LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Dutch_Republic
Topic: History

During the Dutch Golden Age in the late 16th century onward, the Dutch Republic dominated world trade in the 17th century, conquering a vast colonial empire and operating the largest fleet of merchantmen of any nation. The County of Holland was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world.

Q1: The Dutch Republic dominated world trade during what time?
A1: the Dutch Golden Age
Q2: What was the wealthiest and most urbanized region in the world during the 17th century?
A2: The County of Holland
Title: University
Topic: Language and literature

During the Early Modern period (approximately late 15th century to 1800), the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of growth, productivity and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after the first university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout Europe. In the 15th century, twenty-eight new ones were created, with another eighteen added between 1500 and 1625. This pace continued until by the end of the 18th century there were approximately 143 universities in Europe and Eastern Europe, with the highest concentrations in the German Empire (34), Italian countries (26), France (25), and Spain (23) – this was close to a 500% increase over the number of universities toward the end of the Middle Ages. This number does not include the numerous universities that disappeared, or institutions that merged with other universities during this time. It should be noted that the identification of a university was not necessarily obvious during the Early Modern period, as the term is applied to a burgeoning number of institutions. In fact, the term "university" was not always used to designate a higher education institution. In Mediterranean countries, the term studium generale was still often used, while "Academy" was common in Northern European countries.

Q1: What was the time span of the Early Modern period?
A1: late 15th century to 1800
Q2: At the completion of the Middle Ages how long had universities existed?
A2: about 400 years
Q3: How many universities were within Europe at the closure of the middle ages?
A3: twenty-nine
Q4: How many universities were within Europe by the completion of the 18th century?
A4: 143
Q5: The German Empire had how many universities?
A5: 34
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

During the Eastern Han, conscription could be avoided if one paid a commutable tax. The Eastern Han court favored the recruitment of a volunteer army. The volunteer army comprised the Southern Army (Nanjun 南軍), while the standing army stationed in and near the capital was the Northern Army (Beijun 北軍). Led by Colonels (Xiaowei 校尉), the Northern Army consisted of five regiments, each composed of several thousand soldiers. When central authority collapsed after 189 AD, wealthy landowners, members of the aristocracy/nobility, and regional military-governors relied upon their retainers to act as their own personal troops (buqu 部曲).

Q1: How could conscription into military service be avoided?
A1: one paid a commutable tax
Q2: What army was based near the capital?
A2: Northern Army
Q3: What army was considered to be the volunteer army?
A3: Southern Army
Q4: How many regiments were in the Northern Army?
A4: five
Q5: Around how many soldiers were in each regiment of the Northern Army?
A5: several thousand soldiers
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

During the English Civil War Plymouth sided with the Parliamentarians and was besieged for almost four years by the Royalists. The last major attack by the Royalist was by Sir Richard Grenville leading thousands of soldiers towards Plymouth, but they were defeated by the Plymothians at Freedom Fields Park. The civil war ended as a Parliamentary win, but monarchy was restored by King Charles II in 1660, who imprisoned many of the Parliamentary heroes on Drake's Island. Construction of the Royal Citadel began in 1665, after the Restoration; it was armed with cannon facing both out to sea and into the town, rumoured to be a reminder to residents not to oppose the Crown. Mount Batten tower also dates from around this time.

Q1: Which faction did Plymouth support during the English Civil War?
A1: Parliamentarians
Q2: For how many years was Plymouth under siege during the English Civil War?
A2: four
Q3: Where did the last battle for Plymouth during the English Civil War end?
A3: Freedom Fields Park
Q4: In what year did Charles II ascend to the throne?
A4: 1660
Q5: What locale was used to house imprisoned Parliamentarians after the restoration of Charles II?
A5: Drake's Island
Title: London
Topic: Geography and places

During the English Civil War the majority of Londoners supported the Parliamentary cause. After an initial advance by the Royalists in 1642 culminating in the battles of Brentford and Turnham Green, London was surrounded by defensive perimeter wall known as the Lines of Communication. The lines were built by an up to 20,000 people, and were completed in under two months. The fortifications failed their only test when the New Model Army entered London in 1647, and they were levelled by Parliament the same year.

Q1: What was the defensive wall that encircled London in 1642 called?
A1: the Lines of Communication
Q2: How long did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A2: under two months
Q3: Who did the Lines of Communication wall fail to prevent from coming into London?
A3: the New Model Army
Q4: Approximately how many workers did it take to build the Lines of Communication?
A4: 20,000
Title: Geological_history_of_Earth
Topic: Natural sciences

During the Eocene (56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago), the continents continued to drift toward their present positions. At the beginning of the period, Australia and Antarctica remained connected, and warm equatorial currents mixed with colder Antarctic waters, distributing the heat around the world and keeping global temperatures high. But when Australia split from the southern continent around 45 Ma, the warm equatorial currents were deflected away from Antarctica, and an isolated cold water channel developed between the two continents. The Antarctic region cooled down, and the ocean surrounding Antarctica began to freeze, sending cold water and ice floes north, reinforcing the cooling. The present pattern of ice ages began about 40 million years ago.[citation needed]

Q1: During what years did the Eocene period take place?
A1: 56 million years ago - 33.9 million years ago
Q2: Australia was connected to which other continent at the start of the Eocene?
A2: Antarctica
Q3: How long ago did Antarctica and Australia split?
A3: around 45 Ma
Q4: Around how many years ago is the current ice age pattern believed to have begun?
A4: 40 million years
Q5: The mixing of equatorial currents with Antarctic waters in the Eocene resulted in what?
A5: keeping global temperatures high
Title: Zhejiang
Topic: Geography and places

During the First Opium War, the British navy defeated Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai. Under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking, signed in 1843, Ningbo became one of the five Chinese treaty ports opened to virtually unrestricted foreign trade. Much of Zhejiang came under the control of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom during the Taiping Rebellion, which resulted in a considerable loss of life in the province. In 1876, Wenzhou became Zhejiang's second treaty port.

Q1: During which war did the British navy defeat Eight Banners forces at Ningbo and Dinghai?
A1: the First Opium War
Q2: When was the Treaty of Nanking signed?
A2: 1843
Q3: What became one of the five Chinese treaty ports under the terms of the Treaty of Nanking?
A3: Ningbo
Q4: What did much of Zhejiang come under control of during the Taiping Rebellion?
A4: the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom
Q5: When did Wenzhou become Zhejiang's second treaty port?
A5: 1876
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

During the First World War, Paris sometimes found itself on the front line; 600 to 1,000 Paris taxis played a small but highly important symbolic role in transporting 6,000 soldiers to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne. The city was also bombed by Zeppelins and shelled by German long-range guns. In the years after the war, known as Les Années Folles, Paris continued to be a mecca for writers, musicians and artists from around the world, including Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.

Q1: How many soldiers did Parisian Taxis transport to the front line at the First Battle of the Marne?
A1: 6,000
Q2: What are the years after the war commonly known as?
A2: Les Années Folles
Q3: Who are some popular artists, writers and musicians that resided in Paris after the war?
A3: Ernest Hemingway, Igor Stravinsky, James Joyce, Josephine Baker, Sidney Bechet and the surrealist Salvador Dalí.
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

During the First World War, Plymouth was the port of entry for many troops from around the Empire and also developed as a facility for the manufacture of munitions. Although major units of the Royal Navy moved to the safety of Scapa Flow, Devonport was an important base for escort vessels and repairs. Flying boats operated from Mount Batten.

Q1: What was the primary base of the Royal navy during World War I?
A1: Scapa Flow
Q2: What sorts of ships were based in Davenport?
A2: escort vessels
Q3: What location provided a base for flying boats?
A3: Mount Batten
Title: Alsace
Topic: History

During the First World War, to avoid ground fights between brothers, many Alsatians served as sailors in the Kaiserliche Marine and took part in the Naval mutinies that led to the abdication of the Kaiser in November 1918, which left Alsace-Lorraine without a nominal head of state. The sailors returned home and tried to found a republic. While Jacques Peirotes, at this time deputy at the Landrat Elsass-Lothringen and just elected mayor of Strasbourg, proclaimed the forfeiture of the German Empire and the advent of the French Republic, a self-proclaimed government of Alsace-Lorraine declared independence as the "Republic of Alsace-Lorraine". French troops entered Alsace less than two weeks later to quash the worker strikes and remove the newly established Soviets and revolutionaries from power. At the arrival of the French soldiers, many Alsatians and local Prussian/German administrators and bureaucrats cheered the re-establishment of order (which can be seen and is described in detail in the reference video below). Although U.S. President Woodrow Wilson had insisted that the région was self-ruling by legal status, as its constitution had stated it was bound to the sole authority of the Kaiser and not to the German state, France tolerated no plebiscite, as granted by the League of Nations to some eastern German territories at this time, because Alsatians were considered by the French public as fellow Frenchmen liberated from German rule. Germany ceded the region to France under the Treaty of Versailles.

Q1: What did Aslations do to avoid conflict amongst themselves during the first World War?
A1: served as sailors
Q2: Who was the mayor that proclaimed independence from the German Empire for  Alsace-Lorraine?
A2: Jacques Peirotes
Q3: Who entered Alsace just two weeks after they declared independence? 
A3: French
Q4: What was the name of the treaty that allowed Germany to ceded the land to France?
A4: Treaty of Versailles
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China (907–960), while the fractured political realm of China saw no threat in a Tibet which was in just as much political disarray, there was little in the way of Sino-Tibetan relations. Few documents involving Sino-Tibetan contacts survive from the Song dynasty (960–1279). The Song were far more concerned with countering northern enemy states of the Khitan-ruled Liao dynasty (907–1125) and Jurchen-ruled Jin dynasty (1115–1234).

Q1: When did the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of China take place?
A1: 907–960
Q2: When did the Song dynasty take place?
A2: 960–1279
Q3: What dynasty was concerned with countering northern enemy states?
A3: Song dynasty
Q4: Who ruled the Liao dynasty?
A4: the Khitan
Q5: Who ruled the  Jin dynasty?
A5: Jurchen
Title: Strasbourg
Topic: Geography and places

During the Franco-Prussian War and the Siege of Strasbourg, the city was heavily bombarded by the Prussian army. The bombardment of the city was meant to break the morale of the people of Strasbourg. On 24 and 26 August 1870, the Museum of Fine Arts was destroyed by fire, as was the Municipal Library housed in the Gothic former Dominican church, with its unique collection of medieval manuscripts (most famously the Hortus deliciarum), rare Renaissance books, archeological finds and historical artifacts. The gothic cathedral was damaged as well as the medieval church of Temple Neuf, the theatre, the city hall, the court of justice and many houses. At the end of the siege 10,000 inhabitants were left without shelter; over 600 died, including 261 civilians, and 3200 were injured, including 1,100 civilians.

Q1: Who bombarded the city of Strasbourg? 
A1: Prussian army
Q2: What date was the Museum of Fine Arts destroyed by fire?
A2: 24 and 26 August 1870
Q3: What cathedral was damaged along with the medieval church of Temple Neuf?
A3: gothic
Q4: How many inhabitants were left without shelter after the siege?
A4: 10,000
Q5: How many civilians died during the siege?
A5: 261
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

During the French Revolution, Red became a symbol of liberty and personal freedom used by the Jacobins and other more radical parties. Many of them wore a red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap, modeled after the caps worn by freed slaves in Ancient Rome. During the height of the Reign of Terror, Women wearing red caps gathered around the guillotine to celebrate each execution. They were called the "Furies of the guillotine". The guillotines used during the Reign of Terror in 1792 and 1793 were painted red, or made of red wood. During the Reign of Terror a statue of a woman titled liberty, painted red, was placed in the square in front of the guillotine. After the end of the Reign of Terror, France went back to the blue, white and red tricolor, whose red was taken from the traditional color of Saint Denis, the Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris.

Q1: During which revolution was red a symbol of liberty?
A1: French Revolution
Q2: What kind of cap did the Jacobins wear?
A2: red Phrygian cap, or liberty cap
Q3: Women with red caps crowded around guillotines during the Reign of Terror to do what?
A3: celebrate
Q4: During what years did the Reign of Terror take place?
A4: 1792 and 1793
Q5: Who was Saint Denis?
A5: Christian martyr and patron saint of Paris
Title: Humanism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

During the French Revolution, and soon after, in Germany (by the Left Hegelians), humanism began to refer to an ethical philosophy centered on humankind, without attention to the transcendent or supernatural. The designation Religious Humanism refers to organized groups that sprang up during the late-nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. It is similar to Protestantism, although centered on human needs, interests, and abilities rather than the supernatural. In the Anglophone world, such modern, organized forms of humanism, which are rooted in the 18th-century Enlightenment, have to a considerable extent more or less detached themselves from the historic connection of humanism with classical learning and the liberal arts.

Q1:  At the time of the French Revolution what previous focus of humanism was removed?
A1: supernatural
Q2: Protestantism differs from Humanism in its focus is on what?
A2: supernatural
Q3: What do current tenants humanism have their origins in?
A3: 18th-century Enlightenment
Q4: What was a name for humanism believers who emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
A4: Religious Humanism
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

During the Gilded Age, there was substantial growth in population in the United States and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, in the late 19th century. The wealth polarization derived primarily from industrial and population expansion. The businessmen of the Second Industrial Revolution created industrial towns and cities in the Northeast with new factories, and contributed to the creation of an ethnically diverse industrial working class which produced the wealth owned by rising super-rich industrialists and financiers called the "robber barons". An example is the company of John D. Rockefeller, who was an important figure in shaping the new oil industry. Using highly effective tactics and aggressive practices, later widely criticized, Standard Oil absorbed or destroyed most of its competition.

Q1: What happened in the Glided Age/
A1: extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class
Q2: In what time period did the Glided Age occur?
A2: late 19th century
Q3: Where did the wealth of the Glided Age come form?
A3: industrial and population expansion.
Q4: What did Financiers refer to rich industrialist as?
A4: robber barons
Q5: What type of practices did John D. Rockefeller exhibit in the oil industry?
A5: effective tactics and aggressive practices
Title: Armenia
Topic: History

During the Gorbachev era of the 1980s, with the reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika, Armenians began to demand better environmental care for their country, opposing the pollution that Soviet-built factories brought. Tensions also developed between Soviet Azerbaijan and its autonomous district of Nagorno-Karabakh, a majority-Armenian region separated by Stalin from Armenia in 1923. About 484,000 Armenians lived in Azerbaijan in 1970. The Armenians of Karabakh demanded unification with Soviet Armenia. Peaceful protests in Yerevan supporting the Karabakh Armenians were met with anti-Armenian pogroms in the Azerbaijani city of Sumgait. Compounding Armenia's problems was a devastating earthquake in 1988 with a moment magnitude of 7.2.

Q1: How man Armenians resided in Azerbaijan in 1970?
A1: 484,000
Q2: In what year did Armenia suffer from a catastrophic earthquake?
A2: 1988
Q3: When was Nagorno-Karabakh removed from Armenia?
A3: 1923
Q4: Who partitioned Nagorno-Karabakh from Armenia?
A4: Stalin
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

During the Hellenistic period the importance of Greece proper within the Greek-speaking world declined sharply. The great centers of Hellenistic culture were Alexandria and Antioch, capitals of Ptolemaic Egypt and Seleucid Syria respectively. The conquests of Alexander greatly widened the horizons of the Greek world, making the endless conflicts between the cities which had marked the 5th and 4th centuries BC seem petty and unimportant. It led to a steady emigration, particularly of the young and ambitious, to the new Greek empires in the east. Many Greeks migrated to Alexandria, Antioch and the many other new Hellenistic cities founded in Alexander's wake, as far away as modern Afghanistan and Pakistan.

Q1: What was the capital of the Ptolemaic Egypt?
A1: Alexandria
Q2: What was the capital of Seleucid Syria?
A2: Antioch
Q3: Alexander and Antioch were centers of what culture?
A3: Hellenistic
Q4: What leaders conquests widened the horizons of the Greek world?
A4: Alexander
Q5: What particular demographic emigrated to the new Greek empires?
A5: young and ambitious
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

During the Hellenistic period, Judea became a frontier region between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt and therefore was often the frontline of the Syrian wars, changing hands several times during these conflicts. Under the Hellenistic kingdoms, Judea was ruled by the hereditary office of the High Priest of Israel as a Hellenistic vassal. This period also saw the rise of a Hellenistic Judaism, which first developed in the Jewish diaspora of Alexandria and Antioch, and then spread to Judea. The major literary product of this cultural syncretism is the Septuagint translation of the Hebrew Bible from Biblical Hebrew and Biblical Aramaic to Koiné Greek. The reason for the production of this translation seems to be that many of the Alexandrian Jews had lost the ability to speak Hebrew and Aramaic.

Q1: What are was in between the Seleucid Empire and Ptolemaic Egypt during Hellenistic times?
A1: Judea
Q2: Judea was ruled by whom during the Hellenistic period?
A2: High Priest of Israel
Q3: What religion rose in Judea durring the Hellenistic period?
A3: Judaism
Q4: Hellenistic Judaism was developed in Alexandria and what other region?
A4: Antioch
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

During the Hellenistic period, many different schools of thought developed. Athens, with its multiple philosophical schools, continued to remain the center of philosophical thought. However Athens had now lost her political freedom and Hellenistic philosophy is a reflection of this new difficult period. In this political climate, Hellenistic philosophers went in search of goals such as ataraxia (un-disturbedness), autarky (self-sufficiency) and apatheia (freedom from suffering), which would allow them to wrest well-being or eudaimonia out of the most difficult turns of fortune. This occupation with the inner life, with personal inner liberty and with the pursuit of eudaimonia is what all Hellenistic philosophical schools have in common.

Q1: What city remained the center of philosophical thought?
A1: Athens
Q2: What does ataraxia mean?
A2: un-disturbedness
Q3: What does autarky mean?
A3: self-sufficiency
Q4: What does apatheia mean?
A4: freedom from suffering
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

During the High Middle Ages, which began after 1000, the population of Europe increased greatly as technological and agricultural innovations allowed trade to flourish and the Medieval Warm Period climate change allowed crop yields to increase. Manorialism, the organisation of peasants into villages that owed rent and labour services to the nobles, and feudalism, the political structure whereby knights and lower-status nobles owed military service to their overlords in return for the right to rent from lands and manors, were two of the ways society was organised in the High Middle Ages. The Crusades, first preached in 1095, were military attempts by Western European Christians to regain control of the Holy Land from the Muslims. Kings became the heads of centralised nation states, reducing crime and violence but making the ideal of a unified Christendom more distant. Intellectual life was marked by scholasticism, a philosophy that emphasised joining faith to reason, and by the founding of universities. The theology of Thomas Aquinas, the paintings of Giotto, the poetry of Dante and Chaucer, the travels of Marco Polo, and the architecture of Gothic cathedrals such as Chartres are among the outstanding achievements toward the end of this period, and into the Late Middle Ages.

Q1: What year marked the beginning of the High Middle Ages?
A1: 1000
Q2: What event led to larger crop yields in the High Middle Ages?
A2: the Medieval Warm Period
Q3: What was the name of the economic system that organized peasants into villages owing labor and rent to nobles?
A3: Manorialism
Q4: What was the name of the political system that gave rents to knights in return for military service?
A4: feudalism
Q5: In what year did the Crusades begin?
A5: 1095
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

During the Hundred Years' War a French attack (1340) burned a manor house and took some prisoners, but failed to get into the town. In 1403 the town was burned by Breton raiders. In the late fifteenth century a 'castle quadrate' was constructed close to the area now known as The Barbican; it included four round towers, one at each corner, as featured on the city coat of arms. The castle served to protect Sutton Pool, which is where the fleet was based in Plymouth prior to the establishment of Plymouth Dockyard. In 1512 an Act of Parliament was passed for further fortifying Plymouth, and a series of fortifications were then built, including defensive walls at the entrance to Sutton Pool (across which a chain would be extended in time of danger). Defences on St Nicholas Island also date from this time, and a string of six artillery blockhouses were built, including one on Fishers Nose at the south-eastern corner of the Hoe. This location was further strengthened by the building of a fort (later known as Drake's Fort) in 1596, which itself went on to provide the site for the Citadel, established in the 1660s (see below).

Q1: In what year during the Hundred Years' War did the French assault Plymouth?
A1: 1340
Q2: Who set fire to Plymouth in 1403?
A2: Breton raiders
Q3: In what year was the fortification later known as Drake's Fort constructed?
A3: 1596
Q4: Before Plymouth dockyard was built, where was the fleet located?
A4: Sutton Pool
Q5: In what year did Parliament pass a notable law that led to the building of fortifications in Plymouth?
A5: 1512
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

During the Hundred Years' War, the army of the Duke of Burgundy and a force of about two hundred English soldiers occupied Paris from May 1420 until 1436. They repelled an attempt by Joan of Arc to liberate the city in 1429. A century later, during the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic League. On 24 August 1572, Paris was the site of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre, when thousands of French Protestants were killed. The last of these wars, the eighth one, ended in 1594, after Henri IV had converted to Catholicism and was finally able to enter Paris as he supposedly declared Paris vaut bien une messe ("Paris is well worth a Mass"). The city had been neglected for decades; by the time of his assassination in 1610, Henry IV had rebuilt the Pont Neuf, the first Paris bridge with sidewalks and not lined with buildings, linked with a new wing the Louvre to the Tuileries Palace, and created the first Paris residential square, the Place Royale, now Place des Vosges.

Q1: In what years did the English soldiers occupy Paris during the Hundred Years War?
A1: 1420 until 1436
Q2: Who tried to liberate the city in 1429?
A2: Joan of Arc
Q3: What was the date of the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre?
A3: 24 August 1572
Q4: In what year was Henri IV assassinated?
A4: 1610
Q5: Who was responsible for rebuilding Paris in the 1600's
A5: Henry IV
Title: Korean_War
Topic: Warfare

During the Hungnam evacuation, about 193 shiploads of UN Command forces and matériel (approximately 105,000 soldiers, 98,000 civilians, 17,500 vehicles, and 350,000 tons of supplies) were evacuated to Pusan. The SS Meredith Victory was noted for evacuating 14,000 refugees, the largest rescue operation by a single ship, even though it was designed to hold 12 passengers. Before escaping, the UN Command forces razed most of Hungnam city, especially the port facilities; and on 16 December 1950, President Truman declared a national emergency with Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 C.F.R. 99 (1953), which remained in force until 14 September 1978.[b] The next day (17 December 1950) Kim Il-sung was deprived of the right of command of KPA by China. After that, the leading part of the war became the Chinese army. Following that, on 1 February 1951, United Nations General Assembly adopted a draft resolution condemning China as an aggressor in the Korean War.

Q1: What was the name of the ship responsible for undertaking the largest rescue operation by a single ship?
A1: SS Meredith Victory
Q2: What did the Presidential Proclamation No. 2914, 3 1950 do?
A2: declared a national emergency
Q3: What year was the Presidential Proclamation lifted?
A3: 1978
Q4: Who was stripped of their commanding rights by China?
A4: Kim Il-sung
Q5: What country was condemned for their participation in the conflict in Korea?
A5: China
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

During the Later Middle Ages, theologians such as John Duns Scotus (d. 1308)[AH] and William of Ockham (d. c. 1348), led a reaction against scholasticism, objecting to the application of reason to faith. Their efforts undermined the prevailing Platonic idea of "universals". Ockham's insistence that reason operates independently of faith allowed science to be separated from theology and philosophy. Legal studies were marked by the steady advance of Roman law into areas of jurisprudence previously governed by customary law. The lone exception to this trend was in England, where the common law remained pre-eminent. Other countries codified their laws; legal codes were promulgated in Castile, Poland, and Lithuania.

Q1: What school of thought was Duns Scotus opposed to?
A1: scholasticism
Q2: Before Roman law, what were areas of jurisprudence traditionally decided by?
A2: customary law
Q3: What country did not see the increasing influence of Roman law?
A3: England
Q4: Along with Castile and Poland, what country developed a law code in the Later Middle Ages?
A4: Lithuania
Q5: What Platonic idea lost influence as a result of the work of Ockham and Duns Scotus?
A5: universals
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

During the May Revolution of 1810 and the subsequent uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata, the Spanish colonial government moved to Montevideo. During that year and the next, Uruguayan revolutionary José Gervasio Artigas united with others from Buenos Aires against Spain. In 1811, the forces deployed by the Junta Grande of Buenos Aires and the gaucho forces led by Artigas started a siege of Montevideo, which had refused to obey the directives of the new authorities of the May Revolution. The siege was lifted at the end of that year, when the military situation started deteriorating in the Upper Peru region.

Q1: After the Revolution of 1810 there was a subsequent uprising of what provinces? 
A1: Rio de la Plata
Q2: Where did the spanish colonial government move to after the uprising of the provinces of Rio de la Plata?
A2: Montevideo
Q3: Who was the Uruguayan revolutionary that united with others from Buenos Aires?
A3: José Gervasio Artigas
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

During the Mexican Revolution, Álvaro Obregón invited a group of Canadian German-speaking Mennonites to resettle in Mexico. By the late 1920s, some 7,000 had immigrated to Chihuahua State and Durango State, almost all from Canada, only a few from the U.S. and Russia. Today, Mexico accounts for about 42% of all Mennonites in Latin America. Mennonites in the country stand out because of their light skin, hair, and eyes. They are a largely insular community that speaks a form of German and wear traditional clothing. They own their own businesses in various communities in Chihuahua, and account for about half of the state's farm economy, excelling in cheese production.

Q1: Who invited Canadians to resettle in Mexico during the Mexican Revolution?
A1: Álvaro Obregón
Q2: Today, Mexico accounts for what percentage of Mennonites in Latin America?
A2: 42%
Q3: Mennonites speak a form of which language predominantly? 
A3: German
Q4: Which food do Mennonites excel in producing?
A4: cheese
Q5: Mennonites account for about how much of the state's farm economy?
A5: half
Title: Empiricism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

During the Middle Ages Aristotle's theory of tabula rasa was developed by Islamic philosophers starting with Al Farabi, developing into an elaborate theory by Avicenna and demonstrated as a thought experiment by Ibn Tufail. For Avicenna (Ibn Sina), for example, the tabula rasa is a pure potentiality that is actualized through education, and knowledge is attained through "empirical familiarity with objects in this world from which one abstracts universal concepts" developed through a "syllogistic method of reasoning in which observations lead to propositional statements which when compounded lead to further abstract concepts". The intellect itself develops from a material intellect (al-'aql al-hayulani), which is a potentiality "that can acquire knowledge to the active intellect (al-'aql al-fa'il), the state of the human intellect in conjunction with the perfect source of knowledge". So the immaterial "active intellect", separate from any individual person, is still essential for understanding to occur.

Q1: Whose idea was 'tabula rasa'?
A1: Aristotle
Q2: What religion was Al Farabi?
A2: Islamic
Q3: What does al-'aql al-hayulani mean?
A3: material intellect
Q4: What does al-'aql al-fa'il mean?
A4: active intellect
Q5: What is crucial for understanding?
A5: the immaterial "active intellect"
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

During the Middle Ages, Paris was a center of Jewish learning with famous Talmudic scholars, such as Yechiel of Paris who took part in the Disputation of Paris between Christian and Jewish intellectuals. The Parisian Jewish community was victim of persecution, alternating expulsions and returns, until France became the first country in Europe to emancipate its Jewish population during the French Revolution. Although 75% of the Jewish population in France survived the Holocaust during World War II, half the city's Jewish population perished in Nazi concentration camps, while some others fled abroad. A large migration of North Africa Sephardic Jews settled Paris in the 1960s, and represent most of the Paris Jewish community today. There are currently 83 synagogues in the city; The Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue, built in 1913 by architect Hector Guimard, is a Paris landmark.

Q1: What percentage of France's Jewish population survived the holocaust?
A1: 75
Q2: When did a large number of Sephardic Jews settle in Paris?
A2: 1960s
Q3: Who built the Marais-quarter Agodudas Hakehilos Synagogue?
A3: Hector Guimard
Q4: When was the Marais-quarter Agoudas Hakehilos Synagogue built?
A4: 1913
Title: Thuringia
Topic: History

During the Middle Ages, Thuringia was situated at the border between Germanic and Slavic territories, marked by the Saale river. The Ostsiedlung movement led to the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule. The population growth increased during the 18th century and stayed high until World War I, before it slowed within the 20th century and changed to a decline since 1990. Since the beginning of Urbanisation around 1840, the Thuringian cities have higher growth rates resp. smaller rates of decline than rural areas (many villages lost half of their population since 1950, whereas the biggest cities (Erfurt and Jena) keep growing).

Q1: Where was Thuringia in the Middle Ages?
A1: the border between Germanic and Slavic territories
Q2: What was the result of the Ostsiedlung movement?
A2: the assimilation of Slavic people between the 11th and the 13th century under German rule
Q3: When did population growth in Thuringia peak?
A3: World War I
Q4: In what year did many cities in Thuringia lose half of their population?
A4: 1950
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

During the Middle Ages, shipbuilding became an important industry for the town. Henry V's famous warship HMS Grace Dieu was built in Southampton. Walter Taylor's 18th century mechanisation of the block-making process was a significant step in the Industrial Revolution. From 1904 to 2004, the Thornycroft shipbuilding yard was a major employer in Southampton, building and repairing ships used in the two World Wars.

Q1: What skilled trade was a central industry for Southampton in the Middle Ages?
A1: shipbuilding
Q2: What's the name of the famed warship built in Southampton for Henry V?
A2: HMS Grace Dieu
Q3: What was the name of the man who overhauled block-making to mechanize the process?
A3: Walter Taylor
Q4: Between 1904 and 2004, what shipbuilding company employed a large portion of Southampton?
A4: Thornycroft
Q5: In what historical period did Walter Taylor's improvements on block-making play an important role?
A5: Industrial Revolution
Title: Southern_Europe
Topic: Geography and places

During the Middle Ages, the Eastern Roman Empire survived, though modern historians refer to this state as the Byzantine Empire. In Western Europe, Germanic peoples moved into positions of power in the remnants of the former Western Roman Empire and established kingdoms and empires of their own.

Q1: What is the Eastern Roman Empire in the Middle Ages called by contemporary scholars?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: Who took over the remains of the Western Roman Empire?
A2: Germanic peoples
Q3: What did Germanic people create in place of the Western Roman Empire?
A3: kingdoms and empires of their own
Title: Eritrea
Topic: Natural sciences

During the Middle Ages, the Eritrea region was known as Medri Bahri ("sea-land"). The name Eritrea is derived from the ancient Greek name for Red Sea (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα Erythra Thalassa, based on the adjective ἐρυθρός erythros "red"). It was first formally adopted in 1890, with the formation of Italian Eritrea (Colonia Eritrea). The territory became the Eritrea Governorate within Italian East Africa in 1936. Eritrea was annexed by Ethiopia in 1953 (nominally within a federation until 1962) and an Eritrean Liberation Front formed in 1960. Eritrea gained independence following the 1993 referendum, and the name of the new state was defined as State of Eritrea in the 1997 constitution.[citation needed]

Q1: What was the Eritrean region known as during the Middle Ages?
A1: Medri Bahri
Q2: When was Eritrea annexed by Ethiopia?
A2: 1953
Q3: When did the Eritrean Liberation Front form?
A3: 1960
Q4: When did Eritrea gain independence?
A4: following the 1993 referendum
Title: Imamah_(Shia_doctrine)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

During the Minor Occultation (Ghaybat al-Sughrá), it is believed that al-Mahdi maintained contact with his followers via deputies (Arab. an-nuwāb al-arbaʻa or "the Four Leaders"). They represented him and acted as agents between him and his followers. Whenever the believers faced a problem, they would write their concerns and send them to his deputy. The deputy would ascertain his verdict, endorse it with his seal and signature and return it to the relevant parties. The deputies also collected zakat and khums on his behalf.

Q1: How did al-Mahdi maintain contact during his Occultation?
A1: via deputies
Q2: How did deputies represent al-Mahdi?
A2: acted as agents between him and his followers
Q3: What would believers do when they had a problem?
A3: write their concerns and send them to his deputy
Q4: What would the deputy endorse the concerns with?
A4: seal and signature
Q5: What did the deputies collect in the Imam's behalf?
A5: zakat and khums
Title: Geological_history_of_Earth
Topic: Natural sciences

During the Miocene continents continued to drift toward their present positions. Of the modern geologic features, only the land bridge between South America and North America was absent, the subduction zone along the Pacific Ocean margin of South America caused the rise of the Andes and the southward extension of the Meso-American peninsula. India continued to collide with Asia. The Tethys Seaway continued to shrink and then disappeared as Africa collided with Eurasia in the Turkish-Arabian region between 19 and 12 Ma (ICS 2004). Subsequent uplift of mountains in the western Mediterranean region and a global fall in sea levels combined to cause a temporary drying up of the Mediterranean Sea resulting in the Messinian salinity crisis near the end of the Miocene.

Q1: The formation of which mountain range was the result of of what zone along the Pacific Ocean side of South America?
A1: the Andes
Q2: Which continent was India colliding with in the Miocene?
A2: Asia
Q3: When Africa was colliding with Eurasia which seaway ceased to be during the Miocene?
A3: The Tethys Seaway
Q4: Between what period of time did the Tethys disappear?
A4: 19 and 12 Ma
Q5: Which crisis occured towards the end of the Miocene period?
A5: Messinian salinity crisis
Title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

During the NES era, Nintendo maintained exclusive control over titles released for the system—the company had to approve every game, each third-party developer could only release up to five games per year (but some third parties got around this by using different names, for example Konami's "Ultra Games" brand), those games could not be released on another console within two years, and Nintendo was the exclusive manufacturer and supplier of NES cartridges. However, competition from Sega's console brought an end to this practice; in 1991, Acclaim began releasing games for both platforms, with most of Nintendo's other licensees following suit over the next several years; Capcom (which licensed some games to Sega instead of producing them directly) and Square were the most notable holdouts.

Q1: What was Nintendo's limit on games per developer per year on the NES?
A1: five
Q2: What alternate name did Konami use to get around Nintendo's yearly limit?
A2: Ultra Games
Q3: For how many years did Nintendo require exclusivity on NES games?
A3: two
Q4: Which competitor caused Nintendo to end its restrictions on game developers?
A4: Sega
Q5: Which developer began releasing games for both NES and Sega in 1991?
A5: Acclaim
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

During the Napoleonic Occupation of Spain, Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Catholic priest of progressive ideas, declared Mexican independence in the small town of Dolores, Guanajuato on September 16, 1810 with a proclamation known as the "Grito de Dolores". Hidalgo built a large support among intellectuals, liberal priests and many poor people. Hidalgo fought to protect the rights of the poor and indigenous population. He started on a march to the capital, Mexico City, but retreated back north when faced with the elite of the royal forces at the outskirts of the capital. He established a liberal government from Guadalajara, Jalisco but was soon forced to flee north by the royal forces that recaptured the city. Hidalgo attempted to reach the United States and gain American support for Mexican independence. HIdalgo reached Saltillo, Coahuila where he publicly resigned his military post and rejected a pardon offered by Viceroy Francisco Venegas in return for Hidalgo's surrender. A short time later, he and his supporters were captured by royalist Ignacio Elizondo at the Wells of Baján (Norias de Baján) on March 21, 1811 and taken to the city of Chihuahua. Hidalgo forced the Bishop of Valladolid, Manuel Abad y Queipo, to rescind the excommunication order he had circulated against him on September 24, 1810. Later, the Inquisition issued an excommunication edict on October 13, 1810 condemning Miguel Hidalgo as a seditionary, apostate, and heretic.

Q1: What was the name of the town in which Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla declared independence?
A1: Dolores
Q2: What was the name of the Proclamation?
A2: Grito de Dolores
Q3: What was Hidalgo's occupation?
A3: priest
Q4: What was the name of the royalist who captured Hidalgo?
A4: Ignacio Elizondo
Q5: Which country had Hidalgo attempted to reach to gain support?
A5: United States
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

During the Napoleonic Wars he was taken seriously by the British press as a dangerous tyrant, poised to invade. He was often referred to by the British as Boney. A nursery rhyme warned children that Bonaparte ravenously ate naughty people; the "bogeyman". The British Tory press sometimes depicted Napoleon as much smaller than average height, and this image persists. Confusion about his height also results from the difference between the French pouce and British inch—2.71 cm and 2.54 cm, respectively. The myth of the "Napoleon Complex” — named after him to describe men who have an inferiority complex — stems primarily from the fact that he was listed, incorrectly, as 5 feet 2 inches (in French units) at the time of his death. In fact, he was 1.68 metres (5 ft 6 in) tall, an average height for a man in that period.[note 11]

Q1: Which foreign news service viewed Napoleon as a dangerous tyrant?
A1: the British press
Q2: What abbreviated term did the British often use to refer to Napoleon?
A2: Boney
Q3: Which segment of the British press often showed Napoleon as being much shorter than average?
A3: Tory
Q4: What height was Napoleon incorrectly listed as at his time of death?
A4: 5 feet 2 inches
Q5: What was Napoleon's actual height, in feet and inches?
A5: 5 ft 6 in
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

During the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alpine regions.

Q1: What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century?
A1: the Napoleonic Wars
Q2: Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys?
A2: Napoleon
Q3: When was the Helvetic Republic established?
A3: 1798
Q4: Where was the Helvetic Republic established?
A4: Switzerland
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

During the Nazi occupation of France during World War II, Brazzaville functioned as the symbolic capital of Free France between 1940 and 1943. The Brazzaville Conference of 1944 heralded a period of major reform in French colonial policy. Congo benefited from the postwar expansion of colonial administrative and infrastructure spending as a result of its central geographic location within AEF and the federal capital at Brazzaville. It also received a local legislature after the adoption of the 1946 constitution that established the Fourth Republic.

Q1: What served as the capital of France in spirit during the Occupation?
A1: Brazzaville
Q2: What meeting brought about changes in France's policy towards its colonies?
A2: Brazzaville Conference of 1944
Q3: When did Brazzaville get its own local government?
A3: 1946
Q4: What did the 1946 constitution establish Brazzaville as?
A4: the Fourth Republic
Title: Sahara
Topic: Geography and places

During the Neolithic Era, before the onset of desertification, around 9500 BCE the central Sudan had been a rich environment supporting a large population ranging across what is now barren desert, like the Wadi el-Qa'ab. By the 5th millennium BCE, the people who inhabited what is now called Nubia, were full participants in the "agricultural revolution", living a settled lifestyle with domesticated plants and animals. Saharan rock art of cattle and herdsmen suggests the presence of a cattle cult like those found in Sudan and other pastoral societies in Africa today. Megaliths found at Nabta Playa are overt examples of probably the world's first known archaeoastronomy devices, predating Stonehenge by some 2,000 years. This complexity, as observed at Nabta Playa, and as expressed by different levels of authority within the society there, likely formed the basis for the structure of both the Neolithic society at Nabta and the Old Kingdom of Egypt.

Q1: During what era was the central Sudan rich in environment?
A1: Neolithic Era
Q2: What kind of rock art was found in the Sudan?
A2: cattle and herdsmen
Q3: What are examples of the first known archaeoastronomy   found in Nabta Playa?
A3: Megaliths
Title: Antarctica
Topic: Natural sciences

During the Nimrod Expedition led by Ernest Shackleton in 1907, parties led by Edgeworth David became the first to climb Mount Erebus and to reach the South Magnetic Pole. Douglas Mawson, who assumed the leadership of the Magnetic Pole party on their perilous return, went on to lead several expeditions until retiring in 1931. In addition, Shackleton himself and three other members of his expedition made several firsts in December 1908 – February 1909: they were the first humans to traverse the Ross Ice Shelf, the first to traverse the Transantarctic Mountains (via the Beardmore Glacier), and the first to set foot on the South Polar Plateau. An expedition led by Norwegian polar explorer Roald Amundsen from the ship Fram became the first to reach the geographic South Pole on 14 December 1911, using a route from the Bay of Whales and up the Axel Heiberg Glacier. One month later, the doomed Scott Expedition reached the pole.

Q1: What explorer led the Nimrod Expedition into Antarctica?
A1: Ernest Shackleton
Q2: Who led the party to first climb Mount Erebus?
A2: Edgeworth David
Q3: Who led the return expedition to find the Magnetic pole?
A3: Douglas Mawson
Q4: When did Mawson retire after leading several expeditions?
A4: 1931
Q5: When did Roald Amundsen reach the geographic south pole?
A5: 14 December 1911