LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Qing_dynasty
Topic: History

Banner Armies were organized along ethnic lines, namely Manchu and Mongol, but included non-Manchu bondservants registered under the household of their Manchu masters. The years leading up to the conquest increased the number of Han Chinese under Manchu rule, leading Hong Taiji to create the Eight Han Banners (zh), and around the time of the Qing takeover of Beijing, their numbers rapidly swelled. Han Bannermen held high status and power in the early Qing period, especially immediately after the conquest during Shunzhi and Kangxi's reign where they dominated Governor-Generalships and Governorships across China at the expense of both Manchu Bannermen and Han civilians. Han also numerically dominated the Banners up until the mid 18th century. European visitors in Beijing called them "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese". It was in Qianlong's reign that the Qianlong Emperor, concerned about maintaining Manchu identity, re-emphasized Manchu ethnicity, ancestry, language, and culture in the Eight Banners and started a mass discharge of Han Bannermen from the Eight Banners, either asking them to voluntarily resign from the Banner rolls or striking their names off. This led to a change from Han majority to a Manchu majority within the Banner system, and previous Han Bannermen garrisons in southern China such as at Fuzhou, Zhenjiang, Guangzhou, were replaced by Manchu Bannermen in the purge, which started in 1754. The turnover by Qianlong most heavily impacted Han banner garrisons stationed in the provinces while it less impacted Han Bannermen in Beijing, leaving a larger proportion of remaining Han Bannermen in Beijing than the provinces. Han Bannermen's status was decreased from that point on with Manchu Banners gaining higher status. Han Bannermen numbered 75% in 1648 Shunzhi's reign, 72% in 1723 Yongzheng's reign, but decreased to 43% in 1796 during the first year of Jiaqing's reign, which was after Qianlong's purge. The mass discharge was known as the Disbandment of the Han Banners (zh). Qianlong directed most of his ire at those Han Bannermen descended from defectors who joined the Qing after the Qing passed through the Great Wall at Shanhai Pass in 1644, deeming their ancestors as traitors to the Ming and therefore untrustworthy, while retaining Han Bannermen who were descended from defectors who joined the Qing before 1644 in Liaodong and marched through Shanhai pass, also known as those who "followed the Dragon through the pass" (從龍入關; cong long ru guan).

Q1: How were Banner's organized?
A1: along ethnic lines
Q2: Which two ethnicities made up the majority of the Banner Armies?
A2: Manchu and Mongol
Q3: Which ethnicity dominated the army in the reigns of Shunzhi and Kangxi?
A3: Han Bannermen
Q4: What did the Europeans call Han Bannermen?
A4: "Tartarized Chinese" or "Tartarified Chinese"
Q5: When did Manchu ethnicity become important again in the Eight Banners?
A5: Qianlong's reign
Title: St._John%27s,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador
Topic: Geography and places

Bannerman Park is a Victorian-style park located near the downtown. The park was officially opened in 1891 by Sir Alexander Bannerman, Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland who donated the land to create the park. Today the park contains a public swimming pool, playground, a baseball diamond and many large open grassy areas. Bannerman Park plays host to many festivals and sporting events, most notably the Newfoundland and Labrador Folk Festival and St. John's Peace-a-chord. The park is also the finishing location for the annual Tely 10 Mile Road Race.

Q1: What part of the city is Bannerman Park located by?
A1: downtown
Q2: What year was Bannerman Park opened?
A2: 1891
Q3: who was the Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland in 1891?
A3: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Q4: Where does the Tely 10 Mile Road Race end?
A4: Bannerman Park
Q5: Who donated land to create a Victorian-style park in 1891?
A5: Sir Alexander Bannerman
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

Bantu-speaking peoples who founded tribes during the Bantu expansions largely displaced and absorbed the earliest inhabitants of the region, the Pygmy people, about 1500 BC. The Bakongo, a Bantu ethnic group that also occupied parts of present-day Angola, Gabon, and Democratic Republic of the Congo, formed the basis for ethnic affinities and rivalries among those countries. Several Bantu kingdoms—notably those of the Kongo, the Loango, and the Teke—built trade links leading into the Congo River basin.

Q1: What group of people were living in the area that would become the Congo prior to the arrival of Bantu tribes?
A1: Pygmy
Q2: When did Bantu tribes arrive in the area formerly populated by the Pygmy people?
A2: 1500 BC
Q3: The Bakongo were a group derived from which tribes?
A3: Bantu
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptism is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses. Jehovah's Witnesses do not practice infant baptism, and previous baptisms performed by other denominations are not considered valid. Individuals undergoing baptism must affirm publicly that dedication and baptism identify them "as one of Jehovah's Witnesses in association with God's spirit-directed organization," though Witness publications say baptism symbolizes personal dedication to God and not "to a man, work or organization." Their literature emphasizes the need for members to be obedient and loyal to Jehovah and to "his organization,"[note 2] stating that individuals must remain part of it to receive God's favor and to survive Armageddon.

Q1: What is a requirement for being considered a member of Jehovah's Witnesses?
A1: Baptism
Q2: What aren't considered valid when performed by other denominations?
A2: previous baptisms
Q3: What do Witness publications say baptism symbolizes a person's personal dedication to?
A3: God
Q4: Jehovah Witnesses' literature puts emphasis on the obedience to not only Jehovah but also to his what?
A4: organization
Q5: Individuals must remain Jehovah Witnesses if they wish to receive what from God?
A5: favor
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptist historian Bruce Gourley outlines four main views of Baptist origins: (1) The modern scholarly consensus that the movement traces its origin to the 17th century via the English Separatists, (2) the view that it was an outgrowth of Anabaptist traditions, (3) the perpetuity view which assumes that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ, and (4) the successionist view, or "Baptist successionism", which argues that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.

Q1: Who outlined the four main views of Baptist origins?
A1: Bruce Gourley
Q2: Baptist origins were viewed as an outgrowth of what?
A2: Anabaptist traditions
Q3: What does the perpetuity view assume?
A3: that the Baptist faith and practice has existed since the time of Christ
Q4: What does the successionist view assume?
A4: that Baptist churches actually existed in an unbroken chain since the time of Christ.
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptist missionary work in Canada began in the British colony of Nova Scotia (present day Nova Scotia and New Brunswick) in the 1760s. The first official record of a Baptist church in Canada was that of the Horton Baptist Church (now Wolfville) in Wolfville, Nova Scotia on 29 October 1778. The church was established with the assistance of the New Light evangelist Henry Alline. Many of Alline's followers, after his death, would convert and strengthen the Baptist presence in the Atlantic region.[page needed] Two major groups of Baptists formed the basis of the churches in the Maritimes. These were referred to as Regular Baptist (Calvinistic in their doctrine) and Free Will Baptists.

Q1: Missionary work began in what Canadian colony?
A1: Nova Scotia
Q2: When did missionary work begin in Canada?
A2: 1760s
Q3: What was the first Baptist church in Canada?
A3: Horton Baptist Church
Q4: Where was the first Baptist church located in Canada?
A4: Wolfville, Nova Scotia
Q5: When was the first Canadian Baptist church established?
A5: 29 October 1778
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptists are individuals who comprise a group of Christian denominations and churches that subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, elders and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Q1: What individuals subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers?
A1: Baptists
Q2: Soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation what examples of what?
A2: tenets of Baptist churches
Q3: What two ministerial offices do Baptists recognize?
A3: elders and deacons
Q4: Baptist churches are widely considered to be what?
A4: Protestant churches
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptists have faced many controversies in their 400-year history, controversies of the level of crises. Baptist historian Walter Shurden says the word "crisis" comes from the Greek word meaning "to decide." Shurden writes that contrary to the presumed negative view of crises, some controversies that reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive." He claims that even schism, though never ideal, has often produced positive results. In his opinion crises among Baptists each have become decision-moments that shaped their future. Some controversies that have shaped Baptists include the "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis".

Q1: "Crisis" comes from a Greek word meaning what?
A1: to decide
Q2: Who wrote that some controversies reach a crisis level may actually be "positive and highly productive?"
A2: Walter Shurden
Q3: What did Shurden claim was never ideal, has often produced positive results?
A3: controversies that have shaped Baptists
Q4: What are some controversies that have shaped Baptists?
A4: "missions crisis", the "slavery crisis", the "landmark crisis", and the "modernist crisis"
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptists subscribe to a doctrine that baptism should be performed only for professing believers (believer's baptism, as opposed to infant baptism), and that it must be done by complete immersion (as opposed to affusion or sprinkling). Other tenets of Baptist churches include soul competency (liberty), salvation through faith alone, Scripture alone as the rule of faith and practice, and the autonomy of the local congregation. Baptists recognize two ministerial offices, pastors and deacons. Baptist churches are widely considered to be Protestant churches, though some Baptists disavow this identity.

Q1: According to Baptists, who should have baptisms?
A1: professing believers
Q2: What type of baptism do Baptists conduct?
A2: complete immersion
Q3: What two offices do Baptists have?
A3: pastors and deacons
Q4: What type of churches are most Baptists churches considered to be?
A4: Protestant
Q5: What is another term for soul competency?
A5: liberty
Title: Baptists
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Baptists, like other Christians, are defined by doctrine—some of it common to all orthodox and evangelical groups and a portion of it distinctive to Baptists. Through the years, different Baptist groups have issued confessions of faith—without considering them to be creeds—to express their particular doctrinal distinctions in comparison to other Christians as well as in comparison to other Baptists. Most Baptists are evangelical in doctrine, but Baptist beliefs can vary due to the congregational governance system that gives autonomy to individual local Baptist churches. Historically, Baptists have played a key role in encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.

Q1: Baptists are defined by what?
A1: doctrine
Q2: Baptists have issued what without considering them to be creeds?
A2: confessions of faith
Q3: Most Baptists are what in doctrine?
A3: evangelical
Q4: Baptists have played a key role in what?
A4: encouraging religious freedom and separation of church and state.
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

Barbara Harff and Ted Gurr defined genocide as "the promotion and execution of policies by a state or its agents which result in the deaths of a substantial portion of a group ...[when] the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality." Harff and Gurr also differentiate between genocides and politicides by the characteristics by which members of a group are identified by the state. In genocides, the victimized groups are defined primarily in terms of their communal characteristics, i.e., ethnicity, religion or nationality. In politicides the victim groups are defined primarily in terms of their hierarchical position or political opposition to the regime and dominant groups. Daniel D. Polsby and Don B. Kates, Jr. state that "... we follow Harff's distinction between genocides and 'pogroms,' which she describes as 'short-lived outbursts by mobs, which, although often condoned by authorities, rarely persist.' If the violence persists for long enough, however, Harff argues, the distinction between condonation and complicity collapses."

Q1: Harff and Gurr's definition of genocide included the promotion and execution of what, by a state or its agents?
A1: policies
Q2: Harff and Gurr further defined what in terms of ethnicity, religion or nationality?
A2: victimized groups
Q3: What was important to Harff and Gurr to distinguish from genocides?
A3: politicides
Q4: Along with ethnicity and and religion, what other characteristic defined a member of a victimized group?
A4: nationality
Q5: What did Harff define as "short-lived outbursts by mobs...?"
A5: pogroms
Title: A_cappella
Topic: Music

Barbershop music is one of several uniquely American art forms. The earliest reports of this style of a cappella music involved African Americans. The earliest documented quartets all began in barbershops. In 1938, the first formal men's barbershop organization was formed, known as the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America (S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A), and in 2004 rebranded itself and officially changed its public name to the Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS). Today the BHS has over 22,000 members in approximately 800 chapters across the United States, and the barbershop style has spread around the world with organizations in many other countries. The Barbershop Harmony Society provides a highly organized competition structure for a cappella quartets and choruses singing in the barbershop style.

Q1: What type of a cappella music is specific to American culture?
A1: Barbershop music
Q2: What did the a cappella organization founded in 1938 change its name to in 2004?
A2: Barbershop Harmony Society
Q3: How many people currently have membership to the BHS?
A3: over 22,000
Q4: What racial group was primarily involved in babershop a cappella in its earliest days?
A4: African Americans
Q5: What were the initials of the BHS before it changes its name in 2004?
A5: S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barcelona is one of the most supported teams in the world, and has the largest social media following in the world among sports teams. Barcelona's players have won a record number of Ballon d'Or awards (11), as well as a record number of FIFA World Player of the Year awards (7). In 2010, the club made history when three players who came through its youth academy (Messi, Iniesta and Xavi) were chosen as the three best players in the world in the FIFA Ballon d'Or awards, an unprecedented feat for players from the same football school.

Q1: Which sports team has the world's largest social media following?
A1: Barcelona
Q2: How Ballon d'Or awards have members of the Barcelona team won?
A2: 11
Q3: How amny FIFA World Player of the Year have members of FC Barcelona won?
A3: 7
Q4: How amny of Barcelona's players were picked as the three best players of the year in 2010?
A4: three
Q5: Where did Messi, Iniesta and Xavi learn their football in Barcelona?
A5: youth academy
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barcelona is one of three founding members of the Primera División that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first Spanish club to win the continental treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the UEFA Champions League, and also became the first football club to win six out of six competitions in a single year, completing the sextuple in also winning the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In 2011, the club became European champions again and won five trophies. This Barcelona team, which reached a record six consecutive Champions League semi-finals and won 14 trophies in just four years under Pep Guardiola, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time. In June 2015, Barcelona became the first European club in history to achieve the continental treble twice.

Q1: Besides Barcelona and Real Madrid, what other team has remained in the Primera Division?
A1: Athletic Bilbao
Q2: What series of wins did Barcelona achieve in 2009?
A2: continental treble
Q3: How many competition wins did Barcelona have in 2011?
A3: five
Q4: When was Barcelona able to win the continental treble for the second time?
A4: June 2015
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barcelona is the only European club to have played continental football every season since 1955, and one of three clubs to have never been relegated from La Liga, along with Athletic Bilbao and Real Madrid. In 2009, Barcelona became the first club in Spain to win the treble consisting of La Liga, Copa del Rey, and the Champions League. That same year, it also became the first football club ever to win six out of six competitions in a single year, thus completing the sextuple, comprising the aforementioned treble and the Spanish Super Cup, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. In the 2014–15 season, Barcelona won another historic treble, making them the first club in European football to win the treble twice.

Q1: When did Barcelona become the first Spanish team to win the treble competitions?
A1: 2009
Q2: In 2009 Barcelona became the first team to win six of six competitions in what span of time?
A2: single year
Q3: What European football team has won the treble twice?
A3: Barcelona
Q4: During which football season did Barcelona win its second treble?
A4: 2014–15
Q5: What team has played continental football every season since 1955?
A5: Barcelona
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barcelona won the treble in the 2014–2015 season, winning La Liga, Copa del Rey and UEFA Champions League titles, and became the first European team to have won the treble twice. On 17 May, the club clinched their 23rd La Liga title after defeating Atlético Madrid. This was Barcelona's seventh La Liga title in the last ten years. On 30 May, the club defeated Athletic Bilbao in the Copa del Rey final at Camp Nou. On 6 June, Barcelona won the UEFA Champions League final with a 3–1 win against Juventus, which completed the treble, the club's second in 6 years. Barcelona's attacking trio of Messi, Suárez and Neymar, dubbed MSN, scored 122 goals in all competitions, the most in a season for an attacking trio in Spanish football history.

Q1: What team has won the treble competitions  twice?
A1: Barcelona
Q2: What competition did Barcelona win on May 17 of the 2014-15 season?
A2: La Liga
Q3: What team did Barcelona defeat to win their 23rd La Liga title?
A3: Atlético Madrid
Q4: What have the trio of players , Messi, Suarez, and Neymar been called?
A4: MSN
Q5: How many total goals have the trio MSN  scored in the 2014-15 season?
A5: 122
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

Baronial unrest in England prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition, and only a smaller force under William Longespée deployed to Poitou. In 1206 John departed for Poitou himself, but was forced to divert south to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile. After a successful campaign against Alfonso, John headed north again, taking the city of Angers. Philip moved south to meet John; the year's campaigning ended in stalemate and a two-year truce was made between the two rulers.

Q1: What prevented the departure of the planned 1205 expedition?
A1: Baronial unrest in England
Q2: When did Poitou depart?
A2: 1206
Q3: Why did John divert south?
A3: to counter a threat to Gascony from Alfonso VIII of Castile
Q4: Why did Philip move south?
A4: to meet John
Title: Classical_music
Topic: Music

Baroque instruments included some instruments from the earlier periods (e.g., the hurdy-gurdy and recorder) and a number of new instruments (e.g, the cello, contrabass and fortepiano). Some instruments from previous eras fell into disuse, such as the shawm and the wooden cornet. The key Baroque instruments for strings included the violin, viol, viola, viola d'amore, cello, contrabass, lute, theorbo (which often played the basso continuo parts), mandolin, cittern, Baroque guitar, harp and hurdy-gurdy. Woodwinds included the Baroque flute, Baroque oboe, rackett, recorder and the bassoon. Brass instruments included the cornett, natural horn, Baroque trumpet, serpent and the trombone. Keyboard instruments included the clavichord, tangent piano, the fortepiano (an early version of the piano), the harpsichord and the pipe organ. Percussion instruments included the timpani, snare drum, tambourine and the castanets.

Q1: The cello, contrabrass and fortepiano were new instruments during what period?
A1: Baroque
Q2: What happened to the shawn and the wooden cornet during the Baroque period?
A2: fell into disuse
Q3: The timpani ans castanets are what type of instrument?
A3: Percussion
Q4: The serpent is what type of instrument?
A4: Brass
Q5: Which string instrument often played the basso continuo parts?
A5: theorbo
Title: Classical_music
Topic: Music

Baroque music is characterized by the use of complex tonal counterpoint and the use of a basso continuo, a continuous bass line. Music became more complex in comparison with the songs of earlier periods. The beginnings of the sonata form took shape in the canzona, as did a more formalized notion of theme and variations. The tonalities of major and minor as means for managing dissonance and chromaticism in music took full shape.

Q1: Basso continuo and complex tonal counterpoint characterize what type of music? 
A1: Baroque
Q2: What does basso continuo mean? 
A2: a continuous bass line
Q3: What did music become during the Baroque era  in comparison with earlier periods?
A3: more complex
Q4: What form began to take shape during the Baroque era? 
A4: the sonata form
Q5: Major and minor what are means for managing dissonance and chromaticism?
A5: tonalities
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barça beat Athletic Bilbao 4–1 in the 2009 Copa del Rey Final, winning the competition for a record-breaking 25th time. A historic 2–6 victory against Real Madrid followed three days later and ensured that Barcelona became La Liga champions for the 2008–09 season. Barça finished the season by beating the previous year's Champions League winners Manchester United 2–0 at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome to win their third Champions League title and completed the first ever treble won by a Spanish team. The team went on to win the 2009 Supercopa de España against Athletic Bilbao and the 2009 UEFA Super Cup against Shakhtar Donetsk, becoming the first European club to win both domestic and European Super Cups following a treble. In December 2009, Barcelona won the 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, and became the first football club ever to accomplish the sextuple. Barcelona accomplished two new records in Spanish football in 2010 as they retained the La Liga trophy with 99 points and won the Spanish Super Cup trophy for a ninth time.

Q1: How many times did Barcelona win the Copa del Rey?
A1: 25
Q2: What team did Barcelona beat to win La Liga for the 2008-09 season?
A2: Real Madrid
Q3: What team did Barcelona beat to win 2008-09 Champions League title?
A3: Manchester United
Q4: Which Spanish team did Barcelona defeat to win the Supercopa de Espana?
A4: Athletic Bilbao
Q5: When Barcelona won 2009 FIFA Club World Cup, what first time feat did they accomplish?
A5: sextuple
Title: FC_Barcelona
Topic: Sports and recreation

Barça's local rival has always been Espanyol. Blanc-i-blaus, being one of the clubs granted royal patronage, was founded exclusively by Spanish football fans, unlike the multinational nature of Barça's primary board. The founding message of the club was clearly anti-Barcelona, and they disapprovingly saw FC Barcelona as a team of foreigners. The rivalry was strengthened by what Catalonians saw as a provocative representative of Madrid. Their original ground was in the affluent district of Sarrià.

Q1: What team is Barcelona's local rival?
A1: Espanyol
Q2: What club was granted royal patronage?
A2: Blanc-i-blaus
Q3: What type of group founded Espanyol?
A3: Spanish football fans
Q4: Of what element of Barcelona's board did Espanyol disapprove?
A4: multinational nature
Q5: Of what does team Espanyol view Barcelona as a team ?
A5: foreigners
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

Based on discoveries made through neural mapping of the limbic system, the neurobiological explanation of human emotion is that emotion is a pleasant or unpleasant mental state organized in the limbic system of the mammalian brain. If distinguished from reactive responses of reptiles, emotions would then be mammalian elaborations of general vertebrate arousal patterns, in which neurochemicals (for example, dopamine, noradrenaline, and serotonin) step-up or step-down the brain's activity level, as visible in body movements, gestures and postures. Emotions can likely be mediated by pheromones (see fear).

Q1: What system was examined to develop the neurobiological explanation of human emotion?
A1: limbic
Q2: What classification of chemicals do dopamine, serotonin and noradrenaline belong to?
A2: neurochemicals
Q3: What chemicals may mediate emotions?
A3: pheromones
Q4: Reactive responses are present in the brains of what animals?
A4: reptiles
Q5: The neurobiological explanation is specific to what types of brains?
A5: mammalian
Title: Film_speed
Topic: Engineering and technology

Based on earlier research work by Loyd Ancile Jones (1884–1954) of Kodak and inspired by the systems of Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values, the American Standards Association (now named ANSI) defined a new method to determine and specify film speeds of black-and-white negative films in 1943. ASA Z38.2.1-1943 was revised in 1946 and 1947 before the standard grew into ASA PH2.5-1954. Originally, ASA values were frequently referred to as American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers. (See also: Exposure Index (EI).)

Q1: Who pioneered research that led to the new ANSI values?
A1: Loyd Ancile Jones
Q2: What standards were the ANSI developed from?
A2: Weston film speed ratings and General Electric film values
Q3: What types of film did the ANSI measure?
A3: black-and-white negative films
Q4: When did the ANSI define its new measure?
A4: 1943
Q5: What were ANSI values often called in the beginning?
A5: American standard speed numbers or ASA exposure-index numbers
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Based on earlier transmitted reports, in the year 632, after the demise of Muhammad a number of his companions who knew the Quran by heart were killed in a battle by Musaylimah, the first caliph Abu Bakr (d. 634) decided to collect the book in one volume so that it could be preserved. Zayd ibn Thabit (d. 655) was the person to collect the Quran since "he used to write the Divine Inspiration for Allah's Apostle". Thus, a group of scribes, most importantly Zayd, collected the verses and produced a hand-written manuscript of the complete book. The manuscript according to Zayd remained with Abu Bakr until he died. Zayd's reaction to the task and the difficulties in collecting the Quranic material from parchments, palm-leaf stalks, thin stones and from men who knew it by heart is recorded in earlier narratives. After Abu Bakr, Hafsa bint Umar, Muhammad's widow, was entrusted with the manuscript. In about 650, the third Caliph Uthman ibn Affan (d. 656) began noticing slight differences in pronunciation of the Quran as Islam expanded beyond the Arabian Peninsula into Persia, the Levant, and North Africa. In order to preserve the sanctity of the text, he ordered a committee headed by Zayd to use Abu Bakr's copy and prepare a standard copy of the Quran. Thus, within 20 years of Muhammad's death, the Quran was committed to written form. That text became the model from which copies were made and promulgated throughout the urban centers of the Muslim world, and other versions are believed to have been destroyed. The present form of the Quran text is accepted by Muslim scholars to be the original version compiled by Abu Bakr.

Q1: Which caliph decided to preserve the Quran as a single book after some of Muhammad's companions were killed in battle?
A1: Abu Bakr
Q2: Which scribe led the production of the first written Quran?
A2: Zayd ibn Thabit
Q3: In which year did Abu Bakr die?
A3: 634
Q4: Who took possession of the first Quran manuscript after Abu Bakr?
A4: Hafsa bint Umar
Q5: Which caliph ordered the Quran manuscript copied and standardized?
A5: Uthman ibn Affan
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Based on experience with German strategic bombing during World War I against the United Kingdom, the British government estimated after the war that 50 casualties— with about one third killed— would result for every tonne of bombs dropped on London. The estimate of tonnes of bombs an enemy could drop per day grew as aircraft technology advanced, from 75 in 1922, to 150 in 1934, to 644 in 1937. That year the Committee on Imperial Defence estimated that an attack of 60 days would result in 600,000 dead and 1,200,000 wounded. News reports of the Spanish Civil War, such as the bombing of Barcelona, supported the 50-casualties-per-tonne estimate. By 1938 experts generally expected that Germany would attempt to drop as much as 3,500 tonnes in the first 24 hours of war and average 700 tonnes a day for several weeks. In addition to high explosive and incendiary bombs the enemy would possibly use poison gas and even bacteriological warfare, all with a high degree of accuracy. In 1939 military theorist Basil Liddell-Hart predicted that 250,000 deaths and injuries in Britain could occur in the first week of war.

Q1: How many casualties did the British government estimate for every ton of bombs dropped?
A1: 50
Q2: As technology increased what was the amount of bombs that could be dropped in 1937 per day? 
A2: 644
Q3: What committee estimated that 60 days of attacks would result in 600,000 deaths?
A3: Imperial Defence
Q4: How many tons did experts expect Germany to drop in the first 24 hours of the war?
A4: 3,500
Q5: Who was the military theorist in 1939 who said 250,000 deaths and injury could occur in the first week of war in Britian?
A5: Basil Liddell-Hart
Title: Bird
Topic: Natural sciences

Based on fossil and biological evidence, most scientists accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs, and more specifically, they are members of Maniraptora, a group of theropods which includes dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids, among others. As scientists have discovered more theropods closely related to birds, the previously clear distinction between non-birds and birds has become blurred. Recent discoveries in the Liaoning Province of northeast China, which demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs, contribute to this ambiguity.

Q1: What evidence leads most scientists to accept that birds are a specialized subgroup of theropod dinosaurs?
A1: fossil and biological evidence
Q2: What is a group of theropods which include dromaeosaurs and oviraptorids?
A2: Maniraptora
Q3: Recent discoveries in what country demonstrate many small theropod feathered dinosaurs.
A3: China
Title: Chinese_characters
Topic: Language and literature

Based on studies of these bronze inscriptions, it is clear that, from the Shang dynasty writing to that of the Western Zhou and early Eastern Zhou, the mainstream script evolved in a slow, unbroken fashion, until assuming the form that is now known as seal script in the late Eastern Zhou in the state of Qin, without any clear line of division. Meanwhile, other scripts had evolved, especially in the eastern and southern areas during the late Zhou dynasty, including regional forms, such as the gǔwén ("ancient forms") of the eastern Warring States preserved as variant forms in the Han dynasty character dictionary Shuowen Jiezi, as well as decorative forms such as bird and insect scripts.

Q1: What has evolved over time?
A1: scripts
Q2: What type of forms are bird and insect scripts considered?
A2: decorative
Q3: What is guwen considered as?
A3: ancient forms
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

Based on the similar shifts underway the nation's economy after 1960, Philadelphia experienced a loss of manufacturing companies and jobs to lower taxed regions of the USA and often overseas. As a result, the economic base of Philadelphia, which had historically been manufacturing, declined significantly. In addition, consolidation in several American industries (retailing, financial services and health care in particular) reduced the number of companies headquartered in Philadelphia. The economic impact of these changes would reduce Philadelphia's tax base and the resources of local government. Philadelphia struggled through a long period of adjustment to these economic changes, coupled with significant demographic change as wealthier residents moved into the nearby suburbs and more immigrants moved into the city. The city in fact approached bankruptcy in the late 1980s. Revitalization began in the 1990s, with gentrification turning around many neighborhoods and reversing its decades-long trend of population loss.

Q1: What was the historical economic base of Philadelphia?
A1: manufacturing
Q2: When did the city near bankruptcy?
A2: late 1980s
Q3: Where did wealthy residents move?
A3: suburbs
Q4: Who replaced the wealthy?
A4: immigrants
Title: Steven_Spielberg
Topic: Media and drama

Based on the strength of his work, Universal signed Spielberg to do four TV films. The first was a Richard Matheson adaptation called Duel. The film is about a psychotic Peterbilt 281 tanker truck driver who chases the terrified driver (Dennis Weaver) of a small Plymouth Valiant and tries to run him off the road. Special praise of this film by the influential British critic Dilys Powell was highly significant to Spielberg's career. Another TV film (Something Evil) was made and released to capitalize on the popularity of The Exorcist, then a major best-selling book which had not yet been released as a film. He fulfilled his contract by directing the TV film-length pilot of a show called Savage, starring Martin Landau. Spielberg's debut full-length feature film was The Sugarland Express, about a married couple who are chased by police as the couple tries to regain custody of their baby. Spielberg's cinematography for the police chase was praised by reviewers, and The Hollywood Reporter stated that "a major new director is on the horizon.":223 However, the film fared poorly at the box office and received a limited release.

Q1: How many TV films did Universal sign Spielbergo to direct?
A1: four
Q2: What British critic helped boost Steven Spielberg's career?
A2: Dilys Powell
Q3: Who starred in the TV show "Savage"?
A3: Martin Landau
Q4: How did Steven Spielberg's film "The Sugarland Express" do in the box office?
A4: poorly
Q5: What were the married couple in Steven Spielberg's film "The Sugarland Express" trying to regain?
A5: custody of their baby
Q6: How many TV movies was Spielberg signed to direct?
A6: four
Q7: What kind of truck was 'Duel' about?
A7: Peterbilt 281 tanker
Q8: Which British critic praised 'Duel'?
A8: Dilys Powell
Q9: Which TV film Spielberg directed played off 'The Exorcist'?
A9: Something Evil
Q10: Who starred in 'Savage'/
A10: Martin Landau
Title: Diarrhea
Topic: Natural sciences

Basic sanitation techniques can have a profound effect on the transmission of diarrheal disease. The implementation of hand washing using soap and water, for example, has been experimentally shown to reduce the incidence of disease by approximately 42–48%. Hand washing in developing countries, however, is compromised by poverty as acknowledged by the CDC: "Handwashing is integral to disease prevention in all parts of the world; however, access to soap and water is limited in a number of less developed countries. This lack of access is one of many challenges to proper hygiene in less developed countries." Solutions to this barrier require the implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours.

Q1: What has had major effects on the transmission of diarrheal diseases?
A1: Basic sanitation techniques
Q2: How much does hand washing reduce the chances of disease?
A2: approximately 42–48%
Q3: Why do developing countries not wash their hands as much as other countries?
A3: access to soap and water is limited
Q4: What is a solution to help this problem?
A4: implementation of educational programs that encourage sanitary behaviours
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Basically, race in Brazil was "biologized", but in a way that recognized the difference between ancestry (which determines genotype) and phenotypic differences. There, racial identity was not governed by rigid descent rule, such as the one-drop rule, as it was in the United States. A Brazilian child was never automatically identified with the racial type of one or both parents, nor were there only a very limited number of categories to choose from, to the extent that full siblings can pertain to different racial groups.

Q1: What country was race "Biologized" in?
A1: Brazil
Q2: What wasn't racial identity governed by in Brazil?
A2: rigid descent rule
Q3: What were Brazillian children never automatically identified with the type of?
A3: racial
Q4: What may full siblings belong to?
A4: different racial groups
Q5: What determines genotype?
A5: ancestry
Title: Estonia
Topic: Geography and places

Basketball is also a notable sport in Estonia. Estonia national basketball team previously participated in 1936 Summer Olympics, appeared in EuroBasket four times. Estonia national team also qualified to EuroBasket 2015, which will be held in Ukraine. BC Kalev/Cramo, which participates in EuroCup, is the most recent Korvpalli Meistriliiga winner after becoming champion of the league for the 6th time. Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in EuroChallenge, is the second strongest Estonian basketball club, previously winning Korvpalli Meistriliiga 22 times. Six Estonian basketball clubs participates in Baltic Basketball League.

Q1: What year did Estonia's basketball team first compete in the Summer Olympics
A1: 1936
Q2: How many instances has Estonia appeared in the EuroBasket tournament?
A2: four
Q3: Which Estonian football club competes in the EuroCup?
A3: BC Kalev/Cramo
Q4: What is the name of second best basketball club in Estonia?
A4: Tartu Ülikool/Rock
Q5: How many Estonian teams are in the Baltic Basketball League?
A5: Six
Title: Brigham_Young_University
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Bateman was responsible for the building of 36 new buildings for the university both on and off campus, including the expansion of the Harold B. Lee Library. He was also one of several key college leaders who brought about the creation of the Mountain West Conference, which BYU's athletics program joined — BYU previously participated in the Western Athletic Conference. A BYU satellite TV network also opened in 2000 under his leadership. Bateman was also president during the September 11th attacks in 2001. The planes crashed on a Tuesday, hours before the weekly devotional normally held at BYU. Previous plans for the devotional were altered, as Bateman led the student body in a prayer for peace. Bateman was followed by Cecil O. Samuelson in 2003. Samuelson was succeeded by Kevin J Worthen in 2014.

Q1: What infamous event occurred during Bateman's term as president?
A1: the September 11th attacks
Q2: What was the name of the event the athletic program was involved with prior to the Mountain West Conference?
A2: the Western Athletic Conference
Q3: In what year did the school begin a BYU television network?
A3: 2000
Q4: Who replaced Bateman's successor?
A4: Kevin J Worthen
Q5: What type of BYU TV network opened in 2000 under Pres. Merrill J. Bateman?
A5: satellite
Q6: What did Pres. Bateman replace a scheduled devotial to do following the Sept. 11th, 2001 attacks?
A6: led the student body in a prayer for peace
Q7: What library was Pres. Bateman responsible for expanding?
A7: Harold B. Lee Library
Q8: What did BYU's athletic program join under Pres. Bateman?
A8: the Mountain West Conference
Q9: Which did BYU's athletic program belong to before joining the Mountain West Conference?
A9: the Western Athletic Conference
Title: Somerset
Topic: Geography and places

Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath, and the Somerset County Cricket Club are based at the County Ground in Taunton. The county gained its first Football League club in 2003, when Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions. They had achieved numerous FA Cup victories over football League sides in the past 50 years, and since joining the elite they have won promotion again—as League Two champions in 2005. They came close to yet another promotion in 2007, when they reached the League One playoff final, but lost to Blackpool at the newly reopened Wembley Stadium. Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final. Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton.

Q1: Where does the rugby team play 
A1: Bath Rugby play at the Recreation Ground in Bath
Q2: The county's first football team is 
A2: Yeovil Town won promotion to Division Three as Football Conference champions
Q3: When did yeovil achieve promotion to the champion league 
A3: Yeovil achieved promotion to the Championship in 2013 after beating Brentford in the playoff final
Q4: Where are the horse races held 
A4: Horse racing courses are at Taunton and Wincanton
Title: Melbourne
Topic: Geography and places

Batman's Treaty with the Aborigines was annulled by the New South Wales governor (who at the time governed all of eastern mainland Australia), with compensation paid to members of the association. In 1836, Governor Bourke declared the city the administrative capital of the Port Phillip District of New South Wales, and commissioned the first plan for the city, the Hoddle Grid, in 1837. The settlement was named Batmania after Batman. However, later that year the settlement was named "Melbourne" after the British Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, whose seat was Melbourne Hall in the market town of Melbourne, Derbyshire. On 13 April 1837 the settlement's general post office officially opened with that name.

Q1: In what year was the first plan for the city commissioned?
A1: 1837
Q2: What was the first plan for the city in 1837 called?
A2: the Hoddle Grid
Q3: On what date did the official general post office open?
A3: 13 April 1837
Q4: What was the settlement originally named?
A4: Batmania
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

Batteries are usually grouped into battalions or equivalent. In the field army a light gun or SHORAD battalion is often assigned to a manoeuvre division. Heavier guns and long-range missiles may be in air-defence brigades and come under corps or higher command. Homeland air defence may have a full military structure. For example, the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command, commanded by a full British Army general was part of ADGB. At its peak in 1941–42 it comprised three AA corps with 12 AA divisions between them.

Q1: How are batteries typically grouped?
A1: into battalions
Q2: What type of battalion is normally tasked to a manoeuvre division in the field army?
A2: light gun or SHORAD
Q3: Which military section could have a full military structure?
A3: Homeland air defence
Q4: Who commanded the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
A4: a full British Army general
Q5: How many corps was the UK's Anti-Aircraft Command?
A5: three AA corps
Title: Canadian_Armed_Forces
Topic: Warfare

Battles which are particularly notable to the Canadian military include the Battle of Vimy Ridge, the Dieppe Raid, the Battle of Ortona, the Battle of Passchendaele, the Normandy Landings, the Battle for Caen, the Battle of the Scheldt, the Battle of Britain, the Battle of the Atlantic, the strategic bombing of German cities, and more recently the Battle of Medak Pocket, in Croatia.

Q1: What famous World War II battle was the Canadian Military part of?
A1: the Normandy Landings
Q2: What effort was the Canadian Military known for in Germany?
A2: the strategic bombing of German cities
Q3: What Battle in France was the Canadian Military known for?
A3: the Battle of Vimy Ridge
Q4: What country was the latest Canadian Military effort?
A4: Croatia
Title: Czech_language
Topic: Language and literature

Because Czech uses grammatical case to convey word function in a sentence (instead of relying on word order, as English does), its word order is flexible. As a pro-drop language, in Czech an intransitive sentence can consist of only a verb; information about its subject is encoded in the verb. Enclitics (primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns) must appear in the second syntactic slot of a sentence, after the first stressed unit. The first slot must contain a subject and object, a main form of a verb, an adverb or a conjunction (except for the light conjunctions a, "and", i, "and even" or ale, "but").

Q1: Czech's word order is flexible because it uses what to convey word function in a sentence?
A1: grammatical case
Q2: In Czech an intransitive sentence may consist of only what?
A2: a verb
Q3: What is encoded about a subject in verbs in Czech?
A3: information
Q4: What is a hard to pronounce and remember term meaning primarily auxiliary verbs and pronouns?
A4: Enclitics
Q5: Where must enclitics appear in a sentence?
A5: second syntactic slot
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

Because exposure to media has increased over the past decade, adolescents' utilization of computers, cell phones, stereos and televisions to gain access to various mediums of popular culture has also increased. Almost all American households have at least one television, more than three-quarters of all adolescents' homes have access to the Internet, and more than 90% of American adolescents use the Internet at least occasionally. As a result of the amount of time adolescents spend using these devices, their total media exposure is high. In the last decade, the amount of time that adolescents spend on the computer has greatly increased. Online activities with the highest rates of use among adolescents are video games (78% of adolescents), email (73%), instant messaging (68%), social networking sites (65%), news sources (63%), music (59%), and videos (57%).

Q1: What percentage of adolescent homes have access to the internet?
A1: more than three-quarters
Q2: What percentage of adolescents use the internet at least occasionally?
A2: 90%
Q3: In the last decade, has the amount oftime adolescents spend on the computer increased or dereased?
A3: greatly increased
Q4: What percentage of adolescents report using social networking sites?
A4: (65%)
Q5: What online activity has the largest number of reported adolescent particpation?
A5: video games