LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Insect
Topic: Natural sciences

Social insects, such as termites, ants and many bees and wasps, are the most familiar species of eusocial animal. They live together in large well-organized colonies that may be so tightly integrated and genetically similar that the colonies of some species are sometimes considered superorganisms. It is sometimes argued that the various species of honey bee are the only invertebrates (and indeed one of the few non-human groups) to have evolved a system of abstract symbolic communication where a behavior is used to represent and convey specific information about something in the environment. In this communication system, called dance language, the angle at which a bee dances represents a direction relative to the sun, and the length of the dance represents the distance to be flown.:309–311 Though perhaps not as advanced as honey bees, bumblebees also potentially have some social communication behaviors. Bombus terrestris, for example, exhibit a faster learning curve for visiting unfamiliar, yet rewarding flowers, when they can see a conspecific foraging on the same species.

Q1: Termites are considered what type of insect?
A1: Social
Q2: Termites, bees, wasps, and what other insect are social insects?
A2: ants
Q3: What is another term for social insect?
A3: eusocial animal
Q4: Social insects live in well organized what?
A4: colonies
Q5: The method that a bee dances is called what?
A5: dance language
Title: Predation
Topic: Natural sciences

Social predation offers the possibility of predators to kill creatures larger than those that members of the species could overpower singly. Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas can kill large herbivores that single animals of the same species usually don't dispatch. Social predation allows some animals to organize hunts of creatures that would easily escape a single predator; thus chimpanzees can prey upon colobus monkeys, and Harris's hawks can cut off all possible escapes for a doomed rabbit. Extreme specialization of roles is evident in some hunting that requires co-operation between predators of very different species: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants. Social predation is often very complex behavior, and not all social creatures (for example, domestic cats) perform it. Even without complex intelligence but instinct alone, some ant species can destroy much larger creatures.

Q1: What hunting style allows chimpanzees to prey upon colobus monkeys?
A1: Social predation
Q2: What is an example of co-coperation between predators of different species?
A2: humans with the aid of falcons or dogs, or fishing with cormorants
Q3: What is a species that does not perform social predation?
A3: domestic cats)
Q4: What are some species that use social predation to prey on animals much larger than themselves?
A4: Lions, hyenas, wolves, dholes, African wild dogs, and piranhas
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

Social sciences often examine emotion for the role that it plays in human culture and social interactions. In sociology, emotions are examined for the role they play in human society, social patterns and interactions, and culture. In anthropology, the study of humanity, scholars use ethnography to undertake contextual analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of a range of human activities. Some anthropology studies examine the role of emotions in human activities. In the field of communication sciences, critical organizational scholars have examined the role of emotions in organizations, from the perspectives of managers, employees, and even customers. A focus on emotions in organizations can be credited to Arlie Russell Hochschild's concept of emotional labor. The University of Queensland hosts EmoNet, an e-mail distribution list representing a network of academics that facilitates scholarly discussion of all matters relating to the study of emotion in organizational settings. The list was established in January 1997 and has over 700 members from across the globe.

Q1: What discipline examines the role emotions play in culture?
A1: sociology
Q2: What discipline makes use of ethnography?
A2: anthropology
Q3: What field of study studies the organizational role of emotions?
A3: communication sciences
Q4: Who developed the concept of emotional labor?
A4: Arlie Russell Hochschild
Q5: Roughly how many people are part of EmoNet?
A5: 700
Title: Department_store
Topic: Social sciences and society

Socialism confronted consumerism in the chain State Department Stores (GUM), set up by Lenin in 1921 as a model retail enterprise. It operated stores throughout Russia and targeted consumers across class, gender, and ethnic lines. GUM was designed to advance the Bolsheviks' goals of eliminating private enterprise and rebuilding consumerism along socialist lines, as well as democratizing consumption for workers and peasants nationwide. GUM became a major propaganda purveyor, with advertising and promotional campaigns that taught Russians the goals of the regime and attempted to inculcate new attitudes and behavior. In trying to create a socialist consumer culture from scratch, GUM recast the functions and meanings of buying and selling, turning them into politically charged acts that could either contribute to or delay the march toward utopian communism. By the late 1920s, however, GUM's gandiose goals had proven unrealistic and largely alienated consumers, who instead learned a culture of complaint and entitlement. GUM's main function became one of distributing whatever the factories sent them, regardless of consumer demand or quality.

Q1: What group was established in 1921 in response to the clash between socialism and consumerism? 
A1: State Department Stores (GUM)
Q2: When did GUM begin to decline and lose power? 
A2: late 1920s
Q3: Who formed the State Department Stores, AKA GUM? 
A3: Lenin
Q4: When did they first establish the organization?
A4: 1921
Title: Liberal_Party_of_Australia
Topic: History

Socially, while liberty and freedom of enterprise form the basis of its beliefs, elements of the party have wavered between what is termed "small-l liberalism" and social conservatism. Historically, Liberal Governments have been responsible for the carriage of a number of notable "socially liberal" reforms, including the opening of Australia to multiethnic immigration under Menzies and Harold Holt; Holt's 1967 Referendum on Aboriginal Rights; Sir John Gorton's support for cinema and the arts; selection of the first Aboriginal Senator, Neville Bonner, in 1971; and Malcolm Fraser's Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1976. A West Australian Liberal, Ken Wyatt, became the first Indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives in 2010.

Q1: Who was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House?
A1: Ken Wyatt
Q2: In what year was the first indigenous Australian elected to the House of Representatives?
A2: 2010
Q3: In what year was the first Aboriginal Senator elected?
A3: 1971
Title: Eton_College
Topic: History

Societies tend to come and go, of course, depending on the special enthusiasms of the masters and boys in the school at the time, but some have been in existence many years. Those in existence at present include: Aeronautical, African, Alexander Cozens (Art), Amnesty, Archeological, Architectural, Astronomy, Banks (conservation), Caledonian, Cheese, Classical, Comedy, Cosmopolitan, Debating, Design, Entrepreneurship, Geographical, Henry Fielding, Hispanic, History, Keynes (economics), Law, Literary, Mathematical, Medical, Middle Eastern, Model United Nations, Modern Languages, Oriental, Orwell (left-wing), Simeon (Christian), Parry (music), Photographic, Political, Praed (poetry), Rock (music), Rous (equestrian), Salisbury (diplomatic), Savile (Rare Books and Manuscripts), Shelley, Scientific, Sports, Tech Club, Theatre, Wellington (military), Wine and Wotton’s (philosophy).

Q1: Which Eton society is dedicated to philosophy?
A1: Wine and Wotton’s
Q2: Which Eton society is centered around horses?
A2: Rous
Q3: What is the name of the Eton club for musical interests?
A3: Rock
Q4: What is the interest of the Savile club at Eton?
A4: Rare Books and Manuscripts
Title: Modern_history
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Society in the Japanese "Tokugawa period" (Edo society), unlike the shogunates before it, was based on the strict class hierarchy originally established by Toyotomi Hideyoshi. The daimyo, or lords, were at the top, followed by the warrior-caste of samurai, with the farmers, artisans, and traders ranking below. In some parts of the country, particularly smaller regions, daimyo and samurai were more or less identical, since daimyo might be trained as samurai, and samurai might act as local lords. Otherwise, the largely inflexible nature of this social stratification system unleashed disruptive forces over time. Taxes on the peasantry were set at fixed amounts which did not account for inflation or other changes in monetary value. As a result, the tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time. This often led to numerous confrontations between noble but impoverished samurai and well-to-do peasants, ranging from simple local disturbances to much bigger rebellions. None, however, proved compelling enough to seriously challenge the established order until the arrival of foreign powers.

Q1: What was society based on during the Tukugawa period?
A1: strict class hierarchy
Q2: Strict class hierarchy was established by who?
A2: Toyotomi Hideyoshi
Q3: What group were considered to be at the top of the Strict Class Hierarchy?
A3: The daimyo, or lords
Q4: How were taxes charged during the Tukugawa period?
A4: set at fixed amounts
Q5: What effect did  having taxes charged at a fixed amount have on it's revenue?
A5: tax revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Q6: What is the Tokugawa period also known as?
A6: Edo society
Q7: What was society in  the Tokugawa period based in?
A7: strict class hierarchy
Q8: What group was considered at the top of the Strict Class Society?
A8: The daimyo, or lords,
Q9: How were taxes charged in the Tokugawa period?
A9: set at fixed amounts
Q10: What effect did the way the taxes were charged have on it's revenue.
A10: revenues collected by the samurai landowners were worth less and less over time.
Title: Middle_Ages
Topic: History

Society throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords imposed it on those of their tenants who had previously been free. Most peasants in Western Europe managed to change the work they had previously owed to their landlords into cash rents. The percentage of serfs amongst the peasantry declined from a high of 90 to closer to 50 per cent by the end of the period. Landlords also became more conscious of common interests with other landholders, and they joined together to extort privileges from their governments. Partly at the urging of landlords, governments attempted to legislate a return to the economic conditions that existed before the Black Death. Non-clergy became increasingly literate, and urban populations began to imitate the nobility's interest in chivalry.

Q1: By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
A1: 50
Q2: At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?
A2: 90
Q3: In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?
A3: Eastern
Q4: Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?
A4: cash rents
Q5: What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?
A5: chivalry
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Sociocultural anthropology draws together the principle axes of cultural anthropology and social anthropology. Cultural anthropology is the comparative study of the manifold ways in which people make sense of the world around them, while social anthropology is the study of the relationships among persons and groups. Cultural anthropology is more related to philosophy, literature and the arts (how one's culture affects experience for self and group, contributing to more complete understanding of the people's knowledge, customs, and institutions), while social anthropology is more related to sociology and history. in that it helps develop understanding of social structures, typically of others and other populations (such as minorities, subgroups, dissidents, etc.). There is no hard-and-fast distinction between them, and these categories overlap to a considerable degree.

Q1: What draws together the axes of cultural and social anthropology?
A1: Sociocultural anthropology
Q2: What studies the way people make sense of the world around them?
A2: Cultural anthropology
Q3: Which type of anthropology studies relationships among persons and groups?
A3: social
Q4: What does social anthropology help develop an understanding of?
A4: social structures,
Q5: What kind of distinction is lacking between social and cultural anthropology?
A5: hard-and-fast
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Sociocultural anthropology has been heavily influenced by structuralist and postmodern theories, as well as a shift toward the analysis of modern societies. During the 1970s and 1990s, there was an epistemological shift away from the positivist traditions that had largely informed the discipline.[page needed] During this shift, enduring questions about the nature and production of knowledge came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology. In contrast, archaeology and biological anthropology remained largely positivist. Due to this difference in epistemology, the four sub-fields of anthropology have lacked cohesion over the last several decades.

Q1: What has sociocultural anthropology been heavily influenced by?
A1: structuralist and postmodern theories
Q2: When was there an epistemological shift away from positivist traditions in anthropology?
A2: During the 1970s and 1990s
Q3: What questions came to occupy a central place in cultural and social anthropology?
A3: nature and production of knowledge
Q4: What two fields remained largely positivist? 
A4: archaeology and biological anthropology
Q5: What have the four sub-fields of anthropology lacked over the last several decades?
A5: cohesion
Title: Race_(human_categorization)
Topic: Natural sciences

Socioeconomic factors, in combination with early but enduring views of race, have led to considerable suffering within disadvantaged racial groups. Racial discrimination often coincides with racist mindsets, whereby the individuals and ideologies of one group come to perceive the members of an outgroup as both racially defined and morally inferior. As a result, racial groups possessing relatively little power often find themselves excluded or oppressed, while hegemonic individuals and institutions are charged with holding racist attitudes. Racism has led to many instances of tragedy, including slavery and genocide.

Q1: Socioeconomic factors and enduring views on race has led to what for certain racial groups?
A1: considerable suffering
Q2: What is discrimination often paired with?
A2: racist mindsets
Q3: What do members of one group typically perceive the moral standing of outgroups as?
A3: inferior
Q4: What do groups with less power often find themselves?
A4: excluded or oppressed
Q5: What has led to many tragic instances of events like slavery and genocide?
A5: Racism
Title: Emotion
Topic: Natural sciences

Sociological attention to emotion has varied over time. Emilé Durkheim (1915/1965) wrote about the collective effervescence or emotional energy that was experienced by members of totemic rituals in Australian aborigine society. He explained how the heightened state of emotional energy achieved during totemic rituals transported individuals above themselves giving them the sense that they were in the presence of a higher power, a force, that was embedded in the sacred objects that were worshipped. These feelings of exaltation, he argued, ultimately lead people to believe that there were forces that governed sacred objects.

Q1: Who discussed the idea of a collective effervescence?
A1: Emilé Durkheim
Q2: What society was studied to describe the notion of collective effervescence?
A2: Australian aborigine society
Q3: Durkheim saw collective effervescence in what Australian aboriginal activity?
A3: totemic rituals
Q4: What is another term for collective effervescence?
A4: emotional energy
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Sociologist James A. Beckford, in his 1975 study of Jehovah's Witnesses, classified the religion's organizational structure as Totalizing, characterized by an assertive leadership, specific and narrow objectives, control over competing demands on members' time and energy, and control over the quality of new members. Other characteristics of the classification include likelihood of friction with secular authorities, reluctance to co-operate with other religious organizations, a high rate of membership turnover, a low rate of doctrinal change, and strict uniformity of beliefs among members. Beckford identified the religion's chief characteristics as historicism (identifying historical events as relating to the outworking of God's purpose), absolutism (conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth), activism (capacity to motivate members to perform missionary tasks), rationalism (conviction that Witness doctrines have a rational basis devoid of mystery), authoritarianism (rigid presentation of regulations without the opportunity for criticism) and world indifference (rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments).

Q1: What is the profession of James A. Beckford?
A1: Sociologist
Q2: When did Beckford study the Jehovah's Witnesses?
A2: 1975
Q3: What did Beckford classify the Jehovah's Witnesses organizational structure as being?
A3: Totalizing
Q4: What is the conviction that Jehovah's Witness leaders dispense absolute truth?
A4: absolutism
Q5: What is the term for Jehovah's Witnesses' rejection of certain secular requirements and medical treatments?
A5: world indifference
Title: Jehovah%27s_Witnesses
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Sociologist Rodney Stark states that Jehovah's Witness leaders are "not always very democratic" and that members "are expected to conform to rather strict standards," but adds that "enforcement tends to be very informal, sustained by the close bonds of friendship within the group", and that Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves as "part of the power structure rather than subject to it." Sociologist Andrew Holden states that most members who join millenarian movements such as Jehovah's Witnesses have made an informed choice. However, he also states that defectors "are seldom allowed a dignified exit", and describes the administration as autocratic.

Q1: What profession did Rodney Stark grow up to become?
A1: Sociologist
Q2: What statement does Stark make about the leaders of the Jehovah's Witnesses?
A2: "not always very democratic"
Q3: How do Jehovah's Witnesses see themselves in regards to the power structure of the church?
A3: "part of the power structure rather than subject to it."
Q4: Another Sociologist, Andrew Holden, feels anyone who joins a movement such as the Jehovah's Witnesses has made a what?
A4: informed choice
Q5: Holden acknowledges that defectors are seldom allowed a what from the church?
A5: dignified exit
Title: New_York_City
Topic: Geography and places

Sociologists and criminologists have not reached consensus on the explanation for the dramatic decrease in the city's crime rate. Some attribute the phenomenon to new tactics used by the NYPD, including its use of CompStat and the broken windows theory. Others cite the end of the crack epidemic and demographic changes, including from immigration. Another theory is that widespread exposure to lead pollution from automobile exhaust, which can lower intelligence and increase aggression levels, incited the initial crime wave in the mid-20th century, most acutely affecting heavily trafficked cities like New York. A strong correlation was found demonstrating that violent crime rates in New York and other big cities began to fall after lead was removed from American gasoline in the 1970s. Another theory cited to explain New York City's falling homicide rate is the inverse correlation between the number of murders and the increasingly wetter climate in the city.

Q1: Being exposed to what type of pollution has been theorized to increase aggression?
A1: lead
Q2: The decrease in crime in New York is sometimes attributed to the decline of what street drug?
A2: crack
Title: Adult_contemporary_music
Topic: Music

Soft rock reached its commercial peak in the mid-to-late 1970s with acts such as Toto, England Dan & John Ford Coley, Air Supply, Seals and Crofts, America and the reformed Fleetwood Mac, whose Rumours (1977) was the best-selling album of the decade. By 1977, some radio stations, like New York's WTFM and NBC-owned WYNY, had switched to an all-soft rock format. By the 1980s, tastes had changed and radio formats reflected this change, including musical artists such as Journey. Walter Sabo and his team at NBC brought in major personalities from the AM Band to the FM Band taking the format from a background to a foreground listening experience. The addition of major radio stars such as Dan Daniel, Steve O'Brien, Dick Summers, Don Bleu and Tom Parker made it possible to fully monetize the format and provide the foundation for financial success enjoyed to this day

Q1: During what period was adult contemporary its most commercially successful?
A1: the mid-to-late 1970s
Q2: What artist released the best selling album of the 1970s?
A2: Fleetwood Mac
Q3: In what year was the best selling album of the 1970s released?
A3: 1977
Q4: What radio stationed owned by NBC played only soft rock?
A4: WYNY
Q5: Who was a prominent figure at NBC's radio division?
A5: Walter Sabo
Title: Software_testing
Topic: Engineering and technology

Software developers can't test everything, but they can use combinatorial test design to identify the minimum number of tests needed to get the coverage they want. Combinatorial test design enables users to get greater test coverage with fewer tests. Whether they are looking for speed or test depth, they can use combinatorial test design methods to build structured variation into their test cases. Note that "coverage", as used here, is referring to combinatorial coverage, not requirements coverage.

Q1: Although software developers are unable to test everything, what do they run to keep the testing to a minimum? 
A1: use combinatorial test design
Q2: What does the use of combinatorial testing consist of?
A2: get greater test coverage with fewer tests
Q3: What two types of testing are involved with combinatorial testing as mentioned here?
A3: speed or test depth
Title: Software_testing
Topic: Engineering and technology

Software faults occur through the following processes. A programmer makes an error (mistake), which results in a defect (fault, bug) in the software source code. If this defect is executed, in certain situations the system will produce wrong results, causing a failure. Not all defects will necessarily result in failures. For example, defects in dead code will never result in failures. A defect can turn into a failure when the environment is changed. Examples of these changes in environment include the software being run on a new computer hardware platform, alterations in source data, or interacting with different software. A single defect may result in a wide range of failure symptoms.

Q1: What is the first step that leads to a software failure?
A1: programmer makes an error
Q2: What is the result of the programmer making a mistake?
A2: defect (fault, bug)
Q3: When can software defects in dead code cause problems?
A3: run on a new computer hardware platform
Title: Computer
Topic: Engineering and technology

Software refers to parts of the computer which do not have a material form, such as programs, data, protocols, etc. When software is stored in hardware that cannot easily be modified (such as BIOS ROM in an IBM PC compatible), it is sometimes called "firmware".

Q1: Parts of a computer that are not material objects are collectively known as what?
A1: Software
Q2: Software stored in hardware that cannot be changed easily is called what?
A2: firmware
Q3: What type of "ware" is a BIOS ROM in a PC?
A3: software
Title: Software_testing
Topic: Engineering and technology

Software testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engineering process itself to reduce the number of faults that end up in the delivered software: the so-called "defect rate". What constitutes an "acceptable defect rate" depends on the nature of the software; A flight simulator video game would have much higher defect tolerance than software for an actual airplane. Although there are close links with SQA, testing departments often exist independently, and there may be no SQA function in some companies.[citation needed]

Q1: What makes up part of the SQA?
A1: Software testing
Q2: What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors?
A2: software development process
Q3: What type of software would have a better defect tolerance?
A3: video game
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar chemical processes use solar energy to drive chemical reactions. These processes offset energy that would otherwise come from a fossil fuel source and can also convert solar energy into storable and transportable fuels. Solar induced chemical reactions can be divided into thermochemical or photochemical. A variety of fuels can be produced by artificial photosynthesis. The multielectron catalytic chemistry involved in making carbon-based fuels (such as methanol) from reduction of carbon dioxide is challenging; a feasible alternative is hydrogen production from protons, though use of water as the source of electrons (as plants do) requires mastering the multielectron oxidation of two water molecules to molecular oxygen. Some have envisaged working solar fuel plants in coastal metropolitan areas by 2050 –  the splitting of sea water providing hydrogen to be run through adjacent fuel-cell electric power plants and the pure water by-product going directly into the municipal water system. Another vision involves all human structures covering the earth's surface (i.e., roads, vehicles and buildings) doing photosynthesis more efficiently than plants.

Q1: What is a possible alternative to making carbon-based fuels from reduction of carbon dioxide?
A1: hydrogen production from protons
Q2: What process converts solar energy into storable and transportable fuels?
A2: Solar chemical processes
Q3: What solar process can be used to produce different fuels?
A3: artificial photosynthesis
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar concentrating technologies such as parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors can provide process heat for commercial and industrial applications. The first commercial system was the Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA where a field of 114 parabolic dishes provided 50% of the process heating, air conditioning and electrical requirements for a clothing factory. This grid-connected cogeneration system provided 400 kW of electricity plus thermal energy in the form of 401 kW steam and 468 kW chilled water, and had a one-hour peak load thermal storage. Evaporation ponds are shallow pools that concentrate dissolved solids through evaporation. The use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water is one of the oldest applications of solar energy. Modern uses include concentrating brine solutions used in leach mining and removing dissolved solids from waste streams. Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks dry clothes through evaporation by wind and sunlight without consuming electricity or gas. In some states of the United States legislation protects the "right to dry" clothes. Unglazed transpired collectors (UTC) are perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air. UTCs can raise the incoming air temperature up to 22 °C (40 °F) and deliver outlet temperatures of 45–60 °C (113–140 °F). The short payback period of transpired collectors (3 to 12 years) makes them a more cost-effective alternative than glazed collection systems. As of 2003, over 80 systems with a combined collector area of 35,000 square metres (380,000 sq ft) had been installed worldwide, including an 860 m2 (9,300 sq ft) collector in Costa Rica used for drying coffee beans and a 1,300 m2 (14,000 sq ft) collector in Coimbatore, India, used for drying marigolds.

Q1: The Solar Total Energy Project had a field of how many parabolic dishes?
A1: 114
Q2: Are transpired collectors more or less cost-effective than glazed collection systems?
A2: more
Q3: What are some examples of solar concentrating technologies?
A3: parabolic dish, trough and Scheffler reflectors
Q4: What was the first commercial solar concentrating system?
A4: Solar Total Energy Project (STEP) in Shenandoah, Georgia, USA
Q5: What is one of the oldest uses of solar energy?
A5: use of evaporation ponds to obtain salt from sea water
Q6: What are some items used to dry clothes without the use of electricity?
A6: Clothes lines, clotheshorses, and clothes racks
Q7: What are Unglazed transpired collectors?
A7: perforated sun-facing walls used for preheating ventilation air
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar cookers use sunlight for cooking, drying and pasteurization. They can be grouped into three broad categories: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers. The simplest solar cooker is the box cooker first built by Horace de Saussure in 1767. A basic box cooker consists of an insulated container with a transparent lid. It can be used effectively with partially overcast skies and will typically reach temperatures of 90–150 °C (194–302 °F). Panel cookers use a reflective panel to direct sunlight onto an insulated container and reach temperatures comparable to box cookers. Reflector cookers use various concentrating geometries (dish, trough, Fresnel mirrors) to focus light on a cooking container. These cookers reach temperatures of 315 °C (599 °F) and above but require direct light to function properly and must be repositioned to track the Sun.

Q1: Horace de Saussure built the first box cooker in what year?
A1: 1767
Q2: Reflector cookers can reach temperatures in Celsius of up to what?
A2: 315
Q3: What are solar cookers used for?
A3: cooking, drying and pasteurization
Q4: What are the 3 main categories of solar cookers?
A4: box cookers, panel cookers and reflector cookers
Q5: Who created the box cooker?
A5: Horace de Saussure
Q6: What is the typical temperature range for a box cooker?
A6: 90–150 °C (194–302 °F)
Q7: What do reflector cookers require to function?
A7: direct light
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar distillation can be used to make saline or brackish water potable. The first recorded instance of this was by 16th-century Arab alchemists. A large-scale solar distillation project was first constructed in 1872 in the Chilean mining town of Las Salinas. The plant, which had solar collection area of 4,700 m2 (51,000 sq ft), could produce up to 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day and operate for 40 years. Individual still designs include single-slope, double-slope (or greenhouse type), vertical, conical, inverted absorber, multi-wick, and multiple effect. These stills can operate in passive, active, or hybrid modes. Double-slope stills are the most economical for decentralized domestic purposes, while active multiple effect units are more suitable for large-scale applications.

Q1: In what year was a large scale solar distillation project constructed in Las Salinas?
A1: 1872
Q2: What is used to make saline or brackish water drinkable?
A2: Solar distillation
Q3: By who was the first record of solar distillation done by?
A3: 16th-century Arab alchemists
Q4: When was the first large solar distillation plant created?
A4: 1872
Q5: How much water was produced by the plant?
A5: 22,700 L (5,000 imp gal; 6,000 US gal) per day
Q6: What is an example of a solar distillation design?
A6: single-slope
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar energy is radiant light and heat from the Sun harnessed using a range of ever-evolving technologies such as solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis.

Q1: Where does solar energy come from?
A1: the Sun
Q2: What kind of energy consists of the light and heat provided by the Sun?
A2: Solar energy
Q3: What technologies are used to harness solar energy from the sun?
A3: solar heating, photovoltaics, solar thermal energy, solar architecture and artificial photosynthesis
Q4: What is solar energy?
A4: radiant light and heat from the Sun
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar energy may be used in a water stabilisation pond to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity. A further environmental advantage is that algae grow in such ponds and consume carbon dioxide in photosynthesis, although algae may produce toxic chemicals that make the water unusable.

Q1: What is a possible negative effect of algae in water stabilization ponds?
A1: toxic chemicals
Q2: For what reason would solar energy be used in a water stabilisation pond?
A2: to treat waste water without chemicals or electricity
Q3: What is a reason why the water from a water stabilisation pond may be unusable?
A3: algae may produce toxic chemicals
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar hot water systems use sunlight to heat water. In low geographical latitudes (below 40 degrees) from 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water use with temperatures up to 60 °C can be provided by solar heating systems. The most common types of solar water heaters are evacuated tube collectors (44%) and glazed flat plate collectors (34%) generally used for domestic hot water; and unglazed plastic collectors (21%) used mainly to heat swimming pools.

Q1: According to Shuman, up to what percentage of domestic hot water can be  provided by solar heating systems?
A1: 70
Q2: What do Solar hot water systems use to heat water?
A2: sunlight
Q3: How much hot water can be produced by solar heating systems in low geographical latitudes?
A3: 60 to 70% of the domestic hot water
Q4: What is a common type of solar water heater?
A4: evacuated tube collectors
Q5: What type of solar water heater is used to heat pools?
A5: unglazed plastic collectors
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar power is anticipated to become the world's largest source of electricity by 2050, with solar photovoltaics and concentrated solar power contributing 16 and 11 percent to the global overall consumption, respectively.

Q1: By what year is solar power expected to become the world's greatest source of electricity?
A1: 2050
Q2: When is solar power is foreseen to become the largest source of electricity?
A2: 2050
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar power is the conversion of sunlight into electricity, either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP). CSP systems use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam. PV converts light into electric current using the photoelectric effect.

Q1: What is solar power?
A1: conversion of sunlight into electricity
Q2: How is sunlight converted into electricity?
A2: either directly using photovoltaics (PV), or indirectly using concentrated solar power (CSP)
Q3: What does a concentrated solar power system use?
A3: lenses or mirrors and tracking systems
Q4: What is the purpose of a concentrated solar power system?
A4: focus a large area of sunlight into a small beam
Q5: What method does the photovoltaics system use to turn light into electricity?
A5: photoelectric effect
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar radiation is absorbed by the Earth's land surface, oceans – which cover about 71% of the globe – and atmosphere. Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises, causing atmospheric circulation or convection. When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds, which rain onto the Earth's surface, completing the water cycle. The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection, producing atmospheric phenomena such as wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones. Sunlight absorbed by the oceans and land masses keeps the surface at an average temperature of 14 °C. By photosynthesis green plants convert solar energy into chemically stored energy, which produces food, wood and the biomass from which fossil fuels are derived.

Q1: The Earth's oceans cover what percentage of the globe?
A1: 71
Q2: What is the average temperature of the Earth's surface in Celsius?
A2: 14
Q3: What is the process by which green plants convert solar energy to stored energy?
A3: photosynthesis
Q4: How much of the earth is covered by oceans?
A4: about 71%
Q5: What is the cause of atmospheric circulation?
A5: Warm air containing evaporated water from the oceans rises
Q6: How does the water vapor that rises in warm air turn into clouds?
A6: When the air reaches a high altitude, where the temperature is low, water vapor condenses into clouds
Q7: What creates wind, cyclones and anti-cyclones?
A7: The latent heat of water condensation amplifies convection
Q8: What is the process in which plants convert solar energy into stored energy called?
A8: photosynthesis
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight and enable solar energy to be harnessed at different levels around the world, mostly depending on distance from the equator. Although solar energy refers primarily to the use of solar radiation for practical ends, all renewable energies, other than geothermal and tidal, derive their energy from the Sun in a direct or indirect way.

Q1: Where do the majority of renewable energies derive their energy from?
A1: the Sun
Q2: How are solar technologies defined?
A2: passive or active
Q3: What is one way that characterizes solar technologies as passive or active?
A3: depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight
Q4: Which renewable energies do not acquire their energy from the sun?
A4: geothermal and tidal
Q5: How do renewable energies acquire energy from the sun?
A5: direct or indirect
Title: Renewable_energy_commercialization
Topic: Engineering and technology

Solar thermal power stations include the 354 megawatt (MW) Solar Energy Generating Systems power plant in the USA, Solnova Solar Power Station (Spain, 150 MW), Andasol solar power station (Spain, 100 MW), Nevada Solar One (USA, 64 MW), PS20 solar power tower (Spain, 20 MW), and the PS10 solar power tower (Spain, 11 MW). The 370 MW Ivanpah Solar Power Facility, located in California's Mojave Desert, is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction. Many other plants are under construction or planned, mainly in Spain and the USA. In developing countries, three World Bank projects for integrated solar thermal/combined-cycle gas-turbine power plants in Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco have been approved.

Q1: Where is the Ivanpah Solar Power Facility located?
A1: California's Mojave Desert
Q2: What is the world's largest solar-thermal power plant project currently under construction?
A2: Ivanpah Solar Power Facility
Q3: Where is the PS20 solar power tower located?
A3: Spain
Title: Solar_energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Solar water disinfection (SODIS) involves exposing water-filled plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles to sunlight for several hours. Exposure times vary depending on weather and climate from a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions. It is recommended by the World Health Organization as a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage. Over two million people in developing countries use this method for their daily drinking water.

Q1: Solar water disinfection is recommended by which organization?
A1: the World Health Organization
Q2: How long should the plastic bottles filled with water be exposed to sunlight during Solar water disinfection?
A2: a minimum of six hours to two days during fully overcast conditions
Q3: What does the World Health Organization say about Solar water disinfection?
A3: a viable method for household water treatment and safe storage
Q4: How many people use Solar water disinfection to disinfect their drinking water?
A4: Over two million people in developing countries
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali architecture is a rich and diverse tradition of engineering and designing. It involves multiple different construction types, such as stone cities, castles, citadels, fortresses, mosques, mausoleums, towers, tombs, tumuli, cairns, megaliths, menhirs, stelae, dolmens, stone circles, monuments, temples, enclosures, cisterns, aqueducts, and lighthouses. Spanning the ancient, medieval and early modern periods in Greater Somalia, it also includes the fusion of Somalo-Islamic architecture with Western designs in contemporary times.

Q1: Along with Somalo-Islamic architecture, what influences modern Somali architecture?
A1: Western designs
Q2: Along with the early modern and ancient, during what period did Somali architecture exist?
A2: medieval
Q3: What material was used to make Somali cities?
A3: stone
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali art is the artistic culture of the Somali people, both historic and contemporary. These include artistic traditions in pottery, music, architecture, wood carving and other genres. Somali art is characterized by its aniconism, partly as a result of the vestigial influence of the pre-Islamic mythology of the Somalis coupled with their ubiquitous Muslim beliefs. However, there have been cases in the past of artistic depictions representing living creatures, such as certain ancient rock paintings in northern Somalia, the golden birds on the Mogadishan canopies, and the plant decorations on religious tombs in southern Somalia. More typically, intricate patterns and geometric designs, bold colors and monumental architecture were the norm.

Q1: What is a notable characteristic of Somali art?
A1: aniconism
Q2: Along with wood carving, architecture and pottery, what is a notable Somali artistic tradition?
A2: music
Q3: In what geographic region of Somalia are ancient rock paintings located?
A3: northern
Q4: What animals are depicted on the Mogadishan canopies?
A4: birds
Q5: In what area of Somalia can one find the tombs decorated with plants?
A5: southern
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali cuisine varies from region to region and consists of a fusion of diverse culinary influences. It is the product of Somalia's rich tradition of trade and commerce. Despite the variety, there remains one thing that unites the various regional cuisines: all food is served halal. There are therefore no pork dishes, alcohol is not served, nothing that died on its own is eaten, and no blood is incorporated.

Q1: What is the one culinary tradition that is present among all Somali regional cuisines?
A1: all food is served halal
Q2: What type of meat is never present in halal dishes?
A2: pork
Q3: What beverage is not halal?
A3: alcohol
Q4: Along with alcohol, what liquid is never present in halal food?
A4: blood
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali dialects are divided into three main groups: Northern, Benaadir and Maay. Northern Somali (or Northern-Central Somali) forms the basis for Standard Somali. Benaadir (also known as Coastal Somali) is spoken on the Benadir coast from Adale to south of Merca, including Mogadishu, as well as in the immediate hinterland. The coastal dialects have additional phonemes which do not exist in Standard Somali. Maay is principally spoken by the Digil and Mirifle (Rahanweyn) clans in the southern areas of Somalia.

Q1: Along with Northern and Maay, what is the third main group of Somali dialects?
A1: Benaadir
Q2: What dialect is Standard Somali based on?
A2: Northern Somali
Q3: What is another name for Benaadir?
A3: Coastal Somali
Q4: What dialect is spoken on Mogadishu?
A4: Benaadir
Q5: In what geographic part of Somalia do the Rahanweyn live?
A5: southern
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali people in the Horn of Africa are divided among different countries (Somalia, Djibouti, Ethiopia, and northeastern Kenya) that were artificially and some might say arbitrarily partitioned by the former imperial powers. Pan-Somalism is an ideology that advocates the unification of all ethnic Somalis once part of Somali empires such as the Ajuran Empire, the Adal Sultanate, the Gobroon Dynasty and the Dervish State under one flag and one nation. The Siad Barre regime actively promoted Pan-Somalism, which eventually led to the Ogaden War between Somalia on one side, and Ethiopia, Cuba and the Soviet Union on the other.

Q1: Along with Kenya, Djibouti and Somalia, in what Horn of Africa country do Somali people live?
A1: Ethiopia
Q2: In what geographic portion of Kenya can Somali people be found?
A2: northeastern
Q3: What is the name of the idea that believes all ethnic Somalis should live in the same country?
A3: Pan-Somalism
Q4: Along with the Soviet Union, what country supported Ethiopia in its war against Somalia?
A4: Cuba
Q5: What was the name of the conflict between Somalia and the Soviet Union, Cuba and Ethiopia?
A5: the Ogaden War
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali scholars have for centuries produced many notable examples of Islamic literature ranging from poetry to Hadith. With the adoption of the Latin alphabet in 1972 to transcribe the Somali language, numerous contemporary Somali authors have also released novels, some of which have gone on to receive worldwide acclaim. Of these modern writers, Nuruddin Farah is probably the most celebrated. Books such as From a Crooked Rib and Links are considered important literary achievements, works which have earned Farah, among other accolades, the 1998 Neustadt International Prize for Literature. Farah Mohamed Jama Awl is another prominent Somali writer who is perhaps best known for his Dervish era novel, Ignorance is the enemy of love. Young upstart Nadifa Mohamed was also awarded the 2010 Betty Trask Prize. Additionally, Mohamed Ibrahim Warsame 'Hadrawi' is considered by many to be the greatest living Somali poet, and several of his works have been translated internationally.

Q1: When did Somalis begin to render their language using the Latin alphabet?
A1: 1972
Q2: Who is the most well-known modern Somali writer?
A2: Nuruddin Farah
Q3: In what year did Nuruddin Farah win the Neustadt International Prize for Literature?
A3: 1998
Q4: Who wrote Ignorance is the enemy of love?
A4: Farah Mohamed Jama Awl
Q5: Who won the 2010 Betty Trask Prize?
A5: Nadifa Mohamed
Title: Somalis
Topic: Geography and places

Somali society is traditionally ethnically endogamous. So to extend ties of alliance, marriage is often to another ethnic Somali from a different clan. Thus, for example, a recent study observed that in 89 marriages contracted by men of the Dhulbahante clan, 55 (62%) were with women of Dhulbahante sub-clans other than those of their husbands; 30 (33.7%) were with women of surrounding clans of other clan families (Isaaq, 28; Hawiye, 3); and 3 (4.3%) were with women of other clans of the Darod clan family (Majerteen 2, Ogaden 1).

Q1: What practice is often used to bind different clans together?
A1: marriage
Q2: According to a recent study, how many men of the Dhulbahante clan married women from the Hawiye clan?
A2: 3
Q3: According to a recent study, how many Dhulbahante men married women of a different Dhulbahante sub-clan?
A3: 55
Q4: To what clan family do the Ogaden belong?
A4: Darod
Q5: What percentage of Dhulbahante men married women of the Majerteen or Ogaden?
A5: 4.3%