LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

The first British patent for the use of asphalt/bitumen was 'Cassell's patent asphalte or bitumen' in 1834. Then on 25 November 1837, Richard Tappin Claridge patented the use of Seyssel asphalt (patent #7849), for use in asphalte pavement, having seen it employed in France and Belgium when visiting with Frederick Walter Simms, who worked with him on the introduction of asphalt to Britain. Dr T. Lamb Phipson writes that his father, Samuel Ryland Phipson, a friend of Claridge, was also "instrumental in introducing the asphalte pavement (in 1836)". Indeed, mastic pavements had been previously employed at Vauxhall by a competitor of Claridge, but without success.

Q1: When was the first British patent for the use of bitumen?
A1: 1834
Q2: When did Richard Tappin Claridge patent asphalt for use in pavement?
A2: 25 November 1837
Q3: Where had Claridge previously seen asphalt used as pavement?
A3: France and Belgium
Q4: What type of pavement techniques had already been tried by a competitor of Claridge?
A4: mastic
Q5: What friend of Claridge's was helpful in introducing asphalt for use in pavements?
A5: Samuel Ryland Phipson
Title: Tennessee
Topic: Geography and places

The first British settlement in what is now Tennessee was built in 1756 by settlers from the colony of South Carolina at Fort Loudoun, near present-day Vonore. Fort Loudoun became the westernmost British outpost to that date. The fort was designed by John William Gerard de Brahm and constructed by forces under British Captain Raymond Demeré. After its completion, Captain Raymond Demeré relinquished command on August 14, 1757 to his brother, Captain Paul Demeré. Hostilities erupted between the British and the neighboring Overhill Cherokees, and a siege of Fort Loudoun ended with its surrender on August 7, 1760. The following morning, Captain Paul Demeré and a number of his men were killed in an ambush nearby, and most of the rest of the garrison was taken prisoner.

Q1: In which year did the British first settle in what would become Tennessee?
A1: 1756
Q2: What was the name of the first British settlement in what is now Tennessee?
A2: Fort Loudoun
Q3: Which British officer oversaw the construction of Fort Loudoun?
A3: Captain Raymond Demeré
Q4: Which Cherokee faction forced the surrender of Fort Loudoun in 1760?
A4: Overhill Cherokees
Q5: Which British commanding officer was killed the day after Cherokee took Fort Loudon in 1760?
A5: Captain Paul Demeré
Title: Canon_law
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first Code of Canon Law, 1917, was mostly for the Roman Rite, with limited application to the Eastern Churches. After the Second Vatican Council, (1962 - 1965), another edition was published specifically for the Roman Rite in 1983. Most recently, 1990, the Vatican produced the Code of Canons of the Eastern Churches which became the 1st code of Eastern Catholic Canon Law.

Q1: When was the original Code of Canon Law published?
A1: 1917
Q2: For which part of the Roman Catholic Church was the first Code published?
A2: the Roman Rite
Q3: During what years was the Second Vatican Council held?
A3: 1962 - 1965
Q4: For whom was a new edition of canon law released in 1983?
A4: the Roman Rite
Q5: When was the first Code produced for Eastern Churches?
A5: 1990
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

The first Confederate soldier to be killed in the Civil War was Private Henry Wyatt from North Carolina, in the Battle of Big Bethel in June 1861. At the Battle of Gettysburg in July 1863, the 26th North Carolina Regiment participated in Pickett/Pettigrew's Charge and advanced the farthest into the Northern lines of any Confederate regiment. During the Battle of Chickamauga, the 58th North Carolina Regiment advanced farther than any other regiment on Snodgrass Hill to push back the remaining Union forces from the battlefield. At Appomattox Court House in Virginia in April 1865, the 75th North Carolina Regiment, a cavalry unit, fired the last shots of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia in the Civil War. For many years, North Carolinians proudly boasted that they had been "First at Bethel, Farthest at Gettysburg and Chickamauga, and Last at Appomattox."

Q1: Who was the first confederate soldier to be killed in the civil war?
A1: Private Henry Wyatt
Q2: Where was henry Wyatt from?
A2: North Carolina
Q3: What battle did Private Henry Wyatt die in?
A3: in the Battle of Big Bethel
Q4: When did Henry Wyatt die?
A4: June 1861
Q5: When was the battle of Gettysburg?
A5: July 1863
Title: Digimon
Topic: Video games

The first Digimon anime introduced the Digimon life cycle: They age in a similar fashion to real organisms, but do not die under normal circumstances because they are made of reconfigurable data, which can be seen throughout the show. Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data. The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently, and the Digimon goes through its life cycle again. Digimon who are reincarnated in this way will sometimes retain some or all their memories of their previous life. However, if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die.

Q1: Are there any circumstances under which a digimon cannot be reborn?
A1: if a Digimon's data is completely destroyed, they will die
Q2: What typically happens when digimon are killed?
A2: Any Digimon that receives a fatal wound will dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data
Q3: What are digimon made of?
A3: reconfigurable data
Q4: How is a digimon reborn?
A4: The data then recomposes itself as a Digi-Egg, which will hatch when rubbed gently
Q5: When was the digimon life cycle first described?
A5: The first Digimon anime
Q6: What was introduced during the first Digimon anime?
A6: Digimon life cycle
Q7: What happened to a digimon that receives a fatal wound?
A7: dissolve into infinitesimal bits of data
Q8: What happens to a digimon after it dissolves?
A8: goes through its life cycle again
Q9: What happens if a Digimons data is completely destroyed?
A9: they will die
Title: Digimon
Topic: Video games

The first Digimon television series, which began airing on March 7, 1999 in Japan on Fuji TV and Kids Station and on August 14, 1999 in the United States on Fox Kids dubbed by Saban Entertainment for the North American English version. Its premise is a group of 7 kids who, while at summer camp, travel to the Digital World, inhabited by creatures known as Digital Monsters, or Digimon, learning they are chosen to be "DigiDestined" ("Chosen Children" in the Japanese version) to save both the Digital and Real World from evil. Each Kid was given a Digivice which selected them to be transported to the DigiWorld and was destined to be paired up with a Digimon Partner, such as Tai being paired up with Agumon and Matt with Gabumon. The children are helped by a mysterious man/digimon named Gennai, who helps them via hologram. The Digivices help their Digimon allies to Digivolve into stronger creatures in times of peril. The Digimon usually reached higher forms when their human partners are placed in dangerous situations, such as fighting the evil forces of Devimon, Etemon and Myotismon in their Champion forms. Later, each character discovered a crest that each belonged to a person; Tai the Crest of Courage, Matt the Crest of Friendship, Sora the Crest of Love, Izzy the Crest of Knowledge, Mimi the Crest of Sincerity, Joe the Crest of Reliability, T.K. the Crest of Hope, and later Kari the Crest of Light which allowed their Digimon to digivolve into their Ultimate forms. The group consisted of seven original characters: Taichi "Tai" Kamiya, Yamato "Matt" Ishida, Sora Takenouchi, Koushiro "Izzy" Izumi, Mimi Tachikawa, Joe Kido, and Takeru "T.K." Takaishi. Later on in the series, an eighth character was introduced: Hikari "Kari" Kamiya (who is Taichi's younger sister).

Q1: When did the first digimon series begin airing in japan?
A1: March 7, 1999 in Japan
Q2: When did Digimon begin airing in America?
A2: August 14, 1999
Q3: What was the premise of Digimon?
A3: travel to the Digital World
Q4: How many people are in the original Digimon?
A4: seven original characters
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first Dominican site in England was at Oxford, in the parishes of St. Edward and St. Adelaide. The friars built an oratory to the Blessed Virgin Mary and by 1265, the brethren, in keeping with their devotion to study, began erecting a school. Actually, the Dominican brothers likely began a school immediately after their arrival, as priories were legally schools. Information about the schools of the English Province is limited, but a few facts are known. Much of the information available is taken from visitation records. The "visitation" was a section of the province through which visitors to each priory could describe the state of its religious life and its studies to the next chapter. There were four such visits in England and Wales—Oxford, London, Cambridge and York. All Dominican students were required to learn grammar, old and new logic, natural philosophy and theology. Of all of the curricular areas, however, theology was the most important. This is not surprising when one remembers Dominic's zeal for it.

Q1: What famous school was home to the first English Dominican Order?
A1: Oxford
Q2: Who did the friars build an oratory in honor of?
A2: the Blessed Virgin Mary
Q3: What was a subject that all Dominican students had to learn?
A3: natural philosophy
Q4: What was the most important subject for Dominican students?
A4: theology
Q5: By what year was the school in Oxford completed?
A5: 1265
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first English coffeehouse opened in Oxford in 1650. Brian Cowan said that Oxford coffeehouses developed into "penny universities", offering a locus of learning that was less formal than structured institutions. These penny universities occupied a significant position in Oxford academic life, as they were frequented by those consequently referred to as the "virtuosi", who conducted their research on some of the resulting premises. According to Cowan, "the coffeehouse was a place for like-minded scholars to congregate, to read, as well as learn from and to debate with each other, but was emphatically not a university institution, and the discourse there was of a far different order than any university tutorial."

Q1: Where did the first English coffeehouse open in 1650?
A1: Oxford
Q2: According to Brian Cowan, was learning more or less formal in coffehouses as opposed to private institutions?
A2: less
Q3: What term did Brian Cowan give Oxford coffeehouses?
A3: penny universities
Title: Guam
Topic: Geography and places

The first European to discover Guam was Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan, sailing for the King of Spain, when he sighted the island on March 6, 1521 during his fleet's circumnavigation of the globe.:41–42 When Magellan arrived on Guam, he was greeted by hundreds of small outrigger canoes that appeared to be flying over the water, due to their considerable speed. These outrigger canoes were called Proas, and resulted in Magellan naming Guam Islas de las Velas Latinas ("Islands of the Lateen sails"). Antonio Pigafetta, one of Magellan's original 18 the name "Island of Sails", but he also writes that the inhabitants "entered the ships and stole whatever they could lay their hands on", including "the small boat that was fastened to the poop of the flagship.":129 "Those people are poor, but ingenious and very thievish, on account of which we called those three islands Islas de los Ladrones ("Islands of thieves").":131

Q1: What was the nationality of Magellan?
A1: Portuguese
Q2: What year did Magellan locate the island of Guam?
A2: 1521
Q3: What were the name of outrigger canoes?
A3: Proas
Title: San_Diego
Topic: Geography and places

The first European to visit the region was Portuguese-born explorer Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo sailing under the flag of Castile. Sailing his flagship San Salvador from Navidad, New Spain, Cabrillo claimed the bay for the Spanish Empire in 1542, and named the site 'San Miguel'. In November 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno was sent to map the California coast. Arriving on his flagship San Diego, Vizcaíno surveyed the harbor and what are now Mission Bay and Point Loma and named the area for the Catholic Saint Didacus, a Spaniard more commonly known as San Diego de Alcalá. On November 12, 1602, the first Christian religious service of record in Alta California was conducted by Friar Antonio de la Ascensión, a member of Vizcaíno's expedition, to celebrate the feast day of San Diego.

Q1: Who was sent to survey the California coast in 1602?
A1: Sebastián Vizcaíno
Q2: What was the name of Juan Rodriguez Cabrillo's ship?
A2: San Salvador
Q3: Who was the harbor named for?
A3: Catholic Saint Didacus
Q4: Who conducted the first Christian service to be recorded in Alta?
A4: Friar Antonio de la Ascensión
Q5: Where did Cabrillo leave from to embark on his journey to the West Coast?
A5: Navidad, New Spain
Title: Namibia
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first Europeans to disembark and explore the region were the Portuguese navigators Diogo Cão in 1485 and Bartolomeu Dias in 1486; still the region was not claimed by the Portuguese crown. However, like most of Sub-Saharan Africa, Namibia was not extensively explored by Europeans until the 19th century, when traders and settlers arrived, principally from Germany and Sweden. In the late 19th century Dorsland trekkers crossed the area on their way from the Transvaal to Angola. Some of them settled in Namibia instead of continuing their journey.

Q1: When did Bartolomeu Dias explore Namibia? 
A1: 1486
Q2: What nationality were the first navigators to explore Namibia come from? 
A2: Portuguese
Q3: When did Diogo Cao explore Namibia?
A3: 1485
Q4: Along with Swedish settlers, what other country's settlers inhabited in Namibia first?
A4: Germany
Q5: Settlers on their way to Angola settled in Namibia instead of going where?
A5: Angola
Title: Freemasonry
Topic: Unknown

The first Grand Lodge, the Grand Lodge of London and Westminster (later called the Grand Lodge of England (GLE)), was founded on 24 June 1717, when four existing London Lodges met for a joint dinner. Many English Lodges joined the new regulatory body, which itself entered a period of self-publicity and expansion. However, many Lodges could not endorse changes which some Lodges of the GLE made to the ritual (they came to be known as the Moderns), and a few of these formed a rival Grand Lodge on 17 July 1751, which they called the "Antient Grand Lodge of England." These two Grand Lodges vied for supremacy until the Moderns promised to return to the ancient ritual. They united on 27 December 1813 to form the United Grand Lodge of England (UGLE).

Q1: The Grand Lodge of England is also know as what?
A1: GLE
Q2: When was the Grand Lodge of England founded?
A2: 24 June 1717
Q3: The Ancient Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
A3: 17 July 1751
Q4: The United Grand Lodge of England was formed on what date?
A4: 27 December 1813
Q5: Lodges that could not endorse the GLE were later called what?
A5: the Moderns
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first HDTV transmissions in Europe, albeit not direct-to-home, began in 1990, when the Italian broadcaster RAI used the HD-MAC and MUSE HDTV technologies to broadcast the 1990 FIFA World Cup. The matches were shown in 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain. The connection with Spain was made via the Olympus satellite link from Rome to Barcelona and then with a fiber optic connection from Barcelona to Madrid. After some HDTV transmissions in Europe the standard was abandoned in the mid-1990s.

Q1: When did the first HDTV transmissions happen in Europe?
A1: 1990
Q2: What event was the first HDTV broadcast in Europe?
A2: FIFA World Cup
Q3: When did Europe abandon standard transmission?
A3: mid-1990s
Q4: Where was the FIFA World Cup able to be watched in HDTV?
A4: 8 cinemas in Italy and 2 in Spain
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first Industrial Revolution merged into the Second Industrial Revolution around 1850, when technological and economic progress gained momentum with the development of steam-powered ships and railways, and later in the 19th century with the internal combustion engine and electric power generation. The Second Industrial Revolution was a phase of the Industrial Revolution; labeled as the separate Technical Revolution. From a technological and a social point of view there is no clean break between the two. Major innovations during the period occurred in the chemical, electrical, petroleum, and steel industries. Specific advancements included the introduction of oil fired steam turbine and internal combustion driven steel ships, the development of the airplane, the practical commercialization of the automobile, mass production of consumer goods, the perfection of canning, mechanical refrigeration and other food preservation techniques, and the invention of the telephone.

Q1: When did the first industrial revolution merge into the second? 
A1: around 1850
Q2: What caused technological and economical progress?
A2: development of steam-powered ships and railways
Q3: The 19th century was also known as? 
A3: the internal combustion engine and electric power generation.
Q4: What was the second industrial revolution was labeled?
A4: separate Technical Revolution
Title: Richmond,_Virginia
Topic: Geography and places

The first Jewish congregation in Richmond was Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom. Kahal Kadosh Beth Shalom was the sixth congregation in the United States. By 1822 K.K. Beth Shalom members worshipped in the first synagogue building in Virginia. They eventually merged with Congregation Beth Ahabah, an offshoot of Beth Shalom. There are two Orthodox Synagogues, Keneseth Beth Israel and Chabad of Virginia. There is an Orthodox Yeshivah K–12 school system known as Rudlin Torah academy, which also includes a post high-school program. There are two Conservative synagogues, Beth El and Or Atid. There are three Reform synagogues, Bonay Kodesh, Beth Ahabah and Or Ami. Along with such religious congregations, there are a variety of other Jewish charitable, educational and social service institutions, each serving the Jewish and general communities. These include the Weinstein Jewish Community Center, Jewish Family Services, Jewish Community Federation of Richmond and Richmond Jewish Foundation.

Q1: Along with Chabad of Virginia, what is the other Orthodox synagogue in Richmond?
A1: Keneseth Beth Israel
Q2: What grades does the Rudlin Torah academy serve?
A2: K–12
Q3: What sect of Judaism is Rudlin Torah affiliated with?
A3: Orthodox
Q4: What are the names of the Conservative synagogues in Richmond?
A4: Beth El and Or Atid
Q5: How many synagogues in the Reform tradition are present in Richmond?
A5: three
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

The first Madressa established in North America, Al-Rashid Islamic Institute, was established in Cornwall, Ontario in 1983 and has graduates who are Hafiz (Quran) and Ulama. The seminary was established by Mazhar Alam under the direction of his teacher the leading Indian Tablighi scholar Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi and focuses on the traditional Hanafi school of thought and shuns Salafist / Wahabi teachings. Due to its proximity to the US border city of Messina the school has historically had a high ratio of US students. Their most prominent graduate Shaykh Muhammad Alshareef completed his Hifz in the early 1990s then went on to deviate from his traditional roots and form the Salafist organization the AlMaghrib Institute.

Q1: When was the first madrasa started in North America?
A1: 1983
Q2: What country has many students that attend Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
A2: US
Q3: Where is Al-Rashid Islamic Institute?
A3: Cornwall, Ontario
Q4: What organization did Shaykh Muhammad Alsahareef start?
A4: AlMaghrib Institute
Title: Printed_circuit_board
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first PCBs used through-hole technology, mounting electronic components by leads inserted through holes on one side of the board and soldered onto copper traces on the other side. Boards may be single-sided, with an unplated component side, or more compact double-sided boards, with components soldered on both sides. Horizontal installation of through-hole parts with two axial leads (such as resistors, capacitors, and diodes) is done by bending the leads 90 degrees in the same direction, inserting the part in the board (often bending leads located on the back of the board in opposite directions to improve the part's mechanical strength), soldering the leads, and trimming off the ends. Leads may be soldered either manually or by a wave soldering machine.

Q1: If a lead wasn't soldered manually, what device was used?
A1: wave soldering machine
Q2: Which type of PCB construction technique was used first?
A2: through-hole
Q3: In through-hole construction, what are the leads on the front attached to on the back?
A3: copper traces
Q4: For boards with two sides, to what angle are leads bent to in order to install them horizontally?
A4: 90 degrees
Q5: What is improved by bending leads in opposite directions on the back of double-sided PCBs?
A5: mechanical strength
Title: European_Central_Bank
Topic: Geography and places

The first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French government wanted Jean-Claude Trichet, former head of the French central bank, to be the ECB's first president. The French argued that since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French. This was opposed by the German, Dutch and Belgian governments who saw Duisenberg as a guarantor of a strong euro. Tensions were abated by a gentleman's agreement in which Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet.

Q1: Who was the first president of the ECB?
A1: Wim Duisenberg
Q2: What was Duisenberg's previous business experience?
A2: former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute
Q3: Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB?
A3: Jean-Claude Trichet
Q4: Why did the French want a French bank president?
A4: since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French
Q5: What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB?
A5: Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

The first Roman republican wars were wars of both expansion and defence, aimed at protecting Rome itself from neighbouring cities and nations and establishing its territory in the region. Initially, Rome's immediate neighbours were either Latin towns and villages, or else tribal Sabines from the Apennine hills beyond. One by one Rome defeated both the persistent Sabines and the local cities, both those under Etruscan control and those that had cast off their Etruscan rulers. Rome defeated Latin cities in the Battle of Lake Regillus in 496 BC, the Battle of Mons Algidus in 458 BC, the Battle of Corbione in 446 BC, the Battle of Aricia, and especially the Battle of the Cremera in 477 BC wherein it fought against the most important Etruscan city of Veii.

Q1: In what battle did Rome claim victory over several Latin cities in?
A1: the Battle of Lake Regillus
Q2: What year did the Battle of Lake Regillus take place?
A2: 496 BC
Q3: In what year did Rome claim victory against the city of Veii?
A3: 477 BC
Q4: What Roman battle took place in the year 446 BC?
A4: the Battle of Corbione
Q5: Who initially had control over the Sabines?
A5: Etruscan control
Title: Montana
Topic: Geography and places

The first U.S. Army post established in Montana was Camp Cooke on the Missouri River in 1866 to protect steamboat traffic going to Fort Benton, Montana. More than a dozen additional military outposts were established in the state. Pressure over land ownership and control increased due to discoveries of gold in various parts of Montana and surrounding states. Major battles occurred in Montana during Red Cloud's War, the Great Sioux War of 1876, the Nez Perce War and in conflicts with Piegan Blackfeet. The most notable of these were the Marias Massacre (1870), Battle of the Little Bighorn (1876), Battle of the Big Hole (1877) and Battle of Bear Paw (1877). The last recorded conflict in Montana between the U.S. Army and Native Americans occurred in 1887 during the Battle of Crow Agency in the Big Horn country. Indian survivors who had signed treaties were generally required to move onto reservations.

Q1: What was the name of the first US Army post?
A1: Camp Cooke
Q2: Where was Camp Cooke situated?
A2: on the Missouri River
Q3: What year was the Great Sioux War?
A3: 1876
Q4: What year did the Battle of Bear Paw happen?
A4: 1877
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

The first USAF dress uniform, in 1947, was dubbed and patented "Uxbridge Blue" after "Uxbridge 1683 Blue", developed at the former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company. The current Service Dress Uniform, which was adopted in 1993 and standardized in 1995, consists of a three-button, pocketless coat, similar to that of a men's "sport jacket" (with silver "U.S." pins on the lapels, with a silver ring surrounding on those of enlisted members), matching trousers, and either a service cap or flight cap, all in Shade 1620, "Air Force Blue" (a darker purplish-blue). This is worn with a light blue shirt (Shade 1550) and Shade 1620 herringbone patterned necktie. Enlisted members wear sleeve insignia on both the jacket and shirt, while officers wear metal rank insignia pinned onto the coat, and Air Force Blue slide-on epaulet loops on the shirt. USAF personnel assigned to Base Honor Guard duties wear, for certain occasions, a modified version of the standard service dress uniform, but with silver trim on the sleeves and trousers, with the addition of a ceremonial belt (if necessary), wheel cap with silver trim and Hap Arnold Device, and a silver aiguillette placed on the left shoulder seam and all devices and accoutrement.

Q1: When was the first USAF dress uniform introduced?
A1: 1947
Q2: Where was the Uxbridge Blue dress uniform developed?
A2: former Bachman-Uxbridge Worsted Company
Q3: When was the current USAF dress uniform standardized? 
A3: 1995
Q4: Where does an officer in the USAF wear their rank insignia? 
A4: pinned onto the coat
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

The first action of the Franco-Prussian War took place on 4 August 1870. This battle saw the unsupported division of General Douay of I Corps, with some attached cavalry, which was posted to watch the border, attacked in overwhelming but uncoordinated fashion by the German 3rd Army. During the day, elements of a Bavarian and two Prussian corps became engaged and were aided by Prussian artillery, which blasted holes in the defenses of the town. Douay held a very strong position initially, thanks to the accurate long-range fire of the Chassepots but his force was too thinly stretched to hold it. Douay was killed in the late morning when a caisson of the divisional mitrailleuse battery exploded near him; the encirclement of the town by the Prussians threatened the French avenue of retreat.

Q1: What was the date of the first action of the Franco-Prussian War?
A1: 4 August 1870
Q2: On that date, which elements were assisted by Prussian artillery forces?
A2: Bavarian and two Prussian corps
Q3: Who initially held a strong position during the battle at the border? 
A3: General Douay of I Corps
Q4: Douay's initial success was credited by what?
A4: long-range fire of the Chassepots
Q5: What threatened the French avenue of retreat?
A5: the encirclement of the town by the Prussians
Title: Prime_minister
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first actual usage of the term prime minister or Premier Ministre[citation needed] was used by Cardinal Richelieu when in 1625 he was named to head the royal council as prime minister of France. Louis XIV and his descendants generally attempted to avoid giving this title to their chief ministers.

Q1: When was the title of prime minister first used?
A1: 1625
Q2: Who coined the term prime minister?
A2: Cardinal Richelieu
Q3: What country did Richelieu serve as prime minister for?
A3: France
Q4: Who started a tradition of naming the head ministers something other than prime minister?
A4: Louis XIV
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

The first aircraft, a South African Beechcraft King Air 200, landed at the new airport on 15 September 2015, prior to conducting a series of flights to calibrate the airport's radio navigation equipment.

Q1: What kind of aircraft was the first to land at the new airport?
A1: South African Beechcraft King Air 200
Q2: What date did the aircraft land at the new airport?
A2: 15 September 2015
Q3: What are they calibrating via test flights at the airport?
A3: the airport's radio navigation equipment.
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine. Three central concepts were derived from the 1st Amendment which became America's doctrine for church-state separation: no coercion in religious matters, no expectation to support a religion against one's will, and religious liberty encompasses all religions. In sum, citizens are free to embrace or reject a faith, any support for religion - financial or physical - must be voluntary, and all religions are equal in the eyes of the law with no special preference or favoritism.

Q1: What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?
A1: "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof"
Q2: What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?
A2: "establishment clause"
Q3: What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?
A3: "free exercise clause"
Q4: What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?
A4: the Supreme Court's interpretations of the "separation of church and state" doctrine.
Q5: What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?
A5: a faith
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

The first amniotes apparently arose in the Late Carboniferous. They descended from earlier reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods, which lived on land that was already inhabited by insects and other invertebrates as well as by ferns, mosses and other plants. Within a few million years, two important amniote lineages became distinct: the synapsids, which would later include the common ancestor of the mammals; and the sauropsids, which would eventually come to include turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds. Synapsids have a single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull.

Q1: From which period did the first known amniotes arise from?
A1: Carboniferous
Q2: From which group did amniotes descendents of?
A2: reptiliomorph amphibious tetrapods
Q3: Two important Amniotes  lineages became distinct, what was the name of that distinction?
A3: the synapsids
Q4: Sauropsids would later include which other animals into its group?
A4: turtles, lizards, snakes, crocodilians, dinosaurs and birds
Q5: What is a distinct trait of Synapsids?
A5: single hole (temporal fenestra) low on each side of the skull
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

The first and last Roman known as a living divus was Julius Caesar, who seems to have aspired to divine monarchy; he was murdered soon after. Greek allies had their own traditional cults to rulers as divine benefactors, and offered similar cult to Caesar's successor, Augustus, who accepted with the cautious proviso that expatriate Roman citizens refrain from such worship; it might prove fatal. By the end of his reign, Augustus had appropriated Rome's political apparatus – and most of its religious cults – within his "reformed" and thoroughly integrated system of government. Towards the end of his life, he cautiously allowed cult to his numen. By then the Imperial cult apparatus was fully developed, first in the Eastern Provinces, then in the West. Provincial Cult centres offered the amenities and opportunities of a major Roman town within a local context; bathhouses, shrines and temples to Roman and local deities, amphitheatres and festivals. In the early Imperial period, the promotion of local elites to Imperial priesthood gave them Roman citizenship.

Q1: What Roman leader aspired to be a living god?
A1: Julius Caesar
Q2: What form of government did Cesar seem to be attempting?
A2: divine monarchy
Q3: To what ruler did foreign allies offer a divine cult? 
A3: Augustus
Q4: For what was Augustus's reformed system of government notiable?
A4: integrated
Q5: By the end of Augustus's reign what was an established fact?
A5: Imperial cult
Title: Affirmative_action_in_the_United_States
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first appearance of the term 'affirmative action' was in the National Labor Relations Act, better known as the Wagner Act, of 1935.:15 Proposed and championed by U.S. Senator Robert F. Wagner of New York, the Wagner Act was in line with President Roosevelt's goal of providing economic security to workers and other low-income groups. During this time period it was not uncommon for employers to blacklist or fire employees associated with unions. The Wagner Act allowed workers to unionize without fear of being discriminated against, and empowered a National Labor Relations Board to review potential cases of worker discrimination. In the event of discrimination, employees were to be restored to an appropriate status in the company through 'affirmative action'. While the Wagner Act protected workers and unions it did not protect minorities, who, exempting the Congress of Industrial Organizations, were often barred from union ranks.:11 This original coining of the term therefore has little to do with affirmative action policy as it is seen today, but helped set the stage for all policy meant to compensate or address an individual's unjust treatment.[citation needed]

Q1: In which document did the term "affirmative action" first appear?
A1: National Labor Relations Act
Q2: Who was the author of the National Labor Relations Act?
A2: Senator Robert F. Wagner
Q3: Who did employers routinely blacklist of fire?
A3: employees associated with unions
Q4: Who was able to review complaints about possible worker discrimination?
A4: National Labor Relations Board
Q5: Which group of people did the Wagner Act fail to protect?
A5: minorities
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

The first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most developmentally significant changes in the brain occur in the prefrontal cortex, which is involved in decision making and cognitive control, as well as other higher cognitive functions. During adolescence, myelination and synaptic pruning in the prefrontal cortex increases, improving the efficiency of information processing, and neural connections between the prefrontal cortex and other regions of the brain are strengthened. This leads to better evaluation of risks and rewards, as well as improved control over impulses. Specifically, developments in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex are important for controlling impulses and planning ahead, while development in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is important for decision making. Changes in the orbitofrontal cortex are important for evaluating rewards and risks.

Q1: Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control?
A1: prefrontal cortex
Q2: Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead?
A2: dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Q3: Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks?
A3: orbitofrontal cortex
Q4: Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty?
A4: those involving primary functions
Q5: Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function?
A5: primary
Title: Canadian_football
Topic: Sports and recreation

The first attempt to establish a proper governing body and adopted the current set of Rugby rules was the Foot Ball Association of Canada, organized on March 24, 1873 followed by the Canadian Rugby Football Union (CRFU) founded June 12, 1880, which included teams from Ontario and Quebec. Later both the Ontario and Quebec Rugby Football Union (ORFU and QRFU) were formed (January 1883), and then the Interprovincial (1907) and Western Interprovincial Football Union (1936) (IRFU and WIFU). The CRFU reorganized into an umbrella organization forming the Canadian Rugby Union (CRU) in 1891. The original forerunners to the current Canadian Football League, was established in 1956 when the IRFU and WIFU formed an umbrella organization, The Canadian Football Council (CFC). And then in 1958 the CFC left The CRFU to become The CFL.

Q1: On which date was the first governing body for Canadian football formed?
A1: March 24, 1873
Q2: Which governing organization for Canadian football was formed on June 12, 1880?
A2: Canadian Rugby Football Union
Q3: In which year was the Western Interprovincial Football Union founded?
A3: 1936
Q4: Which Canadian football union expanded its scope in 1891? 
A4: Canadian Rugby Football Union
Q5: Which organization founded in 1956 evolved into the modern Canadian Football League?
A5: Canadian Football Council
Title: Railway_electrification_system
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first attempts to use standard-frequency single-phase AC were made in Hungary as far back as 1923, by the Hungarian Kálmán Kandó on the line between Budapest-Nyugati and Alag, using 16 kV at 50 Hz. The locomotives carried a four-pole rotating phase converter feeding a single traction motor of the polyphase induction type at 600 to 1,100 V. The number of poles on the 2,500 hp motor could be changed using slip rings to run at one of four synchronous speeds. The tests were a success so, from 1932 until the 1960s, trains on the Budapest-Hegyeshalom line (towards Vienna) regularly used the same system. A few decades after the Second World War, the 16 kV was changed to the Russian and later French 25 kV system.

Q1: What country has first tried to use single-phase AC?
A1: Hungary
Q2: What frequency did the line of Hungarian rail system used in 1923?
A2: 16 kV at 50 Hz
Q3: What type of the converter was used in hungarian locomotives of that time?
A3: four-pole rotating phase converter
Q4: How could the locomotives run on four speed levels?
A4: motor could be changed using slip rings
Q5: What system was adopted in Hungary after WWII?
A5: Russian
Title: Pub
Topic: History

The first beer pump known in England is believed to have been invented by John Lofting (b. Netherlands 1659-d. Great Marlow Buckinghamshire 1742) an inventor, manufacturer and merchant of London.

Q1: Who invented the beer pump in England?
A1: John Lofting
Q2: In what city was the beer pump invented?
A2: London
Q3: In what country was John Lofting born?
A3: Netherlands
Q4: What was the death year of John Lofting?
A4: 1742
Q5: When was John Lofting born?
A5: 1659
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first blue-violet LED using magnesium-doped gallium nitride was made at Stanford University in 1972 by Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines, doctoral students in materials science and engineering. At the time Maruska was on leave from RCA Laboratories, where he collaborated with Jacques Pankove on related work. In 1971, the year after Maruska left for Stanford, his RCA colleagues Pankove and Ed Miller demonstrated the first blue electroluminescence from zinc-doped gallium nitride, though the subsequent device Pankove and Miller built, the first actual gallium nitride light-emitting diode, emitted green light. In 1974 the U.S. Patent Office awarded Maruska, Rhines and Stanford professor David Stevenson a patent for their work in 1972 (U.S. Patent US3819974 A) and today magnesium-doping of gallium nitride continues to be the basis for all commercial blue LEDs and laser diodes. These devices built in the early 1970s had too little light output to be of practical use and research into gallium nitride devices slowed. In August 1989, Cree introduced the first commercially available blue LED based on the indirect bandgap semiconductor, silicon carbide (SiC). SiC LEDs had very low efficiency, no more than about 0.03%, but did emit in the blue portion of the visible light spectrum.[citation needed]

Q1: The first blue-violet LED was developed at what University?
A1: Stanford
Q2: When was the first blue-violet LED developed?
A2: 1972
Q3: What students developed the first blue-violet LED?
A3: Herb Maruska and Wally Rhines
Q4: What substance helped demonstrate the first blue electroluminescence?
A4: zinc-doped gallium nitride
Title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Topic: Geography and places

The first boardwalk was built in 1870 along a portion of the beach in an effort to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies. Businesses were restricted and the boardwalk was removed each year at the end of the peak season. Because of its effectiveness and popularity, the boardwalk was expanded in length and width, and modified several times in subsequent years. The historic length of the boardwalk, before the destructive 1944 Great Atlantic Hurricane, was about 7 miles (11 km) and it extended from Atlantic City to Longport, through Ventnor and Margate.

Q1: In what year was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A1: 1870
Q2: Why was the first boardwalk built in Atlantic City?
A2: to help hotel owners keep sand out of their lobbies
Q3: What year was the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A3: 1944
Q4: What was the historic length of the boardwalk before the Great Atlantic Hurricane?
A4: about 7 miles
Q5: Before the Great Atlantic Hurricane the boardwalk extended from Atlantic City to what other city?
A5: Longport
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

The first book printed in France, Epistolae ("Letters"), by Gasparinus de Bergamo (Gasparino da Barzizza), was published in Paris in 1470 by the press established by Johann Heynlin. Since then, Paris has been the centre of the French publishing industry, the home of some of the world's best-known writers and poets, and the setting for many classic works of French literature. Almost all the books published in Paris in the Middle Ages were in Latin, rather than French. Paris did not become the acknowledged capital of French literature until the 17th century, with authors such as Boileau, Corneille, La Fontaine, Molière, Racine, several coming from the provinces, and the foundation of the Académie française. In the 18th century, the literary life of Paris revolved around the cafés and salons, and was dominated by Voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Pierre de Marivaux, and Beaumarchais.

Q1: What was the title of the first book printed in France?
A1: Epistolae
Q2: Who wrote Epistolae?
A2: Gasparinus de Bergamo
Q3: When was Epistolae published?
A3: 1470
Q4: In what language were most books printed in the middle ages?
A4: Latin
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

The first centrally organised police force was created by the government of King Louis XIV in 1667 to police the city of Paris, then the largest city in Europe. The royal edict, registered by the Parlement of Paris on March 15, 1667 created the office of lieutenant général de police ("lieutenant general of police"), who was to be the head of the new Paris police force, and defined the task of the police as "ensuring the peace and quiet of the public and of private individuals, purging the city of what may cause disturbances, procuring abundance, and having each and everyone live according to their station and their duties".

Q1: In what year did Paris get a police force?
A1: 1667
Q2: Who created Paris's police force?
A2: King Louis XIV
Q3: What was the largest European city in 1667?
A3: Paris
Q4: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in English?
A4: lieutenant general of police
Q5: What was the title of the head of Paris's police, in French?
A5: lieutenant général de police
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first commercial LEDs were commonly used as replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps, and in seven-segment displays, first in expensive equipment such as laboratory and electronics test equipment, then later in such appliances as TVs, radios, telephones, calculators, as well as watches (see list of signal uses). Until 1968, visible and infrared LEDs were extremely costly, in the order of US$200 per unit, and so had little practical use. The Monsanto Company was the first organization to mass-produce visible LEDs, using gallium arsenide phosphide (GaAsP) in 1968 to produce red LEDs suitable for indicators. Hewlett Packard (HP) introduced LEDs in 1968, initially using GaAsP supplied by Monsanto. These red LEDs were bright enough only for use as indicators, as the light output was not enough to illuminate an area. Readouts in calculators were so small that plastic lenses were built over each digit to make them legible. Later, other colors became widely available and appeared in appliances and equipment. In the 1970s commercially successful LED devices at less than five cents each were produced by Fairchild Optoelectronics. These devices employed compound semiconductor chips fabricated with the planar process invented by Dr. Jean Hoerni at Fairchild Semiconductor. The combination of planar processing for chip fabrication and innovative packaging methods enabled the team at Fairchild led by optoelectronics pioneer Thomas Brandt to achieve the needed cost reductions. These methods continue to be used by LED producers.

Q1: What was the first commercial uses of LEDs?
A1: replacements for incandescent and neon indicator lamps
Q2: How much did the early LEDs cost?
A2: US$200 per unit
Q3: What was one use of early LED light in products?
A3: calculators
Q4: What modern company introduced LEDs in 1968?
A4: Hewlett Packard (HP)
Q5: In what decade were production costs greatly reduced for LEDs to enable successful commercial uses?
A5: 1970s
Title: Electric_motor
Topic: Engineering and technology

The first commutator DC electric motor capable of turning machinery was invented by the British scientist William Sturgeon in 1832. Following Sturgeon's work, a commutator-type direct-current electric motor made with the intention of commercial use was built by the American inventor Thomas Davenport, which he patented in 1837. The motors ran at up to 600 revolutions per minute, and powered machine tools and a printing press. Due to the high cost of primary battery power, the motors were commercially unsuccessful and Davenport went bankrupt. Several inventors followed Sturgeon in the development of DC motors but all encountered the same battery power cost issues. No electricity distribution had been developed at the time. Like Sturgeon's motor, there was no practical commercial market for these motors.

Q1: Who developed the first mnotor capable of being used for machinery?
A1: William Sturgeon
Q2: Which inventor went bankrupt?
A2: Thomas Davenport
Q3: What was the main problem with applying early electric motors to industry?
A3: the high cost of primary battery power
Q4: What necessary technical development had yet to occur to make electric motors useful?
A4: electricity distribution
Q5: How fast did Sturgeon and Davenport's motors run?
A5: 600 revolutions per minute