LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

However, several de facto standards for tag formats exist. As of 2010, the most widespread are ID3v1 and ID3v2, and the more recently introduced APEv2. These tags are normally embedded at the beginning or end of MP3 files, separate from the actual MP3 frame data. MP3 decoders either extract information from the tags, or just treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data.

Q1: Other than the ID3v1, which similar standard format for tag exists?
A1: ID3v2
Q2: What is the most recently introduced standard for tag formatting?
A2: APEv2
Q3: What is the second place in a file that tags are normally stored, with the first being at the beginning?
A3: end
Q4: What is important to note about where the tags are stored?
A4: separate from the actual MP3 frame data
Q5: If the MP3 decoders do not extract information from the tags, what do they do to them?
A5: treat them as ignorable, non-MP3 junk data
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups.

Q1: What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?
A1: the ways they wish to be referred to
Q2: What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?
A2: obsolete, inaccurate, or racist.
Q3: Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population?
A3: United States government
Q4: What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?
A4: none
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces
Topic: Warfare

However, since the end of the Cold War, as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has moved much of its defence focus "out of area", the Canadian military has also become more deeply engaged in international security operations in various other parts of the world – most notably in Afghanistan since 2002.

Q1: What Treaty is the CAF part of?
A1: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Q2: What type of operation is the Canadian Military involved in?
A2: international security operations
Q3: What country has the Canadian Military worked in the last years?
A3: Afghanistan
Q4: What year did the Canadian Military operation in Afghanistan start?
A4: 2002
Q5: Where is the current focus of the Canadian Military set?
A5: out of area
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

However, some scholars contest the idea of a Proto-Euphratean language or one substrate language. It has been suggested by them and others, that the Sumerian language was originally that of the hunter and fisher peoples, who lived in the marshland and the Eastern Arabia littoral region, and were part of the Arabian bifacial culture. Reliable historical records begin much later; there are none in Sumer of any kind that have been dated before Enmebaragesi (c. 26th century BC). Professor Juris Zarins believes the Sumerians were settled along the coast of Eastern Arabia, today's Persian Gulf region, before it flooded at the end of the Ice Age.

Q1: Some scholars contest that there was only one what?
A1: substrate language
Q2: Who do some scholars think the Sumerian language originally belonged to?
A2: hunter and fisher peoples
Q3: Where did the original Sumerians live?
A3: marshland
Q4: What culture did the peoples who would be called Sumerian have a part in?
A4: Arabian bifacial
Q5: When were the earliest historical records of Sumer?
A5: 26th century BC
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

However, the 18th century saw the European empires gradually expand across the world, as European states developed economies built on maritime trade. The dynasty was confronted with newly developing concepts of the international system and state to state relations. European trading posts expanded into territorial control in nearby India and on the islands that are now Indonesia. The Qing response, successful for a time, was in 1756 to establish the Canton System, which restricted maritime trade to that city and gave monopoly trading rights to private Chinese merchants. The British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company had long before been granted similar monopoly rights by their governments.

Q1: Which empires grew during the 18th century?
A1: European states
Q2: What were the economies of the European empires built on?
A2: maritime trade
Q3: What country near China did the Europeans first control?
A3: India
Q4: What was the only city the Chinese allowed the Europeans into to trade?
A4: Canton
Q5: Which two European companies traded in Canton?
A5: British East India Company and the Dutch East India Company
Title: Josip_Broz_Tito
Topic: History

However, the NSA's report was completely disproved by Croatian experts. The report failed to recognize that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje. The acute accent, present only in Croatian dialects, which Tito is perfectly pronouncing, is the strongest proof of Tito's belonging to Kajkavian dialect.

Q1: Experts from what country disproved the NSA's report?
A1: Croatian
Q2: What was the distinct local dialect Tito spoke?
A2: Zagorje
Q3: Croatian experts disproved the report from which group concerning Tito's ethnic origins?
A3: NSA
Q4: Tito's acute accent is present only in what type of dialects?
A4: Croatian
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, the Orthodox claim to absolute fidelity to past tradition has been challenged by scholars who contend that the Judaism of the Middle Ages bore little resemblance to that practiced by today's Orthodox. Rather, the Orthodox community, as a counterreaction to the liberalism of the Haskalah movement, began to embrace far more stringent halachic practices than their predecessors, most notably in matters of Kashrut and Passover dietary laws, where the strictest possible interpretation becomes a religious requirement, even where the Talmud explicitly prefers a more lenient position, and even where a more lenient position was practiced by prior generations.

Q1: what is the name of the movement of liberalism?
A1: Haskalah
Q2: what sometimes prefers a more lenient position on Dietray laws?
A2: Talmud
Q3: previous generations typically praciced a more lenient position in regard to what?
A3: dietary laws
Q4: What are dietary laws known as?
A4: halachic practices
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

However, the army was hopeless in battle against the western forces, particularly against the young Mahmud of Ghazni. In the year 1001, soon after Sultan Mahmud came to power and was occupied with the Qarakhanids north of the Hindu Kush, Jaipal attacked Ghazni once more and upon suffering yet another defeat by the powerful Ghaznavid forces, near present-day Peshawar. After the Battle of Peshawar, he committed suicide because his subjects thought he had brought disaster and disgrace to the Shahi dynasty.

Q1: In what year was Jaipal again soundly defeated by the Muslims?
A1: 1001
Q2: Where was the location of the Shahi defeat by the Muslims?
A2: Battle of Peshawar
Q3: What was Jaipal action after his last defeat?
A3: committed suicide
Q4: Upon what did Jaipal's subjects think he brought disaster?
A4: Shahi dynasty
Q5: Who was the ruler of Ghazni?
A5: Mahmud of Ghazni
Title: Military_history_of_the_United_States
Topic: History

However, the battle was one-sided almost from the beginning. The reasons for this are the subject of continuing study by military strategists and academics. There is general agreement that US technological superiority was a crucial factor but the speed and scale of the Iraqi collapse has also been attributed to poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale among Iraqi troops, which resulted from a history of incompetent leadership. After devastating initial strikes against Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities on 17 January 1991, coalition forces achieved total air superiority almost immediately. The Iraqi air force was destroyed within a few days, with some planes fleeing to Iran, where they were interned for the duration of the conflict. The overwhelming technological advantages of the US, such as stealth aircraft and infrared sights, quickly turned the air war into a "turkey shoot". The heat signature of any tank which started its engine made an easy target. Air defense radars were quickly destroyed by radar-seeking missiles fired from wild weasel aircraft. Grainy video clips, shot from the nose cameras of missiles as they aimed at impossibly small targets, were a staple of US news coverage and revealed to the world a new kind of war, compared by some to a video game. Over 6 weeks of relentless pounding by planes and helicopters, the Iraqi army was almost completely beaten but did not retreat, under orders from Iraqi President Saddam Hussein, and by the time the ground forces invaded on 24 February, many Iraqi troops quickly surrendered to forces much smaller than their own; in one instance, Iraqi forces attempted to surrender to a television camera crew that was advancing with coalition forces.

Q1: What is the main reason the US-led coalition won a decisive victory in the Persian Gulf War?
A1: US technological superiority
Q2: What faults in the Iraqi forces led to their rapid defeat?
A2: poor strategic and tactical leadership and low morale
Q3: US airstrikes on Iraqi air defenses and command and control facilities began when?
A3: on 17 January 1991
Q4: When did US ground forces attack Iraqi positions?
A4: 24 February
Q5: Who ordered Iraqi forces to hold their ground despite air bombardments?
A5: Iraqi President Saddam Hussein
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

However, the classification of madaris as "universities" is disputed on the question of understanding of each institution on its own terms. In madaris, the ijāzahs were only issued in one field, the Islamic religious law of sharīʻah, and in no other field of learning. Other academic subjects, including the natural sciences, philosophy and literary studies, were only treated "ancillary" to the study of the Sharia. For example, a natural science like astronomy was only studied (if at all) to supply religious needs, like the time for prayer. This is why Ptolemaic astronomy was considered adequate, and is still taught in some modern day madaris. The Islamic law undergraduate degree from al-Azhar, the most prestigious madrasa, was traditionally granted without final examinations, but on the basis of the students' attentive attendance to courses. In contrast to the medieval doctorate which was granted by the collective authority of the faculty, the Islamic degree was not granted by the teacher to the pupil based on any formal criteria, but remained a "personal matter, the sole prerogative of the person bestowing it; no one could force him to give one".

Q1: What field does the ijazah signify expertise in?
A1: Islamic religious law of sharīʻah
Q2: What was the purpose of studying natural sciences in madaris?
A2: supply religious needs
Q3: Who decided if a student earned a law degree in undergraduate madaris?
A3: the teacher
Q4: What scientific discipline is still taught in modern madaris?
A4: Ptolemaic astronomy
Q5: What is considered the most famous madrasa?
A5: al-Azhar
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

However, the collapsing Ottoman economy could not sustain the fleet's strength for too long. Sultan Abdülhamid II distrusted the admirals who sided with the reformist Midhat Pasha, and claimed that the large and expensive fleet was of no use against the Russians during the Russo-Turkish War. He locked most of the fleet inside the Golden Horn, where the ships decayed for the next 30 years. Following the Young Turk Revolution in 1908, the Committee of Union and Progress sought to develop a strong Ottoman naval force. The Ottoman Navy Foundation was established in 1910 to buy new ships through public donations.

Q1: Which sultan distrusted his admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
A1: Sultan Abdülhamid II
Q2: Who was the reformist that had the backing of Ottoman admirals during the Russo-Turkish war?
A2: Midhat Pasha
Q3: Where was the Ottoman fleet left to decay?
A3: the Golden Horn
Q4: When was the Young Turk Revolution?
A4: 1908
Q5: What Ottoman group wanted to form a stronger navy in the early 20th century?
A5: the Committee of Union and Progress
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, the crisis did not exist in a void; it came after a long series of diplomatic clashes between the Great Powers over European and colonial issues in the decade prior to 1914 which had left tensions high. The diplomatic clashes can be traced to changes in the balance of power in Europe since 1870. An example is the Baghdad Railway which was planned to connect the Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq. The railway became a source of international disputes during the years immediately preceding World War I. Although it has been argued that they were resolved in 1914 before the war began, it has also been argued that the railroad was a cause of the First World War. Fundamentally the war was sparked by tensions over territory in the Balkans. Austria-Hungary competed with Serbia and Russia for territory and influence in the region and they pulled the rest of the great powers into the conflict through their various alliances and treaties. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first captured Ottoman-held remaining part of Thessaly, Macedonia, Epirus, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils, with incorporation of Romania this time.

Q1: Where was the Baghdad Railway Suppose to connect?
A1: Ottoman Empire cities of Konya and Baghdad with a line through modern-day Turkey, Syria and Iraq
Q2: What fundamental cause started the war in 1914?
A2: tensions over territory in the Balkans.
Q3: Who did Austria-Hungary war with over territory?
A3: Serbia and Russia
Q4: Where did the Balkan wars take place?
A4: South-eastern Europe
Q5: Why did Albania fall out with Thessaly, Macedonia and Epirus?
A5: over the division of the spoils
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

However, the division of power as foreseen by the constitution soon resulted in legal impasses and discontent on both sides, and nationalist militants started training again, with the military support of Greece and Turkey respectively. The Greek Cypriot leadership believed that the rights given to Turkish Cypriots under the 1960 constitution were too extensive and designed the Akritas plan, which was aimed at reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots, persuading the international community about the correctness of the changes and violently subjugating Turkish Cypriots in a few days should they not accept the plan. Tensions were heightened when Cypriot President Archbishop Makarios III called for constitutional changes, which were rejected by Turkey and opposed by Turkish Cypriots.

Q1: National militants had the support of what two countries?
A1: Greece and Turkey
Q2: What was the goal of the Akritas plan?
A2: reforming the constitution in favour of Greek Cypriots
Q3: Which president called for constitutional changes?
A3: President Archbishop Makarios
Q4: Who rejected the constitutional changes proposed by President Archbishop Makarios?
A4: Turkey
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

However, the early Ming government enacted a law, later rescinded, which forbade Han Chinese to learn the tenets of Tibetan Buddhism. There is little detailed evidence of Chinese—especially lay Chinese—studying Tibetan Buddhism until the Republican era (1912–1949). Despite these missions on behalf of the Hongwu Emperor, Morris Rossabi writes that the Yongle Emperor (r. 1402–1424) "was the first Ming ruler actively to seek an extension of relations with Tibet."

Q1: Who created a law that did not allow Han Chinese to learn the beliefs of Tibetan Buddhism?
A1: Ming government
Q2: What years did the Yongle Emperor reign? 
A2: 1402–1424
Q3: Who worked towards obtaining a extension of relations with Tibet?
A3: the Yongle Emperor
Title: Identity_(social_science)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, the formation of one's identity occurs through one's identifications with significant others (primarily with parents and other individuals during one's biographical experiences, and also with "groups" as they are perceived). These others may be benign - such that one aspires to their characteristics, values and beliefs (a process of idealistic-identification), or malign - when one wishes to dissociate from their characteristics (a process of defensive contra-identification) (Weinreich & Saunderson 2003, Chapter 1, pp 54–61).

Q1: The formation of identity occurs through identifications with whom?
A1: significant others
Q2: What is it called when someone aspires to the characteristics of significant others?
A2: benign
Q3: What is it called when someone wants to dissociate from the characteristics of significant others?
A3: malign
Q4: Dissociating from the characteristics of significant others is a process of what?
A4: defensive contra-identification
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

However, the lifecycles of most living polychaetes, which are almost all marine animals, are unknown, and only about 25% of the 300+ species whose lifecycles are known follow this pattern. About 14% use a similar external fertilization but produce yolk-rich eggs, which reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton, or eggs from which miniature adults emerge rather than larvae. The rest care for the fertilized eggs until they hatch – some by producing jelly-covered masses of eggs which they tend, some by attaching the eggs to their bodies and a few species by keeping the eggs within their bodies until they hatch. These species use a variety of methods for sperm transfer; for example, in some the females collect sperm released into the water, while in others the males have a penis that inject sperm into the female. There is no guarantee that this is a representative sample of polychaetes' reproductive patterns, and it simply reflects scientists' current knowledge.

Q1: How many species of polychaetes have known lifecycles?
A1: about 25%
Q2: What percent of polychaetes produce yolk-rich eggs?
A2: 14%
Q3: What is the benefit of yolk-rich eggs?
A3: reduce the time the larva needs to spend among the plankton
Q4: What are most polychaetes' eggs covered in?
A4: jelly
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, the prime example of reference works that systematized scientific knowledge in the age of Enlightenment were universal encyclopedias rather than technical dictionaries. It was the goal of universal encyclopedias to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work. The most well-known of these works is Denis Diderot and Jean le Rond d'Alembert's Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers. The work, which began publication in 1751, was composed of thirty-five volumes and over 71 000 separate entries. A great number of the entries were dedicated to describing the sciences and crafts in detail, and provided intellectuals across Europe with a high-quality survey of human knowledge. In d'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot, the work's goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences is outlined:

Q1: What were the prime examples of reference works that systemasized scientific knowledge in the age oif Enlightenment?
A1: universal encyclopedias
Q2: What was the goal of universal encyclopedias?
A2: to record all human knowledge in a comprehensive reference work
Q3: Which universal encyclopedia began publication in 1751 and was composed of 35 volumes and over 71,000 seperate entries?
A3: Encyclopédie, ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers
Q4: In what work is the goal to record the extent of human knowledge in the arts and sciences outlined?
A4: Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot
Q5: Who wrote the Preliminary Discourse to the Encyclopedia of Diderot?
A5: d'Alembert's
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

However, the problem of deflection settings — 'aim-off' — required knowing the rate of change in the target's position. Both France and UK introduced tachymetric devices to track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles. The French Brocq system was electrical, the operator entered the target range and had displays at guns; it was used with their 75 mm. The British Wilson-Dalby gun director used a pair of trackers and mechanical tachymetry; the operator entered the fuse length, and deflection angles were read from the instruments.

Q1: What did the tachymetric devices do?
A1: track targets and produce vertical and horizontal deflection angles
Q2: Which system had electrical tracking?
A2: French Brocq
Q3: What gun was the French Brocq system used with?
A3: 75 mm
Q4: Which system used a pair of trackers?
A4: British Wilson-Dalby gun director
Q5: Deflection settings were also called what?
A5: aim-off
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, there is significant disagreement within Orthodox Judaism, particularly between Haredi Judaism and Modern Orthodox Judaism, about the extent and circumstances under which the proper application of Halakha should be re-examined as a result of changing realities. As a general rule, Haredi Jews believe that when at all possible the law should be maintained as it was understood by their authorities at the haskalah, believing that it had never changed. Modern Orthodox authorities are more willing to assume that under scrupulous examination, identical principles may lead to different applications in the context of modern life. To the Orthodox Jew, halakha is a guide, God's Law, governing the structure of daily life from the moment he or she wakes up to the moment he goes to sleep. It includes codes of behaviour applicable to a broad range of circumstances (and many hypothetical ones). There are though a number of halakhic meta-principles that guide the halakhic process and in an instance of opposition between a specific halakha and a meta-principle, the meta-principle often wins out . Examples of Halakhic Meta-Principles are: "Deracheha Darchei Noam" - the ways of Torah are pleasant, "Kavod Habriyot" - basic respect for human beings, "Pikuach Nefesh" - the sanctity of human life.

Q1: What do haredi Judaism and modern orthodox Judaism disagree about the application of?
A1: Halakha
Q2: what law is halakha to the Orthodox Jew?
A2: God's Law,
Q3: Basic respect for human beings is known as what?
A3: "Kavod Habriyot"
Q4: The sanctiy of human life is known as what?
A4: "Pikuach Nefesh"
Q5: What does halakha guide?
A5: structure of daily life
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

However, this was not always the case; in the early 20th century, once it became apparent that the "sport" was worked, pro wrestling was looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class — an attitude that still exists to varying degrees today. The French theorist Roland Barthes was among the first to propose that wrestling was worthy of deeper analysis, in his essay "The World of Wrestling" from his book Mythologies, first published in 1957. Barthes argued that it should be looked at not as a scamming of the ignorant, but as spectacle; a mode of theatric performance for a willing, if bloodthirsty, audience. Wrestling is described as performed art which demands an immediate reading of the juxtaposed meanings. The logical conclusion is given least importance over the theatrical performers of the wrestlers and the referee. According to Barthes, the function of a wrestler is not to win: it is to go exactly through the motions which are expected of them and to give the audience a theatrical spectacle. This work is considered a foundation of all later study.

Q1: What impact did the revelation of wrestling being "fixed" have?
A1: looked down on as a cheap entertainment for the uneducated working class
Q2: When was Roland Barthes book published?
A2: 1957
Q3: What did Barthes believe a wrestler give the audience?
A3: a theatrical spectacle
Q4: What was the name of Roland Barthes' essay?
A4: "The World of Wrestling"
Title: Alfred_North_Whitehead
Topic: Philosophy and religion

However, while Whitehead saw religion as beginning in solitariness, he also saw religion as necessarily expanding beyond the individual. In keeping with his process metaphysics in which relations are primary, he wrote that religion necessitates the realization of "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals." In other words, the universe is a community which makes itself whole through the relatedness of each individual entity to all the others – meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community. Whitehead writes further that each entity "can find no such value till it has merged its individual claim with that of the objective universe. Religion is world-loyalty. The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself." In this way the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent.

Q1: In what state did Whitehead believe religion began?
A1: solitariness
Q2: What realization did Whitehead believe religion made necessary?
A2: "the value of the objective world which is a community derivative from the interrelations of its component individuals."
Q3: What did Whitehead believe was necessary for an entity to have meaning and value?
A3: meaning and value do not exist for the individual alone, but only in the context of the universal community
Q4: How does Whitehead describe religion as world-loyalty?
A4: The spirit at once surrenders itself to this universal claim and appropriates it for itself
Q5: What did Whitehead believe was the relationship between the individual and social aspects of religion?
A5: the individual and universal/social aspects of religion are mutually dependent
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

However, with the Glorious Revolution of 1688 the Church of Scotland was finally unequivocally recognised as a Presbyterian institution by the monarch due to Scottish Presbyterian support for the aforementioned revolution and the Acts of Union 1707 between Scotland and England guaranteed the Church of Scotland's form of government. However, legislation by the United Kingdom parliament allowing patronage led to splits in the Church. In 1733, a group of ministers seceded from the Church of Scotland to form the Associate Presbytery, another group seceded in 1761 to form the Relief Church and the Disruption of 1843 led to the formation of the Free Church of Scotland. Further splits took place, especially over theological issues, but most Presbyterians in Scotland were reunited by 1929 union of the established Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland.

Q1: In what year was the Church of Scotland recognized as a Presbyterian institution by the moncarh?
A1: 1688
Q2: Which group was formed when ministries seceded from The Church of Scotland in 1733?
A2: Associate Presbytery
Q3: What year were most Presbyterians in Scotland reunited?
A3: 1929
Q4: Which two groups were involved in the reuniting of Scotland's Presbyterian churches?
A4: Church of Scotland and the United Free Church of Scotland
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Howison's personal idealism  was also called "California Personalism" by others to distinguish it from the "Boston Personalism" which was of Bowne. Howison maintained that both impersonal, monistic idealism and materialism run contrary to the experience of moral freedom. To deny freedom to pursue truth, beauty, and "benignant love" is to undermine every profound human venture, including science, morality, and philosophy. Personalistic idealists Borden Parker Bowne and Edgar S. Brightman and realistic personal theist Saint Thomas Aquinas address a core issue, namely that of dependence upon an infinite personal God.

Q1: Who was an exponent of so-called "Boston Personalism"?
A1: Bowne
Q2: What was the term given to the personal idealism of Howison?
A2: California Personalism
Q3: Who is a notable realistic personal theist?
A3: Saint Thomas Aquinas
Q4: What issue do both Aquinas and Brightman discuss?
A4: dependence upon an infinite personal God
Q5: What sort of freedom did Howison believe was incompatible with materialism?
A5: moral
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Human interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, as the high alpine meadows cease to be harvested for hay or used for grazing which eventually might result in a regrowth of forest. In some areas the modern practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed the underlying tundra from which the plant life cannot recover during the non-skiing months, whereas areas that still practice a natural piste type of ski slope building preserve the fragile underlayers.

Q1: What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas?
A1: Human interference
Q2: What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries?
A2: forests of deciduous trees
Q3: What has changed since the second half of the 20th century?
A3: The vegetation
Q4: The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what?
A4: the underlying tundra
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Human sacrifice in ancient Rome was rare but documented. After the Roman defeat at Cannae two Gauls and two Greeks were buried under the Forum Boarium, in a stone chamber "which had on a previous occasion [228 BC] also been polluted by human victims, a practice most repulsive to Roman feelings". Livy avoids the word "sacrifice" in connection with this bloodless human life-offering; Plutarch does not. The rite was apparently repeated in 113 BC, preparatory to an invasion of Gaul. Its religious dimensions and purpose remain uncertain.

Q1: What type of sacrifice was rare in Rome?
A1: Human
Q2: What act was repulsive to Romans?
A2: Human sacrifice
Q3: How were sacrifices of humans carried out in Rome?
A3: buried
Q4: Before the invasion of what area was human sacrifice carried out?
A4: Gaul
Q5: When was the invasion of Gaul by Rome?
A5: 113 BC
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations.

Q1: What did human settlement of the New World occur in?
A1: stages
Q2: How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?
A2: 15,000 to 20,000-year
Q3: What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?
A3: isolated since the initial colonization of the region
Q4: What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?
A4: Alaskan
Q5: What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?
A5: later migrant populations
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings, individually and collectively, and generally prefers critical thinking and evidence (rationalism, empiricism) over acceptance of dogma or superstition. The meaning of the term humanism has fluctuated according to the successive intellectual movements which have identified with it. Generally, however, humanism refers to a perspective that affirms some notion of human freedom and progress. In modern times, humanist movements are typically aligned with secularism, and today humanism typically refers to a non-theistic life stance centred on human agency and looking to science rather than revelation from a supernatural source to understand the world.

Q1: What can be seen as of essential importance to a practiced of humanism?
A1: human beings
Q2: What is a common tenant of humanism?
A2: freedom and progress
Q3: These days humanism could be viewed as a form of what?
A3: secularism
Q4:  What can be credited for the changes in the definition of humanism? 
A4: intellectual movements
Q5: Instead of turning to a spiritual or divine source practicers of humanism turn to what?
A5: science
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Humanistic psychology is a psychological perspective which rose to prominence in the mid-20th century in response to Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory and B. F. Skinner's Behaviorism. The approach emphasizes an individual's inherent drive towards self-actualization and creativity. Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow introduced a positive, humanistic psychology in response to what they viewed as the overly pessimistic view of psychoanalysis in the early 1960s. Other sources include the philosophies of existentialism and phenomenology.

Q1: Who wotked with Carl Rogers on humanistic phycology?
A1: Abraham Maslow
Q2: What is human phycology?
A2: psychological perspective
Q3: In what century did humanistic phycology rise in prominence?
A3: 20th century
Q4: They introduced it in response to what?
A4: psychoanalysis
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Humanists reacted against this utilitarian approach and the narrow pedantry associated with it. They sought to create a citizenry (frequently including women) able to speak and write with eloquence and clarity and thus capable of engaging the civic life of their communities and persuading others to virtuous and prudent actions. This was to be accomplished through the study of the studia humanitatis, today known as the humanities: grammar, rhetoric, history, poetry and moral philosophy. As a program to revive the cultural – and particularly the literary – legacy and moral philosophy of classical antiquity, Humanism was a pervasive cultural mode and not the program of a few isolated geniuses like Rabelais or Erasmus as is still sometimes popularly believed.

Q1: What was it about the utilitatian beliefs that humanism believers did not like?
A1: narrow pedantry
Q2: What group that had been to this point neglected was included in this thought?
A2: women
Q3: What foundation of study allowed for the accomplishment of the goal of a scholarly people?
A3: humanities
Q4: Was the humanism of the time limited to scholars?
A4: pervasive cultural mode
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

Humanitarian Assistance Operations are "programs conducted to relieve or reduce the results of natural or manmade disasters or other endemic conditions such as human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life or that can result in great damage to or loss of property. Humanitarian assistance provided by US forces is limited in scope and duration. The assistance provided is designed to supplement or complement the efforts of the host nation civil authorities or agencies that may have the primary responsibility for providing humanitarian assistance" (JP 1-02).

Q1: What are programs that are designed to help with natural or manmade disaters? 
A1: Humanitarian Assistance Operations
Q2: What kinds of endemic conditions do the Human Assistance Operations entail? 
A2: human pain, disease, hunger, or privation that might present a serious threat to life
Q3: What kind of Humanitarian assistance is supplied by the US Forces?
A3: limited
Q4: Who is the Humanitarian support intended to help? 
A4: host nation civil authorities or agencies
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

Humans and animals exposed to vacuum will lose consciousness after a few seconds and die of hypoxia within minutes, but the symptoms are not nearly as graphic as commonly depicted in media and popular culture. The reduction in pressure lowers the temperature at which blood and other body fluids boil, but the elastic pressure of blood vessels ensures that this boiling point remains above the internal body temperature of 37 °C. Although the blood will not boil, the formation of gas bubbles in bodily fluids at reduced pressures, known as ebullism, is still a concern. The gas may bloat the body to twice its normal size and slow circulation, but tissues are elastic and porous enough to prevent rupture. Swelling and ebullism can be restrained by containment in a flight suit. Shuttle astronauts wore a fitted elastic garment called the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS) which prevents ebullism at pressures as low as 2 kPa (15 Torr). Rapid boiling will cool the skin and create frost, particularly in the mouth, but this is not a significant hazard.

Q1: When will a person or animal lose consciousness  when exposed to a vacuum?
A1: after a few seconds
Q2: A shuttle astronauts prevents ebullism at 2 kPa with what item?
A2: the Crew Altitude Protection Suit (CAPS)
Q3: What is the forming of gas bubbles in body fluids at a lowered pressure called?
A3: ebullism
Q4: What prevents body rupture at low altitude when human body is bloated by gas bubbles?
A4: tissues are elastic and porous
Title: Clothing
Topic: Natural sciences

Humans have shown extreme inventiveness in devising clothing solutions to environmental hazards. Examples include: space suits, air conditioned clothing, armor, diving suits, swimsuits, bee-keeper gear, motorcycle leathers, high-visibility clothing, and other pieces of protective clothing. Meanwhile, the distinction between clothing and protective equipment is not always clear-cut—since clothes designed to be fashionable often have protective value and clothes designed for function often consider fashion in their design. Wearing clothes also has social implications. They cover parts of the body that social norms require to be covered, act as a form of adornment, and serve other social purposes.

Q1: What animal has shown extreme inventiveness in the clothing it has devised?
A1: Humans
Q2: What are space suits an example of a solution to? 
A2: environmental hazards
Q3: What type of implication might a certain type of clothing have?
A3: social
Q4: What value may clothing designed to be fashionable also have?
A4: protective
Q5: Why are some parts of the body covered?
A5: social norms
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Humans regard certain insects as pests, and attempt to control them using insecticides and a host of other techniques. Some insects damage crops by feeding on sap, leaves or fruits. A few parasitic species are pathogenic. Some insects perform complex ecological roles; blow-flies, for example, help consume carrion but also spread diseases. Insect pollinators are essential to the life-cycle of many flowering plant species on which most organisms, including humans, are at least partly dependent; without them, the terrestrial portion of the biosphere (including humans) would be devastated. Many other insects are considered ecologically beneficial as predators and a few provide direct economic benefit. Silkworms and bees have been used extensively by humans for the production of silk and honey, respectively. In some cultures, people eat the larvae or adults of certain insects.

Q1: By what method do humans often try to control the spread of insects?
A1: insecticides
Q2: What portion of the biosphere would be devastated absent the complex pollination role of insects?
A2: terrestrial
Q3: What insect provides a tangible economic benefit via the production of silk?
A3: Silkworms
Q4: What insect is known to consume carrion?
A4: blow-flies
Q5: Humans consider most insects as what?
A5: pests
Q6: Humans can control insects using what?
A6: insecticides
Q7: Insects have the potential to damage what?
A7: crops
Q8: Insects can damage crops by feeing on sap, fruits, or what?
A8: leaves
Q9: Silkworms are used by humans for producing what?
A9: silk
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

Humans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression "three dog night" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.

Q1: What did dogs clean up to help with keeping habitations of people clean?
A1: food scraps.
Q2: What do Australian aborigines call a frigid night? 
A2: three dog night
Q3: What did a dog's good hearing help humans with?
A3: early warning.
Q4: How could dogs have helped with sanitation issues in camps?
A4: cleaning up food scraps
Q5: What is the Australian Aboriginal expression that indicates a very cold night?
A5: three dog night
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Humbert is at the center of ascetic writers in the Dominican Order. In this role, he added significantly to its spirituality. His writings are permeated with "religious good sense," and he used uncomplicated language that could edify even the weakest member. Humbert advised his readers, "[Young Dominicans] are also to be instructed not to be eager to see visions or work miracles, since these avail little to salvation, and sometimes we are fooled by them; but rather they should be eager to do good in which salvation consists. Also, they should be taught not to be sad if they do not enjoy the divine consolations they hear others have; but they should know the loving Father for some reason sometimes withholds these. Again, they should learn that if they lack the grace of compunction or devotion they should not think they are not in the state of grace as long as they have good will, which is all that God regards".

Q1: What did Humbert use to teach even weak members of the Dominican Order?
A1: uncomplicated language
Q2: What did Humbert tell Dominican students to not concentrate on?
A2: miracles
Q3: According to Humbert, what is all that God regards?
A3: good will
Q4: What did Humbert instruct the students not to be?
A4: sad
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Humbert of Romans, the master general of the order from 1254 to 1263, was a great administrator, as well as preacher and writer. It was under his tenure as master general that the sisters in the order were given official membership. Humbert was a great lover of languages, and encouraged linguistic studies among the Dominicans, primarily Arabic, because of the missionary work friars were pursuing amongst those led astray or forced to convert by Muslims in the Middle East. He also wanted his friars to reach excellence in their preaching, and this was his most lasting contribution to the order. The growth of the spirituality of young preachers was his first priority. He once cried to his students: "... consider how excellent this office [of preaching] is, because it is apostolic; how useful, because it is directly ordained for the salvation of souls; how perilous, because few have in them, or perform, what the office requires, for it is not without great danger ... , vol. xxv. (Lyon, 1677)

Q1: Who was the Master general of the Dominican Order during the mid 1200s?
A1: Humbert of Romans
Q2: What years was Humbert of Rome the Master General?
A2: 1254 to 1263
Q3: What did Humbert do that was very significant during his time as Master general?
A3: the sisters in the order were given official membership
Q4: What did subject did Humbert love very much?
A4: languages
Q5: What language did Humbert want the Dominican Order members to learn?
A5: Arabic
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Humboldtian science refers to the early 19th century approach of combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals. It helped to install natural history as a separate field, gave base for ecology and was based on the role model of scientist, naturalist and explorer Alexander von Humboldt. The later 19th century positivism asserted that all authentic knowledge allows verification and that all authentic knowledge assumes that the only valid knowledge is scientific.

Q1: What did Humboldtian science aim to do?
A1: combining scientific field work with the age of Romanticism sensitivity, ethics and aesthetic ideals
Q2: Who was the model for Humboldtian science?
A2: Alexander von Humboldt
Q3: What idea did positivism provide?
A3: the only valid knowledge is scientific
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Hume and other Scottish Enlightenment thinkers developed a 'science of man', which was expressed historically in works by authors including James Burnett, Adam Ferguson, John Millar, and William Robertson, all of whom merged a scientific study of how humans behaved in ancient and primitive cultures with a strong awareness of the determining forces of modernity. Modern sociology largely originated from this movement, and Hume's philosophical concepts that directly influenced James Madison (and thus the U.S. Constitution) and as popularised by Dugald Stewart, would be the basis of classical liberalism.

Q1: The basis of classical liberalism comes from whose philosophical concepts?
A1: Hume
Q2: Whose philosophical concepts directly influenceed James Madison and thus the U.S. Constitution?
A2: Hume
Q3: Who popularised Hume's philosophical concepts?
A3: Dugald Stewart
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Hume divided all of human knowledge into two categories: relations of ideas and matters of fact (see also Kant's analytic-synthetic distinction). Mathematical and logical propositions (e.g. "that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the two sides") are examples of the first, while propositions involving some contingent observation of the world (e.g. "the sun rises in the East") are examples of the second. All of people's "ideas", in turn, are derived from their "impressions". For Hume, an "impression" corresponds roughly with what we call a sensation. To remember or to imagine such impressions is to have an "idea". Ideas are therefore the faint copies of sensations.

Q1: What types of human knowledge did Hume say there are?
A1: relations of ideas and matters of fact
Q2: What type of human knowledge is math?
A2: relations of ideas
Q3: What type of human knowledge is observing the world?
A3: matters of fact
Q4: What type of human knowledge is "the sun rises in the East"?
A4: matters of fact
Q5: Where did Hume say people's ideas come from?
A5: their "impressions"