LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Federalism
Topic: History

Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express powers (also called enumerated powers) which are powers spelled out in the Constitution, including the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce. In addition, the Necessary and Proper Clause gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers. Other powers—the reserved powers—are reserved to the people or the states. The power delegated to the federal government was significantly expanded by the Supreme Court decision in McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), amendments to the Constitution following the Civil War, and by some later amendments—as well as the overall claim of the Civil War, that the states were legally subject to the final dictates of the federal government.

Q1: Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? 
A1: Because the states were preexisting political entities
Q2: What is another word for express powers? 
A2: enumerated powers
Q3: Where can we find express powers?
A3: in the Constitution
Q4: What are the expressed powers? 
A4: the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce.
Q5: What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? 
A5: gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law "necessary and proper" for the execution of its express powers
Title: Genocide
Topic: History

Because the universal acceptance of international laws which in 1948 defined and forbade genocide with the promulgation of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (CPPCG), those criminals who were prosecuted after the war in international courts for taking part in the Holocaust were found guilty of crimes against humanity and other more specific crimes like murder. Nevertheless, the Holocaust is universally recognized to have been a genocide and the term, that had been coined the year before by Raphael Lemkin, appeared in the indictment of the 24 Nazi leaders, Count 3, which stated that all the defendants had "conducted deliberate and systematic genocide—namely, the extermination of racial and national groups..."

Q1: In 1948 the worldwide acceptance of international laws that defined and forbade genocide was promulgated by which treaty?
A1: Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide
Q2: Perpetrators who were tried after World War II were in general found guilty of crimes against what?
A2: humanity
Q3: An example of a more specific genocidal crime of which one could be accused was what?
A3: crimes like murder
Q4: After WWII criminals were largely prosecuted under CPPCG for their involvement in what massive genocidal effort?
A4: the Holocaust
Q5: Who is notable for coining the term "Holocaust?"
A5: Raphael Lemkin
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer contains ethyl alcohol, the same chemical that is present in wine and distilled spirits and as such, beer consumption has short-term psychological and physiological effects on the user. Different concentrations of alcohol in the human body have different effects on a person. The effects of alcohol depend on the amount an individual has drunk, the percentage of alcohol in the beer and the timespan that the consumption took place, the amount of food eaten and whether an individual has taken other prescription, over-the-counter or street drugs, among other factors. Drinking enough to cause a blood alcohol concentration (BAC) of 0.03%-0.12% typically causes an overall improvement in mood and possible euphoria, increased self-confidence and sociability, decreased anxiety, a flushed, red appearance in the face and impaired judgment and fine muscle coordination. A BAC of 0.09% to 0.25% causes lethargy, sedation, balance problems and blurred vision. A BAC from 0.18% to 0.30% causes profound confusion, impaired speech (e.g., slurred speech), staggering, dizziness and vomiting. A BAC from 0.25% to 0.40% causes stupor, unconsciousness, anterograde amnesia, vomiting (death may occur due to inhalation of vomit (pulmonary aspiration) while unconscious and respiratory depression (potentially life-threatening). A BAC from 0.35% to 0.80% causes a coma (unconsciousness), life-threatening respiratory depression and possibly fatal alcohol poisoning. As with all alcoholic drinks, drinking while driving, operating an aircraft or heavy machinery increases the risk of an accident; many countries have penalties against drunk driving.

Q1: What type of alcohol is found in beer?
A1: ethyl alcohol
Q2: How is alcohol measured in the human body?
A2: blood alcohol concentration
Q3: What type of alcohol is found in wine and distilled spirits?
A3: ethyl alcohol
Q4: What is it called when someone dies from inhaling vomit?
A4: pulmonary aspiration
Q5: What could be caused by a 0.80% Blood alcohol content in a human?
A5: fatal alcohol poisoning
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer is composed mostly of water. Regions have water with different mineral components; as a result, different regions were originally better suited to making certain types of beer, thus giving them a regional character. For example, Dublin has hard water well-suited to making stout, such as Guinness; while the Plzeň Region has soft water well-suited to making Pilsner (pale lager), such as Pilsner Urquell. The waters of Burton in England contain gypsum, which benefits making pale ale to such a degree that brewers of pale ales will add gypsum to the local water in a process known as Burtonisation.

Q1: What is the main ingredient in beer?
A1: water
Q2: What type of water is good for making stout beer, like Guinness?
A2: hard water
Q3: What type of water is best for making pale lager?
A3: soft water
Q4: What is the process called when gypsum is added to water?
A4: Burtonisation
Q5: What type of beer benefits most from water that contains gypsum?
A5: pale ale
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer is sold in bottles and cans; it may also be available on draught, particularly in pubs and bars. The brewing industry is a global business, consisting of several dominant multinational companies and many thousands of smaller producers ranging from brewpubs to regional breweries. The strength of beer is usually around 4% to 6% alcohol by volume (abv), although it may vary between 0.5% and 20%, with some breweries creating examples of 40% abv and above. Beer forms part of the culture of beer-drinking nations and is associated with social traditions such as beer festivals, as well as a rich pub culture involving activities like pub crawling, and pub games such as bar billiards.

Q1: What types of containers is beer generally sold in?
A1: bottles and cans
Q2: In addition to bottles and cans, How is beer often sold in bars?
A2: draught
Q3: In general, what is usually the alcohol content in most beer?
A3: around 4% to 6%
Q4: What festivals are a social tradition in many beer drinking countries?
A4: beer festivals,
Q5: What is a pub game that is popular in many beer drinking nations?
A5: bar billiards
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer is the world's most widely consumed and likely the oldest alcoholic beverage; it is the third most popular drink overall, after water and tea. The production of beer is called brewing, which involves the fermentation of starches, mainly derived from cereal grains—most commonly malted barley, although wheat, maize (corn), and rice are widely used. Most beer is flavoured with hops, which add bitterness and act as a natural preservative, though other flavourings such as herbs or fruit may occasionally be included. The fermentation process causes a natural carbonation effect which is often removed during processing, and replaced with forced carbonation. Some of humanity's earliest known writings refer to the production and distribution of beer: the Code of Hammurabi included laws regulating beer and beer parlours, and "The Hymn to Ninkasi", a prayer to the Mesopotamian goddess of beer, served as both a prayer and as a method of remembering the recipe for beer in a culture with few literate people.

Q1: What is most popular alcoholic drink in the world?
A1: Beer
Q2: What is believed to be the oldest alcoholic drinking the world?
A2: Beer
Q3: What is the term used to describe the making beer?
A3: brewing
Q4: What brewing process naturally carbonates beer?
A4: fermentation
Q5: What prayer did people use in Mesopotamia to remember a beer recipe?
A5: The Hymn to Ninkasi
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer ranges from less than 3% alcohol by volume (abv) to around 14% abv, though this strength can be increased to around 20% by re-pitching with champagne yeast, and to 55% abv by the freeze-distilling process. The alcohol content of beer varies by local practice or beer style. The pale lagers that most consumers are familiar with fall in the range of 4–6%, with a typical abv of 5%. The customary strength of British ales is quite low, with many session beers being around 4% abv. Some beers, such as table beer are of such low alcohol content (1%–4%) that they are served instead of soft drinks in some schools.

Q1: What does abv stand for?
A1: alcohol by volume
Q2: What process can cause beer to have a 55% abv?
A2: freeze-distilling
Q3: What is the typical alcohol content of a pale logger?
A3: 5%
Q4: What type of low alcohol beer is sometimes served in school?
A4: table beer
Q5: What percentage of alcohol by volume does beer achieve when it is re-pitched with champagne yeast?
A5: around 20%
Title: Beer
Topic: Agriculture, food, and drink

Beer was spread through Europe by Germanic and Celtic tribes as far back as 3000 BC, and it was mainly brewed on a domestic scale. The product that the early Europeans drank might not be recognised as beer by most people today. Alongside the basic starch source, the early European beers might contain fruits, honey, numerous types of plants, spices and other substances such as narcotic herbs. What they did not contain was hops, as that was a later addition, first mentioned in Europe around 822 by a Carolingian Abbot and again in 1067 by Abbess Hildegard of Bingen.

Q1: What year were hops first believed to be added to beer?
A1: 822
Q2: On what continent were hops first added to beer?
A2: Europe
Q3: What was a Carolingian Abbot credited for adding to beer in 822?
A3: hops
Q4: Who was believed to have added hops to beer in 1067?
A4: Abbess Hildegard
Q5: Where did Abbess Hildegard live?
A5: Bingen
Title: Ashkenazi_Jews
Topic: History

Before 2006, geneticists had largely attributed the ethnogenesis of most of the world's Jewish populations, including Ashkenazi Jews, to Israelite Jewish male migrants from the Middle East and "the women from each local population whom they took as wives and converted to Judaism." Thus, in 2002, in line with this model of origin, David Goldstein, now of Duke University, reported that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities "did not seem to be Middle Eastern", and that each community had its own genetic pattern and even that "in some cases the mitochondrial DNA was closely related to that of the host community." In his view this suggested "that Jewish men had arrived from the Middle East, taken wives from the host population and converted them to Judaism, after which there was no further intermarriage with non-Jews."

Q1: What year did David Goldstein report that unlike male Ashkenazi lineages, the female lineages in Ashkenazi Jewish communities did not seem to be Middle Eastern?
A1: 2002
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Before A.D. 200, residents were building earthwork mounds, which were used for ceremonial and religious purposes. Succeeding peoples, including those of the ancient Mississippian culture established by A.D. 1000 in the Piedmont, continued to build or add onto such mounds. In the 500–700 years preceding European contact, the Mississippian culture built large, complex cities and maintained far-flung regional trading networks. Historically documented tribes in the North Carolina region included the Carolina Algonquian-speaking tribes of the coastal areas, such as the Chowanoke, Roanoke, Pamlico, Machapunga, Coree, Cape Fear Indians, and others, who were the first to encounter the English; Iroquoian-speaking Meherrin, Cherokee and Tuscarora of the interior; and Southeastern Siouan tribes, such as the Cheraw, Waxhaw, Saponi, Waccamaw, and Catawba.[citation needed]

Q1: During what time period did people buid earth mounds used for religious and ceremonial purposes?
A1: Before A.D. 200
Q2: By 1000 AD, what culture of people settled in the Piedmont?
A2: ancient Mississippian culture
Q3: About how many years before European contact did ancient Mississippian culture build large cities?
A3: 500–700 years
Q4: Pamlico and Cape fear indians are examples of what?
A4: Algonquian-speaking tribes
Q5: Where did the Algonquin speaking tribes of North Carolina live?
A5: the coastal areas
Title: Philadelphia
Topic: History

Before Europeans arrived, the Philadelphia area was home to the Lenape (Delaware) Indians in the village of Shackamaxon. The Lenape are a Native American tribe and First Nations band government. They are also called Delaware Indians and their historical territory was along the Delaware River watershed, western Long Island and the Lower Hudson Valley.[a] Most Lenape were pushed out of their Delaware homeland during the 18th century by expanding European colonies, exacerbated by losses from intertribal conflicts. Lenape communities were weakened by newly introduced diseases, mainly smallpox, and violent conflict with Europeans. Iroquois people occasionally fought the Lenape. Surviving Lenape moved west into the upper Ohio River basin. The American Revolutionary War and United States' independence pushed them further west. In the 1860s, the United States government sent most Lenape remaining in the eastern United States to the Indian Territory (present-day Oklahoma and surrounding territory) under the Indian removal policy. In the 21st century, most Lenape now reside in the US state of Oklahoma, with some communities living also in Wisconsin, Ontario (Canada) and in their traditional homelands.

Q1: What native American tribe lived in the area before settlement?
A1: Lenape
Q2: What other tribe occasionally fought against the Lenape?
A2: Iroquois
Q3: What disease killed the most Lenape?
A3: smallpox
Q4: Where did the Lenape go after being pushed out of the Philidelphia area?
A4: upper Ohio River basin
Q5: Where do the Lenape reside today?
A5: Oklahoma
Title: Buckingham_Palace
Topic: Art and architecture

Before Prince Albert's death, the palace was frequently the scene of musical entertainments, and the greatest contemporary musicians entertained at Buckingham Palace. The composer Felix Mendelssohn is known to have played there on three occasions. Johann Strauss II and his orchestra played there when in England. Strauss's "Alice Polka" was first performed at the palace in 1849 in honour of the queen's daughter, Princess Alice. Under Victoria, Buckingham Palace was frequently the scene of lavish costume balls, in addition to the usual royal ceremonies, investitures and presentations.

Q1: The palace frequently hosted which type of events prior to the death of Prince Albert?
A1: musical entertainments
Q2: Which composer played at Buckingham on three occasions?
A2: Felix Mendelssohn
Q3: Which piece of music by Johann Strauss was first performed at Buckingham in honor of Princess Alice?
A3: Alice Polka
Q4: Queen Victoria hosted which type of balls?
A4: lavish costume balls
Q5: Before Prince Albert died what sort of entertainment was held at Buckingham?
A5: musical entertainments
Q6: Which composer played there on three occasions?
A6: Felix Mendelssohn
Q7: Who performed Alice Polka in honor of Princess Alice?
A7: Johann Strauss II
Q8: What type of balls did Queen Victoria hold?
A8: lavish costume balls
Title: Guam
Topic: Geography and places

Before World War II, Guam and three other territories – American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines – were the only American jurisdictions in the Pacific Ocean. On December 7, 1941, hours after the attack on Pearl Harbor, Guam was captured by the Japanese, and was occupied for thirty months. During the occupation, Guamanians were subjected to culture alignment, forced labor, beheadings, rape, and torture. Guam endured hostilities when American forces recaptured the island on July 21, 1944; Liberation Day commemorates the victory. Since the 1960s, the economy is supported by two industries: tourism and the United States Armed Forces.

Q1: Along with Guam, which other territories were in the United States jurisdiction before WWII?
A1: American Samoa, Hawaii, and the Philippines
Q2: What was the date on the attack of Pearl Harbor?
A2: December 7, 1941
Q3: What happened just after the attack on Peal Harbor?
A3: Guam was captured by the Japanese
Q4: How long did the Japanese occupation last?
A4: thirty months
Title: Oklahoma_City
Topic: Geography and places

Before World War II, Oklahoma City developed major stockyards, attracting jobs and revenue formerly in Chicago and Omaha, Nebraska. With the 1928 discovery of oil within the city limits (including under the State Capitol), Oklahoma City became a major center of oil production. Post-war growth accompanied the construction of the Interstate Highway System, which made Oklahoma City a major interchange as the convergence of I-35, I-40 and I-44. It was also aided by federal development of Tinker Air Force Base.

Q1: When was oil discovered in the city limits?
A1: 1928
Q2: What routes used Oklahoma City as a major route change?
A2: I-35, I-40 and I-44
Title: Warsaw_Pact
Topic: History

Before creation of Warsaw Pact, fearing Germany rearmed, Czechoslovak leadership sought to create security pact with East Germany and Poland. These states protested strongly against re-militarization of West Germany. The Warsaw Pact was primarily put in place as a consequence of the rearming of West Germany inside NATO. Soviet leaders, as many European countries in both western and eastern side, feared Germany being once again a military power as a direct threat and German militarism remained a fresh memory among Soviets and Eastern Europeans. As Soviet Union had already bilateral treaties with all of its eastern satellites, the Pact has been long considered 'superfluous', and because of the rushed way in which it was conceived, NATO officials labeled it as a 'cardboard castle'. Previously, in March 1954, the USSR, fearing the restoration of German Militarism in West Germany, requested admission to NATO.

Q1: The formation of the Warsaw Pact was driven by fears of which country rearming itself?
A1: West Germany
Q2: Which country sought NATO admission in response to the fear of German rearmament?
A2: the USSR
Title: Madonna_(entertainer)
Topic: Music

Before emerging as a pop star, Madonna has spent her early years in rock music alongside her bands, Breakfast Club and Emmy. While performing with Emmy, Madonna recorded about 12-14 songs which resemble the punk rock of that period. Her early rock roots also can be found on the demo album Pre-Madonna. Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that with her self-titled debut album, Madonna began her career as a disco diva, in an era that did not have any such divas to speak of. In the beginning of the '80's, disco was an anathema to the mainstream pop, and according to Erlewine, Madonna had a huge role in popularizing dance music as mainstream music. The album's songs reveal several key trends that have continued to define her success, including a strong dance-based idiom, catchy hooks, highly polished arrangements and Madonna's own vocal style. Her second album, Like a Virgin (1984), foreshadowed several trends in her later works. It contained references to classical works (pizzicato synthesizer line that opens "Angel"); potential negative reaction from social groups ("Dress You Up" was blacklisted by the Parents Music Resource Center); and retro styles ("Shoo-Bee-Doo", Madonna's homage to Motown).

Q1: Which genre did Madonna started out in?
A1: rock music
Q2: When performing with Emmy, how many songs did Madonna produce?
A2: 12-14
Q3: Who popularize dance music as mainstream music?
A3: Madonna
Q4: What is Madonna's second album?
A4: Like a Virgin
Title: Queen_(band)
Topic: Music

Before forming Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor had played together in a band named Smile. Freddie Mercury (then known by his birth name of Farrokh "Freddie" Bulsara) was a fan of Smile and encouraged them to experiment with more elaborate stage and recording techniques. Mercury joined the band in 1970, suggested "Queen" as a new band name, and adopted his familiar stage name. John Deacon was recruited prior to recording their eponymous debut album in 1973. Queen first charted in the UK with their second album, Queen II, in 1974, but it was the release of Sheer Heart Attack later that year and A Night at the Opera in 1975 which brought them international success. The latter featured "Bohemian Rhapsody", which stayed at number one in the UK for nine weeks and popularised the music video. Their 1977 album, News of the World, contained "We Will Rock You" and "We Are the Champions", which have become anthems at sporting events. By the early 1980s, Queen were one of the biggest stadium rock bands in the world. Their performance at 1985's Live Aid is ranked among the greatest in rock history by various music publications, with a 2005 industry poll ranking it the best. In 1991, Mercury died of bronchopneumonia, a complication of AIDS, and Deacon retired in 1997. Since then, May and Taylor have occasionally performed together, including with Paul Rodgers (2004–09) and with Adam Lambert (since 2011). In November 2014, Queen released a new album, Queen Forever, featuring vocals from the late Mercury.

Q1: What was the name of Brian May and Roger Taylor's band before Queen?
A1: Smile
Q2: What was the stage name adopted by Farrokh Bulsara?
A2: Freddie Mercury
Q3: What was the name of the album Queen released in 2014?
A3: Queen Forever
Q4: What was the name of Queen's 1977 album?
A4: News of the World
Q5: In what year did Freddie Mercury die?
A5: 1991
Title: Glacier
Topic: Natural sciences

Before glaciation, mountain valleys have a characteristic "V" shape, produced by eroding water. During glaciation, these valleys are widened, deepened, and smoothed, forming a "U"-shaped glacial valley. The erosion that creates glacial valleys eliminates the spurs of earth that extend across mountain valleys, creating triangular cliffs called truncated spurs. Within glacial valleys, depressions created by plucking and abrasion can be filled by lakes, called paternoster lakes. If a glacial valley runs into a large body of water, it forms a fjord.

Q1: What shape do mountain valleys have pre-glacation?
A1: characteristic "V" shape
Q2: What gives mountain vallys their characteristic "V" shape before glacation?
A2: eroding water
Q3: How is a fjord formed?
A3: a glacial valley runs into a large body of water
Q4: What shape do glacial valleys have after being widened by glacation?
A4: "U"-shaped
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Before going to Iberia, Napoleon decided to address several lingering issues with the Russians. At the Congress of Erfurt in October 1808, Napoleon hoped to keep Russia on his side during the upcoming struggle in Spain and during any potential conflict against Austria. The two sides reached an agreement, the Erfurt Convention, that called upon Britain to cease its war against France, that recognized the Russian conquest of Finland from Sweden, and that affirmed Russian support for France in a possible war against Austria "to the best of its ability." Napoleon then returned to France and prepared for war. The Grande Armée, under the Emperor's personal command, rapidly crossed the Ebro River in November 1808 and inflicted a series of crushing defeats against the Spanish forces. After clearing the last Spanish force guarding the capital at Somosierra, Napoleon entered Madrid on 4 December with 80,000 troops. He then unleashed his soldiers against Moore and the British forces. The British were swiftly driven to the coast, and they withdrew from Spain entirely after a last stand at the Battle of Corunna in January 1809.

Q1: At which 1808 meeting did Napoleon attempt to keep the Russians on his side for future conflicts?
A1: the Congress of Erfurt
Q2: In what year was the Congress of Erfurt held?
A2: 1808
Q3: The Erfurt Convention insisted that Britain stop war against which nation?
A3: France
Q4: The Erfurt Convention recognized the Russian takeover of which formerly Swedish possession?
A4: Finland
Q5: When was the Battle of Corunna fought?
A5: January 1809
Title: Textual_criticism
Topic: Language and literature

Before mechanical printing, literature was copied by hand, and many variations were introduced by copyists. The age of printing made the scribal profession effectively redundant. Printed editions, while less susceptible to the proliferation of variations likely to arise during manual transmission, are nonetheless not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph. Instead of a scribe miscopying his source, a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph. Since each scribe or printer commits different errors, reconstruction of the lost original is often aided by a selection of readings taken from many sources. An edited text that draws from multiple sources is said to be eclectic. In contrast to this approach, some textual critics prefer to identify the single best surviving text, and not to combine readings from multiple sources.

Q1: Why are there multiple variations of texts before the advent of the printing press?
A1: literature was copied by hand
Q2: Are printed editions immune to variation?
A2: not immune to introducing variations from an author's autograph
Q3: How do differences in works arise when using a printing press?
A3: a compositor or a printing shop may read or typeset a work in a way that differs from the autograph
Q4: An edited text compiled through many sources is known as what?
A4: eclectic.
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Before printing was widely adopted in the 19th century, the Quran was transmitted in manuscripts made by calligraphers and copyists. The earliest manuscripts were written in Ḥijāzī-type script. The Hijazi style manuscripts nevertheless confirm that transmission of the Quran in writing began at an early stage. Probably in the ninth century, scripts began to feature thicker strokes, which are traditionally known as Kufic scripts. Toward the end of the ninth century, new scripts began to appear in copies of the Quran and replace earlier scripts. The reason for discontinuation in the use of the earlier style was that it took too long to produce and the demand for copies was increasing. Copyists would therefore chose simpler writing styles. Beginning in the 11th century, the styles of writing employed were primarily the naskh, muhaqqaq, rayḥānī and, on rarer occasions, the thuluth script. Naskh was in very widespread use. In North Africa and Spain, the Maghribī style was popular. More distinct is the Bihari script which was used solely in the north of India. Nastaʻlīq style was also rarely used in Persian world.

Q1: Who created Quranic manuscripts before the 19th century?
A1: calligraphers and copyists
Q2: What is the name of the thicker-stroked writing used for the Quran beginning in the 9th century?
A2: Kufic scripts
Q3: Which was the most widely used script by copyists in the 11th century?
A3: naskh
Q4: Where was the Maghribi script most commonly used by Quran copyists?
A4: North Africa and Spain
Q5: Which script was only used to copy the Quran by people in northern India?
A5: Bihari
Title: Canadian_football
Topic: Sports and recreation

Before scrimmage, an official places the ball at the spot it was at the stop of clock, but no nearer than 24 yards from the sideline or 1 yard from the goal line. The line parallel to the goal line passing through the ball (line from sideline to sideline for the length of the ball) is referred to as the line of scrimmage. This line is similar to "no-man's land"; players must stay on their respective sides of this line until the play has begun again. For a scrimmage to be valid the team in possession of the football must have seven players, excluding the quarterback, within one yard of the line of scrimmage. The defending team must stay a yard or more back from the line of scrimmage.

Q1: What minimum distance from the sideline does the official place the ball before play starts?
A1: 24 yards
Q2: What is the term for the line across the field where the ball is positioned before a play?
A2: line of scrimmage
Q3: How many players must the team with possession place near the line of scrimmage?
A3: seven
Q4: How close to the line of scrimmage can defensive players approach before a play is run?
A4: one yard
Title: Chicago_Cubs
Topic: Sports and recreation

Before signing a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars in 2012, the Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with the Peoria Chiefs (1985–1995 and 2004–2012). Ryne Sandberg managed the Chiefs from 2006 to 2010. In the period between those associations with the Chiefs the club had affiliations with the Dayton Dragons and Lansing Lugnuts. The Lugnuts were often affectionately referred to by Chip Caray as "Steve Stone's favorite team." The 2007 developmental contract with the Tennessee Smokies was preceded by Double A affiliations with the Orlando Cubs and West Tenn Diamond Jaxx. On September 16, 2014 the Cubs announced a move of their top Class A affiliate from Daytona in the Florida State League to Myrtle Beach in the Carolina League for the 2015 season. Two days later, on the 18th, the Cubs signed a 4-year player development contract with the South Bend Silver Hawks of the Midwest League, ending their brief relationship with the Kane County Cougars and shortly thereafter renaming the Silver Hawks the South Bend Cubs.

Q1: When did the Cubs sign a developmental agreement with the Kane County Cougars?
A1: 2012
Q2: The Cubs had a Class A minor league affiliation on two occasions with who?
A2: Peoria Chiefs
Q3: When did the Cubs announce a move of their top class A affiliate from Daytona to Myrtle Beach?
A3: September 16, 2014
Title: Department_store
Topic: Social sciences and society

Before the 1950s, the department store held an eminent place in both Canada and Australia, during both the Great Depression and World War II. Since then, they have suffered from strong competition from specialist stores. Most recently the competition has intensified with the advent of larger-scale superstores (Jones et al. 1994; Merrilees and Miller 1997). Competition was not the only reason for the department stores' weakening strength; the changing structure of cities also affected them. The compact and centralized 19th century city with its mass transit lines converging on the downtown was a perfect environment for department store growth. But as residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs, the large, downtown department stores became inconvenient and lost business to the newer suburban shopping malls. In 2003, U.S. department store sales were surpassed by big-box store sales for the first time (though some stores may be classified as "big box" by physical layout and "department store" by merchandise).

Q1: What is one type of competition department stores face? 
A1: specialist stores
Q2: What types of stores have created even more competition? 
A2: superstores
Q3: What factor lead to a decrease in department store shoppers?
A3: residents moved out of the downtown areas to the suburbs
Q4: In what year were department store sales beaten by larger stores?
A4: 2003
Title: Republic_of_the_Congo
Topic: Geography and places

Before the 1997 war, about 9,000 Europeans and other non-Africans lived in Congo, most of whom were French; only a fraction of this number remains. Around 300 American expatriates reside in the Congo.

Q1: Prior to the civil war in '97, how many non-Africans lived in the Republic of the Congo?
A1: about 9,000
Q2: What was the dominant nationality among Europeans living in the Congo prior to the civil war?
A2: French
Q3: How many Americans live in the Congo?
A3: Around 300
Title: Appalachian_Mountains
Topic: Geography and places

Before the French and Indian War, the Appalachian Mountains laid on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin. After the French and Indian War, the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains (except in the northern regions where the Great Lakes formed the boundary). Although the line was adjusted several times to take frontier settlements into account and was impossible to enforce as law, it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians. The Proclamation Line can be seen as one of the grievances which led to the American Revolutionary War. Many frontier settlers held that the defeat of the French opened the land west of the mountains to English settlement, only to find settlement barred by the British King's proclamation. The backcountry settlers who fought in the Illinois campaign of George Rogers Clark were motivated to secure their settlement of Kentucky.

Q1: Where did the mountains lay before the French and Indian War?
A1: on the indeterminate boundary between Britain's colonies along the Atlantic and French areas centered in the Mississippi basin
Q2: What happened after the French and Indian War?
A2: the Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement for Great Britain's thirteen original colonies in North America to east of the summit line of the mountains
Q3: What was the general opinion of the law?
A3: it was strongly resented by backcountry settlers throughout the Appalachians
Q4: What did the law likely lead to?
A4: the American Revolutionary War
Q5: What did the backcountry settlers want to secure?
A5: their settlement of Kentucky
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

Before the Hellenistic period, Greek colonies had been established on the coast of the Crimean and Taman peninsulas. The Bosporan Kingdom was a multi-ethnic kingdom of Greek city states and local tribal peoples such as the Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians under the Spartocid dynasty (438–110 BCE). The Spartocids were a hellenized Thracian family from Panticapaeum. The Bosporans had long lasting trade contacts with the Scythian peoples of the Pontic-Caspian steppe, and Hellenistic influence can be seen in the Scythian settlements of the Crimea, such as in the Scythian Neapolis. Scythian pressure on the Bosporan kingdom under Paerisades V led to its eventual vassalage under the Pontic king Mithradates VI for protection, circa 107 BCE. It later became a Roman client state. Other Scythians on the steppes of Central Asia came into contact with Hellenistic culture through the Greeks of Bactria. Many Scythian elites purchased Greek products and some Scythian art shows Greek influences. At least some Scythians seem to have become Hellenized, because we know of conflicts between the elites of the Scythian kingdom over the adoption of Greek ways. These Hellenized Scythians were known as the "young Scythians". The peoples around Pontic Olbia, known as the Callipidae, were intermixed and Hellenized Greco-Scythians.

Q1: Before Hellenestic influence, Greek colonies were on the shores of the Taman and what other peninsula?
A1: Crimean
Q2: What kingdom under the Spartocid dynasty consisted of Maeotians, Thracians, Crimean Scythians and Cimmerians?
A2: Bosporan
Q3: Which Scythian people with the Bosporans have strong trade contacts with?
A3: Pontic-Caspian steppe
Q4: From whom did the Scythians of Central Asia discover Hellenistic culture?
A4: Greeks of Bactria
Q5: Hellenized Scythians were known as?
A5: young Scythians
Title: Film_speed
Topic: Engineering and technology

Before the advent of the ASA system, the system of Weston film speed ratings was introduced by Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936), a British-born electrical engineer, industrialist and founder of the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation, with the Weston model 617, one of the earliest photo-electric exposure meters, in August 1932. The meter and film rating system were invented by William Nelson Goodwin, Jr., who worked for them and later received a Howard N. Potts Medal for his contributions to engineering.

Q1: What system was used previous to the ASA system?
A1: the system of Weston film speed ratings
Q2: Who devised the Weston film speed ratings? 
A2: Edward Faraday Weston (1878–1971) and his father Dr. Edward Weston (1850–1936)
Q3: What company did Dr. Edward Weston start? 
A3: the US-based Weston Electrical Instrument Corporation
Q4: When was the Weston model 617 created?
A4: August 1932
Q5: Who is credited with creating the film and meter system?
A5: William Nelson Goodwin, Jr.
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the 800,000-member America First Committee vehemently opposed any American intervention in the European conflict, even as America sold military aid to Britain and the Soviet Union through the Lend-Lease program. Opposition to war in the U.S. vanished after the attack. On 8 December, the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, and the Netherlands declared war on Japan, followed by China and Australia the next day. Four days after Pearl Harbor, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy declared war on the United States, drawing the country into a two-theater war. This is widely agreed to be a grand strategic blunder, as it abrogated the benefit Germany gained by Japan's distraction of the U.S. (predicted months before in a memo by Commander Arthur McCollum)[nb 12] and the reduction in aid to Britain, which both Congress and Hitler had managed to avoid during over a year of mutual provocation, which would otherwise have resulted.

Q1: What program allowed America to sell military supplies to Britain and the Soviet Union?
A1: Lend-Lease
Q2: On what day did the U.S. and its allies declar war on Japan?
A2: 8 December
Q3: How long after the Pearl Harbor attacks did Germany and Italy declare war?
A3: Four days
Q4: Was Germany's declaration of war with the U.S. considered to be sound strategy?
A4: strategic blunder
Q5: how many members did the America First Committee have?
A5: 800,000
Q6: What group was opposed to American involvement in the war in Europe?
A6: America First Committee
Q7: When did the United States declare war on Japan?
A7: 8 December
Q8: How many days after the attack on Pearl Harbor did Germany wait to declare war on the United States?
A8: Four
Q9: Who predicted Germany's declaration of war against the United States months before?
A9: Commander Arthur McCollum
Title: Antibiotics
Topic: History

Before the early 20th century, treatments for infections were based primarily on medicinal folklore. Mixtures with antimicrobial properties that were used in treatments of infections were described over 2000 years ago. Many ancient cultures, including the ancient Egyptians and ancient Greeks, used specially selected mold and plant materials and extracts to treat infections. More recent observations made in the laboratory of antibiosis between microorganisms led to the discovery of natural antibacterials produced by microorganisms. Louis Pasteur observed, "if we could intervene in the antagonism observed between some bacteria, it would offer perhaps the greatest hopes for therapeutics". The term 'antibiosis', meaning "against life", was introduced by the French bacteriologist Jean Paul Vuillemin as a descriptive name of the phenomenon exhibited by these early antibacterial drugs. Antibiosis was first described in 1877 in bacteria when Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch observed that an airborne bacillus could inhibit the growth of Bacillus anthracis. These drugs were later renamed antibiotics by Selman Waksman, an American microbiologist, in 1942. Synthetic antibiotic chemotherapy as a science and development of antibacterials began in Germany with Paul Ehrlich in the late 1880s. Ehrlich noted certain dyes would color human, animal, or bacterial cells, whereas others did not. He then proposed the idea that it might be possible to create chemicals that would act as a selective drug that would bind to and kill bacteria without harming the human host. After screening hundreds of dyes against various organisms, in 1907, he discovered a medicinally useful drug, the synthetic antibacterial salvarsan now called arsphenamine.

Q1: What methods did people use before antibiotics to treat infections?
A1: medicinal folklore
Q2: When were some kinds of antimicrobials first used?
A2: over 2000 years ago
Q3: What type of things did Egyptians and Greeks use?
A3: mold and plant materials and extracts
Q4: What does antibiosis mean?
A4: against life
Q5: Who came up with the term antibiosis?
A5: Jean Paul Vuillemin
Title: Greeks
Topic: History

Before the establishment of the Modern Greek state, the link between ancient and modern Greeks was emphasized by the scholars of Greek Enlightenment especially by Rigas Feraios. In his "Political Constitution", he addresses to the nation as "the people descendant of the Greeks". The modern Greek state was created in 1829, when the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire. The large Greek diaspora and merchant class were instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism, formulated during the last centuries of the Byzantine Empire, formed the basis of the Diafotismos and the current conception of Hellenism.

Q1: From what era is the Rigas Feraios believed to be a part of ?
A1: Greek Enlightenment
Q2: When was the Greek state of modern times birthed into exsistence ? 
A2: The modern Greek state was created in 1829,
Q3: What did Greeks do that caused  the formation of the new state ?
A3: the Greeks liberated a part of their historic homelands, Peloponnese, from the Ottoman Empire
Q4: What foundation was laid that is the demographics of Modern Greek Enlightenment Era ?
A4: instrumental in transmitting the ideas of western romantic nationalism and philhellenism, which together with the conception of Hellenism,
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Before the formation of the Third Coalition, Napoleon had assembled an invasion force, the Armée d'Angleterre, around six camps at Boulogne in Northern France. He intended to use this invasion force to strike at England. They never invaded, but Napoleon's troops received careful and invaluable training for future military operations. The men at Boulogne formed the core for what Napoleon later called La Grande Armée. At the start, this French army had about 200,000 men organized into seven corps, which were large field units that contained 36 to 40 cannons each and were capable of independent action until other corps could come to the rescue. A single corps properly situated in a strong defensive position could survive at least a day without support, giving the Grande Armée countless strategic and tactical options on every campaign. On top of these forces, Napoleon created a cavalry reserve of 22,000 organized into two cuirassier divisions, four mounted dragoon divisions, one division of dismounted dragoons, and one of light cavalry, all supported by 24 artillery pieces. By 1805, the Grande Armée had grown to a force of 350,000 men, who were well equipped, well trained, and led by competent officers.

Q1: What was the name of the invasion force Napoleon assembled before the creation of the Third Coalition?
A1: the Armée d'Angleterre
Q2: Where in Northern France were the camps of the Armée d'Angleterre located?
A2: Boulogne
Q3: What country was the Armée d'Angleterre intended to strike at?
A3: England
Q4: What was the name of the later military organization that the Armée d'Angleterre formed the foundation of?
A4: La Grande Armée.
Q5: How many men were in the Grande Armée by 1805?
A5: 350,000
Title: Guam
Topic: Geography and places

Before the introduction of the brown tree snake, Guam was home to several endemic bird species. Among them were the Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher, both common throughout the island. Today the flycatcher is entirely extinct while the Guam rail is extinct in the wild but bred in captivity by the Division of Aquatic and Wildlife Resources. The devastation caused by the snake has been significant over the past several decades. As many as twelve bird species are believed to have been driven to extinction. According to many elders, ko'ko' birds were common in Guam before World War II.

Q1: What are the names of the two native birds in Guam before the brown snake intrusion?
A1: Guam rail (or ko'ko' bird in Chamorro) and the Guam flycatcher
Q2: How many bird species have been driven to extinction in Guam?
A2: twelve bird species
Q3: What other bird was very common before WWII according to the elders?
A3: ko'ko' birds
Title: Plymouth
Topic: History

Before the latter half of the 18th century, grain, timber and then coal were Plymouth's main imports. During this time the real source of wealth was from the neighbouring town of Plymouth Dock (renamed in 1824 to Devonport) and the major employer in the entire region was the dockyard. The Three Towns conurbation of Plymouth, Stonehouse and Devonport enjoyed some prosperity during the late 18th and early 19th century and were enriched by a series of neo-classical urban developments designed by London architect John Foulston. Foulston was important for both Devonport and Plymouth and was responsible for several grand public buildings, many now destroyed, including the Athenaeum, the Theatre Royal and Royal Hotel, and much of Union Street.

Q1: Along with coal and grain, what was the most important import in 18th century Plymouth?
A1: timber
Q2: What was the new name given to Plymouth Dock in 1824?
A2: Devonport
Q3: Along with Plymouth and Devonport, what settlement comprised the Three Towns?
A3: Stonehouse
Q4: What architect was noted for his neoclassical designs in Plymouth?
A4: John Foulston
Q5: On what street did many of the buildings designed by John Foulston reside?
A5: Union Street
Title: Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact
Topic: History

Before the pact's announcement, Communists in the West denied that such a treaty would be signed. Future member of the Hollywood Ten Herbert Biberman denounced rumors as "Fascist propaganda". Earl Browder, head of the Communist Party USA, stated that "there is as much chance of agreement as of Earl Browder being elected president of the Chamber of Commerce." Beginning in September 1939, the Soviet Comintern suspended all anti-Nazi and anti-fascist propaganda, explaining that the war in Europe was a matter of capitalist states attacking each other for imperialist purposes. Western Communists acted accordingly; while before they supported protecting collective security, now they denounced Britain and France going to war.

Q1: Who was part of Hollywood Ten?
A1: Herbert Biberman
Q2: Who was the leader of the American communist party?
A2: Earl Browder
Q3: Who protested the involvement of Britain and France in a war with Germany?
A3: Western Communists