LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Evolutionary ideas, although not natural selection, were accepted by German biologists accustomed to ideas of homology in morphology from Goethe's Metamorphosis of Plants and from their long tradition of comparative anatomy. Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives, but enthused political radicals. Ernst Haeckel was particularly ardent, aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie. Their ambitious programme to reconstruct the evolutionary history of life was joined by Huxley and supported by discoveries in palaeontology. Haeckel used embryology extensively in his recapitulation theory, which embodied a progressive, almost linear model of evolution. Darwin was cautious about such histories, and had already noted that von Baer's laws of embryology supported his idea of complex branching.

Q1: While evolutionary ideas were accepted by German biologists, what was not?
A1: natural selection
Q2: What led to more misgivings of conservative scientists when Bronn's German translation of On the Origin of Species was published?
A2: Bronn's alterations in his German translation added to the misgivings of conservatives
Q3: Which group of people was excited by the German translation of On the Origin of Species?
A3: political radicals
Q4: Why were political radicals such as Ernst Haekel so interested in On the Origin of Species?
A4: aiming to synthesise Darwin's ideas with those of Lamarck and Goethe while still reflecting the spirit of Naturphilosophie
Title: University
Topic: Language and literature

Examining the influence of humanism on scholars in medicine, mathematics, astronomy and physics may suggest that humanism and universities were a strong impetus for the scientific revolution. Although the connection between humanism and the scientific discovery may very well have begun within the confines of the university, the connection has been commonly perceived as having been severed by the changing nature of science during the scientific revolution. Historians such as Richard S. Westfall have argued that the overt traditionalism of universities inhibited attempts to re-conceptualize nature and knowledge and caused an indelible tension between universities and scientists. This resistance to changes in science may have been a significant factor in driving many scientists away from the university and toward private benefactors, usually in princely courts, and associations with newly forming scientific societies.

Q1: The study of humanism among those studying math, astronomy and medicine is said to have caused what?
A1: the scientific revolution
Q2: Resisting what caused many scientists to court private benefactors?
A2: changes in science
Q3: Where might a scientist find a friendly private benefactor?
A3: princely courts
Q4: Which historian argues that traditionalism in a university system hindered attempts to form new views on knowledge and nature?
A4: Richard S. Westfall
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

Examples are 河 hé "river", 湖 hú "lake", 流 liú "stream", 沖 chōng "riptide" (or "flush"), 滑 huá "slippery". All these characters have on the left a radical of three short strokes (氵), which is a reduced form of the character 水 shuǐ meaning "water", indicating that the character has a semantic connection with water. The right-hand side in each case is a phonetic indicator. For example, in the case of 沖 chōng (Old Chinese *ɡ-ljuŋ), the phonetic indicator is 中 zhōng (Old Chinese *k-ljuŋ), which by itself means "middle". In this case it can be seen that the pronunciation of the character is slightly different from that of its phonetic indicator; the process of historical phonetic change means that the composition of such characters can sometimes seem arbitrary today.

Q1: What side is a phonetic indicator located on?
A1: right-hand side
Q2: What is the process of historical phonetic change?
A2: phonetic indicator
Q3: What process can sometimes seem arbitrary today?
A3: phonetic change
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

Examples of Cyprus in foreign literature, include the works of Shakespeare, with the majority of the play Othello by William Shakespeare set on the island of Cyprus. British writer Lawrence Durrell lived in Cyprus from 1952 until 1956, during his time working for the British colonial government on the island, and wrote the book Bitter Lemons concerning his time in Cyprus which won the second Duff Cooper Prize in 1957. More recently British writer Victoria Hislop used Cyprus as the setting for her 2014 novel The Sunrise.

Q1: Where was William Shakespeare's Othello set?
A1: Cyprus
Q2: Where did British writer Lawrence Durrell reside from 1952-1956?
A2: Cyprus
Q3: What book did Lawrence Durrell write while living on Cyprus?
A3: Bitter Lemons
Q4: Which 2014 novel uses Cyprus as its main location?
A4: The Sunrise
Title: Ottoman_Empire
Topic: History

Examples of Ottoman architecture of the classical period, besides Istanbul and Edirne, can also be seen in Egypt, Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania, where mosques, bridges, fountains and schools were built. The art of Ottoman decoration developed with a multitude of influences due to the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire. The greatest of the court artists enriched the Ottoman Empire with many pluralistic artistic influences: such as mixing traditional Byzantine art with elements of Chinese art.

Q1: Ottoman artists mixed Chinese art with the art of what else?
A1: traditional Byzantine art
Q2: The ottoman empire built structures in Romania that included Mosques, and Bridges, what else was built?
A2: fountains and schools
Q3: Why did the art of the Ottoman empire develop the way it did?
A3: the wide ethnic range of the Ottoman Empire
Q4: Beside Edirne, Istanbul, and Egypt what other locations can one find the influence of the Ottoman classical period?
A4: Eritrea, Tunisia, Algiers, the Balkans and Romania
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Examples of energy transformation include generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine, or lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor. Lifting against gravity performs mechanical work on the object and stores gravitational potential energy in the object. If the object falls to the ground, gravity does mechanical work on the object which transforms the potential energy in the gravitational field to the kinetic energy released as heat on impact with the ground. Our Sun transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy; its total mass does not decrease due to that in itself (since it still contains the same total energy even if in different forms), but its mass does decrease when the energy escapes out to its surroundings, largely as radiant energy.

Q1: Give one example of energy transformation.
A1: generating electric energy from heat energy via a steam turbine
Q2: What transforms nuclear potential energy to other forms of energy?
A2: Sun
Q3: What is another example of energy transformation?
A3: lifting an object against gravity using electrical energy driving a crane motor
Title: Eritrea
Topic: Natural sciences

Excavations in and near Agordat in central Eritrea yielded the remains of an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization known as the Gash Group. Ceramics were discovered that were related to those of the C-Group (Temehu) pastoral culture, which inhabited the Nile Valley between 2500–1500 BC. Some sources dating back to 3500 BC. Shards akin to those of the Kerma culture, another community that flourished in the Nile Valley around the same period, were also found at other local archaeological sites in the Barka valley belonging to the Gash Group. According to Peter Behrens (1981) and Marianne Bechaus-Gerst (2000), linguistic evidence indicates that the C-Group and Kerma peoples spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber and Cushitic branches, respectively.

Q1: What is the Gash Group?
A1: an ancient pre-Aksumite civilization
Q2: What did excavations around Agordat yield the remains of?
A2: the Gash Group
Q3: Where is Agordat located?
A3: central Eritrea
Q4: When did the C-Group inhabit the Nile Valley?
A4: between 2500–1500 BC
Q5: What type of evidence indicated that the C-Group spoke Afroasiatic languages of the Berber branches?
A5: linguistic
Title: Brain
Topic: Natural sciences

Except for a few primitive organisms such as sponges (which have no nervous system) and cnidarians (which have a nervous system consisting of a diffuse nerve net), all living multicellular animals are bilaterians, meaning animals with a bilaterally symmetric body shape (that is, left and right sides that are approximate mirror images of each other). All bilaterians are thought to have descended from a common ancestor that appeared early in the Cambrian period, 485-540 million years ago, and it has been hypothesized that this common ancestor had the shape of a simple tubeworm with a segmented body. At a schematic level, that basic worm-shape continues to be reflected in the body and nervous system architecture of all modern bilaterians, including vertebrates. The fundamental bilateral body form is a tube with a hollow gut cavity running from the mouth to the anus, and a nerve cord with an enlargement (a ganglion) for each body segment, with an especially large ganglion at the front, called the brain. The brain is small and simple in some species, such as nematode worms; in other species, including vertebrates, it is the most complex organ in the body. Some types of worms, such as leeches, also have an enlarged ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord, known as a "tail brain".

Q1: Creatures that have a diffuse nerve net are called what?
A1: cnidarians
Q2: Bilaterians are animals that have what?
A2: symmetric body shape
Q3: The Cambrian period was how long ago?
A3: 485-540 million years ago
Q4: A nerve cord with an enlargement is called what?
A4: a ganglion
Q5: What type of creature has a ganglion at the back end of the nerve cord as well?
A5: leeches
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

Except for the five species of monotremes (egg-laying mammals), all modern mammals give birth to live young. Most mammals, including the six most species-rich orders, belong to the placental group. The three largest orders in numbers, are first Rodentia: mice, rats, porcupines, beavers, capybaras, and other gnawing mammals; then Chiroptera: bats; and then Soricomorpha: shrews, moles and solenodons. The next three orders, depending on the biological classification scheme used, are the Primates including the humans; the Cetartiodactyla including the whales and the even-toed hoofed mammals; and the Carnivora, that is, cats, dogs, weasels, bears, seals, and their relatives.

Q1: How many species of mammals do not have a live birth?
A1: five species
Q2: Which group consist of the most mammals?
A2: Rodentia
Q3: Which group do humans belong too?
A3: Primates
Q4: Which group do cats and dogs belong too?
A4: Carnivora
Title: Windows_8
Topic: Engineering and technology

Exceptions to the restrictions faced by Windows Store apps are given to web browsers. The user's default browser can distribute a Metro-style web browser in same package as the desktop version, which has access to functionality unavailable to other apps, such as being able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code instead of WinRT (allowing for code to be re-used with the desktop version, while still taking advantage of features available to Windows Store apps, such as charms). Microsoft advertises this exception privilege "New experience enabled" (formerly "Metro-style enabled").

Q1: What code did Windows 8 change to?
A1: API code instead of WinRT
Q2: What term did Microsoft give to its exception privilige for web browsing?
A2: New experience enabled
Q3: What different options did the desktop version have?
A3: able to permanently run in the background, use multiple background processes, and use Windows API code
Title: Nutrition
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the condition occurs in long-distance endurance events (such as marathon or triathlon competition and training) and causes gradual mental dulling, headache, drowsiness, weakness, and confusion; extreme cases may result in coma, convulsions, and death. The primary damage comes from swelling of the brain, caused by increased osmosis as blood salinity decreases. Effective fluid replacement techniques include water aid stations during running/cycling races, trainers providing water during team games, such as soccer, and devices such as Camel Baks, which can provide water for a person without making it too hard to drink the water.

Q1: Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human?
A1: Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts
Q2: In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death?
A2: water-drinking
Q3: In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water?
A3: long-distance endurance
Q4: When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur?
A4: swelling of the brain
Q5: Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process?
A5: osmosis
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Excessive devotion and enthusiasm in religious observance were superstitio, in the sense of "doing or believing more than was necessary", to which women and foreigners were considered particularly prone. The boundaries between religio and superstitio are perhaps indefinite. The famous tirade of Lucretius, the Epicurean rationalist, against what is usually translated as "superstition" was in fact aimed at excessive religio. Roman religion was based on knowledge rather than faith, but superstitio was viewed as an "inappropriate desire for knowledge"; in effect, an abuse of religio.

Q1: What was excessive religious fervor in Rome's religions?
A1: superstitio
Q2: Doing what type of actions were considered to be wrong in Rome?
A2: more than was necessary
Q3: What was excessive religio equated with in Rome?
A3: superstition
Q4: What was the basis of Roman religion?
A4: knowledge
Q5: What type of knowledge seeking was superstitio considered to be?
A5: inappropriate
Title: Group_(mathematics)
Topic: Mathematics

Exchanging "+" and "−" in the expression, i.e. permuting the two solutions of the equation can be viewed as a (very simple) group operation. Similar formulae are known for cubic and quartic equations, but do not exist in general for degree 5 and higher. Abstract properties of Galois groups associated with polynomials (in particular their solvability) give a criterion for polynomials that have all their solutions expressible by radicals, i.e. solutions expressible using solely addition, multiplication, and roots similar to the formula above.

Q1: What degree does not include simple formulas for cubic and quatric equations?
A1: degree 5 and higher
Q2: What concept is associated with the solvability of polynomials?
A2: Abstract properties of Galois groups
Q3: What are used to express the solutions of polynomials?
A3: radicals
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring about 87 km2 (34 sq mi) in area, enclosed by the 35 km (22 mi) ring road, the Boulevard Périphérique. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not only gave it its modern form but also created the 20 clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the 1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded marginally to 86.9 km2 (33.6 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed to the city, bringing its area to about 105 km2 (41 sq mi). The metropolitan area of the city is 2,300 km2 (890 sq mi).

Q1: What road encircles Paris?
A1: Boulevard Périphérique
Q2: How large is the metropolitan area of Paris?
A2: 2,300 km2
Q3: In what year was Paris' last annexation of outlying territories?
A3: 1860
Q4: How many arrondissements are there?
A4: 20
Q5: In what year were Bois de Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes annexed? 
A5: 1929
Title: Freemasonry
Topic: Unknown

Exclusive Jurisdiction is a concept whereby only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area. If two Grand Lodges claim jurisdiction over the same area, the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them, and they may not all decide to recognise the same one. (In 1849, for example, the Grand Lodge of New York split into two rival factions, each claiming to be the legitimate Grand Lodge. Other Grand Lodges had to choose between them until the schism was healed.) Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction (for example, since the Grand Lodge of Connecticut is in Amity with the Prince Hall Grand Lodge of Connecticut, the principle of Exclusive Jurisdiction does not apply, and other Grand Lodges may recognise both).

Q1: What is Exclusive Jurisdiction?
A1: only one Grand Lodge will be recognised in any geographical area
Q2: What happens if two Grand Lodges try to establish themselves in the same area?
A2: the other Grand Lodges will have to choose between them
Q3: What can happen if two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to share jurisdiction?
A3: Exclusive Jurisdiction can be waived
Q4: If two over-lapping Grand Lodges are in Amity and decide to waive Exclusive Jurisdiction, who must the other Grand Lodges recognize?
A4: recognise both
Q5: What must other Grand Lodges do if two over-lapping Grand Lodges cannot agree to share the territory?
A5: choose between them
Q6: What concept only recognizes one Grand Lodge in a given geographical area?
A6: Exclusive Jurisdiction
Q7: In what year did the Grand Lodge of New York Split into two separate rival factions?
A7: 1849
Q8: When can Exclusive Jurisdiction be waived?
A8: when the two over-lapping Grand Lodges are themselves in Amity and agree to share jurisdiction
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
Topic: History

Executions resumed on January 17, 1977, when Gary Gilmore went before a firing squad in Utah. But the pace was quite slow due to the use of litigation tactics which involved filing repeated writs of habeas corpus, which succeeded for many in delaying their actual execution for many years. Although hundreds of individuals were sentenced to death in the United States during the 1970s and early 1980s, only ten people besides Gilmore (who had waived all of his appeal rights) were actually executed prior to 1984.

Q1: Who was executed on January 17, 1977?
A1: Gary Gilmore
Q2: By what method was Gary Gilmore executed?
A2: firing squad
Q3: Aside from Gary Gilmore, how many people were executed in the United States between January 17, 1977 and 1984?
A3: ten
Q4: What tactic did inmates on death row use to delay their executions?
A4: filing repeated writs of habeas corpus
Title: United_Nations_Population_Fund
Topic: Social sciences and society

Executive Directors and Under-Secretaries General of the UN
2011–present Dr Babatunde Osotimehin (Nigeria)
2000–2010 Ms Thoraya Ahmed Obaid (Saudi Arabia)
1987–2000 Dr Nafis Sadik (Pakistan)
1969–87 Mr Rafael M. Salas (Philippines)

Q1: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 1969 to 1987?
A1: Rafael M. Salas
Q2: Dr Babatunde Osotimehin hailed from what country?
A2: Nigeria
Q3: Who was Executive Director or Under-Secretary General from 2000 to 2010?
A3: Thoraya Ahmed Obaid
Q4: Which doctor from Pakistan served until 2000?
A4: Dr Nafis Sadik
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

Executive authority in Bermuda is vested in the monarch and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor. The governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British Government. The current governor is George Fergusson; he was sworn in on 23 May 2012. There is also a Deputy Governor (currently David Arkley JP). Defence and foreign affairs are carried out by the United Kingdom, which also retains responsibility to ensure good government. It must approve any changes to the Constitution of Bermuda. Bermuda is classified as a British Overseas Territory, but it is the oldest British colony. In 1620, a Royal Assent granted Bermuda limited self-governance; its Parliament is the fifth oldest in the world, behind the Parliament of the United Kingdom, the Tynwald of the Isle of Man, the Althing of Iceland, and Sejm of Poland. Of these, only Bermuda's and the Isle of Man's Tynwald have been in continuous existence since 1620.

Q1: The Governor of Bermuda gets his authority from whom?
A1: the monarch
Q2: Who appoints the Governor of Bermuda?
A2: the Queen on the advice of the British Government.
Q3: Who is currently the governor of Bermuda?
A3: George Fergusson
Q4: Who is responsible for defence and foreign affairs?
A4: United Kingdom
Q5: What is Bermuda officially classified as?
A5: British Overseas Territory
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Executive authority in Saint Helena is vested in Queen Elizabeth II and is exercised on her behalf by the Governor of Saint Helena. The Governor is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the British government. Defence and Foreign Affairs remain the responsibility of the United Kingdom.

Q1: Who has executive authority in Saint Helena?
A1: Queen Elizabeth II
Q2: Who exercises the authority on behalf of the queen in Saint Helena?
A2: the Governor
Q3: Who is responsible for Defence and Foreign Affairs?
A3: the United Kingdom
Title: Separation_of_powers_under_the_United_States_Constitution
Topic: History

Executive power is vested, with exceptions and qualifications, in the President. By law (Section 2.) the president becomes the Commander in Chief of the Army and Navy, Militia of several states when called into service, has power to make treaties and appointments to office "with the Advice and Consent of the Senate," receive Ambassadors and Public Ministers, and "take care that the laws be faithfully executed" (Section 3.) By using these words, the Constitution does not require the president to personally enforce the law; rather, officers subordinate to the president may perform such duties. The Constitution empowers the president to ensure the faithful execution of the laws made by Congress and approved by the President. Congress may itself terminate such appointments, by impeachment, and restrict the president. Bodies such as the War Claims Commission, the Interstate Commerce Commission and the Federal Trade Commission—all quasi-judicial—often have direct Congressional oversight.

Q1: Which branches of the national military does the U.S. president command?
A1: Army and Navy
Q2: Whose approval is required for the president's appointees to take office?
A2: Senate
Q3: What is a Congressional means of removing presidential appointees?
A3: impeachment
Q4: What term can characterize the status of bodies like the War Claims Commission and the Interstate Commerce Commission?
A4: quasi-judicial
Q5: Which of the three branches has the duty of Commander and Chief?
A5: Executive
Q6: Who has the authority to make treaties?
A6: the President
Q7: What is it called when congress terminates an appointment of the President?
A7: impeachment
Q8: Who has over-sight of the Federal Trade Commission?
A8: Congress
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

Executive vice governor Wei Hong confirmed on November 21, 2008 that more than 90,000 people in total were dead or missing in the earthquake. He stated that 200,000 homes had been rebuilt, and 685,000 were under reconstruction, but 1.94 million households were still without permanent shelter. 1,300 schools had been reconstructed, with initial relocation of 25 townships, including Beichuan and Wenchuan, two of the most devastated areas. The government spent $441 billion on relief and reconstruction efforts.

Q1: Who was the executive vice governor?
A1: Wei Hong
Q2: How many homes were rebuilt?
A2: 200,000
Q3: How many homes were left without permanent shelter?
A3: 1.94 million
Q4: How many schools were reconstructed?
A4: 1,300
Q5: Who spoke about the dead and missing people on November 21, 2008?
A5: Wei Hong
Q6: How many people did Wei Hong say were dead or missing?
A6: 90,000
Q7: How many homes had been rebuilt?
A7: 200,000
Q8: How many houses were still under construction?
A8: 685,000
Q9: How many families were still without permanent homes?
A9: 1.94 million
Title: Atlantic_City,_New_Jersey
Topic: Geography and places

Executives at Trump Entertainment Resorts, whose sole remaining property will be the Trump Taj Mahal, said in 2013 that they were considering the option of selling the Taj and winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business.

Q1: What is the sole remaining property owned by Trump Entertainment Group?
A1: Trump Taj Mahal
Q2: What did Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering doing with the Trump Taj Mahal?
A2: selling
Q3: In what year did executives at Trump Entertainment Group say they were considering selling the Taj?
A3: 2013
Q4: Why did executives say they were considering selling the Taj?
A4: winding down and exiting the gaming and hotel business
Q5: Who spoke for the Trump Entertainment Group in regards to the Taj and what might be done in the future?
A5: Executives
Title: Asthma
Topic: Natural sciences

Exercise can trigger bronchoconstriction both in people with or without asthma. It occurs in most people with asthma and up to 20% of people without asthma. Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in professional athletes. The highest rates are among cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers. While it may occur with any weather conditions it is more common when it is dry and cold. Inhaled beta2-agonists do not appear to improve athletic performance among those without asthma however oral doses may improve endurance and strength.

Q1: Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction is common in what profession?
A1: professional athletes
Q2: What professions has the highest rate of Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A2: cyclists (up to 45%), swimmers, and cross-country skiers
Q3: What conditions are more likely to cause Exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?
A3: when it is dry and cold
Q4: What does not appear to help athletic performance that do not have asthma?
A4: Inhaled beta2-agonists
Title: Punjab,_Pakistan
Topic: Geography and places

Exhibitions and annual horse shows in all districts and a national horse and cattle show at Lahore are held with the official patronage. The national horse and cattle show at Lahore is the biggest festival where sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions are held. It not only encourages and patronises agricultural products and livestock through the exhibitions of agricultural products and cattle but is also a colourful documentary on the rich cultural heritage of the province with its strong rural roots.

Q1: What is Punjab's biggest festival?
A1: The national horse and cattle show
Q2: Where is the national horse and cattle show held?
A2: Lahore
Q3: What happens at the national horse and cattle show?
A3: sports, exhibitions, and livestock competitions
Title: Yale_University
Topic: History

Expansion caused controversy about Yale's new roles. Noah Porter, moral philosopher, was president from 1871 to 1886. During an age of tremendous expansion in higher education, Porter resisted the rise of the new research university, claiming that an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education. Many of Porter's contemporaries criticized his administration, and historians since have disparaged his leadership. Levesque argues Porter was not a simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition, but a principled and selective conservative. He did not endorse everything old or reject everything new; rather, he sought to apply long-established ethical and pedagogical principles to a rapidly changing culture. He may have misunderstood some of the challenges of his time, but he correctly anticipated the enduring tensions that have accompanied the emergence and growth of the modern university.

Q1: When was Noah Porter president of Yale?
A1: 1871 to 1886
Q2: What idea did Noah Porter strike down?
A2: new research university
Q3: What did many historians think of Noah Porter?
A3: simple-minded reactionary, uncritically committed to tradition
Q4: What was Porter's reason for striking down the research university?
A4: an eager embrace of its ideals would corrupt undergraduate education
Q5: What caused disagreement about Yale's new position?
A5: Expansion
Title: Arsenal_F.C.
Topic: Sports and recreation

Expansion of Highbury was restricted because the East Stand had been designated as a Grade II listed building and the other three stands were close to residential properties. These limitations prevented the club from maximising matchday revenue during the 1990s and first decade of the 21st century, putting them in danger of being left behind in the football boom of that time. After considering various options, in 2000 Arsenal proposed building a new 60,361-capacity stadium at Ashburton Grove, since named the Emirates Stadium, about 500 metres south-west of Highbury. The project was initially delayed by red tape and rising costs, and construction was completed in July 2006, in time for the start of the 2006–07 season. The stadium was named after its sponsors, the airline company Emirates, with whom the club signed the largest sponsorship deal in English football history, worth around £100 million; some fans referred to the ground as Ashburton Grove, or the Grove, as they did not agree with corporate sponsorship of stadium names. The stadium will be officially known as Emirates Stadium until at least 2028, and the airline will be the club's shirt sponsor until the end of the 2018–19 season. From the start of the 2010–11 season on, the stands of the stadium have been officially known as North Bank, East Stand, West Stand and Clock end.

Q1: When did Arsenal offer a plan to build a new stadium at Ashburton Grove?
A1: 2000
Q2: By what name was the new Arsenal stadium finally known?
A2: Emirates Stadium
Q3: What was the amount of the Emirates airline company deal?
A3: £100 million
Q4: Of what facet of stadium naming do some fans disapprove?
A4: corporate sponsorship
Q5: What type of agreement is the deal with Emirates ?
A5: sponsorship deal
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Expansive interior light has been a feature of Gothic cathedrals since the first structure was opened. The metaphysics of light in the Middle Ages led to clerical belief in its divinity and the importance of its display in holy settings. Much of this belief was based on the writings of Pseudo-Dionysius, a sixth-century mystic whose book, The Celestial Hierarchy, was popular among monks in France. Pseudo-Dionysius held that all light, even light reflected from metals or streamed through windows, was divine. To promote such faith, the abbot in charge of the Saint-Denis church on the north edge of Paris, the Abbot Suger, encouraged architects remodeling the building to make the interior as bright as possible.

Q1: What sort of light has always been characteristic of Gothic cathedrals?
A1: Expansive interior light
Q2: Whose writings led to the clerical belief in the divinity of light?
A2: Pseudo-Dionysius
Q3: What book became popular with monks in France and had an effect on how light was used in cathedrals?
A3: The Celestial Hierarchy
Q4: Who encouraged cathedral architects to allow as much light as possible into the building?
A4: the Abbot Suger
Q5: Who held the belief that all light, including light reflected from walls and surfaces was divine?
A5: Pseudo-Dionysius
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

Experts point out that the earthquake hit an area that has been largely neglected and untouched by China's economic rise. Health care is poor in inland areas such as Sichuan, highlighting the widening gap between prosperous urban dwellers and struggling rural people. Vice Minister of Health Gao Qiang told reporters in Beijing that the "public health care system in China is insufficient." The Vice Minister of Health also suggested that the government would pick up the costs of care to earthquake victims, many of whom have little or no insurance: "The government should be responsible for providing medical treatment to them," he said.

Q1: What is poor about inland areas such as Sichuan?
A1: Health care
Q2: Who was the Vice Minister of Health?
A2: Gao Qiang
Q3: What did Gao Qiang tell reporters in Beijing?
A3: public health care system in China is insufficient
Q4: How economically forward has this area been?
A4: neglected and untouched
Q5: Where is health care poor in China?
A5: inland areas
Q6: What did the Vice Minster of Health call the public health system in China?
A6: insufficient
Q7: What should the government of China be responsible for providing to earthquake survivors?
A7: medical treatment
Title: Antibiotics
Topic: History

Exposure to antibiotics early in life is associated with increased body mass in humans and mouse models. Early life is a critical period for the establishment of the intestinal microbiota and for metabolic development. Mice exposed to subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment (STAT)– with either penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline had altered composition of the gut microbiota as well as its metabolic capabilities. Moreover, research have shown that mice given low-dose penicillin (1 μg/g body weight) around birth and throughout the weaning process had an increased body mass and fat mass, accelerated growth, and increased hepatic expression of genes involved in adipogenesis, compared to controlled mice. In addition, penicillin in combination with a high-fat diet increased fasting insulin levels in mice. However, it is unclear whether or not antibiotics cause obesity in humans. Studies have found a correlation between early exposure of antibiotics (<6 months) and increased body mass (at 10 and 20 months). Another study found that the type of antibiotic exposure was also significant with the highest risk of being overweight in those given macrolides compared to penicillin and cephalosporin. Therefore, there is correlation between antibiotic exposure in early life and obesity in humans, but whether or not there is a causal relationship remains unclear. Although there is a correlation between antibiotic use in early life and obesity, the effect of antibiotics on obesity in humans needs to be weighed against the beneficial effects of clinically indicated treatment with antibiotics in infancy.

Q1: What is one common result of using antibiotics from a young age?
A1: increased body mass
Q2: What does STAT stand for?
A2: subtherapeutic antibiotic treatment
Q3: What are some antibiotics can be used for STAT?
A3: penicillin, vancomycin, penicillin and vancomycin, or chlortetracycline
Q4: Do antibiotics cause obesity in humans?
A4: unclear
Q5: Why do physicians use antibiotics on infants when the relationship has been proven? 
A5: weighed against the beneficial effects
Q6: What can happen if people are exposed to antibiotics at a young age?
A6: increased body mass
Q7: When do intestinal microbiota develop?
A7: Early life
Q8: Do antibiotics increase the chance of getting fat for humans?
A8: unclear
Title: Nanjing
Topic: Geography and places

Express highways such as Hu–Ning, Ning–He, Ning–Hang enable commuters to travel to Shanghai, Hefei, Hangzhou, and other important cities quickly and conveniently. Inside the city of Nanjing, there are 230 km (140 mi) of highways, with a highway coverage density of 3.38 kilometres per hundred square kilometrs (5.44 mi/100 sq mi). The total road coverage density of the city is 112.56 kilometres per hundred square kilometres (181.15 mi/100 sq mi). The two artery roads in Nanjing are Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong. The two roads cross in the city centre, Xinjiekou.

Q1: What type of highways let commuters get to cities fast?
A1: Express highways
Q2: How many miles of highways are in Nanjing?
A2: 140 mi
Q3: What are the names of the artery roads in Nanjing?
A3: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong
Q4: Zhongshan Road and Hanzhong cross each other in what area of Nanjing?
A4: in the city centre, Xinjiekou
Q5: What is the total coverage of the city with roads, in miles?
A5: 181.15 mi/100 sq mi
Title: Florida
Topic: Geography and places

Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs are found throughout the state and supply most of the water used by residents. The limestone is topped with sandy soils deposited as ancient beaches over millions of years as global sea levels rose and fell. During the last glacial period, lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna. The Everglades, an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula. Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010.

Q1: What is found in Florida 
A1: Extended systems of underwater caves, sinkholes and springs
Q2: What did the last glacial period provide 
A2: lower sea levels and a drier climate revealed a much wider peninsula, largely savanna.
Q3: What are the Everglades 
A3: an enormously wide, slow-flowing river encompasses the southern tip of the peninsula
Q4: How much sink hole damage did Florida suffer recently 
A4: Sinkhole damage claims on property in the state exceeded a total of $2 billion from 2006 through 2010
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Extending across the north and south side of the Alps in west-central Europe, Switzerland encompasses a great diversity of landscapes and climates on a limited area of 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi). The population is about 8 million, resulting in an average population density of around 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi). The more mountainous southern half of the country is far more sparsely populated than the northern half. In the largest Canton of Graubünden, lying entirely in the Alps, population density falls to 27 /km² (70 /sq mi).

Q1: How large is Switzerland?
A1: 41,285 square kilometres (15,940 sq mi)
Q2: What is the average population density of Switzerland?
A2: 195 people per square kilometre (500/sq mi)
Q3: What is the population density of the largest Canton of Graubunden, located in the Alps?
A3: 27 /km² (70 /sq mi)
Q4: Which half of Switzerland is more mountainous?
A4: southern
Q5: Which mountain range does Switzerland extend over on both the north and south sides?
A5: Alps
Title: Gregorian_calendar
Topic: Mathematics

Extending the Gregorian calendar backwards to dates preceding its official introduction produces a proleptic calendar, which should be used with some caution. For ordinary purposes, the dates of events occurring prior to 15 October 1582 are generally shown as they appeared in the Julian calendar, with the year starting on 1 January, and no conversion to their Gregorian equivalents. For example, the Battle of Agincourt is universally considered to have been fought on 25 October 1415 which is Saint Crispin's Day.

Q1: Attempting to use Gregorian dates for earlier events  on the Julian calendar should be used with what action?
A1: caution
Q2: When are events usually shown as they appeared on the Julian calendar?
A2: prior to 15 October 1582
Q3: When was the Battle of Agincourt?
A3: 25 October 1415
Q4: What other date is 25 October known for, that keeps the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October,1415?
A4: Saint Crispin's Day
Q5: In the Julian calendar when is the start of the new year?
A5: 1 January
Title: Political_corruption
Topic: Social sciences and society

Extensive and diverse public spending is, in itself, inherently at risk of cronyism, kickbacks, and embezzlement. Complicated regulations and arbitrary, unsupervised official conduct exacerbate the problem. This is one argument for privatization and deregulation. Opponents of privatization see the argument as ideological. The argument that corruption necessarily follows from the opportunity is weakened by the existence of countries with low to non-existent corruption but large public sectors, like the Nordic countries. These countries score high on the Ease of Doing Business Index, due to good and often simple regulations, and have rule of law firmly established. Therefore, due to their lack of corruption in the first place, they can run large public sectors without inducing political corruption. Recent evidence that takes both the size of expenditures and regulatory complexity into account has found that high-income democracies with more expansive state sectors do indeed have higher levels of corruption.

Q1: Public spending has risks of kickbacks, embezzlement and what?
A1: cronyism
Q2: What type of regulations make corruption worse for public spending?
A2: Complicated
Q3: The potential for corruption in public spending are one of the arguments that favor what?
A3: privatization and deregulation
Q4: What countries have big public sectors but low corruption?
A4: Nordic
Q5: What do the low corruption countries have solidly established?
A5: rule of law
Title: Textual_criticism
Topic: Language and literature

External evidence is evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses. Critics will often prefer the readings supported by the oldest witnesses. Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors. Readings supported by a majority of witnesses are also usually preferred, since these are less likely to reflect accidents or individual biases. For the same reasons, the most geographically diverse witnesses are preferred. Some manuscripts show evidence that particular care was taken in their composition, for example, by including alternative readings in their margins, demonstrating that more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one. Other factors being equal, these are the best witnesses. The role of the textual critic is necessary when these basic criteria are in conflict. For instance, there will typically be fewer early copies, and a larger number of later copies. The textual critic will attempt to balance these criteria, to determine the original text.

Q1: What is external evidence?
A1: evidence of each physical witness, its date, source, and relationship to other known witnesses.
Q2: Why are older manuscripts preferred?
A2: Since errors tend to accumulate, older manuscripts should have fewer errors.
Q3: What characteristic of a compilation of witnesses is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
A3: geographically diverse
Q4: What characteristic of a single witness is the most beneficial to a textual critic?
A4: more than one prior copy (exemplar) was consulted in producing the current one
Title: Orthodox_Judaism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Externally, Orthodox Jews can be identified by their manner of dress and family lifestyle. Orthodox women dress modestly by keeping most of their skin covered. Additionally, married women cover their hair, most commonly in the form of a scarf, also in the form of hats, bandanas, berets, snoods or, sometimes, wigs. Orthodox men wear a skullcap known as a kipa and often fringes called "tzitzit". Haredi men often grow beards and always wear black hats and suits, indoors and outdoors. However, Modern Orthodox Jews are commonly indistinguishable in their dress from those around them.

Q1: How do orthodox women dress mosly?
A1: covered
Q2: what part of their body do married women cover with a scarf?
A2: hair
Q3: What is the Skullcap that orthodox men wear known as?
A3: kipa
Q4: What are the fringes Orthodox men wear called?
A4: tzitzit
Q5: What type of orthox men often grow beards and always wear black?
A5: Haredi
Title: Gothic_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

Externally, towers and spires are characteristic of Gothic churches both great and small, the number and positioning being one of the greatest variables in Gothic architecture. In Italy, the tower, if present, is almost always detached from the building, as at Florence Cathedral, and is often from an earlier structure. In France and Spain, two towers on the front is the norm. In England, Germany and Scandinavia this is often the arrangement, but an English cathedral may also be surmounted by an enormous tower at the crossing. Smaller churches usually have just one tower, but this may also be the case at larger buildings, such as Salisbury Cathedral or Ulm Minster, which has the tallest spire in the world, slightly exceeding that of Lincoln Cathedral, the tallest which was actually completed during the medieval period, at 160 metres (520 ft).

Q1: What is one feature of both large and small Gothic churches?
A1: towers
Q2: What is another feature of both large and small Gothic churches?
A2: spires
Q3: How many towers are typical on the front of Gothic churches in France and Spain?
A3: two towers
Q4: In what country is the tower often found detached from the main building?
A4: Italy
Q5: How many towers are found at the Salisbury Chapel?
A5: just one tower
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Extraordinary circumstances called for extraordinary sacrifice: in one of the many crises of the Second Punic War, Jupiter Capitolinus was promised every animal born that spring (see ver sacrum), to be rendered after five more years of protection from Hannibal and his allies. The "contract" with Jupiter is exceptionally detailed. All due care would be taken of the animals. If any died or were stolen before the scheduled sacrifice, they would count as already sacrificed, since they had already been consecrated. Normally, if the gods failed to keep their side of the bargain, the offered sacrifice would be withheld. In the imperial period, sacrifice was withheld following Trajan's death because the gods had not kept the Emperor safe for the stipulated period. In Pompeii, the Genius of the living emperor was offered a bull: presumably a standard practise in Imperial cult, though minor offerings (incense and wine) were also made.

Q1: What type of circumstances were called for in times of extreme difficulties?
A1: Extraordinary
Q2: What offering was Jupiter promised during the Second Punic War?
A2: every animal born
Q3: From whom was Rome asking for protection?
A3: Hannibal
Q4: What happened to the sacrifice if the god failed to uphold the agreement?
A4: withheld
Q5: What was the offering for the Emperor in Pompeii?
A5: bull
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation
Topic: History

FBI Directors are appointed by the President of the United States. They must be confirmed by the United States Senate and serve a term of office of five years, with a maximum of ten years, if reappointed, unless they resign or are fired by the President before their term ends. J. Edgar Hoover, appointed by Calvin Coolidge in 1924, was by far the longest-serving director, serving until his death in 1972. In 1968, Congress passed legislation as part of the Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act Pub.L. 90–351, June 19, 1968, 82 Stat. 197 that specified a 10-year limit, a maximum of two 5-year terms, for future FBI Directors, as well as requiring Senate confirmation of appointees. As the incumbent, this legislation did not apply to Hoover, only to his successors. The current FBI Director is James B. Comey, who was appointed in 2013 by Barack Obama.

Q1: Who appoints FBI directors?
A1: President of the United States
Q2: What legislative body confirms FBI directors?
A2: United States Senate
Q3: How long is the term of a FBI director?
A3: five years
Q4: What made Hoover stop serving as the FBI Director?
A4: his death
Q5: Who is the current FBI director?
A5: James B. Comey