LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

In 1238, King James I of Aragon, with an army composed of Aragonese, Catalans, Navarrese and crusaders from the Order of Calatrava, laid siege to Valencia and on 28 September obtained a surrender. Fifty thousand Moors were forced to leave. Poets such as Ibn al-Abbar and Ibn Amira mourned this exile from their beloved Valencia. After the Christian victory and the expulsion of the Muslim population the city was divided between those who had participated in the conquest, according to the testimony in the Llibre del Repartiment (Book of Distribution). James I granted the city new charters of law, the Furs of Valencia, which later were extended to the whole kingdom of Valencia. Thenceforth the city entered a new historical stage in which a new society and a new language developed, forming the basis of the character of the Valencian people as they are known today.

Q1: What ruler attacked Valencia in 1238?
A1: King James I of Aragon
Q2: When did Valencia surrender?
A2: 28 September
Q3: Who was expelled from Valencia after James I's victory?
A3: the Muslim population
Q4: What were Valencia's new charters called?
A4: Furs of Valencia
Q5: What group did the crusaders who attacked Valencia belong to?
A5: Order of Calatrava
Title: Israel
Topic: History

In 1260, control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt. The country was located between the two centres of Mamluk power, Cairo and Damascus, and only saw some development along the postal road connecting the two cities. Jerusalem, although left without the protection of any city walls since 1219, also saw a flurry of new construction projects centred around the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound (the Temple Mount). In 1266 the Mamluk Sultan Baybars converted the Cave of the Patriarchs in Hebron into an exclusive Islamic sanctuary and banned Christians and Jews from entering, which previously would be able to enter it for a fee. The ban remained in place until Israel took control of the building in 1967.

Q1: When was control passed to the Mamluk sultans of Egypt?
A1: 1260
Q2: What two centres of Mamluk power was the country located?
A2: Cairo and Damascus
Q3: When did the Mamluk Sultan Baybars convert to the Cave of Patriarchs?
A3: 1266
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

In 1274, the Mongol-founded Yuan dynasty in China sent a force of some 40,000 men and 900 ships to invade Japan in northern Kyūshū. Japan mustered a mere 10,000 samurai to meet this threat. The invading army was harassed by major thunderstorms throughout the invasion, which aided the defenders by inflicting heavy casualties. The Yuan army was eventually recalled and the invasion was called off. The Mongol invaders used small bombs, which was likely the first appearance of bombs and gunpowder in Japan.

Q1: Which Chinese dynasty was founded by Mongols?
A1: Yuan
Q2: How many troops did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A2: 40,000
Q3: How many ships did the Yuan send to invade Japan?
A3: 900
Q4: Where did the Yuan invade Japan?
A4: northern Kyūshū
Q5: How many samurai did Japan defeat the Yuan invasion with?
A5: 10,000
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

In 1348 and 1349 Portugal, like the rest of Europe, was devastated by the Black Death. In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with England, which is the longest-standing alliance in the world. This alliance served both nations' interests throughout history and is regarded by many as the predecessor to NATO. Over time this went way beyond geo-political and military cooperation (protecting both nations' interests in Africa, the Americas and Asia against French, Spanish and Dutch rivals) and maintained strong trade and cultural ties between the two old European allies. Particularly in the Oporto region, there is visible English influence to this day.

Q1: Which years were plagued by the Black Death?
A1: 1348 and 1349
Q2: In 1373, Portugal made an alliance with which country?
A2: England
Q3: What is the longest standing alliance in the world?
A3: Portugal made an alliance with England
Q4: The Portugal-English alliance served as the predecessor to what?
A4: NATO
Q5: In which Portugese region is there still visible English influence?
A5: Oporto region
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

In 1348, the Black Death and other disasters sealed a sudden end to the previous period of massive philosophic and scientific development. Yet, the rediscovery of ancient texts was improved after the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West. Meanwhile, the introduction of printing was to have great effect on European society. The facilitated dissemination of the printed word democratized learning and allowed a faster propagation of new ideas. New ideas also helped to influence the development of European science at this point: not least the introduction of Algebra. These developments paved the way for the Scientific Revolution, which may also be understood as a resumption of the process of scientific inquiry, halted at the start of the Black Death.

Q1: What year did the Black Death occur?
A1: 1348
Q2: What caused ancient texts to be rediscovered by Byzantine scholars?
A2: the Fall of Constantinople in 1453
Q3: The invention of printing improved which society?
A3: European
Q4: Printed word enabled what?
A4: a faster propagation of new ideas
Q5: What type of mathematics aided in developing European science?
A5: Algebra
Title: Bern
Topic: Geography and places

In 1353 Bern joined the Swiss Confederacy, becoming one of the eight cantons of the formative period of 1353 to 1481. Bern invaded and conquered Aargau in 1415 and Vaud in 1536, as well as other smaller territories; thereby becoming the largest city-state north of the Alps, by the 18th century comprising most of what is today the canton of Bern and the canton of Vaud.

Q1: what year did Bern join the Swiss Confederacy?
A1: 1353
Q2: How many cantons were there between 1353 to 1481?
A2: 8
Q3: What year did Bern invade Aargau?
A3: 1415
Q4: What is the largest city-state north of the Alps?
A4: Bern
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1355 in Buda King Casimir III the Great issued the first country-wide privilege for the nobility, in exchange for their agreement that in the lack of Casimir's male heirs, the throne would pass to his nephew, Louis I of Hungary. He decreed that the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes, or use their own funds for military expeditions abroad. He also promised that during travels of the royal court, the king and the court would pay for all expenses, instead of using facilities of local nobility.

Q1: When did buda king casimir issue the heir to his nephew?
A1: 1355
Q2: who issied the first country wide privilege for the nobility? 
A2: Buda King Casimir III the Great
Q3: WHo is the nephew of buda king casimer III the great?
A3: Louis I of Hungary
Q4: What was promised by Buda King Casimer?
A4: the nobility would no longer be subject to 'extraordinary' taxes
Q5: WHo would pay for expenses during travels or the royal courts?
A5: the king and the court
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In 1358, the Sakya viceregal regime installed by the Mongols in Tibet was overthrown in a rebellion by the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen (1302–1364). The Mongol Yuan court was forced to accept him as the new viceroy, and Changchub Gyaltsen and his successors, the Phagmodrupa Dynasty, gained de facto rule over Tibet.

Q1: What year was the Sakya viceregal regime eradicated? 
A1: 1358
Q2: Who placed the Sakya viceregal regime position of authority?
A2: the Mongols in Tibet
Q3: Who eradicated the Sakya viceregal regime? 
A3: the Phagmodru myriarch Tai Situ Changchub Gyaltsen
Q4: Which dynasty became ruler of Tibet?  
A4: the Phagmodrupa Dynasty
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In 1368, a Han Chinese revolt known as the Red Turban Rebellion toppled the Mongol Yuan dynasty in China. Zhu Yuanzhang then established the Ming dynasty, ruling as the Hongwu Emperor (r. 1368–1398). It is not clear how much the early Ming court understood the civil war going on in Tibet between rival religious sects, but the first emperor was anxious to avoid the same trouble that Tibet had caused for the Tang dynasty. Instead of recognizing the Phagmodru ruler, the Hongwu Emperor sided with the Karmapa of the nearer Kham region and southeastern Tibet, sending envoys out in the winter of 1372–1373 to ask the Yuan officeholders to renew their titles for the new Ming court.

Q1: Who created the Ming Dynasty? 
A1: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q2: Who caused the Yuan dynasty to fall?
A2: the Red Turban Rebellion
Q3: Who ruled as the the Hongwu Emperor?
A3: Zhu Yuanzhang
Q4: What years did Zhu Yuanzhang rule as the Hongwu Emperor?
A4: 1368–1398
Q5: Who did the Hongwu Emperor send convoys to?
A5: Yuan officeholders
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1374 King Louis of Hungary approved the Privilege of Koszyce (Polish: "przywilej koszycki" or "ugoda koszycka") in Košice in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga. He broadened the definition of who was a member of the nobility and exempted the entire class from all but one tax (łanowy, which was limited to 2 grosze from łan (an old measure of land size)). In addition, the King's right to raise taxes was abolished; no new taxes could be raised without the agreement of the nobility. Henceforth, also, district offices (Polish: "urzędy ziemskie") were reserved exclusively for local nobility, as the Privilege of Koszyce forbade the king to grant official posts and major Polish castles to foreign knights. Finally, this privilege obliged the King to pay indemnities to nobles injured or taken captive during a war outside Polish borders.

Q1: When did King Louis of Hungary approve the privilege of Koszyce?
A1: 1374
Q2: WHy did King louis approve the privilege?
A2: in order to guarantee the Polish throne for his daughter Jadwiga
Q3: What did king louis of hungary do for the nobles?
A3: exempted the entire class from all but one tax
Q4: WHat happened to the kings right to raise taxes?
A4: abolished
Q5: What could the king do to nobles injured or taken during war?
A5: King to pay indemnities
Title: Pub
Topic: History

In 1393 King Richard II compelled landlords to erect signs outside their premises. The legislation stated "Whosoever shall brew ale in the town with intention of selling it must hang out a sign, otherwise he shall forfeit his ale." This was to make alehouses easily visible to passing inspectors, borough ale tasters, who would decide the quality of the ale they provided. William Shakespeare's father, John Shakespeare, was one such inspector.

Q1: Which monarch required landlords to post a sign if they wanted to sell ale?
A1: Richard II
Q2: In what year did the king demand ale-sellers post signage on pain of forfeiture?
A2: 1393
Q3: What was William Shakespeare's father's first name?
A3: John
Q4: What was John Shakespeare's profession?
A4: inspectors
Q5: If an ale-seller refused to post a sign, what punishment would he receive?
A5: forfeit his ale
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

In 1409, a hospital was founded and placed under the patronage of Santa María de los Inocentes; to this was attached a confraternity devoted to recovering the bodies of the unfriended dead in the city and within a radius of three miles (4.8 km) around it. At the end of the 15th century this confraternity separated from the hospital, and continued its work under the name of "Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados". King Philip IV of Spain and the Duke of Arcos suggested the building of the new chapel, and in 1647 the Viceroy, Conde de Oropesa, who had been preserved from the bubonic plague, insisted on carrying out their project. The Blessed Virgin was proclaimed patroness of the city under the title of Virgen de los desamparados (Virgin of the Forsaken), and Archbishop Pedro de Urbina, on 31 June 1652, laid the cornerstone of the new chapel of this name. The archiepiscopal palace, a grain market in the time of the Moors, is simple in design, with an inside cloister and a handsome chapel. In 1357, the arch that connects it with the cathedral was built. In the council chamber are preserved the portraits of all the prelates of Valencia.

Q1: Who was the hospital's patroness?
A1: Santa María de los Inocentes
Q2: What was the confraternity called after its separation from the hospital?
A2: Cofradia para el ámparo de los desamparados
Q3: Who placed the chapel's cornerstone?
A3: Archbishop Pedro de Urbina
Q4: What was the archiepiscopal palace during the Moorish period?
A4: a grain market
Q5: Who insisted on building the new chapel?
A5: Conde de Oropesa
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1422 King Władysław II Jagiełło by the Privilege of Czerwińsk (Polish: "przywilej czerwiński") established the inviolability of nobles' property (their estates could not be confiscated except upon a court verdict) and ceded some jurisdiction over fiscal policy to the Royal Council (later, the Senat of Poland), including the right to mint coinage.

Q1: Who establishd the inviolability of nobles property?
A1: King Władysław II Jagiełło
Q2: When did the established right for inviolability of nobles property?
A2: 1422
Q3: What happened to the right to mint coinage?
A3: ceded
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1430 with the Privileges of Jedlnia, confirmed at Kraków in 1433 (Polish: "przywileje jedlneńsko-krakowskie"), based partially on his earlier Brześć Kujawski privilege (April 25, 1425), King Władysław II Jagiełło granted the nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest, similar to the English Magna Carta's Habeas corpus, known from its own Latin name as "neminem captivabimus (nisi jure victum)." Henceforth no member of the nobility could be imprisoned without a warrant from a court of justice: the king could neither punish nor imprison any noble at his whim. King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon was the nobles' guarantee that his throne would be inherited by one of his sons (who would be bound to honour the privileges theretofore granted to the nobility). On May 2, 1447 the same king issued the Wilno Privilege which gave the Lithuanian boyars the same rights as those possessed by the Polish szlachta.

Q1: Where did the confirmation of privileges of Jedlnia take place?
A1: at Kraków in 1433
Q2: WHat was the privileges of jedlnia based mostly off of?
A2: Brześć Kujawski privilege
Q3: What was simliar to the english magna cartas habeas corpus?
A3: nobility a guarantee against arbitrary arrest
Q4: What does a court need to imprison a member of the nobility? 
A4: warrant from a court of justice
Q5: What was the nobles guarantee that his throne would be inherited by his sons? 
A5: King Władysław's quid pro quo for this boon
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

In 144 BC Emperor Jing abolished private minting in favor of central-government and commandery-level minting; he also introduced a new coin. Emperor Wu introduced another in 120 BC, but a year later he abandoned the ban liangs entirely in favor of the wuzhu (五銖) coin, weighing 3.2 g (0.11 oz). The wuzhu became China's standard coin until the Tang dynasty (618–907 AD). Its use was interrupted briefly by several new currencies introduced during Wang Mang's regime until it was reinstated in 40 AD by Emperor Guangwu.

Q1: Who introduced new coinage in the year of 120 BC?
A1: Emperor Wu
Q2: What coin replaced the ban liangs after only a year of distribution?
A2: wuzhu
Q3: During what dynasty did the wuzhu stop being the standard coin?
A3: Tang dynasty
Q4: What was the mass of the wuzhu coin?
A4: 3.2 g
Q5: What interrupted the use of the wuzhu coin during the reign of Wang Mang?
A5: several new currencies
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1454 King Casimir IV granted the Nieszawa Statutes (Polish: "statuty cerkwicko-nieszawskie"), clarifying the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks (local parliaments). The king could promulgate new laws, raise taxes, or call for a levée en masse (pospolite ruszenie) only with the consent of the sejmiks, and the nobility were protected from judicial abuses. The Nieszawa Statutes also curbed the power of the magnates, as the Sejm (national parliament) received the right to elect many officials, including judges, voivods and castellans. These privileges were demanded by the szlachta as a compensation for their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.

Q1: When were the Nieszawa statutes granted?
A1: 1454
Q2: What did the Nieszawa statues clarify?
A2: the legal basis of voivodship sejmiks
Q3: THe nobility was protected from what?
A3: judicial abuses
Q4: Whos power was curbed?
A4: magnates
Q5: Why did the szlachta demand privileges?
A5: their participation in the Thirteen Years' War.
Title: Alsace
Topic: History

In 1469, following the Treaty of St. Omer, Upper Alsace was sold by Archduke Sigismund of Austria to Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. Although Charles was the nominal landlord, taxes were paid to Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor. The latter was able to use this tax and a dynastic marriage to his advantage to gain back full control of Upper Alsace (apart from the free towns, but including Belfort) in 1477 when it became part of the demesne of the Habsburg family, who were also rulers of the empire. The town of Mulhouse joined the Swiss Confederation in 1515, where it was to remain until 1798.

Q1: In what year was Upper Alsace sold to the Archduke Sigismund?
A1: 1469
Q2: Why did Frederick III use a tax and a marriage in Upper Alsace?
A2: to gain back full control of Upper Alsace
Q3: When did Mulhouse join the Swiss Confederation?
A3: 1515
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

In 14th-century England, hound (from Old English: hund) was the general word for all domestic canines, and dog referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this "dog" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category "hound". By the 16th century, dog had become the general word, and hound had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word "hound" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word *kwon- "dog".

Q1: What was the common 14th-century word for dogs for those who spoke English?
A1: hound
Q2: What breed was so prolific it became a prototype of hound?
A2: mastiff.
Q3: In what century did "hound" start to only apply to hunting dogs?
A3: 16th
Q4: What was the common term for all domesticated dogs in England during the 14th century?
A4: hound
Q5: When did the word dog become the common term for canines?
A5: 16th century
Q6: Hound became the term for dogs who did what activity during this time?
A6: hunting
Q7: What Proto-Indo-European word is hound from?
A7: *kwon- "dog"
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

In 1516, William IV, Duke of Bavaria, adopted the Reinheitsgebot (purity law), perhaps the oldest food-quality regulation still in use in the 21st century, according to which the only allowed ingredients of beer are water, hops and barley-malt. Beer produced before the Industrial Revolution continued to be made and sold on a domestic scale, although by the 7th century AD, beer was also being produced and sold by European monasteries. During the Industrial Revolution, the production of beer moved from artisanal manufacture to industrial manufacture, and domestic manufacture ceased to be significant by the end of the 19th century. The development of hydrometers and thermometers changed brewing by allowing the brewer more control of the process and greater knowledge of the results.

Q1: In what year did William IV adopt a purity law pertaining to beer?
A1: 1516
Q2: What was the title of William IV in 1516?
A2: Duke of Bavaria
Q3: What was the name of the purity law that regulated beer in 1516, and is still in use today?
A3: Reinheitsgebot
Q4: Aside from water and hops, what is the only other ingredient allowed in beer?
A4: barley-malt
Q5: Who was the Duke of Bavaria in 1516?
A5: William IV
Title: History_of_India
Topic: History

In 1526, Babur, a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modern day Uzbekistan), swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Empire, which at its zenith covered modern day Afghanistan, Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. However, his son Humayun was defeated by the Afghan warrior Sher Shah Suri in the year 1540, and Humayun was forced to retreat to Kabul. After Sher Shah's death, his son Islam Shah Suri and the Hindu emperor Hemu Vikramaditya, who had won 22 battles against Afghan rebels and forces of Akbar, from Punjab to Bengal and had established a secular rule in North India from Delhi till 1556 after winning Battle of Delhi. Akbar's forces defeated and killed Hemu in the Second Battle of Panipat on 6 November 1556.

Q1: What empire did Babur found in northern India?
A1: Mughal Empire
Q2: Who defeated Babur's son in 1540?
A2: Sher Shah Suri
Q3: Of what nationality was Sher Shah Suri?
A3: Afghan
Q4: At what place did Akbar's army defeat Hemu in 1556?
A4: Second Battle of Panipat
Q5: By what route did Babur enter India?
A5: Khyber Pass
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor. Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union. This ended the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop, although Charles V had gained the right to appoint new bishops. In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces.

Q1: What year did the bishop lose power 
A1: In 1528 the bishop lost secular power over both Neder- and Oversticht – which included the city of Utrecht – to Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Q2: What did Charles V combine 
A2: Charles V combined the Seventeen Provinces (the current Benelux and the northern parts of France) as a personal union
Q3: What did the loss of power end 
A3: the prince-bishopric Utrecht, as the secular rule was now the lordship of Utrecht, with the religious power remaining with the bishop
Q4: What was the bishop of Utrecht raised to 
A4: In 1559 the bishopric of Utrecht was raised to archbishopric to make it the religious center of the Northern ecclesiastical province in the Seventeen provinces
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

In 1535, the abbey's annual income of £2400–2800[citation needed] (£1,310,000 to £1,530,000 as of 2016), during the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries rendered it second in wealth only to Glastonbury Abbey.

Q1: When was the abbey's annual income £2400–2800?
A1: 1535
Q2: What was the abbey's annual income as of 2016?
A2: £1,310,000 to £1,530,000
Q3: To which other abbey was Westminster Abbey second in wealth?
A3: Glastonbury Abbey
Q4: During what was the abbey made second in wealth?
A4: the assessment attendant on the Dissolution of the Monasteries
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

In 1562 Francisco de Ibarra headed a personal expedition in search of the mythical cities of Cibola and Quivira; he traveled through the present-day state of Chihuahua. Francisco de Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of Paquime. In 1564 Rodrigo de Río de Loza, a lieutenant under Francisco de Ibarra, stayed behind after the expedition and found gold at the foot of the mountains of the Sierra Madre Occidental; he founded the first Spanish city in the region, Santa Barbara in 1567 by bringing 400 European families to the settlement. A few years later in 1569 Franciscan missionaries led by Fray Agustín Rodríguez from the coast of Sinaloa and the state of Durango founded the first mission in the state in Valle de San Bartolomé (present-day Valle de Allende). Fray Agustín Rodríguez evangelized the native population until 1581. Between 1586 and 1588 a epidemic caused a temporary exodus of the small population in the territory of Nueva Vizcaya.

Q1: Which cities was Ibarra looking for?
A1: Cibola and Quivira
Q2: Through which present-day state did he travel?
A2: Chihuahua
Q3: Ibarra is thought to have been the first European to see the ruins of which city?
A3: Paquime
Q4: Which was the first Spanish city founded in the region?
A4: Santa Barbara
Q5: What caused a temporary exodus from Nueva Vizcaya?
A5: epidemic
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In 1565, the powerful Rinbung princes were overthrown by one of their own ministers, Karma Tseten who styled himself as the Tsangpa, "the one of Tsang", and established his base of power at Shigatse. The second successor of this first Tsang king, Karma Phuntsok Namgyal, took control of the whole of Central Tibet (Ü-Tsang), reigning from 1611–1621. Despite this, the leaders of Lhasa still claimed their allegiance to the Phagmodru as well as the Gelug, while the Ü-Tsang king allied with the Karmapa. Tensions rose between the nationalistic Ü-Tsang ruler and the Mongols who safeguarded their Mongol Dalai Lama in Lhasa. The fourth Dalai Lama refused to give an audience to the Ü-Tsang king, which sparked a conflict as the latter began assaulting Gelug monasteries. Chen writes of the speculation over the fourth Dalai Lama's mysterious death and the plot of the Ü-Tsang king to have him murdered for "cursing" him with illness, although Chen writes that the murder was most likely the result of a feudal power struggle. In 1618, only two years after Yonten Gyatso died, the Gelug and the Karma Kargyu went to war, the Karma Kargyu supported by the secular Ü-Tsang king. The Ü-Tsang ruler had a large number of Gelugpa lamas killed, occupied their monasteries at Drepung and Sera, and outlawed any attempts to find another Dalai Lama. In 1621, the Ü-Tsang king died and was succeeded by his young son Karma Tenkyong, an event which stymied the war effort as the latter accepted the six-year-old Lozang Gyatso as the new Dalai Lama. Despite the new Dalai Lama's diplomatic efforts to maintain friendly relations with the new Ü-Tsang ruler, Sonam Rapten (1595–1657), the Dalai Lama's chief steward and treasurer at Drepung, made efforts to overthrow the Ü-Tsang king, which led to another conflict. In 1633, the Gelugpas and several thousand Mongol adherents defeated the Ü-Tsang king's troops near Lhasa before a peaceful negotiation was settled. Goldstein writes that in this the "Mongols were again playing a significant role in Tibetan affairs, this time as the military arm of the Dalai Lama."

Q1: When were the Rinbung princes overthrown?
A1: 1565
Q2: Who took control of the whole of Central Tibet?
A2: Karma Phuntsok Namgyal
Q3: When did Karma Phuntsok Namgyal reign?
A3: 1611–1621
Q4: Who did Ü-Tsang king have an alliance with?
A4: the Karmapa
Q5: Who refused an audience with the Ü-Tsang king?
A5: The fourth Dalai Lama
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

In 1566, the first police investigator of Rio de Janeiro was recruited. By the 17th century, most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions. On July 9, 1775 a Cavalry Regiment was created in the state of Minas Gerais for maintaining law and order. In 1808, the Portuguese royal family relocated to Brazil, because of the French invasion of Portugal. King João VI established the "Intendência Geral de Polícia" (General Police Intendancy) for investigations. He also created a Royal Police Guard for Rio de Janeiro in 1809. In 1831, after independence, each province started organizing its local "military police", with order maintenance tasks. The Federal Railroad Police was created in 1852.

Q1: When did Rio get its first police investigator?
A1: 1566
Q2: How had the Rio police grown by the 17th century?
A2: most captaincies already had local units with law enforcement functions
Q3: When did Minas Gerais get a cavalry regiment?
A3: July 9, 1775
Q4: Where did the Portuguese royal family move in 1808?
A4: Brazil
Q5: Who invaded Portugal in 1808?
A5: French
Title: Tuvalu
Topic: Geography and places

In 1568, Spanish navigator Álvaro de Mendaña was the first European to sail through the archipelago, sighting the island of Nui during his expedition in search of Terra Australis. In 1819 the island of Funafuti was named Ellice's Island; the name Ellice was applied to all nine islands after the work of English hydrographer Alexander George Findlay. The islands came under Britain's sphere of influence in the late 19th century, when each of the Ellice Islands was declared a British Protectorate by Captain Gibson of HMS Curacoa between 9 and 16 October 1892. The Ellice Islands were administered as British protectorate by a Resident Commissioner from 1892 to 1916 as part of the British Western Pacific Territories (BWPT), and then as part of the Gilbert and Ellice Islands colony from 1916 to 1974.

Q1: In what year was Tuvalu discovered by a European?
A1: 1568
Q2: Who was the discoverer of Tuvalu?
A2: Álvaro de Mendaña
Q3: What land mass was de Mendana actually seeking?
A3: Terra Australis
Q4: What was Tuvalu named in 1819?
A4: Ellice Islands
Q5: By what means did the British govern Tuvalu?
A5: British protectorate
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

In 1570, a full-scale Ottoman assault with 60,000 troops brought the island under Ottoman control, despite stiff resistance by the inhabitants of Nicosia and Famagusta. Ottoman forces capturing Cyprus massacred many Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants. The previous Latin elite were destroyed and the first significant demographic change since antiquity took place with the formation of a Muslim community. Soldiers who fought in the conquest settled on the island and Turkish peasants and craftsmen were brought to the island from Anatolia. This new community also included banished Anatolian tribes, "undesirable" persons and members of various "troublesome" Muslim sects, as well as a number of new converts on the island.

Q1: In what year did Cyprus face a full-scale Ottoman assault?
A1: 1570
Q2: Ottoman forces massacred which types of people?
A2: Greek and Armenian Christian inhabitants
Q3: Turkish peasants and craftsman were brought to the island from where?
A3: Anatolia
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

In 1578 king Stefan Batory created the Crown Tribunal in order to reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court. This placed much of the monarch's juridical power in the hands of the elected szlachta deputies, further strengthening the nobility class. In 1581 the Crown Tribunal was joined by a counterpart in Lithuania, the Lithuanian Tribunal.

Q1: The crown tribunal was created when?
A1: 1578
Q2: Who created the crown tribunal?
A2: king Stefan Batory
Q3: What was the crown tribunal supposed to do?
A3: reduce the enormous pressure on the Royal Court
Q4: Where was a lot of power placed in result of the crown tribunal?
A4: the nobility class
Q5: WHo joined the crown tribunal eventually?
A5: Lithuanian Tribunal
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

In 1578, Elizabeth I granted a patent to Humphrey Gilbert for discovery and overseas exploration. That year, Gilbert sailed for the West Indies with the intention of engaging in piracy and establishing a colony in North America, but the expedition was aborted before it had crossed the Atlantic. In 1583 he embarked on a second attempt, on this occasion to the island of Newfoundland whose harbour he formally claimed for England, although no settlers were left behind. Gilbert did not survive the return journey to England, and was succeeded by his half-brother, Walter Raleigh, who was granted his own patent by Elizabeth in 1584. Later that year, Raleigh founded the colony of Roanoke on the coast of present-day North Carolina, but lack of supplies caused the colony to fail.

Q1: When did Humphrey Gilbert first set sail for the West Indies?
A1: 1578
Q2: When was Humphrey Gilbert's second attempt to set sail?
A2: 1583
Q3: What was Humphrey Gilbert's second destination?
A3: Newfoundland
Q4: Who was Humphrey Gilbert's half-brother?
A4: Walter Raleigh
Q5: What colony did Walter Raleigh found?
A5: Roanoke
Title: Dutch_Republic
Topic: History

In 1579 a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they promised to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army. This was followed in 1581 by the Act of Abjuration, the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II.

Q1: In what year was the Union of Utrecht signed?
A1: 1579
Q2: Who signed the Union of Utrecht?
A2: a number of the northern provinces of the Low Countries
Q3: What was the declaration of independence of the provinces from Philip II called?
A3: the Act of Abjuration
Q4: In what year was the Act of Abjuration signed?
A4: 1581
Q5: What was the purpose of the Union of Utrecht?
A5: to support each other in their defence against the Spanish army
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

In 1579 the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule. The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic. In 1580 the new and predominantly Protestant state abolished the bishoprics, including the archbishopric of Utrecht. The stadtholders disapproved of the independent course of the Utrecht bourgeoisie and brought the city under much more direct control of the republic; which shifted the power towards its dominant province Holland. This was the start of a long period of stagnation of trade and development in Utrecht. Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups, who included many rural nobility and gentry with town houses there.

Q1: What was signed in 1579 
A1: the northern seven provinces signed the Union of Utrecht, in which they decided to join forces against Spanish rule
Q2: What is this union seen as 
A2: The Union of Utrecht is seen as the beginning of the Dutch Republic
Q3: What became the dominant province 
A3: towards its dominant province Holland
Q4: What was the state of Utrecht 
A4: Utrecht remained an atypical city in the new republic with about 40% Catholic in the mid-17th century, and even more among the elite groups
Title: Dutch_Republic
Topic: History

In 1582 the United Provinces invited Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them; but after a failed attempt to take Antwerp in 1583, the duke left the Netherlands again. After the assassination of William of Orange (10 July 1584), both Henry III of France and Elizabeth I of England declined the offer of sovereignty. However, the latter agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England (Treaty of Nonsuch, 1585), and sent the Earl of Leicester as governor-general. This was unsuccessful and in 1588 the provinces became a confederacy. The Union of Utrecht is regarded as the foundation of the Republic of the Seven United Provinces, which was not recognized by the Spanish Empire until the Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

Q1: In what year did the United Provinces invite Francis, Duke of Anjou to lead them?
A1: 1582
Q2: In what year did Francis, Duke of Anjou leave the Netherlands?
A2: 1583
Q3: When was William of Orange assassinated?
A3: 10 July 1584
Q4: Who agreed to turn the United Provinces into a protectorate of England?
A4: Elizabeth I
Q5: In what year did the United Provinces become a confederacy?
A5: 1588
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

In 1584, Elizabeth I granted a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh, for whom the state capital is named, for land in present-day North Carolina (then part of the territory of Virginia). It was the second American territory which the English attempted to colonize. Raleigh established two colonies on the coast in the late 1580s, but both failed. The fate of the "Lost Colony" of Roanoke Island remains one of the most widely debated mysteries of American history. Virginia Dare, the first English child to be born in North America, was born on Roanoke Island on August 18, 1587; Dare County is named for her.

Q1: Who is the North Carolina state capital named for?
A1: Sir Walter Raleigh
Q2: Who granted the charter for Sir Walter Raleigh to travel to present day North Carolina?
A2: Elizabeth I
Q3: What year did Elizabeth I grant the charter to Raleigh to travel to North Carolina?
A3: 1584
Q4: What was the second american territory the English attempted to colonize?
A4: North Carolina
Q5: How many colonies did Raleigh establish on the coast of carolina in 1580?
A5: two
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

In 1592, and again in 1597, Toyotomi Hideyoshi, aiming to invade China (唐入り) through Korea, mobilized an army of 160,000 peasants and samurai and deployed them to Korea. (See Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea, Chōsen-seibatsu (朝鮮征伐?). Taking advantage of arquebus mastery and extensive wartime experience from the Sengoku period, Japanese samurai armies made major gains in most of Korea. Kato Kiyomasa advanced to Orangkai territory (present-day Manchuria) bordering Korea to the northeast and crossed the border into Manchuria, but withdrew after retaliatory attacks from the Jurchens there, as it was clear he had outpaced the rest of the Japanese invasion force. A few of the more famous samurai generals of this war were Katō Kiyomasa, Konishi Yukinaga, and Shimazu Yoshihiro. Shimazu Yoshihiro led some 7,000 samurai and, despite being heavily outnumbered, defeated a host of allied Ming and Korean forces at the Battle of Sacheon in 1598, near the conclusion of the campaigns. Yoshihiro was feared as Oni-Shimazu ("Shimazu ogre") and his nickname spread across not only Korea but to Ming Dynasty China. In spite of the superiority of Japanese land forces, ultimately the two expeditions failed (though they did devastate the Korean landmass) from factors such as Korean naval superiority (which, led by Admiral Yi Sun-shin, harassed Japanese supply lines continuously throughout the wars, resulting in supply shortages on land), the commitment of sizeable Ming forces to Korea, Korean guerrilla actions, the underestimation of resistance by Japanese commanders (in the first campaign of 1592, Korean defenses on land were caught unprepared, under-trained, and under-armed; they were rapidly overrun, with only a limited number of successfully resistant engagements against the more-experienced and battle-hardened Japanese forces - in the second campaign of 1597, Korean and Ming forces proved to be a far more difficult challenge and, with the support of continued Korean naval superiority, limited Japanese gains to parts southeastern Korea), and wavering Japanese commitment to the campaigns as the wars dragged on. The final death blow to the Japanese campaigns in Korea came with Hideyoshi's death in late 1598 and the recall of all Japanese forces in Korea by the Council of Five Elders (established by Hideyoshi to oversee the transition from his regency to that of his son Hideyori).

Q1: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi first send an army to Korea?
A1: 1592
Q2: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send an army to Korea a second time?
A2: 1597
Q3: How many troops did Toyotomi Hideyoshi send to Korea?
A3: 160,000
Q4: When was the Battle of Sacheon?
A4: 1598
Q5: When did Toyotomi Hideyoshi die?
A5: 1598
Title: Tuberculosis
Topic: Natural sciences

In 15–20% of active cases, the infection spreads outside the lungs, causing other kinds of TB. These are collectively denoted as "extrapulmonary tuberculosis". Extrapulmonary TB occurs more commonly in immunosuppressed persons and young children. In those with HIV, this occurs in more than 50% of cases. Notable extrapulmonary infection sites include the pleura (in tuberculous pleurisy), the central nervous system (in tuberculous meningitis), the lymphatic system (in scrofula of the neck), the genitourinary system (in urogenital tuberculosis), and the bones and joints (in Pott disease of the spine), among others. When it spreads to the bones, it is also known as "osseous tuberculosis", a form of osteomyelitis. Sometimes, bursting of a tubercular abscess through skin results in tuberculous ulcer. An ulcer originating from nearby infected lymph nodes is painless, slowly enlarging and has an appearance of "wash leather". A potentially more serious, widespread form of TB is called "disseminated tuberculosis", also known as miliary tuberculosis. Miliary TB makes up about 10% of extrapulmonary cases.

Q1: What's the medical term for TB when it spreads from the lungs to other parts of the body?
A1: extrapulmonary tuberculosis
Q2: At least what percentage of HIV-positive patients who contract TB will experience extrapulmonary infection?
A2: 50%
Q3: Along with people with diminished immune function, like HIV patients, what group of people is more likely to develop extrapulmonary TB?
A3: young children
Q4: If TB infection spreads to the central nervous system, what is it called?
A4: tuberculous meningitis
Q5: What's the other name for "disseminated tuberculosis"?
A5: miliary tuberculosis
Title: British_Empire
Topic: History

In 1603, James VI, King of Scots, ascended (as James I) to the English throne and in 1604 negotiated the Treaty of London, ending hostilities with Spain. Now at peace with its main rival, English attention shifted from preying on other nations' colonial infrastructures to the business of establishing its own overseas colonies. The British Empire began to take shape during the early 17th century, with the English settlement of North America and the smaller islands of the Caribbean, and the establishment of private companies, most notably the English East India Company, to administer colonies and overseas trade. This period, until the loss of the Thirteen Colonies after the American War of Independence towards the end of the 18th century, has subsequently been referred to by some historians as the "First British Empire".

Q1: What was James I's name/title before taking the English throne?
A1: James VI, King of Scots
Q2: When did James I negotiate the Treaty of London?
A2: 1604
Q3: Which country did England negotiate the Treaty of London with?
A3: Spain
Q4: In what century did the English East India Company form?
A4: 17th
Q5: What period ended towards the end of the 18th century?
A5: the "First British Empire"
Title: Rule_of_law
Topic: History

In 1607, English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke said in the Case of Prohibitions (according to his own report) "that the law was the golden met-wand and measure to try the causes of the subjects; and which protected His Majesty in safety and peace: with which the King was greatly offended, and said, that then he should be under the law, which was treason to affirm, as he said; to which I said, that Bracton saith, quod Rex non debed esse sub homine, sed sub Deo et lege (That the King ought not to be under any man but under God and the law.)."

Q1: To what did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke compare the law?
A1: golden met-wand
Q2: According to English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, what should Kings follow?
A2: God and the law
Q3: When did English Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke speak in the Case of Prohibitions?
A3: 1607
Q4: How did the king feel about what was said in the Case of Prohibitions?
A4: greatly offended
Q5: What was Edward Coke's official title?
A5: Chief Justice Sir
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

In 1609, English explorer Henry Hudson re-discovered the region when he sailed his ship the Halve Maen ("Half Moon" in Dutch) into New York Harbor while searching for the Northwest Passage to the Orient for his employer, the Dutch East India Company. He proceeded to sail up what he named the North River, also called the Mauritis River, and now known as the Hudson River, to the site of the present-day New York State capital of Albany in the belief that it might represent an oceanic tributary. When the river narrowed and was no longer saline, he realized it was not a maritime passage and sailed back downriver. He made a ten-day exploration of the area and claimed the region for his employer. In 1614, the area between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay would be claimed by the Netherlands and called Nieuw-Nederland (New Netherland).

Q1: What was the name of the explorer who visited the area in 1609?
A1: Henry Hudson
Q2: Who was Henry Hudson working for?
A2: Dutch East India Company
Q3: In what year did the Netherlands claim the area between Delaware Bay and Cape Cod?
A3: 1614
Q4: How many days did Henry Hudson spend exploring the region?
A4: ten
Q5: What did Henry Hudson call the river that is now called the Hudson River?
A5: North River
Q6: Henry Hudson worked for which company in the 1600s?
A6: Dutch East India Company
Q7: In what year was the land between Cape Cod and Delaware Bay claimed by the Dutch?
A7: 1614
Q8: Which explorer sailed his ship into New York harbor in 1609?
A8: Henry Hudson
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In 1609, while still there, Smyth wrote a tract titled "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church." In it he expressed two propositions: first, infants are not to be baptized; and second, "Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism." Hence, his conviction was that a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been baptized on a personal confession of faith. He rejected the Separatist movement's doctrine of infant baptism (paedobaptism). Shortly thereafter, Smyth left the group, and layman Thomas Helwys took over the leadership, leading the church back to England in 1611. Ultimately, Smyth became committed to believers' baptism as the only biblical baptism. He was convinced on the basis of his interpretation of Scripture that infants would not be damned should they die in infancy.

Q1: Smyth wrote a tract titled what?
A1: "The Character of the Beast," or "The False Constitution of the Church."
Q2: What was his first proposition?
A2: infants are not to be baptized
Q3: What was his second proposition?
A3: Antichristians converted are to be admitted into the true Church by baptism
Q4: Smyth believed a scriptural church should consist only of regenerate believers who have been what?
A4: baptized on a personal confession of faith
Q5: What is paedobaptism?
A5: infant baptism
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

In 1610, all but three of the survivors of the Sea Venture sailed on to Jamestown. Among them was John Rolfe, whose wife and child died and were buried in Bermuda. Later in Jamestown he married Pocahontas, a daughter of the powerful Powhatan, leader of a large confederation of about 30 Algonquian-speaking tribes in coastal Virginia. In 1612, the English began intentional settlement of Bermuda with the arrival of the ship Plough. St. George's was settled that year and designated as Bermuda's first capital. It is the oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.

Q1: Who was one of the original survivor's to sail on to Jamestown.
A1: John Rolfe
Q2: What is one of the main things John Rolfe is known for?
A2: married Pocahontas
Q3: When did the English begin their intentional settlement of Bermuda?
A3: 1612,
Q4: What is St. George credited with?
A4: oldest continually inhabited English town in the New World.
Title: Boston
Topic: Geography and places

In 1629, the Massachusetts Bay Colony's first governor, John Winthrop, led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement, a key founding document of the city. Puritan ethics and their focus on education influenced its early history; America's first public school was founded in Boston in 1635. Over the next 130 years, the city participated in four French and Indian Wars, until the British defeated the French and their native allies in North America. Boston was the largest town in British North America until Philadelphia grew larger in the mid 18th century.

Q1: What year was the Cambridge Agreement signed?
A1: 1629
Q2: America's first public school was founded in Boston in what year?
A2: 1635
Q3: Who was Massachusetts first governor?
A3: John Winthrop
Q4: How many french and Indian wars did Boston participate in?
A4: four
Q5: Who led the signing of the Cambridge Agreement?
A5: John Winthrop