LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Countering Krugman, Peter J. Wallison wrote: "It is not true that every bubble—even a large bubble—has the potential to cause a financial crisis when it deflates." Wallison notes that other developed countries had "large bubbles during the 1997–2007 period" but "the losses associated with mortgage delinquencies and defaults when these bubbles deflated were far lower than the losses suffered in the United States when the 1997–2007 [bubble] deflated." According to Wallison, the reason the U.S. residential housing bubble (as opposed to other types of bubbles) led to financial crisis was that it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans – generally with low or no downpayments.

Q1: Peter J. Wallison believes that the huge number of these loans led to the financial crisis?
A1: substandard
Q2: What type downpayments do substandard loans generally have?
A2: low or no downpayments
Q3: According to Peter J. Wallison, why did the U.S. residential housing bubble led to financial crisis?
A3: it was supported by a huge number of substandard loans
Q4: Other countries had large residential housing bubbles that deflated during what years?
A4: 1997–2007
Q5: Peter J. Wallison's conclusions regarding the financial crisis are not in agreement with this economist's views?
A5: Krugman
Title: Economy_of_Greece
Topic: Geography and places

Counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, Greece ranked 4th globally in 2011 having "exported" shipping services worth 17,704.132 million $; only Denmark, Germany and South Korea ranked higher during that year. Similarly counting shipping services provided to Greece by other countries as quasi-imports and the difference between "exports" and "imports" as a "trade balance", Greece in 2011 ranked in the latter second behind Germany, having "imported" shipping services worth 7,076.605 million US$ and having run a "trade surplus" of 10,712.342 million US$.

Q1: When counting shipping as quasi-exports and in terms of monetary value, what is Greece's global rank?
A1: 4th
Q2: What was the worth Greece's shipping services in 2011?
A2: 17,704.132 million $
Q3: What three countries were ahead of Greece in 2011 with exports?
A3: Denmark, Germany and South Korea
Q4: What was the shipping services imported by Greece in 2011 worth?
A4: 7,076.605 million US$
Q5: What was Greece's 2011 trade surplus?
A5: 10,712.342 million US$
Title: Human_Development_Index
Topic: Social sciences and society

Countries in the top quartile of HDI ("very high human development" group) with a missing IHDI: New Zealand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Liechtenstein, Brunei, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Andorra, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Cuba, and Kuwait.

Q1: Which Caribbean nation is in the top quartile of HDI (but missing IHDI)?
A1: Cuba
Q2: Is the top quartile of HDI considered "high" or "very high" human development?
A2: very high
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Countrywide, sued by California Attorney General Jerry Brown for "unfair business practices" and "false advertising" was making high cost mortgages "to homeowners with weak credit, adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs) that allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments". When housing prices decreased, homeowners in ARMs then had little incentive to pay their monthly payments, since their home equity had disappeared. This caused Countrywide's financial condition to deteriorate, ultimately resulting in a decision by the Office of Thrift Supervision to seize the lender.

Q1: Who sued Countrywide for unfair business practices and false advertising?
A1: California Attorney General Jerry Brown
Q2: What type mortgages allowed homeowners to make interest-only payments?
A2: adjustable rate mortgages (ARMs)
Q3: What happened to home equity when housing prices decreased?
A3: disappeared
Q4: Who made the decision to seize Countrywide after their financial condition deteriorated?
A4: Office of Thrift Supervision
Q5: What type credit did borrowers obtaining mortgages from Countrywide have?
A5: weak credit
Title: Buckingham_Palace
Topic: Art and architecture

Court presentations of aristocratic young ladies to the monarch took place at the palace from the reign of Edward VII. These young women were known as débutantes, and the occasion—termed their "coming out"—represented their first entrée into society. Débutantes wore full court dress, with three tall ostrich feathers in their hair. They entered, curtsied, and performed a choreographed backwards walk and a further curtsy, while manoeuvring a dress train of prescribed length. (The ceremony, known as an evening court, corresponded to the "court drawing rooms" of Victoria's reign.) After World War II, the ceremony was replaced by less formal afternoon receptions, usually without choreographed curtsies and court dress.

Q1: Under whose reign did court presentations of young aristocratic ladies take place?
A1: Edward VII
Q2: What was the name for the ceremony where debutantes had their first introduction into society?
A2: coming out
Q3: Debutantes wore the feather of which bird in their hair?
A3: ostrich feathers
Q4: After WWII "coming out" ceremonies were replaces with what event?
A4: less formal afternoon receptions
Q5: Under whose reign were young debutantes presented to society at Court?
A5: Edward VII
Q6: What types of feathers did debutantes wear in their hair?
A6: ostrich feathers
Q7: What was the occasion where debutantes were presented to society called?
A7: "coming out"
Q8: After WWII what was the coming out ceremony replaced with?
A8: less formal afternoon receptions
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Topic: History

Courts check both the executive branch and the legislative branch through judicial review. This concept is not written into the Constitution, but was envisioned by many of the Constitution's Framers (for example, The Federalist Papers mention it). The Supreme Court established a precedent for judicial review in Marbury v. Madison. There were protests by some at this decision, born chiefly of political expediency, but political realities in the particular case paradoxically restrained opposing views from asserting themselves. For this reason, precedent alone established the principle that a court may strike down a law it deems unconstitutional.

Q1: Who is responsible for judicial review?
A1: Courts
Q2: What is the court case that established judicial review?
A2: Marbury v. Madison
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

Coyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus. Reptiles such as alligators and pythons have been known to kill and eat dogs.

Q1: What large cat has a particular taste for dogs no matter how big the dog is?
A1: leopards.
Q2: What is a typical predator of dogs in places such as Turkmenistan?
A2: Striped hyenas
Q3: What two reptiles kill dogs and consume them?
A3: alligators and pythons
Q4: What big cat has a tendency to attack dogs?
A4: Leopards
Q5: What big cats in Indonesia also attack dogs?
A5: Tigers
Q6: What type of reptiles eat dogs?
A6: alligators and pythons
Q7: What is a known predator of village dogs in India?
A7: Striped hyenas
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Craig Venter and Francis Collins of the National Institute of Health jointly made the announcement of the mapping of the human genome in 2000. Upon examining the data from the genome mapping, Venter realized that although the genetic variation within the human species is on the order of 1–3% (instead of the previously assumed 1%), the types of variations do not support notion of genetically defined races. Venter said, "Race is a social concept. It's not a scientific one. There are no bright lines (that would stand out), if we could compare all the sequenced genomes of everyone on the planet." "When we try to apply science to try to sort out these social differences, it all falls apart."

Q1: What organization is Craig Venter and Francis Collins associated with?
A1: the National Institute of Health
Q2: What year was the announcement that the human genome had been mapped made in?
A2: 2000
Q3: What doesn't the genetic variation within the human species support?
A3: notion of genetically defined races
Q4: What is a social concept, not a scientific one?
A4: Race
Q5: What happens when scientists try to apply science to sort out social differences?
A5: it all falls apart
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

Created by Takashi Okazaki, Afro Samurai was initially a doujinshi, or manga series, which was then made into an animated series by Studio Gonzo. In 2007 the animated series debuted on American cable television on the Spike TV channel (Denison, 2010). The series was produced for American viewers which “embodies the trend... comparing hip-hop artists to samurai warriors, an image some rappers claim for themselves (Solomon, 2009). The storyline keeps in tone with the perception of a samurais finding vengeance against someone who has wronged him. Starring the voice of well known American actor Samuel L. Jackson, “Afro is the second-strongest fighter in a futuristic, yet, still feudal Japan and seeks revenge upon the gunman who killed his father” (King 2008). Due to its popularity, Afro Samurai was adopted into a full feature animated film and also became titles on gaming consoles such as the PlayStation 3 and Xbox. Not only has the samurai culture been adopted into animation and video games, it can also be seen in comic books.

Q1: Who created Afro Samurai?
A1: Takashi Okazaki
Q2: Who made Afro Samurai into an animated TV show?
A2: Studio Gonzo
Q3: When did Afro Samurai first air?
A3: 2007
Q4: On what channel did Afro Samurai air?
A4: Spike TV
Q5: Who was the star voice actor of Afro Samurai?
A5: Samuel L. Jackson
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

Credentials are typically conferred at the undergraduate level, however university-affiliated schools like the École de technologie supérieure and the École Polytechnique de Montréal (both of which are located in Quebec), also offer graduate and postgraduate programs, in accordance with provincial higher education guidelines. Canadian higher education institutions, at all levels, undertake directed and applied research with financing allocated through public funding, private equity, or industry sources.

Q1: In what city is the École Polytechnique de Montréal located?
A1: Quebec
Q2: In addition to private equity and industry sources, what's a third source of research funding for institutions of higher learning in Canada?
A2: public funding
Title: Glacier
Topic: Natural sciences

Crevasses can form in several different ways. Transverse crevasses are transverse to flow and form where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate. Longitudinal crevasses form semi-parallel to flow where a glacier expands laterally. Marginal crevasses form from the edge of the glacier, due to the reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls. Marginal crevasses are usually largely transverse to flow. Moving glacier ice can sometimes separate from stagnant ice above, forming a bergschrund. Bergschrunds resemble crevasses but are singular features at a glacier's margins.

Q1: Which crevasses form on the edge of the glacier?
A1: Marginal crevasses
Q2: Why do marginal crevasses form on the edge of a glacier?
A2: reduction in speed caused by friction of the valley walls
Q3: What do bergschrunds resemble?
A3: crevasses
Q4: How are bergschrunds different than crevasses?
A4: singular features at a glacier's margins
Q5: Where do transverse crevasses form?
A5: where steeper slopes cause a glacier to accelerate
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Criminal justice agencies in England and Wales use at least two separate racial/ethnic classification systems when reporting crime, as of 2010. One is the system used in the 2001 Census when individuals identify themselves as belonging to a particular ethnic group: W1 (White-British), W2 (White-Irish), W9 (Any other white background); M1 (White and black Caribbean), M2 (White and black African), M3 (White and Asian), M9 (Any other mixed background); A1 (Asian-Indian), A2 (Asian-Pakistani), A3 (Asian-Bangladeshi), A9 (Any other Asian background); B1 (Black Caribbean), B2 (Black African), B3 (Any other black background); O1 (Chinese), O9 (Any other). The other is categories used by the police when they visually identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group, e.g. at the time of a stop and search or an arrest: White – North European (IC1), White – South European (IC2), Black (IC3), Asian (IC4), Chinese, Japanese, or South East Asian (IC5), Middle Eastern (IC6), and Unknown (IC0). "IC" stands for "Identification Code;" these items are also referred to as Phoenix classifications. Officers are instructed to "record the response that has been given" even if the person gives an answer which may be incorrect; their own perception of the person's ethnic background is recorded separately. Comparability of the information being recorded by officers was brought into question by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in September 2007, as part of its Equality Data Review; one problem cited was the number of reports that contained an ethnicity of "Not Stated."

Q1: How many separate classification systems do agencies in England and Wales use?
A1: at least two
Q2: When did individuals self-identify as belonging to a particular ethnic group?
A2: the 2001 Census
Q3: How do police identify someone as belonging to an ethnic group?
A3: visually
Q4: What does IC stand for?
A4: Identification Code
Q5: What ethnicity term was one problem cited about the number of reports containing it?
A5: Not Stated
Title: Law_of_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

Criminal law involves the prosecution by the state of wrongful acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace (and cannot be deterred or remedied by mere lawsuits between private parties). Generally, crimes can result in incarceration, but torts (see below) cannot. The majority of the crimes committed in the United States are prosecuted and punished at the state level. Federal criminal law focuses on areas specifically relevant to the federal government like evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud.

Q1: What is criminal law?
A1: prosecution by the state of wrongful acts
Q2: What type of wrongful act will the state prosecute?
A2: acts which are considered to be so serious that they are a breach of the sovereign's peace
Q3: What can result in incarceration?
A3: crimes
Q4: Where are the majority of the U.S.'s crimes prosecuted?
A4: state level
Q5: Who focuses on things such as evading payment of federal income tax, mail theft, or physical attacks on federal officials, as well as interstate crimes like drug trafficking and wire fraud?
A5: Federal criminal law
Title: PlayStation_3
Topic: Video games

Critical and commercial reception to PS3 improved over time, after a series of price revisions, Blu-ray's victory over HD DVD, and the release of several well received titles. Ars Technica's original launch review gave PS3 only a 6/10, but second review of the console in June 2008 rated it a 9/10. In September 2009, IGN named PlayStation 3 the 15th best gaming console of all time, behind both of its competitors: Wii (10th) and Xbox 360 (6th). However, PS3 has won IGN's "Console Showdown"—based on which console offers the best selection of games released during each year—in three of the four years since it began (2008, 2009 and 2011, with Xbox winning in 2010). IGN judged PlayStation 3 to have the best game line-up of 2008, based on their review scores in comparison to those of Wii and Xbox 360. In a comparison piece by PC mag's Will Greenwald in June 2012, PS3 was selected as an overall better console compared to Xbox 360. Pocket-lint said of the console "The PS3 has always been a brilliant games console," and that "For now, this is just about the best media device for the money."

Q1: What rating did Ars Technica initially give PlayStation 3?
A1: 6/10
Q2: What PS3 competitor won IGN's "Console Showdown" in 2010?
A2: Xbox
Q3: What PC Mag. staffer picked PS3 over Xbox in June, 2012? 
A3: Will Greenwald
Q4: Which publication called the PlayStation 3 "a brilliant games console"?
A4: Pocket-lint
Q5: Where did IGN place the PS3 on their 2009 list of the best video game consoles ever?
A5: 15th
Title: War_on_Terror
Topic: History

Criticism of the War on Terror addresses the issues, morality, efficiency, economics, and other questions surrounding the War on Terror and made against the phrase itself, calling it a misnomer. The notion of a "war" against "terrorism" has proven highly contentious, with critics charging that it has been exploited by participating governments to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights. It is argued that the term war is not appropriate in this context (as in War on Drugs), since there is no identifiable enemy, and that it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means.

Q1: What phrase has been called a misnomer?
A1: War on Terror
Q2: What has the 'war on terror' been used as an excuse for?
A2: to pursue long-standing policy/military objectives, reduce civil liberties, and infringe upon human rights
Q3: Which other misnamed 'war' has 'war on terror' been compared to?
A3: War on Drugs
Q4: What is the likely fate of the 'war on terror'?
A4: it is unlikely international terrorism can be brought to an end by military means
Title: Intellectual_property
Topic: History

Criticism of the term intellectual property ranges from discussing its vagueness and abstract overreach to direct contention to the semantic validity of using words like property and rights in fashions that contradict practice and law. Many detractors think this term specially serves the doctrinal agenda of parties opposing reform in the public interest or otherwise abusing related legislations; and that it disallows intelligent discussion about specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.

Q1: Which term is criticized as vague?
A1: intellectual property
Q2: What does the term 'intellectual property' disallow intelligent discussion about?
A2: specific and often unrelated aspects of copyright, patents, trademarks, etc.
Q3: Critics criticize what type of validity of the term 'intellectual property'?
A3: semantic
Q4: Which term is criticized as having abstract overreach?
A4: intellectual property
Title: To_Kill_a_Mockingbird
Topic: Language and literature

Critics also note the entertaining methods used to drive the plot. When Atticus is out of town, Jem locks a Sunday school classmate in the church basement with the furnace during a game of Shadrach. This prompts their black housekeeper Calpurnia to escort Scout and Jem to her church, which allows the children a glimpse into her personal life, as well as Tom Robinson's. Scout falls asleep during the Halloween pageant and makes a tardy entrance onstage, causing the audience to laugh uproariously. She is so distracted and embarrassed that she prefers to go home in her ham costume, which saves her life.

Q1: Where does Jem trap a fellow peer of school in the story?
A1: church basement
Q2: What is the name of the maid who works in the Finch's household?
A2: Calpurnia
Q3: How does Scout respond to the audience?
A3: distracted and embarrassed
Q4: What saves Scout's life?
A4: ham costume
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Critics argue Napoleon's true legacy must reflect the loss of status for France and needless deaths brought by his rule: historian Victor Davis Hanson writes, "After all, the military record is unquestioned—17 years of wars, perhaps six million Europeans dead, France bankrupt, her overseas colonies lost." McLynn notes that, "He can be viewed as the man who set back European economic life for a generation by the dislocating impact of his wars." However, Vincent Cronin replies that such criticism relies on the flawed premise that Napoleon was responsible for the wars which bear his name, when in fact France was the victim of a series of coalitions which aimed to destroy the ideals of the Revolution.

Q1: Which historian describes Napoleon's legacy in terms of years spent at war, numbers of European dead, and France's bankruptcy and loss of colonies?
A1: Victor Davis Hanson
Q2: Which historian views Napoleon's legacy as one of having set back the European economy for a generation through war?
A2: McLynn
Q3: Which historian counters criticism of Napoleon by suggesting that the wars he fought were the responsibility of enemies of the Revolution, rather than that of Napoleon?
A3: Vincent Cronin
Q4: How many years of wars does Victor Davis Hanson claim are part of Napoleon's military record?
A4: 17
Q5: Approximately how many Europeans dead does Victor Davis Hanson assert are part of Napoleon's military record?
A5: six million
Title: Muammar_Gaddafi
Topic: History

Critics labelled Gaddafi "despotic, cruel, arrogant, vain and stupid", with western governments and press presenting him as the "vicious dictator of an oppressed people". During the Reagan administration, the United States regarded him as "Public Enemy No. 1" and Reagan famously dubbed him the "mad dog of the Middle East". According to critics, the Libyan people lived in a climate of fear under Gaddafi's administration, due to his government's pervasive surveillance of civilians. Gaddafi's Libya was typically described by western commentators as "a police state". Opponents were critical of Libya's human rights abuses; according to Human Rights Watch (HRW) and others, hundreds of arrested political opponents often failed to receive a fair trial, and were sometimes subjected to torture or extrajudicial execution, most notably in the Abu Salim prison, including an alleged massacre on 29 June 1996 in which HRW estimated that 1,270 prisoners were massacred. Dissidents abroad or "stray dogs" were also publicly threatened with death and sometimes killed by government hit squads. His government's treatment of non-Arab Libyans has also came in for criticism from human rights activists, with native Berbers, Italians, Jews, refugees, and foreign workers all facing persecution in Gaddafist Libya. According to journalist Annick Cojean and psychologist Seham Sergewa, Gaddafi and senior officials raped and imprisoned hundreds or thousands of young women and reportedly raped several of his female bodyguards. Gaddafi's government was frequently criticized for not being democratic, with Freedom House consistently giving Libya under Gaddafi the "Not Free" ranking for civil liberties and political rights.

Q1: What did Reagan call Gaddafi?
A1: mad dog of the Middle East
Q2: According to Human Rights Watch, how many prisoners were killed on June 29, 1996?
A2: 1,270
Q3: Under Gaddafi, how did Freedom House rate Libya?
A3: Not Free
Q4: What did Gaddafi call Libya dissidents based outside the country?
A4: stray dogs
Q5: At what prison did extrajudicial executions occur according to HRW?
A5: Abu Salim
Title: Black_people
Topic: Language and literature

Critics note that people of color have limited media visibility. The Brazilian media has been accused of hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations. For example, the telenovelas or soaps are criticized for featuring actors who resemble northern Europeans rather than actors of the more prevalent Southern European features) and light-skinned mulatto and mestizo appearance. (Pardos may achieve "white" status if they have attained the middle-class or higher social status).

Q1: What do critics claim people of color have?
A1: limited media visibility
Q2: What has the Brazilian media been accused of?
A2: hiding or overlooking the nation's Black, Indigenous, Multiracial and East Asian populations.
Q3: What ethnicity of actors are mainly used for shows in Brazil?
A3: northern Europeans
Q4: What is another word for "Light Skinned"
A4: mulatto
Title: Comcast
Topic: Geography and places

Critics noted in 2013 that Tom Wheeler, the head of the FCC, which has to approve the deal, is the former head of both the largest cable lobbying organization, the National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association. According to Politico, Comcast "donated to almost every member of Congress who has a hand in regulating it." The US Senate Judiciary Committee held a hearing on the deal on April 9, 2014. The House Judiciary Committee planned its own hearing. On March 6, 2014 the United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division confirmed it was investigating the deal. In March 2014, the division's chairman, William Baer, recused himself because he was involved in a prior Comcast NBCUniversal acquisition. Several states' attorneys general have announced support for the federal investigation. On April 24, 2015, Jonathan Sallet, general counsel of the F.C.C., said that he was going to recommend a hearing before an administrative law judge, equivalent to a collapse of the deal.

Q1: Who was the head of the FCC at the time of Comcast's proposed purchase of Time Warner Cable?
A1: Tom Wheeler
Q2: What two organizations had Wheeler headed prior to joining the FCC?
A2: National Cable & Telecommunications Association, and as largest wireless lobby, CTIA – The Wireless Association
Q3: What Senate group held hearings on the purchase?
A3: US Senate Judiciary Committee
Q4: What group sought to investigate the purchase on anti-trust grounds?
A4: United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division
Q5: Who was the general counsel of the FCC in 2015?
A5: Jonathan Sallet
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Critics of the Aeneid focus on a variety of issues. The tone of the poem as a whole is a particular matter of debate; some see the poem as ultimately pessimistic and politically subversive to the Augustan regime, while others view it as a celebration of the new imperial dynasty. Virgil makes use of the symbolism of the Augustan regime, and some scholars see strong associations between Augustus and Aeneas, the one as founder and the other as re-founder of Rome. A strong teleology, or drive towards a climax, has been detected in the poem. The Aeneid is full of prophecies about the future of Rome, the deeds of Augustus, his ancestors, and famous Romans, and the Carthaginian Wars; the shield of Aeneas even depicts Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Cleopatra VII in 31 BC. A further focus of study is the character of Aeneas. As the protagonist of the poem, Aeneas seems to waver constantly between his emotions and commitment to his prophetic duty to found Rome; critics note the breakdown of Aeneas' emotional control in the last sections of the poem where the "pious" and "righteous" Aeneas mercilessly slaughters Turnus.

Q1: When did Augustus' victory at Actium against Mark Antony and Ceopatra VII occur?
A1: 31 BC
Q2: Who is the protagonist of the Aeneid?
A2: Aeneas
Q3: Who is mercilessly slaughtered by Aeneas?
A3: Turnus
Q4: Who is the founder of Rome which some scholars see strong associations with Aeneas?
A4: Augustus
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Critics of the modern concept of the "separation of church and state" argue that it is untethered to anything in the text of the constitution and is contrary to the conception of the phrase as the Founding Fathers understood it. Philip Hamburger, Columbia Law school professor and prominent critic of the modern understanding of the concept, maintains that the modern concept, which deviates from the constitutional establishment clause jurisprudence, is rooted in American anti-Catholicism and Nativism.[citation needed] Briefs before the Supreme Court, including by the U.S. government, have argued that some state constitutional amendments relating to the modern conception of separation of church and state (Blaine Amendments) were motivated by and intended to enact anti-Catholicism.

Q1: What do critics of the concept of separation of church and state argue it's untethered to?
A1: anything in the text of the constitution
Q2: What is the profession of Philip Hamburger?
A2: professor
Q3: What school is Philip Hamburger associated with?
A3: Columbia Law school
Q4: What does Hamburger feel the modern concept of separation of church and state is rooted in?
A4: American anti-Catholicism
Q5: What are state constitutional amendments relating to separation of church and state known as?
A5: Blaine Amendments
Title: The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)
Topic: History

Critics stated that both The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection, which the critics viewed as unethical politicisation of a medical issue. Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story; he stated that while he thought that gay people were more at risk of developing AIDS it was still wrong to imply that no one else could catch the disease. The Press Council condemned The Sun for committing what it called a "gross distortion". The Sun later ran an apology, which they ran on Page 28. Journalist David Randall argued in the textbook The Universal Journalist that The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history, putting its own readers in harm's way.

Q1: What did critics believe about The Sun and Lord Kilbracken's ideas on AIDS?
A1: The Sun and Lord Kilbracken cherry-picked the results from one specific study while ignoring other data reports on HIV infection and not just AIDS infection
Q2: What did Lord Kilbracken think of The Sun's editorial?
A2: Lord Kilbracken himself criticised The Sun's editorial and the headline of its news story
Q3: Who criticized The Sun for its reporting on AIDS and HIV?
A3: The Press Council
Q4: What did David Randall say about the Sun's AIDS story?
A4: The Sun's story was one of the worst cases of journalistic malpractice in recent history
Q5: In what textbook did David Randall write his opinion?
A5: The Universal Journalist
Title: Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%9308
Topic: History

Critics such as economist Paul Krugman and U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner have argued that the regulatory framework did not keep pace with financial innovation, such as the increasing importance of the shadow banking system, derivatives and off-balance sheet financing. A recent OECD study suggest that bank regulation based on the Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices and contributed to or even reinforced the financial crisis. In other cases, laws were changed or enforcement weakened in parts of the financial system. Key examples include:

Q1: What economist believed that regulations did not keep up with financial innovation?
A1: Paul Krugman
Q2: Who was the U.S. Treasury Secretary dealing with the aftermath of the financial crisis of 2007?
A2: Timothy Geithner
Q3: Which group's study suggested that Basel accords encourage unconventional business practices?
A3: OECD
Q4: It has been argued that what did not keep up with financial innovation?
A4: regulatory framework
Q5: What accords possibly contributed to or reinforced the financial crisis?
A5: Basel
Title: Comics
Topic: Language and literature

Cross-cultural study of comics is complicated by the great difference in meaning and scope of the words for "comics" in different languages. The French term for comics, bandes dessinées ("drawn strip") emphasizes the juxtaposition of drawn images as a defining factor, which can imply the exclusion of even photographic comics. The term manga is used in Japanese to indicate all forms of comics, cartooning, and caricature.

Q1: What word is used in France for comics?
A1: bandes dessinées
Q2: What word is used in Japan for comics?
A2: manga
Q3: What does bandes dessinées mean?
A3: drawn strip
Q4: What is the definitive factor of bandes dessinées?
A4: drawn images
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Crossing the Italian-Austrian border, the Brenner Pass separates the Ötztal Alps and Zillertal Alps and has been in use as a trading route since the 14th century. The lowest of the Alpine passes at 985 m (3,232 ft), the Semmering crosses from Lower Austria to Styria; since the 12th century when a hospice was built there it has seen continuous use. A railroad with a tunnel 1 mile (1.6 km) long was built along the route of the pass in the mid-19th century. With a summit of 2,469 m (8,100 ft), the Great St. Bernard Pass is one of the highest in the Alps, crossing the Italian-Swiss border east of the Pennine Alps along the flanks of Mont Blanc. The pass was used by Napoleon Bonaparte to cross 40,000 troops in 1800. The Saint Gotthard Pass crosses from Central Switzerland to Ticino; in the late 19th century the 14 km (9 mi) long Saint Gotthard Tunnel was built connecting Lucerne in Switzerland, with Milan in Italy. The Mont Cenis pass has been a major commercial road between Western Europe and Italy. Now the pass has been supplanted by the Fréjus Road and Rail tunnel. At 2,756 m (9,042 ft), the Stelvio Pass in northern Italy is one of the highest of the Alpine passes; the road was built in the 1820s. The highest pass in the alps is the col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France) at 2,770 m (9,088 ft).

Q1: What seperates the Otztal Alps and Zillertal Alps?
A1: the Brenner Pass
Q2: How long has the Brenner Pass been used as a trading route? 
A2: since the 14th century
Q3: The lowest of the Alpine passes at what elevation? 
A3: 985 m (3,232 ft)
Q4: Who crossed the Great St. Bernard Pass with 40,000 troops? 
A4: Napoleon Bonaparte
Q5: Where is the highest point in the alps located? 
A5: col de l'Iseran in Savoy (France)
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

Crystal Bowersox, who has Type-I diabetes, fell ill due to diabetic ketoacidosis on the morning of the girls performance night for the top 20 week and was hospitalized. The schedule was rearranged so the boys performed first and she could perform the following night instead; she later revealed that Ken Warwick, the show producer, wanted to disqualify her but she begged to be allowed to stay on the show.

Q1: Which contestant had to go to the hospital during the week of the top 20?
A1: Crystal Bowersox
Q2: What producer wanted to remove Crystal Bowersox from the competition?
A2: Ken Warwick
Q3: Why was Crystal Bowersox in the hospital during the week of the top 20 on American Idol?
A3: diabetic ketoacidosis
Q4: Which contestant had Type-I diabetes?
A4: Crystal Bowersox
Q5: When was Crystal hospitalized?
A5: top 20 week
Q6: What was changed so she could still qualify?
A6: The schedule
Q7: Who did Bowersox later reveal wanted her to be disqualified?
A7: Ken Warwick
Q8: What role does Warwick have on the show?
A8: producer
Title: 51st_state
Topic: Language and literature

Cuba, like many Spanish territories, wanted to break free from Spain. A pro-independence movement in Cuba was supported by the U.S., and Cuban guerrilla leaders wanted annexation to the United States, but Cuban revolutionary leader José Martí called for Cuban nationhood. When the U.S. battleship Maine sank in Havana Harbor, the U.S. blamed Spain and the Spanish–American War broke out in 1898. After the U.S. won, Spain relinquished claim of sovereignty over territories, including Cuba. The U.S. administered Cuba as a protectorate until 1902. Several decades later in 1959, the corrupt Cuban government of U.S.-backed Fulgencio Batista was overthrown by Fidel Castro. Castro installed a Marxist–Leninist government allied with the Soviet Union, which has been in power ever since.

Q1: What country was Cuba a territory of?
A1: Spain
Q2: What battleship sunk in the Havana Harbor?
A2: Maine
Q3: When did Fidel Castro overthrow the Cuban government?
A3: 1959
Q4: What government did Castro install?
A4: Marxist–Leninist government
Title: Miami
Topic: Geography and places

Cuban immigrants in the 1960s brought the Cuban sandwich, medianoche, Cuban espresso, and croquetas, all of which have grown in popularity to all Miamians, and have become symbols of the city's varied cuisine. Today, these are part of the local culture, and can be found throughout the city in window cafés, particularly outside of supermarkets and restaurants. Restaurants such as Versailles restaurant in Little Havana is a landmark eatery of Miami. Located on the Atlantic Ocean, and with a long history as a seaport, Miami is also known for its seafood, with many seafood restaurants located along the Miami River, and in and around Biscayne Bay. Miami is also the home of restaurant chains such as Burger King, Tony Roma's and Benihana.

Q1: What is a notable restaurant in Little Havana?
A1: Versailles
Q2: Along with Benihana and Burger King, what chain restaurant is headquartered in Miami?
A2: Tony Roma's
Q3: In what decade did Cuban immigrants introduce their cuisine to Miami?
A3: 1960s
Q4: What ocean is Miami adjacent to?
A4: Atlantic
Q5: Along with the Miami River, near what body of water are Miami seafood restaurants notably located?
A5: Biscayne Bay
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

Cubism and modern European art was introduced into the United States at the now legendary 1913 Armory Show in New York City, which then traveled to Chicago and Boston. In the Armory show Pablo Picasso exhibited La Femme au pot de moutarde (1910), the sculpture Head of a Woman (Fernande) (1909–10), Les Arbres (1907) amongst other cubist works. Jacques Villon exhibited seven important and large drypoints, his brother Marcel Duchamp shocked the American public with his painting Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (1912). Francis Picabia exhibited his abstractions La Danse à la source and La Procession, Seville (both of 1912). Albert Gleizes exhibited La Femme aux phlox (1910) and L'Homme au balcon (1912), two highly stylized and faceted cubist works. Georges Braque, Fernand Léger, Raymond Duchamp-Villon, Roger de La Fresnaye and Alexander Archipenko also contributed examples of their cubist works.

Q1: What was the name of the show that introduced Cubism to the USA?
A1: Armory Show
Q2: In what city did the show that introduced Cubism to the USA take place? 
A2: New York City
Q3: Which 1907 piece did Picasso present in the show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
A3: Les Arbres
Q4: What 1910 piece did Albert Gleizes present in that show that introduced Cubism to the USA? 
A4: La Femme aux phlox
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

Cubism began between 1907 and 1911. Pablo Picasso's 1907 painting Les Demoiselles d'Avignon has often been considered a proto-Cubist work. Georges Braque's 1908 Houses at L’Estaque (and related works) prompted the critic Louis Vauxcelles to refer to bizarreries cubiques (cubic oddities). Gertrude Stein referred to landscapes made by Picasso in 1909, such as Reservoir at Horta de Ebro, as the first Cubist paintings. The first organized group exhibition by Cubists took place at the Salon des Indépendants in Paris during the spring of 1911 in a room called 'Salle 41'; it included works by Jean Metzinger, Albert Gleizes, Fernand Léger, Robert Delaunay and Henri Le Fauconnier, yet no works by Picasso or Braque were exhibited.

Q1: Between what years did cubism begin? 
A1: 1907 and 1911
Q2: In the spring of what year did the first organized exhibition by cubist appear?
A2: 1911
Q3: What was the name of the room that the first exhibition of Cubists took place?
A3: Salle 41
Q4: Who mentioned the landscapes made by Picasso in the first Cubist paintings? 
A4: Gertrude Stein
Q5: In what city did the first exhibition of Cubists take place?
A5: Paris
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

Cubism formed an important link between early-20th-century art and architecture. The historical, theoretical, and socio-political relationships between avant-garde practices in painting, sculpture and architecture had early ramifications in France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia. Though there are many points of intersection between Cubism and architecture, only a few direct links between them can be drawn. Most often the connections are made by reference to shared formal characteristics: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.

Q1: What two things did Cubism in the early 20th century form an important link between?
A1: art and architecture.
Q2: What are the four formal characteristics that are usually connected with Cubism?
A2: faceting of form, spatial ambiguity, transparency, and multiplicity.
Q3: In which four countries were the impacts of avant garde art particularly strong?
A3: France, Germany, the Netherlands and Czechoslovakia
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

Cubism was relevant to an architecture seeking a style that needed not refer to the past. Thus, what had become a revolution in both painting and sculpture was applied as part of "a profound reorientation towards a changed world". The Cubo-Futurist ideas of Filippo Tommaso Marinetti influenced attitudes in avant-garde architecture. The influential De Stijl movement embraced the aesthetic principles of Neo-plasticism developed by Piet Mondrian under the influence of Cubism in Paris. De Stijl was also linked by Gino Severini to Cubist theory through the writings of Albert Gleizes. However, the linking of basic geometric forms with inherent beauty and ease of industrial application—which had been prefigured by Marcel Duchamp from 1914—was left to the founders of Purism, Amédée Ozenfant and Charles-Édouard Jeanneret (better known as Le Corbusier,) who exhibited paintings together in Paris and published Après le cubisme in 1918. Le Corbusier's ambition had been to translate the properties of his own style of Cubism to architecture. Between 1918 and 1922, Le Corbusier concentrated his efforts on Purist theory and painting. In 1922, Le Corbusier and his cousin Jeanneret opened a studio in Paris at 35 rue de Sèvres. His theoretical studies soon advanced into many different architectural projects.

Q1: The ideas of which Cubo Futurist influenced the avant-garde in architecture?
A1: Filippo Tommaso Marinetti
Q2: The De Stijl movement took part in the aesthetic principles of what?
A2: Neo-plasticism
Q3: Who developed Neo Plasticism? 
A3: Piet Mondrian
Q4: Who linked De Stijl to Cubist theory? 
A4: Gino Severini
Q5: Who did Le Corbusier open his Paris studio with in 1922?
A5: his cousin Jeanneret
Title: Cubism
Topic: Art and architecture

Cubist sculpture developed in parallel to Cubist painting. During the autumn of 1909 Picasso sculpted Head of a Woman (Fernande) with positive features depicted by negative space and vice versa. According to Douglas Cooper: "The first true Cubist sculpture was Picasso's impressive Woman's Head, modeled in 1909–10, a counterpart in three dimensions to many similar analytical and faceted heads in his paintings at the time." These positive/negative reversals were ambitiously exploited by Alexander Archipenko in 1912–13, for example in Woman Walking. Joseph Csaky, after Archipenko, was the first sculptor in Paris to join the Cubists, with whom he exhibited from 1911 onwards. They were followed by Raymond Duchamp-Villon and then in 1914 by Jacques Lipchitz, Henri Laurens and Ossip Zadkine.

Q1: What was the name of the 1909 Cubist sculpture Picassos created?
A1: Head of a Woman
Q2: What Douglas Cooper call Picasso's 1909 Cubist sculpture?
A2: The first true Cubist sculpture
Q3: Which  Alexander Archipenko piece was similar to other Cubist scupltures of that time?
A3: Woman Walking
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

Cuisine aroused a cultural pride in the accumulated richness of a long and varied past. The gentleman gourmet, such as Yuan Mei, applied aesthetic standards to the art of cooking, eating, and appreciation of tea at a time when New World crops and products entered everyday life. The Suiyuan Shidan written by him, detailed the culinary esthetics and theory, along with a wide range of recipes from the ruling period of Qianlong during Qing Dynasty. The Manchu Han Imperial Feast originated at the court. Although this banquet was probably never common, it reflected an appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs. Nevertheless, culinary traditionalists such as Yuan Mei lambasted the opulent culinary rituals of the Manchu Han Imperial Feast, saying that it is cause in part by "...the vulgar habits of bad chefs" and that "Display this trite are useful only for welcoming new relations through one’s gates or when the boss comes to visit." (皆惡廚陋習。只可用之於新親上門，上司入境)

Q1: Who wrote the Suiyuan Shidan?
A1: Yuan Mei
Q2: What was the Suiyaun Shidan about?
A2: recipes
Q3: What was the Manchu Han Imperial Feast?
A3: appreciation by Han Chinese for Manchu culinary customs
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

Cultural and career issues in the U.S. Air Force have been cited as one of the reasons for the shortfall in needed UAV operators. In spite of an urgent need for UAVs or drones to provide round the clock coverage for American troops during the Iraq War, the USAF did not establish a new career field for piloting them until the last year of that war and in 2014 changed its RPA training syllabus again, in the face of large aircraft losses in training, and in response to a GAO report critical of handling of drone programs. Paul Scharre has reported that the cultural divide between the USAF and US Army has kept both services from adopting each other's drone handing innovations.

Q1: What is the reason for the shortage of UAV operators in the US Air Force?
A1: Cultural and career issues
Q2: During what war the the USAF establish a new career field for piloting UAVs and drones?
A2: Iraq War
Q3: Why did the USAF change its training methods on UAVs in 2014?
A3: large aircraft losses in training
Q4: What branch of the US Military does a cultural divide prevent the US Air Force from adopting their drone protocols?
A4: US Army
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Cultural barriers can also keep a person from telling someone they are in pain. Religious beliefs may prevent the individual from seeking help. They may feel certain pain treatment is against their religion. They may not report pain because they feel it is a sign that death is near. Many people fear the stigma of addiction and avoid pain treatment so as not to be prescribed potentially addicting drugs. Many Asians do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain and need help, believing the pain should be borne in silence, while other cultures feel they should report pain right away and get immediate relief. Gender can also be a factor in reporting pain. Sexual differences can be the result of social and cultural expectations, with women expected to be emotional and show pain and men stoic, keeping pain to themselves.

Q1: What kind of barriers can prevent a person from telling someone they're in pain?
A1: Cultural
Q2: How can religious beliefs contribute to a person remaining in pain?
A2: prevent the individual from seeking help
Q3: Some people may not report pain because they think it's a sign what is near?
A3: death
Q4: What do many people fear pain treatment will lead to?
A4: potentially addicting drugs
Q5: What is an issue of reporting pain specific to Asians?
A5: do not want to lose respect in society by admitting they are in pain