LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

LaserDisc was first available on the market, in Atlanta, Georgia, on December 15, 1978, two years after the introduction of the VHS VCR, and four years before the introduction of the CD (which is based on laser disc technology). Initially licensed, sold, and marketed as MCA DiscoVision (also known as simply "DiscoVision") in North America in 1978, the technology was previously referred to internally as Optical Videodisc System, Reflective Optical Videodisc, Laser Optical Videodisc, and Disco-Vision (with a dash), with the first players referring to the format as "Video Long Play".

Q1: Where was LaserDisc first available?
A1: Atlanta, Georgia
Q2: How many years after VHS was LaserDisk released?
A2: two years
Q3: Under what name was LaserDisc originally marketed?
A3: MCA DiscoVision
Q4: How did the first viewers refer to the media?
A4: "Video Long Play"
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

LaserDisc's support for multiple audio tracks allowed for vast supplemental materials to be included on-disc and made it the first available format for "Special Edition" releases; the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane is generally credited as being the first "Special Edition" release to home video,[citation needed] and for setting the standard by which future SE discs were measured. The disc provided interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs, and other features for historians and collectors.

Q1: LaserDisc was the first format to provide what type of releases to consumers?
A1: "Special Edition"
Q2: What was the first "Special Edition" film to be released to home video?
A2: the 1984 Criterion Collection edition of Citizen Kane
Q3: What bonus features were available on the first home video "Special Edition"?
A3: interviews, commentary tracks, documentaries, still photographs
Q4: What feature, unique to LaserDisc, made bonus content possible?
A4: support for multiple audio tracks
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

LaserDiscs potentially had a much longer lifespan than videocassettes. Because the discs were read optically instead of magnetically, no physical contact needs to be made between the player and the disc, except for the player's clamp that holds the disc at its center as it is spun and read. As a result, playback would not wear the information-bearing part of the discs, and properly manufactured LDs would theoretically last beyond one's lifetime. By contrast, a VHS tape held all of its picture and sound information on the tape in a magnetic coating which is in contact with the spinning heads on the head drum, causing progressive wear with each use (though later in VHS's lifespan, engineering improvements allowed tapes to be made and played back without contact). Also, the tape was thin and delicate, and it was easy for a player mechanism, especially on a low quality or malfunctioning model, to mishandle the tape and damage it by creasing it, frilling (stretching) its edges, or even breaking it.

Q1: Were Laserdiscs or VHS more durable in the long run?
A1: LaserDiscs
Q2: Why is physical contact with a VHS tape less desirable than an optical reading?
A2: progressive wear with each use
Q3: Where do VHS tapes store their information?
A3: magnetic coating
Title: LaserDisc
Topic: Engineering and technology

LaserDiscs were initially cheaper than videocassettes to manufacture, because they lacked the moving parts and plastic outer shell that are necessary for VHS tapes to work, and the duplication process was much simpler. A VHS cassette has at least 14 parts including the actual tape while LaserDisc has one part with five or six layers. A disc can be stamped out in a matter of seconds whereas duplicating videotape required a complex bulk tape duplication mechanism and was a time-consuming process. However, by the end of the 1980s, average disc-pressing prices were over $5.00 per two-sided disc, due to the large amount of plastic material and the costly glass-mastering process needed to make the metal stamper mechanisms. Due to the larger volume of demand, videocassettes quickly became much cheaper to duplicate, costing as little as $1.00 by the beginning of the 1990s.

Q1: Were Laserdiscs initially cheaper or more costly to produce than their VHS counterparts?
A1: cheaper
Q2: How many parts does a VHS tape have that must be manufactured?
A2: at least 14
Q3: How much did LaserDiscs cost to produce by the end of the 1980s?
A3: $5.00 per two-sided disc
Q4: How much did VHS cost to produce by the 1990s?
A4: as little as $1.00
Title: Green
Topic: Language and literature

Lasers emitting in the green part of the spectrum are widely available to the general public in a wide range of output powers. Green laser pointers outputting at 532 nm (563.5 THz) are relatively inexpensive compared to other wavelengths of the same power, and are very popular due to their good beam quality and very high apparent brightness. The most common green lasers use diode pumped solid state (DPSS) technology to create the green light. An infrared laser diode at 808 nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit 281.76 THz (1064 nm). This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is twice that of the incident beam (563.5 THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 532 nm ("green"). Other green wavelengths are also available using DPSS technology ranging from 501 nm to 543 nm. Green wavelengths are also available from gas lasers, including the helium–neon laser (543 nm), the Argon-ion laser (514 nm) and the Krypton-ion laser (521 nm and 531 nm), as well as liquid dye lasers. Green lasers have a wide variety of applications, including pointing, illumination, surgery, laser light shows, spectroscopy, interferometry, fluorescence, holography, machine vision, non-lethal weapons and bird control.

Q1: Which color of lasers are widely available to the general public?
A1: green
Q2: What is the wavelength of inexpensive green lasers?
A2: 532 nm
Q3: What type of technology is used in the most common green lasers?
A3: diode pumped solid state
Q4: What is the range of green wavelengths available when using DPSS technology?
A4: 501 nm to 543 nm
Title: Red
Topic: Natural sciences

Lasers emitting in the red region of the spectrum have been available since the invention of the ruby laser in 1960. In 1962 the red helium–neon laser was invented, and these two types of lasers were widely used in many scientific applications including holography, and in education. Red helium–neon lasers were used commercially in LaserDisc players. The use of red laser diodes became widespread with the commercial success of modern DVD players, which use a 660 nm laser diode technology. Today, red and red-orange laser diodes are widely available to the public in the form of extremely inexpensive laser pointers. Portable, high-powered versions are also available for various applications. More recently, 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers have been introduced to the market for all-DPSS laser display systems, particle image velocimetry, Raman spectroscopy, and holography.

Q1: When was the first ruby laser invented?
A1: 1960
Q2: In what year did a red helium-neon laser come to be?
A2: 1962
Q3: What type of laser is used in a LaserDisc player?
A3: Red helium–neon
Q4: What type of laser diode is used in a DVD player?
A4: a 660 nm laser
Q5: What type of laser is used in Raman spectroscopy?
A5: 671 nm diode-pumped solid state (DPSS) lasers
Title: Capacitor
Topic: Engineering and technology

Last but not least the electric double-layer capacitor (now Supercapacitors) were invented. In 1957 H. Becker developed a "Low voltage electrolytic capacitor with porous carbon electrodes". He believed that the energy was stored as a charge in the carbon pores used in his capacitor as in the pores of the etched foils of electrolytic capacitors. Because the double layer mechanism was not known by him at the time, he wrote in the patent: "It is not known exactly what is taking place in the component if it is used for energy storage, but it leads to an extremely high capacity.".

Q1: What are electric double-layer capacitors called today?
A1: Supercapacitors
Q2: When were low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes invented?
A2: In 1957
Q3: Who invented low voltage electrolytic capacitors with porous carbon electrodes?
A3: H. Becker
Q4: In what part of the capacitor did Becker believe the charge was being stored?
A4: in the carbon pores
Q5: In what component of electrolytic capacitors did Becker believe was similar to the porous carbon electrodes?
A5: the pores of the etched foils
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Late Carboniferous and Early Permian insect orders include both extant groups, their stem groups, and a number of Paleozoic groups, now extinct. During this era, some giant dragonfly-like forms reached wingspans of 55 to 70 cm (22 to 28 in), making them far larger than any living insect. This gigantism may have been due to higher atmospheric oxygen levels that allowed increased respiratory efficiency relative to today. The lack of flying vertebrates could have been another factor. Most extinct orders of insects developed during the Permian period that began around 270 million years ago. Many of the early groups became extinct during the Permian-Triassic extinction event, the largest mass extinction in the history of the Earth, around 252 million years ago.

Q1: In addition to Carboniferous, what other insect order is inclusive of extant groups, stem groups and Paleozoic groups?
A1: Early Permian
Q2: To what measurement, in cm, did the wingspans of giant dragonfly-like forms reach?
A2: 55 to 70
Q3: Higher levels of what substance possibly contributed to the phenomenon of gigantism? 
A3: oxygen
Q4: How many million years ago is the Permian period believed to have begun? 
A4: 270
Q5: The most significant mass extinction of insect groups is commonly ascribed to what period?
A5: Permian-Triassic
Q6: Late Caboniferous and Early Permain are what kind of orders?
A6: insect orders
Q7: The insect orders include both of what?
A7: extant groups
Q8: The insect orders include a number of what kind of groups?
A8: Paleozoic groups
Q9: What kind of giant insect form had wingspans?
A9: dragonfly-like forms
Q10: How wide were the wingspans of the dragonfly-like forms?
A10: 55 to 70 cm
Title: Paris
Topic: Geography and places

Late in the 19th century, Paris hosted two major international expositions: the 1889 Universal Exposition, was held to mark the centennial of the French Revolution and featured the new Eiffel Tower; and the 1900 Universal Exposition, which gave Paris the Pont Alexandre III, the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais and the first Paris Métro line. Paris became the laboratory of Naturalism (Émile Zola) and Symbolism (Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine), and of Impressionism in art (Courbet, Manet, Monet, Renoir.)

Q1: What type of art did Courbet, Manet, Monet and Renoir create?
A1: Impressionism
Q2: What was the purpose of the 1889 Universal Exposition?
A2: to mark the centennial of the French Revolution
Q3: Where was the Eiffel Tower revealed?
A3: 1889 Universal Exposition
Q4: What type of art was created by Charles Baudelaire and Paul Verlaine?
A4: Symbolism
Title: Data_compression
Topic: Engineering and technology

Latency results from the methods used to encode and decode the data. Some codecs will analyze a longer segment of the data to optimize efficiency, and then code it in a manner that requires a larger segment of data at one time to decode. (Often codecs create segments called a "frame" to create discrete data segments for encoding and decoding.) The inherent latency of the coding algorithm can be critical; for example, when there is a two-way transmission of data, such as with a telephone conversation, significant delays may seriously degrade the perceived quality.

Q1: What results from methods used to encode and decode data?
A1: Latency
Q2: What analyzes a statement of data to boost performance?
A2: codecs
Q3: What creates segments called a "frame"?
A3: codecs
Title: Materialism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Later Indian materialist Jayaraashi Bhatta (6th century) in his work Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles") refuted the Nyaya Sutra epistemology. The materialistic Cārvāka philosophy appears to have died out some time after 1400. When Madhavacharya compiled Sarva-darśana-samgraha (a digest of all philosophies) in the 14th century, he had no Cārvāka/Lokāyata text to quote from, or even refer to.

Q1: Name the title of the work by Jayaraashi Bhatta.
A1: Tattvopaplavasimha ("The upsetting of all principles")
Q2: Which type of philosphy did not continue after 1400?
A2: materialistic Cārvāka philosophy
Q3: What is Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
A3: a digest of all philosophies
Q4: Who wrote the Sarva-darśana-samgraha?
A4: Madhavacharya
Title: On_the_Origin_of_Species
Topic: Natural sciences

Later chapters provide evidence that evolution has occurred, supporting the idea of branching, adaptive evolution without directly proving that selection is the mechanism. Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines, showing that his theory could explain a myriad of observations from many fields of natural history that were inexplicable under the alternate concept that species had been individually created. The structure of Darwin's argument showed the influence of John Herschel, whose philosophy of science maintained that a mechanism could be called a vera causa (true cause) if three things could be demonstrated: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations.

Q1: What does Darwin do to show that his theory can support many theories that could not be explained by individual creation of species?
A1: Darwin presents supporting facts drawn from many disciplines
Q2: Whose scientific philosophy argued that a mechanism could be called a vera causa if three things could be shown as true?
A2: John Herschel
Q3: What are the three things John Herschel maintains need to be shown to allow for a mechanism be called a true cause?
A3: its existence in nature, its ability to produce the effects of interest, and its ability to explain a wide range of observations
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

Later fresco replaced the more labor-intensive technique of mosaic in Western-Europe, although mosaics were sometimes used as decoration on medieval cathedrals. The Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings in Székesfehérvár (Alba Regia) had a mosaic decoration in the apse. It was probably a work of Venetian or Ravennese craftsmen, executed in the first decades of the 11th century. The mosaic was almost totally destroyed together with the basilica in the 17th century. The Golden Gate of the St. Vitus Cathedral in Prague got its name from the golden 14th-century mosaic of the Last Judgement above the portal. It was executed by Venetian craftsmen.

Q1: What would replace the labor intensive technique of mosaic?
A1: fresco
Q2: When was the the mosaic at the Royal Basilica of Hungarian Kings destroyed?
A2: the 17th century
Q3: Who created the Last judgement mosaic in the St. Vitus Cathedral?
A3: Venetian craftsmen
Q4: What is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings also known as?
A4: Alba Regia
Q5: Where is the Royal Basilica of the Hungarian kings?
A5: Székesfehérvár
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

Later genetic studies strongly supported dogs and gray wolves forming two sister monophyletic clades within the one species, and that the common ancestor of dogs and extant wolves is extinct.

Q1: What indicated dogs and gray wolves developed as two monophyletic clades?
A1: genetic studies
Q2: The common relative of dogs and existing wolves is now considered what?
A2: extinct.
Title: Kanye_West
Topic: Music

Later in 2013, West launched a tirade on Twitter directed at talk show host Jimmy Kimmel after his ABC program Jimmy Kimmel Live! ran a sketch on September 25 involving two children re-enacting West's recent interview with Zane Lowe for BBC Radio 1 in which he calls himself the biggest rock star on the planet. Kimmel reveals the following night that West called him to demand an apology shortly before taping.

Q1: What TV show lampooned one of Kanye's BBC Radio 1 interviews?
A1: Jimmy Kimmel Live!
Q2: What did Kanye demand from Jimmy Kimmel in regards to the sketch?
A2: an apology
Q3: What person was Kanye's rant on Twitter directed at?
A3: Jimmy Kimmel
Q4: The skit on JImmy Kimmel Live! was a depiction of Kanye West and what reporter?
A4: Zane Lowe
Q5: On what radio station did Kanye West deem himself "the biggest rockstar on the planet"?
A5: BBC Radio 1
Title: Avicenna
Topic: Language and literature

Later interpretations of Avicenna's philosophy split into three different schools; those (such as al-Tusi) who continued to apply his philosophy as a system to interpret later political events and scientific advances; those (such as al-Razi) who considered Avicenna's theological works in isolation from his wider philosophical concerns; and those (such as al-Ghazali) who selectively used parts of his philosophy to support their own attempts to gain greater spiritual insights through a variety of mystical means. It was the theological interpretation championed by those such as al-Razi which eventually came to predominate in the madrasahs.

Q1: Which interpretation of Avicenna's work was more taught in Islamic schools?
A1: al-Razi
Q2: Interpretations of Avicenna's work split into how many different schools?
A2: three
Q3: Who used only parts of Avicenna's works to support their own great spiritual insights?
A3: al-Ghazali
Q4: Who used Avicenna's work to help understand future political events?
A4: al-Tusi
Q5: What are Islamic schools also known as?
A5: madrasahs
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

Later that summer, the Russians invaded Memel with 75,000 troops. Memel had one of the strongest fortresses in Prussia. However, after five days of artillery bombardment the Russian army was able to storm it. The Russians then used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia and defeated a smaller Prussian force in the fiercely contested Battle of Gross-Jägersdorf on 30 August 1757. However, it was not yet able to take Königsberg and retreated soon afterward. Still, it was a new threat to Prussia. Not only was Frederick forced to break off his invasion of Bohemia, he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory. His defeats on the battlefield brought still more opportunist nations into the war. Sweden declared war on Prussia and invaded Pomerania with 17,000 men. Sweden felt this small army was all that was needed to occupy Pomerania and felt the Swedish army would not need to engage with the Prussians because the Prussians were occupied on so many other fronts.

Q1: What led to the defeat of the Prussians at Memel?
A1: five days of artillery bombardment
Q2: How did the Russians used the captured Memel?
A2: used Memel as a base to invade East Prussia
Q3: What caused the Russians based in Memel to be successful deeper into Prussia?
A3: defeated a smaller Prussian force
Q4: What was Frederick's response to the Russian invasion?
A4: he was now forced to withdraw further into Prussian-controlled territory
Q5: What additional country felt emboldened to invade Prussia?
A5: Sweden
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

Later the Muslims invaded Spain (711), but the Arabs and Moors never managed to have any real control over Galicia, which was later incorporated into the expanding Christian Kingdom of Asturias, usually known as Gallaecia or Galicia (Yillīqiya and Galīsiya) by Muslim Chroniclers, as well as by many European contemporaries. This era consolidated Galicia as a Christian society which spoke a Romance language. During the next century Galician noblemen took northern Portugal, conquering Coimbra in 871, thus freeing what were considered the southernmost city of ancient Galicia.

Q1: Though the Muslims couldn't take full control of Galicia, when was it that they invaded Spain?
A1: 711
Q2: Which kingdom did Galicia later become a part of?
A2: Asturias
Q3: As a result, what became the religion of Galician society?
A3: Christian
Q4: Ancient Galicians took control of which city in northern Portugal?
A4: Coimbra
Title: Eton_College
Topic: History

Later the emphasis was on classical studies, dominated by Latin and Ancient History, and, for boys with sufficient ability, Classical Greek. From the latter part of the 19th century this curriculum has changed and broadened: for example, there are now more than 100 students of Chinese, which is a non-curriculum course. In the 1970s, there was just one school computer, in a small room attached to the science buildings. It used paper tape to store programs. Today, all boys must have laptop computers, and the school fibre-optic network connects all classrooms and all boys' bedrooms to the internet.

Q1: How many current students take Chinese courses at Eaton?
A1: more than 100
Q2: Is Chinese a required or non-curriculum course?
A2: non-curriculum
Q3: How many computers were at Eaton in the 1970s?
A3: just one
Q4: Which subject was only studied by boys with sufficient ability?
A4: Classical Greek
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Later the same month, Barcelona won the UEFA Super Cup after defeating Porto 2–0 thanks to goals from Lionel Messi and Cesc Fàbregas. This extended the club's overall number of official trophies to 74, surpassing Real Madrid's total amount of official trophies. The UEFA Super Cup victory also marked another impressive achievement as Josep Guardiola won his 12th trophy out of 15 possible in only three years at the helm of the club, becoming the all-time record holder of most titles won as a coach at FC Barcelona.

Q1: What competition did Barcelona win because of goals by Messi and Fabregas?
A1: UEFA Super Cup
Q2: Which team did Barcelona beat to win the UEFA Super Cup?
A2: Porto
Q3:  How many total trophies did  Barcelona's Super Cup win produce?
A3: 74
Q4: What team did Barcelona's total competition wins pass?
A4: Real Madrid
Q5: Who is the record holder for most trophy wins as coach of Barcelona?
A5: Josep Guardiola
Title: Westminster_Abbey
Topic: Art and architecture

Later wax effigies include a likeness of Horatio, Viscount Nelson, wearing some of his own clothes and another of Prime Minister William Pitt, Earl of Chatham, modelled by the American-born sculptor Patience Wright.[citation needed] During recent conservation of Elizabeth I's effigy, a unique corset dating from 1603 was found on the figure and is now displayed separately.[citation needed]

Q1: Who modelled the effigies in the museum?
A1: sculptor Patience Wright
Q2: What are the effigies made of?
A2: wax
Q3: What is the effigy of Viscount Nelson wearing?
A3: some of his own clothes
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Later, during the Koine Greek period, the aspirated and voiceless stops /tʰ d/ of Attic Greek lenited to voiceless and voiced fricatives, yielding /θ ð/ in Medieval and Modern Greek.

Q1: Attic Greek lenited to what?
A1: voiceless and voiced fricatives
Q2: The lenited Attic Greek yielded /θ ð/ in what periods?
A2: Medieval and Modern Greek
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

Later, the 3rd dynasty of Ur under Ur-Nammu and Shulgi, whose power extended as far as southern Assyria, was the last great "Sumerian renaissance", but already the region was becoming more Semitic than Sumerian, with the rise in power of the Akkadian speaking Semites in Assyria and elsewhere, and the influx of waves of Semitic Martu (Amorites) who were to found several competing local powers including Isin, Larsa, Eshnunna and eventually Babylon. The last of these eventually came to dominate the south of Mesopotamia as the Babylonian Empire, just as the Old Assyrian Empire had already done so in the north from the late 21st century BC. The Sumerian language continued as a sacerdotal language taught in schools in Babylonia and Assyria, much as Latin was used in the Medieval period, for as long as cuneiform was utilized.

Q1: Which dynasty of Ur was the last great Sumerian renaissance?
A1: 3rd
Q2: Who guided Ur during the last gasp of power?
A2: Ur-Nammu and Shulgi
Q3: Even during the 3rd dynasty, what was happening to the racial makeup of the region?
A3: more Semitic than Sumerian
Q4: What was there an influx of waves of coming into Sumerian lands?
A4: Amorites
Q5: How long did the Babylonians and Assyrians continue to teach the Sumerian language in their schools?
A5: for as long as cuneiform was utilized.
Title: States_of_Germany
Topic: Geography and places

Later, the constitution was amended to state that the citizens of the 16 states had successfully achieved the unity of Germany in free self-determination and that the Basic Law thus applied to the entire German people. Article 23, which had allowed "any other parts of Germany" to join, was rephrased. It had been used in 1957 to reintegrate the Saar Protectorate as the Saarland into the Federal Republic, and this was used as a model for German reunification in 1990. The amended article now defines the participation of the Federal Council and the 16 German states in matters concerning the European Union.

Q1: What was the German constitution later amended to say about the citizens of the 16 states?
A1: had successfully achieved the unity of Germany
Q2: Article 23, before it was rephrased allowed what?
A2: "any other parts of Germany" to join
Q3: Which state was Article 23 used to reintegrate? 
A3: Saar Protectorate
Q4: The amended article 23 now defines the participation of the Federal Council and what else?
A4: the 16 German states
Title: Pub
Topic: History

Later, the public bars gradually improved until sometimes almost the only difference was in the prices, so that customers could choose between economy and exclusivity (or youth and age, or a jukebox or dartboard).[citation needed] With the blurring of class divisions in the 1960s and 1970s,[citation needed] the distinction between the saloon and the public bar was often seen as archaic,[citation needed] and was frequently abolished, usually by the removal of the dividing wall or partition.[citation needed] While the names of saloon and public bar may still be seen on the doors of pubs, the prices (and often the standard of furnishings and decoration) are the same throughout the premises, and many pubs now comprise one large room. However the modern importance of dining in pubs encourages some establishments to maintain distinct rooms or areas.

Q1: In what decades did class distinctions break down in Britain?
A1: the 1960s and 1970s
Q2: What was a common way of removing the division between the saloon and bar?
A2: removal of the dividing wall or partition
Title: John_von_Neumann
Topic: Mathematics

Later, von Neumann suggested a new method of linear programming, using the homogeneous linear system of Gordan (1873), which was later popularized by Karmarkar's algorithm. Von Neumann's method used a pivoting algorithm between simplices, with the pivoting decision determined by a nonnegative least squares subproblem with a convexity constraint (projecting the zero-vector onto the convex hull of the active simplex). Von Neumann's algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.

Q1: What was the new method of linear programming that von Neumann suggested?
A1: homogeneous linear system of Gordan
Q2: What did von Neuman's method use?
A2: pivoting algorithm between simplices
Q3: What was von Neumann's method known to be the first of?
A3: algorithm was the first interior point method of linear programming.
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Lateral-cut disc records were developed in the United States by Emile Berliner, who named his system the "gramophone", distinguishing it from Edison's wax cylinder "phonograph" and Columbia's wax cylinder "graphophone". Berliner's earliest discs, first marketed in 1889, but only in Europe, were 5 inches (13 cm) in diameter, and were played with a small hand-propelled machine. Both the records and the machine were adequate only for use as a toy or curiosity, due to the limited sound quality. In the United States in 1894, under the Berliner Gramophone trademark, Berliner started marketing records with somewhat more substantial entertainment value, along with somewhat more substantial gramophones to play them. Berliner's records had poor sound quality compared to wax cylinders, but his manufacturing associate Eldridge R. Johnson eventually improved the sound quality. Abandoning Berliner's "Gramophone" trademark for legal reasons, in 1901 Johnson's and Berliner's separate companies reorganized to form the Victor Talking Machine Company, whose products would come to dominate the market for many years. Emile Berliner moved his company to Montreal in 1900. The factory which became RCA Victor stills exists. There is a dedicated museum in Montreal for Berliner.

Q1: What is the name of lateral cut disc records?
A1: gramophone
Q2: What was an issue found with Berliner's records initially? 
A2: poor sound quality
Q3: Where were lateral cut disc records developed?
A3: United States
Q4: What is 'Victor Talking Machine now known as?
A4: RCA Victor
Q5: Where is the museum dedicated to Berliner located?
A5: Montreal
Title: Xbox_360
Topic: Video games

Launched worldwide across 2005–2006, the Xbox 360 was initially in short supply in many regions, including North America and Europe. The earliest versions of the console suffered from a high failure rate, indicated by the so-called "Red Ring of Death", necessitating an extension of the device's warranty period. Microsoft released two redesigned models of the console: the Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013. As of June 2014, 84 million Xbox 360 consoles have been sold worldwide, making it the sixth-highest-selling video game console in history, and the highest-selling console made by an American company. Although not the best-selling console of its generation, the Xbox 360 was deemed by TechRadar to be the most influential through its emphasis on digital media distribution and multiplayer gaming on Xbox Live. The Xbox 360's successor, the Xbox One, was released on November 22, 2013. Microsoft has stated they plan to support the Xbox 360 until 2016. The Xbox One is also backwards compatible with the Xbox 360.

Q1: What was the initial launch window of the 360 console?
A1: 2005–2006
Q2: What was one adverse condition that characterized early versions of the console?
A2: high failure rate
Q3: What were the designations of the two redesigned 360 models and when did they come out?
A3: Xbox 360 S in 2010, and the Xbox 360 E in 2013
Q4: As of June 2014, how many 360s across all SKUs have been sold worldwide?
A4: 84 million
Q5: When did the Xbox One launch?
A5: November 22, 2013
Title: Portugal
Topic: Geography and places

Laurisilva is a unique type of subtropical rainforest found in few areas of Europe and the world: in the Azores, and in particular on the island of Madeira, there are large forests of endemic Laurisilva forests (the latter protected as a natural heritage preserve). There are several species of diverse mammalian fauna, including the fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear[citation needed] (spotted near Rio Minho, close to Peneda-Gerês) and many others. Portugal is an important stopover for migratory birds, in places such as Cape St. Vincent or the Monchique mountains, where thousands of birds cross from Europe to Africa during the autumn or in the spring (return migration).

Q1: What is Laurisilva?
A1: a unique type of subtropical rainforest
Q2: What are some examples of  mammalian fauna found in Laurisilva forests?
A2: fox, badger, iberian lynx, iberian wolf, wild goat (Capra pyrenaica), wild cat (Felis silvestris), hare, weasel, polecat, chameleon, mongoose, civet, brown bear
Q3: What type of animal crosses between Europe and Africa during the Autumn?
A3: migratory birds
Title: Hydrogen
Topic: Natural sciences

Lavoisier produced hydrogen for his experiments on mass conservation by reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire. Anaerobic oxidation of iron by the protons of water at high temperature can be schematically represented by the set of following reactions:

Q1: How did Lavoisier produce hydrogen for his experiments?
A1: reacting a flux of steam with metallic iron through an incandescent iron tube heated in a fire
Title: Richmond,_Virginia
Topic: Geography and places

Law and finance have long been driving forces in the economy. The city is home to both the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit, one of 13 United States courts of appeals, and the Federal Reserve Bank of Richmond, one of 12 Federal Reserve Banks, as well as offices for international companies such as Genworth Financial, CapitalOne, Philip Morris USA, and numerous other banks and brokerages. Richmond is also home to four of the largest law firms in the United States: Hunton & Williams, McGuireWoods, Williams Mullen, and LeClairRyan. Another law firm with a major Richmond presence is Troutman Sanders, which merged with Richmond-based Mays & Valentine LLP in 2001.

Q1: What federal court is located in Richmond?
A1: United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit
Q2: Along with Philip Morris and CapitalOne, what prominent corporation is present in Richmond?
A2: Genworth Financial
Q3: What type of business is LeClairRyan?
A3: law firms
Q4: When did the Troutman Sanders-Mays & Valentine LLP merger occur?
A4: 2001
Q5: How many Federal Reserve Banks exist in the United States?
A5: 12
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

Law enforcement in Ancient China was carried out by "prefects" for thousands of years since it developed in both the Chu and Jin kingdoms of the Spring and Autumn period. In Jin, dozens of prefects were spread across the state, each having limited authority and employment period. They were appointed by local magistrates, who reported to higher authorities such as governors, who in turn were appointed by the emperor, and they oversaw the civil administration of their "prefecture", or jurisdiction. Under each prefect were "subprefects" who helped collectively with law enforcement in the area. Some prefects were responsible for handling investigations, much like modern police detectives. Prefects could also be women. The concept of the "prefecture system" spread to other cultures such as Korea and Japan.

Q1: Which Chinese kingdoms developed law enforcement?
A1: Chu and Jin
Q2: What period was the Chu kingdom in?
A2: Spring
Q3: What period was the Jin kingdom in?
A3: Autumn
Q4: Which countries adopted the 'prefecture system' from China?
A4: Korea and Japan
Q5: What did ancient China call its police?
A5: prefects
Title: Police
Topic: Social sciences and society

Law enforcement, however, constitutes only part of policing activity. Policing has included an array of activities in different situations, but the predominant ones are concerned with the preservation of order. In some societies, in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, these developed within the context of maintaining the class system and the protection of private property. Many police forces suffer from police corruption to a greater or lesser degree. The police force is usually a public sector service, meaning they are paid through taxes.

Q1: How are police usually paid?
A1: through taxes
Q2: What kind of service are police?
A2: public sector
Q3: When were police used to protect the class system?
A3: late 18th and early 19th centuries
Q4: What problem do many police forces have?
A4: corruption
Title: Literature
Topic: Language and literature

Law offers more ambiguity. Some writings of Plato and Aristotle, the law tables of Hammurabi of Babylon, or even the early parts of the Bible could be seen as legal literature. Roman civil law as codified in the Corpus Juris Civilis during the reign of Justinian I of the Byzantine Empire has a reputation as significant literature. The founding documents of many countries, including Constitutions and Law Codes, can count as literature; however, most legal writings rarely exhibit much literary merit, as they tend to be rather Written by Samuel Dean.

Q1: What Babylonian ruler created formal law tables?
A1: Hammurabi
Q2: What religious scripture can be fit into a large, loose definition of legal literature?
A2: the Bible
Q3: Roman civil law was written and codified into a unified system by what group?
A3: the Corpus Juris Civilis
Q4: Under what Emperor did this group sit?
A4: Justinian I
Q5: What empire did Justinian preside over?
A5: the Byzantine Empire
Title: Intellectual_property
Topic: History

Law professor, writer and political activist Lawrence Lessig, along with many other copyleft and free software activists, has criticized the implied analogy with physical property (like land or an automobile). They argue such an analogy fails because physical property is generally rivalrous while intellectual works are non-rivalrous (that is, if one makes a copy of a work, the enjoyment of the copy does not prevent enjoyment of the original). Other arguments along these lines claim that unlike the situation with tangible property, there is no natural scarcity of a particular idea or information: once it exists at all, it can be re-used and duplicated indefinitely without such re-use diminishing the original. Stephan Kinsella has objected to intellectual property on the grounds that the word "property" implies scarcity, which may not be applicable to ideas.

Q1: Who is one advocate of copyleft?
A1: Lawrence Lessig
Q2: Who has objected to the idea of IP because "property" implies scarcity?
A2: Stephan Kinsella
Q3: Having no natural scarcity makes IP different from what kind of property?
A3: tangible
Q4: How much can IP be duplicated without diminishing the original?
A4: indefinitely
Title: Central_Intelligence_Agency
Topic: Geography and places

Lawrence Houston, head counsel of the SSU, CIG, and, later CIA, was a principle draftsman of the National Security Act of 1947 which dissolved the NIA and the CIG, and established both the National Security Council and the Central Intelligence Agency. In 1949, Houston would help draft the Central Intelligence Agency Act, (Public law 81-110) which authorized the agency to use confidential fiscal and administrative procedures, and exempted it from most limitations on the use of Federal funds. It also exempted the CIA from having to disclose its "organization, functions, officials, titles, salaries, or numbers of personnel employed." It created the program "PL-110", to handle defectors and other "essential aliens" who fell outside normal immigration procedures.

Q1: Which act got rid of the NIA and the CIG?
A1: National Security Act
Q2: What program handled "essential aliens" that did not fall under normal immigration policies?
A2: PL-110
Q3: Lawrence Houston helped to draft what act in 1949?
A3: Central Intelligence Agency Act
Title: Multiracial_American
Topic: History

Laws dating from 17th-century colonial America defined children of African slave mothers as taking the status of their mothers, and born into slavery regardless of the race or status of the father, under partus sequitur ventrem. The association of slavery with a "race" led to slavery as a racial caste. But, most families of free people of color formed in Virginia before the American Revolution were the descendants of unions between white women and African men, who frequently worked and lived together in the looser conditions of the early colonial period. While interracial marriage was later prohibited, white men frequently took sexual advantage of slave women, and numerous generations of multiracial children were born. By the late 1800s it had become common among African Americans to use passing to gain educational opportunities as did the first African-American graduate of Vassar College Anita Florence Hemmings. Some 19th-century categorization schemes defined people by proportion of African ancestry: a person whose parents were black and white was classified as mulatto, with one black grandparent and three white as quadroon, and with one black great-grandparent and the remainder white as octoroon. The latter categories remained within an overall black or colored category, but before the Civil War, in Virginia and some other states, a person of one-eighth or less black ancestry was legally white. Some members of these categories passed temporarily or permanently as white.

Q1: What was the result of a child having an African mother?
A1: born into slavery
Q2: What is the rule that allows children with white fathers to be slaves?
A2: partus sequitur ventrem
Q3: Who was the first African American to gradute from Vassar College?
A3: Anita Florence Hemmings
Q4: What makes a person mulatto?
A4: parents were black and white
Q5: What does a person have to have to be an octoroon?
A5: one black great-grandparent and the remainder white
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Laws were instituted that required every able-bodied male Japanese citizen, regardless of class, to serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves. This action, the deathblow for the samurai warriors and their daimyo feudal lords, initially met resistance from both the peasant and warrior alike. The peasant class interpreted the term for military service, ketsu-eki (blood tax) literally, and attempted to avoid service by any means necessary. The Japanese government began modelling their ground forces after the French military. The French government contributed greatly to the training of Japanese officers. Many were employed at the military academy in Kyoto, and many more still were feverishly translating French field manuals for use in the Japanese ranks.

Q1: Laws mandated that every able bodies Japanese citizen do what?
A1: serve a mandatory term of three years with the first reserves and two additional years with the second reserves.
Q2: Who initially rejected the Japanese laws mandating military service?
A2: peasant and warrior alike.
Q3: What did the peasant class name the mandatory military service law?
A3: ketsu-eki
Q4: Who did the Japanese form their military  forces after?
A4: French military
Q5: Where was the military academy located?
A5: Kyoto
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

Layer III audio can also use a "bit reservoir", a partially full frame's ability to hold part of the next frame's audio data, allowing temporary changes in effective bitrate, even in a constant bitrate stream. Internal handling of the bit reservoir increases encoding delay.[citation needed]

Q1: A partially full frame's ability to have part of the next frame's audio data is referred to as what?
A1: bit reservoir
Q2: What kind of audio is required to use a bit reservoir?
A2: Layer III
Q3: A bit reservoir allows for what kind of changes in effective bit rate?
A3: temporary
Q4: What is a possible result of handling the bit reservoir?
A4: encoding delay
Q5: A large benefit of a bit reservoir is that you can use it even while encoding what kind of stream?
A5: constant bitrate
Title: Beyoncé
Topic: Music

LeToya Luckett and Roberson became unhappy with Mathew's managing of the band and eventually were replaced by Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams. Beyoncé experienced depression following the split with Luckett and Roberson after being publicly blamed by the media, critics, and blogs for its cause. Her long-standing boyfriend left her at this time. The depression was so severe it lasted for a couple of years, during which she occasionally kept herself in her bedroom for days and refused to eat anything. Beyoncé stated that she struggled to speak about her depression because Destiny's Child had just won their first Grammy Award and she feared no one would take her seriously. Beyoncé would later speak of her mother as the person who helped her fight it. Franklin was dismissed, leaving just Beyoncé, Rowland, and Williams.

Q1: What mental health issue did Beyonce go through?
A1: depression
Q2: What event occured after she was publicly criticized?
A2: boyfriend left her
Q3: Who supported Beyonce through her depression?
A3: her mother
Q4: What event caused Beyonce's depression?
A4: split with Luckett and Rober
Q5: How long was Beyonce depressed?
A5: a couple of years
Q6: Who helped Beyonce fight her depression the most?
A6: her mother
Q7: Who replaced Luckett and Roberson in Destiny's Child?
A7: Farrah Franklin and Michelle Williams.
Q8: Who was blamed for Luckett and Roberson leaving Destiny's Child?
A8: Beyoncé
Q9: Who helped Beyoncé overcome her depression during the years following the Destiny's Child split?
A9: her mother
Q10: Which newest member was removed from Destiny's Child?
A10: Farrah Franklin
Title: Nigeria
Topic: History

Leading Protestant churches in the country include the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion, the Assemblies of God Church, the Nigerian Baptist Convention and The Synagogue, Church Of All Nations Since the 1990s, there has been significant growth in many other churches, particularly the evangelical Protestant ones. These include the Redeemed Christian Church of God, Winners' Chapel, Christ Apostolic Church (the first Aladura Movement in Nigeria), Deeper Christian Life Ministry, Evangelical Church of West Africa, Mountain of Fire and Miracles, Christ Embassy and The Synagogue Church Of All Nations. In addition, The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, the Aladura Church, the Seventh-day Adventist and various indigenous churches have also experienced growth.

Q1: When did many newer churches start growing in Nigeria?
A1: Since the 1990s
Q2: What is the largest Anglican church in Nigeria?
A2: the Church of Nigeria of the Anglican Communion
Q3: What is the largest Baptist church in Nigeria?
A3: the Nigerian Baptist Convention
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Leading up to the American Civil War, Baptists became embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States. Whereas in the First Great Awakening, Methodist and Baptist preachers had opposed slavery and urged manumission, over the decades they made more of an accommodation with the institution. They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge a paternalistic institution. Both denominations made direct appeals to slaves and free blacks for conversion. The Baptists particularly allowed them active roles in congregations. By the mid-19th century, northern Baptists tended to oppose slavery. As tensions increased, in 1844 the Home Mission Society refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary who had been proposed by Georgia. It noted that missionaries could not take servants with them, and also that the Board did not want to appear to condone slavery.

Q1: When did Baptists become embroiled in the controversy over slavery in the United States?
A1: Leading up to the American Civil War
Q2: When did Methodist and Baptist preachers oppose slavery and urge manumission?
A2: the First Great Awakening
Q3: They worked with slaveholders in the South to urge what?
A3: paternalistic institution
Q4: What denomination allowed blacks active roles in the congregation?
A4: The Baptists
Q5: What refused to appoint a slaveholder as a missionary?
A5: the Home Mission Society