LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Somerset
Topic: Geography and places

The usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation. The 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset. The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies: the Great Western Railway (GWR); a branch of the Midland Railway (MR) to Bath Green Park (and another one to Bristol); the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway, and the London and South Western Railway (L&SWR). The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe. The former lines of the Somerset and Dorset Joint Railway closed completely, as has the branch of the Midland Railway to Bath Green Park (and to Bristol St Philips); however, the L&SWR survived as a part of the present West of England Main Line. None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified. Two branch lines, the West and East Somerset Railways, were rescued and transferred back to private ownership as "heritage" lines. The fifth railway was a short-lived light railway, the Weston, Clevedon and Portishead Light Railway. The West Somerset Mineral Railway carried the iron ore from the Brendon Hills to Watchet.

Q1: How long were canals used 
A1: usefulness of the canals was short-lived, though some have now been restored for recreation
Q2: What was built int the 19th century 
A2: 19th century also saw the construction of railways to and through Somerset
Q3: How many railways served the county 
A3: The county was served by five pre-1923 Grouping railway companies
Q4: Were any of the railways  electrified 
A4: None of these lines, in Somerset, are electrified.
Q5: What railways lines are still in use today 
A5: The former main lines of the GWR are still in use today, although many of its branch lines were scrapped under the notorious Beeching Axe
Title: Copper
Topic: History

The uses of copper in art were not limited to currency: it was used by Renaissance sculptors, in photographic technology known as the daguerreotype, and the Statue of Liberty. Copper plating and copper sheathing for ships' hulls was widespread; the ships of Christopher Columbus were among the earliest to have this feature. The Norddeutsche Affinerie in Hamburg was the first modern electroplating plant starting its production in 1876. The German scientist Gottfried Osann invented powder metallurgy in 1830 while determining the metal's atomic mass; around then it was discovered that the amount and type of alloying element (e.g., tin) to copper would affect bell tones. Flash smelting was developed by Outokumpu in Finland and first applied at Harjavalta in 1949; the energy-efficient process accounts for 50% of the world's primary copper production.

Q1: Who used copper to produce art?
A1: Renaissance sculptors
Q2: What is the photographic technology that uses copper called?
A2: daguerreotype
Q3: What famous NY city landmark is made from copper?
A3: Statue of Liberty
Q4: What famous explorers ships was one of the first to have it's hulls made of copper?
A4: Christopher Columbus
Q5: When did The Norddeutsche Affinerie electroplating plant first begin production?
A5: 1830
Title: Literature
Topic: Language and literature

The value judgement definition of literature considers it to exclusively include writing that possesses high quality or distinction, forming part of the so-called belles-lettres ('fine writing') tradition. This is the definition used in the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–11) when it classifies literature as "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing." However, this has the result that there is no objective definition of what constitutes "literature"; anything can be literature, and anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded, since value-judgements can change over time.

Q1: What is the main component of the qualitative judgment definition of literature?
A1: writing that possesses high quality or distinction
Q2: What French term for value-based literature literally translates as "fine writing?"
A2: belles-lettres
Q3: Encyclopedia Britannica defined literature in its 1911 editions how?
A3: "the best expression of the best thought reduced to writing."
Q4: What effect does the evolving definition of literature have?
A4: anything which is universally regarded as literature has the potential to be excluded
Title: Alexander_Graham_Bell
Topic: Engineering and technology

The value of the Bell patent was acknowledged throughout the world, and patent applications were made in most major countries, but when Bell had delayed the German patent application, the electrical firm of Siemens & Halske (S&H) managed to set up a rival manufacturer of Bell telephones under their own patent. The Siemens company produced near-identical copies of the Bell telephone without having to pay royalties. The establishment of the International Bell Telephone Company in Brussels, Belgium in 1880, as well as a series of agreements in other countries eventually consolidated a global telephone operation. The strain put on Bell by his constant appearances in court, necessitated by the legal battles, eventually resulted in his resignation from the company.[N 19]

Q1: Because of their patent, what didn't Siemens & Halske have to give Bell?
A1: royalties
Q2: What was the home city for the International Bell Telephone Company?
A2: Brussels
Q3: In what year was the International Bell Telephone Company founded?
A3: 1880
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

The value of the U.S. dollar declined significantly during wartime, especially during the American Civil War, World War I, and World War II. The Federal Reserve, which was established in 1913, was designed to furnish an "elastic" currency subject to "substantial changes of quantity over short periods", which differed significantly from previous forms of high-powered money such as gold, national bank notes, and silver coins. Over the very long run, the prior gold standard kept prices stable—for instance, the price level and the value of the U.S. dollar in 1914 was not very different from the price level in the 1880s. The Federal Reserve initially succeeded in maintaining the value of the U.S. dollar and price stability, reversing the inflation caused by the First World War and stabilizing the value of the dollar during the 1920s, before presiding over a 30% deflation in U.S. prices in the 1930s.

Q1: During which times does the value of the dollar typically decline?
A1: wartime
Q2: When was the Federal Reserve established?
A2: 1913
Q3: What was the Federal Reserve designed to furnish?
A3: an "elastic" currency
Q4: What had previously kept prices stable?
A4: gold standard
Q5: How much did the US prices deflate in the 1930s?
A5: 30%
Title: United_States_dollar
Topic: History

The value of the U.S. dollar was therefore no longer anchored to gold, and it fell upon the Federal Reserve to maintain the value of the U.S. currency. The Federal Reserve, however, continued to increase the money supply, resulting in stagflation and a rapidly declining value of the U.S. dollar in the 1970s. This was largely due to the prevailing economic view at the time that inflation and real economic growth were linked (the Phillips curve), and so inflation was regarded as relatively benign. Between 1965 and 1981, the U.S. dollar lost two thirds of its value.

Q1: What was the value of the U.S. dollar no longer anchored to?
A1: gold
Q2: Who's duty did it become to maintain the value of the U.S. currency?
A2: Federal Reserve
Q3: What move did the Federal Reserve take that resulted in stagflation and the decline of the U.S. dollar?
A3: increase the money supply
Q4: What claimed that inflation and economic growth were linked?
A4: the Phillips curve
Q5: How much value did the U.S. dollar lose between 1965 and 1981?
A5: two thirds
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

The value of the deposit was obvious from the start, but the means of extracting the bitumen were not. The nearest town, Fort McMurray, Alberta was a small fur trading post, other markets were far away, and transportation costs were too high to ship the raw bituminous sand for paving. In 1915, Sidney Ells of the Federal Mines Branch experimented with separation techniques and used the bitumen to pave 600 feet of road in Edmonton, Alberta. Other roads in Alberta were paved with oil sands, but it was generally not economic. During the 1920s Dr. Karl A. Clark of the Alberta Research Council patented a hot water oil separation process and entrepreneur Robert C. Fitzsimmons built the Bitumount oil separation plant, which between 1925 and 1958 produced up to 300 barrels (50 m3) per day of bitumen using Dr. Clark's method. Most of the bitumen was used for waterproofing roofs, but other uses included fuels, lubrication oils, printers ink, medicines, rust and acid-proof paints, fireproof roofing, street paving, patent leather, and fence post preservatives. Eventually Fitzsimmons ran out of money and the plant was taken over by the Alberta government. Today the Bitumount plant is a Provincial Historic Site.

Q1: Who experimented with bitumen extraction techniques to make shipping easier?
A1: Sidney Ells
Q2: When did Ells begin using bitumen as a paving in Alberta?
A2: 1915
Q3: What researcher patented a hot water oil process to separate bitumen?
A3: Dr. Karl A. Clark
Q4: Who constructed the Bitumont oil separation plant?
A4: Robert C. Fitzsimmons
Q5: For what was most of the the Bitumont plant's output was used for waterproofing?
A5: roofs
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

The variance in prevalence rates is reflected in people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time. Laumann et al., (1994) found that among U.S. adults 20% of those who would be considered homosexual on one component of orientation were homosexual on the other two dimensions and 70% responded in a way that was consistent with homosexuality on only one of the three dimensions. Furthermore, sexuality is fluid such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life. Diamond (2003) found that over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once, with many reporting that the label was not adequate in capturing the diversity of their sexual or romantic feelings. Furthermore, women who relinquished bisexual and lesbian identification did not relinquish same sex sexuality and acknowledged the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour. One woman stated "I'm mainly straight but I'm one of those people who, if the right circumstance came along, would change my viewpoint". Therefore, individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed and when the assessment is made making it difficult to pin point who is homosexual and who is not and what the overall prevalence within a population may be.

Q1: What reflects the prevalence rates varying?
A1: people's inconsistent responses to the different components of sexual orientation within a study and the instability of their responses over time
Q2: What does it mean when someones sexualiity is fluid?
A2: such that one's sexual orientation is not necessarily stable or consistent over time but is subject to change throughout life.
Q3: What did Diamond find about the women?
A3: over 7 years 2/3 of the women changed their sexual identity at least once,
Q4: What did women acknowledge who considered themselves as lesbian or bisexual?
A4: the possibility for future same sex attractions and/or behaviour
Q5: What makes it difficult to determine if someone is homosexual or not?
A5: individuals classified as homosexual in one study might not be identified the same way in another depending on which components are assessed
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

The variances in nomenclature in the region spanned by the Alps makes classification of the mountains and subregions difficult, but a general classification is that of the Eastern Alps and Western Alps with the divide between the two occurring in eastern Switzerland according to geologist Stefan Schmid, near the Splügen Pass.

Q1: What makes the classification of the mountains and subregions difficult?
A1: The variances in nomenclature
Q2: Who came up with the general classification?
A2: geologist Stefan Schmid
Q3: Where is the divide between the Eastern Alps and Western Alps near?
A3: Splügen Pass
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

The various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was called a penny. From these areas, the denier or penny spread throughout Europe during the centuries from 700 to 1000. Copper or bronze coins were not struck, nor were gold except in Southern Europe. No silver coins denominated in multiple units were minted.

Q1: During what century did gold coinage cease?
A1: 7th
Q2: Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage?
A2: silver
Q3: What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called?
A3: penny
Q4: What was another name for the denarius?
A4: denier
Q5: In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted?
A5: Southern Europe
Title: Hellenistic_period
Topic: History

The vast Seleucid Empire was, like Egypt, mostly dominated by a Greco-Macedonian political elite. The Greek population of the cities who formed the dominant elite were reinforced by emigration from Greece. These cities included newly founded colonies such as Antioch, the other cities of the Syrian tetrapolis, Seleucia (north of Babylon) and Dura-Europos on the Euphrates. These cities retained traditional Greek city state institutions such as assemblies, councils and elected magistrates, but this was a facade for they were always controlled by the royal Seleucid officials. Apart from these cities, there were also a large number of Seleucid garrisons (choria), military colonies (katoikiai) and Greek villages (komai) which the Seleucids planted throughout the empire to cement their rule. This 'Greco-Macedonian' population (which also included the sons of settlers who had married local women) could make up a phalanx of 35,000 men (out of a total Seleucid army of 80,000) during the reign of Antiochos III. The rest of the army was made up of native troops. Antiochus III the great conducted several vigorous campaigns to retake all the lost provinces of the empire since the death of Seleucus I. After being defeated by Ptolemy IV's forces at Raphia (217), Antiochus III led a long campaign to the east to subdue the far eastern breakaway provinces (212-205) including Bactria, Parthia, Ariana, Sogdiana, Gedrosia and Drangiana. He was successful, bringing back most of these provinces into at least nominal vassalage and receiving tribute from their rulers. After the death of Ptolemy IV (204), Antiochus took advantage of the weakness of Egypt to conquer Coele-Syria in the fifth Syrian war (202-195). He then began expanding his influence into Pergamene territory in Asia and crossed into Europe, fortifying Lysimachia on the hellespont, but his expansion into Anatolia and Greece was abruptly halted after a decisive defeat at the Battle of Magnesia (190 BCE). In the Treaty of Apamea which ended the war, Antiochus lost all of his territories in Anatolia west of the Taurus and was forced to pay a large indemnity of 15,000 talents.

Q1: The Seleucid Empire was mostly dominated by whom?
A1: Greco-Macedonian political elite
Q2: What are Seleucid garrisons called?
A2: choria
Q3: What are Seleucid military colonies called?
A3: katoikiai
Q4: Who defeated Antiochus III at Raphia?
A4: Ptolemy IV
Q5: What year did Ptolemy IV die?
A5: 204
Title: Nigeria
Topic: History

The vast majority of Muslims in Nigeria are Sunni belonging to Maliki school of jurisprudence; however, a sizeable minority also belongs to Shafi madhhab. A large number of Sunni Muslims are members of Sufi brotherhoods. Most Sufis follow the Qadiriyya, Tijaniyyah and/or the Mouride movements. A significant Shia minority exists (see Shia in Nigeria). Some northern states have incorporated Sharia law into their previously secular legal systems, which has brought about some controversy. Kano State has sought to incorporate Sharia law into its constitution. The majority of Quranists follow the Kalo Kato or Quraniyyun movement. There are also Ahmadiyya and Mahdiyya minorities.

Q1: What type of Islam is most common in Nigeria?
A1: Sunni
Q2: What school of Sunni Islam is most common in Nigeria?
A2: Maliki school of jurisprudence
Q3: What Islamic law is being used in some Nigerian states?
A3: Sharia
Q4: What Nigerian state is trying to make Sharia law part of its constitution?
A4: Kano
Title: Light-emitting_diode
Topic: Engineering and technology

The vast majority of devices containing LEDs are "safe under all conditions of normal use", and so are classified as "Class 1 LED product"/"LED Klasse 1". At present, only a few LEDs—extremely bright LEDs that also have a tightly focused viewing angle of 8° or less—could, in theory, cause temporary blindness, and so are classified as "Class 2". The opinion of the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) of 2010, on the health issues concerning LEDs, suggested banning public use of lamps which were in the moderate Risk Group 2, especially those with a high blue component in places frequented by children. In general, laser safety regulations—and the "Class 1", "Class 2", etc. system—also apply to LEDs.

Q1: How are most LEDs classified?
A1: Class 1 LED product
Q2: What does being a Class 1 LED product mean?
A2: safe under all conditions of normal use
Q3: What type of LED can possibly cause blindness?
A3: extremely bright LEDs
Q4: What class are extremely bright LEDs listed as?
A4: Class 2
Q5: Which government advocated the banning of Class 2 LEDs?
A5: French
Title: Gene
Topic: Natural sciences

The vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). DNA consists of a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits, each composed of: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and one of the four bases adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine.:2.1

Q1: What do the vast majority of living organisms encode their genes in?
A1: long strands of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Q2: What does DNA consist of?
A2: a chain made from four types of nucleotide subunits
Q3: What type of sugar composes part of the DNA molecule?
A3: a five-carbon sugar (2'-deoxyribose)
Q4: What are the four bases used in nucleotide subunits?
A4: adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine
Q5: Besides the sugar and the four bases, what else does DNA consist of?
A5: a phosphate group
Title: Age_of_Enlightenment
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The vast majority of the reading public could not afford to own a private library, and while most of the state-run "universal libraries" set up in the 17th and 18th centuries were open to the public, they were not the only sources of reading material. On one end of the spectrum was the Bibliothèque Bleue, a collection of cheaply produced books published in Troyes, France. Intended for a largely rural and semi-literate audience these books included almanacs, retellings of medieval romances and condensed versions of popular novels, among other things. While some historians have argued against the Enlightenment's penetration into the lower classes, the Bibliothèque Bleue represents at least a desire to participate in Enlightenment sociability. Moving up the classes, a variety of institutions offered readers access to material without needing to buy anything. Libraries that lent out their material for a small price started to appear, and occasionally bookstores would offer a small lending library to their patrons. Coffee houses commonly offered books, journals and sometimes even popular novels to their customers. The Tatler and The Spectator, two influential periodicals sold from 1709 to 1714, were closely associated with coffee house culture in London, being both read and produced in various establishments in the city. This is an example of the triple or even quadruple function of the coffee house: reading material was often obtained, read, discussed and even produced on the premises.

Q1: Where was Bibliotheque Bleue located?
A1: Troyes, France
Q2: For what audience were the books of the Bibliotheque Bleue written?
A2: largely rural and semi-literate
Q3: Which two influential periodicals  were closely associated with London coffee house culture and were sold from 1909 to 1714? 
A3: The Tatler and The Spectator
Q4: What collection of cheaply produced books represents the lower class' desire to participate in the Enlightenment?
A4: Bibliothèque Bleue
Title: Greece
Topic: Geography and places

The vast majority of visitors in Greece in 2007 came from the European continent, numbering 12.7 million, while the most visitors from a single nationality were those from the United Kingdom, (2.6 million), followed closely by those from Germany (2.3 million). In 2010, the most visited region of Greece was that of Central Macedonia, with 18% of the country's total tourist flow (amounting to 3.6 million tourists), followed by Attica with 2.6 million and the Peloponnese with 1.8 million. Northern Greece is the country's most-visited geographical region, with 6.5 million tourists, while Central Greece is second with 6.3 million.

Q1: Where does most of Greece's visitors come from?
A1: the European continent
Q2: How many of Greece's visitors are from Europe?
A2: 12.7 million
Q3: What is the single nation with the most visitors?
A3: United Kingdom
Q4: Which part of Greece is the most visited?
A4: Central Macedonia
Q5: Northern Greece gets how many visitors?
A5: 6.5 million
Title: Estonian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The verbal system lacks a distinctive future tense (the present tense serves here) and features special forms to express an action performed by an undetermined subject (the "impersonal").

Q1: From what system is a distinctive future tense lacking?
A1: verbal system
Q2: What is used in place of the future tense?
A2: present tense
Q3: What does Estonian use to show actions performed by an undecided subject?
A3: special forms
Title: Czech_language
Topic: Language and literature

The verbs of most aspect pairs differ in one of two ways: by prefix or by suffix. In prefix pairs, the perfective verb has an added prefix—for example, the imperfective psát (to write, to be writing) compared with the perfective napsat (to write down, to finish writing). The most common prefixes are na-, o-, po-, s-, u-, vy-, z- and za-. In suffix pairs, a different infinitive ending is added to the perfective stem; for example, the perfective verbs koupit (to buy) and prodat (to sell) have the imperfective forms kupovat and prodávat. Imperfective verbs may undergo further morphology to make other imperfective verbs (iterative and frequentative forms), denoting repeated or regular action. The verb jít (to go) has the iterative form chodit (to go repeatedly) and the frequentative form chodívat (to go regularly).

Q1: How many ways can a verb in an aspect pair differ?
A1: two ways
Q2: What does a perfective verb have added in prefix pairs?
A2: an added prefix
Q3: What is added to the ending in suffix pairs?
A3: different infinitive ending
Q4: What can imperfective verb undergo to make other imperfective verbs?
A4: further morphology
Q5: What type of action can second level morphed imperfective verbs denote?
A5: repeated or regular action
Title: Eton_College
Topic: History

The very large and ornate School Hall and School Library (by L K. Hall) were erected in 1906-8 across the road from Upper School as the school's memorial to the Etonians who had died in the Boer War. Many tablets in the cloisters and chapel commemorate the large number of dead Etonians of the Great War. A bomb destroyed part of Upper School in World War Two and blew out many windows in the Chapel. The college commissioned replacements by Evie Hone (1949–52) and by John Piper and Patrick Reyntiens (1959 onwards).

Q1: To whom were School Hall and School Library erected in memoriam of?
A1: Etonians who had died in the Boer War
Q2: What destroyed part of the Upper School and Chapel in WWII?
A2: A bomb
Q3: Who was hired to replace windows in the Chapel from 1949-1952?
A3: Evie Hone
Title: Valencia
Topic: Geography and places

The vicereine Germaine of Foix brutally repressed the uprising and its leaders, and this accelerated the authoritarian centralisation of the government of Charles I. Queen Germaine favoured harsh treatment of the agermanats. She is thought to have signed the death warrants of 100 former rebels personally, and sources indicate that as many as 800 executions may have occurred. The agermanats are comparable to the comuneros of neighbouring Castile, who fought a similar revolt against Charles from 1520–1522.

Q1: Who suppressed agermanats' uprising?
A1: Germaine of Foix
Q2: When did a similar revolt occur in Castile?
A2: 1520–1522
Q3: What group in Castile was similar to the agermanats?
A3: comuneros
Q4: Up to how many executions took place after the agermanats' revolt?
A4: 800
Q5: Whom did the comuneros rebel against?
A5: Charles
Title: Great_power
Topic: History

The victorious great powers also gained an acknowledgement of their status through permanent seats at the League of Nations Council, where they acted as a type of executive body directing the Assembly of the League. However, the Council began with only four permanent members—the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan—because the United States, meant to be the fifth permanent member, left because the US Senate voted on 19 March 1920 against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League.

Q1: Who were the four permanent members of the League of Nations Council?
A1: United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Japan
Q2: Why was United Stated excluded from League of Nations Council?
A2: against the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, thus preventing American participation in the League
Q3: When did US Senate vote against treaty of versailles ratification?
A3: 19 March 1920
Q4: What organiztion acted as acknowledgement of status of great powers?
A4: League of Nations Council
Title: Protestantism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The view of the Roman Catholic Church is that Protestant denominations cannot be considered churches but rather that they are ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities because their ordinances and doctrines are not historically the same as the Catholic sacraments and dogmas, and the Protestant communities have no sacramental ministerial priesthood and therefore lack true apostolic succession. According to Bishop Hilarion (Alfeyev) the Eastern Orthodox Church shares the same view on the subject.

Q1: The Roman Catholic Church considers Protestant denominations to be what?
A1: ecclesial communities or specific faith-believing communities
Q2: What is lacking in Protestant priesthood, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
A2: no sacramental ministerial priesthood
Q3: What does the Roman Catholic Church say is not comparable to their sacraments and dogmas?
A3: ordinances and doctrines
Q4: What other Church shares the Roman Catholic view on Protestant churches?
A4: Eastern Orthodox
Q5: What is lacking in Protestantism, according to the Roman Catholic Church?
A5: true apostolic succession
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

The views of the Church Fathers still play an important role in the shaping of Orthodox Marian perspective. However, the Orthodox views on Mary are mostly doxological, rather than academic: they are expressed in hymns, praise, liturgical poetry and the veneration of icons. One of the most loved Orthodox Akathists (i.e. standing hymns) is devoted to Mary and it is often simply called the Akathist Hymn. Five of the twelve Great Feasts in Orthodoxy are dedicated to Mary. The Sunday of Orthodoxy directly links the Virgin Mary's identity as Mother of God with icon veneration. A number of Orthodox feasts are connected with the miraculous icons of the Theotokos.

Q1: What are Akathists?
A1: standing hymns
Q2: How many of the Orthodox Great Feasts dedicated to Mary?
A2: Five
Q3: What is name of the Orthodox hymn devoted to Mary?
A3: the Akathist Hymn
Q4: Which event on the Orthodox calendar is related to Mary and icon veneration?
A4: Sunday of Orthodoxy
Title: Russian_language
Topic: Language and literature

The vocabulary (mainly abstract and literary words), principles of word formations, and, to some extent, inflections and literary style of Russian have been also influenced by Church Slavonic, a developed and partly russified form of the South Slavic Old Church Slavonic language used by the Russian Orthodox Church. However, the East Slavic forms have tended to be used exclusively in the various dialects that are experiencing a rapid decline. In some cases, both the East Slavic and the Church Slavonic forms are in use, with many different meanings. For details, see Russian phonology and History of the Russian language.

Q1: What language does the Russian Orthodox Church use?
A1: South Slavic Old Church Slavonic
Q2: What kind of words in Russian have been influenced by Church Slavonic?
A2: mainly abstract and literary words
Q3: What word forms are used together in some cases?
A3: East Slavic and the Church Slavonic
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

The war entered a new phase with the unprecedented defeat of the Japanese at Battle of Suixian-Zaoyang and 1st Battle of Changsha. After these victories, Chinese nationalist forces launched a large-scale counter-offensive in early 1940; however, due to its low military-industrial capacity, it was repulsed by Japanese army in late March 1940. In August of 1940, Chinese communists launched an offensive in Central China; in retaliation, Japan instituted the "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all") in occupied areas to reduce human and material resources for the communists. By 1941 the conflict had become a stalemate. Although Japan had occupied much of northern, central, and coastal China, the Nationalist Government had retreated to the interior with a provisional capital set up at Chungking while the Chinese communists remained in control of base areas in Shaanxi. In addition, Japanese control of northern and central China was somewhat tenuous, in that Japan was usually able to control railroads and the major cities ("points and lines"), but did not have a major military or administrative presence in the vast Chinese countryside. The Japanese found its aggression against the retreating and regrouping Chinese army was stalled by the mountainous terrain in southwestern China while the Communists organised widespread guerrilla and saboteur activities in northern and eastern China behind the Japanese front line.

Q1: Why did the Chinese ultimately fail in its counter offensives?
A1: low military-industrial capacity
Q2: What policy did Japan adopt to retaliate against China?
A2: "Three Alls Policy" ("Kill all, Burn all, Loot all")
Q3: What slowed the Japanese in their attacks on China?
A3: mountainous terrain
Q4: In what city did Japan set up a provisional capital?
A4: Chungking
Q5: What was Japan's "Three Alls Policy"?
A5: "Kill all, Burn all, Loot all"
Q6: What year did China and Japan reach a stalemate?
A6: 1941
Q7: Where was the Chinese provisional capital?
A7: Chungking
Q8: What natural obsticles stalled the Japanese offensive against the Chinese?
A8: mountainous terrain
Q9: What group organised guerrilla warfare against the Japanese in China?
A9: Communists
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

The war had also brought to an end the "Old System" of alliances in Europe, In the years after the war, under the direction of Lord Sandwich, the British did try to re-establish this system. But after her surprising grand success against a coalition of great powers, European states such as Austria, The Dutch Republic, Sweden, Denmark-Norway, Ottoman Empire, and Russia now saw Britain as a greater threat than France and did not join them, while the Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762. Consequently, when the American War of Independence turned into a global war between 1778–83, Britain found itself opposed by a strong coalition of European powers, and lacking any substantial ally.

Q1: What British nobleman attempted to retain European alliances following the Seven Years' War?
A1: Lord Sandwich
Q2: What countries joined Britain as allies?
A2: lacking any substantial ally
Q3: Did the European countries see Britain or France as a greater threat?
A3: now saw Britain as a greater threat than France
Q4: When did the American War of Independence turn into a global conflict?
A4: 1778–83
Q5: What drove Prussia away from renewing its alliance with Britain?
A5: Prussians were angered by what they considered a British betrayal in 1762
Title: Bermuda
Topic: History

The war had removed Bermuda's primary trading partners, the American colonies, from the empire, and dealt a harsh blow to Bermuda's merchant shipping trade. This also suffered due to the deforestation of Bermuda, as well as the advent of metal ships and steam propulsion, for which it did not have raw materials. During the course of the following War of 1812, the primary market for Bermuda's salt disappeared as the Americans developed their own sources. Control of the Turks had passed to the Bahamas in 1819.

Q1: Who was Bermuda's main trading partner before the war?
A1: American colonies
Q2: What is a factor that hurt Bermuda's merchant shipping?
A2: deforestation
Q3: Why didn't Bermuda produce metal ships?
A3: it did not have raw materials
Q4: Why did the need for Bermuda's salt diminish?
A4: Americans developed their own sources
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

The war has been described as the first "world war", although this label was also given to various earlier conflicts like the Eighty Years' War, the Thirty Years' War, the War of the Spanish Succession and the War of the Austrian Succession, and to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars. The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century, reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century.

Q1: What is the grandest label that historians have used to describe the  Seven Years' War?
A1: The war has been described as the first "world war"
Q2: What does the term "Second Hundred Years' War" describe?
A2: The term "Second Hundred Years' War" has been used in order to describe the almost continuous level of world-wide conflict during the entire 18th century,
Q3: What is the precedent for the "Second Hundred Year's War?
A3: reminiscent of the more famous and compact struggle of the 14th century
Q4: What was a later conflict that some considered the first World War?
A4: to later conflicts like the Napoleonic Wars
Title: Crimean_War
Topic: History

The war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and a Turkish attempt to reinforce the garrison was destroyed by a Russian fleet at Sinop. Fearing an Ottoman collapse, France and the UK rushed forces to Gallipoli. They then moved north to Varna in June, arriving just in time for the Russians to abandon Silistra. Aside from a minor skirmish at Constanța there was little for the allies to do. Karl Marx quipped that "there they are, the French doing nothing and the British helping them as fast as possible".

Q1: Where did the war begin?
A1: Balkans
Q2: Russian troops took over which provinces first?
A2: modern Romania
Q3: Who were the Ottomans led by?
A3: Omar Pasha
Q4: When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at?
A4: Sinop
Q5: Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse?
A5: France and the UK
Title: Military_history_of_the_United_States
Topic: History

The war started badly for the US and UN. North Korean forces struck massively in the summer of 1950 and nearly drove the outnumbered US and ROK defenders into the sea. However the United Nations intervened, naming Douglas MacArthur commander of its forces, and UN-US-ROK forces held a perimeter around Pusan, gaining time for reinforcement. MacArthur, in a bold but risky move, ordered an amphibious invasion well behind the front lines at Inchon, cutting off and routing the North Koreans and quickly crossing the 38th Parallel into North Korea. As UN forces continued to advance toward the Yalu River on the border with Communist China, the Chinese crossed the Yalu River in October and launched a series of surprise attacks that sent the UN forces reeling back across the 38th Parallel. Truman originally wanted a Rollback strategy to unify Korea; after the Chinese successes he settled for a Containment policy to split the country. MacArthur argued for rollback but was fired by President Harry Truman after disputes over the conduct of the war. Peace negotiations dragged on for two years until President Dwight D. Eisenhower threatened China with nuclear weapons; an armistice was quickly reached with the two Koreas remaining divided at the 38th parallel. North and South Korea are still today in a state of war, having never signed a peace treaty, and American forces remain stationed in South Korea as part of American foreign policy.

Q1: When did North Korean forces initiate attacks on US and UN forces in the Korean war?
A1: 1950
Q2: What South Korean city did the US and ROK forces defend while building reinforcements?
A2: Pusan
Q3: What type of attack was used on Inchon?
A3: amphibious invasion
Q4: Chinese troops attacked the UN forces when they crossed what river? 
A4: the Yalu River
Q5: What general was fired for defying President Truman's containment strategy?
A5: Douglas MacArthur
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

The war was continuing indecisively when on 14 October Marshal Daun's Austrians surprised the main Prussian army at the Battle of Hochkirch in Saxony. Frederick lost much of his artillery but retreated in good order, helped by dense woods. The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough. After a thwarted attempt to take Dresden, Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter, so that Saxony remained under Prussian occupation. At the same time, the Russians failed in an attempt to take Kolberg in Pomerania (now Kołobrzeg, Poland) from the Prussians.

Q1: What Austrian General surprised the Prussian at Hochkirch?
A1: Marshal Daun
Q2: What was the major loss for Prussia at Hochkirch?
A2: lost much of his artillery
Q3: Why was Frederick able to retreat successfully?
A3: retreated in good order, helped by dense woods
Q4: What was the result of the victory for the Austrians?
A4: The Austrians had ultimately made little progress in the campaign in Saxony despite Hochkirch and had failed to achieve a decisive breakthrough
Q5: How did the Austrian troops spend the winter?
A5: , Daun's troops were forced to withdraw to Austrian territory for the winter
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. Although Austria failed to retrieve the territory of Silesia from Prussia (its original goal) its military prowess was also noted by the other powers. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers avenged their defeat in 1778 when the American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

Q1: What did Britain gain in North America from the war?
A1: Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida
Q2: What did Great Britain gain in the West Indies from the war?
A2: some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies,
Q3: What did Great Britain gain in Africa from the war?
A3: the colony of Senegal on the West African coast
Q4: What happened to the scope of France's colonies as a result of the war?
A4: France was deprived of many of its colonies
Q5: How did the war impact France financially?
A5: had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle
Title: Seven_Years%27_War
Topic: History

The war was successful for Great Britain, which gained the bulk of New France in North America, Spanish Florida, some individual Caribbean islands in the West Indies, the colony of Senegal on the West African coast, and superiority over the French trading outposts on the Indian subcontinent. The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status. In Europe, the war began disastrously for Prussia, but a combination of good luck and successful strategy saw King Frederick the Great manage to retrieve the Prussian position and retain the status quo ante bellum. Prussia emerged as a new European great power. The involvement of Portugal, Spain and Sweden did not return them to their former status as great powers. France was deprived of many of its colonies and had saddled itself with heavy war debts that its inefficient financial system could barely handle. Spain lost Florida but gained French Louisiana and regained control of its colonies, e.g., Cuba and the Philippines, which had been captured by the British during the war. France and other European powers will soon avenge their defeat in 1778 when American Revolutionary War broke out, with hopes of destroying Britain's dominance once and for all.

Q1: What did Great Britain gain with respect to the French trading outposts on the subcontinent of India?
A1: superiority over the French trading outposts
Q2: What was the result for the Native American tribes?
A2: The Native American tribes were excluded from the settlement
Q3: What did the Native American tribes accomplish in the later Pontiac's War?
A3: ; a subsequent conflict, known as Pontiac's War, was also unsuccessful in returning them to their pre-war status.
Q4: What were two factors that redeemed the outcome for the Prussians?
A4: good luck and successful strategy
Q5: Who was the leader of Prussia?
A5: King Frederick the Great
Title: Daylight_saving_time
Topic: Engineering and technology

The war's end swung the pendulum back. Farmers continued to dislike DST, and many countries repealed it after the war. Britain was an exception: it retained DST nationwide but over the years adjusted transition dates for several reasons, including special rules during the 1920s and 1930s to avoid clock shifts on Easter mornings. The US was more typical: Congress repealed DST after 1919. President Woodrow Wilson, like Willett an avid golfer, vetoed the repeal twice but his second veto was overridden. Only a few US cities retained DST locally thereafter, including New York so that its financial exchanges could maintain an hour of arbitrage trading with London, and Chicago and Cleveland to keep pace with New York. Wilson's successor Warren G. Harding opposed DST as a "deception". Reasoning that people should instead get up and go to work earlier in the summer, he ordered District of Columbia federal employees to start work at 08:00 rather than 09:00 during summer 1922. Some businesses followed suit though many others did not; the experiment was not repeated.

Q1: Which country continued to observe DST nationwide despite the fact that the war had ended?
A1: Britain
Q2: What spring holiday did Britain adjust its DST schedule around?
A2: Easter
Q3: After what year was daylight savings repealed in the U.S.?
A3: 1919
Q4: What sport did President Wilson enjoy that made him not want to give up DST?
A4: golf
Q5: What U.S. city kept observing DST to stay in sync with London, leading Chicago and Cleveland to follow along?
A5: New York
Title: Richmond,_Virginia
Topic: Geography and places

The wastewater treatment plant and distribution system of water mains, pumping stations and storage facilities provide water to approximately 62,000 customers in the city. There is also a wastewater treatment plant located on the south bank of the James River. This plant can treat up to 70 million gallons of water per day of sanitary sewage and stormwater before returning it to the river. The wastewater utility also operates and maintains 1,500 miles (2,400 km) of sanitary sewer and pumping stations, 38 miles (61 km) of intercepting sewer lines, and the Shockoe Retention Basin, a 44-million-gallon stormwater reservoir used during heavy rains.

Q1: How many kilometers of sewer lines exist in Richmond?
A1: 61
Q2: How much water is contained in Shockoe Retention Basin?
A2: 44-million-gallon
Q3: How many Richmond inhabitants get their water from the wastewater treatment plant?
A3: 62,000
Q4: How much sewage and stormwater can the treatment plant adjacent to the James River treat daily?
A4: 70 million gallons
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

The waterwheel appeared in Chinese records during the Han. As mentioned by Huan Tan in about 20 AD, they were used to turn gears that lifted iron trip hammers, and were used in pounding, threshing and polishing grain. However, there is no sufficient evidence for the watermill in China until about the 5th century. The Nanyang Commandery Administrator Du Shi (d. 38 AD) created a waterwheel-powered reciprocator that worked the bellows for the smelting of iron. Waterwheels were also used to power chain pumps that lifted water to raised irrigation ditches. The chain pump was first mentioned in China by the philosopher Wang Chong in his 1st-century-AD Balanced Discourse.

Q1: What was used to power chain pumps to raise water to irrigation ditches?
A1: Waterwheels
Q2: What commandery was the creator of the waterwheel-powered reciprocator from?
A2: Nanyang
Q3: Who was the author of the essay entitled Balance Discourse?
A3: Wang Chong
Q4: During what century is it likely that the watermill made an appearance in China?
A4: about the 5th century
Q5: During what era did the waterwheel first appear in recordings?
A5: Han