LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Immaculate_Conception
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus. This misunderstanding of the term immaculate conception is frequently met in the mass media. Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother, traditionally known by the names of Saint Joachim and Saint Anne. In 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived, which had been a belief surfacing occasionally since the 4th century. The Church celebrates the Feast of the Immaculate Conception (when Mary was conceived free from original sin) on 8 December, exactly nine months before celebrating the Nativity of Mary. The feast of the Annunciation (which commemorates the virginal conception and the Incarnation of Jesus) is celebrated on 25 March, nine months before Christmas Day.

Q1: Is the view of the impregnation of Mary's pregnancy the same as the one held for the birth of her first child ?
A1: doctrine of the immaculate conception (Mary being conceived free from original sin) is not to be confused with her virginal conception of her son Jesus
Q2: What is the view held at the Vatican regarding how Mary was actually given life into the world ?
A2: Catholics believe that Mary was not the product of a virginal conception herself but was the daughter of a human father and mother
Q3: Who were the parents of Mary believed to be ?
A3: Saint Joachim and Saint Anne
Q4: When were contradictory views to  the belief of Mary's parentage struck down ?
A4: 1677, the Holy See condemned the belief that Mary was virginally conceived,
Q5: When did these contradictory views start to emerge ?
A5: since the 4th century
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The doctrine of the last day and eschatology (the final fate of the universe) may be reckoned as the second great doctrine of the Quran. It is estimated that approximately one-third of the Quran is eschatological, dealing with the afterlife in the next world and with the day of judgment at the end of time. There is a reference to the afterlife on most pages of the Quran and belief in the afterlife is often referred to in conjunction with belief in God as in the common expression: "Believe in God and the last day". A number of suras such as 44, 56, 75, 78, 81 and 101 are directly related to the afterlife and its preparations. Some suras indicate the closeness of the event and warn people to be prepared for the imminent day. For instance, the first verses of Sura 22, which deal with the mighty earthquake and the situations of people on that day, represent this style of divine address: "O People! Be respectful to your Lord. The earthquake of the Hour is a mighty thing."

Q1: What fraction of the Quran deals with eschatology?
A1: one-third
Q2: What general topic is eschatology about?
A2: the final fate of the universe
Q3: Which natural disaster features in Sura 22?
A3: earthquake
Q4: What topic do suras 44, 56, 75, and 101 have in common?
A4: afterlife
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The doctrines of the Assumption or Dormition of Mary relate to her death and bodily assumption to Heaven. The Roman Catholic Church has dogmaically defined the doctrine of the Assumption, which was done in 1950 by Pope Pius XII in Munificentissimus Deus. Whether the Virgin Mary died or not is not defined dogmatically, however, although a reference to the death of Mary are made in Munificentissimus Deus. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Assumption of the Virgin Mary is believed, and celebrated with her Dormition, where they believe she died.

Q1: When was the Assumption dogmatically define by the Catholic Church?
A1: 1950
Q2: In which papal document was the dogma of the Assumption defined?
A2: Munificentissimus Deus
Q3: Which pope authored Munifentissimus Deus?
A3: Pope Pius XII
Q4: Other than the Roman Catholic Church, which church holds the doctrine of the Assumption to be true?
A4: Eastern Orthodox Church
Q5: What is another name for the Assumption of Mary?
A5: Dormition
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

The documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure is the earliest surviving of the use of the clan name and cry defining the honorable status of Polish knights. The names of knightly genealogiae only came to be associated with heraldic devices later in the Middle Ages and in the early modern period. The Polish clan name and cry ritualized the ius militare, i.e., the power to command an army; and they had been used some time before 1244 to define knightly status. (Górecki 1992, pp. 183–185).

Q1: WHat is the earliest surviving use of the clan name of the polish knights?
A1: documentation regarding Raciborz and Albert's tenure
Q2: WHn did the knightly genealogiae associate with heraldic devices?
A2: Middle Ages and in the early modern period
Q3: The polish anem and cry ritualized what?
A3: the ius militare,
Q4: In 1244 the power to command and army had been used to do what?
A4: define knightly status
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

The dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This impact on human society has given them the nickname "man's best friend" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.

Q1: Dogs had a worth to what type of early humans?
A1: hunter-gatherers
Q2: Dogs have hunted with and done other things for people for a long time, but what is a more recent help to people they provide?
A2: aiding handicapped individuals.
Q3: Because of a dog's resourcefulness to people, they have been given what nickname?
A3: man's best friend
Q4: Some cultures treat dogs as what rather than companions?
A4: a source of meat
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

The dollar was first based on the value and look of the Spanish dollar, used widely in Spanish America from the 16th to the 19th centuries. The first dollar coins issued by the United States Mint (founded 1792) were similar in size and composition to the Spanish dollar, minted in Mexico and Peru. The Spanish, U.S. silver dollars, and later, Mexican silver pesos circulated side by side in the United States, and the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso remained legal tender until the Coinage Act of 1857. The coinage of various English colonies also circulated. The lion dollar was popular in the Dutch New Netherland Colony (New York), but the lion dollar also circulated throughout the English colonies during the 17th century and early 18th century. Examples circulating in the colonies were usually worn so that the design was not fully distinguishable, thus they were sometimes referred to as "dog dollars".

Q1: What was the look of the dollar based on?
A1: Spanish dollar
Q2: In which century did the Spanish dollar start being used in Spanish America?
A2: 16th
Q3: When was the United States Mint founded?
A3: 1792
Q4: Outside of Mexico, where else was the Spanish dollar minted?
A4: Peru
Q5: When were the Spanish dollar and Mexican peso no longer accepted as legal tender?
A5: 1857
Title: BBC_Television
Topic: Media and drama

The domestic TV BBC television channels are broadcast without any commercial advertising and collectively they account for more than 30% of all UK viewing. The services are funded by a television licence.

Q1: What percentage of viewership across the UK is constituted by the BBC?
A1: 30%
Title: Dog
Topic: Natural sciences

The domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris or Canis familiaris) is a domesticated canid which has been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.

Q1: What is the three word Latin name for domesticated dogs?
A1: Canis lupus familiaris
Q2: What is Canis familiaris?
A2: domestic dog
Q3: How long has the domestic dog been selectively bred?
A3: millennia
Q4: Along with various behaviors and physical attributes, what were domestic dogs bred for?
A4: sensory capabilities
Title: Neolithic
Topic: History

The domestication of large animals (c. 8000 BC) resulted in a dramatic increase in social inequality in most of the areas where it occurred; New Guinea being a notable exception. Possession of livestock allowed competition between households and resulted in inherited inequalities of wealth. Neolithic pastoralists who controlled large herds gradually acquired more livestock, and this made economic inequalities more pronounced. However, evidence of social inequality is still disputed, as settlements such as Catal Huyuk reveal a striking lack of difference in the size of homes and burial sites, suggesting a more egalitarian society with no evidence of the concept of capital, although some homes do appear slightly larger or more elaborately decorated than others.

Q1: What caused a major increase in social inequality?
A1: domestication of large animals
Q2: What started competition between families for wealth?
A2: Possession of livestock
Q3: Who was in possession of large herds that would produce more livestock?
A3: Neolithic pastoralists
Q4: What settlement featured equal sized homes with little evidence of capital?
A4: Catal Huyuk
Title: Poultry
Topic: Natural sciences

The domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago. This may have originally been as a result of people hatching and rearing young birds from eggs collected from the wild, but later involved keeping the birds permanently in captivity. Domesticated chickens may have been used for cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs, but soon it was realised how useful it was having a captive-bred source of food. Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place over the centuries, and modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors. Although some birds are still kept in small flocks in extensive systems, most birds available in the market today are reared in intensive commercial enterprises. Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally and, along with eggs, provides nutritionally beneficial food containing high-quality protein accompanied by a low proportion of fat. All poultry meat should be properly handled and sufficiently cooked in order to reduce the risk of food poisoning.

Q1: How long have humans used domsticated poultry ?
A1: domestication of poultry took place several thousand years ago
Q2: What have people use domesticated poultry for besides food ?
A2: cockfighting at first and quail kept for their songs
Q3: Why did humans feel that addtional breeding tatics were necessary in poulty? 
A3: Selective breeding for fast growth, egg-laying ability, conformation, plumage and docility took place
Q4: Has breeding changed the original characterictics of the animals ?
A4: modern breeds often look very different from their wild ancestors.
Q5: How popular is poultry as a consumable among humans ?
A5: Poultry is the second most widely eaten type of meat globally
Title: American_Idol
Topic: Music

The dominance of American Idol in the ratings had made it the most profitable show in U.S. TV for many years. The show was estimated to generate $900 million for the year 2004 through sales of TV ads, albums, merchandise and concert tickets. By season seven, the show was estimated to earn around $900 million from its ad revenue alone, not including ancillary sponsorship deals and other income. One estimate puts the total TV revenue for the first eight seasons of American at $6.4 billion. Sponsors that bought fully integrated packages can expect a variety of promotions of their products on the show, such as product placement, adverts and product promotion integrated into the show, and various promotional opportunities. Other off-air promotional partners pay for the rights to feature "Idol" branding on their packaging, products and marketing programs. American Idol also partnered with Disney in its theme park attraction The American Idol Experience.

Q1: How much money did American Idol make in 2004?
A1: $900 million
Q2: How much money did American Idol generate from its first eight seasons? 
A2: $6.4 billion
Q3: What is the name of the American Idol theme attraction with Disney? 
A3: The American Idol Experience
Q4: How much money did American Idol generate from ads in its seventh season?
A4: $900 million
Q5: Who did Idol partner with to create The American Idol Experience?
A5: Disney
Title: Mesozoic
Topic: History

The dominant land plant species of the time were gymnosperms, which are vascular, cone-bearing, non-flowering plants such as conifers that produce seeds without a coating. This is opposed to the earth's current flora, in which the dominant land plants in terms of number of species are angiosperms. One particular plant genus, Ginkgo, is thought to have evolved at this time and is represented today by a single species, Ginkgo biloba. As well, the extant genus Sequoia is believed to have evolved in the Mesozoic.

Q1: What was the dominant plant species of the Mesozoic?
A1: gymnosperms
Q2: What is an example of a gymnosperm?
A2: conifers
Q3: What are the dominate plant species on Earth now?
A3: angiosperms
Q4: When did the Ginkgo evolve?
A4: Mesozoic
Q5: What famous tree species is believed to have evolved during the Mesozoic?
A5: Sequoia
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The domination of Estonia after the Northern Crusades, from the 13th century to 1918 by Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia delayed indigenous literacy in Estonia.[citation needed]

Q1: When did the Northern Crusades happen?
A1: 13th century to 1918
Q2: Which countries took part in the Northern Crusades?
A2: Denmark, Germany, Sweden, and Russia
Q3: Following the crusades which country was dominated?
A3: Estonia
Q4: What did the aftermath of the crusades end up delaying in Estonia?
A4: indigenous literacy
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

The double indirect method can be used when it is important to see the work during the creation process as it will appear when completed. The tesserae are placed face-up on a medium (often adhesive-backed paper, sticky plastic or soft lime or putty) as it will appear when installed. When the mosaic is complete, a similar medium is placed atop it. The piece is then turned over, the original underlying material is carefully removed, and the piece is installed as in the indirect method described above. In comparison to the indirect method, this is a complex system to use and requires great skill on the part of the operator, to avoid damaging the work. Its greatest advantage lies in the possibility of the operator directly controlling the final result of the work, which is important e.g. when the human figure is involved. This method was created in 1989 by Maurizio Placuzzi and registered for industrial use (patent n. 0000222556) under the name of his company, Sicis International Srl, now Sicis The Art Mosaic Factory Srl.

Q1: When is the double indirect method of mosaic useful?
A1: when it is important to see the work
Q2: What is the most powerful aspect of the double indirect method?
A2: directly controlling the final result of the work
Q3: When was the double indirect method invented?
A3: 1989
Q4: Who invented the double indirect method?
A4: Maurizio Placuzzi
Q5: What is used as a backing adhesive for the double indirect method besides putty or paper?
A5: sticky plastic
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization
Topic: Engineering and technology

The driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU are the liberalized electricity markets and the RES Directive. According to the directive the EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed and therefore a "guarantee of origin" must be issued (article 15). Environmental organisations are using the voluntary market to create new renewables and improving sustainability of the existing power production. In the US the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions is Green-e program managed by Center for Resource Solutions. In Europe the main voluntary tool used by the NGOs to promote sustainable electricity production is EKOenergy label.

Q1: What is the driving force behind voluntary green electricity within the EU?
A1: liberalized electricity markets
Q2: What states that EU Member States must ensure that the origin of electricity produced from renewables can be guaranteed?
A2: RES Directive
Q3: In the US, what is the main tool to track and stimulate voluntary actions?
A3: Green-e program
Title: Pub
Topic: History

The drunkenness and lawlessness created by gin was seen to lead to ruination and degradation of the working classes. The distinction[clarification needed] was illustrated by William Hogarth in his engravings Beer Street and Gin Lane. The Gin Act 1736 imposed high taxes on retailers and led to riots in the streets. The prohibitive duty was gradually reduced and finally abolished in 1742. The Gin Act 1751 however was more successful. It forced distillers to sell only to licensed retailers and brought gin shops under the jurisdiction of local magistrates.

Q1: What artist created the engraving Beer Street and Gin Lane?
A1: William Hogarth
Q2: What law imposed a high tax on gin shops and resulted in riots?
A2: The Gin Act 1736
Q3: When were the Gin Act 1736 duties eliminated? 
A3: 1742
Q4: What law placed gin shops under the control of local magistrates?
A4: The Gin Act 1751
Title: Namibia
Topic: Social sciences and society

The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, Nama and, since about the 14th century AD, by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion from central Africa. From the late 18th century onwards, Orlam clans from the Cape Colony crossed the Orange River and moved into the area that today is southern Namibia. Their encounters with the nomadic Nama tribes were largely peaceful. The missionaries accompanying the Orlams were well received by them, the right to use waterholes and grazing was granted against an annual payment. On their way further northwards, however, the Orlams encountered clans of the Herero tribe at Windhoek, Gobabis, and Okahandja which were less accommodating. The Nama-Herero War broke out in 1880, with hostilities ebbing only when Imperial Germany deployed troops to the contested places and cemented the status quo between Nama, Orlams, and Herero.

Q1: Orlam clans crossed which river to migrate to Namibia?
A1: Orange River
Q2: What area of Namibia did Orlam clans settle in?
A2: southern Namibia
Q3: When did Orlam clans settle in Namibia?
A3: 18th century
Q4: When did the Nama-Herero war begin?
A4: 1880
Q5: Who deployed troops to start the Nama-Herero war?
A5: Imperial Germany
Title: Namibia
Topic: Social sciences and society

The dry lands of Namibia were inhabited since early times by San, Damara, and Namaqua, and since about the 14th century AD by immigrating Bantu who came with the Bantu expansion. Most of the territory became a German Imperial protectorate in 1884 and remained a German colony until the end of World War I. In 1920, the League of Nations mandated the country to South Africa, which imposed its laws and, from 1948, its apartheid policy. The port of Walvis Bay and the offshore Penguin Islands had been annexed by the Cape Colony under the British crown by 1878 and had become an integral part of the new Union of South Africa at its creation in 1910.

Q1: When did Bantu immigrate to Namibia?
A1: 14th century
Q2: When did Namibia become German Imperial protectorate?
A2: 1884
Q3: When did Namibia stop being a German colony?
A3: end of World War I
Q4: What year did the League of Nations mandate Namibia to South Africa?
A4: 1920
Q5: When did South Africa impose the apartheid policy on Namibia?
A5: 1948
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for molecular inheritance, and the link between the classical and molecular pictures of genes. Organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents because the cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells. In asexually reproducing organisms, the offspring will be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism. In sexually reproducing organisms, a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produces cells called gametes or germ cells that are haploid, or contain only one copy of each gene.:20.2 The gametes produced by females are called eggs or ova, and those produced by males are called sperm. Two gametes fuse to form a diploid fertilized egg, a single cell that has two sets of genes, with one copy of each gene from the mother and one from the father.:20

Q1: The duplication and transmission of genetic material from one generation of cells to the next is the basis for what?
A1: molecular inheritance
Q2: Why do organisms inherit the characteristics of their parents?
A2: cells of the offspring contain copies of the genes in their parents' cells
Q3: In what type of organism will the offspring be a genetic copy or clone of the parent organism?
A3: In asexually reproducing organisms
Q4: In what type of organism will a specialized form of cell division called meiosis produce cells called gametes?
A4: In sexually reproducing organisms
Q5: What are the gametes produced by females called?
A5: eggs or ova
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

The dynasty lost control of peripheral territories bit by bit. In return for promises of support against the British and the French, the Russian Empire took large chunks of territory in the Northeast in 1860. The period of cooperation between the reformers and the European powers ended with the Tientsin Massacre of 1870, which was incited by the murder of French nuns set off by the belligerence of local French diplomats. Starting with the Cochinchina Campaign in 1858, France expanded control of Indochina. By 1883, France was in full control of the region and had reached the Chinese border. The Sino-French War began with a surprise attack by the French on the Chinese southern fleet at Fuzhou. After that the Chinese declared war on the French. A French invasion of Taiwan was halted and the French were defeated on land in Tonkin at the Battle of Bang Bo. However Japan threatened to enter the war against China due to the Gapsin Coup and China chose to end the war with negotiations. The war ended in 1885 with the Treaty of Tientsin (1885) and the Chinese recognition of the French protectorate in Vietnam.

Q1: Who did the Chinese lose territory to in exchange for help?
A1: Russian
Q2: When was the Tientsin Massacre?
A2: 1870
Q3: What triggered the Tientsin Massacre?
A3: murder of French nuns
Q4: When was the Cochinchina Campaign?
A4: 1858
Q5: Which territory did France control?
A5: Indochina
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Siam in 1614. It restored a smaller, more manageable kingdom, encompassing Lower Myanmar, Upper Myanmar, Shan states, Lan Na and upper Tenasserim. The Restored Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduced the hereditary rights of Shan chiefs. Its trade and secular administrative reforms built a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. From the 1720s onward, the kingdom was beset with repeated Meithei raids into Upper Myanmar and a nagging rebellion in Lan Na. In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom. Hanthawaddy forces sacked Ava in 1752, ending the 266-year-old Toungoo Dynasty.

Q1: How were the Portuguese expelled from Myanmar?
A1: The dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese
Q2: Did the country have lasting monarchs?
A2: Toungoo kings created a legal and political framework whose basic features would continue well into the 19th century
Q3: Did the original chieftains maintain power political power?
A3: The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships with appointed governorships in the entire Irrawaddy valley
Q4: In what year was one of the original Myanmar kingdoms restored?
A4: In 1740, the Mon of Lower Myanmar founded the Restored Hanthawaddy Kingdom
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

The dynasty was founded by the Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan in Manchuria. In the late sixteenth century, Nurhaci, originally a Ming vassal, began organizing Jurchen clans into "Banners", military-social units. Nurhaci formed these clans into a unified entity, the subjects of which became known collectively as the Manchu people. By 1636, his son Hong Taiji began driving Ming forces out of Liaodong and declared a new dynasty, the Qing. In 1644, peasant rebels led by Li Zicheng conquered the Ming capital Beijing. Rather than serve them, Ming general Wu Sangui made an alliance with the Manchus and opened the Shanhai Pass to the Banner Armies led by Prince Dorgon, who defeated the rebels and seized Beijing. The conquest of China proper was not completed until 1683 under the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722). The Ten Great Campaigns of the Qianlong Emperor from the 1750s to the 1790s extended Qing control into Central Asia. While the early rulers maintained their Manchu ways, and while their official title was Emperor they were known as khans to the Mongols and patronized Tibetan Buddhism, they governed using Confucian styles and institutions of bureaucratic government. They retained the imperial examinations to recruit Han Chinese to work under or in parallel with Manchus. They also adapted the ideals of the tributary system in international relations, and in places such as Taiwan, the Qing so-called internal foreign policy closely resembled colonial policy and control.

Q1: Who started the Manchun dynasty?
A1: Jurchen Aisin Gioro clan
Q2: Where did this dynasty form?
A2: Manchuria
Q3: Name a peasant rebel leader?
A3: Li Zicheng
Q4: Where was the ming capital?
A4: Beijing
Q5: What pass was opened to the Banner Armies?
A5: Shanhai Pass
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

The earlier influence of temporal rulers, notably the French kings, reasserted itself through the influence of cardinals of certain nationalities or politically significant movements. Traditions even developed entitling certain monarchs, including those of Austria, Spain, and Portugal, to nominate one of their trusted clerical subjects to be created cardinal, a so-called crown-cardinal.[citation needed]

Q1: Who were generally temporal rulers?
A1: French kings
Title: History_of_science
Topic: History

The earliest Greek philosophers, known as the pre-Socratics, provided competing answers to the question found in the myths of their neighbors: "How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?" The pre-Socratic philosopher Thales (640-546 BC), dubbed the "father of science", was the first to postulate non-supernatural explanations for natural phenomena, for example, that land floats on water and that earthquakes are caused by the agitation of the water upon which the land floats, rather than the god Poseidon. Thales' student Pythagoras of Samos founded the Pythagorean school, which investigated mathematics for its own sake, and was the first to postulate that the Earth is spherical in shape. Leucippus (5th century BC) introduced atomism, the theory that all matter is made of indivisible, imperishable units called atoms. This was greatly expanded by his pupil Democritus.

Q1: What are early Greek philosophers known as?
A1: pre-Socratics
Q2: What question were Greek philosophers trying to answer?
A2: How did the ordered cosmos in which we live come to be?
Q3: Who was named "the father of science"?
A3: Thales
Q4: Which religious deity did Thales undermine with his scientific theories?
A4: Poseidon
Q5: Who was the first person to determine that the Earth is round?
A5: Samos
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest Mahāyāna sūtras to include the very first versions of the Prajñāpāramitā genre, along with texts concerning Akṣobhya Buddha, which were probably written down in the 1st century BCE in the south of India. Guang Xing states, "Several scholars have suggested that the Prajñāpāramitā probably developed among the Mahāsāṃghikas in southern India, in the Āndhra country, on the Kṛṣṇa River." A.K. Warder believes that "the Mahāyāna originated in the south of India and almost certainly in the Āndhra country."

Q1: The earliest Mahayana sutra include the very first version of what genre?
A1: Prajñāpāramitā
Q2: Texts concerning Aksobhya Buddha were written down in what century?
A2: 1st century BCE
Q3: Author Warder believes that the Mahayana originated in the south of India in what area?
A3: Āndhra
Title: Tibet
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion. By the 1st century BCE, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. He was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century. Prior to Songtsän Gampo, the kings of Tibet were more mythological than factual, and there is insufficient evidence of their existence.

Q1: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate from?
A1: Amdo region
Q2: Where did the Zhang Zhung people migrate to?
A2: western Tibet
Q3: What is considered to be the original home of the Bon religion?
A3: Zhang Zhung
Q4: Which Yarlung king attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung?
A4: Drigum Tsenpo
Q5: Who was the first factual king of Tibet?
A5: Songtsän Gampo
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran, like those excavated at the Kashafrud and Ganj Par sites, attest to a human presence in Iran since the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC. Iran's Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic period, c. 200,000–40,000 BC, have been found mainly in the Zagros region, at sites such as Warwasi and Yafteh Cave.[page needed] Around 10th to 8th millennium BC, early agricultural communities such as Chogha Golan and Chogha Bonut began to flourish in Iran, as well as Susa and Chogha Mish developing in and around the Zagros region.[page needed]

Q1: How long ago were the earliest artifacts from that were evidence of humans in Iran?
A1: the Lower Paleolithic era, c. 800,000–200,000 BC
Q2: What region of Iran did Neanderthal artifacts from the Middle Paleolithic Period were found?
A2: the Zagros region
Q3: When did early agricultural communities in Iran begin to appear and prosper?
A3: 10th to 8th millennium BC
Q4: What were dug up from the archaeological sites Kashafrud and Ganj Par in Iran?
A4: The earliest archaeological artifacts in Iran
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest clear evidence of hair or fur is in fossils of Castorocauda, from 164 million years ago in the Middle Jurassic. In the 1950s, it was suggested that the foramina (passages) in the maxillae and premaxillae (bones in the front of the upper jaw) of cynodonts were channels which supplied blood vessels and nerves to vibrissae (whiskers) and so were evidence of hair or fur; it was soon pointed out, however, that foramina do not necessarily show that an animal had vibrissae, as the modern lizard Tupinambis has foramina that are almost identical to those found in the nonmammalian cynodont Thrinaxodon. Popular sources, nevertheless, continue to attribute whiskers to Thrinaxodon.

Q1: When is it believed that the earliest know hair was said to exist?
A1: 164 million years ago
Q2: When was it suggested that foramina premaxillae could contain the first know hairs?
A2: 1950s
Q3: Which major time period were these suggested hairs from?
A3: Jurassic
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

The earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script yet discovered is the body of inscriptions on oracle bones from the late Shang dynasty (c. 1200–1050 BC). These symbols, carved on pieces of bone and turtle shell being sold as "dragon bones" for medicinal purposes, were identified as Chinese writing by scholars in 1899. By 1928, the source of the oracle bones had been traced to a village near Anyang in Henan Province, which was excavated by the Academia Sinica between 1928 and 1937. Over 150,000 fragments have been found.

Q1: What was the earliest confirmed evidence of the Chinese script?
A1: oracle bones
Q2: Where were the symbols carved on?
A2: pieces of bone and turtle shell
Q3: Where was the source of Oracle bones traced to?
A3: village near Anyang in Henan Province
Title: Crucifixion_of_Jesus
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest detailed accounts of the death of Jesus are contained in the four canonical gospels. There are other, more implicit references in the New Testament epistles. In the synoptic gospels, Jesus predicts his death in three separate episodes. All four Gospels conclude with an extended narrative of Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection. In each Gospel these five events in the life of Jesus are treated with more intense detail than any other portion of that Gospel's narrative. Scholars note that the reader receives an almost hour-by-hour account of what is happening.:p.91

Q1: What holds the records of the death of Jesus?
A1: four canonical gospels
Q2: What part of the Bible references the death of Jesus?
A2: New Testament epistles
Q3: How many times did Jesus predict his own death?
A3: three
Q4: What part of Jesus' life is detailed in these gospels?
A4: Jesus' arrest, trial, crucifixion, burial, and accounts of resurrection
Q5: How detailed is the description of Jesus' death?
A5: hour-by-hour account
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

The earliest disc records (1889–1894) were made of various materials including hard rubber. Around 1895, a shellac-based compound was introduced and became standard. Exact formulas for this compound varied by manufacturer and over the course of time, but it was typically composed of about one-third shellac and about two-thirds mineral filler, which meant finely pulverized rock, usually slate and limestone, with an admixture of cotton fibers to add tensile strength, carbon black for color (without this, it tended to be a "dirty" gray or brown color that most record companies considered unattractive), and a very small amount of a lubricant to facilitate mold release during manufacture. Some makers, notably Columbia Records, used a laminated construction with a core disc of coarser material or fiber. The production of shellac records continued until the end of the 78 rpm format (i.e., the late 1950s in most developed countries, but well into the 1960s in some other places), but increasingly less abrasive formulations were used during its declining years and very late examples in truly like-new condition can have as low noise levels as vinyl.

Q1: What materials were discs made of in 1889-1894?
A1: hard rubber
Q2: What was the standard material for discs around 1895?
A2: a shellac-based compound
Q3: What company was known for laminate construction of discs?
A3: Columbia Records
Q4: What material give the vinyl records their known black color?
A4: carbon
Q5: What material is used in order to release the vinyl records from their molds?
A5: lubricant
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest divergence within the Neognathes was that of the Galloanserae, the superorder containing the Anseriformes (ducks, geese, swans and screamers) and the Galliformes (the pheasants, grouse, and their allies, together with the mound builders and the guans and their allies). The earliest fossil remains of true birds come from the possible galliform Austinornis lentus, dated to about 85 million years ago, but the dates for the actual splits are much debated by scientists. The Aves are agreed to have evolved in the Cretaceous, and the split between the Galloanseri from other Neognathes occurred before the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event, but there are different opinions about whether the radiation of the remaining Neognathes occurred before or after the extinction of the other dinosaurs. This disagreement is in part caused by a divergence in the evidence; molecular dating suggests a Cretaceous radiation, while fossil evidence supports a Cenozoic radiation. Attempts to reconcile the molecular and fossil evidence have proved controversial, but recent results show that all the extant groups of birds originated from only a small handful of species that survived the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction.

Q1: What was the earliest divergence within the Neognathes?
A1: Galloanserae
Q2: What is the superorder containing the Anseriformes?
A2: Galloanserae
Q3: Ducks, geese, swans and screamers are part of which group?
A3: Anseriformes
Q4: The pheasants, grouse and their allies form which group?
A4: Galliformes
Title: Sumer
Topic: History

The earliest dynastic king on the Sumerian king list whose name is known from any other legendary source is Etana, 13th king of the first dynasty of Kish. The earliest king authenticated through archaeological evidence is Enmebaragesi of Kish (c. 26th century BC), whose name is also mentioned in the Gilgamesh epic—leading to the suggestion that Gilgamesh himself might have been a historical king of Uruk. As the Epic of Gilgamesh shows, this period was associated with increased war. Cities became walled, and increased in size as undefended villages in southern Mesopotamia disappeared. (Gilgamesh is credited with having built the walls of Uruk).

Q1: What is the name of the earliest dynastic Sumerian king?
A1: Etana
Q2: What dynasty was Etana the 13th king of?
A2: Kish
Q3: Who is the earliest king that is authenticated by actual physical evidence and not just legend?
A3: Enmebaragesi
Q4: Where is Enmebaragesi's name mentioned?
A4: Gilgamesh epic
Q5: What is the period of Enmebaragesi's reign associated with?
A5: increased war
Title: Cotton
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest evidence of cotton use in South Asia has been found at the site of Mehrgarh, Pakistan, where cotton threads have been found preserved in copper beads; these finds have been dated to Neolithic (between 6000 and 5000 BCE). Cotton cultivation in the region is dated to the Indus Valley Civilization, which covered parts of modern eastern Pakistan and northwestern India between 3300 and 1300 BCE The Indus cotton industry was well-developed and some methods used in cotton spinning and fabrication continued to be used until the industrialization of India. Between 2000 and 1000 BC cotton became widespread across much of India. For example, it has been found at the site of Hallus in Karnataka dating from around 1000 BC.

Q1: Where in Southeast Asia has early use of cotton been discovered?
A1: Mehrgarh, Pakistan
Q2: To what period has cotton been dated in Pakistan?
A2: Neolithic
Q3: When did the Indus Valley Civilization cover parts of India and Pakistan?
A3: 3300 and 1300 BCE
Q4: Until what event did the ancient methods of spinning and fabrication of cotton last?
A4: industrialization
Q5: During what time did cotton become widely used in India?
A5: 2000 and 1000 BC
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

The earliest evidence of human inhabitants of modern day Chihuahua was discovered in the area of Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado. Clovis points have been found in northeastern Chihuahua that have been dated from 12,000 BC to 7000 BC. It is thought that these inhabitants were hunter gatherers. Inhabitants of the state later developed farming with the domestication of corn. An archeological site in northern Chihuahua known as Cerro Juanaqueña revealed squash cultivation, irrigation techniques, and ceramic artifacts dating to around 2000 BC.

Q1: In which areas were the earliest human inhabitants discovered?
A1: Samalayuca and Rancho Colorado
Q2: What range of years are the oldest ruins from?
A2: 12,000 BC to 7000 BC
Q3: Which vegetable were they found to have been farming?
A3: corn
Q4: Around what year were the ceramic artifacts found to have been from?
A4: 2000 BC
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest evidence of the presence of human ancestors in the southern Balkans, dated to 270,000 BC, is to be found in the Petralona cave, in the Greek province of Macedonia. All three stages of the stone age (Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic) are represented in Greece, for example in the Franchthi Cave. Neolithic settlements in Greece, dating from the 7th millennium BC, are the oldest in Europe by several centuries, as Greece lies on the route via which farming spread from the Near East to Europe.

Q1: Humans in the Balkans have been dated to what year?
A1: 270,000 BC
Q2: Evidence of the earliest humans were found in what subterranean formation?
A2: Petralona cave
Q3: The Franchthi cave has evidence of what 3 ancient eras?
A3: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, and Neolithic
Q4: Greece has evidence of Stone Age people during what time period?
A4: 7th millennium BC
Q5: What activity led to Greece having some of the earliest Stone Age settlements?
A5: farming
Title: Apollo
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest examples of life-sized statues of Apollo, may be two figures from the Ionic sanctuary on the island of Delos. Such statues were found across the Greek speaking world, the preponderance of these were found at the sanctuaries of Apollo with more than one hundred from the sanctuary of Apollo Ptoios, Boeotia alone. The last stage in the development of the Kouros type is the late archaic period (520–485 BC), in which the Greek sculpture attained a full knowledge of human anatomy and used to create a relative harmonious whole. Ranking from the very few bronzes survived to us is the masterpiece bronze Piraeus Apollo. It was found in Piraeus, the harbour of Athens. The statue originally held the bow in its left hand, and a cup of pouring libation in its right hand. It probably comes from north-eastern Peloponnesus. The emphasis is given in anatomy, and it is one of the first attempts to represent a kind of motion, and beauty relative to proportions, which appear mostly in post-Archaic art. The statue throws some light on an artistic centre which, with an independently developed harder, simpler, and heavier style, restricts Ionian influence in Athens. Finally, this is the germ from which the art of Polykleitos was to grow two or three generations later.

Q1: What period ran from 520-485 BC?
A1: late archaic period
Q2: What was the harbour of Athens?
A2: Piraeus
Q3: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his left hand?
A3: the bow
Q4: What did Piraeus Apollo hold in his right hand?
A4: a cup of pouring libation
Title: Neoclassical_architecture
Topic: Art and architecture

The earliest examples of neoclassical architecture in Hungary may be found in Vác. In this town the triumphal arch and the neoclassical façade of the baroque Cathedral were designed by the French architect Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval (Isidore Canevale) in the 1760s. Also the work of a French architect Charles Moreau is the garden façade of the Esterházy Palace (1797–1805) in Kismarton (today Eisenstadt in Austria). The two principal architect of Neoclassicism in Hungary was Mihály Pollack and József Hild. Pollack's major work is the Hungarian National Museum (1837–1844). Hild is famous for his designs for the Cathedral of Eger and Esztergom.

Q1: In what town is the oldest neoclassical architecture in Hungary?
A1: Vác
Q2: What French architect designed important neoclassical structures in 1760s?
A2: Isidor Marcellus Amandus Ganneval
Q3: Who designed the Esterhazy Palace?
A3: Charles Moreau
Q4: Who is famous for Cathedral Eger and Esztergom?
A4: József Hild
Title: Iran
Topic: Geography and places

The earliest examples of visual representations in Iranian history are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, c. 500 BC. Persepolis was the ritual center of the ancient kingdom of Achaemenids, and the figures at Persepolis remain bound by the rules of grammar and syntax of visual language. The Iranian visual arts reached a pinnacle by the Sassanid Era. A bas-relief from this period in Taq Bostan depicts a complex hunting scene. Similar works from the period have been found to articulate movements and actions in a highly sophisticated manner. It is even possible to see a progenitor of the cinema close-up in one of these works of art, which shows a wounded wild pig escaping from the hunting ground.

Q1: What were the first known examples of Iranian visual art? 
A1: the bas-reliefs of Persepolis
Q2: How far back can the first known examples of Iranian visual art be traced to? 
A2: c. 500 BC
Q3: What city was the ritual center of the Archaemenids?
A3: Persepolis
Q4: In what era did Iranian visual art reach its peak?
A4: the Sassanid Era
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The earliest extant arguments that the world of experience is grounded in the mental derive from India and Greece. The Hindu idealists in India and the Greek Neoplatonists gave panentheistic arguments for an all-pervading consciousness as the ground or true nature of reality. In contrast, the Yogācāra school, which arose within Mahayana Buddhism in India in the 4th century CE, based its "mind-only" idealism to a greater extent on phenomenological analyses of personal experience. This turn toward the subjective anticipated empiricists such as George Berkeley, who revived idealism in 18th-century Europe by employing skeptical arguments against materialism.

Q1: What Indian thinkers were early idealists?
A1: Hindu
Q2: What Greek philosophers had idealistic views?
A2: Neoplatonists
Q3: With what sect of Buddhism was the Yogācāra school affiliated?
A3: Mahayana
Q4: In what century did the Yogācāra school arise?
A4: 4th
Q5: What century did George Berkeley live in?
A5: 18th
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.

Q1: What was the first Estonian language book to be published?
A1: a Lutheran manuscript
Q2: When were the Kallamaa prayers written?
A2: 1524 and 1528
Q3: What was the fate of the Lutheran manuscript printed in 1525?
A3: destroyed
Q4: At what point in its existence was the Lutheran manuscript destroyed?
A4: immediately after publication
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

The earliest good evidence for oligochaetes occurs in the Tertiary period, which began 65 million years ago, and it has been suggested that these animals evolved around the same time as flowering plants in the early Cretaceous, from 130 to 90 million years ago. A trace fossil consisting of a convoluted burrow partly filled with small fecal pellets may be evidence that earthworms were present in the early Triassic period from 251 to 245 million years ago. Body fossils going back to the mid Ordovician, from 472 to 461 million years ago, have been tentatively classified as oligochaetes, but these identifications are uncertain and some have been disputed.

Q1: When did the Tertiary period begin?
A1: 65 million years ago
Q2: What era did oligochaetes evolve in?
A2: early Cretaceous
Q3: What type of annelid fossils have been found from the mid Ordovician period?
A3: oligochaetes
Q4: When were the earliest annelid fossils found?
A4: 472 to 461 million years ago