LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Dutch_language
Topic: Language and literature

Voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives occurs, although less in Dutch than in German (Du zeven, Germ sieben [z] vs. Eng seven and LG seven [s]), and also the shift in /θ/ > /d/. Dutch shares only with Low German the development of /xs/ > /ss/ (Du vossen, ossen and LG Vösse, Ossen vs. Germ Füchse, Ochsen and Eng foxes, oxen), and also the development of /ft/ → /xt/ though it is far more common in Dutch (Du zacht and LG sacht vs. Germ sanft and Eng soft, but Du kracht vs. LG/Germ kraft and Eng cognate craft).

Q1: Is the voicing of pre-vocalic initial voiceless alveolar fricatives more common in Dutch or German?
A1: German
Q2: Does the development of /ft/ to /xt/ occur more in Low German or Dutch?
A2: Dutch
Q3: What number word is spelled the same in English and Low German?
A3: seven
Q4: What's the German word for "seven"?
A4: sieben
Q5: Although spelled differently, the first consonant of what Dutch word for "seven" is pronounced the same as its German counterpart?
A5: zeven
Title: Space_Race
Topic: History

Von Braun and his team were sent to the United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground, located in New Mexico, in 1945. They set about assembling the captured V2s and began a program of launching them and instructing American engineers in their operation. These tests led to the first rocket to take photos from outer space, and the first two-stage rocket, the WAC Corporal-V2 combination, in 1949. The German rocket team was moved from Fort Bliss to the Army's new Redstone Arsenal, located in Huntsville, Alabama, in 1950. From here, von Braun and his team would develop the Army's first operational medium-range ballistic missile, the Redstone rocket, that would, in slightly modified versions, launch both America's first satellite, and the first piloted Mercury space missions. It became the basis for both the Jupiter and Saturn family of rockets.

Q1: The  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground is located where?
A1: New Mexico
Q2: Von Braun and his associates were sent to  United States Army's White Sands Proving Ground in what year?
A2: 1945
Q3: The first two-stage rocket was developed in what year?
A3: 1949
Q4: The Army's new Redstone Arsenal is located in what city and state?
A4: Huntsville, Alabama
Q5: What year was the German rocket team moved to Alabama?
A5: 1950
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann continued unperturbed in his work and became, along with Edward Teller, one of those who sustained the hydrogen bomb project. He then collaborated with Klaus Fuchs on further development of the bomb, and in 1946 the two filed a secret patent on "Improvement in Methods and Means for Utilizing Nuclear Energy", which outlined a scheme for using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion. The Fuchs–von Neumann patent used radiation implosion, but not in the same way as is used in what became the final hydrogen bomb design, the Teller–Ulam design. Their work was, however, incorporated into the "George" shot of Operation Greenhouse, which was instructive in testing out concepts that went into the final design. The Fuchs–von Neumann work was passed on, by Fuchs, to the Soviet Union as part of his nuclear espionage, but it was not used in the Soviets' own, independent development of the Teller–Ulam design. The historian Jeremy Bernstein has pointed out that ironically, "John von Neumann and Klaus Fuchs, produced a brilliant invention in 1946 that could have changed the whole course of the development of the hydrogen bomb, but was not fully understood until after the bomb had been successfully made."

Q1: With whom did von Neumann collaborate for further development of the hydrogen bomb?
A1: Klaus Fuchs
Q2: What improvement did von Neumann see in the nuclear weaponry?
A2: using a fission bomb to compress fusion fuel to initiate nuclear fusion
Q3: What country was afforded access to design of improved nuclear weapon through espionage?
A3: Soviet Union
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann entered government service (Manhattan Project) primarily because he felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism from Nazism, Fascism and Soviet Communism. During a Senate committee hearing he described his political ideology as "violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm". He was quoted in 1950 remarking, "If you say why not bomb [the Soviets] tomorrow, I say, why not today? If you say today at five o'clock, I say why not one o'clock?"

Q1: Why did von Neumann join government work?
A1: felt that, if freedom and civilization were to survive, it would have to be because the US would triumph over totalitarianism
Q2: How did von Neumaan describe his political ideology?
A2: violently anti-communist, and much more militaristic than the norm
Q3: What was the project that von Neumann first participated in government?
A3: Manhattan Project
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann entered the Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium in 1911. This was one of the best schools in Budapest, part of a brilliant education system designed for the elite. Under the Hungarian system, children received all their education at the one gymnasium. Despite being run by the Lutheran Church, the majority of its pupils were Jewish. The school system produced a generation noted for intellectual achievement, that included Theodore von Kármán (b. 1881), George de Hevesy (b. 1885), Leó Szilárd (b. 1898), Eugene Wigner (b. 1902), Edward Teller (b. 1908), and Paul Erdős (b. 1913). Collectively, they were sometimes known as Martians. Wigner was a year ahead of von Neumann at the Lutheran School. When asked why the Hungary of his generation had produced so many geniuses, Wigner, who won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, replied that von Neumann was the only genius.

Q1: What did Von Neumann enter in 1911?
A1: Lutheran Fasori Evangelikus Gimnázium
Q2: In what room did children get education in Hungary?
A2: gymnasium
Q3: What collective name was given to the generation of scholars produced by the Hungarian school system?
A3: Martians
Q4: In what year did Wigner win Nobel Prize?
A4: 1963
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann founded the field of continuous geometry. It followed his path-breaking work on rings of operators. In mathematics, continuous geometry is an analogue of complex projective geometry, where instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval [0,1]. Von Neumann was motivated by his discovery of von Neumann algebras with a dimension function taking a continuous range of dimensions, and the first example of a continuous geometry other than projective space was the projections of the hyperfinite type II factor.

Q1: What field did Von Neuman establish?
A1: continuous geometry.
Q2: What is the distinction of continuous geometry?
A2: instead of the dimension of a subspace being in a discrete set 0, 1, ..., n, it can be an element of the unit interval
Q3: What was the first example of continuous geometry?
A3: projections of the hyperfinite type II factor
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann founded the field of game theory as a mathematical discipline. Von Neumann proved his minimax theorem in 1928. This theorem establishes that in zero-sum games with perfect information (i.e. in which players know at each time all moves that have taken place so far), there exists a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses, hence the name minimax. When examining every possible strategy, a player must consider all the possible responses of his adversary. The player then plays out the strategy that will result in the minimization of his maximum loss.

Q1: What year was game theory established?
A1: 1928
Q2: What discipline is game theory derived from?
A2: mathematical discipline.
Q3: what are the possible strategies in minimax theory?
A3: a pair of strategies for both players that allows each to minimize his maximum losses
Q4: What must a player consider when determining every possible strategy?
A4: all the possible responses of his adversary.
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann introduced the study of rings of operators, through the von Neumann algebras. A von Neumann algebra is a *-algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator. The von Neumann bicommutant theorem shows that the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries. The direct integral was introduced in 1949 by John von Neumann. One of von Neumann's analyses was to reduce the classification of von Neumann algebras on separable Hilbert spaces to the classification of factors.

Q1: What is von Neumann algebra?
A1: algebra of bounded operators on a Hilbert space that is closed in the weak operator topology and contains the identity operator
Q2: What does the von Neumann bicommutant theorem show?
A2: the analytic definition is equivalent to a purely algebraic definition as an algebra of symmetries.
Q3: When was direct integral introduced by von Neumann?
A3: 1949
Q4: What was introduced in von Neumann algebras?
A4: study of rings of operators
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann is credited with the equilibrium strategy of mutual assured destruction, providing the deliberately humorous acronym, MAD. (Other humorous acronyms coined by von Neumann include his computer, the Mathematical Analyzer, Numerical Integrator, and Computer—or MANIAC). He also "moved heaven and earth" to bring MAD about. His goal was to quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR, and he knew the Soviets were doing similar work because the CIA interviewed German rocket scientists who were allowed to return to Germany, and von Neumann had planted a dozen technical people in the CIA. The Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons, and they believed that whoever had superiority in these weapons would take over the world, without necessarily using them. He was afraid of a "missile gap" and took several more steps to achieve his goal of keeping up with the Soviets:

Q1: What was MAD?
A1: mutual assured destruction
Q2: What was the goal of MAD?
A2: quickly develop ICBMs and the compact hydrogen bombs that they could deliver to the USSR
Q3: What were Russians opinions of future weaponry?
A3: Russians believed that bombers would soon be vulnerable, and they shared von Neumann's view that an H-bomb in an ICBM was the ne plus ultra of weapons
Q4: What was the concern of a missile gap?
A4: keeping up with the Soviets
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann liked to eat and drink; his wife, Klara, said that he could count everything except calories. He enjoyed Yiddish and "off-color" humor (especially limericks). He was a non-smoker. At Princeton he received complaints for regularly playing extremely loud German march music on his gramophone, which distracted those in neighbouring offices, including Albert Einstein, from their work. Von Neumann did some of his best work blazingly fast in noisy, chaotic environments, and once admonished his wife for preparing a quiet study for him to work in. He never used it, preferring the couple's living room with its television playing loudly.

Q1: What type of "off color" humor did Von Neumann especially enjoy?
A1: limericks
Q2: What complaints did Von Neumann's neighbor's have?
A2: regularly playing extremely loud German march music
Q3: What famous neighbor did Von Neumann have that may have been distracted by the music Von Neumann played?
A3: Albert Einstein,
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann made fundamental contributions in exploration of problems in numerical hydrodynamics. For example, with Robert D. Richtmyer he developed an algorithm defining artificial viscosity that improved the understanding of shock waves. A problem was that when computers solved hydrodynamic or aerodynamic problems, they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves). The mathematics of artificial viscosity smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics. Other well known contributions to fluid dynamics included the classic flow solution to blast waves, and the co-discovery of the ZND detonation model of explosives.

Q1: The algorithm defining artificial viscosity is a fundamental contribution to what area?
A1: numerical hydrodynamics
Q2: What did the math of artificial viscosity do?
A2: smoothed the shock transition without sacrificing basic physics
Q3: What was the problem of computers solving fluid dynamics?
A3: they tried to put too many computational grid points at regions of sharp discontinuity (shock waves)
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann made fundamental contributions to mathematical statistics. In 1941, he derived the exact distribution of the ratio of the mean square of successive differences to the sample variance for independent and identically normally distributed variables. This ratio was applied to the residuals from regression models and is commonly known as the Durbin–Watson statistic for testing the null hypothesis that the errors are serially independent against the alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression.

Q1: When did von NEumann establish mean square ratio?
A1: 1941
Q2: How has mean square ratio been applied?
A2: Durbin–Watson statistic
Q3: what does null hypothesis test against?
A3: alternative that they follow a stationary first order autoregression
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann raised the intellectual and mathematical level of economics in several stunning publications. For his model of an expanding economy, von Neumann proved the existence and uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem. Von Neumann's model of an expanding economy considered the matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B; von Neumann sought probability vectors p and q and a positive number λ that would solve the complementarity equation

Q1: How did von Neumann raise the level of economics?
A1: several stunning publications
Q2: What did von Neumann prove with his model of expanding economy?
A2: uniqueness of an equilibrium using his generalization of the Brouwer fixed-point theorem
Q3: What did von Neumann consider for his model of expanding economy?
A3: matrix pencil  A − λB with nonnegative matrices A and B
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann was a founding figure in computing. Donald Knuth cites von Neumann as the inventor, in 1945, of the merge sort algorithm, in which the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged. Von Neumann wrote the sorting program for the EDVAC in ink, being 23 pages long; traces can still be seen on the first page of the phrase "TOP SECRET", which was written in pencil and later erased. He also worked on the philosophy of artificial intelligence with Alan Turing when the latter visited Princeton in the 1930s.

Q1: Who was the inventor of the merge-sort algorithm?
A1: Von Neumann
Q2: With whom did von Neumann work on the philosophy of artificial intelligence?
A2: Alan Turing
Q3: What does a merge sort algorithm do?
A3: the first and second halves of an array are each sorted recursively and then merged
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann was born Neumann János Lajos (in Hungarian the family name comes first), Hebrew name Yonah, in Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, which was then part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, to wealthy Jewish parents of the Haskalah. He was the eldest of three children. He had two younger brothers: Michael, born in 1907, and Nicholas, who was born in 1911. His father, Neumann Miksa (Max Neumann) was a banker, who held a doctorate in law. He had moved to Budapest from Pécs at the end of the 1880s. Miksa's father and grandfather were both born in Ond (now part of the town of Szerencs), Zemplén County, northern Hungary. John's mother was Kann Margit (Margaret Kann); her parents were Jakab Kann and Katalin Meisels. Three generations of the Kann family lived in spacious apartments above the Kann-Heller offices in Budapest; von Neumann's family occupied an 18-room apartment on the top floor.

Q1: Where was Von Neumann born?
A1: Budapest
Q2: Did Von Neumann have any siblings?
A2: two younger brothers
Q3: What occupation did Von Neumann father hold?
A3: banker
Q4: When did Von Neuman's father move from Pecs to Budapest?
A4: end of the 1880s
Q5: What was Von Neumann's mother's name?
A5: Kann Margit
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann was the first to establish a rigorous mathematical framework for quantum mechanics, known as the Dirac–von Neumann axioms, with his 1932 work Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics. After having completed the axiomatization of set theory, he began to confront the axiomatization of quantum mechanics. He realized, in 1926, that a state of a quantum system could be represented by a point in a (complex) Hilbert space that, in general, could be infinite-dimensional even for a single particle. In this formalism of quantum mechanics, observable quantities such as position or momentum are represented as linear operators acting on the Hilbert space associated with the quantum system.

Q1: Who established the framework for quantum mechanics?
A1: Von Neumann
Q2: What paper did von Neumann produce in 1932?
A2: Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics
Q3: What von Neumann work preceded the axiomatiztion of quatum mechanics?
A3: axiomatization of set theory
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann worked on lattice theory between 1937 and 1939. Von Neumann provided an abstract exploration of dimension in completed complemented modular topological lattices: "Dimension is determined, up to a positive linear transformation, by the following two properties. It is conserved by perspective mappings ("perspectivities") and ordered by inclusion. The deepest part of the proof concerns the equivalence of perspectivity with "projectivity by decomposition"—of which a corollary is the transitivity of perspectivity." Garrett Birkhoff writes: "John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor".

Q1: What did von Neumann work on in 1937 - 39?
A1: lattice theory
Q2: What properties determine dimension in lattice theory?
A2: conserved by perspective mappings ("perspectivities") and ordered by inclusion
Q3: Who wrote that "John von Neumann's brilliant mind blazed over lattice theory like a meteor?"
A3: Garrett Birkhoff
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's ability to instantaneously perform complex operations in his head stunned other mathematicians. Eugene Wigner wrote that, seeing von Neumann's mind at work, "one had the impression of a perfect instrument whose gears were machined to mesh accurately to a thousandth of an inch." Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring." Israel Halperin said: "Keeping up with him was ... impossible. The feeling was you were on a tricycle chasing a racing car." Edward Teller wrote that von Neumann effortlessly outdid anybody he ever met, and said "I never could keep up with him". Teller also said "von Neumann would carry on a conversation with my 3-year-old son, and the two of them would talk as equals, and I sometimes wondered if he used the same principle when he talked to the rest of us. Most people avoid thinking if they can, some of us are addicted to thinking, but von Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else."

Q1: How quickly was von Neumann able to complete math in his head?
A1: stunned other mathematicians
Q2: Were other mathematicians amazed by von Neumann?
A2: Paul Halmos states that "von Neumann's speed was awe-inspiring."
Q3: Did von Neumann enjoy thinking?
A3: Neumann actually enjoyed thinking, maybe even to the exclusion of everything else.
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's abstract treatment permitted him also to confront the foundational issue of determinism versus non-determinism, and in the book he presented a proof that the statistical results of quantum mechanics could not possibly be averages of an underlying set of determined "hidden variables," as in classical statistical mechanics. In 1966, John S. Bell published a paper arguing that the proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid. However, in 2010, Jeffrey Bub argued that Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof, and pointed out that the proof, though not valid for all hidden variable theories, does rule out a well-defined and important subset. Bub also suggests that von Neumann was aware of this limitation, and that von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories.

Q1: Von Neumann's abstract treatment allowed him to work on what foundational issue?
A1: determinism versus non-determinism
Q2: What was John Bell's argument?
A2: proof contained a conceptual error and was therefore invalid
Q3: What did Jeffrey Bub argue in 2010?
A3: Bell had misconstrued von Neumann's proof
Q4: Did von Neumann rule hidden variable theories?
A4: von Neumann did not claim that his proof completely ruled out hidden variable theories
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's closest friend in the United States was mathematician Stanislaw Ulam. A later friend of Ulam's, Gian-Carlo Rota writes: "They would spend hours on end gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk." When von Neumann was dying in hospital, every time Ulam would visit he would come prepared with a new collection of jokes to cheer up his friend. He believed that much of his mathematical thought occurred intuitively, and he would often go to sleep with a problem unsolved, and know the answer immediately upon waking up.

Q1: What mathematician was Von Nemann's closest friend?
A1: Stanislaw Ulam
Q2: What topics of conversation would Ulam and Von Neumann typically share?
A2: gossiping and giggling, swapping Jewish jokes, and drifting in and out of mathematical talk
Q3: What would Ulam use to cheer up Von Neumann in the hospital?
A3: a new collection of jokes
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's famous 9-page paper started life as a talk at Princeton and then became a paper in Germany, which was eventually translated into English. His interest in economics that led to that paper began as follows: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929 he spent his summers back home in Budapest, and so did the economist Nicholas Kaldor, and they hit it off. Kaldor recommended that von Neumann read a book by the mathematical economist Léon Walras. Von Neumann found some faults in that book and corrected them, for example, replacing equations by inequalities. He noticed that Walras's General Equilibrium Theory and Walras' Law, which led to systems of simultaneous linear equations, could produce the absurd result that the profit could be maximized by producing and selling a negative quantity of a product. He replaced the equations by inequalities, introduced dynamic equilibria, among other things, and eventually produced the paper.

Q1: When did von Neumann's interest in economics begin?
A1: When lecturing at Berlin in 1928 and 1929
Q2: What economist did von Neumann get to know that spurred the interest in economics?
A2: Nicholas Kaldor
Q3: In who's book did von Neuman find errors in the author's equations?
A3: Léon Walras
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's habilitation was completed on December 13, 1927, and he started his lectures as a privatdozent at the University of Berlin in 1928. By the end of 1927, von Neumann had published twelve major papers in mathematics, and by the end of 1929, thirty-two papers, at a rate of nearly one major paper per month. His reputed powers of speedy, massive memorization and recall allowed him to recite volumes of information, and even entire directories, with ease. In 1929, he briefly became a privatdozent at the University of Hamburg, where the prospects of becoming a tenured professor were better, but in October of that year a better offer presented itself when he was invited to Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey.

Q1: Where did Von Neumann begin to lecture in 1928?
A1: University of Berlin
Q2: By the end of 1927 how many papers had Von Neuman written?
A2: twelve major papers in mathematics
Q3: How many papers had Von Neumann written by 1929?
A3: thirty-two papers
Q4: What better offer came for Von Neumann in 1930?
A4: Princeton University
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's hydrogen bomb work was played out in the realm of computing, where he and Stanislaw Ulam developed simulations on von Neumann's digital computers for the hydrodynamic computations. During this time he contributed to the development of the Monte Carlo method, which allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers. His algorithm for simulating a fair coin with a biased coin is used in the "software whitening" stage of some hardware random number generators. Because using lists of "truly" random numbers was extremely slow, von Neumann developed a form of making pseudorandom numbers, using the middle-square method. Though this method has been criticized as crude, von Neumann was aware of this: he justified it as being faster than any other method at his disposal, and also noted that when it went awry it did so obviously, unlike methods which could be subtly incorrect. "Anyone who considers arithmetical methods of producing random digits is, of course, in a state of sin."

Q1: Where were the computations for hydrogen bomb worked out?
A1: von Neumann's digital computers
Q2: What was the Monte Carlo method?
A2: allowed solutions to complicated problems to be approximated using random numbers
Q3: Due to slow use of random numbers what was developed?
A3: pseudorandom numbers
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication preceded the discovery of the structure of DNA. In a short list of facts about his life he submitted to the National Academy of Sciences, he stated "The part of my work I consider most essential is that on quantum mechanics, which developed in Göttingen in 1926, and subsequently in Berlin in 1927–1929. Also, my work on various forms of operator theory, Berlin 1930 and Princeton 1935–1939; on the ergodic theorem, Princeton, 1931–1932."

Q1: Von Neumann's study of what preceded the discovery of DNA?
A1: mathematical analysis of the structure of self-replication
Q2: What part of his work did Von Neumann consider to be his most important?
A2: quantum mechanics
Q3: Where was quantum mechanics developed?
A3: Göttingen
Q4: What work did Von Nemann do in Berlin in 1930 and Princeton 1935 - 39?
A4: operator theory
Q5: What was the topic of Von Neumann's work at Princeton in 1931 - 32?
A5: ergodic theorem
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's principal contribution to the atomic bomb was in the concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core of the Fat Man weapon that was later dropped on Nagasaki. While von Neumann did not originate the "implosion" concept, he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development against the instincts of many of his colleagues, who felt such a design to be unworkable. He also eventually came up with the idea of using more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly".

Q1: What principal contribution did von Neumann make to atomic bomb?
A1: concept and design of the explosive lenses needed to compress the plutonium core
Q2: Did von Nemann think that the atomic bomb design was not workable?
A2: he was one of its most persistent proponents, encouraging its continued development
Q3: What additional ideas did von Neumann contribute to Atomic bomb?
A3: more powerful shaped charges and less fissionable material to greatly increase the speed of "assembly"
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's results have been viewed as a special case of linear programming, where von Neumann's model uses only nonnegative matrices. The study of von Neumann's model of an expanding economy continues to interest mathematical economists with interests in computational economics. This paper has been called the greatest paper in mathematical economics by several authors, who recognized its introduction of fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality. In the proceedings of a conference on von Neumann's growth model, Paul Samuelson said that many mathematicians had developed methods useful to economists, but that von Neumann was unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.

Q1: What were von Neumann's model an example of?
A1: viewed as a special case of linear programming
Q2: What was the significance of von Neumann's model of expanding economy?
A2: unique in having made significant contributions to economic theory itself.
Q3: What ideas were utilized in von Neumann's ecocomic model?
A3: fixed-point theorems, linear inequalities, complementary slackness, and saddlepoint duality
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Von Neumann's team performed the world's first numerical weather forecasts on the ENIAC computer; von Neumann published the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation in 1950. Von Neumann's interest in weather systems and meteorological prediction led him to propose manipulating the environment by spreading colorants on the polar ice caps to enhance absorption of solar radiation (by reducing the albedo). thereby inducing global warming. Noting that the Earth was only 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder during the last glacial period, he noted that the burning of coal and oil "a general warming of the Earth by about one degree Fahrenheit."

Q1: On what computer was the first numerical weather forecast produced?
A1: ENIAC
Q2: In what year did von Neumann publish the paper Numerical Integration of the Barotropic Vorticity Equation
A2: 1950
Q3: How much colder was world in last glacial age?
A3: 6 °F (3.3 °C) colder
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

Voting results have been a consistent source of controversy. The mechanism of voting had also aroused considerable criticisms, most notably in season two when Ruben Studdard beat Clay Aiken in a close vote, and in season eight, when the massive increase in text votes (100 million more text votes than season 7) fueled the texting controversy. Concerns about power voting have been expressed from the very first season. Since 2004, votes also have been affected to a limited degree by online communities such as DialIdol, Vote for the Worst (closed in 2013), and Vote for the Girls (started 2010).

Q1: Who won season two of American Idol? 
A1: Ruben Studdard
Q2: Who came in second on season two of American Idol? 
A2: Clay Aiken
Q3: What year did Vote for the Worst cease operations? 
A3: 2013
Q4: How many more text votes were there in season eight of American Idol over season seven? 
A4: 100 million
Q5: Which season had the biggest voting controversy?
A5: season two
Q6: Which season had a voting controversy because of a huge increase in text votes?
A6: season eight
Q7: Which voting concern has been present since the first season?
A7: power voting
Q8: When did Vote for the Girls start?
A8: 2010
Q9: When did Vote for the Worst close?
A9: 2013
Title: Dutch_language
Topic: Language and literature

Vowel length is not always considered a distinctive feature in Dutch phonology, because it normally co-occurs with changes in vowel quality. One feature or the other may be considered redundant, and some phonemic analyses prefer to treat it as an opposition of tenseness. However, even if not considered part of the phonemic opposition, the long/tense vowels are still realised as phonetically longer than their short counterparts. The changes in vowel quality are also not always the same in all dialects, and in some there may be little difference at all, with length remaining the primary distinguishing feature. And while it is true that older words always pair vowel length with a change in vowel quality, new loanwords have reintroduced phonemic oppositions of length. Compare zonne(n) [ˈzɔnə] ("suns") versus zone [ˈzɔːnə] ("zone") versus zonen [ˈzoːnə(n)] ("sons"), or kroes [krus] ("mug") versus cruise [kruːs] ("cruise").

Q1: What quality of Dutch vowels isn't usually recognized as distinctive?
A1: length
Q2: Is it true or false that older Dutch words combine changes in vowel length and vowel quality?
A2: true
Q3: How would you say "sons" in Dutch?
A3: zonen
Q4: Since vowel quality changes might be very slight between dialects, what's the main vowel feature used to differentiate them?
A4: length
Q5: What does the Dutch word "kroes" mean in English?
A5: mug
Title: Neptune
Topic: Natural sciences

Voyager 2 is the only spacecraft that has visited Neptune. The spacecraft's closest approach to the planet occurred on 25 August 1989. Because this was the last major planet the spacecraft could visit, it was decided to make a close flyby of the moon Triton, regardless of the consequences to the trajectory, similarly to what was done for Voyager 1's encounter with Saturn and its moon Titan. The images relayed back to Earth from Voyager 2 became the basis of a 1989 PBS all-night program, Neptune All Night.

Q1: What is the only spacecraft to visit Neptune?
A1: Voyager 2
Q2: When did a spacecraft get closest to Neptune?
A2: 25 August 1989
Q3: What near Neptune did a spacecraft visit dangerously close?
A3: Triton
Q4: What program aired on PBS about Neptune?
A4: Neptune All Night
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

W 122nd Street Seminary Row runs three blocks (1,500 feet (460 m)) west from the intersection of Amsterdam Avenue (Tenth Avenue) and terminates at the intersection of Riverside Drive. East of Amsterdam, Seminary Row bends south along Morningside Park and is resigned as Morningside Drive (Ninth Avenue). Seminary row runs in Morningside Heights, the district surrounding Columbia University, and crosses portions of Broadway and Claremont Avenue.

Q1: What is another name for Tenth Avenue?
A1: Amsterdam Avenue
Q2: At which intersection does W 122nd Street end?
A2: Riverside Drive
Q3: What is another name for Ninth Avenue?
A3: Morningside Drive
Q4: Which district surrounds Columbia University?
A4: Morningside Heights
Title: List_of_numbered_streets_in_Manhattan
Topic: Geography and places

W 122nd Street runs six blocks (3,280 feet (1,000 m)) west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park West at Marcus Garvey Memorial Park and terminates at the intersection of Morningside Avenue at Morningside Park. This segment runs in the Mount Morris Historical District and crosses portions of Lenox Avenue (Sixth Avenue), Seventh Avenue, Frederick Douglass Boulevard (Eighth Avenue), and Manhattan Avenue.

Q1: At which intersection does W 122nd Street terminate?
A1: Morningside Avenue
Q2: At which park does W 122nd Street end?
A2: Morningside Park
Q3: How many blocks west from the intersection of Mount Morris Park does W 122nd Street run?
A3: six
Q4: Through which historical district does W 122nd Street run?
A4: Mount Morris
Q5: What is an alternative name for Sixth Avenue?
A5: Lenox Avenue
Title: Diarrhea
Topic: Natural sciences

WHO recommends a child with diarrhea continue to be fed. Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. In contrast, children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly. A child should also continue to be breastfed. The WHO states "Food should never be withheld and the child's usual foods should not be diluted. Breastfeeding should always be continued." And in the specific example of cholera, CDC also makes the same recommendation. In young children who are not breast-fed and live in the developed world, a lactose-free diet may be useful to speed recovery.

Q1: What does WHO recommend?
A1: a child with diarrhea continue to be fed
Q2: What does continuing to eat do for your illness?
A2: Continued feeding speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function
Q3: What happens when a childs food is restricted?
A3: children whose food is restricted have diarrhea of longer duration and recover intestinal function more slowly
Title: Ann_Arbor,_Michigan
Topic: History

WPXD channel 31, an affiliate of the ION Television network, is licensed to the city. WHTV channel 18, a MyNetworkTV-affiliated station for the Lansing market, broadcasts from a transmitter in Lyndon Township, west of Ann Arbor. Community Television Network (CTN) is a city-provided cable television channel with production facilities open to city residents and nonprofit organizations. Detroit and Toledo-area radio and television stations also serve Ann Arbor, and stations from Lansing and Windsor, Ontario, can be heard in parts of the area.

Q1: WPXD channel 31 is an affliate of which TV network?
A1: ION
Q2: What is the abbreviation of CTN?
A2: Community Television Network
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Waitz defined anthropology as "the science of the nature of man". By nature he meant matter animated by "the Divine breath"; i.e., he was an animist. Following Broca's lead, Waitz points out that anthropology is a new field, which would gather material from other fields, but would differ from them in the use of comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology to differentiate man from "the animals nearest to him". He stresses that the data of comparison must be empirical, gathered by experimentation. The history of civilization as well as ethnology are to be brought into the comparison. It is to be presumed fundamentally that the species, man, is a unity, and that "the same laws of thought are applicable to all men".

Q1: How did Waitz define anthropology?
A1: the science of the nature of man
Q2: What philosophical perspective did Waitz hold?
A2: an animist
Q3: What would anthropology use to differentiate man from the animals nearest him?
A3: comparative anatomy, physiology, and psychology
Q4: What did Waitz stress that the data of comparison must be?
A4: empirical
Q5: What history was to be brought into the comparison?
A5: civilization
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Waitz was influential among the British ethnologists. In 1863 the explorer Richard Francis Burton and the speech therapist James Hunt broke away from the Ethnological Society of London to form the Anthropological Society of London, which henceforward would follow the path of the new anthropology rather than just ethnology. It was the 2nd society dedicated to general anthropology in existence. Representatives from the French Société were present, though not Broca. In his keynote address, printed in the first volume of its new publication, The Anthropological Review, Hunt stressed the work of Waitz, adopting his definitions as a standard.[n 5] Among the first associates were the young Edward Burnett Tylor, inventor of cultural anthropology, and his brother Alfred Tylor, a geologist. Previously Edward had referred to himself as an ethnologist; subsequently, an anthropologist.

Q1: Who was Waitz influential among?
A1: British ethnologists
Q2: In what year did Richard Francis Burton break away from the Ethnological Society of London?
A2: 1863
Q3: What path of exploration did the Anthropological Society of London follow?
A3: anthropology
Q4: Representatives from where were present in the Anthropological Society of London?
A4: French Société
Q5: Whose work did Hunt stress in the first volume of The Anthropological Review?
A5: Waitz
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

Walking is a popular recreational activity in London. Areas that provide for walks include Wimbledon Common, Epping Forest, Hampton Court Park, Hampstead Heath, the eight Royal Parks, canals and disused railway tracks. Access to canals and rivers has improved recently, including the creation of the Thames Path, some 28 miles (45 km) of which is within Greater London, and The Wandle Trail; this runs 12 miles (19 km) through South London along the River Wandle, a tributary of the River Thames. Other long distance paths, linking green spaces, have also been created, including the Capital Ring, the Green Chain Walk, London Outer Orbital Path ("Loop"), Jubilee Walkway, Lea Valley Walk, and the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk.

Q1: What river is a tributary of the River Thames?
A1: the River Wandle
Q2: What is the London Outer Orbital Path commonly referred as?
A2: "Loop"
Q3: What walking path was created as a tribute to a member of the Royal Family who died prematurely?
A3: the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Walk
Q4: Which walking path follows the route of the body of water for which it is named?
A4: the Thames Path
Q5: What recent improvements has served to enhance the walking experience?
A5: Access to canals and rivers
Title: Oklahoma_City
Topic: Geography and places

Walking trails line Lake Hefner and Lake Overholser in the northwest part of the city and downtown at the canal and the Oklahoma River. The majority of the east shore area is taken up by parks and trails, including a new leashless dog park and the postwar-era Stars and Stripes Park. Lake Stanley Draper is the city's largest and most remote lake.

Q1: Which lake is the cities largest lake?
A1: Lake Stanley Draper
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

Walpole always denied that he was "prime minister", and throughout the 18th century parliamentarians and legal scholars continued to deny that any such position was known to the Constitution. George II and George III made strenuous efforts to reclaim the personal power of the monarch, but the increasing complexity and expense of government meant that a minister who could command the loyalty of the Commons was increasingly necessary. The long tenure of the wartime prime minister William Pitt the Younger (1783–1801), combined with the mental illness of George III, consolidated the power of the post. The title was first referred to on government documents during the administration of Benjamin Disraeli but did not appear in the formal British Order of precedence until 1905.

Q1: Aside from Walpole, who else denied that there was no such thing as the prime minister?
A1: parliamentarians and legal scholars
Q2: Which kings tried to get power back to the monarchy?
A2: George II and George III
Q3: During whose government did prime minister first see use on official state documents?
A3: Benjamin Disraeli
Q4: When was the position of prime minister finally formalized?
A4: 1905
Title: Marvel_Comics
Topic: Geography and places

Walt Disney Parks and Resorts plans on creating original Marvel attractions at their theme parks, with Hong Kong Disneyland becoming the first Disney theme park to feature a Marvel attraction. Due to the licensing agreement with Universal Studios, signed prior to Disney's purchase of Marvel, Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney are barred from having Marvel characters in their parks. However, this only includes characters Universal is currently using, other characters in their "families" (X-Men, Avengers, Fantastic Four, etc.), and the villains associated with said characters. This clause has allowed Walt Disney World to have meet and greets, merchandise, attractions and more with other Marvel characters not associated with the characters at Islands of Adventures, such as Star-Lord and Gamora from Guardians of the Galaxy as well as Baymax and Hiro from Big Hero 6.

Q1: What Disney theme park will become the first to feature Marvel-specific attractions?
A1: Hong Kong Disneyland
Q2: Because of a prior contract, what two Disney parks are barred from featuring Marvel characters?
A2: Walt Disney World and Tokyo Disney
Q3: The contract with what non-Disney studio prevents some parks from using Marvel characters?
A3: Universal Studios
Q4: What Marvel movie featured Star-Lord and Gamora?
A4: Guardians of the Galaxy
Q5: What movie features the characters Baymax and Hiro?
A5: Big Hero 6
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

Walter Bradford Cannon agreed that physiological responses played a crucial role in emotions, but did not believe that physiological responses alone could explain subjective emotional experiences. He argued that physiological responses were too slow and often imperceptible and this could not account for the relatively rapid and intense subjective awareness of emotion. He also believed that the richness, variety, and temporal course of emotional experiences could not stem from physiological reactions, that reflected fairly undifferentiated fight or flight responses. An example of this theory in action is as follows: An emotion-evoking event (snake) triggers simultaneously both a physiological response and a conscious experience of an emotion.

Q1: Who argued that physiological responses were insufficient to explain emotional experiences?
A1: Walter Bradford Cannon
Q2: Along with the physiological response, what did Cannon believe was triggered by an emotional event?
A2: a conscious experience of an emotion
Q3: Why did Cannon believe that physiological responses were insufficient cause for emotions?
A3: too slow and often imperceptible
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

Wang Mang initiated a series of major reforms that were ultimately unsuccessful. These reforms included outlawing slavery, nationalizing land to equally distribute between households, and introducing new currencies, a change which debased the value of coinage. Although these reforms provoked considerable opposition, Wang's regime met its ultimate downfall with the massive floods of c. 3 AD and 11 AD. Gradual silt buildup in the Yellow River had raised its water level and overwhelmed the flood control works. The Yellow River split into two new branches: one emptying to the north and the other to the south of the Shandong Peninsula, though Han engineers managed to dam the southern branch by 70 AD.

Q1: Who tried to outlaw slavery?
A1: Wang Mang
Q2: What caused the water level in the Yellow River to increase?
A2: Gradual silt buildup
Q3: Who created a dam in the southern branch of The Yellow River?
A3: Han engineers
Q4: What emptied out to the south of the Shandong Peninsula?
A4: The Yellow River
Q5: What caused the end of Wang Mang's regime?
A5: massive floods
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

Wang and Nyima argue that the Ming emperor sent edicts to Tibet twice in the second year of the Ming dynasty, and demonstrated that he viewed Tibet as a significant region to pacify by urging various Tibetan tribes to submit to the authority of the Ming court. They note that at the same time, the Mongol Prince Punala, who had inherited his position as ruler of areas of Tibet, went to Nanjing in 1371 to pay tribute and show his allegiance to the Ming court, bringing with him the seal of authority issued by the Yuan court. They also state that since successors of lamas granted the title of "prince" had to travel to the Ming court to renew this title, and since lamas called themselves princes, the Ming court therefore had "full sovereignty over Tibet." They state that the Ming dynasty, by issuing imperial edicts to invite ex-Yuan officials to the court for official positions in the early years of its founding, won submission from ex-Yuan religious and administrative leaders in the Tibetan areas, and thereby incorporated Tibetan areas into the rule of the Ming court. Thus, they conclude, the Ming court won the power to rule Tibetan areas formerly under the rule of the Yuan dynasty.

Q1: Who believed that the Ming court had full sovereignty over Tibet?
A1: Wang and Nyima
Q2: What year did Wang and Nyima believe that the Mongol Prince Punala went to Nanjing?
A2: 1371
Q3: What did the lamas called themselves?
A3: princes
Q4: What edicts did the Ming issue?
A4: imperial edicts