LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Swiss citizens are universally required to buy health insurance from private insurance companies, which in turn are required to accept every applicant. While the cost of the system is among the highest it compares well with other European countries in terms of health outcomes; patients who are citizens have been reported as being, in general, highly satisfied with it. In 2012, life expectancy at birth was 80.4 years for men and 84.7 years for women — the highest in the world. However, spending on health is particularly high at 11.4% of GDP (2010), on par with Germany and France (11.6%) and other European countries, and notably less than spending in the USA (17.6%). From 1990, a steady increase can be observed, reflecting the high costs of the services provided. With an ageing population and new healthcare technologies, health spending will likely continue to rise.

Q1: Who are Swiss citizens required to buy health insurance from?
A1: private insurance companies
Q2: Who are private insurance companies required to accept?
A2: every applicant
Q3: In 2012, what was Switzerland's world ranking for life expectancy in 2012?
A3: highest
Q4: What population will cause health spending to likely rise in the future?
A4: ageing
Q5: What do new high tech healthcare technologies translate to?
A5: high costs of the services provided
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Swiss private-public managed road network is funded by road tolls and vehicle taxes. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute system requires the purchase of a vignette (toll sticker)—which costs 40 Swiss francs—for one calendar year in order to use its roadways, for both passenger cars and trucks. The Swiss autobahn/autoroute network has a total length of 1,638 km (1,018 mi) (as of 2000) and has, by an area of 41,290 km2 (15,940 sq mi), also one of the highest motorway densities in the world. Zürich Airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway, which handled 22.8 million passengers in 2012. The other international airports are Geneva Airport (13.9 million passengers in 2012), EuroAirport Basel-Mulhouse-Freiburg which is located in France, Bern Airport, Lugano Airport, St. Gallen-Altenrhein Airport and Sion Airport. Swiss International Air Lines is the flag carrier of Switzerland. Its main hub is Zürich.

Q1: What is the Swiss private-public managed road network funded by?
A1: road tolls and vehicle taxes
Q2: How much does the Swiss autoroute network charge for a toll sticker to use Swiss roadways for a year?
A2: 40 Swiss francs
Q3: Which airport is Switzerland's largest international flight gateway?
A3: Zürich
Q4: What is the name of the flag airline carrier in Switzerland?
A4: Swiss International Air Lines
Q5: How many passengers used the Zurich airport in 2012?
A5: 22.8 million
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland (/ˈswɪtsərlənd/), officially the Swiss Confederation (Latin: Confoederatio Helvetica, hence its abbreviation CH), is a country in Europe. While still named the "Swiss Confederation" for historical reasons, modern Switzerland is a federal directorial republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities, called Bundesstadt ("federal city").[note 3] The country is situated in Western and Central Europe,[note 4] and is bordered by Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. Switzerland is a landlocked country geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura, spanning an area of 41,285 km2 (15,940 sq mi). While the Alps occupy the greater part of the territory, the Swiss population of approximately 8 million people is concentrated mostly on the Plateau, where the largest cities are to be found: among them are the two global and economic centres, Zürich and Geneva.

Q1: What is the official name of Switzerland?
A1: Swiss Confederation
Q2: What type of government does Switzerland have?
A2: a federal directorial republic
Q3: How many cantons are in Switzerland's federal directorial republic?
A3: 26
Q4: What 3 geographical features divide Switzerland?
A4: the Alps, the Swiss Plateau and the Jura
Q5: What is the population of Switzerland?
A5: approximately 8 million
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland has a dense network of cities, where large, medium and small cities are complementary. The plateau is very densely populated with about 450 people per km2 and the landscape continually shows signs of human presence. The weight of the largest metropolitan areas, which are Zürich, Geneva–Lausanne, Basel and Bern tend to increase. In international comparison the importance of these urban areas is stronger than their number of inhabitants suggests. In addition the two main centers of Zürich and Geneva are recognized for their particularly great quality of life.

Q1: What is the population density of the plateau?
A1: 450 people per km2
Q2: Which 2 centers are recognized for their particularly great quality of life?
A2: Zürich and Geneva
Q3: What does the weight of the largest metropolitan areas tend to do?
A3: increase
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland has a stable, prosperous and high-tech economy and enjoys great wealth, being ranked as the wealthiest country in the world per capita in multiple rankings. In 2011 it was ranked as the wealthiest country in the world in per capita terms (with "wealth" being defined to include both financial and non-financial assets), while the 2013 Credit Suisse Global Wealth Report showed that Switzerland was the country with the highest average wealth per adult in 2013. It has the world's nineteenth largest economy by nominal GDP and the thirty-sixth largest by purchasing power parity. It is the twentieth largest exporter, despite its small size. Switzerland has the highest European rating in the Index of Economic Freedom 2010, while also providing large coverage through public services. The nominal per capita GDP is higher than those of the larger Western and Central European economies and Japan. If adjusted for purchasing power parity, Switzerland ranks 8th in the world in terms of GDP per capita, according to the World Bank and IMF (ranked 15th according to the CIA Worldfactbook).

Q1: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by nominal GDP?
A1: nineteenth largest
Q2: How does the Swiss economy rank worldwide by purchasing power parity?
A2: thirty-sixth largest
Q3: What ranking does Switzerland hold in terms of GDP per capita, adjusting for purchasing power, according to the World Bank?
A3: 8th in the world
Q4: Which rating was assigned to Switzerland by the Index of Economic Freedom of 2010?
A4: highest European rating
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland has an overwhelmingly private sector economy and low tax rates by Western World standards; overall taxation is one of the smallest of developed countries. Switzerland is a relatively easy place to do business, currently ranking 20th of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index. The slow growth Switzerland experienced in the 1990s and the early 2000s has brought greater support for economic reforms and harmonization with the European Union. According to Credit Suisse, only about 37% of residents own their own homes, one of the lowest rates of home ownership in Europe. Housing and food price levels were 171% and 145% of the EU-25 index in 2007, compared to 113% and 104% in Germany.

Q1: How is Switzerland ranked of 189 countries in the Ease of Doing Business Index?
A1: 20th
Q2: According to Credit Suisse, what percentage of residents own their homes?
A2: about 37%
Q3: How do Switzerland's tax rates compare by Western World standards?
A3: low
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland has four official languages: principally German (63.5% total population share, with foreign residents, in 2013); French (22.5%) in the west; and Italian (8.1%) in the south. The fourth official language, Romansh (0.5%), is a Romance language spoken locally in the southeastern trilingual canton of Graubünden, and is designated by Article 4 of the Federal Constitution as a national language along with German, French, and Italian, and in Article 70 as an official language if the authorities communicate with persons who speak Romansh. However, federal laws and other official acts do not need to be decreed in Romansh.

Q1: How many official languages does Switzerland have?
A1: four
Q2: What is the principal official language in Switzerland?
A2: German
Q3: What is the principal official language in the western part of Switzerland?
A3: French
Q4: What is the principal official language in the southern part of Switzerland?
A4: Italian
Q5: What is the least popular official language of Switzerland?
A5: Romansh
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland has one of the best environmental records among nations in the developed world; it was one of the countries to sign the Kyoto Protocol in 1998 and ratified it in 2003. With Mexico and the Republic of Korea it forms the Environmental Integrity Group (EIG). The country is heavily active in recycling and anti-littering regulations and is one of the top recyclers in the world, with 66% to 96% of recyclable materials being recycled, depending on the area of the country. The 2014 Global Green Economy Index ranked Switzerland among the top 10 green economies in the world.

Q1: When did Switzerland sign the Kyoto Protocol?
A1: 1998
Q2: When did Switzerland ratify the Kyoto Protocol
A2: 2003
Q3: What was formed by Switzerland, Mexico, and the Republic of Korea?
A3: Environmental Integrity Group (EIG)
Q4: What percentage of recyclable materials are being recycled in Switzerland?
A4: 66% to 96%
Q5: How did the 2010 Global Green Economy Index rank Switzerland?
A5: among the top 10 green economies in the world
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland is one of the richest and wealthiest countries in the world. Switzerland ranks top or close to the top in several metrics of national performance, including government transparency, civil liberties, quality of life, economic competitiveness, and human development. It has the highest nominal wealth (financial and non-financial assets) per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse and the eighth-highest per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list. Zürich and Geneva have each been ranked among the top cities with the highest quality of life in the world, with the former ranked 2nd globally, according to Mercer.

Q1: How does Switzerland rank worldwide in areas such as quality of life and civil liberties?
A1: top or close to the top
Q2: Which country has the highest nominal wealth per adult in the world according to Credit Suisse?
A2: Switzerland
Q3: Which two Swiss cities have been ranked as having the highest quality of life in the world?
A3: Zürich and Geneva
Q4: What assets are included in nominal wealth?
A4: financial and non-financial
Q5: What is Switzerland's ranking for per capita gross domestic product on the IMF list?
A5: eighth-highest
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland lies between latitudes 45° and 48° N, and longitudes 5° and 11° E. It contains three basic topographical areas: the Swiss Alps to the south, the Swiss Plateau or Central Plateau, and the Jura mountains on the west. The Alps are a high mountain range running across the central-south of the country, comprising about 60% of the country's total area. The majority of the Swiss population live in the Swiss Plateau. Among the high valleys of the Swiss Alps many glaciers are found, totalling an area of 1,063 square kilometres (410 sq mi). From these originate the headwaters of several major rivers, such as the Rhine, Inn, Ticino and Rhône, which flow in the four cardinal directions into the whole of Europe. The hydrographic network includes several of the largest bodies of freshwater in Central and Western Europe, among which are included Lake Geneva (also called le Lac Léman in French), Lake Constance (known as Bodensee in German) and Lake Maggiore. Switzerland has more than 1500 lakes, and contains 6% of Europe's stock of fresh water. Lakes and glaciers cover about 6% of the national territory. The largest lake is Lake Geneva, in western Switzerland shared with France. The Rhône is both the main source and outflow of Lake Geneva. Lake Constance is the second largest Swiss lake and, like the Lake Geneva, an intermediate step by the Rhine at the border to Austria and Germany. While the Rhône flows into the Mediterranean Sea at the French Camarque region and the Rhine flows into the North Sea at Rotterdam in the Netherlands, about 1000 km apart, both springs are only about 22 km apart from each other in the Swiss Alps.

Q1: Which basic topographical area is in the south of Switzerland?
A1: Swiss Alps
Q2: Which basic topographical area is in central Switzerland?
A2: Swiss Plateau
Q3: Which basic topographical area is in western Switzerland?
A3: Jura mountains
Q4: How much of Switzerland's total area do the Alps comprise?
A4: 60%
Q5: What is the largest lake in Switzerland?
A5: Lake Geneva
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland voted against membership in the European Economic Area in a referendum in December 1992 and has since maintained and developed its relationships with the European Union (EU) and European countries through bilateral agreements. In March 2001, the Swiss people refused in a popular vote to start accession negotiations with the EU. In recent years, the Swiss have brought their economic practices largely into conformity with those of the EU in many ways, in an effort to enhance their international competitiveness. The economy grew at 3% in 2010, 1.9% in 2011, and 1% in 2012. Full EU membership is a long-term objective of some in the Swiss government, but there is considerable popular sentiment against this supported by the conservative SVP party. The western French-speaking areas and the urban regions of the rest of the country tend to be more pro-EU, however with far from any significant share of the population.

Q1: How has Switzerland maintained its relationships with the EU?
A1: through bilateral agreements
Q2: In recent years, what have the Swiss brought their economic practices into conformity with?
A2: the EU
Q3: What have the Swiss tried to enhance by conforming to EU economic practices?
A3: international competitiveness
Q4: How much did the Swiss economy grow in 2010?
A4: 3%
Q5: Which conservative party is popularly against joining the EU?
A5: SVP party
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland was the last Western republic to grant women the right to vote. Some Swiss cantons approved this in 1959, while at the federal level it was achieved in 1971 and, after resistance, in the last canton Appenzell Innerrhoden (one of only two remaining Landsgemeinde) in 1990. After obtaining suffrage at the federal level, women quickly rose in political significance, with the first woman on the seven member Federal Council executive being Elisabeth Kopp, who served from 1984–1989, and the first female president being Ruth Dreifuss in 1999.

Q1: Who did Switzerland finally grant the right to vote to following the rest of the Western republic?
A1: women
Q2: When were Switzerland women granted the right to vote on a federal level?
A2: 1971
Q3: Who was the first woman to serve on the Federal Council?
A3: Elisabeth Kopp
Q4: Who was Switzerland's first female president?
A4: Ruth Dreifuss
Q5: In what year did Ruth Dreifuss become president?
A5: 1999
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland's ecosystems can be particularly fragile, because the many delicate valleys separated by high mountains often form unique ecologies. The mountainous regions themselves are also vulnerable, with a rich range of plants not found at other altitudes, and experience some pressure from visitors and grazing. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the alpine region make for a very fragile ecosystem that is particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index, Switzerland ranks first among 132 nations in safeguarding the environment, due to its high scores on environmental public health, its heavy reliance on renewable sources of energy (hydropower and geothermal energy), and its control of greenhouse gas emissions.

Q1: What rank was Switzerland in safeguarding the environment according to the 2014 Environmental Performance Index?
A1: first among 132 nations
Q2: What do mountainous regions have that make their ecosystems particularly fragile?
A2: plants not found at other altitudes
Q3: What is the ecosystem in the alpine region particularly sensitive to?
A3: climate change
Q4: What sources of energy does Switzerland heavily rely on?
A4: renewable
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland's most important economic sector is manufacturing. Manufacturing consists largely of the production of specialist chemicals, health and pharmaceutical goods, scientific and precision measuring instruments and musical instruments. The largest exported goods are chemicals (34% of exported goods), machines/electronics (20.9%), and precision instruments/watches (16.9%). Exported services amount to a third of exports. The service sector – especially banking and insurance, tourism, and international organisations – is another important industry for Switzerland.

Q1: What is Switzerland's most important economic sector?
A1: manufacturing
Q2: What accounts for 34% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A2: chemicals
Q3: What accounts for 20.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A3: machines/electronics
Q4: What accounts for 16.9% of Switzerland's exported goods?
A4: precision instruments/watches
Q5: What percentage of exports are exported services?
A5: a third
Title: Switzerland
Topic: Geography and places

Switzerland's trade was blockaded by both the Allies and by the Axis. Economic cooperation and extension of credit to the Third Reich varied according to the perceived likelihood of invasion and the availability of other trading partners. Concessions reached a peak after a crucial rail link through Vichy France was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis. Over the course of the war, Switzerland interned over 300,000 refugees and the International Red Cross, based in Geneva, played an important part during the conflict. Strict immigration and asylum policies as well as the financial relationships with Nazi Germany raised controversy, but not until the end of the 20th century.

Q1: Who blockaded Switzerland's trade during World War II?
A1: by both the Allies and by the Axis
Q2: What was severed in 1942, leaving Switzerland completely surrounded by the Axis?
A2: a crucial rail link through Vichy France
Q3: How many refugees did Switzerland intern during World War II?
A3: over 300,000
Q4: When did the financial relationship Switzerland had with Nazi Germany begin to raise controversy?
A4: end of the 20th century
Q5: Where was the International Red Cross based?
A5: Geneva
Title: Symbiosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Symbiosis (from Greek σύν "together" and βίωσις "living") is close and often long-term interaction between two different biological species. In 1877 Albert Bernhard Frank used the word symbiosis (which previously had been used to depict people living together in community) to describe the mutualistic relationship in lichens. In 1879, the German mycologist Heinrich Anton de Bary defined it as "the living together of unlike organisms."

Q1: What language does the word "symbiosis" come from?
A1: Greek
Q2: What type of organism did Frank apply the term "symbiosis" to?
A2: lichens
Q3: What nationality was Heinrich Anton de Bary?
A3: German
Title: Symbiosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Symbiosis played a major role in the co-evolution of flowering plants and the animals that pollinate them. Many plants that are pollinated by insects, bats, or birds have highly specialized flowers modified to promote pollination by a specific pollinator that is also correspondingly adapted. The first flowering plants in the fossil record had relatively simple flowers. Adaptive speciation quickly gave rise to many diverse groups of plants, and, at the same time, corresponding speciation occurred in certain insect groups. Some groups of plants developed nectar and large sticky pollen, while insects evolved more specialized morphologies to access and collect these rich food sources. In some taxa of plants and insects the relationship has become dependent, where the plant species can only be pollinated by one species of insect.

Q1: How big a part did symbiosis have in the development of flowering plants and their pollinators?
A1: a major role
Q2: What did some plants produce when flowers became less simple?
A2: nectar and large sticky pollen
Q3: What is the word for the kind of relationship in which a plant depend on a single type of insect?
A3: dependent
Title: Symbiosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Symbiotic relationships include those associations in which one organism lives on another (ectosymbiosis, such as mistletoe), or where one partner lives inside the other (endosymbiosis, such as lactobacilli and other bacteria in humans or Symbiodinium in corals). Symbiosis is also classified by physical attachment of the organisms; symbiosis in which the organisms have bodily union is called conjunctive symbiosis, and symbiosis in which they are not in union is called disjunctive symbiosis.

Q1: What is an example of ectosymbiosis?
A1: mistletoe
Q2: What is it called when the organisms are not physically joined?
A2: disjunctive symbiosis
Q3: What is it called when one symbiont lives within its partner?
A3: endosymbiosis
Title: Group_(mathematics)
Topic: Mathematics

Symmetry groups are groups consisting of symmetries of given mathematical objects—be they of geometric nature, such as the introductory symmetry group of the square, or of algebraic nature, such as polynomial equations and their solutions. Conceptually, group theory can be thought of as the study of symmetry.t[›] Symmetries in mathematics greatly simplify the study of geometrical or analytical objects. A group is said to act on another mathematical object X if every group element performs some operation on X compatibly to the group law. In the rightmost example below, an element of order 7 of the (2,3,7) triangle group acts on the tiling by permuting the highlighted warped triangles (and the other ones, too). By a group action, the group pattern is connected to the structure of the object being acted on.

Q1: What are groups consisting of symmetries of given arithmetic concepts?
A1: Symmetry groups
Q2: What term describes the introductory symmetry group of the square?
A2: geometric nature
Q3: What can regarded as the study of symmetry?
A3: group theory
Q4: What is the name of the rule that must be met for a group operation to occur?
A4: group law
Q5: The group pattern is connected to the structure of the target by what behavior?
A5: group action
Title: Zinc
Topic: Unknown

Symptoms of mild zinc deficiency are diverse. Clinical outcomes include depressed growth, diarrhea, impotence and delayed sexual maturation, alopecia, eye and skin lesions, impaired appetite, altered cognition, impaired host defense properties, defects in carbohydrate utilization, and reproductive teratogenesis. Mild zinc deficiency depresses immunity, although excessive zinc does also. Animals with a diet deficient in zinc require twice as much food in order to attain the same weight gain as animals given sufficient zinc.

Q1: Symptoms ranging from diarrhea to eye lesions are from what?
A1: mild zinc deficiency
Q2: What is a symptom of both zinc deficiency and excess?
A2: depresses immunity
Q3: What is required for animals with zinc deficiency to gain the same weight as animals with sufficient zinc?
A3: twice as much food
Title: Brain
Topic: Natural sciences

Synapses are the key functional elements of the brain. The essential function of the brain is cell-to-cell communication, and synapses are the points at which communication occurs. The human brain has been estimated to contain approximately 100 trillion synapses; even the brain of a fruit fly contains several million. The functions of these synapses are very diverse: some are excitatory (exciting the target cell); others are inhibitory; others work by activating second messenger systems that change the internal chemistry of their target cells in complex ways. A large number of synapses are dynamically modifiable; that is, they are capable of changing strength in a way that is controlled by the patterns of signals that pass through them. It is widely believed that activity-dependent modification of synapses is the brain's primary mechanism for learning and memory.

Q1: How many synapses does the human brain supposedly contain?
A1: 100 trillion synapses;
Q2: The fruit fly has a brain that has how many synapses?
A2: several million
Q3: A synapse whose purpose is to excite the target cell are called what?
A3: excitatory
Q4: The primary job of the brain is what?
A4: cell-to-cell communication
Title: Symbiosis
Topic: Natural sciences

Synnecrosis is a rare type of symbiosis in which the interaction between species is detrimental to both organisms involved. It is a short-lived condition, as the interaction eventually causes death. Because of this, evolution selects against synnecrosis and it is uncommon in nature. An example of this is the relationship between some species of bees and victims of the bee sting. Species of bees who die after stinging their prey inflict pain on themselves (albeit to protect the hive) as well as on the victim. This term is rarely used.

Q1: What type of relationship harms both organisms?
A1: Synnecrosis
Q2: What is the ultimate result of synnecrosis?
A2: death
Q3: How common is synnecrosis in the natural world?
A3: uncommon
Q4: Why do bees sting even though it will kill them?
A4: to protect the hive
Title: Asphalt
Topic: Natural sciences

Synthetic crude oil, also known as syncrude, is the output from a bitumen upgrader facility used in connection with oil sand production in Canada. Bituminous sands are mined using enormous (100 ton capacity) power shovels and loaded into even larger (400 ton capacity) dump trucks for movement to an upgrading facility. The process used to extract the bitumen from the sand is a hot water process originally developed by Dr. Karl Clark of the University of Alberta during the 1920s. After extraction from the sand, the bitumen is fed into a bitumen upgrader which converts it into a light crude oil equivalent. This synthetic substance is fluid enough to be transferred through conventional oil pipelines and can be fed into conventional oil refineries without any further treatment. By 2015 Canadian bitumen upgraders were producing over 1 million barrels (160×10^3 m3) per day of synthetic crude oil, of which 75% was exported to oil refineries in the United States.

Q1: What is synthetic crude oil usually called?
A1: syncrude
Q2: Where is the mined bitumen taken for refining?
A2: upgrading facility
Q3: Who invented the process for removing bitumen from sands?
A3: Dr. Karl Clark
Q4: Un what decade did Clark develop the hot water removal process?
A4: 1920s
Q5: How many barrels of crude were upgraders making per day by 2015?
A5: 1 million barrels
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Systematic botany is part of systematic biology, which is concerned with the range and diversity of organisms and their relationships, particularly as determined by their evolutionary history. It involves, or is related to, biological classification, scientific taxonomy and phylogenetics. Biological classification is the method by which botanists group organisms into categories such as genera or species. Biological classification is a form of scientific taxonomy. Modern taxonomy is rooted in the work of Carl Linnaeus, who grouped species according to shared physical characteristics. These groupings have since been revised to align better with the Darwinian principle of common descent – grouping organisms by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics. While scientists do not always agree on how to classify organisms, molecular phylogenetics, which uses DNA sequences as data, has driven many recent revisions along evolutionary lines and is likely to continue to do so. The dominant classification system is called Linnaean taxonomy. It includes ranks and binomial nomenclature. The nomenclature of botanical organisms is codified in the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (ICN) and administered by the International Botanical Congress.

Q1: How did Linnaeus group organisms?
A1: shared physical characteristics
Q2: How did Darwin change the grouping pioneered by Linnaeus?
A2: by ancestry rather than superficial characteristics
Q3: How are grouping determined currently?
A3: DNA sequences
Q4: Who maintains a standard of grouping for naming purposes?
A4: International Botanical Congress.
Title: Child_labour
Topic: Social sciences and society

Systematic use of child labour was common place in the colonies of European powers between 1650 and 1950. In Africa, colonial administrators encouraged traditional kin-ordered modes of production, that is hiring a household for work not just the adults. Millions of children worked in colonial agricultural plantations, mines and domestic service industries. Sophisticated schemes were promulgated where children in these colonies between the ages of 5–14 were hired as an apprentice without pay in exchange for learning a craft. A system of Pauper Apprenticeship came into practice in the 19th century where the colonial master neither needed the native parents' nor child's approval to assign a child to labour, away from parents, at a distant farm owned by a different colonial master. Other schemes included 'earn-and-learn' programs where children would work and thereby learn. Britain for example passed a law, the so-called Masters and Servants Act of 1899, followed by Tax and Pass Law, to encourage child labour in colonies particularly in Africa. These laws offered the native people the legal ownership to some of the native land in exchange for making labour of wife and children available to colonial government's needs such as in farms and as picannins.

Q1: How many children were employed on colonial plantations?
A1: Millions
Q2: Were young apprentices hired for pay?
A2: without pay
Q3: Was child labour common in European colonies?
A3: child labour was common place in the colonies of European
Q4: What was the age range of colonial child workers?
A4: 5–14
Q5: What century did apprenticeships begin to take place?
A5: 19th
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: By Constantius's order, the sole ruler of The Roman Empire at the death of his brother Constans, the Council of Arles in 353, was held, which was presided over by Vincent, Bishop of Capua, in the name of Pope Liberius. The fathers terrified of the threats of the Emperor, an avowed Arian, they consented to the condemnation of Athanasius. The Pope refused to accept their decision, and requested the Emperor to hold another Council, in which the charges against Athanasius could be freely investigated. To this Constantius consented, for he felt able to control it, at Milan. Milan was named as the place, here three hundred bishops assembled, most from the West, only a few from the East, in 355. They met in the Church of Milan. Shortly, the Emperor ordered them to a hall in the Imperial Palace, thus ending any free debate. He presented an Arian formula of faith for their acceptance. He threatened any who refused with exile and death. All, with the exception of Dionysius (bishop of Milan), and the two Papal Legates, viz., Eusebius of Vercelli and Lucifer of Cagliari, consented to the Arian Creed and the condemnation of Athanasius. Those who refused were sent into exile. The decrees were forwarded to the Pope for approval, but were rejected, because of the violence to which the bishops were subjected.

Q1: Why did the Bishops condemn Athanasius?
A1: threats of the Emperor
Q2: Did the Pope agree with this order?
A2: Pope refused to accept
Q3: Did the Emperor agree to a new trial for Athanasius?
A3: Constantius consented
Q4: What oath did the Bishops have to take at the trial?
A4: Arian formula of faith
Q5: What happened to the Bishops who did not take the oath?
A5: sent into exile
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: On the death of Alexander, five months after the termination of the Council of Nice, Athanasius was unanimously elected to fill the vacant see. He was most unwilling to accept the dignity, for he clearly foresaw the difficulties in which it would involve him. The clergy and people were determined to have him as their bishop, Patriarch of Alexandria, and refused to accept any excuses. He at length consented to accept a responsibility that he sought in vain to escape, and was consecrated in 326, when he was about thirty years of age.

Q1: In what year was Athanasius consecrated?
A1: 326
Q2: How old was Athanasius when he became the Patriarch of Alexandria?
A2: about thirty years of age
Q3: Did Athanasius want to be the Patriarch of Alexandria?
A3: He was most unwilling to accept
Q4: Did the people want Athanasius as their bishop?
A4: people were determined to have him
Q5: How long after the Council of Nice did Saint Athanasius die?
A5: five months
Q6: Was Saint Athanasius willing or unwilling to fill the vacancy?
A6: unwilling
Q7: In what year was he consecrated?
A7: in 326
Q8: How old was he when he was consecrated?
A8: thirty years of age.
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

T. Gilmartin, (Professor of History, Maynooth, 1890), writes in Church History, Vol. 1, Ch XVII: The Arians sought the approval of an Ecumenical Council. They sought to hold two councils. Constantius, summoned the bishops of the East to meet at Seleucia in Isauria, and those of the West to Rimini in Italy. A preliminary conference was held by the Arians at Sirmium, to agree a formula of faith. A "Homoeon" creed was adopted, declaring The Son to be "like the Father". The two met in autumn of 359. At Seleucia, one hundred and fifty bishops, of which one hundred and five were semi-Arian. The semi-Arians refused to accept anything less than the "Homoiousion", (see: Homoiousian), formulary of faith. The Imperial Prefect was obliged to disband, without agreeing on any creed. Acacius, the leader of the "Homoean" party went to Constantinople, where the Sirmian formulary of faith was approved by the "Home Synod", (consisted of those bishops who happened to be present at the Court for the time), and a decree of deposition issued against the leaders of the semi-Arians. At Rimini were over four hundred of which eighty were Arian, the rest were orthodox. The orthodox fathers refused to accept any creed but the Nicene, while the others were equally in favour of the Sirmian. Each party sent a deputation to the Emperor to say there was no probability to agreement, and asked for the bishops to return to their dioceses. For the purpose of wearing-down the orthodox bishops; (Sulpitius Severius says), Constantius delayed his answer for several months, and finally prevailed on them to accept the Sirmian creed. It was after this Council that Jerome said: " ...the whole world groaned in astonishment to find itself Arian."

Q1: Where did bishops of the West meet?
A1: Rimini in Italy
Q2: What did the Arians agree upon at Sirmium?
A2: a formula of faith
Q3: What was the belief that was approved at this council?
A3: The Son to be "like the Father"
Q4: What did the orthodox leaders believe?
A4: the Nicene
Q5: What belief was accepted by Constantius?
A5: Arian
Title: Tuberculosis
Topic: Natural sciences

TB infection begins when the mycobacteria reach the pulmonary alveoli, where they invade and replicate within endosomes of alveolar macrophages. Macrophages identify the bacterium as foreign and attempt to eliminate it by phagocytosis. During this process, the bacterium is enveloped by the macrophage and stored temporarily in a membrane-bound vesicle called a phagosome. The phagosome then combines with a lysosome to create a phagolysosome. In the phagolysosome, the cell attempts to use reactive oxygen species and acid to kill the bacterium. However, M. tuberculosis has a thick, waxy mycolic acid capsule that protects it from these toxic substances. M. tuberculosis is able to reproduce inside the macrophage and will eventually kill the immune cell.

Q1: What specific part of the lungs marks the start of tuberculosis infection?
A1: pulmonary alveoli
Q2: What's the process by which macrophages try to get rid of the TB bacterium?
A2: phagocytosis
Q3: What do you get when you combine a lysosome and a phagosome?
A3: a phagolysosome
Q4: What does the M. tuberculosis bacterium have that protects it from being affected by toxins?
A4: mycolic acid capsule
Q5: What vesicle is the temporary holding room for the M. tuberculosis bacterium during phagocytosis?
A5: phagosome
Title: Turner_Classic_Movies
Topic: History

TCM regularly airs a "Star of the Month" throughout the year on Wednesdays starting at 8:00 p.m. Eastern Time, in which most, if not all, feature films from a classic film star are shown during that night's schedule. Hosted by Robert Osbourne, the network also marks the occurrence of a film actor's birthday (either antemortem or posthumously) or recent death with day- or evening-long festivals showcasting several of that artist's best, earliest or least-known pictures; by effect, marathons scheduled in honor of an actor's passing (which are scheduled within a month after their death) pre-empt films originally scheduled to air on that date. TCM also features a monthly program block called the "TCM Guest Programmer", in which Osborne is joined by celebrity guests responsible for choosing that evening's films (examples of such programmers during 2012 include Jules Feiffer, Anthony Bourdain, Debra Winger, Ellen Barkin, Spike Lee, Regis Philbin and Jim Lehrer); an offshoot of this block featuring Turner Classic Movies employees aired during February 2011.

Q1: On what day of the week are Star of the Month films aired?
A1: Wednesdays
Q2: Who hosts the Star of the Month films?
A2: Robert Osbourne
Q3: During what month and year did TCM Guest Programmer feature TCM employees as guests?
A3: February 2011
Q4: In what year did Spike Lee appear as a TCM Guest Programmer?
A4: 2012
Title: Turner_Classic_Movies
Topic: History

TCM's film content has remained mostly uncut and uncolorized (with films natively filmed or post-produced in the format being those only ones presented in color), depending upon the original content of movies, particularly movies released after the 1968 implementation of the Motion Picture Association of America's ratings system and the concurrent disestablishment of the Motion Picture Production Code. Because of this, TCM is formatted similarly to a premium channel with certain films – particularly those made from the 1960s onward – sometimes featuring nudity, sexual content, violence and/or strong profanity; the network also features rating bumpers prior to the start of a program (most programs on TCM, especially films, are rated for content using the TV Parental Guidelines, in lieu of the MPAA's rating system).

Q1: In what year did the Motion Picture Association of America introduce its rating system?
A1: 1968
Q2: In what year did the Motion Picture Production Code cease?
A2: 1968
Q3: What rating system is often used by TCM?
A3: TV Parental Guidelines
Title: Turner_Classic_Movies
Topic: History

TCM's library of films spans several decades of cinema and includes thousands of film titles. Besides its deals to broadcast film releases from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Warner Bros. Entertainment, Turner Classic Movies also maintains movie licensing rights agreements with Universal Studios, Paramount Pictures, 20th Century Fox, Walt Disney Studios (primarily film content from Walt Disney Pictures, as well as most of the Selznick International Pictures library), Sony Pictures Entertainment (primarily film content from Columbia Pictures), StudioCanal, and Janus Films.

Q1: Who owns the Selznick International Pictures library?
A1: Walt Disney Studios
Q2: Who is the owner of Columbia Pictures content?
A2: Sony Pictures Entertainment
Q3: How many films are present in the TCM library?
A3: thousands
Title: Carnival
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Tacitus wrote in his Germania: Germania 9.6: Ceterum nec cohibere parietibus deos neque in ullam humani oris speciem adsimulare ex magnitudine caelestium arbitrator – "The Germans, however, do not consider it consistent with the grandeur of celestial beings to confine the gods within walls, or to liken them to the form of any human countenance." Germania 40: mox vehiculum et vestis et, si credere velis, numen ipsum secreto lacu abluitur – "Afterwards the car, the vestments, and, if you like to believe it, the divinity herself, are purified in a secret lake."

Q1: Who wrote the Germania?
A1: Tacitus
Q2: What do the Germans feel it inconsistent to confine gods within?
A2: walls
Q3: Germans do not liken the gods to whose countenance?
A3: human
Q4: When is the car used in the ritual purified? 
A4: Afterwards
Q5: Where is the divinity herself purified? 
A5: a secret lake
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Tafsir is one of the earliest academic activities of Muslims. According to the Quran, Muhammad was the first person who described the meanings of verses for early Muslims. Other early exegetes included a few Companions of Muhammad, like ʻAli ibn Abi Talib, ʻAbdullah ibn Abbas, ʻAbdullah ibn Umar and Ubayy ibn Kaʻb. Exegesis in those days was confined to the explanation of literary aspects of the verse, the background of its revelation and, occasionally, interpretation of one verse with the help of the other. If the verse was about a historical event, then sometimes a few traditions (hadith) of Muhammad were narrated to make its meaning clear.

Q1: What is the name of the activity of explaining what Quranic verses mean?
A1: Tafsir
Q2: Who was the first practitioner of Tafsir?
A2: Muhammad
Q3: What is the Arabic term for Quranic exegesis?
A3: Tafsir
Q4: Who were 'Ali ibn Abi Talib and 'Abdullah ibn 'Abbas?
A4: Companions of Muhammad
Title: Heian_period
Topic: History

Taira Kiyomori emerged as the real power in Japan following the Minamoto's destruction, and he would remain in command for the next 20 years. He gave his daughter Tokuko in marriage to the young emperor Takakura, who died at only 19, leaving their infant son Antoku to succeed to the throne. Kiyomori filled no less than 50 government posts with his relatives, rebuilt the Inland Sea, and encouraged trade with Sung China. He also took aggressive actions to safeguard his power when necessary, including the removal and exile of 45 court officials and the razing of two troublesome temples, Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji.

Q1: What military commander gained power after the fall of the Minamoto clan?
A1: Taira Kiyomori
Q2: How old was Emperor Takakura when he died?
A2: 19
Q3: What was the name of Takakura's successor?
A3: Antoku
Q4: Kiyomori removed how many court officials to protect his power?
A4: 45
Q5: What were the names of the temples that Kiyomori destroyed?
A5: Todai-ji and Kofuku-ji
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

Tajikistan (i/tɑːˈdʒiːkᵻstɑːn/, /təˈdʒiːkᵻstæn/, or /tæˈdʒiːkiːstæn/; Persian: تاجيكستان‎‎ Тоҷикистон [tɔd͡ʒikɪsˈtɔn]), officially the Republic of Tajikistan (Persian: جمهورى تاجيكستان‎‎ Tajik: Ҷумҳурии Тоҷикистон, Çumhuriji Toçikiston/Jumhuriyi Tojikiston; Russian: Респу́блика Таджикистан, Respublika Tadzhikistan), is a mountainous, landlocked country in Central Asia with an estimated 8 million people in 2013, and an area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi). It is bordered by Afghanistan to the south, Uzbekistan to the west, Kyrgyzstan to the north, and China to the east. Pakistan lies to the south, separated by the narrow Wakhan Corridor. Traditional homelands of Tajik people included present-day Tajikistan, Afghanistan and Uzbekistan.

Q1: Where is Tajikistan located?
A1: in Central Asia
Q2: How many people are living in Tajikistan?
A2: 8 million people
Q3: What is the area of Tajikistan?
A3: area of 143,100 km2 (55,300 sq mi)
Q4: What country lies to Tajikistans east?
A4: China
Q5: What seperates Tajikistan and Pakistan?
A5: Wakhan Corridor
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

Tajikistan has a population of 7,349,145 (July 2009 est.) of which 70% are under the age of 30 and 35% are between the ages of 14 and 30. Tajiks who speak Tajik (a dialect of Persian) are the main ethnic group, although there are sizable minorities of Uzbeks and Russians, whose numbers are declining due to emigration. The Pamiris of Badakhshan, a small population of Yaghnobi people, and a sizeable minority of Ismailis are all considered to belong to the larger group of Tajiks. All citizens of Tajikistan are called Tajikistanis.

Q1: What is Tajikistans population as of July 2009?
A1: 7,349,145
Q2: What percent of the population is under 30 years old?
A2: 70%
Q3: What percent of the population are between 14 to 30 years old?
A3: 35%
Q4: What lanuage do the people of Tajikistan speak?
A4: Tajik
Q5: What are the citizens of Tajikistan called?
A5: Tajikistanis
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

Tajikistan is landlocked, and is the smallest nation in Central Asia by area. It lies mostly between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°). It is covered by mountains of the Pamir range, and more than fifty percent of the country is over 3,000 meters (9,800 ft) above sea level. The only major areas of lower land are in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys, which form the Amu Darya. Dushanbe is located on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley.

Q1: What is the smalled nation in the Central Asia area?
A1: Tajikistan
Q2: Where exactly is Tajikistan?
A2: between latitudes 36° and 41° N (a small area is north of 41°), and longitudes 67° and 75° E (a small area is east of 75°)
Q3: What mountian range runs through Tajikistan?
A3: the Pamir range
Q4: What area is under sea level?
A4: in the north (part of the Fergana Valley), and in the southern Kofarnihon and Vakhsh river valleys
Q5: Where is Dushanbe located?
A5: on the southern slopes above the Kofarnihon valley
Title: Tajikistan
Topic: Geography and places

Tajikistan is officially a republic, and holds elections for the presidency and parliament, operating under a presidential system. It is, however, a dominant-party system, where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament. Emomalii Rahmon has held the office of President of Tajikistan continually since November 1994. The Prime Minister is Kokhir Rasulzoda, the First Deputy Prime Minister is Matlubkhon Davlatov and the two Deputy Prime Ministers are Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova.

Q1: What type of government does Tajikistan have?
A1: a republic
Q2: What kind of system is a dominant-party system?
A2: where the People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan routinely has a vast majority in Parliament
Q3: When was Emomalii Rahmon elected president?
A3: November 1994
Q4: Who is the prime minister of Tajikistan?
A4: Kokhir Rasulzoda
Q5: Who are the Deputy Prime Ministers?
A5: Murodali Alimardon and Ruqiya Qurbanova