LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Roman calendars show roughly forty annual religious festivals. Some lasted several days, others a single day or less: sacred days (dies fasti) outnumbered "non-sacred" days (dies nefasti). A comparison of surviving Roman religious calendars suggests that official festivals were organized according to broad seasonal groups that allowed for different local traditions. Some of the most ancient and popular festivals incorporated ludi ("games," such as chariot races and theatrical performances), with examples including those held at Palestrina in honour of Fortuna Primigenia during Compitalia, and the Ludi Romani in honour of Liber. Other festivals may have required only the presence and rites of their priests and acolytes, or particular groups, such as women at the Bona Dea rites.

Q1: How many religious celebrations did Rome have?
A1: forty
Q2:  What type of day were there more of in Rome?
A2: sacred days
Q3: With what were Roman festivals organized in accordance?
A3: seasonal
Q4: What traditions did the seasonal festivals incorporate?
A4: local
Q5: Instead of the public, what did some religious rites only require?
A5: particular groups
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Roman camps followed a standard pattern for defense and religious ritual; in effect they were Rome in miniature. The commander's headquarters stood at the centre; he took the auspices on a dais in front. A small building behind housed the legionary standards, the divine images used in religious rites and in the Imperial era, the image of the ruling emperor. In one camp, this shrine is even called Capitolium. The most important camp-offering appears to have been the suovetaurilia performed before a major, set battle. A ram, a boar and a bull were ritually garlanded, led around the outer perimeter of the camp (a lustratio exercitus) and in through a gate, then sacrificed: Trajan's column shows three such events from his Dacian wars. The perimeter procession and sacrifice suggest the entire camp as a divine templum; all within are purified and protected.

Q1: How were Roman camps laid out?
A1: standard pattern
Q2: For what purpose were Roman camps arranged?
A2: defense and religious ritual
Q3: Of what were Roman camps diminutive versions?
A3: Rome
Q4: What was in the center of each Roman camp?
A4: commander's headquarters
Q5: What does the religious rites performed before battle suggest that the camp has become?
A5: divine templum
Title: Canon_law
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Roman canon law had been criticized by the Presbyterians as early as 1572 in the Admonition to Parliament. The protest centered on the standard defense that canon law could be retained so long as it did not contradict the civil law. According to Polly Ha, the Reformed Church Government refuted this claiming that the bishops had been enforcing canon law for 1500 years.

Q1: What group took issue with the Roman canons?
A1: the Presbyterians
Q2: In what year was there documented criticism of Roman church law by Presbyterians?
A2: 1572
Q3: To whom did Presbyterians complain in 1572?
A3: Parliament
Q4: For how long did the Reformed Church state that canon had been administered by members of the church?
A4: 1500 years
Q5: Which church officials were responsible for the administration of canon law?
A5: bishops
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Roman city life and culture changed greatly in the early Middle Ages. Although Italian cities remained inhabited, they contracted significantly in size. Rome, for instance, shrank from a population of hundreds of thousands to around 30,000 by the end of the 6th century. Roman temples were converted into Christian churches and city walls remained in use. In Northern Europe, cities also shrank, while civic monuments and other public buildings were raided for building materials. The establishment of new kingdoms often meant some growth for the towns chosen as capitals. Although there had been Jewish communities in many Roman cities, the Jews suffered periods of persecution after the conversion of the empire to Christianity. Officially they were tolerated, if subject to conversion efforts, and at times were even encouraged to settle in new areas.

Q1: About how many people lived in Rome at the end of the 500s?
A1: 30,000
Q2: What new use was found for Roman temples?
A2: Christian churches
Q3: What group was notably persecuted after the Roman Empire converted to Christianity?
A3: Jews
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Roman entanglement in the Balkans began when Illyrian piratical raids on Roman merchants led to invasions of Illyria (the First and, Second Illyrian Wars). Tension between Macedon and Rome increased when the young king of Macedon, Philip V harbored one of the chief pirates, Demetrius of Pharos (a former client of Rome). As a result, in an attempt to reduce Roman influence in the Balkans, Philip allied himself with Carthage after Hannibal had dealt the Romans a massive defeat at the Battle of Cannae (216 BC) during the Second Punic War. Forcing the Romans to fight on another front when they were at a nadir of manpower gained Philip the lasting enmity of the Romans; the only real result from the somewhat insubstantial First Macedonian War (215–202 BC).

Q1: Illyrian pirates caused two wars in the Balkans with what Empire?
A1: Roman
Q2: What king of Macedon aided the pirate Demetrius of Pharos?
A2: Philip V
Q3: Hannibal defeated whom at the Battle of Cannae?
A3: the Romans
Q4: When was the Battle of Cannae?
A4: 216 BC
Q5: In what war was the Battle of Cannae?
A5: Second Punic War
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Roman government was headed by two consuls, elected annually by the citizens and advised by a senate composed of appointed magistrates. As Roman society was very hierarchical by modern standards, the evolution of the Roman government was heavily influenced by the struggle between the patricians, Rome's land-holding aristocracy, who traced their ancestry to the founding of Rome, and the plebeians, the far more numerous citizen-commoners. Over time, the laws that gave patricians exclusive rights to Rome's highest offices were repealed or weakened, and leading plebeian families became full members of the aristocracy. The leaders of the Republic developed a strong tradition and morality requiring public service and patronage in peace and war, making military and political success inextricably linked. Many of Rome's legal and legislative structures (later codified into the Justinian Code, and again into the Napoleonic Code) can still be observed throughout Europe and much of the world in modern nation states and international organizations.

Q1: Who elected consuls in the Roman government?
A1: citizens
Q2: Who eventually became full members of the aristocracy?
A2: leading plebeian families
Q3: What were Rome's legislative structures eventually turned into?
A3: the Justinian Code
Q4: What was the senate that advised consuls in the Roman government comprised of?
A4: appointed magistrates
Q5: What went hand and hand with military success?
A5: political success
Title: Literature
Topic: Language and literature

Roman histories and biographies anticipated the extensive mediaeval literature of lives of saints and miraculous chronicles, but the most characteristic form of the Middle Ages was the romance, an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative with strong popular appeal. Controversial, religious, political and instructional literature proliferated during the Renaissance as a result of the invention of printing, while the mediaeval romance developed into a more character-based and psychological form of narrative, the novel, of which early and important examples are the Chinese Monkey and the German Faust books.

Q1: Much medieval literature was influenced by the works of what classic culture?
A1: Roman
Q2: What form of literature enjoyed the most widespread popularity during the Middle Ages?
A2: the romance
Q3: What element is characteristic of a medieval romance?
A3: an adventurous and sometimes magical narrative
Q4: What helped cause the widespread appearance of multiple forms of literature in the Renaissance?
A4: the invention of printing
Q5: What is an early example of the novel form of literature from Europe?
A5: the German Faust books
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Roman literature was from its very inception influenced heavily by Greek authors. Some of the earliest works we possess are of historical epics telling the early military history of Rome. As the republic expanded, authors began to produce poetry, comedy, history, and tragedy. Virgil represents the pinnacle of Roman epic poetry. His Aeneid tells the story of flight of Aeneas from Troy and his settlement of the city that would become Rome.[citation needed] Lucretius, in his On the Nature of Things, attempted to explicate science in an epic poem. The genre of satire was common in Rome, and satires were written by, among others, Juvenal and Persius. The rhetorical works of Cicero are considered[by whom?] to be some of the best bodies of correspondence recorded in antiquity.[citation needed]

Q1: Who was responsible for massively affecting Roman literature?
A1: Greek authors
Q2: Who was the author of the epic poem Aeneid?
A2: Virgil
Q3: What style of literature could commonly be found in Roman works?
A3: poetry
Q4: Which epic poem tells the tale of the founding of the city that one day would become Rome?
A4: Aeneid
Q5: What Roman poet attempted to develop science in their poetry?
A5: Lucretius
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Roman religion was thus practical and contractual, based on the principle of do ut des, "I give that you might give." Religion depended on knowledge and the correct practice of prayer, ritual, and sacrifice, not on faith or dogma, although Latin literature preserves learned speculation on the nature of the divine and its relation to human affairs. Even the most skeptical among Rome's intellectual elite such as Cicero, who was an augur, saw religion as a source of social order. For ordinary Romans, religion was a part of daily life. Each home had a household shrine at which prayers and libations to the family's domestic deities were offered. Neighborhood shrines and sacred places such as springs and groves dotted the city. The Roman calendar was structured around religious observances. Women, slaves, and children all participated in a range of religious activities. Some public rituals could be conducted only by women, and women formed what is perhaps Rome's most famous priesthood, the state-supported Vestals, who tended Rome's sacred hearth for centuries, until disbanded under Christian domination.

Q1: What characteristics were not inherent in Roman religious practice?
A1: faith or dogma
Q2: What was brought forth by religion in Rome?
A2: social order
Q3: What religious feature did each Roman home have?
A3: household shrine
Q4: What type of celebrations made up the Roman calendar?
A4: religious observances
Q5: What religious group was in charge of Rome's sacred flame?
A5: Vestals
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Roman religious beliefs date back to the founding of Rome, around 800 BC. However, the Roman religion commonly associated with the republic and early empire did not begin until around 500 BC, when Romans came in contact with Greek culture, and adopted many of the Greek religious beliefs. Private and personal worship was an important aspect of religious practices. In a sense, each household was a temple to the gods. Each household had an altar (lararium), at which the family members would offer prayers, perform rites, and interact with the household gods. Many of the gods that Romans worshiped came from the Proto-Indo-European pantheon, others were based on Greek gods. The two most famous deities were Jupiter (the king God) and Mars (the god of war). With its cultural influence spreading over most of the Mediterranean, Romans began accepting foreign gods into their own culture, as well as other philosophical traditions such as Cynicism and Stoicism.

Q1: When did the Roman religion that is generally identified with the republic first established? 
A1: around 500 BC
Q2: Who did the Romans adapt several of their religious convictions from?
A2: Greek
Q3: Where did a large amount of the deities that were worshiped in Roman civilization come from?
A3: Proto-Indo-European pantheon
Q4: What religious element could be found in all Roman households?
A4: an altar
Q5: What in Roman society was considered to be a temple to the gods?
A5: each household
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Roman women were present at most festivals and cult observances. Some rituals specifically required the presence of women, but their active participation was limited. As a rule women did not perform animal sacrifice, the central rite of most major public ceremonies. In addition to the public priesthood of the Vestals, some cult practices were reserved for women only. The rites of the Bona Dea excluded men entirely. Because women enter the public record less frequently than men, their religious practices are less known, and even family cults were headed by the paterfamilias. A host of deities, however, are associated with motherhood. Juno, Diana, Lucina, and specialized divine attendants presided over the life-threatening act of giving birth and the perils of caring for a baby at a time when the infant mortality rate was as high as 40 percent.

Q1: What was the amount of participation by women in religious observances?
A1: limited
Q2: What religious act did women not perform?
A2: animal sacrifice
Q3: What priesthood was reserved solely for women?
A3: Vestals
Q4: What Roman rites excluded men?
A4: Bona Dea
Q5: With what are many deities aligned for women in Rome's religions? 
A5: motherhood
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, the Czech Lands and Austria is characterised by its massive and modular nature. This is expressed in the Gothic architecture of Central Europe in the huge size of the towers and spires, often projected, but not always completed. The west front generally follows the French formula, but the towers are very much taller and, if complete, are surmounted by enormous openwork spires that are a regional feature. Because of the size of the towers, the section of the façade between them may appear narrow and compressed. The eastern end follows the French form. The distinctive character of the interior of German Gothic cathedrals is their breadth and openness. This is the case even when, as at Cologne, they have been modelled upon a French cathedral. German cathedrals, like the French, tend not to have strongly projecting transepts. There are also many hall churches (Hallenkirchen) without clerestory windows.

Q1: In Germany, Poland and Austria Romanesque architecture is defined by its massive size and what other design element?
A1: modular nature
Q2: What design style does Romanesque architecture in Germany, Poland, and Austria normally follow?
A2: the French formula
Q3: What does the eastern end of German Romanesque cathedrals typically emulate?
A3: follows the French form
Q4: What is the distinguishing design element in German Gothic cathedrals?
A4: their breadth and openness
Q5: What are hall churches in German cathedrals known as?
A5: Hallenkirchen
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Romanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exactly contemporary Gloucester Candlestick. Large illuminated bibles and psalters were the typical forms of luxury manuscripts, and wall-painting flourished in churches, often following a scheme with a Last Judgement on the west wall, a Christ in Majesty at the east end, and narrative biblical scenes down the nave, or in the best surviving example, at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe, on the barrel-vaulted roof.

Q1: Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?
A1: Nicholas of Verdun
Q2: What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?
A2: 1205
Q3: On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?
A3: west
Q4: Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?
A4: on the barrel-vaulted roof
Q5: What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?
A5: Gloucester Candlestick
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

Romantic relationships tend to increase in prevalence throughout adolescence. By age 15, 53% of adolescents have had a romantic relationship that lasted at least one month over the course of the previous 18 months. In a 2008 study conducted by YouGov for Channel 4, 20% of 14−17-year-olds surveyed revealed that they had their first sexual experience at 13 or under in the United Kingdom. A 2002 American study found that those aged 15–44 reported that the average age of first sexual intercourse was 17.0 for males and 17.3 for females. The typical duration of relationships increases throughout the teenage years as well. This constant increase in the likelihood of a long-term relationship can be explained by sexual maturation and the development of cognitive skills necessary to maintain a romantic bond (e.g. caregiving, appropriate attachment), although these skills are not strongly developed until late adolescence. Long-term relationships allow adolescents to gain the skills necessary for high-quality relationships later in life and develop feelings of self-worth. Overall, positive romantic relationships among adolescents can result in long-term benefits. High-quality romantic relationships are associated with higher commitment in early adulthood and are positively associated with self-esteem, self-confidence, and social competence. For example, an adolescent with positive self-confidence is likely to consider themselves a more successful partner, whereas negative experiences may lead to low confidence as a romantic partner. Adolescents often date within their demographic in regards to race, ethnicity, popularity, and physical attractiveness. However, there are traits in which certain individuals, particularly adolescent girls, seek diversity. While most adolescents date people approximately their own age, boys typically date partners the same age or younger; girls typically date partners the same age or older.

Q1: Do romantic relationships tend to increase or decrease throughout adolescence?
A1: increase
Q2: How many percent of adolescents have had a romantic relationship lasting one month or longer by age 15?
A2: 53%
Q3: At what average age did American males report their first sexual intercourse took place?
A3: 17.0
Q4: At what average age did American females report their first sexual intercourse took place?
A4: 17.3
Q5: Does the typical duration of relationships increase or decrease throughout the teenage years?
A5: increases
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Rome had a semi-divine ancestor in the Trojan refugee Aeneas, son of Venus, who was said to have established the nucleus of Roman religion when he brought the Palladium, Lares and Penates from Troy to Italy. These objects were believed in historical times to remain in the keeping of the Vestals, Rome's female priesthood. Aeneas had been given refuge by King Evander, a Greek exile from Arcadia, to whom were attributed other religious foundations: he established the Ara Maxima, "Greatest Altar," to Hercules at the site that would become the Forum Boarium, and he was the first to celebrate the Lupercalia, an archaic festival in February that was celebrated as late as the 5th century of the Christian era.

Q1: What mythical figure did the Romans consider to be semi-divine?
A1: Aeneas
Q2: Of what did Aeneas establish the central feature?
A2: Roman religion
Q3: Who were the keepers of Aeneas's sacred objects?
A3: Vestals
Q4: What ancient festival was celebrated until the 5th century?
A4: Lupercalia
Q5: To whom did Aeneas set up an alter in Rome?
A5: Hercules
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Rome had no separate priestly caste or class. The highest authority within a community usually sponsored its cults and sacrifices, officiated as its priest and promoted its assistants and acolytes. Specialists from the religious colleges and professionals such as haruspices and oracles were available for consultation. In household cult, the paterfamilias functioned as priest, and members of his familia as acolytes and assistants. Public cults required greater knowledge and expertise. The earliest public priesthoods were probably the flamines (the singular is flamen), attributed to king Numa: the major flamines, dedicated to Jupiter, Mars and Quirinus, were traditionally drawn from patrician families. Twelve lesser flamines were each dedicated to a single deity, whose archaic nature is indicated by the relative obscurity of some. Flamines were constrained by the requirements of ritual purity; Jupiter's flamen in particular had virtually no simultaneous capacity for a political or military career.

Q1: What was lacking as to the profession of a priest class in Rome?
A1: separate priestly caste
Q2: What authority in a community sponsored religious rites? 
A2: highest
Q3: What type of religious participants were available for consultation?
A3: Specialists
Q4: Which member of a family functioned as priest?
A4: paterfamilias
Q5: What were the earliest priesthoods? 
A5: flamines
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Rome offers no native creation myth, and little mythography to explain the character of its deities, their mutual relationships or their interactions with the human world, but Roman theology acknowledged that di immortales (immortal gods) ruled all realms of the heavens and earth. There were gods of the upper heavens, gods of the underworld and a myriad of lesser deities between. Some evidently favoured Rome because Rome honoured them, but none were intrinsically, irredeemably foreign or alien. The political, cultural and religious coherence of an emergent Roman super-state required a broad, inclusive and flexible network of lawful cults. At different times and in different places, the sphere of influence, character and functions of a divine being could expand, overlap with those of others, and be redefined as Roman. Change was embedded within existing traditions.

Q1: What type of myth did Rome not have?
A1: creation
Q2: To the Romans who ruled all aspects of heaven and earth?
A2: immortal gods
Q3: What did the Romans do for those deities that favored Rome? 
A3: Rome honoured them
Q4: What did Rome make the myriad various cults?
A4: lawful
Q5: What was basic facet of Roman religious experience?
A5: Change
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Rome's diplomatic agreement with her neighbours of Latium confirmed the Latin league and brought the cult of Diana from Aricia to the Aventine. and established on the Aventine in the "commune Latinorum Dianae templum": At about the same time, the temple of Jupiter Latiaris was built on the Alban mount, its stylistic resemblance to the new Capitoline temple pointing to Rome's inclusive hegemony. Rome's affinity to the Latins allowed two Latin cults within the pomoerium: and the cult to Hercules at the ara maxima in the Forum Boarium was established through commercial connections with Tibur. and the Tusculan cult of Castor as the patron of cavalry found a home close to the Forum Romanum: Juno Sospita and Juno Regina were brought from Italy, and Fortuna Primigenia from Praeneste. In 217, Venus was brought from Sicily and installed in a temple on the Capitoline hill.

Q1: Whose cult appeared from Africa at the time of the Latin League?
A1: Diana
Q2: To whom was a new temple dedicated on the Alban Mount?
A2: Jupiter Latiaris
Q3: What cult was formed at the ars maxima in the Forum Boarium ?
A3: Hercules
Q4: For what group was Castor a patron?
A4: cavalry
Q5: From where was Venus brought and lodged on the Capitoline Hill?
A5: Sicily
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Rome's government, politics and religion were dominated by an educated, male, landowning military aristocracy. Approximately half Rome's population were slave or free non-citizens. Most others were plebeians, the lowest class of Roman citizens. Less than a quarter of adult males had voting rights; far fewer could actually exercise them. Women had no vote. However, all official business was conducted under the divine gaze and auspices, in the name of the senate and people of Rome. "In a very real sense the senate was the caretaker of the Romans’ relationship with the divine, just as it was the caretaker of their relationship with other humans".

Q1: What male group dominated all aspects of Rome?
A1: aristocracy
Q2: Of what class was more than half of Rome's population?
A2: slave or free non-citizens
Q3: What was the lowest class of Roman citizens?
A3: plebeians
Q4: How many adult males were able to vote in Rome?
A4: Less than a quarter
Q5: What organization was Rome's official caretaker?
A5: the senate
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Rome's military confederation with the other peoples of the Italian peninsula meant that half of Rome's army was provided by the Socii, such as the Etruscans, Umbrians, Apulians, Campanians, Samnites, Lucani, Bruttii, and the various southern Greek cities. Polybius states that Rome could draw on 770,000 men at the beginning of the Second Punic War, of which 700,000 were infantry and 70,000 met the requirements for cavalry. Rome's Italian allies would be organized in alae, or wings, roughly equal in manpower to the Roman legions, though with 900 cavalry instead of 300.

Q1: Where did Rome receive half of their army from?
A1: the Socii
Q2: How many calvary did Rome's Italian allies use?
A2: 900 cavalry
Q3: How many soldiers were available to Rome at the start of the Second Punic War?
A3: 770,000 men
Q4: What did Rome's Italian allies call their battle formation?
A4: alae
Q5: What allowed Rome to source some of their military from other nearby areas?
A5: military confederation with the other peoples
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

Rome's preoccupation with its war with Carthage provided an opportunity for Philip V of the kingdom of Macedonia, located in the north of the Greek peninsula, to attempt to extend his power westward. Philip sent ambassadors to Hannibal's camp in Italy, to negotiate an alliance as common enemies of Rome. However, Rome discovered the agreement when Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet. The First Macedonian War saw the Romans involved directly in only limited land operations, but they ultimately achieved their objective of pre-occupying Philip and preventing him from aiding Hannibal.

Q1: What kingdom sent an ambassador to Italy in an attempt to form an alliance against Rome?
A1: Macedonia
Q2: Where did Philip V want to extend his control to?
A2: westward
Q3: What peninsula was the kingdom of Macedonia able to be found in?
A3: Greek peninsula
Q4: Who did Philip V seek an alliance with?
A4: Hannibal
Q5: At what point did Rome discover that an alliance between Philip V and Hannibal had been achieved?
A5: Philip's emissaries were captured by a Roman fleet
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

Romila Thapar notes that the division into Hindu-Muslim-British periods of Indian history gives too much weight to "ruling dynasties and foreign invasions", neglecting the social-economic history which often showed a strong continuity. The division into Ancient-Medieval-Modern periods overlooks the fact that the Muslim conquests occurred gradually during which time many things came and went off, while the south was never completely conquered. According to Thapar, a periodisation could also be based on "significant social and economic changes", which are not strictly related to a change of ruling powers.[note 1]

Q1: Who remarked Indian history is too devoted to the ranking of dynasties and invasions?
A1: Romila Thapar
Q2: What type of history period is often neglected in Indian histories?
A2: social-economic
Q3: What facet of social and economic conditions are displayed by Indian history?
A3: strong continuity
Q4: What type of conquests were gradual in nature?
A4: Muslim conquests
Q5: What part of India was never completely conquered?
A5: south
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Romulus was credited with several religious institutions. He founded the Consualia festival, inviting the neighbouring Sabines to participate; the ensuing rape of the Sabine women by Romulus's men further embedded both violence and cultural assimilation in Rome's myth of origins. As a successful general, Romulus is also supposed to have founded Rome's first temple to Jupiter Feretrius and offered the spolia opima, the prime spoils taken in war, in the celebration of the first Roman triumph. Spared a mortal's death, Romulus was mysteriously spirited away and deified.

Q1: What type of organization did Romulus establish?
A1: religious
Q2: What religious festival did Romulus found?
A2: Consualia
Q3: According to myth, what god's temple did Romulus found?
A3: Jupiter
Q4: What did Romulus offer to Jupiter in the first Roman Triumph?
A4: spoils taken in war
Q5: Instead of death, what happened to Romulus?
A5: deified
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

Ronald Inden writes that by the 8th century CE symbols of Hindu gods "replaced the Buddha at the imperial centre and pinnacle of the cosmo-political system, the image or symbol of the Hindu god comes to be housed in a monumental temple and given increasingly elaborate imperial-style puja worship". Although Buddhism did not disappear from India for several centuries after the eighth, royal proclivities for the cults of Vishnu and Shiva weakened Buddhism's position within the sociopolitical context and helped make possible its decline.

Q1: What cults weakened Buddhism in India?
A1: Vishnu and Shiva
Q2: What replaced Buddha in ruling centers?
A2: Hindu gods
Q3: What kind of temples were built for Hindu Gods?
A3: monumental
Q4: What was the style of worship of Hindu Gods?
A4: elaborate
Q5: By what dentury did Buddhism disappear form much of India?
A5: eighth
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Roncalli was elected pope on 28 October 1958 at age 76 after 11 ballots. His selection was unexpected, and Roncalli himself had come to Rome with a return train ticket to Venice. He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in more than 500 years, and his choice settled the complicated question of official numbering attached to this papal name due to the antipope of this name. Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling the historic Second Vatican Council (1962–65), the first session opening on 11 October 1962. His passionate views on equality were summed up in his famous statement, "We were all made in God's image, and thus, we are all Godly alike." John XXIII made many passionate speeches during his pontificate, one of which was on the day that he opened the Second Vatican Council in the middle of the night to the crowd gathered in St. Peter's Square: "Dear children, returning home, you will find children: give your children a hug and say: This is a hug from the Pope!"

Q1: How old was Roncalli when elected pope?
A1: 76
Q2: When was Roncalli elected pope?
A2: 28 October 1958
Q3: He was the first pope to take the pontifical name of "John" upon election in how long?
A3: 500 years
Q4: Pope John XXIII surprised those who expected him to be a caretaker pope by calling what?
A4: Second Vatican Council
Q5: When did he call the Second Vatican Council?
A5: 11 October 1962
Title: Pope_John_XXIII
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Roncalli was summoned to the final ballot of the conclave at 4:00 pm. He was elected pope at 4:30 pm with a total of 38 votes. After the long pontificate of Pope Pius XII, the cardinals chose a man who – it was presumed because of his advanced age – would be a short-term or "stop-gap" pope. They wished to choose a candidate who would do little during the new pontificate. Upon his election, Cardinal Eugene Tisserant asked him the ritual questions of whether he would accept and if so, what name he would take for himself. Roncalli gave the first of his many surprises when he chose "John" as his regnal name. Roncalli's exact words were "I will be called John". This was the first time in over 500 years that this name had been chosen; previous popes had avoided its use since the time of the Antipope John XXIII during the Western Schism several centuries before.

Q1: When was the final ballot of the conclave?
A1: 4:00 pm
Q2: How many votes did he have?
A2: 38 votes
Q3: What name did Roncalli choose?
A3: John
Q4: John had not been a chosen name in how long?
A4: over 500 years
Q5: Who was the last to choose the name John?
A5: Antipope John XXIII
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Roofing shingles account for most of the remaining asphalt/bitumen consumption. Other uses include cattle sprays, fence-post treatments, and waterproofing for fabrics. Asphalt/bitumen is used to make Japan black, a lacquer known especially for its use on iron and steel, and it is also used in paint and marker inks by some graffiti supply companies to increase the weather resistance and permanence of the paint or ink, and to make the color much darker.[citation needed] Asphalt/bitumen is also used to seal some alkaline batteries during the manufacturing process.

Q1: Besides fuels and paving, what accounts for most of the other use of bitumen?
A1: Roofing shingles
Q2: What lacquer is bitumen used to make for iron and steel production?
A2: Japan black
Q3: Why is Japan black used for outdoor paint?
A3: weather resistance
Q4: Besides weather resistance, why else is Japan black used in paints?
A4: permanence
Q5: What product is bitumen used in manufacturing as a sealant?
A5: alkaline batteries
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Roofs are traditionally constructed from Alpine rocks such as pieces of schist, gneiss or slate. Such chalets are typically found in the higher parts of the valleys, as in the Maurienne valley in Savoy, where the amount of snow during the cold months is important. The inclination of the roof cannot exceed 40%, allowing the snow to stay on top, thereby functioning as insulation from the cold. In the lower areas where the forests are widespread, wooden tiles are traditionally used. Commonly made of Norway spruce, they are called "tavaillon". The Alpine regions are multicultural and linguistically diverse. Dialects are common, and vary from valley to valley and region to region. In the Slavic Alps alone 19 dialects have been identified. Some of the French dialects spoken in the French, Swiss and Italian alps of Aosta Valley derive from Arpitan, while the southern part of the western range is related to Old Provençal; the German dialects derive from Germanic tribal languages. Romansh, spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland, is an ancient Rhaeto-Romanic language derived from Latin, remnants of ancient Celtic languages and perhaps Etruscan.

Q1: What are roofs traditionally constructed from? 
A1: Alpine rocks
Q2: Where are chalets typically used for roof construction found?? 
A2: the higher parts of the valleys
Q3: The inclination of the roof cannot exceed how much? 
A3: 40%
Q4: How many dialects have been identified in the Slavic Alps?
A4: 19
Q5: What language is spoken by two percent of the population in southeast Switzerland? 
A5: Romansh
Title: Chicago_Cubs
Topic: Sports and recreation

Rookie Starlin Castro debuted in early May (2010) as the starting shortstop. However, the club played poorly in the early season, finding themselves 10 games under .500 at the end of June. In addition, long-time ace Carlos Zambrano was pulled from a game against the White Sox on June 25 after a tirade and shoving match with Derrek Lee, and was suspended indefinitely by Jim Hendry, who called the conduct "unacceptable." On August 22, Lou Piniella, who had already announced his retirement at the end of the season, announced that he would leave the Cubs prematurely to take care of his sick mother. Mike Quade took over as the interim manager for the final 37 games of the year. Despite being well out of playoff contention the Cubs went 24–13 under Quade, the best record in baseball during that 37 game stretch, earning Quade to have the interim tag removed on October 19.

Q1: Who debuted as the starting shortstop in early May 2010?
A1: Starlin Castro
Q2: When did Starlin Castro debut as the starting shortstop?
A2: early May (2010)
Q3: Who announced on August 22nd they were leaving the Cubs prematurely? 
A3: Lou Piniella
Q4: Why did Lou Piniella leave the cubs prematurely?
A4: take care of his sick mother
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

Roosevelt Boulevard and the Roosevelt Expressway (U.S. 1) connect Northeast Philadelphia with Center City. Woodhaven Road (Route 63), built in 1966, and Cottman Avenue (Route 73) serve the neighborhoods of Northeast Philadelphia, running between Interstate 95 and the Roosevelt Boulevard (U.S. 1). The Fort Washington Expressway (Route 309) extends north from the city's northern border, serving Montgomery County and Bucks County. U.S. 30, extending east-west from West Philadelphia to Lancaster, is known as Lancaster Avenue throughout most of the city and through the adjacent Main Line suburbs.

Q1: What is another name for the Roosevelt Expressway?
A1: U.S. 1
Q2: When was Woodhaven road built?
A2: 1966
Q3: What neighborhoods does Cottman Avenue serve?
A3: Northeast Philadelphia,
Q4: What is another name for The Fort Washington Expressway?
A4: Route 309
Q5: What is US-30 also known as?
A5: Lancaster Avenue
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

Rothko also began using the new synthetic pigments, but not always with happy results. In 1962 he donated to Harvard University a series of large murals of the Passion of Christ whose predominant colors were dark pink and deep crimson. He mixed mostly traditional colors to make the pink and crimson; synthetic ultramarine, cerulean blue, and titanium white, but he also used two new organic reds, Naphtol and Lithol. The Naphtol did well, but the Lithol slowly changed color when exposed to light. Within five years the deep pinks and reds had begun to turn light blue, and by 1979 the paintings were ruined and had to be taken down.

Q1: In what year did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A1: 1962
Q2: To whom did Rothko donate Passion of Christ murals?
A2: Harvard University
Q3: What organic reds did Rothko use in the Passion of Christ murals?
A3: Naphtol and Lithol
Q4: In what year had the Passion of Christ murals by Rothko end up ruined?
A4: 1979
Q5: What was the result of the change in color in the Rothko Passion of the Christ murals?
A5: ruined and had to be taken down
Title: Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic
Topic: History

Roughly 70% of the area in the RSFSR consisted of broad plains, with mountainous tundra regions mainly concentrated in the east. The area is rich in mineral resources, including petroleum, natural gas, and iron ore.

Q1: What percentage of the RSFSR was made up of plains?
A1: 70%
Q2: In what part of the RSFSR did tundra mainly exist?
A2: the east
Q3: Along with petroleum and iron ore, what resource was abundant in the RSFSR?
A3: natural gas
Title: Zinc
Topic: Unknown

Roughly one quarter of all zinc output in the United States (2009), is consumed in the form of zinc compounds; a variety of which are used industrially. Zinc oxide is widely used as a white pigment in paints, and as a catalyst in the manufacture of rubber. It is also used as a heat disperser for the rubber and acts to protect its polymers from ultraviolet radiation (the same UV protection is conferred to plastics containing zinc oxide). The semiconductor properties of zinc oxide make it useful in varistors and photocopying products. The zinc zinc-oxide cycle is a two step thermochemical process based on zinc and zinc oxide for hydrogen production.

Q1: In what form is 1/4 of zinc used in the US?
A1: zinc compounds
Q2: What kind of zinc compound is used in manufacturing rubber?
A2: Zinc oxide
Q3: What protects the polymers in rubber from ultraviolet radiation?
A3: Zinc oxide
Q4: Why is zinc oxide useful in photocopying products?
A4: semiconductor
Q5: What kind of process is the zinc zinc-oxide cycle?
A5: thermochemical
Title: Tuberculosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Roughly one-third of the world's population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, with new infections occurring in about 1% of the population each year. However, most infections with M. tuberculosis do not cause TB disease, and 90–95% of infections remain asymptomatic. In 2012, an estimated 8.6 million chronic cases were active. In 2010, 8.8 million new cases of TB were diagnosed, and 1.20–1.45 million deaths occurred, most of these occurring in developing countries. Of these 1.45 million deaths, about 0.35 million occur in those also infected with HIV.

Q1: At any given time, about how much of all the people in the world has M. tuberculosis?
A1: one-third
Q2: Approximately how many active TB cases were there in 2012?
A2: 8.6 million
Q3: How many patients were diagnosed with tuberculosis in 2010?
A3: 8.8 million
Q4: About how many people died in 2010 carrying both HIV and TB?
A4: 0.35 million
Q5: What percentage of the world's total population gets infected with tuberculosis every year?
A5: 1%
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

Rowing has been popular in Philadelphia since the 18th century. Boathouse Row is a symbol of Philadelphia's rich rowing history, and each Big Five member has its own boathouse. Philadelphia hosts numerous local and collegiate rowing clubs and competitions, including the annual Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta, all of which are held on the Schuylkill River. The regattas are hosted and organized by the Schuylkill Navy, an association of area rowing clubs that has produced numerous Olympic rowers.

Q1: What water sport is popular in the city?
A1: Rowing
Q2: What is the symbol of rowing in the city?
A2: Boathouse Row
Q3: What is the name of the big rowing races?
A3: Dad Vail Regatta, the largest intercollegiate rowing event in the U.S, the Stotesbury Cup Regatta, and the Head of the Schuylkill Regatta
Q4: Where are these races held?
A4: Schuylkill River
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Royal assent is not sufficient to give legal effect to an Act of Tynwald. By ancient custom, an act did not come into force until it had been promulgated at an open-air sitting of Tynwald, usually held on Tynwald Hill at St John's on St John's Day (24 June), but, since the adoption of the Gregorian calendar in 1753, on 5 July (or on the following Monday if 5 July is a Saturday or Sunday). Promulgation originally consisted of the reading of the Act in English and Manx; but, after 1865 the reading of the title of the act and a summary of each section were sufficient. This was reduced in 1895 to the titles and a memorandum of the object and purport of the act, and, since 1988, only the short title and a summary of the long title have been read.

Q1: Under ancient custom, an Act of Tynwald didn't go into effect until decreed at which location?
A1: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Q2: Promulgation of an Act of Tynwald originally consisted of reading it in English and which other language?
A2: Manx
Q3: Nowadays, only the short title and what else are read?
A3: summary of the long title
Q4: How much of the proposed act must be currently read aloud on St John's Day?
A4: only the short title and a summary of the long title
Q5: On what day does St John's Day occur?
A5: (24 June)
Q6: Where is the open-air sitting of Tynwald usually held?
A6: Tynwald Hill at St John's
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Royal assent is sometimes associated with elaborate ceremonies. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the sovereign may appear personally in the House of Lords or may appoint Lords Commissioners, who announce that royal assent has been granted at a ceremony held at the Palace of Westminster. However, royal assent is usually granted less ceremonially by letters patent. In other nations, such as Australia, the governor-general merely signs the bill. In Canada, the governor general may give assent either in person at a ceremony held in the Senate or by a written declaration notifying parliament of his or her agreement to the bill.

Q1: When royal assent takes place in the UK, where does the sovereign make an appearance?
A1: House of Lords
Q2: Alternatively, when UK Lord Commissioners take the sovereign's place in the ceremony, where does the ceremony take place?
A2: Palace of Westminster
Q3: Canadian governor generals can give their assent in person or by which other method?
A3: written declaration
Q4: With what is royal assent sometimes associated with?
A4: elaborate ceremonies
Q5: Where is a royal assent ceremony held within the United Kingdom?
A5: Palace of Westminster
Q6: With what method is royal assent generally granted?
A6: letters patent
Q7: How is royal assent granted within Australia?
A7: the governor-general merely signs the bill
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Royal assent is the final stage in the legislative process for acts of the Scottish parliament. The process is governed by sections 28, 32, and 33 of the Scotland Act 1998. After a bill has been passed, the Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament submits it to the monarch for royal assent after a four-week period, during which the Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State for Scotland may refer the bill to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom (prior to 1 October 2009, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council) for review of its legality. Royal assent is signified by letters patent under the Great Seal of Scotland in the following form which is set out in The Scottish Parliament (Letters Patent and Proclamations) Order 1999 (SI 1999/737) and of which notice is published in the London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes:

Q1: In Scotland, who is responsible for submitting a bill for royal assent?
A1: Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament
Q2: Which three publications are used to signify royal assent?
A2: London, Edinburgh, and Belfast Gazettes
Q3: Under which Scotland Act sections is the royal assent governed?
A3: 28, 32, and 33
Q4: How many weeks pass before the monarch receives a bill from the Presiding Officer?
A4: four-week period
Q5: Which entities have the capability to refer a bill to the Supreme Court?
A5: Advocate General for Scotland, the Lord Advocate, the Attorney General or the Secretary of State
Q6: For what would a bill be submitted to the Supreme Court of Scotland?
A6: review of its legality
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

Royal assent is the method by which a country's constitutional monarch (possibly through a delegated official) formally approves an act of that nation's parliament, thus making it a law or letting it be promulgated as law. In the vast majority of contemporary monarchies, this act is considered to be little more than a formality; even in those nations which still permit their ruler to withhold the royal assent (such as the United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein), the monarch almost never does so, save in a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government. While the power to withhold royal assent was once exercised often in European monarchies, it is exceedingly rare in the modern, democratic political atmosphere that has developed there since the 18th century.

Q1: Royal assent is a process of approving a nation's legislative acts by whom?
A1: constitutional monarch
Q2: Which three modern monarchies allow their ruler to withhold royal assent?
A2: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q3: Since which century have modern political processes forgone royal assent?
A3: 18th
Q4: What nations allow the withold of the royal assent?
A4: United Kingdom, Norway, and Liechtenstein
Q5: Under what circumstances does a monarch typically use the royal assent?
A5: a dire political emergency or upon the advice of their government
Q6: Is usage of the royal assent frequent or rare in today's societies?
A6: exceedingly rare