LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Freemasonry
Topic: Unknown

The earliest known American lodges were in Pennsylvania. The Collector for the port of Pennsylvania, John Moore, wrote of attending lodges there in 1715, two years before the formation of the first Grand Lodge in London. The Premier Grand Lodge of England appointed a Provincial Grand Master for North America in 1731, based in Pennsylvania. Other lodges in the colony obtained authorisations from the later Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland, which was particularly well represented in the travelling lodges of the British Army. Many lodges came into existence with no warrant from any Grand Lodge, applying and paying for their authorisation only after they were confident of their own survival.

Q1: Where were the earliest known American Logdes located?
A1: Pennsylvania
Q2: What is the earliest that lodges appeared in America?
A2: 1715
Q3: When was a Provincial Grand Master for North America appointed?
A3: 1731
Q4: Where did other American Lodges obtain their authoriisations from?
A4: Antient Grand Lodge of England, the Grand Lodge of Scotland, and the Grand Lodge of Ireland
Q5: When did the lodges without prior authorisations apply to be recognized?
A5: after they were confident of their own survival
Q6: Where were the earliest lodges in America?
A6: Pennsylvania
Q7: Who was the Collector for the port of Pennsylvania in 1715?
A7: John Moore
Q8: A Provincial Grand Master for North America was first appointed when?
A8: 1731
Q9: The Provincial Grand Master for North America was base where?
A9: Pennsylvania
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest known avialan fossils come from the Tiaojishan Formation of China, which has been dated to the late Jurassic period (Oxfordian stage), about 160 million years ago. The avialan species from this time period include Anchiornis huxleyi, Xiaotingia zhengi, and Aurornis xui. The well-known early avialan, Archaeopteryx, dates from slightly later Jurassic rocks (about 155 million years old) from Germany. Many of these early avialans shared unusual anatomical features that may be ancestral to modern birds, but were later lost during bird evolution. These features include enlarged claws on the second toe which may have been held clear of the ground in life, and long feathers or "hind wings" covering the hind limbs and feet, which may have been used in aerial maneuvering.

Q1: The Oxfordian stage is also known as what?
A1: late Jurassic period
Q2: How long ago was the late Jurassic period?
A2: about 160 million years ago
Q3: Avian species such as Anchiornis huxleyi and Xiaotingia zhengi are from which time period?
A3: late Jurassic period
Q4: What may have been used in aerial maneuvering?
A4: hind wings
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

The earliest known chemical evidence of barley beer dates to circa 3500–3100 BC from the site of Godin Tepe in the Zagros Mountains of western Iran. Some of the earliest Sumerian writings contain references to beer; examples include a prayer to the goddess Ninkasi, known as "The Hymn to Ninkasi", which served as both a prayer as well as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people, and the ancient advice (Fill your belly. Day and night make merry) to Gilgamesh, recorded in the Epic of Gilgamesh, by the ale-wife Siduri may, at least in part, have referred to the consumption of beer. The Ebla tablets, discovered in 1974 in Ebla, Syria, show that beer was produced in the city in 2500 BC. A fermented beverage using rice and fruit was made in China around 7000 BC. Unlike sake, mould was not used to saccharify the rice (amylolytic fermentation); the rice was probably prepared for fermentation by mastication or malting.

Q1: When does evidence show the earliest known barley beer was produced?
A1: circa 3500–3100 BC
Q2: In what country was the earliest chemical evidence of barley beer found?
A2: Iran
Q3: What country are the Zargos Mountains located in?
A3: Iran
Q4: What year were the elbow tablet first discovered?
A4: 1974
Q5: What ingredient is used for amylotytic fermentation in sake?
A5: mould
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest known cultural tribes of the area were members of the Hallstatt and La Tène cultures, named after the archaeological site of La Tène on the north side of Lake Neuchâtel. La Tène culture developed and flourished during the late Iron Age from around 450 BC, possibly under some influence from the Greek and Etruscan civilisations. One of the most important tribal groups in the Swiss region was the Helvetii. Steadily harassed by the Germans, in 58 BC the Helvetii decided to abandon the Swiss plateau and migrate to western Gallia, but Julius Caesar's armies pursued and defeated them at the Battle of Bibracte, in today's western France, forcing the tribe to move back to its original homeland. In 15 BC, Tiberius, who was destined to be the second Roman emperor and his brother, Drusus, conquered the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire. The area occupied by the Helvetii—the namesakes of the later Confoederatio Helvetica—first became part of Rome's Gallia Belgica province and then of its Germania Superior province, while the eastern portion of modern Switzerland was integrated into the Roman province of Raetia. Sometime around the start of the Common Era, the Romans maintained a large legionary camp called Vindonissa, now a ruin at the confluence of the Aare and Reuss rivers, near the town of Windisch, an outskirt of Brugg.

Q1: What were the two earliest know cultural tribes in Switerland?
A1: Hallstatt and La Tène
Q2: Which Swiss cultural tribe developed and flourished during the late Iron Age?
A2: La Tène
Q3: Which Swiss tribal group was defeated by Julius Caesar at the Battle of Bribacti as they tried to escape the Swiss plateau?
A3: the Helvetii
Q4: In what year did Tiberius conquer the Alps, integrating them into the Roman Empire?
A4: 15 BC
Q5: What is the name of the large legionary camp, now a ruin, that the Romans maintained around the start of the Common Era?
A5: Vindonissa
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest known document in Galician-Portuguese dates from 1228. The Foro do bo burgo do Castro Caldelas was granted by Alfonso IX of León to the town of Burgo, in Castro Caldelas, after the model of the constitutions of the town of Allariz. A distinct Galician Literature emerged during the Middle Ages: In the 13th century important contributions were made to the romance canon in Galician-Portuguese, the most notable those by the troubadour Martín Codax, the priest Airas Nunes, King Denis of Portugal and King Alfonso X of Castile, Alfonso O Sabio ("Alfonso the Wise"), the same monarch who began the process of establishing the hegemony of Castilian. During this period, Galician-Portuguese was considered the language of love poetry in the Iberian Romance linguistic culture. The names and memories of Codax and other popular cultural figures are well preserved in modern Galicia and, despite the long period of Castilian linguistic domination, these names are again household words.

Q1: The earliest Galician-Portuguese documents date back to which year?
A1: 1228
Q2: During what era did Galician literature emerge?
A2: Middle Ages
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest known human activity on the island dates to around the 10th millennium BC. Archaeological remains from this period include the well-preserved Neolithic village of Khirokitia, and Cyprus is home to some of the oldest water wells in the world. Cyprus was settled by Mycenaean Greeks in two waves in the 2nd millennium BC. As a strategic location in the Middle East, it was subsequently occupied by several major powers, including the empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians, from whom the island was seized in 333 BC by Alexander the Great. Subsequent rule by Ptolemaic Egypt, the Classical and Eastern Roman Empire, Arab caliphates for a short period, the French Lusignan dynasty and the Venetians, was followed by over three centuries of Ottoman rule between 1571 and 1878 (de jure until 1914).

Q1: What is the date of the earliest known human activity on Cyprus?
A1: 10th millennium BC
Q2: What is Cyprus home to of?
A2: the oldest water wells in the world
Q3: Who was Cyprus settled by in 2nd millennium BC?
A3: Mycenaean Greeks
Q4: What empires have occupied Cyprus?
A4: empires of the Assyrians, Egyptians and Persians
Q5: When did Ottoman rule occur in Cyprus?
A5: between 1571 and 1878
Title: Sanskrit
Topic: Language and literature

The earliest known inscriptions in Sanskrit date to the first century BCE.[citation needed] They are in the Brahmi script, which was originally used for Prakrit, not Sanskrit. It has been described as a paradox that the first evidence of written Sanskrit occurs centuries later than that of the Prakrit languages which are its linguistic descendants. In northern India, there are Brāhmī inscriptions dating from the third century BCE onwards, the oldest appearing on the famous Prakrit pillar inscriptions of king Ashoka. The earliest South Indian inscriptions in Tamil Brahmi, written in early Tamil, belong to the same period. When Sanskrit was written down, it was first used for texts of an administrative, literary or scientific nature. The sacred texts were preserved orally, and were set down in writing "reluctantly" (according to one commentator), and at a comparatively late date.

Q1: From when are the earliest dated Sanskrit inscriptions?
A1: first century BCE
Q2: In what script are the earliest Sanskrit inscriptions?
A2: Brahmi
Q3: In what language was Brahmi first used?
A3: Prakrit
Q4: What language is the descendant of Sanskrit?
A4: Prakrit
Q5: How were early sacred texts offered?
A5: orally
Title: Flowering_plant
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest known macrofossil confidently identified as an angiosperm, Archaefructus liaoningensis, is dated to about 125 million years BP (the Cretaceous period), whereas pollen considered to be of angiosperm origin takes the fossil record back to about 130 million years BP. However, one study has suggested that the early-middle Jurassic plant Schmeissneria, traditionally considered a type of ginkgo, may be the earliest known angiosperm, or at least a close relative. In addition, circumstantial chemical evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms as early as 250 million years ago. Oleanane, a secondary metabolite produced by many flowering plants, has been found in Permian deposits of that age together with fossils of gigantopterids. Gigantopterids are a group of extinct seed plants that share many morphological traits with flowering plants, although they are not known to have been flowering plants themselves.

Q1: When is the earliest known macrofossil identified as an angiosperm dated?
A1: about 125 million years BP
Q2: What is the earliest known angiosperm?
A2: Archaefructus liaoningensis
Q3: What pushes the age of angiosperm 5 million years further back?
A3: pollen
Q4: How long ago has circumstantial evidence has been found for the existence of angiosperms?
A4: 250 million years ago
Q5: What group of now extinct seed plants had many of the traits of what are now flowering plants?
A5: Gigantopterids
Title: British_Isles
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest known references to the islands as a group appeared in the writings of sea-farers from the ancient Greek colony of Massalia. The original records have been lost; however, later writings, e.g. Avienus's Ora maritima, that quoted from the Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC) and from Pytheas's On the Ocean (circa 325–320 BC) have survived. In the 1st century BC, Diodorus Siculus has Prettanikē nēsos, "the British Island", and Prettanoi, "the Britons". Strabo used Βρεττανική (Brettanike), and Marcian of Heraclea, in his Periplus maris exteri, used αἱ Πρεττανικαί νῆσοι (the Prettanic Isles) to refer to the islands. Historians today, though not in absolute agreement, largely agree that these Greek and Latin names were probably drawn from native Celtic-language names for the archipelago. Along these lines, the inhabitants of the islands were called the Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani). The shift from the "P" of Pretannia to the "B" of Britannia by the Romans occurred during the time of Julius Caesar.

Q1: Where did the first known occurrence of the British Isle name appear in written material?
A1: writings of sea-farers
Q2: What is one of the earliest surviving records that mention the name British Isles?
A2: Massaliote Periplus (6th century BC)
Q3: What language do most historians agree upon where the Greek names for the British Isles came from?
A3: native Celtic-language
Q4: What did the ancient Greeks call the people that lived in the British Isles?
A4: Πρεττανοί (Priteni or Pretani)
Q5: When did the "P" sound of Pretannia change to the "B" sound of Britannia?
A5: during the time of Julius Caesar
Title: British_Isles
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest known use of the phrase Brytish Iles in the English language is dated 1577 in a work by John Dee. Today, this name is seen by some as carrying imperialist overtones although it is still commonly used. Other names used to describe the islands include the Anglo-Celtic Isles, Atlantic archipelago, British-Irish Isles, Britain and Ireland, UK and Ireland, and British Isles and Ireland. Owing to political and national associations with the word British, the Government of Ireland does not use the term British Isles and in documents drawn up jointly between the British and Irish governments, the archipelago is referred to simply as "these islands". Nonetheless, British Isles is still the most widely accepted term for the archipelago.

Q1: What is the earliest English usage of the term Brytish Illes?
A1: a work by John Dee
Q2: When was this Brytish Illes name used in the English language by John Dee?
A2: 1577
Q3: What is another name that is used for the British Isles?
A3: Anglo-Celtic Isles
Q4: What is the common term that the Government of Ireland uses when documents are written jointly with the British?
A4: "these islands
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

The earliest mentions of Slavic raids across the lower River Danube may be dated to the first half of the 6th century, yet no archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before c. 600 AD.

Q1: The earliest mentions of Slavic raids are across what river?
A1: River Danube
Q2: The earliest mentions of what may be dated to the first half of the 6th century?
A2: Slavic raids
Q3: No archaeological evidence of a Slavic settlement in the Balkans could be securely dated before when?
A3: c. 600 AD
Q4: There is no evidence of a Slavic settlement where before c. 600 AD?
A4: the Balkans
Title: Christian
Topic: Language and literature

The earliest occurrences of the term in non-Christian literature include Josephus, referring to "the tribe of Christians, so named from him;" Pliny the Younger in correspondence with Trajan; and Tacitus, writing near the end of the 1st century. In the Annals he relates that "by vulgar appellation [they were] commonly called Christians" and identifies Christians as Nero's scapegoats for the Great Fire of Rome.

Q1: What is one of the first mentions of the term Christian in a non-religious work, referring to a tribe of Christians?
A1: Josephus
Q2: Which non-religious piece of literature had the term Christian in it towards the end of the first century?
A2: Tacitus
Q3: Christians were said to be the scapegoat of who?
A3: Nero
Title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest record of the location appears as São João on a Portuguese map by Pedro Reinel in 1519. When John Rut visited St. John's in 1527 he found Norman, Breton and Portuguese ships in the harbour. On 3 August 1527, Rut wrote a letter to King Henry on the findings of his voyage to North America; this was the first known letter sent from North America. St. Jehan is shown on Nicholas Desliens' world map of 1541 and San Joham is found in João Freire's Atlas of 1546. It was during this time that Water Street was first developed, making it the oldest street in North America.[dubious – discuss]

Q1: What year did John Rut visit St. John's?
A1: 1527
Q2: Who sent the first known letter from North America?
A2: John Rut
Q3: What three countries ships did John Rut find in 1527?
A3: Norman, Breton and Portuguese
Q4: Who did John Rut write a letter to in 1527?
A4: King Henry
Title: Philosophy_of_space_and_time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest recorded Western philosophy of time was expounded by the ancient Egyptian thinker Ptahhotep (c. 2650–2600 BC), who said, "Do not lessen the time of following desire, for the wasting of time is an abomination to the spirit." The Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy, dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction, and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320,000 years. Ancient Greek philosophers, including Parmenides and Heraclitus, wrote essays on the nature of time.

Q1: Who expounded the earliest recorded Western philosophy of time?
A1: Ptahhotep
Q2: When do the Vedas date back to?
A2: late 2nd millennium BC
Q3: Which philosophies are the Vedas oriented with?
A3: Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy
Q4: What do the Vedas describe?
A4: ancient Hindu cosmology
Q5: How long is the cycle of rebirth discussed in the Vedas?
A5: 4,320,000 years
Title: Circadian_rhythm
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest recorded account of a circadian process dates from the 4th century B.C.E., when Androsthenes, a ship captain serving under Alexander the Great, described diurnal leaf movements of the tamarind tree. The observation of a circadian or diurnal process in humans is mentioned in Chinese medical texts dated to around the 13th century, including the Noon and Midnight Manual and the Mnemonic Rhyme to Aid in the Selection of Acu-points According to the Diurnal Cycle, the Day of the Month and the Season of the Year.

Q1: What is the earliest recorded instance of circadian rhythm?
A1: 4th century B.C.E
Q2: What ship captain described daily leaf movements?
A2: Androsthenes
Q3: What tree leaves did Androsthenes describe?
A3: tamarind
Q4: What type of Chinese texts mention circadian process in humans?
A4: medical
Q5: When did the Chinese use diurnal rhythms to remember Acu-points?
A5: 13th century
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest recorded history of the region dates back to about 500 BCE when much, if not all, of modern Tajikistan was part of the Achaemenid Empire. Some authors have also suggested that in the 7th and 6th century BCE parts of modern Tajikistan, including territories in the Zeravshan valley, formed part of Kambojas before it became part of the Achaemenid Empire. After the region's conquest by Alexander the Great it became part of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, a successor state of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (the cities of Khujand and Panjakent) was part of Sogdia, a collection of city-states which was overrun by Scythians and Yuezhi nomadic tribes around 150 BCE. The Silk Road passed through the region and following the expedition of Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wudi (141–87 BCE) commercial relations between Han China and Sogdiana flourished. Sogdians played a major role in facilitating trade and also worked in other capacities, as farmers, carpetweavers, glassmakers, and woodcarvers.

Q1: What was the first recorded history of this region?
A1: about 500 BCE
Q2: What was modern Tajikistan part of around 500 BE?
A2: the Achaemenid Empire
Q3: Who took over the territory and made it part of their empire?
A3: Alexander the Great
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

The earliest reference to the Magadha people occurs in the Atharva-Veda where they are found listed along with the Angas, Gandharis, and Mujavats. Magadha played an important role in the development of Jainism and Buddhism, and two of India's greatest empires, the Maurya Empire and Gupta Empire, originated from Magadha. These empires saw advancements in ancient India's science, mathematics, astronomy, religion, and philosophy and were considered the Indian "Golden Age". The Magadha kingdom included republican communities such as the community of Rajakumara. Villages had their own assemblies under their local chiefs called Gramakas. Their administrations were divided into executive, judicial, and military functions.

Q1: Where is the earliest mention of Magadha people?
A1: Atharva-Veda
Q2: In the development of which religions did Magadha participate?
A2: Jainism and Buddhism
Q3: Where was the location origin of the Maurya and Gupta empires?
A3: Magadha
Q4: Due to advances in science and culture, what are the Magadha region empires considered to represent?
A4: Golden Age
Q5: What were local villages' assemblies called in the Magadha kingdoms?
A5: Gramakas
Title: Pub
Topic: History

The earliest signs were often not painted but consisted, for example, of paraphernalia connected with the brewing process such as bunches of hops or brewing implements, which were suspended above the door of the pub. In some cases local nicknames, farming terms and puns were used. Local events were often commemorated in pub signs. Simple natural or religious symbols such as 'The Sun', 'The Star' and 'The Cross' were incorporated into pub signs, sometimes being adapted to incorporate elements of the heraldry (e.g. the coat of arms) of the local lords who owned the lands upon which the pub stood. Some pubs have Latin inscriptions.

Q1: Inscriptions from what language were sometimes present on pub signs?
A1: Latin
Q2: Along with The Star and The Sun, what was a typical symbol used on a pub sign?
A2: The Cross
Q3: What graphic belonging to the local lord was sometimes incorporated on the pub sign?
A3: the coat of arms
Q4: What plants were sometimes featured on pub signs?
A4: hops
Q5: Local pub nicknames were often related to what profession?
A5: farming
Title: Architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The earliest surviving written work on the subject of architecture is De architectura, by the Roman architect Vitruvius in the early 1st century AD. According to Vitruvius, a good building should satisfy the three principles of firmitas, utilitas, venustas, commonly known by the original translation – firmness, commodity and delight. An equivalent in modern English would be:

Q1: What is the oldest architecture plans that has survived?
A1: De architectura
Q2: Who created the oldest surviving architecture plans?
A2: Roman architect Vitruvius
Q3: When did Vitruvius create these plans?
A3: 1st century AD.
Q4: What are the three principles every plan should consider?
A4: firmness, commodity and delight.
Q5: What is the first known extant writing about architecture called?
A5: De architectura
Q6: Who was the author of  De architectura?
A6: Vitruvius
Q7: What was Vitruvius' profession?
A7: architect
Q8: What were Vitruvius' three principles for a well made building?
A8: firmitas, utilitas, venustas
Q9: What is the commonly seen English translation of the three principles?
A9: firmness, commodity and delight
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest variant of the name that became Tennessee was recorded by Captain Juan Pardo, the Spanish explorer, when he and his men passed through an American Indian village named "Tanasqui" in 1567 while traveling inland from South Carolina. In the early 18th century, British traders encountered a Cherokee town named Tanasi (or "Tanase") in present-day Monroe County, Tennessee. The town was located on a river of the same name (now known as the Little Tennessee River), and appears on maps as early as 1725. It is not known whether this was the same town as the one encountered by Juan Pardo, although recent research suggests that Pardo's "Tanasqui" was located at the confluence of the Pigeon River and the French Broad River, near modern Newport.

Q1: Who first recorded a territorial name in the region that resembles its current name Tennessee?
A1: Captain Juan Pardo
Q2: Which Native Americans had a town called Tanasi in present day Monroe County, Tennessee?
A2: Cherokee
Q3: Tanasi is know to have been located and mapped by British traders by which year?
A3: 1725
Q4: What nationality was Juan Pardo?
A4: Spanish
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest writers on sexual orientation usually understood it to be intrinsically linked to the subject's own sex. For example, it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa. This understanding was shared by most of the significant theorists of sexual orientation from the mid nineteenth to early twentieth century, such as Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud, as well as many gender-variant homosexual people themselves. However, this understanding of homosexuality as sexual inversion was disputed at the time, and, through the second half of the twentieth century, gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation. Transgender and cisgender people may be attracted to men, women, or both, although the prevalence of different sexual orientations is quite different in these two populations. An individual homosexual, heterosexual or bisexual person may be masculine, feminine, or androgynous, and in addition, many members and supporters of lesbian and gay communities now see the "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual" as negative stereotypes. Nevertheless, studies by J. Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker found a majority of the gay men and lesbians sampled reporting various degrees of gender-nonconformity during their childhood years.

Q1: Early writers linked orientation to what concept?
A1: the subject's own sex
Q2: What theorists agreed with this concept?
A2: Karl Heinrich Ulrichs, Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Magnus Hirschfeld, Havelock Ellis, Carl Jung, and Sigmund Freud,
Q3: What two things became to be seen as distinct from one another?
A3: gender identity came to be increasingly seen as a phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
Q4: What negative stereotypes have emerged from this understanding?
A4: gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual
Q5: What did a majority of gay men and women experience in their childhood?
A5: gender-nonconformity
Q6: What was thought of early lesbians and gay men?
A6: it was thought that a typical female-bodied person who is attracted to female-bodied persons would have masculine attributes, and vice versa.
Q7: What did gender idenity become to be seen as?
A7: phenomenon distinct from sexual orientation
Q8: What can be considered to be bad stereotypes to gay communities?
A8: "gender-conforming heterosexual" and the "gender-nonconforming homosexual"
Q9: Who performed the studies that found most homosexual people having different degrees of gender issues?
A9: Michael Bailey and Kenneth Zucker
Q10: In these studies when was the gender-noncomformity experienced?
A10: during their childhood years.
Title: God
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest written form of the Germanic word God (always, in this usage, capitalized) comes from the 6th-century Christian Codex Argenteus. The English word itself is derived from the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan. The reconstructed Proto-Indo-European form * ǵhu-tó-m was likely based on the root * ǵhau(ə)-, which meant either "to call" or "to invoke". The Germanic words for God were originally neuter—applying to both genders—but during the process of the Christianization of the Germanic peoples from their indigenous Germanic paganism, the words became a masculine syntactic form.

Q1: Where is the English word God derived from?
A1: the Proto-Germanic * ǥuđan
Q2: Where the first Germanic words for God masculine or feminine?
A2: neuter—applying to both genders
Q3: When did the Germanic words for God take on a masculine form?
A3: Christianization of the Germanic peoples
Q4: What was practiced by the Germanic people before their Christianization?
A4: Germanic paganism
Q5: What did the gaelic root of the word for God mean?
A5: "to call" or "to invoke"
Q6: Where does the word God come from originally?
A6: Codex Argenteus
Q7: What language does the English word God come from?
A7: German
Q8: What gender where the original Germanic words meaning God in?
A8: neuter
Title: House_music
Topic: Music

The early 1990s additionally saw the rise in mainstream US popularity for house music. Pop recording artist Madonna's 1990 single "Vogue" became an international hit single and topped the US charts. The single is credited as helping to bring house music to the US mainstream.

Q1: what madonna single is credited as helping bring house music to the mainstream?
A1: Vogue
Q2: when was madonna's hit single "vogue" released?
A2: 1990
Q3: what decade did house music hit the mainstream in the us?
A3: 1990s
Q4: who sang the hit single "vogue"?
A4: Madonna
Q5: how well did madonna's single "vogue" do in the us? 
A5: topped the US charts
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

The early 1990s marked the softening of urban R&B at the same time alternative rock emerged and traditional pop saw a significant resurgence. This in part led to a widening of the market, not only allowing to cater to more niche markets, but it also became customary for artists to make AC-friendly singles.

Q1: What decade saw the emergence of alternative rock?
A1: 1990s
Q2: What happened to urban R&B in the early 1990s?
A2: softening
Q3: The resurgence of traditional pop was one of the factors that led to what change in the music market?
A3: widening of the market
Title: Political_philosophy
Topic: History

The early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo was heavily influenced by Plato. A key change brought about by Christian thought was the moderatation of the Stoicism and theory of justice of the Roman world, as well emphasis on the role of the state in applying mercy as a moral example. Augustine also preached that one was not a member of his or her city, but was either a citizen of the City of God (Civitas Dei) or the City of Man (Civitas Terrena). Augustine's City of God is an influential work of this period that attacked the thesis, held by many Christian Romans, that the Christian view could be realized on Earth.

Q1: Who heavily influenced the early Christian philosophy of Augustine of Hippo?
A1: Plato
Q2: What was a key change brought about by Christian thought?
A2: the moderatation of the Stoicism
Q3: Who also preached that one was not a member of his or her city?
A3: Augustine
Q4: What does Civitas terrena mean?
A4: City of Man
Q5: What does Civitas Dei mean?
A5: City of God
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

The early Islamic literature indicates that the conquest of India was one of the very early ambitions of the Muslims, though it was recognized as a particularly difficult one. After conquering Persia, the Arab Umayyad Caliphate incorporated parts of what are now Afghanistan and Pakistan around 720. The book Chach Nama chronicles the Chacha Dynasty's period, following the demise of the Rai Dynasty and the ascent of Chach of Alor to the throne, down to the Arab conquest by Muhammad bin Qasim in the early 8th century AD, by defeating the last Hindu monarch of Sindh, Raja Dahir.

Q1: What group wanted to conquer India from earliest times?
A1: Muslims
Q2: What empire took over parts of Afghanistan and Pakistan in 720?
A2: Arab Umayyad Caliphate
Q3: Who was the final Hindu monarch of Sindh?
A3: Raja Dahir
Q4: What Arab leader completed the early ambitions of Arabs by conquering parts of northern India?
A4: Muhammad bin Qasim
Q5: How did the early Muslims view the possibility of conquering India? 
A5: difficult
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

The early Manchu rulers also established two foundations of legitimacy which help to explain the stability of their dynasty. The first was the bureaucratic institutions and the neo-Confucian culture which they adopted from earlier dynasties. Manchu rulers and Han Chinese scholar-official elites gradually came to terms with each other. The examination system offered a path for ethnic Han to become officials. Imperial patronage of Kangxi Dictionary demonstrated respect for Confucian learning, while the Sacred Edict of 1670 effectively extolled Confucian family values. The second major source of stability was the Central Asian aspect of their Manchu identity which allowed them to appeal to Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur constituents. The Qing used the title of Emperor (Huangdi) in Chinese while among Mongols the Qing monarch was referred to as Bogda khan (wise Khan), and referred to as Gong Ma in Tibet. Qianlong propagated the image of himself as Buddhist sage rulers, patrons of Tibetan Buddhism. In the Manchu language, the Qing monarch was alternately referred to as either Huwangdi (Emperor) or Khan with no special distinction between the two usages. The Kangxi Emperor also welcomed to his court Jesuit missionaries, who had first come to China under the Ming. Missionaries including Tomás Pereira, Martino Martini, Johann Adam Schall von Bell, Ferdinand Verbiest and Antoine Thomas held significant positions as military weapons experts, mathematicians, cartographers, astronomers and advisers to the emperor. The relationship of trust was however lost in the later Chinese Rites controversy.

Q1: What type of learning did the early Manchu leaders respect?
A1: Confucian
Q2: What declaration solidified Confucian values?
A2: Sacred Edict of 1670
Q3: Who did the Manchu appeal to?
A3: Mongol, Tibetan and Uighur
Q4: What Christians did Kangxi allow in his court?
A4: Jesuit missionaries
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

The early Qing emperors adopted the bureaucratic structures and institutions from the preceding Ming dynasty but split rule between Han Chinese and Manchus, with some positions also given to Mongols. Like previous dynasties, the Qing recruited officials via the imperial examination system, until the system was abolished in 1905. The Qing divided the positions into civil and military positions, each having nine grades or ranks, each subdivided into a and b categories. Civil appointments ranged from attendant to the emperor or a Grand Secretary in the Forbidden City (highest) to being a prefectural tax collector, deputy jail warden, deputy police commissioner or tax examiner. Military appointments ranged from being a field marshal or chamberlain of the imperial bodyguard to a third class sergeant, corporal or a first or second class private.

Q1: Who split the leadership roles in the Qing dynasty?
A1: Han Chinese and Manchus
Q2: Where did the Qing find their officials?
A2: imperial examination system
Q3: How many ranks were there in civil service in the Qing dynasty?
A3: nine
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

The early Qing military was rooted in the Eight Banners first developed by Nurhaci to organize Jurchen society beyond petty clan affiliations. There were eight banners in all, differentiated by color. The yellow, bordered yellow, and white banners were known as the "Upper Three Banners" and were under the direct command of the emperor. Only Manchus belonging to the Upper Three Banners, and selected Han Chinese who had passed the highest level of martial exams could serve as the emperor's personal bodyguards. The remaining Banners were known as the "Lower Five Banners." They were commanded by hereditary Manchu princes descended from Nurhachi's immediate family, known informally as the "Iron cap princes". Together they formed the ruling council of the Manchu nation as well as high command of the army. Nurhachi's son Hong Taiji expanded the system to include mirrored Mongol and Han Banners. After capturing Beijing in 1644, the relatively small Banner armies were further augmented by the Green Standard Army, made up of those Ming troops who had surrendered to the Qing, which eventually outnumbered Banner troops three to one. They maintained their Ming era organization and were led by a mix of Banner and Green Standard officers.[citation needed]

Q1: Who created the Eight Banners?
A1: Nurhaci
Q2: How were the 8 banners recognized?
A2: color
Q3: What were the banners called that were under direct leadership of the emperor?
A3: Upper Three Banners
Q4: What ethnicity made up the Upper Three Banners?
A4: Manchus
Q5: What were the rest of the banners called?
A5: Lower Five Banners
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

The early Western Han court simultaneously accepted the philosophical teachings of Legalism, Huang-Lao Daoism, and Confucianism in making state decisions and shaping government policy. However, the Han court under Emperor Wu gave Confucianism exclusive patronage. He abolished all academic chairs or erudites (bóshì 博士) not dealing with the Confucian Five Classics in 136 BC and encouraged nominees for office to receive a Confucian-based education at the Imperial University that he established in 124 BC. Unlike the original ideology espoused by Confucius, or Kongzi (551–479 BC), Han Confucianism in Emperor Wu's reign was the creation of Dong Zhongshu (179–104 BC). Dong was a scholar and minor official who aggregated the ethical Confucian ideas of ritual, filial piety, and harmonious relationships with five phases and yin-yang cosmologies. Much to the interest of the ruler, Dong's synthesis justified the imperial system of government within the natural order of the universe. The Imperial University grew in importance as the student body grew to over 30,000 by the 2nd century AD. A Confucian-based education was also made available at commandery-level schools and private schools opened in small towns, where teachers earned respectable incomes from tuition payments.

Q1: What philosophy was given exclusivity in the court during the rule of Emperor Wu?
A1: Confucianism
Q2: Who put an end to all erudites?
A2: Emperor Wu
Q3: How many students were in the Imperial University by the second century?
A3: over 30,000
Q4: What type of philosophy was available for individuals at the commanderies?
A4: Confucian
Q5: Where did teachers make their money from at private schools?
A5: tuition payments
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Topic: History

The early and mid-1980s saw economic trouble for Libya; from 1982 to 1986, the country's annual oil revenues dropped from $21 billion to $5.4 billion. Focusing on irrigation projects, 1983 saw construction start on "Gaddafi's Pet Project", the Great Man-Made River; although designed to be finished by the end of the decade, it remained incomplete at the start of the 21st century. Military spending increased, while other administrative budgets were cut back. Libya had long supported the FROLINAT militia in neighbouring Chad, and in December 1980, re-invaded Chad at the request of the Frolinat-controlled GUNT government to aid in the civil war; in January 1981, Gaddafi suggested a political merger. The Organisation of African Unity (OAU) rejected this, and called for a Libyan withdrawal, which came about in November 1981. The civil war resumed, and so Libya sent troops back in, clashing with French forces who supported the southern Chadian forces. Many African nations had tired of Libya's policies of interference in foreign affairs; by 1980, nine African states had cut off diplomatic relations with Libya, while in 1982 the OAU cancelled its scheduled conference in Tripoli in order to prevent Gaddafi gaining chairmanship. Proposing political unity with Morocco, in August 1984, Gaddafi and Moroccan monarch Hassan II signed the Oujda Treaty, forming the Arab-African Union; such a union was considered surprising due to the strong political differences and longstanding enmity that existed between the two governments. Relations remained strained, particularly due to Morocco's friendly relations with the U.S. and Israel; in August 1986, Hassan abolished the union. Domestic threats continued to plague Gaddafi; in May 1984, his Bab al-Azizia home was unsuccessfully attacked by a joint NFSL–Muslim Brotherhood militia, and in the aftermath 5000 dissidents were arrested.

Q1: How much money did Libya earn from oil in 1986?
A1: $5.4 billion
Q2: What was another name for the Great Man-Made River?
A2: Gaddafi's Pet Project
Q3: In what country did FROLINAT operate?
A3: Chad
Q4: In what year did the Libyan military pull out of Chad at the behest of the OAU?
A4: 1981
Q5: Who was the ruler of Morocco in 1984?
A5: Hassan II
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

The early currency of the United States did not exhibit faces of presidents, as is the custom now; although today, by law, only the portrait of a deceased individual may appear on United States currency. In fact, the newly formed government was against having portraits of leaders on the currency, a practice compared to the policies of European monarchs. The currency as we know it today did not get the faces they currently have until after the early 20th century; before that "heads" side of coinage used profile faces and striding, seated, and standing figures from Greek and Roman mythology and composite Native Americans. The last coins to be converted to profiles of historic Americans were the dime (1946) and the Dollar (1971).

Q1: What condition does a person have to meet to  be allowed by law on a coin?
A1: deceased
Q2: Having portraits of leaders on coins was compared to who's policies?
A2: European monarchs
Q3: When did modern day currency start getting the faces that they have?
A3: 20th century
Q4: Other than Greek and Roman mythology, who else was featured on the "heads" side of past coins?
A4: composite Native Americans
Q5: What was the last coin to be converted to the modern day style of having historic Americans on the face?
A5: Dollar
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

The early history of Portugal is shared with the rest of the Iberian Peninsula located in South Western Europe. The name of Portugal derives from the joined Romano-Celtic name Portus Cale. The region was settled by Pre-Celts and Celts, giving origin to peoples like the Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes, visited by Phoenicians and Carthaginians, incorporated in the Roman Republic dominions as Lusitania and part of Gallaecia, after 45 BC until 298 AD, settled again by Suebi, Buri, and Visigoths, and conquered by Moors. Other influences include some 5th-century vestiges of Alan settlement, which were found in Alenquer (old Germanic Alankerk, from Alan+kerk; meaning church of the Alan (people), Coimbra and Lisbon.

Q1: From what name is Portugal derived?
A1: Portus Cale
Q2: By what group was the Portugal region settled?
A2: Pre-Celts and Celts
Q3: To what four peoples did the settlement of Portugal give rise?
A3: Gallaeci, Lusitanians, Celtici and Cynetes
Q4: During what years was the Portugal region incorporated in the Roman Republic?
A4: 45 BC until 298 AD
Q5: From what old Germanic word is Alenquer originate?
A5: Alankerk
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

The early port settlement of Plymouth, called "Sutton", approximates to the area now referred to as the Barbican and has 100 listed buildings and the largest concentration of cobbled streets in Britain. The Pilgrim Fathers left for the New World in 1620 near the commemorative Mayflower Steps in Sutton Pool. Also on Sutton Pool is the National Marine Aquarium which displays 400 marine species and includes Britain's deepest aquarium tank.

Q1: What was the name of the port once situated on the land occupied by present day Plymouth?
A1: Sutton
Q2: When did the Pilgrim Fathers depart Plymouth for the Americas?
A2: 1620
Q3: What monument commemorates the departure of the Pilgrim Fathers?
A3: Mayflower Steps
Q4: How many marine species are present at the National Marine Aquarium?
A4: 400
Q5: How many listed buildings are present in the Barbican area?
A5: 100
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

The early settlement was often subject to attack from sea and land, including periodic assaults from Spain and France (both of whom contested England's claims to the region), and pirates. These were combined with raids by Native Americans, who tried to protect themselves from so-called European "settlers," who in turn wanted to expand the settlement. The heart of the city was fortified according to a 1704 plan by Governor Johnson. Except those fronting Cooper River, the walls were largely removed during the 1720s.

Q1: Which country along with France contested England's claim to the Charleston region?
A1: Spain
Q2: Which group raided the settlement as a means to protect themselves from settlers?
A2: Native Americans
Q3: Whose 1704 plan was used to fortified the city?
A3: Governor Johnson
Q4: The majority of the fort walls were removed in what decade?
A4: 1720s
Q5: Beside European nations and Native Americans, who else attacked the Charleston settlement?
A5: pirates
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

The early synapsid mammalian ancestors were sphenacodont pelycosaurs, a group that produced the non-mammalian Dimetrodon. At the end of the Carboniferous period, this group diverged from the sauropsid line that led to today's reptiles and birds. The line following the stem group Sphenacodontia split-off several diverse groups of non-mammalian synapsids—sometimes referred to as mammal-like reptiles—before giving rise to the proto-mammals (Therapsida) in the early Mesozoic era. The modern mammalian orders arose in the Paleogene and Neogene periods of the Cenozoic era, after the extinction of the non-avian dinosaurs 66 million years ago.

Q1: From which time period did birds and reptiles began to appear from?
A1: Carboniferous period
Q2: When did non-avian dinosaurs become extinct?
A2: 66 million years ago
Q3: Which early mammalian ancestor produced non-mammalian Dimetroden?
A3: sphenacodont pelycosaurs
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency
Topic: Geography and places

The early track record of the CIA was poor, with the agency unable to provide sufficient intelligence about the Soviet takeovers of Romania and Czechoslovakia, the Soviet blockade of Berlin, and the Soviet atomic bomb project. In particular, the agency failed to predict the Chinese entry into the Korean War with 300,000 troops. The famous double agent Kim Philby was the British liaison to American Central Intelligence. Through him the CIA coordinated hundreds of airdrops inside the iron curtain, all compromised by Philby. Arlington Hall, the nerve center of CIA cryptanalysisl was compromised by Bill Weisband, a Russian translator and Soviet spy. The CIA would reuse the tactic of dropping plant agents behind enemy lines by parachute again on China, and North Korea. This too would be fruitless.

Q1: How many troops did the Chinese enter into the Korean War?
A1: 300,000
Q2: Who compromised hundreds of airdrops?
A2: Kim Philby
Q3: Who was a Russian translator and Soviet Spy?
A3: Bill Weisband
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earth deity had power over the ghostly world, and it is believed that she was the deity behind the oracle. The older tales mentioned two dragons who were perhaps intentionally conflated. A female dragon named Delphyne (δελφύς, "womb"), who is obviously connected with Delphi and Apollo Delphinios, and a male serpent Typhon (τύφειν, "to smoke"), the adversary of Zeus in the Titanomachy, who the narrators confused with Python. Python was the good daemon (ἀγαθὸς δαίμων) of the temple as it appears in Minoan religion, but she was represented as a dragon, as often happens in Northern European folklore as well as in the East.

Q1: Who was the adversary of Zeus in the titanomachy?
A1: Typhon
Q2: Who did the narrator confuse with Phyton?
A2: Typhon
Q3: Who was represented as a dragon?
A3: Python