LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis
Topic: Geography and places

The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the University was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.

Q1: When did Washington University begin desegregation?
A1: 1947
Q2: What were the first schools to become integrated at Washington University? 
A2: the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work
Q3: What student group campaigned for full integration at Washington University in 1949?
A3: the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN)
Q4: What organization sought to strip Washington University of its tax-exempt status in the 1940's?
A4: the NAACP
Q5: When did the Board of Trustees pass a resolution to desegregate the Washington University undergraduate division? 
A5: May 1952
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

The process of founding the country's public university began on 11 June 1833 with the passage of a law proposed by Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga. It called for the creation of nine academic departments; the President of the Republic would pass a decree formally creating the departments once the majority of them were in operation. In 1836, the House of General Studies was formed, housing the departments of Latin, philosophy, mathematics, theology and jurisprudence. On 27 May 1838, Manuel Oribe passed a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic. That decree had few practical effects, given the institutional instability of the Oriental Republic of the Uruguay at that time.

Q1: When did the process of funding the country's public university begin?
A1: 11 June 1833
Q2: Who proposed the law that began the process of funding the country's public university?
A2: Senator Dámaso Antonio Larrañaga
Q3: When was the House of General Studies formed?
A3: 1836
Q4: When did Manuel Oribe pass a decree establishing the Greater University of the Republic?
A4: 27 May 1838
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The process of making beer is known as brewing. A dedicated building for the making of beer is called a brewery, though beer can be made in the home and has been for much of its history. A company that makes beer is called either a brewery or a brewing company. Beer made on a domestic scale for non-commercial reasons is classified as homebrewing regardless of where it is made, though most homebrewed beer is made in the home. Brewing beer is subject to legislation and taxation in developed countries, which from the late 19th century largely restricted brewing to a commercial operation only. However, the UK government relaxed legislation in 1963, followed by Australia in 1972 and the US in 1978, allowing homebrewing to become a popular hobby.

Q1: What is the process of making beer called?
A1: brewing
Q2: What is a building called that is used for making beer?
A2: a brewery
Q3: What is company that makes beer typically known as? 
A3: a brewing company
Q4: What is beer classified as when it is made for non-commerical consumption? 
A4: homebrewing
Q5: In what year was home brewing first allowed in the UK?
A5: 1963
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

The process of morphological derivation in Catalan follows the same principles as the other Romance languages, where agglutination is common. Many times, several affixes are appended to a preexisting lexeme, and some sound alternations can occur, for example elèctric [əˈlɛktrik] ("electrical") vs. electricitat [ələktrisiˈtat]. Prefixes are usually appended to verbs, for as in preveure ("foresee").

Q1: What is common in Romance languages?
A1: agglutination
Q2: What kind of derivation in Catalan is similar to other languages?
A2: morphological
Q3: What word additive is usually added to verbs?
A3: Prefixes
Q4: What other word changes can occur in derivations?
A4: sound alternations
Q5: What word supplement  can be put on an already existing word base?
A5: affixes
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

The process of polonization took place over a lengthy period of time. At first only the highest members of the nobility were involved, although gradually a wider group of the population was affected. The major effects on the lesser Lithuanian nobility took place after various sanctions were imposed by the Russian Empire such as removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas few years after the November Uprising. After the January Uprising the sanctions went further, and Russian officials announced that "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism" and began to intensify russification, and to ban the printing of books in the Lithuanian language.

Q1: WHo was first invloved in the polonization?
A1: the highest members of the nobility
Q2: Who imposed various sanction on the people?
A2: Russian Empire
Q3: What was an example of imposing sanctions on lithuanians?
A3: removing Lithuania from the names of the Gubernyas
Q4: What did the russian officials announce as a sanction?
A4: "Lithuanians are Russians seduced by Poles and Catholicism"
Q5: What language was banned from printing on books?
A5: Lithuanian language.
Title: Textual_criticism
Topic: Language and literature

The process of selectio resembles eclectic textual criticism, but applied to a restricted set of hypothetical hyparchetypes. The steps of examinatio and emendatio resemble copy-text editing. In fact, the other techniques can be seen as special cases of stemmatics in which a rigorous family history of the text cannot be determined but only approximated. If it seems that one manuscript is by far the best text, then copy text editing is appropriate, and if it seems that a group of manuscripts are good, then eclecticism on that group would be proper.

Q1: Which steps most closely resembles copy-text editing?
A1: examinatio and emendatio
Q2: What process is best used when only one manuscript is viable?
A2: copy text editing
Q3: What process is best used when there are a number of viable manuscripts available?
A3: eclecticism
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

The process was completed in 27 BC when the Roman Emperor Augustus annexed the rest of Greece and constituted it as the senatorial province of Achaea. Despite their military superiority, the Romans admired and became heavily influenced by the achievements of Greek culture, hence Horace's famous statement: Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit ("Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"). The epics of Homer inspired the Aeneid of Virgil, and authors such as Seneca the younger wrote using Greek styles. Roman heroes such as Scipio Africanus, tended to study philosophy and regarded Greek culture and science as an example to be followed. Similarly, most Roman emperors maintained an admiration for things Greek in nature. The Roman Emperor Nero visited Greece in AD 66, and performed at the Ancient Olympic Games, despite the rules against non-Greek participation. Hadrian was also particularly fond of the Greeks; before he became emperor he served as an eponymous archon of Athens.

Q1: What Roman Emperor became the ruler of all of Greece?
A1: Augustus
Q2: What saying by Horace became famous?
A2: "Greece, although captured, took its wild conqueror captive"
Q3: What famous Roman figure visited Greece in 66 AD?
A3: Nero
Q4: What famous Grecian author inspired later authors and their works?
A4: Homer
Q5: What hero of Rome studied Greek philosophy and science?
A5: Scipio Africanus
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The product claimed to be the strongest beer made is Schorschbräu's 2011 Schorschbock 57 with 57,5%. It was preceded by The End of History, a 55% Belgian ale, made by BrewDog in 2010. The same company had previously made Sink The Bismarck!, a 41% abv IPA, and Tactical Nuclear Penguin, a 32% abv Imperial stout. Each of these beers are made using the eisbock method of fractional freezing, in which a strong ale is partially frozen and the ice is repeatedly removed, until the desired strength is reached, a process that may class the product as spirits rather than beer. The German brewery Schorschbräu's Schorschbock, a 31% abv eisbock, and Hair of the Dog's Dave, a 29% abv barley wine made in 1994, used the same fractional freezing method. A 60% abv blend of beer with whiskey was jokingly claimed as the strongest beer by a Dutch brewery in July 2010.

Q1: How much alcohol is in Schorschbock 57?
A1: 57,5%
Q2: How much alcohol was in The End of History beer?
A2: 55%
Q3: What company made The End of History beer in 2010?
A3: BrewDog
Q4: What is a strong ale called when it is frozen partially, and then the ice is removed again and again?
A4: fractional freezing
Q5: How much alcohol was contained in the beer Sink The Bismarck?
A5: 41%
Title: Universal_Studios
Topic: Media and drama

The production arm of the studio still struggled. While there were to be a few hits like The Killers (1946) and The Naked City (1948), Universal-International's new theatrical films often met with disappointing response at the box office. By the late 1940s, Goetz was out, and the studio returned to low-budget films. The inexpensive Francis (1950), the first film of a series about a talking mule and Ma and Pa Kettle (1949), part of a series, became mainstays of the company. Once again, the films of Abbott and Costello, including Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein (1948), were among the studio's top-grossing productions. But at this point Rank lost interest and sold his shares to the investor Milton Rackmil, whose Decca Records would take full control of Universal in 1952. Besides Abbott and Costello, the studio retained the Walter Lantz cartoon studio, whose product was released with Universal-International's films.

Q1: In what year was The Killers produced?
A1: 1946
Q2: What Universal-International film was about a talking mule?
A2: Francis
Q3: In what year was Ma and Pa Kettle made?
A3: 1949
Q4: What Abbott and Costello film was released in 1948?
A4: Abbott and Costello Meet Frankenstein
Q5: Who bought Rank's share of Universal-International?
A5: Milton Rackmil
Title: Zinc
Topic: Unknown

The production for sulfidic zinc ores produces large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor. Smelter slag and other residues of process also contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About 1.1 million tonnes of metallic zinc and 130 thousand tonnes of lead were mined and smelted in the Belgian towns of La Calamine and Plombières between 1806 and 1882. The dumps of the past mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium, and, as a result, the sediments of the Geul River contain significant amounts of heavy metals. About two thousand years ago emissions of zinc from mining and smelting totaled 10 thousand tonnes a year. After increasing 10-fold from 1850, zinc emissions peaked at 3.4 million tonnes per year in the 1980s and declined to 2.7 million tonnes in the 1990s, although a 2005 study of the Arctic troposphere found that the concentrations there did not reflect the decline. Anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at a ratio of 20 to 1.

Q1: Large amounts of sulfur dioxide and cadmium vapor are produced due to what?
A1: The production for sulfidic zinc ores
Q2: Smelter slag contains a significant amount of what?
A2: heavy metals
Q3: Why does the Geul River contain heavy metals in a significant amount?
A3: mining operations leach significant amounts of zinc and cadmium
Q4: What is the ratio that anthropogenic and natural emissions occur at?
A4: 20 to 1
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

The professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys. Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere, with an army garrison to match, ensured that the naval and military officers quickly introduced the newly formalised sports to Bermuda, including cricket, football, Rugby football, and even tennis and rowing (rowing did not adapt well from British rivers to the stormy Atlantic. The officers soon switched to sail racing, founding the Royal Bermuda Yacht Club). Once these sports reached Bermuda, they were eagerly adopted by Bermudians.

Q1: What happened to the Public schoolboys in these sports?
A1: professionals soon displaced the amateur ex-Public schoolboys
Q2: How were sports introduced in Bermuda?
A2: Bermuda's role as the primary Royal Navy base in the Western Hemisphere,
Q3: Which sport did not transfer well to Bermuda?
A3: rowing
Q4: Which sport was quickly adopted?
A4: sail racing
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

The prognosis for asthma is generally good, especially for children with mild disease. Mortality has decreased over the last few decades due to better recognition and improvement in care. Globally it causes moderate or severe disability in 19.4 million people as of 2004 (16 million of which are in low and middle income countries). Of asthma diagnosed during childhood, half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade. Airway remodeling is observed, but it is unknown whether these represent harmful or beneficial changes. Early treatment with corticosteroids seems to prevent or ameliorates a decline in lung function.

Q1: What is the prognosis for asthma? 
A1: generally good
Q2: What has caused the mortality rate to decrease?
A2: due to better recognition and improvement in care
Q3: Worldwide, how many people suffer from asthma?
A3: 19.4 million people as of 2004
Q4: How many cases that are diagnosed in childhood make it past 10 years with asthma?
A4: half of cases will no longer carry the diagnosis after a decade
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

The prolonged Byzantine-Sassanid Wars, most importantly the climactic Byzantine-Sassanid War of 602-628, as well as the social conflict within the Sassanid Empire, opened the way for an Arab invasion to Iran in the 7th century. Initially defeated by the Arab Rashidun Caliphate, Iran came under the rule of the Arab caliphates of Umayyad and Abbasid. The prolonged and gradual process of the Islamization of Iran began following the conquest. Under the new Arab elite of the Rashidun and later the Umayyad caliphates, both converted (mawali) and non-converted (dhimmi) Iranians were discriminated against, being excluded from the government and military, and having to pay a special tax called Jizya. Gunde Shapur, home of the Academy of Gunde Shapur which was the most important medical center of the world at the time, survived after the invasion, but became known as an Islamic institute thereafter.

Q1: What wars in the 600s CE lead to the weakening of Iran and a subsequent invasion by the Arabs?
A1: Byzantine-Sassanid Wars
Q2: When did the Arabs invade Iran?
A2: the 7th century
Q3: Which Arab Caliphate defeated Iran first?
A3: Arab Rashidun Caliphate
Q4: What special tax did the discriminated Iranians - both converted and nonconverted - have to pay?
A4: Jizya
Q5: What academy was the most important medical center of the world at the time and became Islamicized after the Arab invasions?
A5: Academy of Gunde Shapur
Title: Hokkien
Topic: Language and literature

The pronounced divergence between literary and colloquial pronunciations found in Hokkien dialects is attributed to the presence of several strata in the Min lexicon. The earliest, colloquial stratum is traced to the Han dynasty (206 BCE - 220 CE); the second colloquial one comes from the period of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420 - 589 CE); the third stratum of pronunciations (typically literary ones) comes from the Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) and is based on the prestige dialect of Chang'an (modern day Xi'an), its capital.

Q1: Colloquial stratum can be traced to several strata in what lexicon?
A1: Min
Q2: The earliest colloquial stratum can be traced to what?
A2: Han dynasty
Q3: When was the Han Dynasty?
A3: 206 BCE - 220 CE
Q4: When were the Southern and Northern Dynasties?
A4: 420 - 589 CE
Q5: When was the Tang Dynasty?
A5: 618–907 CE
Title: University
Topic: Language and literature

The propagation of universities was not necessarily a steady progression, as the 17th century was rife with events that adversely affected university expansion. Many wars, and especially the Thirty Years' War, disrupted the university landscape throughout Europe at different times. War, plague, famine, regicide, and changes in religious power and structure often adversely affected the societies that provided support for universities. Internal strife within the universities themselves, such as student brawling and absentee professors, acted to destabilize these institutions as well. Universities were also reluctant to give up older curricula, and the continued reliance on the works of Aristotle defied contemporary advancements in science and the arts. This era was also affected by the rise of the nation-state. As universities increasingly came under state control, or formed under the auspices of the state, the faculty governance model (begun by the University of Paris) became more and more prominent. Although the older student-controlled universities still existed, they slowly started to move toward this structural organization. Control of universities still tended to be independent, although university leadership was increasingly appointed by the state.

Q1: What war most curtailed the spread of universities in the 17th century?
A1: the Thirty Years' War
Q2: Which university is said to have started faculty governance?
A2: University of Paris
Q3: Which entity started to appoint the administration of universities in the 17th century?
A3: the state
Q4: The control of universities by the state can be attributed to the advancement in the development of what?
A4: the nation-state.
Q5: How would one describe the control of universities before nation-states in the 17th century?
A5: student-controlled
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The proper recitation of the Quran is the subject of a separate discipline named tajwid which determines in detail how the Quran should be recited, how each individual syllable is to be pronounced, the need to pay attention to the places where there should be a pause, to elisions, where the pronunciation should be long or short, where letters should be sounded together and where they should be kept separate, etc. It may be said that this discipline studies the laws and methods of the proper recitation of the Quran and covers three main areas: the proper pronunciation of consonants and vowels (the articulation of the Quranic phonemes), the rules of pause in recitation and of resumption of recitation, and the musical and melodious features of recitation.

Q1: What discipline concerns the way the Quran is correctly recited?
A1: tajwid
Q2: Tajwid deals with what aspect of the phonemes in the Quran?
A2: pronunciation
Q3: Tajwid describes rules for what noiseless aspect of articulating Quranic verses?
A3: pause in recitation
Q4: Rhythm is an example of which features of Quranic recitation covered by tajwid?
A4: musical and melodious
Title: Genome
Topic: Natural sciences

The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes.

Q1: What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?
A1: Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes
Q2: In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?
A2: proportion of non-repetitive DNA
Q3: What is the size of non-repetitive DNA divided by to get the proportion of non-repetitive DNA?
A3: genome size
Title: Genome
Topic: Natural sciences

The proportion of repetitive DNA is calculated by using length of repetitive DNA divide by genome size. There are two categories of repetitive DNA in genome: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats.

Q1: What are two types of repetitive DNA found in genomes?
A1: tandem repeats and interspersed repeats
Q2: What is found by dividing size of repetitive DNA by length of total genome?
A2: proportion of repetitive DNA
Title: Punjab,_Pakistan
Topic: Geography and places

The province is home to several historical sites, including the Shalimar Gardens, the Lahore Fort, the Badshahi Mosque, the Rohtas Fort and the ruins of the ancient city of Harrapa. The Anarkali Market and Jahangir's Tomb are prominent in the city of Lahore as is the Lahore Museum, while the ancient city of Taxila in the northwest was once a major centre of Buddhist and Hindu influence. Several important Sikh shrines are in the province, including the birthplace of the first Guru, Guru Nanak. (born at Nankana Sahib). There are a few famous hill stations, including Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro.

Q1: What famous tomb is in Lahore?
A1: Jahangir's Tomb
Q2: Where was Nanak born?
A2: Nankana Sahib
Q3: Who was the first Sikh Guru?
A3: Guru Nanak
Q4: What famous hill stations are in Punjab?
A4: Murree, Bhurban, Patriata and Fort Munro
Q5: What famous mosque is in Punjab?
A5: Badshahi Mosque
Title: Zhejiang
Topic: Geography and places

The province is traditionally known as the "Land of Fish and Rice". True to its name, rice is the main crop, followed by wheat; north Zhejiang is also a center of aquaculture in China, and the Zhoushan fishery is the largest fishery in the country. The main cash crops include jute and cotton, and the province also leads the provinces of China in tea production. (The renowned Longjing tea is a product of Hangzhou.) Zhejiang's towns have been known for handicraft production of goods such as silk, for which it is ranked second among the provinces. Its many market towns connect the cities with the countryside.

Q1: What is the province traditionally known as?
A1: Land of Fish and Rice
Q2: What is the main crop of the province?
A2: rice
Q3: What is the second main crop of the province?
A3: wheat
Q4: What part of Zhejiang is a center of aquaculture in China?
A4: north Zhejiang
Q5: What is the largest fishery in the country?
A5: Zhoushan fishery
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The province of France has produced a large number of preachers. The conferences of Notre-Dame-de-Paris were inaugurated by Père Lacordaire. The Dominicans of the province of France furnished Lacordaire (1835–1836, 1843–1851), Jacques Monsabré (1869–1870, 1872–1890), Joseph Ollivier (1871, 1897), Thomas Etourneau (1898–1902).[citation needed] Since 1903 the pulpit of Notre Dame has been occupied by a succession of Dominicans. Père Henri Didon (d. 1900) was a Dominican. The house of studies of the province of France publishes L'Année Dominicaine (founded 1859), La Revue des Sciences Philosophiques et Theologiques (1907), and La Revue de la Jeunesse (1909). French Dominicans founded and administer the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem founded in 1890 by Père Marie-Joseph Lagrange O.P. (1855–1938), one of the leading international centres for Biblical research. It is at the École Biblique that the famed Jerusalem Bible (both editions) was prepared.

Q1: What country has produced a large number of preachers?
A1: France
Q2: What Dominican Friar inugurated the conferences of Notre Dame of Paris?
A2: Père Lacordaire
Q3: What is the name of another French Dominican friar during this time?
A3: Thomas Etourneau
Q4: What is one of the leading international centers for biblical research?
A4: the École Biblique et Archéologique française de Jérusalem
Q5: What was prepared at the Ecole Biblique?
A5: Jerusalem Bible
Title: Zhejiang
Topic: Geography and places

The province's name derives from the Zhe River (浙江, Zhè Jiāng), the former name of the Qiantang River which flows past Hangzhou and whose mouth forms Hangzhou Bay. It is usually glossed as meaning "Crooked" or "Bent River", from the meaning of Chinese 折, but is more likely a phono-semantic compound formed from adding 氵 (the "water" radical used for river names) to phonetic 折 (pinyin zhé but reconstructed Old Chinese *tet), preserving a proto-Wu name of the local Yue, similar to Yuhang, Kuaiji, and Jiang.

Q1: What is the former name of the Qiantang River?
A1: Zhe River
Q2: What does the mouth of the Qiantang River form?
A2: Hangzhou Bay
Q3: What does Zhe mean in Chinese?
A3: Crooked
Q4: Which river does the province of Zhejiang derive its name from?
A4: Zhe River
Q5: What does the Qiantang River flow past?
A5: Hangzhou
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Topic: Natural sciences

The provision of the law in Section 4 that establishes critical habitat is a regulatory link between habitat protection and recovery goals, requiring the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species. To determine what exactly is critical habitat, the needs of open space for individual and population growth, food, water, light or other nutritional requirements, breeding sites, seed germination and dispersal needs, and lack of disturbances are considered.

Q1: What section of the Endangered Species Act establishes critical habitat regulations?
A1: Section 4
Q2: Critical habitat regulation links what two topics?
A2: habitat protection and recovery goals
Q3: What does critical habitat regulation require?
A3: the identification and protection of all lands, water and air necessary to recover endangered species
Q4: What is an example of a critical habitat consideration that would apply to plant wildlife?
A4: seed germination and dispersal needs
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

The provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420. This figure includes an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted. People who were out of the country at the time of the census are not included in these figures. There are over 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand, and millions more work illegally. Burmese migrant workers account for 80% of Thailand's migrant workers. Population density is 76 per square kilometre (200/sq mi), among the lowest in Southeast Asia.

Q1: How many are estimated people live in Burma officially?
A1: provisional results of the 2014 Myanmar Census show that the total population is 51,419,420
Q2: Who may have been left out of the 2014 census in Burma ?
A2: an estimated 1,206,353 persons in parts of northern Rakhine State, Kachin State and Kayin State who were not counted.
Q3: How many people in Burma are currently using a work visa for Thailand?
A3: 600,000 registered migrant workers from Myanmar in Thailand
Q4: How many of the Burmese  people are predicted to work in Thailand without authorization 
A4: millions more work illegally
Q5: What percentage of emigrant workers in Thailand that are from Myanmar ?
A5: 80% of Thailand's migrant workers
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

The proximity of the Palace of Westminster did not extend to providing monks or abbots with high royal connections; in social origin the Benedictines of Westminster were as modest as most of the order. The abbot remained Lord of the Manor of Westminster as a town of two to three thousand persons grew around it: as a consumer and employer on a grand scale the monastery helped fuel the town economy, and relations with the town remained unusually cordial, but no enfranchising charter was issued during the Middle Ages. The abbey built shops and dwellings on the west side, encroaching upon the sanctuary.[citation needed]

Q1: What did the abbot remain as a town built around the abbey?
A1: Lord of the Manor of Westminster
Q2: What did the monastery help fuel?
A2: the town economy
Q3: What did the abbey build on the west side?
A3: shops and dwellings
Q4: What encroached upon the sanctuary?
A4: shops and dwellings
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

The psychoacoustic masking codec was first proposed in 1979, apparently independently, by Manfred R. Schroeder, et al. from Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc. in Murray Hill, NJ, and M. A. Krasner both in the United States. Krasner was the first to publish and to produce hardware for speech (not usable as music bit compression), but the publication of his results as a relatively obscure Lincoln Laboratory Technical Report did not immediately influence the mainstream of psychoacoustic codec development. Manfred Schroeder was already a well-known and revered figure in the worldwide community of acoustical and electrical engineers, but his paper was not much noticed, since it described negative results due to the particular nature of speech and the linear predictive coding (LPC) gain present in speech. Both Krasner and Schroeder built upon the work performed by Eberhard F. Zwicker in the areas of tuning and masking of critical bands, that in turn built on the fundamental research in the area from Bell Labs of Harvey Fletcher and his collaborators. A wide variety of (mostly perceptual) audio compression algorithms were reported in IEEE's refereed Journal on Selected Areas in Communications. That journal reported in February 1988 on a wide range of established, working audio bit compression technologies, some of them using auditory masking as part of their fundamental design, and several showing real-time hardware implementations.

Q1: What was first proposed in 1979?
A1: The psychoacoustic masking codec
Q2: Which country were the researchers located in?
A2: United States
Q3: Who was the first to produce hardware for speech?
A3: Krasner
Q4: What does LPC stand for?
A4: linear predictive coding
Q5: What was reported in IEEE's Journal on Selected Areas in Communications?
A5: audio compression algorithms
Title: Cotton
Topic: Natural sciences

The public sector effort continues with the goal to create a high-quality, draft genome sequence from reads generated by all sources. The public-sector effort has generated Sanger reads of BACs, fosmids, and plasmids as well as 454 reads. These later types of reads will be instrumental in assembling an initial draft of the D genome. In 2010, two companies (Monsanto and Illumina), completed enough Illumina sequencing to cover the D genome of G. raimondii about 50x. They announced that they would donate their raw reads to the public. This public relations effort gave them some recognition for sequencing the cotton genome. Once the D genome is assembled from all of this raw material, it will undoubtedly assist in the assembly of the AD genomes of cultivated varieties of cotton, but a lot of hard work remains.

Q1: What companies finished much of the sequencing of the D genome?
A1: Monsanto and Illumina
Q2: When was the sequencing of D genome of G.  raimondii mostly completed?
A2: 2010
Q3: What did Monsanto and Illumina say they would do with the research?
A3: donate
Q4: What is the seeming result of donating genetic cotton sequencing to the public?
A4: public relations
Q5: What plants are the goal of sequencing wild forms of cotton?
A5: cultivated varieties
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

The public water supply network was completed in 1850, and in 1858 the architects Sebastián Monleón Estellés, Antonino Sancho, and Timoteo Calvo drafted a general expansion project for the city that included demolishing its ancient walls (a second version was printed in 1868). Neither proposed project received final approval, but they did serve as a guide, though not closely followed, for future growth. By 1860 the municipality had 140,416 inhabitants, and beginning in 1866 the ancient city walls were almost entirely demolished to facilitate urban expansion. Electricity was introduced to Valencia in 1882.

Q1: When were plans for city expansion drawn?
A1: 1858
Q2: What was finished in 1850?
A2: public water supply network
Q3: When did Valencia get electricity?
A3: 1882
Q4: What was knocked down in 1866?
A4: city walls
Q5: What was Valencia's population in 1860?
A5: 140,416
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

The publication of vernacular literature increased, with Dante (d. 1321), Petrarch (d. 1374) and Giovanni Boccaccio (d. 1375) in 14th-century Italy, Geoffrey Chaucer (d. 1400) and William Langland (d. c. 1386) in England, and François Villon (d. 1464) and Christine de Pizan (d. c. 1430) in France. Much literature remained religious in character, and although a great deal of it continued to be written in Latin, a new demand developed for saints' lives and other devotional tracts in the vernacular languages. This was fed by the growth of the Devotio Moderna movement, most prominently in the formation of the Brethren of the Common Life, but also in the works of German mystics such as Meister Eckhart and Johannes Tauler (d. 1361). Theatre also developed in the guise of miracle plays put on by the Church. At the end of the period, the development of the printing press in about 1450 led to the establishment of publishing houses throughout Europe by 1500.

Q1: Along with Dante and Boccaccio, who was a notable Italian author of the 14th century?
A1: Petrarch
Q2: When did Chaucer die?
A2: 1400
Q3: Who was a notable female French author of this period?
A3: Christine de Pizan
Q4: In what language was most religious literature of this period written?
A4: Latin
Q5: Along with Johannes Tauler, who was a prominent German mystic of this period?
A5: Meister Eckhart
Title: Paper
Topic: Natural sciences

The pulp papermaking process is said to have been developed in China during the early 2nd century AD, possibly as early as the year 105 A.D., by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun, although the earliest archaeological fragments of paper derive from the 2nd century BC in China. The modern pulp and paper industry is global, with China leading its production and the United States right behind it.

Q1: When was the pulp papermaking process developed?
A1: 2nd century AD
Q2: What country was the process developed in?
A2: China
Q3: What country is leading in production of paper?
A3: China
Q4: What country is the second largest produced of paper?
A4: United States
Q5: Which court eunuch was associated with the papermaking process?
A5: Cai Lun
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

The purpose of electronic warfare is to deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS and ensure friendly, unimpeded access to the EM spectrum portion of the information environment. Electronic warfare aircraft are used to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it. They are often called "The Eye in the Sky." The roles of the aircraft vary greatly among the different variants to include Electronic Warfare/Jamming (EC-130H), Psychological Operations/Communications (EC-130J), Airborne Early Warning and Control (E-3), Airborne Command Post (E-4B), ground targeting radar (E-8C), range control (E-9A), and communications relay (E-11A)

Q1: What is the purpose of electronic warfare?
A1: deny the opponent an advantage in the EMS
Q2: What nickname is given to Electronic warfare aircraft?
A2: The Eye in the Sky
Q3: What does the USAF use Electronic warfare aircraft for?
A3: to keep airspaces friendly, and send critical information to anyone who needs it
Q4: What is the EC-130H used for by the US Air Force? 
A4: Electronic Warfare/Jamming
Q5: What does the USAF use the E-4B aircraft for?
A5: Airborne Command Post
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

The purpose of these instruments was to address the various forms of corruption (involving the public sector, the private sector, the financing of political activities, etc.) whether they had a strictly domestic or also a transnational dimension. To monitor the implementation at national level of the requirements and principles provided in those texts, a monitoring mechanism – the Group of States Against Corruption (also known as GRECO) (French: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption) was created.

Q1: What does GRECO stand for?
A1: Group of States Against Corruption
Q2: What is the name of the French equivalent of GRECO?
A2: Groupe d'Etats contre la corruption
Q3: The instruments used to point out the different corrupt forms looked to see if they were rigidly domestic or what?
A3: transnational
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

The quail is a small to medium-sized, cryptically coloured bird. In its natural environment, it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover. It feeds on seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates. Being a largely ground-dwelling, gregarious bird, domestication of the quail was not difficult, although many of its wild instincts are retained in captivity. It was known to the Egyptians long before the arrival of chickens and was depicted in hieroglyphs from 2575 BC. It migrated across Egypt in vast flocks and the birds could sometimes be picked up off the ground by hand. These were the common quail (Coturnix coturnix), but modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) which was probably domesticated as early as the 11th century AD in Japan. They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.

Q1: Have quails ever been used for entertainment purposes ?
A1: They were originally kept as songbirds, and they are thought to have been regularly used in song contests.
Q2: Where can quails typically be found in the wild?
A2: it is found in bushy places, in rough grassland, among agricultural crops, and in other places with dense cover.
Q3: What is the typical diet consist of for qails ?
A3: seeds, insects, and other small invertebrates.
Q4: From what country do most domesticated  quails today descend from ?
A4: modern domesticated flocks are mostly of Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica)
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

The quality of a partial vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Other things equal, lower gas pressure means higher-quality vacuum. For example, a typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to reduce air pressure by around 20%. Much higher-quality vacuums are possible. Ultra-high vacuum chambers, common in chemistry, physics, and engineering, operate below one trillionth (10−12) of atmospheric pressure (100 nPa), and can reach around 100 particles/cm3. Outer space is an even higher-quality vacuum, with the equivalent of just a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter on average. According to modern understanding, even if all matter could be removed from a volume, it would still not be "empty" due to vacuum fluctuations, dark energy, transiting gamma rays, cosmic rays, neutrinos, and other phenomena in quantum physics. In the electromagnetism in the 19th century, vacuum was thought to be filled with a medium called aether. In modern particle physics, the vacuum state is considered the ground state of matter.

Q1: The Vacuum state is considered what?
A1: the ground state of matter.
Q2: A typical vacuum cleaner produces enough suction to do what to air pressure?
A2: reduce air pressure by around 20%
Q3: The quality of a partial vacuum refers to what?
A3: how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum
Q4: Outer space has a high quality vacuum with what equivalent?
A4: a few hydrogen atoms per cubic meter
Q5: If all matter is removed from a vacuum, would it be empty space?
A5: it would still not be "empty"
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

The quality of a vacuum is indicated by the amount of matter remaining in the system, so that a high quality vacuum is one with very little matter left in it. Vacuum is primarily measured by its absolute pressure, but a complete characterization requires further parameters, such as temperature and chemical composition. One of the most important parameters is the mean free path (MFP) of residual gases, which indicates the average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other. As the gas density decreases, the MFP increases, and when the MFP is longer than the chamber, pump, spacecraft, or other objects present, the continuum assumptions of fluid mechanics do not apply. This vacuum state is called high vacuum, and the study of fluid flows in this regime is called particle gas dynamics. The MFP of air at atmospheric pressure is very short, 70 nm, but at 100 mPa (~6997100000000000000♠1×10−3 Torr) the MFP of room temperature air is roughly 100 mm, which is on the order of everyday objects such as vacuum tubes. The Crookes radiometer turns when the MFP is larger than the size of the vanes.

Q1: What indicated the quality of a vacuum?
A1: amount of matter remaining in the system
Q2: How is vacuum generally measured?
A2: its absolute pressure
Q3: What does the MFP of residual gases show?
A3: average distance that molecules will travel between collisions with each other.
Q4: What is particle gas dynamics?
A4: study of fluid flows
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns was a literary and artistic quarrel that heated up in the early 1690s and shook the Académie française. The opposing two sides were, the Ancients (Anciens) who constrain choice of subjects to those drawn from the literature of Antiquity and the Moderns (Modernes), who supported the merits of the authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle quickly followed with his Digression sur les anciens et les modernes (1688), in which he took the Modern side, pressing the argument that modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.

Q1: What was the basis of the quarrel between the Ancients and the moderns?
A1: literary and artistic
Q2: In what time period did the quarrel between the Ancients and the Moderns peak?
A2: early 1690s
Q3: Moderns support the merits of whom?
A3: authors of the century of Louis XIV. Fontenelle
Q4: What did Louis XIV believe about the modern man?
A4: modern scholarship allowed modern man to surpass the ancients in knowledge.
Title: Antenna_(radio)
Topic: Engineering and technology

The quarter-wave elements imitate a series-resonant electrical element due to the standing wave present along the conductor. At the resonant frequency, the standing wave has a current peak and voltage node (minimum) at the feed. In electrical terms, this means the element has minimum reactance, generating the maximum current for minimum voltage. This is the ideal situation, because it produces the maximum output for the minimum input, producing the highest possible efficiency. Contrary to an ideal (lossless) series-resonant circuit, a finite resistance remains (corresponding to the relatively small voltage at the feed-point) due to the antenna's radiation resistance as well as any actual electrical losses.

Q1: How do quarter wave elements act in relation to a series relevant electrical element?
A1: imitate
Q2: What frequency develops a current peak?
A2: resonant frequency
Q3: How would you describe a current that has maximum efficiency?
A3: minimum reactance
Q4: What could be the best possible output versus input ratio?
A4: lossless
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell
Topic: Engineering and technology

The question of priority for the variable resistance feature of the telephone was raised by the examiner before he approved Bell's patent application. He told Bell that his claim for the variable resistance feature was also described in Gray's caveat. Bell pointed to a variable resistance device in Bell's previous application in which Bell described a cup of mercury, not water. Bell had filed the mercury application at the patent office a year earlier on February 25, 1875, long before Elisha Gray described the water device. In addition, Gray abandoned his caveat, and because he did not contest Bell's priority, the examiner approved Bell's patent on March 3, 1876. Gray had reinvented the variable resistance telephone, but Bell was the first to write down the idea and the first to test it in a telephone.

Q1: What part of the telephone was investigated by the patent officer?
A1: variable resistance
Q2: When did Bell put in his prior patent?
A2: February 25, 1875
Q3: What liquid did Bell use in his first application?
A3: mercury
Title: Computer_security
Topic: Engineering and technology

The question of whether the government should intervene or not in the regulation of the cyberspace is a very polemical one. Indeed, for as long as it has existed and by definition, the cyberspace is a virtual space free of any government intervention. Where everyone agree that an improvement on cybersecurity is more than vital, is the government the best actor to solve this issue? Many government officials and experts think that the government should step in and that there is a crucial need for regulation, mainly due to the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem. R. Clarke said during a panel discussion at the RSA Security Conference in San Francisco, he believes that the "industry only responds when you threaten regulation. If industry doesn't respond (to the threat), you have to follow through." On the other hand, executives from the private sector agree that improvements are necessary, but think that the government intervention would affect their ability to innovate efficiently.

Q1: According to goverment officials, what has the failure of the private sector to solve efficiently the cybersecurity problem created?
A1: a crucial need for regulation
Q2: Where was the RSA Security Conference held?
A2: San Francisco
Q3: Who believes that government intervention would affect innovation?
A3: executives from the private sector
Q4: Who said "industry only responds when you threaten regulation"?
A4: R. Clarke
Q5: What is a virtual space free of any government intervention?
A5: cyberspace
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Topic: Natural sciences

The question to be answered is whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized. If harm cannot be avoided, the project agency can seek an exemption from the Endangered Species Committee, an ad hoc panel composed of members from the executive branch and at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur. Five of the seven committee members must vote for the exemption to allow taking (to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture, or collect, or significant habitat modification, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct) of listed species.

Q1: What is the primary consideration for determining if projects may be carried out in areas with endangered species?
A1: whether a listed species will be harmed by the action and, if so, how the harm can be minimized
Q2: If a species may be harmed, who holds final say on whether the project may proceed?
A2: the Endangered Species Committee
Q3: How many members are on the ad hoc panel that allows project exemptions for cases where a species may harmed?
A3: seven
Q4: How many votes must be in favor of the exemption in order to award the exemption?
A4: Five
Q5: What is one specific requirement regarding the make-up of the exmeption panel?
A5: at least one appointee from the state where the project is to occur
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

The quick German victory over the French stunned neutral observers, many of whom had expected a French victory and most of whom had expected a long war. The strategic advantages possessed by the Germans were not appreciated outside Germany until after hostilities had ceased. Other countries quickly discerned the advantages given to the Germans by their military system, and adopted many of their innovations, particularly the General Staff, universal conscription and highly detailed mobilization systems.

Q1: What stunned neutral observers about the end of the war?
A1: The quick German victory
Q2: What outcome had most people expected from the war?
A2: French victory
Q3: Whose strategic advantages were not appreciated until after the war over?
A3: the Germans
Q4: What German advantages were discerned by other countries in the aftermath? 
A4: their military system
Q5: What is at least one German innovation that other countries would later adopt in other wars?
A5: highly detailed mobilization systems