LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

The Empire was established in 1336 by Harihara I and his brother Bukka Raya I of Sangama Dynasty. The empire rose to prominence as a culmination of attempts by the southern powers to ward off Islamic invasions by the end of the 13th century. The empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, whose ruins surround present day Hampi, now a World Heritage Site in Karnataka, India. The empire's legacy includes many monuments spread over South India, the best known of which is the group at Hampi. The previous temple building traditions in South India came together in the Vijayanagara Architecture style. The mingling of all faiths and vernaculars inspired architectural innovation of Hindu temple construction, first in the Deccan and later in the Dravidian idioms using the local granite. South Indian mathematics flourished under the protection of the Vijayanagara Empire in Kerala. The south Indian mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama founded the famous Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics in the 14th century which produced a lot of great south Indian mathematicians like Parameshvara, Nilakantha Somayaji and Jyeṣṭhadeva in medieval south India. Efficient administration and vigorous overseas trade brought new technologies such as water management systems for irrigation. The empire's patronage enabled fine arts and literature to reach new heights in Kannada, Telugu, Tamil and Sanskrit, while Carnatic music evolved into its current form. The Vijayanagara Empire created an epoch in South Indian history that transcended regionalism by promoting Hinduism as a unifying factor. The empire reached its peak during the rule of Sri Krishnadevaraya when Vijayanagara armies were consistently victorious. The empire annexed areas formerly under the Sultanates in the northern Deccan and the territories in the eastern Deccan, including Kalinga, while simultaneously maintaining control over all its subordinates in the south. Many important monuments were either completed or commissioned during the time of Krishna Deva Raya. Vijayanagara went into decline after the defeat in the Battle of Talikota (1565).

Q1: In what year was Sangama Dynasty formed?
A1: 1336
Q2: At what location are the best known monuments in the south of India?
A2: Hampi
Q3: What mathematician founded the Kerala school of astronomy? 
A3: Madhava of Sangamagrama
Q4: When was the Kerala school established?
A4: 14th century
Q5: What did the Vijayanagara Empire promote to unify Indian culture?
A5: Hinduism
Title: Franco-Prussian_War
Topic: History

The Ems telegram had exactly the effect on French public opinion that Bismarck had intended. "This text produced the effect of a red flag on the Gallic bull", Bismarck later wrote. Gramont, the French foreign minister, declared that he felt "he had just received a slap". The leader of the monarchists in Parliament, Adolphe Thiers, spoke for moderation, arguing that France had won the diplomatic battle and there was no reason for war, but he was drowned out by cries that he was a traitor and a Prussian. Napoleon's new prime minister, Emile Ollivier, declared that France had done all that it could humanly and honorably do to prevent the war, and that he accepted the responsibility "with a light heart." A crowd of 15–20,000 people, carrying flags and patriotic banners, marched through the streets of Paris, demanding war. On 19 July 1870 a declaration of war was sent to the Prussian government. The southern German states immediately sided with Prussia.

Q1: What telegram had the intended effect on French public opinion?
A1: Ems telegram
Q2: Following the Ems telegram, what reaction did the French foreign minister report that he felt?
A2: he felt "he had just received a slap"
Q3: In Parliament, who was the leader of the monarchists?
A3: Adolphe Thiers
Q4: Which French prime minister believed he had done all that he could to prevent a war?
A4: Emile Ollivier
Q5: On which date did France issue a declaration of war to the Prussian government?
A5: 19 July 1870
Title: Near_East
Topic: Geography and places

The Encyclopædia Britannica defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen. The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations defines the region similarly, but also includes Afghanistan while excluding the countries of North Africa and the Palestinian territories. According to the National Geographic Society, the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories and are 'generally accepted as comprising the countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Cyprus, Egypt, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Palestinian territories, Syria, and Turkey'.

Q1: Who defines the Near East as including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Cyprus, Egypt. Georgia, Iran, Iraq, Isreal, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Turkey, the United Arab Emirates, the West Bank, and Yemen?
A1: The Encyclopædia Britannica
Q2: The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations also includes what Country in the definition of Near East?
A2: Afghanistan
Q3: What group believes the terms Near East and Middle East denote the same territories?
A3: the National Geographic Society
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Topic: Natural sciences

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (ESA; 16 U.S.C. § 1531 et seq.) is one of the few dozens of United States environmental laws passed in the 1970s, and serves as the enacting legislation to carry out the provisions outlined in The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). The ESA was signed into law by President Richard Nixon on December 28, 1973, it was designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a "consequence of economic growth and development untempered by adequate concern and conservation." The U.S. Supreme Court found that "the plain intent of Congress in enacting" the ESA "was to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost." The Act is administered by two federal agencies, the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).

Q1: In what year did the Endangered Species Act become law?
A1: 1973
Q2: Which president signed the Act into law?
A2: Richard Nixon
Q3: Which two federal agencies administer the Act?
A3: the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
Q4: On what day was the Endangered Species Act signed?
A4: December 28
Q5: What did the Supreme Court cite as the intent of Congress in enacting the Endangered Species Act?
A5: to halt and reverse the trend toward species extinction, whatever the cost
Title: Endangered_Species_Act
Topic: Natural sciences

The Endangered Species Conservation Act (P. L. 91-135), passed in December, 1969, amended the original law to provide additional protection to species in danger of "worldwide extinction" by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States. It expanded the Lacey Act's ban on interstate commerce to include mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans. Reptiles were added mainly to reduce the rampant poaching of alligators and crocodiles. This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection.

Q1: When was the Endangered Species Conservation Act passed?
A1: December, 1969
Q2: How did the Endangered Species Conservation Act benefit endangered species?
A2: by prohibiting their importation and subsequent sale in the United States
Q3: What did the Endangered Species Conservation Act add to the wildlife definition of the Lacey Act?
A3: mammals, reptiles, amphibians, mollusks and crustaceans
Q4: What two reptiles were particularly of interest for the inclusion of "reptiles" in the Endangered Species Conservation Act?
A4: alligators and crocodiles
Q5: What important precedent did this set for invertebrates?
A5: This law was the first time that invertebrates were included for protection
Title: England_national_football_team
Topic: Sports and recreation

The England national football team represents England and the Crown Dependencies of Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man for football matches as part of FIFA-authorised events, and is controlled by The Football Association, the governing body for football in England. England are one of the two oldest national teams in football; alongside Scotland, whom they played in the world's first international football match in 1872. England's home ground is Wembley Stadium, London, and the current team manager is Roy Hodgson.

Q1: Which governing body controls the England national football team?
A1: The Football Association
Q2: Which other team, besides England, is one of the  two oldest national teams in football?
A2: Scotland
Q3: In what year did England and Scotland play the world's first international football match?
A3: 1872
Q4: What is the name of England's home field in London?
A4: Wembley Stadium
Q5: Who is the current team manager of England's football team?
A5: Roy Hodgson
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The English Province was a component of the international order from which it obtained its laws, direction, and instructions. It was also, however, a group of Englishmen. Its direct supervisors were from England, and the members of the English Province dwelt and labored in English cities, towns, villages, and roadways. English and European ingredients constantly came in contact. The international side of the province's existence influenced the national, and the national responded to, adapted, and sometimes constrained the international.

Q1: The Dominican Order in England was controlled by who?
A1: Englishmen
Q2: The national side of the Order was influenced by what other side?
A2: international
Q3: Why was the English order of the Dominicans so successful in England?
A3: Its direct supervisors were from England
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The English concentrated on the spirit of the events of Christ's life, not the literality of events. They neither expected nor sought the appearance of the stigmata or any other physical manifestation. They wanted to create in themselves that environment that allowed Jesus to fulfill His divine mission, insofar as they were able. At the center of this environment was love: the love that Christ showed for humanity in becoming human. Christ's love reveals the mercy of God and His care for His creation. English Dominican mystics sought through this love to become images of God. Love led to spiritual growth that, in turn, reflected an increase in love for God and humanity. This increase in universal love allowed men's wills to conform to God's will, just as Christ's will submitted to the Father's will.

Q1: The English Dominican Order focused primarily on what?
A1: the events of Christ's life
Q2: What did the English Order not care about?
A2: the stigmata
Q3: The English Dominican Order wanted to put what at the center of their study of Christ?
A3: love
Q4: What does Christ's love reveal to humanity?
A4: the mercy of God
Q5: What does love lead to according to English mystics?
A5: spiritual growth
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

The English held the city for 16 months and defeated several attempts to expel them. English soldiers advanced as far as Requena on the road to Madrid. After the victory of the Bourbons at the Battle of Almansa on 25 April 1707, the English army evacuated Valencia and Philip V ordered the repeal of the privileges of Valencia as punishment for the kingdom's support of Charles of Austria. By the Nueva Planta decrees (Decretos de Nueva Planta) the ancient Charters of Valencia were abolished and the city was governed by the Castilian Charter. The Bourbon forces burned important cities like Xativa, where pictures of the Spanish Bourbons in public places are hung upside down as a protest to this day. The capital of the Kingdom of Valencia was moved to Orihuela, an outrage to the citizens of Valencia. Philip ordered the Cortes to meet with the Viceroy of Valencia, Cardinal Luis de Belluga, who opposed the change of capital because of the proximity of Orihuela, a religious, cultural and now political centre, to Murcia (capital of another viceroyalty and his diocese). Because of his hatred of the city of Orihuela, which had bombarded and looted Valencia during the War of Succession, the cardinal resigned the viceroyalty in protest against the actions of Philip, who finally relented and returned the capital to Valencia.

Q1: How long did the English occupy Valencia?
A1: 16 months
Q2: At what battle were the Bourbons victorious?
A2: Battle of Almansa
Q3: Who ordered Valencia punished for supporting Charles?
A3: Philip V
Q4: What abolished Valencia's ancient charters?
A4: Nueva Planta decrees
Q5: Who resigned in protest against Philip?
A5: Cardinal Luis de Belluga
Title: Oklahoma
Topic: Geography and places

The English language has been official in the state of Oklahoma since 2010. The variety of North American English spoken is called Oklahoma English, and this dialect is quite diverse with its uneven blending of features of North Midland, South Midland, and Southern dialects. In 2000, 2,977,187 Oklahomans—92.6% of the resident population five years or older—spoke only English at home, a decrease from 95% in 1990. 238,732 Oklahoma residents reported speaking a language other than English in the 2000 census, about 7.4% of the total population of the state. Spanish is the second most commonly spoken language in the state, with 141,060 speakers counted in 2000. The next most commonly spoken language is Cherokee, with about 22,000 speakers living within the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area of eastern Oklahoma. Cherokee is an official language in the Cherokee Nation tribal jurisdiction area and in the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians.

Q1: When did Oklahoma declare an official language?
A1: 2010
Q2: How many Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
A2: 2,977,187
Q3: What percent of Oklahomans speak only English at home, as of 2000?
A3: 92.6%
Q4: What is the second-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
A4: Spanish
Q5: What is the third-most-prevalent language in Oklahoma?
A5: Cherokee
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

The English sailor and adventurer William Adams (1564–1620) was the first Westerner to receive the dignity of samurai. The Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu presented him with two swords representing the authority of a samurai, and decreed that William Adams the sailor was dead and that Anjin Miura (三浦按針), a samurai, was born. Adams also received the title of hatamoto (bannerman), a high-prestige position as a direct retainer in the Shogun's court. He was provided with generous revenues: "For the services that I have done and do daily, being employed in the Emperor's service, the Emperor has given me a living" (Letters). He was granted a fief in Hemi (逸見) within the boundaries of present-day Yokosuka City, "with eighty or ninety husbandmen, that be my slaves or servants" (Letters). His estate was valued at 250 koku. He finally wrote "God hath provided for me after my great misery", (Letters) by which he meant the disaster-ridden voyage that initially brought him to Japan.

Q1: Who was the first Western samurai?
A1: William Adams
Q2: Who made William Adams a samurai?
A2: Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu
Q3: What was William Adams's Japanese name?
A3: Anjin Miura
Q4: What did hatamoto mean?
A4: bannerman
Q5: How many servants did William Adams have?
A5: eighty or ninety
Title: Comics
Topic: Language and literature

The English term comics derives from the humorous (or "comic") work which predominated in early American newspaper comic strips; usage of the term has become standard for non-humorous works as well. The term "comic book" has a similarly confusing history: they are most often not humorous; nor are they regular books, but rather periodicals. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language Franco-Belgian comics.

Q1: The word comic comes from the humorous pieces found where?
A1: newspaper comic strips
Q2: Comic is used for what other kind of work other than humorous works?
A2: non-humorous
Q3: Comic books are what type of books?
A3: periodicals
Q4: What is the term that the English use for the comics out of Japan?
A4: manga
Q5: What is the term that the English use for the comics that come out of Belgian?
A5: bandes dessinées
Title: Comics
Topic: Language and literature

The English term comics is used as a singular noun when it refers to the medium and a plural when referring to particular instances, such as individual strips or comic books. Though the term derives from the humorous (or comic) work that predominated in early American newspaper comic strips, it has become standard also for non-humorous works. It is common in English to refer to the comics of different cultures by the terms used in their original languages, such as manga for Japanese comics, or bandes dessinées for French-language comics. There is no consensus amongst theorists and historians on a definition of comics; some emphasize the combination of images and text, some sequentiality or other image relations, and others historical aspects such as mass reproduction or the use of recurring characters. The increasing cross-pollination of concepts from different comics cultures and eras has further made definition difficult.

Q1: French comics are also known as what?
A1: bandes dessinées
Q2: When is the term comics considered singular rather than plural?
A2: when it refers to the medium
Q3: The historical aspect of cartooning can be applied to mass reproduction or what?
A3: recurring characters
Q4: Some experts believe comics is a combination of what two things?
A4: images and text
Q5: What are Japanese comics called?
A5: manga
Title: Institute_of_technology
Topic: Engineering and technology

The English term polytechnic appeared in the early 19th century, from the French École Polytechnique, an engineering school founded in 1794 in Paris. The French term comes from the Greek πολύ (polú or polý) meaning "many" and τεχνικός (tekhnikós) meaning "arts".

Q1: In what century did the term polytechnic first show up?
A1: 19th century
Q2: What school founded in 1794 first used a form of the word polytechnic in its name?
A2: École Polytechnique
Q3: What language does the French word polytechnique come from?
A3: Greek
Title: Translation
Topic: Language and literature

The English word "translation" derives from the Latin translatio (which itself comes from trans- and from fero, the supine form of which is latum—together meaning "a carrying across" or "a bringing across"). The modern Romance languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that are derived from that same Latin source or from the alternative Latin traducere ("to lead across" or "to bring across"). The Slavic and Germanic languages (except in the case of the Dutch equivalent, "vertaling"—a "re-language-ing") likewise use calques of these Latin sources.

Q1: What Latin word does the English word translation come from?
A1: translatio
Q2: What languages use equivalents of the English term "translation" that come from the same Latin source?
A2: Romance
Q3: What does Latin's traducere mean in English?
A3: "to lead across"
Q4: Slavic and Germanic languages also use a similar loanword from what source?
A4: Latin
Q5: What does the Dutch word "vertaling" roughly translate to?
A5: "re-language-ing"
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

The English word Alps derives from the Latin Alpes (through French). Maurus Servius Honoratus, an ancient commentator of Virgil, says in his commentary (A. X 13) that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts. The term may be common to Italo-Celtic, because the Celtic languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp.

Q1: The English word Alps derives from what Latin Word? 
A1: Alpes
Q2: Who says that all high mountains are called Alpes by Celts?
A2: Maurus Servius Honoratus
Q3: What languages have terms for high mountains derived from alp? 
A3: Celtic languages
Title: Slavs
Topic: History

The English word Slav could be derived from the Middle English word sclave, which was borrowed from Medieval Latin sclavus or slavus, itself a borrowing and Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from a misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym (denoting a speaker of their own languages). The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba صقالبة (sing. Saqlabi صقلبي) by medieval Arab historiographers. However, the origin of this word is disputed.

Q1: The word Slav could be derived from what Middle English word?
A1: sclave
Q2: The origin of what Byzantine term is disputed?
A2: Sklavinoi
Q3: The Byzantine Greek σκλάβος sklábos "slave," which was in turn apparently derived from what?
A3: misunderstanding of the Slavic autonym
Q4: The Byzantine term Sklavinoi was loaned into Arabic as Saqaliba by who?
A4: medieval Arab historiographers
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The English word scientist is relatively recent—first coined by William Whewell in the 19th century. Previously, people investigating nature called themselves natural philosophers. While empirical investigations of the natural world have been described since classical antiquity (for example, by Thales, Aristotle, and others), and scientific methods have been employed since the Middle Ages (for example, by Ibn al-Haytham, and Roger Bacon), the dawn of modern science is often traced back to the early modern period and in particular to the scientific revolution that took place in 16th- and 17th-century Europe. Scientific methods are considered to be so fundamental to modern science that some consider earlier inquiries into nature to be pre-scientific. Traditionally, historians of science have defined science sufficiently broadly to include those inquiries.

Q1: Who coined the word "scientist"?
A1: William Whewell
Q2: When was the word "scientist" created?
A2: 19th century
Q3: What are people who study nature called?
A3: natural philosophers
Q4: Ibn al-Haytham and Roger Bacon were scientists in which time period?
A4: the Middle Ages
Q5: When was the beginning of modern science considered to be?
A5: the scientific revolution
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Enlightenment has always been contested territory. Its supporters "hail it as the source of everything that is progressive about the modern world. For them, it stands for freedom of thought, rational inquiry, critical thinking, religious tolerance, political liberty, scientific achievement, the pursuit of happiness, and hope for the future." However, its detractors accuse it of 'shallow' rationalism, naïve optimism, unrealistic universalism, and moral darkness. From the start there was a Counter-Enlightenment in which conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attacked materialism and skepticism as evil forces that encouraged immorality. By 1794, they pointed to the Terror during the French Revolution as confirmation of their predictions. As the Enlightenment was ending, Romantic philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment, because it disregarded the bonds of history, myth, faith and tradition that were necessary to hold society together.

Q1: What two ideas did conservative and clerical defenders of traditional religion attack as evil forces that encouraged immorality?
A1: materialism and skepticism
Q2: By 1794, what did those against the Enlightenment point to as confirmation of their predictions?
A2: Terror during the French Revolution
Q3: Which type of philosophers argued that excessive dependence on reason was a mistake perpetuated by the Enlightenment?
A3: Romantic
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the "consent of the governed" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shift from the old governance paradigm under feudalism known as the "divine right of kings". In this view, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused by the fact that this governance paradigm shift often could not be resolved peacefully, and therefore violent revolution was the result. Clearly a governance philosophy where the king was never wrong was in direct conflict with one whereby citizens by natural law had to consent to the acts and rulings of their government.

Q1: The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year?
A1: 1789
Q2: Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)?
A2: Locke
Q3: The "divine right of kings" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies?
A3: "consent of the governed"
Q4: According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully?
A4: governance paradigm shift
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Enlightenment took hold in most European countries, often with a specific local emphasis. For example, in France it became associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism while in Germany it reached deep into the middle classes and where it expressed a spiritualistic and nationalistic tone without threatening governments or established churches. Government responses varied widely. In France, the government was hostile, and the philosophes fought against its censorship, sometimes being imprisoned or hounded into exile. The British government for the most part ignored the Enlightenment's leaders in England and Scotland, although it did give Isaac Newton a knighthood and a very lucrative government office.

Q1: In which country did the Enlightenment become associated with anti-government and anti-Church radicalism?
A1: France
Q2: Which of the Enlightenment's leaders did the British government give a knighthood and lucrative government office?
A2: Isaac Newton
Q3: In which country did the government respond with hostility to the Enlightenment, even imprisoning philosophes?
A3: France
Q4: Was government response to the Enlightenment uniformly positive or widely varied?
A4: varied
Q5: In which class did the Enlightenment reach deepest, expressing a nationalistic tone?
A5: middle
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The Enlightenment – known in French as the Siècle des Lumières, the Century of Enlightenment, and in German as the Aufklärung – was a philosophical movement which dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century. The Enlightenment included a range of ideas centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy, and came to advance ideals such as liberty, progress, tolerance, fraternity, constitutional government and ending the abuses of the church and state. In France, the central doctrines of the Lumières were individual liberty and religious tolerance, in opposition to the principle of absolute monarchy and the fixed dogmas of the Roman Catholic Church. The Enlightenment was marked by increasing empiricism, scientific rigor, and reductionism, along with increased questioning of religious orthodoxy.

Q1: How was the Enlightenment known in French?
A1: Siècle des Lumières
Q2: Which movement dominated the world of ideas in Europe in the 18th century?
A2: The Enlightenment
Q3: In France, what were the central doctrines of the Lumieres?
A3: individual liberty and religious tolerance
Q4: The principle of absolute monarchy of which group was at odds with those following the Enlightenment?
A4: Roman Catholic Church
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

The Epicureans and the Cynics rejected public offices and civic service, which amounted to a rejection of the polis itself, the defining institution of the Greek world. Epicurus promoted atomism and an asceticism based on freedom from pain as its ultimate goal. Cynics such as Diogenes of Sinope rejected all material possessions and social conventions (nomos) as unnatural and useless. The Cyrenaics meanwhile, embraced hedonism, arguing that pleasure was the only true good. Stoicism, founded by Zeno of Citium, taught that virtue was sufficient for eudaimonia as it would allow one to live in accordance with Nature or Logos. Zeno became extremely popular, the Athenians set up a gold statue of him and Antigonus II Gonatas invited him to the Macedonian court. The philosophical schools of Aristotle (the Peripatetics of the Lyceum) and Plato (Platonism at the Academy) also remained influential. The academy would eventually turn to Academic Skepticism under Arcesilaus until it was rejected by Antiochus of Ascalon (c. 90 BCE) in favor of Neoplatonism. Hellenistic philosophy, had a significant influence on the Greek ruling elite. Examples include Athenian statesman Demetrius of Phaleron, who had studied in the lyceum; the Spartan king Cleomenes III who was a student of the Stoic Sphairos of Borysthenes and Antigonus II who was also a well known Stoic. This can also be said of the Roman upper classes, were Stoicism was dominant, as seen in the Meditations of the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius and the works of Cicero.

Q1: Who promoted freedom from pain as the ultimate goal?
A1: Epicurus
Q2: Who said social norms and material possesions were unnatural and useless?
A2: Diogenes of Sinope
Q3: Which group embraced hedonism?
A3: Cyrenaics
Q4: Who founded Stoicism?
A4: Zeno of Citium
Q5: Who rejected Academic Skepticism in favor of Neoplatonism?
A5: Antiochus of Ascalon
Title: Eritrea
Topic: Natural sciences

The Eritrean highway system is named according to the road classification. The three levels of classification are: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T). The lowest level road is tertiary and serves local interests. Typically they are improved earth roads which are occasionally paved. During the wet seasons these roads typically become impassable. The next higher level road is a secondary road and typically is a single-layered asphalt road that connects district capitals together and those to the regional capitals. Roads that are considered primary roads are those that are fully asphalted (throughout their entire length) and in general they carry traffic between all the major towns in Eritrea.

Q1: How is the Eritrean highway system named?
A1: according to the road classification
Q2: What are the three levels of road classification in Eritrea?
A2: primary (P), secondary (S), and tertiary (T)
Q3: What are T roads, the lowest level that typically serves local interests?
A3: improved earth roads which are occasionally paved
Q4: What are S roads, the mid-level that connects district capitals to regional capitals?
A4: single-layered asphalt road
Q5: What are P roads, those that carry traffic between all major towns in Eritrea?
A5: fully asphalted (throughout their entire length)
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The Estonian Academy of Arts (Estonian: Eesti Kunstiakadeemia, EKA) is providing higher education in art, design, architecture, media, art history and conservation while Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu has an approach to popularise native culture through such curricula as native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design, traditional handicraft and traditional music, but also jazz and church music. In 2010, there were 245 museums in Estonia whose combined collections contain more than 10 million objects.

Q1: What institute provides education in art, design, and media?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Arts
Q2: What institute promotes awareness of native culture?
A2: Viljandi Culture Academy of University of Tartu
Q3: What parts of native culture does the Viljandi Culture Academy highlight?
A3: native construction, native blacksmithing, native textile design
Q4: How many Estonian museums existed in 2010?
A4: 245
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The Estonian Academy of Sciences is the national academy of science. The strongest public non-profit research institute that carries out fundamental and applied research is the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics (NICPB; Estonian KBFI). The first computer centres were established in the late 1950s in Tartu and Tallinn. Estonian specialists contributed in the development of software engineering standards for ministries of the Soviet Union during the 1980s. As of 2011[update], Estonia spends around 2.38% of its GDP on Research and Development, compared to an EU average of around 2.0%.

Q1: What is the main science institution in Estonia?
A1: The Estonian Academy of Sciences
Q2: What is the strongest research body that executes fundamental and applied research?
A2: the National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics
Q3: What decade were the first computer centers created in Estonia?
A3: the late 1950s
Q4: What cities were the locations of the first computer centers?
A4: Tartu and Tallinn
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law that was passed in 1925 was unique in Europe at that time. Cultural autonomies could be granted to minorities numbering more than 3,000 people with longstanding ties to the Republic of Estonia. Before the Soviet occupation, the Germans and Jewish minorities managed to elect a cultural council. The Law on Cultural Autonomy for National Minorities was reinstated in 1993. Historically, large parts of Estonia's northwestern coast and islands have been populated by indigenous ethnically Rannarootslased (Coastal Swedes).

Q1: What year was the Estonian Cultural Autonomy law established?
A1: 1925
Q2: In 1925, what rule did Estonia create that was unique in Europe?
A2: The Estonian Cultural Autonomy law
Q3: How many minorities were granted cultural autonomies?
A3: more than 3,000 people
Q4: What groups of minorities could elect a cultural council before the Soviet occupation?
A4: Germans and Jewish minorities
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct kirderanniku dialect, that of the northeastern coast of Estonia.

Q1: How many groups of Estonian dialects are there?
A1: two
Q2: What are the names of the Estonian dialect groups?
A2: the northern and southern dialects
Q3: What is the northern city to which the northern dialect is associated?
A3: Tallinn
Q4: Where is the kirderanniku dialect spoken?
A4: the northeastern coast of Estonia
Q5: What is the city where the southern dialect was historically spoken?
A5: Tartu
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

The Estonian literature refers to literature written in the Estonian language (ca. 1 million speakers). The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Germany, Sweden, and Russia resulted in few early written literary works in the Estonian language. The oldest records of written Estonian date from the 13th century. Originates Livoniae in Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences. The Liber Census Daniae (1241) contains Estonian place and family names.

Q1: What event preceded the domination of Estonia by different European powers?
A1: the Northern Crusades
Q2: Which three nations occupied Estonia up until 1918?
A2: Germany, Sweden, and Russia
Q3: What era contains the oldest records of written Estonia works?
A3: the 13th century
Q4: What document dated in 1241 contains place and family names?
A4: The Liber Census Daniae
Title: European_Central_Bank
Topic: Geography and places

The European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven institutions of the European Union (EU) listed in the Treaty on European Union (TEU). The capital stock of the bank is owned by the central banks of all 28 EU member states.[dated info] The Treaty of Amsterdam established the bank in 1998, and it is headquartered in Frankfurt, Germany. As of 2015[update] the President of the ECB is Mario Draghi, former governor of the Bank of Italy, former member of the World Bank, and former managing director of the Goldman Sachs international division (2002–2005). The bank primarily occupied the Eurotower prior to, and during, the construction of the new headquarters.

Q1: What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank?
A1: Mario Draghi
Q2: What is the official, central bank for the euro?
A2: The European Central Bank
Q3: What is the Eurozone?
A3: consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world
Q4: Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank?
A4: the central banks of all 28 EU member states
Q5: What established The European Central Bank?
A5: The Treaty of Amsterdam
Title: European_Central_Bank
Topic: Geography and places

The European Central Bank had stepped up the buying of member nations debt. In response to the crisis of 2010, some proposals have surfaced for a collective European bond issue that would allow the central bank to purchase a European version of US Treasury bills. To make European sovereign debt assets more similar to a US Treasury, a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency would be necessary.[b] But the German government has resisted this proposal, and other analyses indicate that "the sickness of the euro" is due to the linkage between sovereign debt and failing national banking systems. If the European central bank were to deal directly with failing banking systems sovereign debt would not look as leveraged relative to national income in the financially weaker member states.

Q1: What is being caused by links between soverign debt and failing national banks?
A1: the sickness of the euro
Q2: Which country has been resistant to attempts to make the soverign debt assets more like the U.S. Treasury?
A2: the German government
Q3: Who began to increase their coverage of weaker debts?
A3: The European Central Bank
Q4: What would have to happen to make European sovereign debt assets more like what is found in the U.S. Treasury?
A4: a collective guarantee of the member states' solvency
Q5: Why did propsals about making the European sovereign debt assets more like the US Treasury?
A5: the crisis of 2010
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European continent. Described as a revolutionary wave, the period of unrest began in France and then, further propelled by the French Revolution of 1848, soon spread to the rest of Europe. Although most of the revolutions were quickly put down, there was a significant amount of violence in many areas, with tens of thousands of people tortured and killed. While the immediate political effects of the revolutions were reversed, the long-term reverberations of the events were far-reaching.

Q1: When did the European revolutions occur?
A1: 1848
Q2: What are European revolutions known as in other countries?
A2: Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution
Q3: In what country did the revolutions begin?
A3: France
Q4: How many people were estimated to be killed in the revolutions? 
A4: tens of thousands
Title: USB
Topic: Engineering and technology

The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI (independent of the OMTP/GSMA proposal) defined a common External Power Supply (EPS) for use with smartphones sold in the EU based on micro-USB. 14 of the world's largest mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). Apple, one of the original MoU signers, makes micro-USB adapters available – as permitted in the Common EPS MoU – for its iPhones equipped with Apple's proprietary 30-pin dock connector or (later) Lightning connector.

Q1: Who defined a common External Power Supply for use with smartphones sold?
A1: The European Standardisation Bodies CEN, CENELEC and ETSI
Q2: How many mobile phone manufacturers signed the EU's common EPS (MoU)?
A2: 14
Q3: Who was one of the original MoU signers?
A3: Apple
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

The European Union uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin synonymously in its documents and according to it "the use of the term 'racial origin' in this directive does not imply an acceptance of such [racial] theories".[full citation needed] Haney López warns that using "race" as a category within the law tends to legitimize its existence in the popular imagination. In the diverse geographic context of Europe, ethnicity and ethnic origin are arguably more resonant and are less encumbered by the ideological baggage associated with "race". In European context, historical resonance of "race" underscores its problematic nature. In some states, it is strongly associated with laws promulgated by the Nazi and Fascist governments in Europe during the 1930s and 1940s. Indeed, in 1996, the European Parliament adopted a resolution stating that "the term should therefore be avoided in all official texts".

Q1: Who uses the terms racial origin and ethnic origin interchangeably? 
A1: The European Union
Q2: What does using race as a category within the law legitimize?
A2: its existence
Q3: In what context is the historical use of race underscored by its problematic nature?
A3: European
Q4: Race is strongly associated with laws by what type of governments?
A4: Fascist
Q5: In what year did the European Parliament adopt a resolution to remove "race" from all official texts?
A5: 1996
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

The European colonization of the Americas forever changed the lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents. Although the exact pre-contact population of the Americas is unknown, scholars estimate that Native American populations diminished by between 80 and 90% within the first centuries of contact with Europeans. The leading cause was disease. The continent was ravaged by epidemics of diseases such as smallpox, measles, and cholera, which were brought from Europe by the early explorers and spread quickly into new areas even before later explorers and colonists reached them. Native Americans suffered high mortality rates due to their lack of prior exposure to these diseases. The loss of lives was exacerbated by conflict between colonists and indigenous people. Colonists also frequently perpetrated massacres on the indigenous groups and enslaved them. According to the U.S. Bureau of the Census (1894), the North American Indian Wars of the 19th century cost the lives of about 19,000 whites and 30,000 Native Americans.

Q1: What did the European colonization forever change?
A1: lives and cultures of the peoples of the continents
Q2: How much did the population of the Americas decrease after first contact with the Europeans?
A2: between 80 and 90%
Q3: What was the leading cause of death for the native population after European contact?
A3: disease
Q4: What triad of disease epidemics ravaged the American continent?
A4: smallpox, measles, and cholera
Q5: Why did Native Americans suffer such high mortality rates to the diseases?
A5: lack of prior exposure
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

The European concept of "race", along with many of the ideas now associated with the term, arose at the time of the scientific revolution, which introduced and privileged the study of natural kinds, and the age of European imperialism and colonization which established political relations between Europeans and peoples with distinct cultural and political traditions. As Europeans encountered people from different parts of the world, they speculated about the physical, social, and cultural differences among various human groups. The rise of the Atlantic slave trade, which gradually displaced an earlier trade in slaves from throughout the world, created a further incentive to categorize human groups in order to justify the subordination of African slaves. Drawing on Classical sources and upon their own internal interactions — for example, the hostility between the English and Irish powerfully influenced early European thinking about the differences between people — Europeans began to sort themselves and others into groups based on physical appearance, and to attribute to individuals belonging to these groups behaviors and capacities which were claimed to be deeply ingrained. A set of folk beliefs took hold that linked inherited physical differences between groups to inherited intellectual, behavioral, and moral qualities. Similar ideas can be found in other cultures, for example in China, where a concept often translated as "race" was associated with supposed common descent from the Yellow Emperor, and used to stress the unity of ethnic groups in China. Brutal conflicts between ethnic groups have existed throughout history and across the world.

Q1: When did many of the ideas associated with the term "race" arise?
A1: time of the scientific revolution
Q2: What created relations between Europeans and people with different cultures?
A2: colonization
Q3: Who speculated about the observable difference among different groups of humans?
A3: Europeans
Q4: Justifying the subordination of what group was one of the incentives to categorize human groups?
A4: African slaves
Q5: What groups has there always been brutal conflict between?
A5: ethnic
Title: Crimean_War
Topic: History

The European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived at by the four powers at the Vienna Conference were delivered to the Russians by the Austrian Foreign Minister Count Karl von Buol on 5 December 1853. The note met with the approval of Nicholas I; however, Abdülmecid I rejected the proposal, feeling that the document's poor phrasing left it open to many different interpretations. The United Kingdom, France, and Austria united in proposing amendments to mollify the Sultan, but the court of St. Petersburg ignored their suggestions.:143 The UK and France then set aside the idea of continuing negotiations, but Austria and Prussia did not believe that the rejection of the proposed amendments justified the abandonment of the diplomatic process.

Q1: What European powers met in Vienna for a conference?
A1: United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia
Q2: Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians?
A2: Count Karl von Buol
Q3: In what year did Count Karl von Buol deliver the Vienna Conference news to the Russians?
A3: 1853
Q4: Who rejected the proposal due to poor word phrasing?
A4: Abdülmecid I
Q5: Who approved the proposal given by Count Karl von Buol ?
A5: Nicholas I