LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Madrasa
Topic: Language and literature

As with any other country during the Early Modern Period, such as Italy and Spain in Europe, the Ottoman social life was interconnected with the medrese. Medreses were built in as part of a Mosque complex where many programmes, such as aid to the poor through soup kitchens, were held under the infrastructure of a mosque, which reveals the interconnectedness of religion and social life during this period. "The mosques to which medreses were attached, dominated the social life in Ottoman cities." Social life was not dominated by religion only in the Muslim world of the Ottoman Empire; it was also quite similar to the social life of Europe during this period. As Goffman says: "Just as mosques dominated social life for the Ottomans, churches and synagogues dominated life for the Christians and Jews as well." Hence, social life and the medrese were closely linked, since medreses taught many curricula, such as religion, which highly governed social life in terms of establishing orthodoxy. "They tried moving their developing state toward Islamic orthodoxy." Overall, the fact that mosques contained medreses comes to show the relevance of education to religion in the sense that education took place within the framework of religion and religion established social life by trying to create a common religious orthodoxy. Hence, medreses were simply part of the social life of society as students came to learn the fundamentals of their societal values and beliefs.

Q1: What kind of social service was provided through the madaris?
A1: aid to the poor through soup kitchens
Q2: What had a hold over social life in the Ottoman Empire as well as other cultures?
A2: religion
Q3: Where did students learn about religious and social norms?
A3: medreses
Q4: What practice was desired through connecting religion and schools?
A4: Islamic orthodoxy
Title: Bacteria
Topic: Natural sciences

As with bacterial classification, identification of bacteria is increasingly using molecular methods. Diagnostics using DNA-based tools, such as polymerase chain reaction, are increasingly popular due to their specificity and speed, compared to culture-based methods. These methods also allow the detection and identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells that are metabolically active but non-dividing. However, even using these improved methods, the total number of bacterial species is not known and cannot even be estimated with any certainty. Following present classification, there are a little less than 9,300 known species of prokaryotes, which includes bacteria and archaea; but attempts to estimate the true number of bacterial diversity have ranged from 107 to 109 total species – and even these diverse estimates may be off by many orders of magnitude.

Q1: What technique has becoming more popular in classification of bacteria?
A1: molecular methods
Q2: What tool does DNA based diagnostics use?
A2: polymerase chain reaction
Q3: What else can molecular methods of classification reveal?
A3: identification of "viable but nonculturable" cells
Q4: Can new methods determine a total number of bacteria species?
A4: cannot even be estimated with any certainty
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

As with most ancient civilizations, Rome's military served the triple purposes of securing its borders, exploiting peripheral areas through measures such as imposing tribute on conquered peoples, and maintaining internal order. From the outset, Rome's military typified this pattern and the majority of Rome's wars were characterized by one of two types. The first is the foreign war, normally begun as a counter-offensive or defense of an ally. The second is the civil war, which plagued the Roman Republic in its final century. Roman armies were not invincible, despite their formidable reputation and host of victories. Over the centuries the Romans "produced their share of incompetents" who led Roman armies into catastrophic defeats. Nevertheless, it was generally the fate of the greatest of Rome's enemies, such as Pyrrhus and Hannibal, to win early battles but lose the war. The history of Rome's campaigning is, if nothing else, a history of obstinate persistence overcoming appalling losses.

Q1: Who in Rome was responsible for imposing tribute on nations that they had conquered?
A1: Rome's military
Q2: What could be considered a trait of Rome's military campaigns?
A2: obstinate persistence
Q3: What was considered a problem in the Roman Republic during its last century?
A3: civil war
Q4: What would often lead Rome to wage war in foreign lands?
A4: defense of an ally
Title: British_Isles
Topic: Geography and places

As with most of Europe, prehistoric Britain and Ireland were covered with forest and swamp. Clearing began around 6000 BC and accelerated in medieval times. Despite this, Britain retained its primeval forests longer than most of Europe due to a small population and later development of trade and industry, and wood shortages were not a problem until the 17th century. By the 18th century, most of Britain's forests were consumed for shipbuilding or manufacturing charcoal and the nation was forced to import lumber from Scandinavia, North America, and the Baltic. Most forest land in Ireland is maintained by state forestation programmes. Almost all land outside urban areas is farmland. However, relatively large areas of forest remain in east and north Scotland and in southeast England. Oak, elm, ash and beech are amongst the most common trees in England. In Scotland, pine and birch are most common. Natural forests in Ireland are mainly oak, ash, wych elm, birch and pine. Beech and lime, though not native to Ireland, are also common there. Farmland hosts a variety of semi-natural vegetation of grasses and flowering plants. Woods, hedgerows, mountain slopes and marshes host heather, wild grasses, gorse and bracken.

Q1: When did the clearing of swamp land and forests begin in the British Isles?
A1: around 6000 BC
Q2: When did the clearing of the swamp land and forest begain to rapidly increase?
A2: medieval times
Q3: Why was Britain able to keep its ancient forests longer than Europe?
A3: due to a small population
Q4: When did lumber shortages start to occur in Britain?
A4: 17th century
Q5: What are three of the most typical type of tress that can be found in Ireland?
A5: oak, ash, wych elm
Title: Eton_College
Topic: History

As with other public schools, a scheme was devised towards the end of the 19th century to familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas. The project of establishing an 'Eton Mission' in the crowded district of Hackney Wick in east London was started at the beginning of 1880, and lasted until 1971 when it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic. However over the years much money was raised for the Eton Mission, a fine church by G. F. Bodley was erected, many Etonians visited, and stimulated among other things the Eton Manor Boys' Club, a notable rowing club which has survived the Mission itself, and the 59 Club for motorcyclists.

Q1: Which club at Eaton is for motorcyclists?
A1: 59 Club
Q2: What was the purpose for creating an Eton Mission?
A2: familiarize privileged schoolboys with social conditions in deprived areas
Q3: Why did construction of Eton Mission cease in 1971?
A3: it was decided that a more local project (at Dorney) would be more realistic
Q4: What is Eton's rowing club called?
A4: Eton Manor Boys' Club
Q5: Where was the Eton Mission originally to be located?
A5: district of Hackney Wick in east London
Title: Professional_wrestling
Topic: Sports and recreation

As with personae in general, a character's face or heel alignment may change with time, or remain constant over its lifetime (the most famous example of the latter is Ricky Steamboat, a WWE Hall of Famer who remained a babyface throughout his entire career). Sometimes a character's heel turn will become so popular that eventually the audience response will alter the character's heel-face cycle to the point where the heel persona will, in practice, become a face persona, and what was previously the face persona, will turn into the heel persona, such as when Dwayne Johnson first began using "The Rock" persona as a heel character, as opposed to his original "Rocky Maivia" babyface persona. Another legendary example is Stone Cold Steve Austin, who was originally booked as a heel, with such mannerisms as drinking on the job, using profanity, breaking company property, and even breaking into people's private homes. However, much to WWF's surprise, the fans enjoyed Austin's antics so much that he became one of the greatest antiheroes in the history of the business. He, along with the stable of D-Generation X, is generally credited with ushering in the Attitude Era of WWF programming.

Q1: Who is a wrestler who never turned? 
A1: Ricky Steamboat
Q2: What did Stone Cold Steve Austin start as? 
A2: heel
Q3: What was The Rock's original character? 
A3: Rocky Maivia
Q4: What did Steve Austin become? 
A4: one of the greatest antiheroes
Title: USB
Topic: Engineering and technology

As with previous USB versions, USB 3.0 ports come in low-power and high-power variants, providing 150 mA and 900 mA respectively, while simultaneously transmitting data at SuperSpeed rates. Additionally, there is a Battery Charging Specification (Version 1.2 – December 2010), which increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A but does not allow concurrent data transmission. The Battery Charging Specification requires that the physical ports themselves be capable of handling 5 A of current[citation needed] but limits the maximum current drawn to 1.5 A.

Q1: What are the power variants in USB 3.0 ports?
A1: low-power and high-power
Q2: What do the power variants provide?
A2: 150 mA and 900 mA respectively
Q3: What does the Battery Charging Specification do?
A3: increases the power handling capability to 1.5 A
Q4: What is a downfall of the Battery Charging Specification?
A4: does not allow concurrent data transmission
Title: Nutrition
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

As with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, such as carnitine, are thought useful for survival and health, but these are not "essential" dietary nutrients because the human body has some capacity to produce them from other compounds. Moreover, thousands of different phytochemicals have recently been discovered in food (particularly in fresh vegetables), which may have desirable properties including antioxidant activity (see below); however, experimental demonstration has been suggestive but inconclusive. Other essential nutrients that are not classified as vitamins include essential amino acids (see above), choline, essential fatty acids (see above), and the minerals discussed in the preceding section.

Q1: Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin?
A1: Vitamin D
Q2: What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized?
A2: UVB radiation
Q3: What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient?
A3: carnitine
Q4: What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables?
A4: phytochemicals
Q5: What is choline not an example of?
A5: vitamins
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

As with the rest of the UK, Southampton experiences an oceanic climate (Köppen Cfb). Its southerly, low lying and sheltered location ensures it is among the warmer, sunnier cities in the UK. It has held the record for the highest temperature in the UK for June at 35.6 °C (96.1 °F) since 1976.

Q1: What kind of climate does Southampton have?
A1: oceanic
Q2: For what month does Southampton hold the UK's record high temperature?
A2: June
Q3: What was the record high temperature for June in degrees Celsius?
A3: 35.6
Q4: What year did Southampton set the record high temperature for June?
A4: 1976
Q5: What does the record-setting 35.6 degrees Celsius convert to in degrees Fahrenheit? 
A5: 96.1
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

As with the spoken languages, the ethnic group composition also remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. The CIA's World Factbook has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran are a diverse Indo-European ethno-linguistic group that comprise the speakers of Iranian languages, with Persians constituting 53% of the population, Gilaks and Mazanderanis 7%, Kurds 10%, Lurs 6%, and Balochs 2%. Peoples of the other ethnicities in Iran make up the remaining 22%, with Azerbaijanis constituting 16%, Arabs 2%, Turkmens and Turkic tribes 2%, and others 2% (such as Armenians, Talysh, Georgians, Circassians, Assyrians).

Q1: What is Iran's presumed largest ethnic group?
A1: Persians
Q2: What is Iran's presumed 2nd largest ethnic group?
A2: Azerbaijanis
Q3: Persians make up what percentage of Iran's population?
A3: 53%
Q4: Ethnic minorities such as Azerbaijanis make up what percentage of Iran's population?
A4: 22%
Q5: What percentage of Iran speaks any type of Iranian language?
A5: 79%
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

As with zoneinfo, a user of Microsoft Windows configures DST by specifying the name of a location, and the operating system then consults a table of rule sets that must be updated when DST rules change. Procedures for specifying the name and updating the table vary with release. Updates are not issued for older versions of Microsoft Windows. Windows Vista supports at most two start and end rules per time zone setting. In a Canadian location observing DST, a single Vista setting supports both 1987–2006 and post-2006 time stamps, but mishandles some older time stamps. Older Microsoft Windows systems usually store only a single start and end rule for each zone, so that the same Canadian setting reliably supports only post-2006 time stamps.

Q1: Similar to systems using zoneinfo, Microsoft Windows calculates DST by doing what?
A1: specifying the name of a location
Q2: When does the table of rule sets the Windows operating system uses have to be updated?
A2: when DST rules change
Q3: If your computer runs Vista, what's the maximum number of start and end rules you can have for each time zone setting?
A3: two
Q4: If located in Canada somewhere where DST is observed, a system running Vista might mishandle time stamps that are older than what year?
A4: 1987
Q5: On a system running Windows older than Vista, locations in Canada observing DST would only reliably support time stamps from after what year?
A5: 2006
Title: Ashkenazi_Jews
Topic: History

Ashkenazi Jews have a noted history of achievement in Western societies in the fields of exact and social sciences, literature, finance, politics, media, and others. In those societies where they have been free to enter any profession, they have a record of high occupational achievement, entering professions and fields of commerce where higher education is required. Ashkenazi Jews have won a large number of the Nobel awards. While they make up about 2% of the U.S. population, 27% of United States Nobel prize winners in the 20th century, a quarter of Fields Medal winners, 25% of ACM Turing Award winners, half the world's chess champions, including 8% of the top 100 world chess players, and a quarter of Westinghouse Science Talent Search winners have Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry.

Q1: What percentage of the US population is comprised of Ashkenazi Jews?
A1: 2%
Q2: What percentage of Nobel award winners from the United States in the 20th century have been Ashkenazi Jews? 
A2: 27%
Q3: About how many Fields Medal winners have been Ashkenazi Jews?
A3: a quarter
Q4: About how many of the world's chess champions come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
A4: half the world's chess champions
Q5: What percentage of the top 100 world chess players come from the Ashkenazi Jewish community?
A5: 8%
Title: Jews
Topic: History

Ashkenazi Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry, with at least 70% of Jews worldwide (and up to 90% prior to World War II and the Holocaust). As a result of their emigration from Europe, Ashkenazim also represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents, in countries such as the United States, Canada, Argentina, Australia, and Brazil. In France, the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim. Only in Israel is the Jewish population representative of all groups, a melting pot independent of each group's proportion within the overall world Jewish population.

Q1: What group of Jews represent the bulk of modern Jewry?
A1: Ashkenazi Jews
Q2: Which group represents at least 70% of Jews worldwide?
A2: Ashkenazi Jews
Q3: Why does Ashkenazim represent the overwhelming majority of Jews in the New World continents?
A3: As a result of their emigration from Europe
Q4: In what country does the immigration of Jews from Algeria (Sephardim) has led them to outnumber the Ashkenazim?
A4: France
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Asian Americans in New York City, according to the 2010 Census, number more than one million, greater than the combined totals of San Francisco and Los Angeles. New York contains the highest total Asian population of any U.S. city proper. The New York City borough of Queens is home to the state's largest Asian American population and the largest Andean (Colombian, Ecuadorian, Peruvian, and Bolivian) populations in the United States, and is also the most ethnically diverse urban area in the world. The Chinese population constitutes the fastest-growing nationality in New York State; multiple satellites of the original Manhattan Chinatown (紐約華埠), in Brooklyn (布鲁克林華埠), and around Flushing, Queens (法拉盛華埠), are thriving as traditionally urban enclaves, while also expanding rapidly eastward into suburban Nassau County (拿騷縣) on Long Island (長島), as the New York metropolitan region and New York State have become the top destinations for new Chinese immigrants, respectively, and large-scale Chinese immigration continues into New York City and surrounding areas. In 2012, 6.3% of New York City was of Chinese ethnicity, with nearly three-fourths living in either Queens or Brooklyn, geographically on Long Island. A community numbering 20,000 Korean-Chinese (Chaoxianzu (Chinese: 朝鲜族) or Joseonjok (Hangul: 조선족)) is centered in Flushing, Queens, while New York City is also home to the largest Tibetan population outside China, India, and Nepal, also centered in Queens. Koreans made up 1.2% of the city's population, and Japanese 0.3%. Filipinos were the largest Southeast Asian ethnic group at 0.8%, followed by Vietnamese, who made up 0.2% of New York City's population in 2010. Indians are the largest South Asian group, comprising 2.4% of the city's population, with Bangladeshis and Pakistanis at 0.7% and 0.5%, respectively. Queens is the preferred borough of settlement for Asian Indians, Koreans, and Filipinos, as well as Malaysians and other Southeast Asians; while Brooklyn is receiving large numbers of both West Indian as well as Asian Indian immigrants.

Q1: What New York borough contains the highest population of Asian-Americans?
A1: Queens
Q2: What borough housed the first Chinatown in New York?
A2: Manhattan
Q3: As of 2012, what percentage of the New York City population was ethnically Chinese?
A3: 6.3%
Q4: What borough is home to a large Tibetan population?
A4: Queens
Q5: What percentage of the New York City population is Japanese?
A5: 0.3%
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

Aside from the 20th century addition of the Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes and Paris heliport, Paris' administrative limits have remained unchanged since 1860. The Seine département had been governing Paris and its suburbs since its creation in 1790, but the rising suburban population had made it difficult to govern as a unique entity. This problem was 'resolved' when its parent "District de la région parisienne" (Paris region) was reorganised into several new departments from 1968: Paris became a department in itself, and the administration of its suburbs was divided between the three departments surrounding it. The Paris region was renamed "Île-de-France" in 1977, but the "Paris region" name is still commonly used today. Paris was reunited with its suburbs on January 1, 2016 when the Métropole du Grand Paris came into existence.

Q1: What are they only two additions to Paris' administrative limits since 1860?
A1: Bois de Boulogne, Bois de Vincennes
Q2: When was the Siene department created?
A2: 1790
Q3: WHen was District de la region parisienne reorganised?
A3: 1968
Q4: What was the Paris region renamed to?
A4: "Île-de-France"
Q5: When was Paris reunited with its suburbs?
A5: January 1, 2016
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

Aside from the lignocellulose, wood consists of a variety of low molecular weight organic compounds, called extractives. The wood extractives are fatty acids, resin acids, waxes and terpenes. For example, rosin is exuded by conifers as protection from insects. The extraction of these organic materials from wood provides tall oil, turpentine, and rosin.

Q1: What's the name for the low molecular weight organic compounds in wood?
A1: extractives
Q2: Along with fatty acids, what kind of acids are in the extractives in wood?
A2: resin
Q3: Wood extractives include resin and fatty acids, terpenes, and what other component?
A3: waxes
Q4: What do conifers use rosin to protect themselves from?
A4: insects
Q5: Along with tall oil and rosin, what commercial product do we get from wood's extractives?
A5: turpentine
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Aside from the official forms of their respective languages, the four linguistic regions of Switzerland also have their local dialectal forms. The role played by dialects in each linguistic region varies dramatically: in the German-speaking regions, Swiss German dialects have become ever more prevalent since the second half of the 20th century, especially in the media, such as radio and television, and are used as an everyday language, while the Swiss variety of Standard German is almost always used instead of dialect for written communication (c.f. diglossic usage of a language). Conversely, in the French-speaking regions the local dialects have almost disappeared (only 6.3% of the population of Valais, 3.9% of Fribourg, and 3.1% of Jura still spoke dialects at the end of the 20th century), while in the Italian-speaking regions dialects are mostly limited to family settings and casual conversation.

Q1: How many linguistic regions of Switzerland have their own form of local dialect?
A1: four
Q2: What dialect is increasing in German speaking regions?
A2: Swiss German
Q3: What has happened to the local dialects in the French speaking regions?
A3: have almost disappeared
Q4: Where do dialects tend to be limited to in the Italian speaking regions?
A4: family settings and casual conversation
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

Aside from water, wood has three main components. Cellulose, a crystalline polymer derived from glucose, constitutes about 41–43%. Next in abundance is hemicellulose, which is around 20% in deciduous trees but near 30% in conifers. It is mainly five-carbon sugars that are linked in an irregular manner, in contrast to the cellulose. Lignin is the third component at around 27% in coniferous wood vs. 23% in deciduous trees. Lignin confers the hydrophobic properties reflecting the fact that it is based on aromatic rings. These three components are interwoven, and direct covalent linkages exist between the lignin and the hemicellulose. A major focus of the paper industry is the separation of the lignin from the cellulose, from which paper is made.

Q1: How many main components make up wood, not counting water?
A1: three
Q2: What's the name for the crystalline polymer derived from glucose?
A2: Cellulose
Q3: After cellulose, what component is most plentiful in wood?
A3: hemicellulose
Q4: What kind of trees have about 30% hemicellulose?
A4: conifers
Q5: Which of the three main components of wood is used to manufacture paper?
A5: cellulose
Title: Friedrich_Hayek
Topic: Social sciences and society

Asked about the liberal, non-democratic rule by a Chilean interviewer, Hayek is translated from German to Spanish to English as having said, "As long term institutions, I am totally against dictatorships. But a dictatorship may be a necessary system for a transitional period. [...] Personally I prefer a liberal dictatorship to democratic government devoid of liberalism. My personal impression – and this is valid for South America – is that in Chile, for example, we will witness a transition from a dictatorial government to a liberal government." In a letter to the London Times, he defended the Pinochet regime and said that he had "not been able to find a single person even in much maligned Chile who did not agree that personal freedom was much greater under Pinochet than it had been under Allende." Hayek admitted that "it is not very likely that this will succeed, even if, at a particular point in time, it may be the only hope there is.", he explained, however, "It is not certain hope, because it will always depend on the goodwill of an individual, and there are very few individuals one can trust. But if it is the sole opportunity which exists at a particular moment it may be the best solution despite this. And only if and when the dictatorial government is visibly directing its steps towards limited democracy".

Q1: At what point did Hayek claim dictatorships may be necessary?
A1: a transitional period
Q2: What did Hayek claim to prefer over a democratic government in the absence of liberal ideals?
A2: a liberal dictatorship
Q3: What did Hayek believe the Chilean government would become in the future?
A3: a liberal government
Q4: As claimed by Hayek, Chilean citizens had more freedom under which ruler?
A4: Pinochet
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Asphalt/bitumen also occurs in unconsolidated sandstones known as "oil sands" in Alberta, Canada, and the similar "tar sands" in Utah, US. The Canadian province of Alberta has most of the world's reserves of natural bitumen, in three huge deposits covering 142,000 square kilometres (55,000 sq mi), an area larger than England or New York state. These bituminous sands contain 166 billion barrels (26.4×10^9 m3) of commercially established oil reserves, giving Canada the third largest oil reserves in the world. and produce over 2.3 million barrels per day (370×10^3 m3/d) of heavy crude oil and synthetic crude oil. Although historically it was used without refining to pave roads, nearly all of the bitumen is now used as raw material for oil refineries in Canada and the United States.

Q1: What is another term for asphalt?
A1: bitumen
Q2: Besides occurrences in Canada, where in the US is asphalt found?
A2: Utah
Q3: How much of the planet's asphalt is located in Canada?
A3: most
Q4: What is the area amount of the Canadian asphalt deposits?
A4: 142,000 square kilometres
Q5: Where does most of Canada's asphalt end up these days?
A5: oil refineries
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Asphalt/bitumen can sometimes be confused with "coal tar", which is a visually similar black, thermoplastic material produced by the destructive distillation of coal. During the early and mid-20th century when town gas was produced, coal tar was a readily available byproduct and extensively used as the binder for road aggregates. The addition of tar to macadam roads led to the word tarmac, which is now used in common parlance to refer to road-making materials. However, since the 1970s, when natural gas succeeded town gas, asphalt/bitumen has completely overtaken the use of coal tar in these applications. Other examples of this confusion include the La Brea Tar Pits and the Canadian oil sands, both of which actually contain natural bitumen rather than tar. Pitch is another term sometimes used at times to refer to asphalt/bitumen, as in Pitch Lake.

Q1: To what similar substance can asphalt be confused?
A1: coal tar
Q2: For what was coal tar used in road paving?
A2: binder
Q3: What is the common word is used to describe the combination of tar and macadam?
A3: tarmac
Q4: What use has pushed out the need to produce roads with coal tar?
A4: natural gas
Q5: Instead of tar, what does the La Brea Tars Pits contain?
A5: bitumen
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Asphalt/bitumen is similar to the organic matter in carbonaceous meteorites. However, detailed studies have shown these materials to be distinct. The vast Alberta bitumen resources are believed to have started out as living material from marine plants and animals, mainly algae, that died millions of years ago when an ancient ocean covered Alberta. They were covered by mud, buried deeply over the eons, and gently cooked into oil by geothermal heat at a temperature of 50 to 150 °C (120 to 300 °F). Due to pressure from the rising of the Rocky Mountains in southwestern Alberta, 80 to 55 million years ago, the oil was driven northeast hundreds of kilometres into underground sand deposits left behind by ancient river beds and ocean beaches, thus forming the oil sands.

Q1: To what is the organic matter in asphalt similar?
A1: meteorites
Q2: What did the Alberta bitumen mines begin as?
A2: living material
Q3: What kind of living materials formed the basis of bitumen?
A3: plants and animals
Q4: What feature originally covered Alberta?
A4: ocean
Q5: What temperatures did the organic deposits need to form bitumen over the eons?
A5: 50 to 150 °C
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Asphalt/bitumen is typically stored and transported at temperatures around 150 °C (302 °F). Sometimes diesel oil or kerosene are mixed in before shipping to retain liquidity; upon delivery, these lighter materials are separated out of the mixture. This mixture is often called "bitumen feedstock", or BFS. Some dump trucks route the hot engine exhaust through pipes in the dump body to keep the material warm. The backs of tippers carrying asphalt/bitumen, as well as some handling equipment, are also commonly sprayed with a releasing agent before filling to aid release. Diesel oil is no longer used as a release agent due to environmental concerns.

Q1: About what temperature is asphalt shipped?
A1: 150 °C
Q2: To promote what characteristic is diesel oil added to asphalt for shipping?
A2: liquidity
Q3: What is the liquefied mixture called? 
A3: bitumen feedstock
Q4: What truck feature is occasionally used to keep asphalt warm?
A4: engine exhaust
Q5: Due to what concerns is diesel fuel no longer used as a release agent for transporting asphalt?
A5: environmental
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Aspirated consonants are not always followed by vowels or other voiced sounds. For example, in Eastern Armenian, aspiration is contrastive even word-finally, and aspirated consonants occur in consonant clusters. In Wahgi, consonants are aspirated only in final position.

Q1: In Eastern Armenian, aspirated consonants occur in what?
A1: consonant clusters
Q2: Where are consonants aspirated in just the final position?
A2: Wahgi
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Aspiration has varying significance in different languages. It is either allophonic or phonemic, and may be analyzed as an underlying consonant cluster.

Q1: What has a different significance in various languages?
A1: Aspiration
Q2: What two forms can aspiration be in?
A2: allophonic or phonemic
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Aspiration varies with place of articulation. The Spanish voiceless stops /p t k/ have voice-onset times (VOTs) of about 5, 10, and 30 milliseconds, whereas English aspirated /p t k/ have VOTs of about 60, 70, and 80 ms. Voice-onset time in Korean has been measured at 20, 25, and 50 ms for /p t k/ and 90, 95, and 125 for /pʰ tʰ kʰ/.

Q1: Aspiration alters with what?
A1: place of articulation
Title: Dell
Topic: History

Assembly of desktop computers for the North American market formerly took place at Dell plants in Austin, Texas (original location) and Lebanon, Tennessee (opened in 1999), which have been closed in 2008 and early 2009, respectively. The plant in Winston-Salem, North Carolina received $280 million USD in incentives from the state and opened in 2005, but ceased operations in November 2010, and Dell's contract with the state requires them to repay the incentives for failing to meet the conditions. Most of the work that used to take place in Dell's U.S. plants was transferred to contract manufacturers in Asia and Mexico, or some of Dell's own factories overseas. The Miami, Florida facility of its Alienware subsidiary remains in operation, while Dell continues to produce its servers (its most profitable products) in Austin, Texas.

Q1: What city is Dell's Texas facility in?
A1: Austin
Q2: What year was Dell's Tennessee facility opened?
A2: 1999
Q3: What state was the Dell plant that received $280 million in incentives in?
A3: North Carolina
Q4: What continent did a lot of work from Dell's plants get transferred to?
A4: Asia
Q5: What subsidiary of Dell remains operating in Florida?
A5: Alienware
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

Assistive listening devices in many theaters and similar spaces use arrays of infrared LEDs to send sound to listeners' receivers. Light-emitting diodes (as well as semiconductor lasers) are used to send data over many types of fiber optic cable, from digital audio over TOSLINK cables to the very high bandwidth fiber links that form the Internet backbone. For some time, computers were commonly equipped with IrDA interfaces, which allowed them to send and receive data to nearby machines via infrared.

Q1: Where are infrared LEDs used in everday life?
A1: theaters
Q2: How are LEDs used in theaters?
A2: to send sound to listeners' receivers
Q3: LEDs can send data over what type of cable?
A3: fiber optic
Q4: What type of fiber forms the backbone of the internet?
A4: very high bandwidth
Title: Association_football
Topic: History

Association football in itself does not have a classical history. Notwithstanding any similarities to other ball games played around the world FIFA have recognised that no historical connection exists with any game played in antiquity outside Europe. The modern rules of association football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played in the public schools of England. The history of football in England dates back to at least the eighth century AD.

Q1: What century does football in England date back to?
A1: eighth century AD
Q2: What organization has said that there is no historical connection to association football with any other game outside of Europe?
A2: FIFA
Q3: In what century did the modern rules of association football come from?
A3: mid-19th century
Q4: What country did kids play football in public schools in the 19th century?
A4: England
Title: Association_football
Topic: History

Association football is played in accordance with a set of rules known as the Laws of the Game. The game is played using a spherical ball of 68.5–69.5 cm (27.0–27.4 in) circumference, known as the football (or soccer ball). Two teams of eleven players each compete to get the ball into the other team's goal (between the posts and under the bar), thereby scoring a goal. The team that has scored more goals at the end of the game is the winner; if both teams have scored an equal number of goals then the game is a draw. Each team is led by a captain who has only one official responsibility as mandated by the Laws of the Game: to be involved in the coin toss prior to kick-off or penalty kicks.

Q1: What would you describe the shape of the football?
A1: spherical
Q2: How many players are on each team?
A2: eleven
Q3: What happens when both teams score the same amount of points?
A3: a draw
Q4: What is the captain a part of before the start of the game?
A4: the coin toss
Q5: What is another name for the football?
A5: soccer ball
Title: Mexico_City
Topic: Geography and places

Association football is the country's most popular and most televised franchised sport. Its important venues in Mexico City include the Azteca Stadium, home to the Mexico national football team and giants América, which can seat 91,653 fans, making it the biggest stadium in Latin America. The Olympic Stadium in Ciudad Universitaria is home to the football club giants Universidad Nacional, with a seating capacity of over 52,000. The Estadio Azul, which seats 33,042 fans, is near the World Trade Center Mexico City in the Nochebuena neighborhood, and is home to the giants Cruz Azul. The three teams are based in Mexico City and play in the First Division; they are also part, with Guadalajara-based giants Club Deportivo Guadalajara, of Mexico's traditional "Big Four" (though recent years have tended to erode the teams' leading status at least in standings). The country hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1970 and 1986, and Azteca Stadium is the first stadium in World Cup history to host the final twice.

Q1: What famous soccer stadium is in Mexico City?
A1: Azteca Stadium
Q2: How many fans does Azteca Stadium hold?
A2: 91,653
Q3: What is the largest stadium in Latin America?
A3: Azteca Stadium
Q4: What year did Mexico most recently host the World Cup?
A4: 1986
Q5: What division are the Mexico City soccer teams in?
A5: First
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

Assuming the player's optical pickup is in proper working order, crosstalk distortion normally does not occur during playback of CAV format LaserDiscs, as the rotational speed never varies. However, if the player calibration is out of order or if the CAV disc is faulty or damaged, other problems affecting tracking accuracy can occur. One such problem is "laser lock", where the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen as if the movie were paused.

Q1: In which format does crosstalk generally not occur?
A1: CAV
Q2: Why does the CAV format prevent crosstalk?
A2: the rotational speed never varies
Q3: What happens during "laser lock"?
A3: the player reads the same two fields for a given frame over and over again, causing the picture to look frozen
Title: United_States_Air_Force
Topic: Warfare

Assure/Dissuade/Deter is a mission set derived from the Air Force's readiness to carry out the nuclear strike operations mission as well as from specific actions taken to assure allies as a part of extended deterrence. Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD, and the means to deliver them, contributes to promoting security and is also an integral part of this mission. Moreover, different deterrence strategies are required to deter various adversaries, whether they are a nation state, or non-state/transnational actor. The Air Force maintains and presents credible deterrent capabilities through successful visible demonstrations and exercises which assure allies, dissuade proliferation, deter potential adversaries from actions that threaten US national security or the populations and deployed military forces of the US, its allies and friends.

Q1: What is the mission set of the Air Force called that includes nuclear strike operations? 
A1: Assure/Dissuade/Deter
Q2: How does the Air Force promote security to its allies? 
A2: Dissuading others from acquiring or proliferating WMD
Q3: What do potential adversaries threaten that the US Air Force prevents? 
A3: US national security
Q4: What is the US Air Force prepared to do to support its allies? 
A4: carry out the nuclear strike operations mission
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Asthma as a result of (or worsened by) workplace exposures, is a commonly reported occupational disease. Many cases however are not reported or recognized as such. It is estimated that 5–25% of asthma cases in adults are work–related. A few hundred different agents have been implicated with the most common being: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes. The employment associated with the highest risk of problems include: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers.

Q1: Asthma that is the result of or made worse by workplace exposure is reported as what?
A1: occupational disease
Q2: What percent of asthma cases in adults are work-related?
A2: It is estimated that 5–25%
Q3: What are some of the most common agents?
A3: isocyanates, grain and wood dust, colophony, soldering flux, latex, animals, and aldehydes
Q4: What professions normally have the highest risk of problems?
A4: those who spray paint, bakers and those who process food, nurses, chemical workers, those who work with animals, welders, hairdressers and timber workers
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Asthma is characterized by recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing. Sputum may be produced from the lung by coughing but is often hard to bring up. During recovery from an attack, it may appear pus-like due to high levels of white blood cells called eosinophils. Symptoms are usually worse at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air. Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, usually in response to triggers, whereas others may have marked and persistent symptoms.

Q1: What are the characteristics of asthma?
A1: recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing
Q2: When are symptoms of asthma normally worse?
A2: at night and in the early morning or in response to exercise or cold air
Q3: What is produced in the lungs by coughing?
A3: Sputum
Q4: Is asthma worst during the day or at night time?
A4: worse at night
Q5: Does everyone have horrible episodes of asthma?
A5: Some people with asthma rarely experience symptoms, u
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Asthma is clinically classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. Asthma may also be classified as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic), based on whether symptoms are precipitated by allergens (atopic) or not (non-atopic). While asthma is classified based on severity, at the moment there is no clear method for classifying different subgroups of asthma beyond this system. Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments is a current critical goal of asthma research.

Q1: How is asthma clinically classified?
A1: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Q2: How else is asthma classified?
A2: as atopic (extrinsic) or non-atopic (intrinsic)
Q3: When asthma is caused by allergens that is called what? 
A3: atopic
Q4: What  is asthma usually classified based on?
A4: severity
Q5: What is a important goal of asthma research?
A5: Finding ways to identify subgroups that respond well to different types of treatments
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Asthma is the result of chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways (most especially the bronchi and bronchioles), which subsequently results in increased contractability of the surrounding smooth muscles. This among other factors leads to bouts of narrowing of the airway and the classic symptoms of wheezing. The narrowing is typically reversible with or without treatment. Occasionally the airways themselves change. Typical changes in the airways include an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis. Chronically the airways' smooth muscle may increase in size along with an increase in the numbers of mucous glands. Other cell types involved include: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. There may also be involvement of other components of the immune system including: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others.

Q1: What is asthma the result of?
A1: chronic inflammation of the conducting zone of the airways
Q2: What two airways are most effected by asthma?
A2: the bronchi and bronchioles
Q3: In what ways do airways change?
A3: an increase in eosinophils and thickening of the lamina reticularis
Q4: What other cell types are involced with the changing of airways?
A4: T lymphocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils
Q5: What other components of the immune systems are included?
A5: cytokines, chemokines, histamine, and leukotrienes among others
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Asthma is thought to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Environmental factors include exposure to air pollution and allergens. Other potential triggers include medications such as aspirin and beta blockers. Diagnosis is usually based on the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry. Asthma is classified according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate. It may also be classified as atopic or non-atopic where atopy refers to a predisposition toward developing a type 1 hypersensitivity reaction.

Q1: What two factors cause asthma?
A1: genetic and environmental factors
Q2: What are two enviromental factors?
A2: exposure to air pollution and allergens
Q3: What medications can also trigger asthma?
A3: aspirin and beta blockers
Q4: What patterns are used to diagnose asthma?
A4: the pattern of symptoms, response to therapy over time, and spirometry
Q5: How is asthma classified?
A5: according to the frequency of symptoms, forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1), and peak expiratory flow rate
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Astronomers like Hipparchus (c. 190 – c. 120 BC) built upon the measurements of the Babylonian astronomers before him, to measure the precession of the Earth. Pliny reports that Hipparchus produced the first systematic star catalog after he observed a new star (it is uncertain whether this was a nova or a comet) and wished to preserve astronomical record of the stars, so that other new stars could be discovered. It has recently been claimed that a celestial globe based on Hipparchus's star catalog sits atop the broad shoulders of a large 2nd-century Roman statue known as the Farnese Atlas. Another astronomer, Aristarchos of Samos developed a heliocentric system.

Q1: When was Hipparchus born?
A1: 190
Q2: Hipparchus measured the precession of what?
A2: Earth
Q3: Who stated that Hipparchus created the first systematic star map?
A3: Pliny
Q4: Hipparchus' star may be depicted in a statue called what?
A4: Farnese Atlas
Q5: Whch astronomer developed a heliocentric system?
A5: Aristarchos of Samos
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

Astronomy: Astronomical observations from China constitute the longest continuous sequence from any civilisation and include records of sunspots (112 records from 364 BC), supernovas (1054), lunar and solar eclipses. By the 12th century, they could reasonably accurately make predictions of eclipses, but the knowledge of this was lost during the Ming dynasty, so that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci gained much favour in 1601 by his predictions. By 635 Chinese astronomers had observed that the tails of comets always point away from the sun.

Q1: What observations in astronomy did China record?
A1: sunspots
Q2: What kind of predictions were made during the 12th century?
A2: eclipses
Q3: Who made predictions in 1601?
A3: Jesuit Matteo Ricci
Q4: What year did Chinese astronomers start to observe comets?
A4: 635
Q5: How many records of sunspots are there?
A5: 112