LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

Uranium was also used in photographic chemicals (especially uranium nitrate as a toner), in lamp filaments for stage lighting bulbs, to improve the appearance of dentures, and in the leather and wood industries for stains and dyes. Uranium salts are mordants of silk or wool. Uranyl acetate and uranyl formate are used as electron-dense "stains" in transmission electron microscopy, to increase the contrast of biological specimens in ultrathin sections and in negative staining of viruses, isolated cell organelles and macromolecules.

Q1: What product of uranium was used as toner?
A1: nitrate
Q2: Along with uranyl formate, what product of uranium is used in transmission electron microscopy?
A2: Uranyl acetate
Q3: What light bulbs use lamp filaments containing uranium?
A3: stage
Q4: Along with leather, what industry uses uranium in dyes and stains?
A4: wood
Q5: In addition to wool, what is uranium salt a mordant of?
A5: silk
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

Uranium's average concentration in the Earth's crust is (depending on the reference) 2 to 4 parts per million, or about 40 times as abundant as silver. The Earth's crust from the surface to 25 km (15 mi) down is calculated to contain 1017 kg (2×1017 lb) of uranium while the oceans may contain 1013 kg (2×1013 lb). The concentration of uranium in soil ranges from 0.7 to 11 parts per million (up to 15 parts per million in farmland soil due to use of phosphate fertilizers), and its concentration in sea water is 3 parts per billion.

Q1: How many times more abundant than silver is uranium in the Earth's crust?
A1: 40
Q2: How many kilograms of uranium may be contained in the oceans?
A2: 1013
Q3: Why is the concentrate of uranium in farmland so high?
A3: phosphate fertilizers
Q4: What is the concentration of uranium in sea water?
A4: 3 parts per billion
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

Uranium-235 was the first isotope that was found to be fissile. Other naturally occurring isotopes are fissionable, but not fissile. On bombardment with slow neutrons, its uranium-235 isotope will most of the time divide into two smaller nuclei, releasing nuclear binding energy and more neutrons. If too many of these neutrons are absorbed by other uranium-235 nuclei, a nuclear chain reaction occurs that results in a burst of heat or (in special circumstances) an explosion. In a nuclear reactor, such a chain reaction is slowed and controlled by a neutron poison, absorbing some of the free neutrons. Such neutron absorbent materials are often part of reactor control rods (see nuclear reactor physics for a description of this process of reactor control).

Q1: What isotope of uranium was the first to be found fissile?
A1: 235
Q2: How many nuclei does uranium-235 usually divide into when bombarded with slow neutrons?
A2: two
Q3: When a nuclear chain reaction in uranium-235 doesn't result in a burst of heat, what does it result in?
A3: an explosion
Q4: What is used to slow a chain reaction in a nuclear reactor?
A4: neutron poison
Q5: What does a neutron poison absorb?
A5: free neutrons
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

Uranium-238 is the most stable isotope of uranium, with a half-life of about 4.468×109 years, roughly the age of the Earth. Uranium-235 has a half-life of about 7.13×108 years, and uranium-234 has a half-life of about 2.48×105 years. For natural uranium, about 49% of its alpha rays are emitted by each of 238U atom, and also 49% by 234U (since the latter is formed from the former) and about 2.0% of them by the 235U. When the Earth was young, probably about one-fifth of its uranium was uranium-235, but the percentage of 234U was probably much lower than this.

Q1: What isotope of uranium has the most stability?
A1: Uranium-238
Q2: About how old is the Earth?
A2: 4.468×109 years
Q3: What is the half-life of uranium-234?
A3: 2.48×105 years
Q4: What fraction of the Earth's uranium was uranium-235 during the Earth's youth?
A4: one-fifth
Q5: What percentage of the alpha rays of natural uranium are emitted by 234U?
A5: 49%
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

Urban AC is a form of AC music geared towards adult African-American audiences, and therefore, the artists that are played on these stations are most often black, such as Des'ree, whose album I Ain't Movin' was massively popular amongst both African American audience as well as the wider national audience.

Q1: What age group is Urban AC focused towards?
A1: adult
Q2: What race is the target demographic of Urban AC radio?
A2: African-American
Q3: Who is an example of an artist played on Urban AC format radio stations?
A3: Des'ree
Q4: What is the name of the popular album released by Des'ree?
A4: I Ain't Movin'
Q5: What is the ethnicity of artists commonly played on urban adult contemporary radio?
A5: black
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Urban anthropology is concerned with issues of urbanization, poverty, and neoliberalism. Ulf Hannerz quotes a 1960s remark that traditional anthropologists were "a notoriously agoraphobic lot, anti-urban by definition". Various social processes in the Western World as well as in the "Third World" (the latter being the habitual focus of attention of anthropologists) brought the attention of "specialists in 'other cultures'" closer to their homes. There are two principle approaches in urban anthropology: by examining the types of cities or examining the social issues within the cities. These two methods are overlapping and dependent of each other. By defining different types of cities, one would use social factors as well as economic and political factors to categorize the cities. By directly looking at the different social issues, one would also be studying how they affect the dynamic of the city.

Q1: What division of anthropology is concerned with poverty?
A1: Urban
Q2: Who is fond of quoting a remark from the 1960s?
A2: Ulf Hannerz
Q3: What is a stereotype of traditional anthropologists? 
A3: notoriously agoraphobic
Q4: How many principles approaches are there in urban anthropology?
A4: two
Q5: One would be studying how the dynamic of a city is affected if one were looking directly at different what?
A5: social issues
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Urban heat islands (UHI) are metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than that of the surrounding environment. The higher temperatures are a result of increased absorption of the Solar light by urban materials such as asphalt and concrete, which have lower albedos and higher heat capacities than those in the natural environment. A straightforward method of counteracting the UHI effect is to paint buildings and roads white and plant trees. Using these methods, a hypothetical "cool communities" program in Los Angeles has projected that urban temperatures could be reduced by approximately 3 °C at an estimated cost of US$1 billion, giving estimated total annual benefits of US$530 million from reduced air-conditioning costs and healthcare savings.

Q1: UHI is an abbreviation of what?
A1: Urban heat islands
Q2: A program in Los Angeles believes that with $1 billion, city temperatures could be reduced by approximately how many degrees in Celsius?
A2: 3
Q3: What are the metropolitan areas with higher temperatures than the surrounding areas called?
A3: Urban heat islands
Q4: What materials absorb sunlight and create higher temperatures than natural materials?
A4: asphalt and concrete
Q5: What is a way to reduce the high temperatures created in urban heat islands?
A5: paint buildings and roads white and plant trees
Title: Montevideo
Topic: Geography and places

Uruguay's 1830s were dominated by the confrontation between Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera, the two revolutionary leaders who had fought against the Empire of Brazil under the command of Lavalleja, each of whom had become the caudillo of their respective faction. Politics were divided between Oribe's Blancos ("whites"), represented by the National Party, and Rivera's Colorados ("reds"), represented by the Colorado Party, with each party's name taken from the colour of its emblems. In 1838, Oribe was forced to resign the presidency; he established a rebel army and began a long civil war, the Guerra Grande, which lasted until 1851.

Q1: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought against what empire?
A1: Empire of Brazil
Q2: Manuel Oribe and Fructuoso Rivera fought under whose command?
A2: Lavalleja
Q3: Who represented Oribe's Blancos?
A3: National Party
Q4: Who represented Rivera's Colorados?
A4: Colorado Party
Title: Time
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Uses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past events (e.g., stories, history, chronology), on future events that must be in a predetermined order (e.g., plans, schedules, procedures, timetables), or focused on the observation of past events with the expectation that the events will occur in the future (e.g., processes). The use of a sequence of events occurs in fields as diverse as machines (cam timer), documentaries (Seconds From Disaster), law (choice of law), computer simulation (discrete event simulation), and electric power transmission (sequence of events recorder). A specific example of a sequence of events is the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster.

Q1: Uses of sequences of events include what?
A1: stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables
Q2: What may a sequence of events be used to describe?
A2: processes in science, technology, and medicine
Q3: The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation?
A3: a sequence of events
Q4: What is a specific example of a sequence of events?
A4: the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

Using androphilia and gynephilia can avoid confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people. Psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal explains that androphilia, along with gynephilia, "is needed to overcome immense difficulties in characterizing the sexual orientation of trans men and trans women. For instance, it is difficult to decide whether a trans man erotically attracted to males is a heterosexual female or a homosexual male; or a trans woman erotically attracted to females is a heterosexual male or a lesbian female. Any attempt to classify them may not only cause confusion but arouse offense among the affected subjects. In such cases, while defining sexual attraction, it is best to focus on the object of their attraction rather than on the sex or gender of the subject." Sexologist Milton Diamond writes, "The terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people. This usage is particularly advantageous when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals. These newer terms also do not carry the social weight of the former ones."

Q1: What do the terms andophilia and gynephilia help prevent?
A1: confusion and offense when describing people in non-western cultures, as well as when describing intersex and transgender people
Q2: Why does psychiatrist Anil Aggrawal say androphilia and gynephilia are needed terms?
A2: the affected s
Q3: What can attempting to label members of the LGBT community cause?
A3: confusion
Q4: What does MIlton Diamond say about the terms heterosexual, homosexual, and bisexual?
A4: are better used as adjectives, not nouns, and are better applied to behaviors, not people.
Q5: What advantages do the terms androphilia and gynephilia have?
A5: when discussing the partners of transsexual or intersexed individuals
Title: Tuberculosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Using histological stains on expectorated samples from phlegm (also called "sputum"), scientists can identify MTB under a microscope. Since MTB retains certain stains even after being treated with acidic solution, it is classified as an acid-fast bacillus. The most common acid-fast staining techniques are the Ziehl–Neelsen stain and the Kinyoun stain, which dye acid-fast bacilli a bright red that stands out against a blue background. Auramine-rhodamine staining and fluorescence microscopy are also used.

Q1: What's another word for "sputum"?
A1: phlegm
Q2: One of the two standard acid-fast staining techniques is the Kinyoun stain; what's the other?
A2: Ziehl–Neelsen stain
Q3: What color will acid-fast bacilli become when stained?
A3: bright red
Q4: What's the term for bacillus that can be exposed to acidic solutions without losing their stains?
A4: acid-fast
Q5: If a scientist didn't want to use an acid-fast staining technique, what type of microscopy could they use instead?
A5: fluorescence
Title: Presbyterianism
Topic: History

Usually a Presbyterian church will not have statues of saints, nor the ornate altar more typical of a Roman Catholic church. Instead, one will find a "communion table," usually on the same level as the congregation. There may be a rail between the communion table and the "Chancel" behind it, which may contain a more decorative altar-type table, choir loft, or choir stalls, lectern and clergy area. The altar is called the communion table and the altar area is called the Chancel by Presbyterians. In a Presbyterian (Reformed Church) there may be an altar cross, either on the communion table or on a table in the chancel. By using the "empty" cross, or cross of the resurrection, Presbyterians emphasize the resurrection and that Christ is not continually dying, but died once and is alive for all eternity. Some Presbyterian church buildings are often decorated with a cross that has a circle around the center, or Celtic cross. This not only emphasized the resurrection, but also acknowledges historical aspects of Presbyterianism. A baptismal font will be located either at the entrance or near the chancel area. Presbyterian architecture generally makes significant use of symbolism. You may also find decorative and ornate stained glass windows depicting scenes from the bible. Some Presbyterian churches will also have ornate statues of Christ or Graven Scenes from the Last Supper located behind the Chancel. St. Giles Cathedral ( Church Of Scotland- The Mother Church of Presbyterians) does have a Crucifix next to one of the Pulpits that hangs alongside. The image of Christ is more of faint image and more modern design.

Q1: What did Presbyterian churches have in them?
A1: communion table
Q2: What is the alter called in the Presbyterian church?
A2: communion table
Q3: What is the alter area refered to as in the Presbyterian church?
A3: Chancel
Q4: What is a decorated cross called in a Presbyterian church?
A4: Celtic cross
Q5: What did the Celtic Cross represent?
A5: the resurrection
Title: Federalism
Topic: History

Usually, a federation is formed at two levels: the central government and the regions (states, provinces, territories), and little to nothing is said about second or third level administrative political entities. Brazil is an exception, because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite, encompassing the Union, the States, and the municipalities. Each state is divided into municipalities (municípios) with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito), which are partly autonomous from both Federal and State Government. Each municipality has a "little constitution", called "organic law" (lei orgânica). Mexico is an intermediate case, in that municipalities are granted full-autonomy by the federal constitution and their existence as autonomous entities (municipio libre, "free municipality") is established by the federal government and cannot be revoked by the states' constitutions. Moreover, the federal constitution determines which powers and competencies belong exclusively to the municipalities and not to the constituent states. However, municipalities do not have an elected legislative assembly.

Q1: When is a federation formed?
A1: two levels
Q2: What two levels equal a federation?
A2: the central government and the regions
Q3: Why is Brazil an exception?
A3: because the 1988 Constitution included the municipalities as autonomous political entities making the federation tripartite
Q4: What is each state divided into?
A4: municipalities
Q5: What does each state have their own of?
A5: with their own legislative council (câmara de vereadores) and a mayor (prefeito
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

Usually, the short-term goal of open market operations is to achieve a specific short-term interest rate target. In other instances, monetary policy might instead entail the targeting of a specific exchange rate relative to some foreign currency or else relative to gold. For example, in the case of the United States the Federal Reserve targets the federal funds rate, the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight. The other primary means of conducting monetary policy include: (i) Discount window lending (as lender of last resort); (ii) Fractional deposit lending (changes in the reserve requirement); (iii) Moral suasion (cajoling certain market players to achieve specified outcomes); (iv) "Open mouth operations" (talking monetary policy with the market).

Q1: What is the short term goal of open market operations?
A1: achieve a specific short-term interest rate target
Q2: What does the Federal Reserve target?
A2: federal funds rate
Q3: What is the federal funds rate?
A3: the rate at which member banks lend to one another overnight
Q4: What is the cajoling of certain market players to achieve specified outcomes also known as?
A4: Moral suasion
Q5: What does "open mouth operations" mean?
A5: talking monetary policy with the market
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht. There are regular intercity services to all major Dutch cities; direct services to Schiphol Airport. Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service to (among others) Schiphol Airport, Amsterdam and Rotterdam. International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal. Regular local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations: Utrecht Lunetten, Utrecht Vaartsche Rijn, Utrecht Overvecht, Utrecht Leidsche Rijn, Utrecht Terwijde, Utrecht Zuilen and Vleuten. A former station Utrecht Maliebaan closed in 1939 and has since been converted into the Dutch Railway Museum.

Q1: What is the main railway station 
A1: Utrecht Centraal is the main railway station of Utrecht
Q2: Does the rail station provide 24 hour service
A2: Utrecht Centraal is a station on the night service, providing 7 days a week an all night service
Q3: Are there rail services to Germany 
A3: International InterCityExpress (ICE) services to Germany (and further) through Arnhem call at Utrecht Centraal
Q4: where to regular local trains provide service 
A4: local trains to all areas surrounding Utrecht also depart from Utrecht Centraal; and service several smaller stations
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam. There are several theatres and theatre companies. The 1941 main city theatre was built by Dudok. Besides theatres there is a large number of cinemas including three arthouse cinemas. Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival. The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg (1979 by Herman Hertzberger). Its acoustics are considered among the best of the 20th-century original music halls.[citation needed] The original Vredenburg music hall has been redeveloped as part of the larger station area redevelopment plan and in 2014 has gained additional halls that allowed its merger with the rock club Tivoli and the SJU jazzpodium. There are several other venues for music throughout the city. Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts. There is a specialised museum of automatically playing musical instruments.

Q1: Cultural life in Utrecht is second to 
A1: Utrecht city has an active cultural life, and in the Netherlands is second only to Amsterdam
Q2: What music festival does Utrecht host 
A2: Utrecht is host to the international Early Music Festival (Festival Oude Muziek, for music before 1800) and the Netherlands Film Festival
Q3: What is the name of the music hall 
A3: The city has an important classical music hall Vredenburg
Q4: Where are music students educated 
A4: Young musicians are educated in the conservatory, a department of the Utrecht School of the Arts
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht hosts several large institutions of higher education. The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students (as of 2012). The university is partially based in the inner city as well as in the Uithof campus area, to the east of the city. According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world. Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.

Q1: What is the largest University in the city 
A1: The most prominent of these is Utrecht University (est. 1636), the largest university of the Netherlands with 30,449 students
Q2: what is shanghai jiaotong rated 
A2: According to Shanghai Jiaotong University's university ranking in 2014 it is the 57th best university in the world
Q3: What smaller university is in Utrecht
A3: Utrecht also houses the much smaller University of Humanistic Studies, which houses about 400 students.
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht, which plays in Stadium Nieuw Galgenwaard. It is also the home of Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members), SV Kampong. Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules. Kampong's men and women top hockey squads play in the highest Dutch hockey league, the Rabohoofdklasse.Utrecht is also home to the baseball and Sofball club: UVV which plays in the highest Dutch baseball league: de Hoofdklasse. Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs. Viking is a large club open to the general public, and the student clubs Orca and Triton compete in the Varsity each year.

Q1: What football team is Utrecht home to
A1: Utrecht is home to the premier league (professional) football club FC Utrecht
Q2: What Utrecht waterways host to 
A2: Utrecht's waterways are used by several rowing clubs
Q3: What is kampong 
A3: Kampong, the largest (amateur) sportsclub in the Netherlands (4,500 members)
Q4: What sports does Kampong support 
A4: Kampong features fieldhockey, soccer, cricket, tennis, squash and jeu de boules.
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht is the centre of a densely populated area, which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary. The smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen. It is sometimes argued that the close by municipalities De Bilt, Zeist, Houten, Vianen, Driebergen-Rijsenburg (Utrechtse Heuvelrug), and Bunnik should also be counted towards the Utrecht agglomeration, bringing the total to 640,000 inhabitants. The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants.

Q1: What does the dense population make difficult 
A1: which makes concise definitions of its agglomeration difficult, and somewhat arbitrary.
Q2: Least populates areas of Utrecht 
A2: smaller Utrecht agglomeration of continuously built up areas counts some 420,000 inhabitants and includes Nieuwegein, IJsselstein and Maarssen
Q3: More populated areas include 
A3: The larger region, including slightly more remote towns such as Woerden and Amersfoort counts up to 820,000 inhabitants
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht is well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht: the A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany. Other major motorways in the area are the Almere–Breda A27 and the Utrecht–Groningen A28. Due to the increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants. This has led to a passionate debate in the city about the best way to improve the city's air quality.

Q1: Is Utrecht connected to the Dutch road system
A1: well-connected to the Dutch road network. Two of the most important major roads serve the city of Utrecht:
Q2: What countries do the A12 and A2 connect
A2: A12 and A2 motorways connect Amsterdam, Arnhem, The Hague and Maastricht, as well as Belgium and Germany
Q3: What does traffic elevate 
A3: increasing traffic and the ancient city plan, traffic congestion is a common phenomenon in and around Utrecht, causing elevated levels of air pollutants
Title: Utrecht
Topic: History

Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin. An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m). Nevertheless, some tall buildings are now being constructed that will become part of the skyline of Utrecht. The second tallest building of the city, the Rabobank-tower, was completed in 2010 and stands 105 m (344.49 ft) tall. Two antennas will increase that height to 120 m (393.70 ft). Two other buildings were constructed around the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007). These buildings, the 'Kantoortoren Galghenwert' and 'Apollo Residence', stand 85.5 and 64.5 metres high respectively.

Q1: what dominates the cityscape
A1: Utrecht's cityscape is dominated by the Dom Tower, the tallest belfry in the Netherlands and originally part of the Cathedral of Saint Martin
Q2: What is being debated in Utrecht
A2: An ongoing debate is over whether any building in or near the centre of town should surpass the Dom Tower in height (112 m)
Q3: What is the name of the stadium 
A3: the Nieuw Galgenwaard stadium (2007)
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

VRS services have become well developed nationally in Sweden since 1997 and also in the United States since the first decade of the 2000s. With the exception of Sweden, VRS has been provided in Europe for only a few years since the mid-2000s, and as of 2010 has not been made available in many European Union countries, with most European countries still lacking the legislation or the financing for large-scale VRS services, and to provide the necessary telecommunication equipment to deaf users. Germany and the Nordic countries are among the other leaders in Europe, while the United States is another world leader in the provisioning of VRS services.

Q1: In what European country has VRS services become well developed?
A1: Sweden
Q2: What is one of the reasons why VRS services are not in most European countries?
A2: financing
Q3: What European country is a leader in providing VRS services to its citizens?
A3: Germany
Q4: What country is a world leader in providing VRS services?
A4: United States
Title: Antibiotics
Topic: History

Vaccines rely on immune modulation or augmentation. Vaccination either excites or reinforces the immune competence of a host to ward off infection, leading to the activation of macrophages, the production of antibodies, inflammation, and other classic immune reactions. Antibacterial vaccines have been responsible for a drastic reduction in global bacterial diseases. Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates have been replaced largely by less reactogenic, cell-free vaccines consisting of purified components, including capsular polysaccharides and their conjugates, to protein carriers, as well as inactivated toxins (toxoids) and proteins.

Q1: What do vaccines need to work?
A1: immune modulation or augmentation
Q2: What type of vaccines have saved millions of lives?
A2: Antibacterial vaccines
Q3: What types of vaccines have been phased out?
A3: Vaccines made from attenuated whole cells or lysates
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

Vacuum is space void of matter. The word stems from the Latin adjective vacuus for "vacant" or "void". An approximation to such vacuum is a region with a gaseous pressure much less than atmospheric pressure. Physicists often discuss ideal test results that would occur in a perfect vacuum, which they sometimes simply call "vacuum" or free space, and use the term partial vacuum to refer to an actual imperfect vacuum as one might have in a laboratory or in space. In engineering and applied physics on the other hand, vacuum refers to any space in which the pressure is lower than atmospheric pressure. The Latin term in vacuo is used to describe an object as being in what would otherwise be a vacuum.

Q1: The word Vacuum stems from what Latin adjective?
A1: vacuus
Q2: What does the term used by Physicists, partial vacuum, refer to?
A2: imperfect vacuum
Q3: What is a vacuum?
A3: space void of matter
Q4: What type of pressure is less than atmospheric pressure in a vacuum?
A4: gaseous
Q5: What Latin term is used to describe an object in a vacuum?
A5: in vacuo
Title: Vacuum
Topic: Natural sciences

Vacuum is useful in a variety of processes and devices. Its first widespread use was in the incandescent light bulb to protect the filament from chemical degradation. The chemical inertness produced by a vacuum is also useful for electron beam welding, cold welding, vacuum packing and vacuum frying. Ultra-high vacuum is used in the study of atomically clean substrates, as only a very good vacuum preserves atomic-scale clean surfaces for a reasonably long time (on the order of minutes to days). High to ultra-high vacuum removes the obstruction of air, allowing particle beams to deposit or remove materials without contamination. This is the principle behind chemical vapor deposition, physical vapor deposition, and dry etching which are essential to the fabrication of semiconductors and optical coatings, and to surface science. The reduction of convection provides the thermal insulation of thermos bottles. Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing which is used in freeze drying, adhesive preparation, distillation, metallurgy, and process purging. The electrical properties of vacuum make electron microscopes and vacuum tubes possible, including cathode ray tubes. The elimination of air friction is useful for flywheel energy storage and ultracentrifuges.

Q1: What was the object to use first in widespread manner process of vacuum?
A1: incandescent light bulb
Q2: What is produced by a vacuum and used in electron beam welding and vacuum frying?
A2: chemical inertness
Q3: Hight to ultra-high vacuums removes what obstruction?
A3: obstruction of air,
Q4: How does freeze drying, distillation and metallurgy benefit from a deep vacuum?
A4: Deep vacuum lowers the boiling point of liquids and promotes low temperature outgassing
Q5: What are two things made possible by the electrical properties of vacuum?
A5: electron microscopes and vacuum tubes
Title: Hindu_philosophy
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Vaiśeṣika metaphysical premises are founded on a form of atomism, that the reality is composed of four substances (earth, water, air, fire). Each of these four are of two types: atomic (paramāṇu) and composite. An atom is, according to Vaiśeṣika scholars, that which is indestructible (anitya), indivisible, and has a special kind of dimension, called “small” (aṇu). A composite, in this philosophy, is defined to be anything which is divisible into atoms. Whatever human beings perceive is composite, while atoms are invisible. The Vaiśeṣikas stated that size, form, truths and everything that human beings experience as a whole is a function of atoms, their number and their spatial arrangements, their guṇa (quality), karma (activity), sāmānya (commonness), viśeṣa (particularity) and amavāya (inherence, inseparable connectedness of everything).

Q1: According to Vaisesika philosophy, how many substances comprise reality?
A1: four
Q2: What are the substances of Vaisesika reality?
A2: earth, water, air, fire
Q3: Of what does Vaisesika philosophy say the things are made ?
A3: atoms
Q4: According to Vaisesika what is divisible into atoms?
A4: composite
Q5: What form are atoms in Vaisesika?
A5: invisible
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia (/vəˈlɛnsiə/; Spanish: [baˈlenθja]), or València (Valencian: [vaˈlensia]), is the capital of the autonomous community of Valencia and the third largest city in Spain after Madrid and Barcelona, with around 800,000 inhabitants in the administrative centre. Its urban area extends beyond the administrative city limits with a population of around 1.5 million people. Valencia is Spain's third largest metropolitan area, with a population ranging from 1.7 to 2.5 million. The city has global city status. The Port of Valencia is the 5th busiest container port in Europe and the busiest container port on the Mediterranean Sea.

Q1: What country is Valencia in?
A1: Spain
Q2: What is the population of Valencia's urban area?
A2: 1.5 million
Q3: Where does Valencia rank among Spain's largest cities?
A3: third
Q4: What body of water is Valencia located on?
A4: the Mediterranean Sea
Q5: What is the city of Valencia the capital of?
A5: the autonomous community of Valencia
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia enjoyed strong economic growth over the last decade, much of it spurred by tourism and the construction industry,[citation needed] with concurrent development and expansion of telecommunications and transport. The city's economy is service-oriented, as nearly 84% of the working population is employed in service sector occupations[citation needed]. However, the city still maintains an important industrial base, with 5.5% of the population employed in this sector. Agricultural activities are still carried on in the municipality, even though of relatively minor importance with only 1.9% of the working population and 3973 hectares planted mostly in orchards and citrus groves.

Q1: What is the main type of employment in Valencia?
A1: service sector occupations
Q2: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in industry?
A2: 5.5
Q3: What percentage of Valencia's workers are employed in the agricultural sector?
A3: 1.9
Q4: How much of Valencia's land is used for agriculture?
A4: 3973 hectares
Q5: What are Valencia's agricultural areas mainly planted with?
A5: orchards and citrus groves
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia has experienced a surge in its cultural development during the last thirty years, exemplified by exhibitions and performances at such iconic institutions as the Palau de la Música, the Palacio de Congresos, the Metro, the City of Arts and Sciences (Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències), the Valencian Museum of Enlightenment and Modernity (Museo Valenciano de la Ilustracion y la Modernidad), and the Institute of Modern Art (Instituto Valenciano de Arte Moderno). The various productions of Santiago Calatrava, a renowned structural engineer, architect, and sculptor and of the architect Félix Candela have contributed to Valencia's international reputation. These public works and the ongoing rehabilitation of the Old City (Ciutat Vella) have helped improve the city's livability and tourism is continually increasing.

Q1: During what period has Valencia had a cultural surge?
A1: the last thirty years
Q2: Which structural engineer's work has helped Valencia's reputation?
A2: Santiago Calatrava
Q3: Which architect other than Calatrava has helped Valencia's reputation?
A3: Félix Candela
Q4: What part of Valencia is undergoing improvements?
A4: Old City
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia is a bilingual city: Valencian and Spanish are the two official languages. Spanish is official in all of Spain, whereas Valencian is official in the Valencian Country, as well as in Catalonia and the Balearic Islands, where it receives the name of Catalan. Despite the differentiated denomination, the distinct dialectal traits and political tension between Catalonia and the Valencian Country, Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible and are considered two varieties of the same language.
Valencian has been historically repressed in favour of Spanish. The effects have been more noticeable in the city proper, whereas the language has remained active in the rural and metropolitan areas. After the Castille-Aragon unification, a Spanish-speaking elite established itself in the city. In more recent history, the establishment of Franco's military and administrative apparatus in Valencia further excluded Valencian from public life. Valencian recovered its official status, prestige and use in education after the transition to democracy in 1978. However, due to industrialisation in recent decades, Valencia has attracted immigration from other regions in Spain, and hence there is also a demographic factor for its declining social use. Due to a combination of these reasons, Valencia has become the bastion of anti-Catalan blaverism, which celebrates Valencian as merely folkloric, but rejects the existing standard which was adapted from Catalan orthography.
Spanish is currently the predominant language in the city proper but, thanks to the education system, most Valencians have basic knowledge of both Spanish and Valencian, and either can be used in the city. Valencia is therefore the second biggest Catalan-speaking city after Barcelona. Institutional buildings and streets are named in Valencian. The city is also home to many pro-Valencian political and civil organisations. Furthermore, education entirely in Valencian is offered in more than 70 state-owned schools in the city, as well as by the University of Valencia across all disciplines.

Q1: How many official languages does Valencia have?
A1: two
Q2: What is very similar to Valencian and is considered another variety of the same language?
A2: Catalan
Q3: What language is official in Valencia besides Valencian?
A3: Spanish
Q4: How many schools offer education completely in Valencian?
A4: more than 70
Q5: When did Valencian regain its offical status?
A5: 1978
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia is also internationally famous for its football club, Valencia C.F., which won the Spanish league in 2002 and 2004 (the year it also won the UEFA Cup), for a total of six times, and was a UEFA Champions League runner-up in 2000 and 2001. The team's stadium is the Mestalla; its city rival Levante UD also plays in the highest division after gaining promotion in 2010, their stadium is Estadi Ciutat de València. From the year 2011 there has been a third team in the city, Huracán Valencia, who play their games in Municipal de Manises, in the Segunda División B.

Q1: When did Valencia C.F. win the UEFA Cup?
A1: 2004
Q2: How many times did Valencia C.F. win the Spanish league?
A2: six
Q3: What is Levante UD's stadium?
A3: Estadi Ciutat de València
Q4: In which division does Huracan Valencia play?
A4: Segunda División B
Q5: Where does Huracan Valencia play?
A5: Municipal de Manises
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia stands on the banks of the Turia River, located on the eastern coast of the Iberian Peninsula and the western part of the Mediterranean Sea, fronting the Gulf of Valencia. At its founding by the Romans, it stood on a river island in the Turia, 6.4 km (4 mi) from the sea. The Albufera, a freshwater lagoon and estuary about 11 km (7 mi) south of the city, is one of the largest lakes in Spain. The City Council bought the lake from the Crown of Spain for 1,072,980 pesetas in 1911, and today it forms the main portion of the Parc Natural de l'Albufera (Albufera Nature Reserve), with a surface area of 21,120 hectares (52,200 acres). In 1986, because of its cultural, historical, and ecological value, the Generalitat Valenciana declared it a natural park.

Q1: How far from Valencia is the Albufera?
A1: 11 km
Q2: In what park is the Albufera located?
A2: Parc Natural de l'Albufera
Q3: How far from the sea was Valencia when it was founded?
A3: 6.4 km
Q4: Who founded Valencia?
A4: Romans
Q5: From what entity was the Albufera bought?
A5: Crown of Spain
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia was founded as a Roman colony in 138 BC. The city is situated on the banks of the Turia, on the east coast of the Iberian Peninsula, fronting the Gulf of Valencia on the Mediterranean Sea. Its historic centre is one of the largest in Spain, with approximately 169 hectares; this heritage of ancient monuments, views and cultural attractions makes Valencia one of the country's most popular tourist destinations. Major monuments include Valencia Cathedral, the Torres de Serrans, the Torres de Quart, the Llotja de la Seda (declared a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 1996), and the Ciutat de les Arts i les Ciències (City of Arts and Sciences), an entertainment-based cultural and architectural complex designed by Santiago Calatrava and Félix Candela. The Museu de Belles Arts de València houses a large collection of paintings from the 14th to the 18th centuries, including works by Velázquez, El Greco, and Goya, as well as an important series of engravings by Piranesi. The Institut Valencià d'Art Modern (Valencian Institute of Modern Art) houses both permanent collections and temporary exhibitions of contemporary art and photography.

Q1: When was Valencia's founding?
A1: 138 BC
Q2: On what river is Valencia located?
A2: Turia
Q3: How big is Valencia's historic centre?
A3: 169 hectares
Q4: What Valencian museum contains pieces by Velazquez and other famous artists?
A4: Museu de Belles Arts de València
Q5: What Valencian museum has a photography collection?
A5: Institut Valencià d'Art Modern
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

Valencia's port is the biggest on the Mediterranean western coast, the first of Spain in container traffic as of 2008 and the second of Spain in total traffic, handling 20% of Spain's exports. The main exports are foodstuffs and beverages. Other exports include oranges, furniture, ceramic tiles, fans, textiles and iron products. Valencia's manufacturing sector focuses on metallurgy, chemicals, textiles, shipbuilding and brewing. Small and medium-sized industries are an important part of the local economy, and before the current crisis unemployment was lower than the Spanish average.

Q1: What percentage of Spanish exports does Valencia's port handle?
A1: 20
Q2: Valencia has the largest port on which coast?
A2: Mediterranean western coast
Q3: Where does Valencia's port rank among Spanish ports in terms of total traffic?
A3: second
Q4: What type of fruit is exported from Valencia?
A4: oranges
Title: Catalan_language
Topic: Language and literature

Valencian is classified as a Western dialect, along with the northwestern varieties spoken in Western Catalonia (provinces of Lleida and the western half of Tarragona). The various forms of Catalan and Valencian are mutually intelligible (ranging from 90% to 95%)

Q1: How is Valencian classified?
A1: Western dialect
Q2: What kind of Valencan is spoken in Western Catalonia?
A2: northwestern varieties
Q3: Where are the provinces of Lleida and Tarragona?
A3: Western Catalonia
Q4: What forms are mutually intelligible?
A4: Catalan and Valencian
Q5: What is the percentage of intelligibility between Catalan and Valencian?
A5: 90% to 95%
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Valerian's first religious edict singled out Christianity as a particularly self-interested and subversive foreign cult, outlawed its assemblies and urged Christians to sacrifice to Rome's traditional gods. His second edict acknowledged a Christian threat to the Imperial system – not yet at its heart but close to it, among Rome’s equites and Senators. Christian apologists interpreted his disgraceful capture and death as divine judgement. The next forty years were peaceful; the Christian church grew stronger and its literature and theology gained a higher social and intellectual profile, due in part to its own search for political toleration and theological coherence. Origen discussed theological issues with traditionalist elites in a common Neoplatonist frame of reference – he had written to Decius' predecessor Philip the Arab in similar vein – and Hippolytus recognised a “pagan” basis in Christian heresies. The Christian churches were disunited; Paul of Samosata, Bishop of Antioch was deposed by a synod of 268 for "dogmatic reasons – his doctrine on the human nature of Christ was rejected – and for his lifestyle, which reminded his brethren of the habits of the administrative elite". The reasons for his deposition were widely circulated among the churches. Meanwhile, Aurelian (270-75) appealed for harmony among his soldiers (concordia militum), stabilised the Empire and its borders and successfully established an official, Hellenic form of unitary cult to the Palmyrene Sol Invictus in Rome's Campus Martius.

Q1: What did  Valerian call the Christian religion?
A1: subversive foreign cult
Q2: What Christian events did Valerian outlaw?
A2: assemblies
Q3: To what gods did Valerian tell the Christians to sacrifice?
A3: Rome's traditional
Q4: What did Valerian's second edict call the Christians' presence in the empire?
A4: threat
Q5: What did the Christian church become in the years after Valerian's death?
A5: stronger
Title: Zhejiang
Topic: Geography and places

Valleys and plains are found along the coastline and rivers. The north of the province lies just south of the Yangtze Delta, and consists of plains around the cities of Hangzhou, Jiaxing, and Huzhou, where the Grand Canal of China enters from the northern border to end at Hangzhou. Another relatively flat area is found along the Qu River around the cities of Quzhou and Jinhua. Major rivers include the Qiangtang and Ou Rivers. Most rivers carve out valleys in the highlands, with plenty of rapids and other features associated with such topography. Well-known lakes include the West Lake of Hangzhou and the South Lake of Jiaxing.

Q1: What does the north of the province lie just south of?
A1: the Yangtze Delta
Q2: Where does the Grand Canal of China end?
A2: Hangzhou
Q3: What is a major river of the province in addition to the Qiangtang River?
A3: Ou Rivers
Q4: What is a well-known lake of Hangzhou?
A4: West Lake
Q5: What is a well-known lake of Jiaxing?
A5: South Lake