Q3: What was the nationality of Carl Lange?
A3: Danish
Q4: What was the name of the theory that Lange and James developed independently?
A4: the James–Lange theory
Q5: In what year did Lange die?
A5: 1900
Title: Multiracial_American
Topic: History

In the late 19th century, three European-American middle-class female teachers married Indigenous American men they had met at Hampton Institute during the years when it ran its Indian program. In the late nineteenth century, Charles Eastman, a physician of European and Sioux ancestry who trained at Boston University, married Elaine Goodale, a European-American woman from New England. They met and worked together in Dakota Territory when she was Superintendent of Indian Education and he was a doctor for the reservations. His maternal grandfather was Seth Eastman, an artist and Army officer from New England, who had married a Sioux woman and had a daughter with her while stationed at Fort Snelling in Minnesota.

Q1: Who was a doctor?
A1: Charles Eastman
Q2: Who was the doctor related to?
A2: Seth Eastman
Q3: Who did the relative of the doctor marry?
A3: Sioux woman
Q4: Who met their husbands at the Hampton institute?
A4: three European-American middle-class female teachers
Q5: What tribe was Eastman related to?
A5: Sioux
Title: Architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

In the late 20th century a new concept was added to those included in the compass of both structure and function, the consideration of sustainability, hence sustainable architecture. To satisfy the contemporary ethos a building should be constructed in a manner which is environmentally friendly in terms of the production of its materials, its impact upon the natural and built environment of its surrounding area and the demands that it makes upon non-sustainable power sources for heating, cooling, water and waste management and lighting.

Q1: When was the conecept, Sustainable architecture used?
A1: late 20th century
Q2: What novel concept was introduced at the end of the 20th century?
A2: sustainability
Q3: To what should a building be friendly?
A3: environment
Q4: What sort of power sources should a building not overuse if the building is to be considered environmentally friendly?
A4: non-sustainable power sources
Title: Gymnastics
Topic: Sports and recreation

In the late eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century Germany, three pioneer physical educators – Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852) – created exercises for boys and young men on apparatus they had designed that ultimately led to what is considered modern gymnastics. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano, was born on February 19, 1770 in Valence and died on August 8, 1848 in Paris. He was a Spanish colonel, and the first person to introduce educative gymnastic in France. Jahn promoted the use of parallel bars, rings and high bar in international competition.

Q1: What two Germans were known for creating exercises on apparauses?
A1: Johann Friedrich GutsMuths (1759–1839) and Friedrich Ludwig Jahn (1778–1852)
Q2: What did the exercises lead to?
A2: to what is considered modern gymnastics
Q3: Who introduced educative gymnastics in France?
A3: Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano
Q4: What did Jahn promote the use of?
A4: parallel bars, rings and high bar
Title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

In the late nineteenth century, two black Congressmen were elected from North Carolina's 2nd district, the last in 1898. George Henry White sought to promote civil rights for blacks and to challenge efforts by white Democrats to reduce black voting by new discriminatory laws. They were unsuccessful. In 1900, the state legislature passed a new constitution, with voter registration rules that disfranchised most blacks and many poor whites. The state succeeded in reducing black voting to zero by 1908. Loss of the ability to vote disqualified black men (and later women) from sitting on juries and serving in any office, local, state or federal. The rising black middle-class in Raleigh and other areas was politically silenced and shut out of local governance, and the Republican Party was no longer competitive. It was not until after federal civil rights legislation was passed in the mid-1960s that the majority of blacks in North Carolina would again be able to vote, sit on juries and serve in local offices. No African American was elected to Congress until 1992.

Q1: When was the last time two black congressmen were elected?
A1: 1898
Q2: What district were the congressmen in 1898 from?
A2: 2nd
Q3: What happened in 1900?
A3: the state legislature passed a new constitution
Q4: When did blacks lose the right to vote?
A4: 1908
Q5: When did black regain the right to vote?
A5: mid-1960s
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In the late renaissance various writers began to question the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition in a more fundamental way. In political and historical writing Niccolò Machiavelli and his friend Francesco Guicciardini initiated a new realistic style of writing. Machiavelli in particular was scornful of writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals and demanded that people should study the "effectual truth" instead. Their contemporary, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) said, "If you find from your own experience that something is a fact and it contradicts what some authority has written down, then you must abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings."

Q1: When was da Vinci born?
A1: 1452
Q2: When did da Vinci die?
A2: 1519
Q3: What did renaissance writers question?
A3: the medieval and classical understanding of knowledge acquisition
Q4: Who did Machiavelli disdain?
A4: writers on politics who judged everything in comparison to mental ideals
Q5: What did da Vinci advise when your experience contradicted authority?
A5: abandon the authority and base your reasoning on your own findings
Title: Tuvalu
Topic: Geography and places

In the later 1890s and into first decade of the 20th century, structural changes occurred in the operation of the Pacific trading companies; they moved from a practice of having traders resident on each island to instead becoming a business operation where the supercargo (the cargo manager of a trading ship) would deal directly with the islanders when a ship visited an island. From 1900 the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu declined and the last of the palagi traders were Fred Whibley on Niutao, Alfred Restieaux on Nukufetau, and Martin Kleis on Nui. By 1909 there were no more resident palagi traders representing the trading companies, although both Whibley and Restieaux remained in the islands until their deaths.

Q1: What operational changes caused a decline in the numbers of palagi traders in Tuvalu?
A1: structural changes
Q2: What type of traders did the Pacific trading companies cease to use?
A2: resident
Q3: How did the trading companies begin to trade with islanders?
A3: deal directly
Q4: By what year were there no more palagi traders on Tuvalu?
A4: 1909
Q5: What is the term for a ship's cargo manager?
A5: supercargo
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

In the later Imperial era, the burial and commemorative practises of Christian and non-Christians overlapped. Tombs were shared by Christian and non-Christian family members, and the traditional funeral rites and feast of novemdialis found a part-match in the Christian Constitutio Apostolica. The customary offers of wine and food to the dead continued; St Augustine (following St Ambrose) feared that this invited the "drunken" practices of Parentalia but commended funeral feasts as a Christian opportunity to give alms of food to the poor. Christians attended Parentalia and its accompanying Feralia and Caristia in sufficient numbers for the Council of Tours to forbid them in AD 567. Other funerary and commemorative practices were very different. Traditional Roman practice spurned the corpse as a ritual pollution; inscriptions noted the day of birth and duration of life. The Christian Church fostered the veneration of saintly relics, and inscriptions marked the day of death as a transition to "new life".

Q1: What group's burial practices over-lapped with the Roman's?
A1: Christian
Q2: What items were shared among Christian and non- Christians?
A2: Tombs
Q3: What did St Augustine believe that funeral feasts gave an opportunity for?
A3: alms of food
Q4: When was Christian attendance at Parentalia become forbidden by the Christians?
A4: AD 567
Q5: How did the Romans view the corpse of the dead?
A5: ritual pollution
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

In the later Vedic Age, a number of small kingdoms or city states had covered the subcontinent, many mentioned in Vedic, early Buddhist and Jaina literature as far back as 500 BCE. sixteen monarchies and "republics" known as the Mahajanapadas—Kashi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji (or Vriji), Malla, Chedi, Vatsa (or Vamsa), Kuru, Panchala, Matsya (or Machcha), Shurasena, Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja—stretched across the Indo-Gangetic Plain from modern-day Afghanistan to Bengal and Maharashtra. This period saw the second major rise of urbanism in India after the Indus Valley Civilisation.

Q1: By what age had many small states covered the subcontinent?
A1: later Vedic Age
Q2: How many small states covered the Ganges Plain of India?
A2: sixteen monarchies
Q3: What were the sixteen kingdoms called?
A3: Mahajanapadas
Q4: What second period did the rise of the small kingdoms show?
A4: urbanism
Q5: What was the first major urbanization in India?
A5: Indus Valley Civilisation
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

In the latter half of his career Hayek made a number of contributions to social and political philosophy, which he based on his views on the limits of human knowledge, and the idea of spontaneous order in social institutions. He argues in favour of a society organised around a market order, in which the apparatus of state is employed almost (though not entirely) exclusively to enforce the legal order (consisting of abstract rules, and not particular commands) necessary for a market of free individuals to function. These ideas were informed by a moral philosophy derived from epistemological concerns regarding the inherent limits of human knowledge. Hayek argued that his ideal individualistic, free-market polity would be self-regulating to such a degree that it would be 'a society which does not depend for its functioning on our finding good men for running it'.

Q1: When did Hayek begin presenting his ideas on the limits of human knowledge?
A1: the latter half of his career
Q2: What did Hayek want society to function around?
A2: a market order
Q3: What is the responsibility of government in Hayek's market order?
A3: to enforce the legal order
Q4: What would be the cause of the success for the Hayek's ideal free-market?
A4: would be self-regulating
Q5: What would Hayek's free-market not require in order to function properly?
A5: good men