LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

J. Brent Walker, Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee, responded to Hamburger's claims noting; "The fact that the separation of church and state has been supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent does not impugn the validity of the principle. Champions of religious liberty have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with anti-Catholicism or desire for a secular culture. Of course, separationists have opposed the Catholic Church when it has sought to tap into the public till to support its parochial schools or to argue for on-campus released time in the public schools. But that principled debate on the issues does not support a charge of religious bigotry"

Q1: Who is the Executive Director of the Baptist Joint Committee?
A1: J. Brent Walker
Q2: What does Walker feel does not impugn the validity of the principle of separation of church and state?
A2: supported by some who exhibited an anti-Catholic animus or a secularist bent
Q3: Who have argued for the separation of church and state for reasons having nothing to do with a desire for a secular culture?
A3: Champions of religious liberty
Q4: Separationists opposed the Catholic church when it sought to do what?
A4: tap into the public till to support its parochial schools
Q5: What does a principled debate on the issues not support a charge of?
A5: religious bigotry
Title: Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation
Topic: History

J. Edgar Hoover served as Director from 1924 to 1972, a combined 48 years with the BOI, DOI, and FBI. He was chiefly responsible for creating the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory, or the FBI Laboratory, which officially opened in 1932, as part of his work to professionalize investigations by the government. Hoover was substantially involved in most major cases and projects that the FBI handled during his tenure. After Hoover's death, Congress passed legislation that limited the tenure of future FBI Directors to ten years.

Q1: Who was Director from 1924 to 1972?
A1: J. Edgar Hoover
Q2: How many years was Hoover the FBI director?
A2: 48
Q3: What laboratory was Hoover responsible for creating?
A3: Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory
Q4: What was the other name for the Scientific Crime Detection Laboratory?
A4: FBI Laboratory
Q5: When did the FBI laboratory open?
A5: 1932
Title: Idealism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

J. M. E. McTaggart of Cambridge University, argued that minds alone exist and only relate to each other through love. Space, time and material objects are unreal. In The Unreality of Time he argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to produce a coherent account of a sequence of events. The Nature of Existence (1927) contained his arguments that space, time, and matter cannot possibly be real. In his Studies in Hegelian Cosmology (Cambridge, 1901, p196) he declared that metaphysics are not relevant to social and political action. McTaggart "thought that Hegel was wrong in supposing that metaphysics could show that the state is more than a means to the good of the individuals who compose it". For McTaggart "philosophy can give us very little, if any, guidance in action... Why should a Hegelian citizen be surprised that his belief as to the organic nature of the Absolute does not help him in deciding how to vote? Would a Hegelian engineer be reasonable in expecting that his belief that all matter is spirit should help him in planning a bridge?

Q1: With what university is J.M.E. McTaggart affiliated?
A1: Cambridge
Q2: In what year was The Nature of Existence published?
A2: 1927
Q3: According to McTaggart, what are the only things that have real existence?
A3: minds
Q4: How does McTaggart believe minds relate to one another?
A4: love
Q5: What does McTaggart believe space and time to be?
A5: unreal
Title: Chicago_Cubs
Topic: Sports and recreation

Jack Brickhouse manned the Cubs radio and especially the TV booth for parts of five decades, the 34-season span from 1948 to 1981. He covered the games with a level of enthusiasm that often seemed unjustified by the team's poor performance on the field for many of those years. His trademark call "Hey Hey!" always followed a home run. That expression is spelled out in large letters vertically on both foul pole screens at Wrigley Field. "Whoo-boy!" and "Wheeee!" and "Oh, brother!" were among his other pet expressions. When he approached retirement age, he personally recommended his successor.

Q1: Who manned the Cubs radio and TV booth for parts of five decades?
A1: Jack Brickhouse
Q2: What was Jack Brickhouse's trademark call?
A2: Hey Hey!
Q3: What did Jack Brickhouse do when he approached his retirement age?
A3: he personally recommended his successor
Title: Capital_punishment_in_the_United_States
Topic: History

James Liebman, a professor of law at Columbia Law School, stated in 1996 that his study found that when habeas corpus petitions in death penalty cases were traced from conviction to completion of the case that there was "a 40 percent success rate in all capital cases from 1978 to 1995." Similarly, a study by Ronald Tabak in a law review article puts the success rate in habeas corpus cases involving death row inmates even higher, finding that between "1976 and 1991, approximately 47 percent of the habeas petitions filed by death row inmates were granted." The different numbers are largely definitional, rather than substantive. Freedam's statistics looks at the percentage of all death penalty cases reversed, while the others look only at cases not reversed prior to habeas corpus review.

Q1: What institution does James Liebman work for?
A1: Columbia Law School
Q2: What does James Liebman teach?
A2: law
Q3: According to Liebman, about what percentage of death penalty habeas corpus petitions were successful between 1978 and 1995?
A3: 40
Q4: According to Tabak, what percentage of habeas corpus petitions were granted to death row inmates between 1976 and 1991?
A4: 47
Q5: In what year did Liebman announce his findings?
A5: 1996
Title: John_Kerry
Topic: Warfare

James Rassmann, a Green Beret advisor who was aboard Kerry's PCF-94, was knocked overboard when, according to witnesses and the documentation of the event, a mine or rocket exploded close to the boat. According to the documentation for the event, Kerry's arm was injured when he was thrown against a bulkhead during the explosion. PCF 94 returned to the scene and Kerry rescued Rassmann who was receiving sniper fire from the water. Kerry received the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V" for "heroic achievement", for his actions during this incident; he also received his third Purple Heart.

Q1: What boat was Rassmann on?
A1: PCF-94
Q2: Who fell overboard from Kerry's boat?
A2: James Rassmann
Q3: What was Rassmann's job?
A3: a Green Beret advisor
Q4: What medal did Kerry earn for rescuing Rassmann?
A4: the Bronze Star Medal with Combat "V"
Q5: What does the Combat V mean?
A5: heroic achievement
Title: Rule_of_law
Topic: History

James Wilson said during the Philadelphia Convention in 1787 that, "Laws may be unjust, may be unwise, may be dangerous, may be destructive; and yet not be so unconstitutional as to justify the Judges in refusing to give them effect." George Mason agreed that judges "could declare an unconstitutional law void. But with regard to every law, however unjust, oppressive or pernicious, which did not come plainly under this description, they would be under the necessity as judges to give it a free course." Chief Justice John Marshall (joined by Justice Joseph Story) took a similar position in 1827: "When its existence as law is denied, that existence cannot be proved by showing what are the qualities of a law."

Q1: When was the Philadelphia Convention?
A1: 1787
Q2: Who spoke at the Philadelphia Convention about the potential chaos from not having judges be able to enforce laws?
A2: James Wilson
Q3: What was John Marshall's title?
A3: Chief Justice
Q4: What did George Mason state that judges could do to a law?
A4: declare an unconstitutional law void
Title: Samurai
Topic: Language and literature

Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn (1556?–1623?), a Dutch colleague of Adams' on their ill-fated voyage to Japan in the ship De Liefde, was also given similar privileges by Tokugawa Ieyasu. It appears Joosten became a samurai[citation needed] and was given a residence within Ieyasu's castle at Edo. Today, this area at the east exit of Tokyo Station is known as Yaesu (八重洲). Yaesu is a corruption of the Dutchman's Japanese name, Yayousu (耶楊子). Also in common with Adam's, Joostens was given a Red Seal Ship (朱印船) allowing him to trade between Japan and Indo-China. On a return journey from Batavia Joosten drowned after his ship ran aground.

Q1: What nationality was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn?
A1: Dutch
Q2: Around when was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn born?
A2: 1556
Q3: What was Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn's Japanese name?
A3: Yayousu
Q4: What permission allowed trade between Japan and Indo-China?
A4: a Red Seal Ship
Q5: How did Jan Joosten van Lodensteijn die?
A5: drowned after his ship ran aground
Title: New_Delhi
Topic: Geography and places

Jantar Mantar located in Connaught Place was built by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur. It consists of 13 architectural astronomy instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.

Q1: Who was responsible for constructing the Jantar Mantar?
A1: Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur
Q2: In what area of New Delhi is the Jantar Mantar observatory located?
A2: Connaught Place
Q3: The Jantar Mantar consists of how many architectural astronomy instruments?
A3: 13
Q4: What is one of the primary purposes of the Jantar Mantar observatory?
A4: compile astronomical tables
Q5: What is the name of the observatory built in Connaught Place by Maharaja Jai Singh II of Jaipur?
A5: Jantar Mantar
Title: Great_power
Topic: History

Japan and Germany are great powers too, though due to their large advanced economies (having the third and fourth largest economies respectively) rather than their strategic and hard power capabilities (i.e., the lack of permanent seats and veto power on the UN Security Council or strategic military reach). Germany has been a member together with the five permanent Security Council members in the P5+1 grouping of world powers. Like China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan have also been referred to as middle powers.

Q1: What countries are great powers mostly based on economic reasons?
A1: Japan and Germany
Q2: Due to lack of strategic and hard power, countries are excluded from what?
A2: UN Security Council
Q3: What is the name for the grouping of countries of China, France, Russia and the United Kingdom; Germany and Japan?
A3: middle powers
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Japan conscripted many soldiers from its colonies of Korea and Formosa (Taiwan). To a small extent, some Vichy French, Indian National Army, and Burmese National Army forces were active in the area of the Pacific War. Collaborationist units from Hong Kong (reformed ex-colonial police), Philippines, Dutch East Indies (the PETA) and Dutch Guinea, British Malaya and British Borneo, Inner Mongolia and former French Indochina (after the overthrow of Vichy French regime) as well as Timorese militia also assisted Japanese war efforts.

Q1: Where did many of Japan's soldiers come from?
A1: Korea and Formosa
Q2: What type of soldiers came from Hong Kong? 
A2: Collaborationist units
Q3: What other Asian country, a group of islands, helped the Japanese?
A3: Philippines
Q4: What colonies did Japan conscript soldiers from?
A4: Korea and Formosa
Q5: What French forces assisted Japan?
A5: Vichy
Q6: Who were the collaborators assisting Japan in Hong King?
A6: ex-colonial police
Title: Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

Japan saw the release of the Satellaview, a modem which attached to the Super Famicom's expansion port and connected to the St.GIGA satellite radio station. Users of the Satellaview could download gaming news and specially designed games, which were frequently either remakes of or sequels to older Famicom titles, released in installments. Satellaview signals were broadcast from April 23, 1995 through June 30, 2000. In the United States, the similar but relatively short-lived XBAND allowed users to connect to a network via a dial-up modem to compete against other players around the country.

Q1: What modem was available for the Japanese SNES?
A1: Satellaview
Q2: What service did the Satellaview connect to?
A2: the St.GIGA satellite radio station
Q3: When did the Satellaview begin operation?
A3: April 23, 1995
Q4: When did the Satellaview end operation?
A4: June 30, 2000
Q5: What was the US equivalent of Satellaview?
A5: XBAND
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Japan sponsored several puppet governments, one of which was headed by Wang Jingwei. However, its policies of brutality toward the Chinese population, of not yielding any real power to these regimes, and of supporting several rival governments failed to make any of them a viable alternative to the Nationalist government led by Chiang Kai-shek. Conflicts between Chinese communist and nationalist forces vying for territory control behind enemy lines culminated in a major armed clash in January 1941, effectively ending their co-operation.

Q1: Who was the leader of the Nationalist government?
A1: Chiang Kai-shek
Q2: When did cooperation between communist and nationalist forces end?
A2: January 1941
Q3: Did Japan support rival governments?
A3: supporting several
Q4: When did the co-operation between Chinese nationalist forces and communists end?
A4: January 1941
Q5: What was Wang Jingwei's government considered?
A5: puppet
Q6: What government did Chiang Kai-shek lead?
A6: Nationalist government
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Japan used the name Greater East Asia War (大東亜戦争, Dai Tō-A Sensō?), as chosen by a cabinet decision on 10 December 1941, to refer to both the war with the Western Allies and the ongoing war in China. This name was released to the public on 12 December, with an explanation that it involved Asian nations achieving their independence from the Western powers through armed forces of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. Japanese officials integrated what they called the Japan–China Incident (日支事変, Nisshi Jihen?) into the Greater East Asia War.

Q1: By what name was the war with Japan referred?
A1: Greater East Asia War
Q2: What did Japanese officials call the war?
A2: Japan–China Incident
Q3: What was the reason Japan gave for the war?
A3: achieving their independence from the Western powers
Q4: What date was the new name of the war released?
A4: 12 December
Q5: What name did Japan call the war?
A5: Greater East Asia War
Q6: When did Japan adobt the name for the war?
A6: 10 December 1941
Q7: What was Japan's publicised war goal?
A7: independence from the Western powers
Q8: What did Japan call the occupied group of Asian nations?
A8: Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Q9: How was the name of the war chosen by Japan?
A9: by a cabinet decision
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

Japanese (Famicom) cartridges are shaped slightly differently. While the NES used a 72-pin interface, the Famicom system used a 60-pin design. Unlike NES games, official Famicom cartridges were produced in many colors of plastic. Adapters, similar in design to the popular accessory Game Genie, are available that allow Famicom games to be played on an NES. In Japan, several companies manufactured the cartridges for the Famicom. This allowed these companies to develop their own customized chips designed for specific purposes, such as chips that increased the quality of sound in their games.

Q1: Which cartridges were shaped slightly differently?
A1: Japanese (Famicom)
Q2: Which interface did the NES use?
A2: 72-pin
Q3: Which interface did Famicom use?
A3: 60-pin
Q4: Various companies in Japan did what to their games for certain specifics?
A4: develop their own customized chips
Title: Comics
Topic: Language and literature

Japanese comics and cartooning (manga),[g] have a history that has been seen as far back as the anthropomorphic characters in the 12th-to-13th-century Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga, 17th-century toba-e and kibyōshi picture books, and woodblock prints such as ukiyo-e which were popular between the 17th and 20th centuries. The kibyōshi contained examples of sequential images, movement lines, and sound effects.

Q1: What picture books from the 17th century show manga origins?
A1: toba-e and kibyōshi picture books
Q2: What is ukiyo-e an example of?
A2: woodblock prints
Title: Pacific_War
Topic: History

Japanese land forces continued to advance in the Solomon Islands and New Guinea. From July 1942, a few Australian reserve battalions, many of them very young and untrained, fought a stubborn rearguard action in New Guinea, against a Japanese advance along the Kokoda Track, towards Port Moresby, over the rugged Owen Stanley Ranges. The militia, worn out and severely depleted by casualties, were relieved in late August by regular troops from the Second Australian Imperial Force, returning from action in the Mediterranean theater. In early September 1942 Japanese marines attacked a strategic Royal Australian Air Force base at Milne Bay, near the eastern tip of New Guinea. They were beaten back by Allied (primarily Australian Army) forces.

Q1: What mountains did the Australian battalions fight a rearguard action over on the Kokoda Track?
A1: Owen Stanley Ranges
Q2: What forces releived the worn Australian reserve battalions? 
A2: Second Australian Imperial Force
Q3: In 1942, what Australian Air Force base was attacked by Japanese marines?
A3: Milne Bay
Q4: Where was Milne Bay located in New Guinea?
A4: eastern tip
Q5: What theater did the Second Australian Imperial Force come from before they relieved the reserve battalions in New Guinea?
A5: Mediterranean
Title: 2008_Sichuan_earthquake
Topic: Natural sciences

Japanese seismologist Yuji Yagi at the University of Tsukuba said that the earthquake occurred in two stages: "The 155-mile Longmenshan Fault tore in two sections, the first one ripping about seven yards, followed by a second one that sheared four yards." His data also showed that the earthquake lasted about two minutes and released 30 times the energy of the Great Hanshin earthquake of 1995 in Japan, which killed over 6,000 people. He pointed out that the shallowness of the epicenter and the density of population greatly increased the severity of the earthquake. Teruyuki Kato, a seismologist at the University of Tokyo, said that the seismic waves of the quake traveled a long distance without losing their power because of the firmness of the terrain in central China. According to reports from Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan province, the earthquake tremors lasted for "about two or three minutes".

Q1: How many people were killed in the Hanshin earthquake?
A1: 6,000 people
Q2: How did Yuji Yagi say the quake happened?
A2: in two stages
Q3: What fault tore in two places?
A3: Longmenshan Fault
Q4: Besides the population density, what else contributed to the severity of the quake?
A4: shallowness of the epicenter
Q5: How much greater was the energy of this quake than that released in the earthquake of 1995 in Japan?
A5: 30 times
Q6: Why did the seismic waves travel so far?
A6: firmness of the terrain
Title: Biodiversity
Topic: Natural sciences

Jared Diamond describes an "Evil Quartet" of habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions. Edward O. Wilson prefers the acronym HIPPO, standing for Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting. The most authoritative classification in use today is IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats which has been adopted by major international conservation organizations such as the US Nature Conservancy, the World Wildlife Fund, Conservation International, and BirdLife International.

Q1: Who describes the "Evil Quartet"?
A1: Jared Diamond
Q2: What describes habitat destruction, overkill, introduced species, and secondary extinctions?
A2: Evil Quartet
Q3: What describes Habitat destruction, Invasive species, Pollution, human over-Population, and Over-harvesting?
A3: HIPPO
Q4: What is the most authoritative classification in use today?
A4: IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats
Q5: What funding organization uses the IUCN's Classification of Direct Threats?
A5: the World Wildlife Fund
Title: Adolescence
Topic: Natural sciences

Jean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories based on pathological personalities. The studies looked at human development during the Great Depression and World War II, unique historical circumstances under which a generation of children grew up. The Oakland Growth Study, initiated by Harold Jones and Herbert Stolz in 1931, aimed to study the physical, intellectual, and social development of children in the Oakland area. Data collection began in 1932 and continued until 1981, allowing the researchers to gather longitudinal data on the individuals that extended past adolescence into adulthood. Jean Macfarlane launched the Berkeley Guidance Study, which examined the development of children in terms of their socioeconomic and family backgrounds. These studies provided the background for Glen Elder in the 1960s, to propose a life-course perspective of adolescent development. Elder formulated several descriptive principles of adolescent development. The principle of historical time and place states that an individual's development is shaped by the period and location in which they grow up. The principle of the importance of timing in one's life refers to the different impact that life events have on development based on when in one's life they occur. The idea of linked lives states that one's development is shaped by the interconnected network of relationships of which one is a part; and the principle of human agency asserts that one's life course is constructed via the choices and actions of an individual within the context of their historical period and social network.

Q1: Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development?
A1: Jean Macfarlane
Q2: What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded?
A2: 1927
Q3: What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called?
A3: Institute of Child Welfare
Q4: What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated?
A4: 1931
Q5: What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected?
A5: 1981
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty, banishing the prevalent conception of the mountains as a hellish wasteland inhabited by demons. Rousseau's conception of alpine purity was later emphasized with the publication of Albrecht von Haller's poem Die Alpen that described the mountains as an area of mythical purity. Late in the 18th century the first wave of Romantics such as Goethe and Turner came to admire the scenery; Wordsworth visited the area in 1790, writing of his experiences in The Prelude. Schiller later wrote the play William Tell romanticising Swiss independence. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, the Alpine countries began to see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians, as visitors came to experience the sublime effects of monumental nature.

Q1: Who was the first of many to present the Alps as a place of allure and beauty?
A1: Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Q2: Who wrote the poem Die Alpen?
A2: Albrecht von Haller
Q3: When did the Alpine countries see an influx of poets, artists, and musicians?
A3: After the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Q4: What did the visitors come to experience in the Alpine countries?
A4: the sublime effects of monumental nature
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson and James Madison's conceptions of separation have long been debated. Jefferson refused to issue Proclamations of Thanksgiving sent to him by Congress during his presidency, though he did issue a Thanksgiving and Prayer proclamation as Governor of Virginia. Madison issued four religious proclamations while President, but vetoed two bills on the grounds they violated the first amendment. On the other hand, both Jefferson and Madison attended religious services at the Capitol. Years before the ratification of the Constitution, Madison contended "Because if Religion be exempt from the authority of the Society at large, still less can it be subject to that of the Legislative Body." After retiring from the presidency, Madison wrote of "total separation of the church from the state." " "Strongly guarded as is the separation between Religion & Govt in the Constitution of the United States," Madison wrote, and he declared, "practical distinction between Religion and Civil Government is essential to the purity of both, and as guaranteed by the Constitution of the United States." In a letter to Edward Livingston Madison further expanded, "We are teaching the world the great truth that Govts. do better without Kings & Nobles than with them. The merit will be doubled by the other lesson that Religion flourishes in greater purity, without than with the aid of Govt." Madison's original draft of the Bill of Rights had included provisions binding the States, as well as the Federal Government, from an establishment of religion, but the House did not pass them.[citation needed]

Q1: Whose conceptions of separation have long been argued over?
A1: Jefferson and James Madison's
Q2: What did Jefferson refuse to issue, when it was sent to him by Congress during his presidency?
A2: Proclamations of Thanksgiving
Q3: How many religious proclamations did Madison issue while President?
A3: four
Q4: Where did both Jefferson and Madison attend religious services?
A4: at the Capitol
Q5: What is essential to the purity of both religion and civil government?
A5: practical distinction
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denomination and pay taxes to support it. Similarly, the Constitution of Massachusetts originally provided that "no subject shall be hurt, molested, or restrained, in his person, liberty, or estate, for worshipping God in the manner and season most agreeable to the dictates of his own conscience... provided he doth not disturb the public peace, or obstruct others in their religious worship," (Article II) but also that:

Q1: What approach was not the only one taken in the 18th century?
A1: Jefferson and Madison's
Q2: What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in opposition to?
A2: a bill
Q3: Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?
A3: Patrick Henry
Q4: What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?
A4: some denomination
Q5: What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?
A5: worshipping God
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religion' is not defined in the Constitution. We must go elsewhere, therefore, to ascertain its meaning, and nowhere more appropriately, we think, than to the history of the times in the midst of which the provision was adopted." The court found that the leaders in advocating and formulating the constitutional guarantee of religious liberty were James Madison and Thomas Jefferson. Quoting the "separation" paragraph from Jefferson's letter to the Danbury Baptists, the court concluded that, "coming as this does from an acknowledged leader of the advocates of the measure, it may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the amendment thus secured."

Q1: What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence?
A1: Establishment Clause
Q2: What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?
A2: Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145
Q3: What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?
A3: freedom
Q4: What word is not defined in the Constitution?
A4: religion
Q5: Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?
A5: the Danbury Baptists
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson's letter entered American jurisprudence in the 1878 Mormon polygamy case Reynolds v. U.S., in which the court cited Jefferson and Madison, seeking a legal definition for the word religion. Writing for the majority, Justice Stephen Johnson Field cited Jefferson's Letter to the Danbury Baptists to state that "Congress was deprived of all legislative power over mere opinion, but was left free to reach actions which were in violation of social duties or subversive of good order." Considering this, the court ruled that outlawing polygamy was constitutional.

Q1: When did Jefferson's letter enter American jurisprudence?
A1: 1878
Q2: What was the case that used Jefferson's letter?
A2: Reynolds v. U.S.
Q3: What was the topic of Reynolds v. U.S.?
A3: Mormon polygamy
Q4: What was the court seeking, in using Jefferson's letter?
A4: legal definition for the word religion
Q5: What did the court rule outlawing polygamy was?
A5: constitutional
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson's metaphor of a wall of separation has been cited repeatedly by the U.S. Supreme Court. In Reynolds v. United States (1879) the Court wrote that Jefferson's comments "may be accepted almost as an authoritative declaration of the scope and effect of the [First] Amendment." In Everson v. Board of Education (1947), Justice Hugo Black wrote: "In the words of Thomas Jefferson, the clause against establishment of religion by law was intended to erect a wall of separation between church and state."

Q1: Who made a metaphor about a wall of separation?
A1: Jefferson
Q2: What has the U.S. Supreme Court repeatedly cited?
A2: metaphor
Q3: When was the case of Reynolds v. United States?
A3: 1879
Q4: What did the Court write about Jefferson's comments as it related to the scope and effect of the First Amendment?
A4: authoritative declaration
Q5: What was the clause against establishment of religion by law intended to erect?
A5: a wall of separation between church and state
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jefferson's opponents said his position was the destruction and the governmental rejection of Christianity, but this was a caricature. In setting up the University of Virginia, Jefferson encouraged all the separate sects to have preachers of their own, though there was a constitutional ban on the State supporting a Professorship of Divinity, arising from his own Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom. Some have argued that this arrangement was "fully compatible with Jefferson's views on the separation of church and state;" however, others point to Jefferson's support for a scheme in which students at the University would attend religious worship each morning as evidence that his views were not consistent with strict separation. Still other scholars, such as Mark David Hall, attempt to sidestep the whole issue by arguing that American jurisprudence focuses too narrowly on this one Jeffersonian letter while failing to account for other relevant history

Q1: What did Jefferson's opponents accuse him of wanting to do to Christianity? 
A1: destruction
Q2: What did Jefferson encourage the separate sects at the University of Virginia to have of their own?
A2: preachers
Q3: How was the state banned from supporting a Professorship of Divinity?
A3: Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom
Q4: What scheme did Jefferson apparently support when it came to University students?
A4: attend religious worship each morning
Q5: What does Mark David Hall think people focus on way too much?
A5: one Jeffersonian letter
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles give a long critique of the application of FST to human populations in their 2003 paper "Human Genetic Diversity and the Nonexistence of Biological Races". They find that the figure of 85% is misleading because it implies that all human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity. They claim that this does not correctly reflect human population history, because it treats all human groups as independent. A more realistic portrayal of the way human groups are related is to understand that some human groups are parental to other groups and that these groups represent paraphyletic groups to their descent groups. For example, under the recent African origin theory the human population in Africa is paraphyletic to all other human groups because it represents the ancestral group from which all non-African populations derive, but more than that, non-African groups only derive from a small non-representative sample of this African population. This means that all non-African groups are more closely related to each other and to some African groups (probably east Africans) than they are to others, and further that the migration out of Africa represented a genetic bottleneck, with much of the diversity that existed in Africa not being carried out of Africa by the emigrating groups. This view produces a version of human population movements that do not result in all human populations being independent; but rather, produces a series of dilutions of diversity the further from Africa any population lives, each founding event representing a genetic subset of its parental population. Long and Kittles find that rather than 85% of human genetic diversity existing in all human populations, about 100% of human diversity exists in a single African population, whereas only about 70% of human genetic diversity exists in a population derived from New Guinea. Long and Kittles argued that this still produces a global human population that is genetically homogeneous compared to other mammalian populations.

Q1: What two researchers gave a long critique regarding the application of FST to human populations in 2003?
A1: Jeffrey Long and Rick Kittles
Q2: What do Long and Kittles think of the implication that human populations contain on average 85% of all genetic diversity?
A2: misleading
Q3: Non-African groups of human population may only drive from what type of sample of the African population?
A3: non-representative
Q4: What type of bottleneck did the migration out of Africa represent?
A4: genetic
Q5: How much human genetic diversity exists in a single African population?
A5: 100%
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jeffries and Ryan (2001) argue that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from the mid-twentieth century rulings of the Supreme Court. The central point, they argue, was a constitutional ban against aid to religious schools, followed by a later ban on religious observance in public education. Jeffries and Ryan argue that these two propositions—that public aid should not go to religious schools and that public schools should not be religious—make up the separationist position of the modern Establishment Clause.

Q1: When do Jeffries and Ryan that the modern concept of separation of church and state dates from?
A1: mid-twentieth century
Q2: What was the central point of the rulings of the Supreme Court's rulings?
A2: constitutional ban against aid to religious schools
Q3: What was later banned in public education?
A3: religious observance
Q4: How many propositions make up the separationist position on the Establishment Clause?
A4: two
Title: Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jeffries and Ryan argue that no-aid position drew support from a coalition of separationist opinion. Most important was "the pervasive secularism that came to dominate American public life," which sought to confine religion to a private sphere. Further, the ban against government aid to religious schools was supported before 1970 by most Protestants (and most Jews), who opposed aid to religious schools, which were mostly Catholic at the time. After 1980, however, anti-Catholic sentiment has diminished among mainline Protestants, and the crucial coalition of public secularists and Protestant churches has collapsed. While mainline Protestant denominations are more inclined towards strict separation of church and state, much evangelical opinion has now largely deserted that position. As a consequence, strict separationism is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths, even perhaps eclipsing the opposition of Roman Catholics.[citation needed]

Q1: What position do Jeffries and Ryan argue was the reason for support from a coalition of separationists?
A1: no-aid
Q2: What type of secularism came to dominate American public life?
A2: pervasive
Q3: Who supported the ban against government aid to religious schools before 1970?
A3: most Protestants (and most Jews)
Q4: What diminished after 1980?
A4: anti-Catholic sentiment
Q5: What is opposed today by members of many Protestant faiths?
A5: strict separationism
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses are best known for their door-to-door preaching, distributing literature such as The Watchtower and Awake!, and refusing military service and blood transfusions. They consider use of the name Jehovah vital for proper worship. They reject Trinitarianism, inherent immortality of the soul, and hellfire, which they consider to be unscriptural doctrines. They do not observe Christmas, Easter, birthdays or other holidays and customs they consider to have pagan origins incompatible with Christianity. Adherents commonly refer to their body of beliefs as "the truth" and consider themselves to be "in the truth". They consider secular society to be morally corrupt and under the influence of Satan, and most limit their social interaction with non-Witnesses. Congregational disciplinary actions include disfellowshipping, their term for formal expulsion and shunning. Baptized individuals who formally leave are considered disassociated and are also shunned. Disfellowshipped and disassociated individuals may eventually be reinstated if deemed repentant.

Q1: What are Jehovah witnesses best known for?
A1: their door-to-door preaching
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses refuse?
A2: military service and blood transfusions
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses consider the name Jehovah vital for?
A3: proper worship
Q4: Why do Jehovah Witnesses reject inherent immortality of the soul, hellfire and Trinitarianism?
A4: they consider to be unscriptural doctrines
Q5: Why don't Jehovah Witnesses celebrate the usual holidays and customs?
A5: they consider to have pagan origins
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses are organized hierarchically, in what the leadership calls a "theocratic organization", reflecting their belief that it is God's "visible organization" on earth. The organization is led by the Governing Body—an all-male group that varies in size, but since early 2014 has comprised seven members,[note 1] all of whom profess to be of the "anointed" class with a hope of heavenly life—based in the Watch Tower Society's Brooklyn headquarters. There is no election for membership; new members are selected by the existing body. Until late 2012, the Governing Body described itself as the representative and "spokesman" for God's "faithful and discreet slave class" (approximately 10,000 self-professed "anointed" Jehovah's Witnesses). At the 2012 Annual Meeting of the Watch Tower Society, the "faithful and discreet slave" was defined as referring to the Governing Body only. The Governing Body directs several committees that are responsible for administrative functions, including publishing, assembly programs and evangelizing activities. It appoints all branch committee members and traveling overseers, after they have been recommended by local branches, with traveling overseers supervising circuits of congregations within their jurisdictions. Traveling overseers appoint local elders and ministerial servants, and while branch offices may appoint regional committees for matters such as Kingdom Hall construction or disaster relief.

Q1: How are Jehovah Witnesses organized?
A1: hierarchically
Q2: What does the theocratic organization of Jehovah Witnesses reflect on Earth?
A2: God's "visible organization"
Q3: What gender are all the members of the Governing Body?
A3: male
Q4: How many members does the Governing Body consist of?
A4: seven
Q5: Who does the Governing Body direct?
A5: several committees
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses are perhaps best known for their efforts to spread their beliefs, most notably by visiting people from house to house, distributing literature published by the Watch Tower Society in 700 languages. The objective is to start a regular "Bible study" with any person who is not already a member, with the intention that the student be baptized as a member of the group; Witnesses are advised to consider discontinuing Bible studies with students who show no interest in becoming members. Witnesses are taught they are under a biblical command to engage in public preaching. They are instructed to devote as much time as possible to their ministry and are required to submit an individual monthly "Field Service Report". Baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching are termed "irregular" and may be counseled by elders; those who do not submit reports for six consecutive months are termed "inactive".

Q1: What are Jehovah Witnesses probably best known for by outsiders?
A1: their efforts to spread their beliefs
Q2: How many languages is the Watch Tower Society literature published in?
A2: 700
Q3: What is the objective of Jehovah Witnesses' door to door ministry?
A3: start a regular "Bible study"
Q4: When are Jehovah Witnesses advised to discontinue Bibles studies with students?
A4: show no interest in becoming members
Q5: What are baptized members who fail to report a month of preaching termed as?
A5: irregular
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that God's kingdom is a literal government in heaven, ruled by Jesus Christ and 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians drawn from the earth, which they associate with Jesus' reference to a "new covenant". The kingdom is viewed as the means by which God will accomplish his original purpose for the earth, transforming it into a paradise without sickness or death. It is said to have been the focal point of Jesus' ministry on earth. They believe the kingdom was established in heaven in 1914, and that Jehovah's Witnesses serve as representatives of the kingdom on earth.

Q1: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe of God's kingdom?
A1: a literal government in heaven
Q2: Who rules with Jesus Christ in heaven according to Jehovah Witnesses?
A2: 144,000 "spirit-anointed" Christians
Q3: What do the Jehovah Witnesses believe God will use the kingdom in heaven for?
A3: accomplish his original purpose for the earth
Q4: What will the Earth be transformed into?
A4: a paradise without sickness or death
Q5: When do Jehovah Witnesses believe the kingdom of heaven was established?
A5: 1914
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus Christ began to rule in heaven as king of God's kingdom in October 1914, and that Satan was subsequently ousted from heaven to the earth, resulting in "woe" to humanity. They believe that Jesus rules invisibly, from heaven, perceived only as a series of "signs". They base this belief on a rendering of the Greek word parousia—usually translated as "coming" when referring to Christ—as "presence". They believe Jesus' presence includes an unknown period beginning with his inauguration as king in heaven in 1914, and ending when he comes to bring a final judgment against humans on earth. They thus depart from the mainstream Christian belief that the "second coming" of Matthew 24 refers to a single moment of arrival on earth to judge humans.

Q1: On what date do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus Christ began his rule as a king in God's kingdom?
A1: October 1914
Q2: What happened to Satan when Jesus started his rule?
A2: ousted from heaven
Q3: How do Jehovah Witnesses believe that Jesus rules?
A3: invisibly
Q4: How is the Greek word parousia translated when referring to Christ?
A4: "coming"
Q5: When will Jesus' presence end?
A5: when he comes to bring a final judgment
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that Jesus is God's only direct creation, that everything else was created by means of Christ, and that the initial unassisted act of creation uniquely identifies Jesus as God's "only-begotten Son". Jesus served as a redeemer and a ransom sacrifice to pay for the sins of humanity. They believe Jesus died on a single upright post rather than the traditional cross. They believe that references in the Bible to the Archangel Michael, Abaddon (Apollyon), and the Word all refer to Jesus. Jesus is considered to be the only intercessor and high priest between God and humanity, and appointed by God as the king and judge of his kingdom. His role as a mediator (referred to in 1 Timothy 2:5) is applied to the 'anointed' class, though the 'other sheep' are said to also benefit from the arrangement.

Q1: Who do Jehovah Witnesses believe is God's only direct creation?
A1: Jesus
Q2: What was Jesus a ransom sacrifice to pay for?
A2: the sins of humanity
Q3: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe Jesus died on rather than a traditional cross?
A3: a single upright post
Q4: Jesus is considered to be the only what between God and humanity?
A4: intercessor and high priest
Q5: What biblical passage outlines Jesus' role as a mediator?
A5: 1 Timothy 2:5
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Jehovah's Witnesses believe that the Bible condemns the mixing of religions, on the basis that there can only be one truth from God, and therefore reject interfaith and ecumenical movements. They believe that only their religion represents true Christianity, and that other religions fail to meet all the requirements set by God and will soon be destroyed. Jehovah's Witnesses are taught that it is vital to remain "separate from the world." The Witnesses' literature defines the "world" as "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants" and teach that it is morally contaminated and ruled by Satan. Witnesses are taught that association with "worldly" people presents a "danger" to their faith, and are instructed to minimize social contact with non-members to better maintain their own standards of morality.

Q1: Why do Jehovah Witnesses believe the Bible condemns mixing of religions?
A1: can only be one truth from God
Q2: What do Jehovah Witnesses believe is true of their religion and their religion alone?
A2: represents true Christianity
Q3: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught it's vital to remain?
A3: "separate from the world."
Q4: What does Jehovah Witnesses define the "world" to mean?
A4: "the mass of mankind apart from Jehovah's approved servants"
Q5: What are Jehovah Witnesses taught association with worldly people presents to their faith?
A5: danger