LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Sexual_orientation
Topic: Natural sciences

No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation and virtually all of them have adopted policy statements cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation. These include the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association, National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.

Q1: How does the mental health profession approach efforts to change sexual orientation?
A1: have adopted policy statements
Q2: What do these policy statements suggest? 
A2: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation
Q3: What are some of the organizations that have released policy statements?
A3: National Association of Social Workers in the USA, the Royal College of Psychiatrists, and the Australian Psychological Society.
Q4: Are their any mental health proffesionals that have programs to change sexual orientation?
A4: No major mental health professional organization has sanctioned efforts to change sexual orientation
Q5: What policy statement has almost all proffesionals applied to their practices?
A5: cautioning the profession and the public about treatments that purport to change sexual orientation.
Q6: What are some professional associations that do not offer changing sexual orientation programs?
A6: the American Psychiatric Association, American Psychological Association, American Counseling Association,
Title: Treaty
Topic: Language and literature

No one party to a treaty can impose its particular interpretation of the treaty upon the other parties. Consent may be implied, however, if the other parties fail to explicitly disavow that initially unilateral interpretation, particularly if that state has acted upon its view of the treaty without complaint. Consent by all parties to the treaty to a particular interpretation has the legal effect of adding another clause to the treaty – this is commonly called an 'authentic interpretation'.

Q1: No one party to a treaty can do what to the other parties?
A1: impose its particular interpretation of the treaty
Q2: What may be implied of other parties fail to explicitly disavow a party's initially unilateral interpretation of a treaty?
A2: Consent
Q3: Consent for a party's unilateral interpretation of a treaty may be implied if that state has acted upon its view of the treat without what from another party?
A3: complaint
Q4: Consent by all parties to a treaty to a particular interpretation of the treaty has what legal effect?
A4: adding another clause to the treaty
Q5: The legal effect of adding another clause to a treaty that occurs when all parties to a treaty consent to a particular interpretation of the treaty is commonly known as what?
A5: an 'authentic interpretation'
Title: Royal_assent
Topic: History

No provision within the constitution grants the monarch an ability to veto legislation directly; however, no provision prohibits the sovereign from withholding royal assent, which effectively constitutes a veto. When the Spanish media asked King Juan Carlos if he would endorse the bill legalising same-sex marriages, he answered "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica" ("I am the King of Spain and not that of Belgium")—a reference to King Baudouin I of Belgium, who had refused to sign the Belgian law legalising abortion. The King gave royal assent to Law 13/2005 on 1 July 2005; the law was gazetted in the Boletín Oficial del Estado on 2 July and came into effect on 3 July 2005. Likewise, in 2010, King Juan Carlos gave royal assent to a law permitting abortion on demand.

Q1: What was King Juan Carlos' response to the media when asked if he would sign a bill supporting same-sex marriage?
A1: "Soy el Rey de España y no el de Bélgica"
Q2: What other controversial bill did the king give his assent to in 2010?
A2: a law permitting abortion on demand
Q3: When did same-sex marriages become legal in Spain?
A3: 3 July 2005
Title: Wood
Topic: Natural sciences

No satisfactory explanation can as yet be given for the exact mechanisms determining the formation of earlywood and latewood. Several factors may be involved. In conifers, at least, rate of growth alone does not determine the proportion of the two portions of the ring, for in some cases the wood of slow growth is very hard and heavy, while in others the opposite is true. The quality of the site where the tree grows undoubtedly affects the character of the wood formed, though it is not possible to formulate a rule governing it. In general, however, it may be said that where strength or ease of working is essential, woods of moderate to slow growth should be chosen.

Q1: What facet of wood is affected to some degree by the place where the tree grows?
A1: character
Q2: If you want wood that's easy to work with, what kind of growth would you want the tree to have?
A2: moderate to slow
Q3: What species of tree can be said to growth ring proportions that aren't determined just by their rate of growth?
A3: conifers
Q4: What counterpart of earlywood are scientists still trying to explain the formation of?
A4: latewood
Q5: While there is some relationship between where and how a tree grows, what can't anyone formulate to govern it?
A5: a rule
Title: Annelid
Topic: Natural sciences

No single feature distinguishes Annelids from other invertebrate phyla, but they have a distinctive combination of features. Their bodies are long, with segments that are divided externally by shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli and internally by septa ("partitions") at the same points, although in some species the septa are incomplete and in a few cases missing. Most of the segments contain the same sets of organs, although sharing a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system makes them inter-dependent. Their bodies are covered by a cuticle (outer covering) that does not contain cells but is secreted by cells in the skin underneath, is made of tough but flexible collagen and does not molt – on the other hand arthropods' cuticles are made of the more rigid α-chitin, and molt until the arthropods reach their full size. Most annelids have closed circulatory systems, where the blood makes its entire circuit via blood vessels.

Q1: What externally divides annelids' segments?
A1: shallow ring-like constrictions called annuli
Q2: What divides annelids' segments internally?
A2: septa ("partitions")
Q3: What do the segments of an annelid share?
A3: a common gut, circulatory system and nervous system
Q4: What covers an annelid's exterior?
A4: a cuticle
Q5: What is an annelid's cuticle made of?
A5: collagen
Title: Szlachta
Topic: History

Nobles were born into a noble family, adopted by a noble family (this was abolished in 1633) or ennobled by a king or Sejm for various reasons (bravery in combat, service to the state, etc.—yet this was the rarest means of gaining noble status). Many nobles were, in actuality, really usurpers, being commoners, who moved into another part of the country and falsely pretended to noble status. Hundreds of such false nobles were denounced by Hieronim Nekanda Trepka in his Liber generationis plebeanorium (or Liber chamorum) in the first half of the 16th century. The law forbade non-nobles from owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer. Trepka was an impoverished nobleman who lived a townsman life and collected hundreds of such stories hoping to take over any of such estates. It does not seem he ever succeeded in proving one at the court. Many sejms issued decrees over the centuries in an attempt to resolve this issue, but with little success. It is unknown what percentage of the Polish nobility came from the 'lower' orders of society, but most historians agree that nobles of such base origins formed a 'significant' element of the szlachta.

Q1: What was a rarest rare to become a noble?
A1: service to the state
Q2: Many nobles were actually surprisingly acting in what way?
A2: really usurpers, being commoners,
Q3: Who denounced many nobles?
A3: Hieronim Nekanda Trepka
Q4: When did the denouncing of many nobles take place?
A4: first half of the 16th century
Q5: What did the nobles lose by being denounced?
A5: owning nobility-estates and promised the estate to the denouncer
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Nociceptive pain is caused by stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers that respond to stimuli approaching or exceeding harmful intensity (nociceptors), and may be classified according to the mode of noxious stimulation. The most common categories are "thermal" (e.g. heat or cold), "mechanical" (e.g. crushing, tearing, shearing, etc.) and "chemical" (e.g. iodine in a cut or chemicals released during inflammation). Some nociceptors respond to more than one of these modalities and are consequently designated polymodal.

Q1: Stimulating nociceptors will induce which type of pain?
A1: Nociceptive
Q2: How is nociceptive pain classified?
A2: according to the mode of noxious stimulation
Q3: The thermal category of pain deals with which two temperature ranges?
A3: heat or cold
Q4: Crushing, tearing and shearing are examples of which type of pain?
A4: mechanical
Q5: What is the term for nociceptors which respond to more than one type of stimuli?
A5: polymodal
Title: Pain
Topic: Language and literature

Nociceptive pain may also be divided into "visceral", "deep somatic" and "superficial somatic" pain. Visceral structures are highly sensitive to stretch, ischemia and inflammation, but relatively insensitive to other stimuli that normally evoke pain in other structures, such as burning and cutting. Visceral pain is diffuse, difficult to locate and often referred to a distant, usually superficial, structure. It may be accompanied by nausea and vomiting and may be described as sickening, deep, squeezing, and dull. Deep somatic pain is initiated by stimulation of nociceptors in ligaments, tendons, bones, blood vessels, fasciae and muscles, and is dull, aching, poorly-localized pain. Examples include sprains and broken bones. Superficial pain is initiated by activation of nociceptors in the skin or other superficial tissue, and is sharp, well-defined and clearly located. Examples of injuries that produce superficial somatic pain include minor wounds and minor (first degree) burns.

Q1: What type of of pain is visceral a division of?
A1: Nociceptive
Q2: What type of structures are sensitive to being stretched but not very sensitive to burning?
A2: Visceral
Q3: What can visceral pain be accompanied by?
A3: nausea and vomiting
Q4: Which type of pain is dull, aching and hard to pin-point?
A4: Deep somatic
Q5: What type of pain are first degree burns classified as causing?
A5: Superficial
Title: Bird_migration
Topic: Natural sciences

Nocturnal migrants minimize predation, avoid overheating, and can feed during the day. One cost of nocturnal migration is the loss of sleep. Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep to compensate for the loss.

Q1: What is a benefit of nocturnal migration?
A1: minimize predation
Q2: What is a cost of nocturnal migration?
A2: loss of sleep
Q3: How do nocturnal migrants compensate for loss of sleep?
A3: Migrants may be able to alter their quality of sleep
Q4: What is another benefit of nocturnal migration?
A4: avoid overheating
Title: Energy
Topic: Natural sciences

Noether's theorem (1918) states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law. Noether's theorem has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. A generalisation of the seminal formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian; for example, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.

Q1: When was Noether's theorem created?
A1: 1918
Q2: What states that any differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system has a corresponding conservation law?
A2: Noether's theorem
Q3: What has become a fundamental tool of modern theoretical physics and the calculus of variations?
A3: Noether's theorem
Title: Heian_period
Topic: History

Nominally, sovereignty lay in the emperor but in fact power was wielded by the Fujiwara nobility. However, to protect their interests in the provinces, the Fujiwara and other noble families required guards, police and soldiers. The warrior class made steady political gains throughout the Heian period. As early as 939 A.D, Taira no Masakado threatened the authority of the central government, leading an uprising in the eastern province of Hitachi, and almost simultaneously, Fujiwara no Sumitomo rebelled in the west. Still, a true military takeover of the Japanese government was centuries away, when much of the strength of the government would lie within the private armies of the shogunate.

Q1: What noble family wielded power during the Heian period?
A1: Fujiwara
Q2: Who threatened the authority of Japan's central government?
A2: Taira no Masakado
Q3: Masakado led an uprising in what province?
A3: Hitachi
Q4: What member of the Fujiwara family rebelled in western Japan?
A4: Fujiwara no Sumitomo
Q5: In what year did Masakado begin his rebellion?
A5: 939 A.D
Title: Swaziland
Topic: Geography and places

Nominations take place at the chiefdoms. On the day of nomination, the name of the nominee is raised by a show of hand and the nominee is given an opportunity to indicate whether he or she accepts the nomination. If he or she accepts it, he or she must be supported by at least ten members of that chiefdom. The nominations are for the position of Member of Parliament, Constituency Headman (Indvuna) and the Constituency Executive Committee (Bucopho). The minimum number of nominees is four and the maximum is ten.

Q1: How does a nominee for parliament in Swaziland get decided?
A1: a show of hand
Q2: What is the minimum number of members that must support a nominee to parliament in Swaziland?
A2: at least ten
Q3: What is an Indvuna as it relates to the Parliament of Swaziland?
A3: Constituency Headman
Q4: In the Swazi Parliament, what is the Bucopho? 
A4: Constituency Executive Committee
Q5: What is the minimum amount of nominees taken on the day of nomination in the Swazi Parliament?
A5: four
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Non-Australian citizens who are Australian permanent residents should be aware that during their stay on Norfolk Island they are "outside of Australia" for the purposes of the Migration Act. This means that not only will they need a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland, but also the time spent in Norfolk Island will not be counted for satisfying the residence requirement for obtaining a Resident return visa in the future. On the other hand, as far as Australian nationality law is concerned, Norfolk Island is a part of Australia, and any time spent by an Australian permanent resident on Norfolk Island will count as time spent in Australia for the purpose of applying for Australian citizenship.

Q1: What Act declares Non-Australian residents "outside of Australia" while they are on Norfolk Island?
A1: the Migration Act
Q2: What does a Non-Australian citizen who is a resident need to return from Norfolk Island to the mainland?
A2: a still-valid migrant visa or Resident return visa
Q3: As far as Australian nationality law goes, Norfolk Island is considered a part of what?
A3: Australia
Q4: According to Australian nationality law, time spent by a permanent Australian resident on Norfolk Island will do what?
A4: count as time spent in Australia
Title: Anti-aircraft_warfare
Topic: Warfare

Non-English terms for air defence include the German Flak (Fliegerabwehrkanone, "aircraft defence cannon", also cited as Flugabwehrkanone), whence English flak, and the Russian term Protivovozdushnaya oborona (Cyrillic: Противовозду́шная оборо́на), a literal translation of "anti-air defence", abbreviated as PVO. In Russian the AA systems are called zenitnye (i.e. "pointing to zenith") systems (guns, missiles etc.). In French, air defence is called DCA (Défense contre les aéronefs, "aéronef" being the generic term for all kind of airborne device (airplane, airship, balloon, missile, rocket, etc.)).

Q1: What is the Russian term for air defence?
A1: Protivovozdushnaya oborona
Q2: How is the Russian term for air defence abbreviated?
A2: PVO
Q3: What are the AA systems called in Russian?
A3: zenitnye
Q4: What is air defence called in French?
A4: DCA
Q5: What is the generic term for an airplane or rocket in French?
A5: aéronef
Title: Umayyad_Caliphate
Topic: History

Non-Muslim groups in the Umayyad Caliphate, which included Christians, Jews, Zoroastrians, and pagan Berbers, were called dhimmis. They were given a legally protected status as second-class citizens as long as they accepted and acknowledged the political supremacy of the ruling Muslims. They were allowed to have their own courts, and were given freedom of their religion within the empire.[citation needed] Although they could not hold the highest public offices in the empire, they had many bureaucratic positions within the government. Christians and Jews still continued to produce great theological thinkers within their communities, but as time wore on, many of the intellectuals converted to Islam, leading to a lack of great thinkers in the non-Muslim communities.

Q1: What were non-Muslim groups under the Umayyads called?
A1: dhimmis
Q2: Along with Berbers, Zoroastrians and Christians, what notable non-Muslim group existed in the Umayyad Caliphate?
A2: Jews
Q3: Along with Jews, what non-Muslim religion produced notable theological works under the Umayyads?
A3: Christians
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Non-academic alumni: Author, H. G. Wells, McLaren and Ferrari Chief Designer, Nicholas Tombazis, CEO of Rolls Royce, Ralph Robins, rock band Queen, Brian May, CEO of Singapore Airlines, Chew Choon Seng, Prime Minister of New Zealand, Julius Vogel, Prime Minister of India, Rajiv Gandhi, Deputy Prime Minister of Singapore, Teo Chee Hean, Chief Medical Officer for England, Sir Liam Donaldson, Head Physician to the Queen, Huw Thomas, CEO of Moonfruit, Wendy Tan White, Businessman and philanthropist, Winston Wong, billionaire hedge fund manager Alan Howard.

Q1: Which famous automobile designer is considered a non - academic alumni?
A1: Nicholas Tombazis
Q2: Which famous author is considered an alumni for Imperial?
A2: H. G. Wells
Q3: Which airline's CEO can be called a non - academic alumni of Imperial?
A3: Singapore Airlines
Q4: Which incredibly prestigious position did Huw Thomas hold?
A4: Head Physician to the Queen
Q5: Which hedge fund manager with a networth of over a billion is considered an alumni?
A5: Alan Howard
Title: High-definition_television
Topic: Engineering and technology

Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings intended for broadcast are typically recorded either in 720p or 1080i format as determined by the broadcaster. 720p is commonly used for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because most computer monitors operate in progressive-scan mode. 720p also imposes less strenuous storage and decoding requirements compared to both 1080i and 1080p. 1080p/24, 1080i/30, 1080i/25, and 720p/30 is most often used on Blu-ray Disc.

Q1: What two formats are typically used to recorde non-cinematic HDTV video intended for broadcast?
A1: 720p or 1080i
Q2: Which format is typically used for internet distribution of HD video?
A2: 720p
Q3: Most computer monitors operate in what mode?
A3: progressive-scan
Q4: 1080i, 1080p, and 720p are often used on what kind of disc. 
A4: Blu-ray
Title: Seattle
Topic: History

Non-commercial radio stations include NPR affiliates KUOW-FM 94.9 and KPLU-FM 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as classical music station KING-FM 98.1. Other stations include KEXP-FM 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), community radio KBCS-FM 91.3 (affiliated with Bellevue College), and high school radio KNHC-FM 89.5, which broadcasts an electronic dance music radio format and is owned by the public school system and operated by students of Nathan Hale High School. Many Seattle radio stations are also available through Internet radio, with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio. Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm Arbitron, the top FM stations were KRWM (adult contemporary format), KIRO-FM (news/talk), and KISW (active rock) while the top AM stations were KOMO (AM) (all news), KJR (AM) (all sports), KIRO (AM) (all sports).

Q1: What type of radio stations abound in Seattle?
A1: Non-commercial
Q2: What are KUOW and KPLU radio stations?
A2: NPR affiliates
Q3: With what educational facility is KEXP-FM aligned?
A3: UW
Q4: What radio station is operated by the public school system?
A4: KNHC-FM 89.5
Q5: Where has KEXP pioneered in Radio?
A5: Internet radio
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

Non-religious Umayyad mosaic works were mainly floor panels which decorated the palaces of the caliphs and other high-ranking officials. They were closely modeled after the mosaics of the Roman country villas, once common in the Eastern Mediterranean. The most superb example can be found in the bath house of Hisham's Palace, Palestine which was made around 744. The main panel depicts a large tree and underneath it a lion attacking a deer (right side) and two deers peacefully grazing (left side). The panel probably represents good and bad governance. Mosaics with classical geometric motifs survived in the bath area of the 8th-century Umayyad palace complex in Anjar, Lebanon. The luxurious desert residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat (in present-day Jordan) was also decorated with floor mosaics that show a high level of technical skill. The best preserved panel at Hallabat is divided by a Tree of Life flanked by "good" animals on one side and "bad" animals on the other. Among the Hallabat representations are vine scrolls, grapes, pomegranates, oryx, wolves, hares, a leopard, pairs of partridges, fish, bulls, ostriches, rabbits, rams, goats, lions and a snake. At Qastal, near Amman, excavations in 2000 uncovered the earliest known Umayyad mosaics in present-day Jordan, dating probably from the caliphate of Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan (685–705). They cover much of the floor of a finely decorated building that probably served as the palace of a local governor. The Qastal mosaics depict geometrical patterns, trees, animals, fruits and rosettes. Except for the open courtyard, entrance and staircases, the floors of the entire palace were covered in mosaics.

Q1: Any mosaic having secular designs were likely what?
A1: floor panels
Q2: What were the floor panels of the caliphs and high ranking officials modeled after?
A2: Roman country villas
Q3: Where can the most superb example of Umayyad mosaic floor paneling?
A3: the bath house of Hisham's Palace
Q4: In which present day country would the residence of Al-Walid II in Qasr al-Hallabat be?
A4: Jordan
Q5: At Qastal in 2000 the earliest examples of what were found in Jordan?
A5: Umayyad mosaics
Title: MP3
Topic: Engineering and technology

Non-standard bit rates up to 640 kbit/s can be achieved with the LAME encoder and the freeformat option, although few MP3 players can play those files. According to the ISO standard, decoders are only required to be able to decode streams up to 320 kbit/s.

Q1: What is the highest bit rate the LAME encoder allows?
A1: 640 kbit/s
Q2: The LAME encoder allows bit rates that are what?
A2: Non-standard
Q3: Even though few MP3 players can play it, LAME also offers which option?
A3: freeformat
Q4: The ISO standard dictates that decoders only need to be able to decode streams that have how high of a bit rate?
A4: 320
Title: Athanasius_of_Alexandria
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Nonetheless, within a few years of his death, Gregory of Nazianzus called him the "Pillar of the Church". His writings were well regarded by all Church fathers who followed, in both the West and the East, who noted their rich devotion to the Word-become-man, great pastoral concern, and profound interest in monasticism. Athanasius is counted as one of the four great Eastern Doctors of the Church in the Roman Catholic Church. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, he is labeled the "Father of Orthodoxy". Some Protestants label him "Father of the Canon". Athanasius is venerated as a Christian saint, whose feast day is 2 May in Western Christianity, 15 May in the Coptic Orthodox Church, and 18 January in the other Eastern Orthodox Churches. He is venerated by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox Churches, the Roman Catholic Church, the Lutherans, and the Anglican Communion.

Q1: What was he known as soon after he died?
A1: Pillar of the Church
Q2: How does the Eastern Orthodox Church refer to him?
A2: Father of Orthodoxy
Q3: What do the Protestants call him?
A3: Father of the Canon
Q4: What is his feast day in Western Christianity?
A4: 2 May
Q5: What day is he celebrated in the Eastern Orthodox Church?
A5: 18 January
Title: Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Nontrinitarians, such as Unitarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses also acknowledge Mary as the biological mother of Jesus Christ, but do not recognise Marian titles such as "Mother of God" as these groups generally reject Christ's divinity. Since Nontrinitarian churches are typically also mortalist, the issue of praying to Mary, whom they would consider "asleep", awaiting resurrection, does not arise. Emanuel Swedenborg says God as he is in himself could not directly approach evil spirits to redeem those spirits without destroying them (Exodus 33:20, John 1:18), so God impregnated Mary, who gave Jesus Christ access to the evil heredity of the human race, which he could approach, redeem and save.

Q1: According to Nontrinitarian belief, what is Mary's relationship to Jesus?
A1: biological mother
Q2: Which Nontrinitarian theologian says that God cannot approach eveil spirits to redeem them?
A2: Emanuel Swedenborg
Q3: Unittarians, Christadelphians and Jehovah's Witnesses are examples of what kind of church?
A3: Nontrinitarians
Q4: "Mother of God" is an example of what kind of title?
A4: Marian
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Nonvascular land plants are embryophytes that lack the vascular tissues xylem and phloem. They include mosses, liverworts and hornworts. Pteridophytic vascular plants with true xylem and phloem that reproduced by spores germinating into free-living gametophytes evolved during the Silurian period and diversified into several lineages during the late Silurian and early Devonian. Representatives of the lycopods have survived to the present day. By the end of the Devonian period, several groups, including the lycopods, sphenophylls and progymnosperms, had independently evolved "megaspory" – their spores were of two distinct sizes, larger megaspores and smaller microspores. Their reduced gametophytes developed from megaspores retained within the spore-producing organs (megasporangia) of the sporophyte, a condition known as endospory. Seeds consist of an endosporic megasporangium surrounded by one or two sheathing layers (integuments). The young sporophyte develops within the seed, which on germination splits to release it. The earliest known seed plants date from the latest Devonian Famennian stage. Following the evolution of the seed habit, seed plants diversified, giving rise to a number of now-extinct groups, including seed ferns, as well as the modern gymnosperms and angiosperms. Gymnosperms produce "naked seeds" not fully enclosed in an ovary; modern representatives include conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. Angiosperms produce seeds enclosed in a structure such as a carpel or an ovary. Ongoing research on the molecular phylogenetics of living plants appears to show that the angiosperms are a sister clade to the gymnosperms.

Q1: What makes mosses different from other land plants?
A1: lack the vascular tissues
Q2: What protects the young plant in the seed?
A2: one or two sheathing layers
Q3: How does the plant escape the seed?
A3: splits to release it
Q4: What is the term for plants whose seeds do not have a protective ovary?
A4: Gymnosperms
Q5: What event led to the diversification of seed plants?
A5: evolution of the seed habit
Title: Communication
Topic: Language and literature

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal communication include haptic communication, chronemic communication, gestures, body language, facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses. Nonverbal communication also relates to intent of a message. Examples of intent are voluntary, intentional movements like shaking a hand or winking, as well as involuntary, such as sweating. Speech also contains nonverbal elements known as paralanguage, e.g. rhythm, intonation, tempo, and stress. There may even be a pheromone component. Research has shown that up to 55% of human communication may occur through non-verbal facial expressions, and a further 38% through paralanguage. It affects communication most at the subconscious level and establishes trust. Likewise, written texts include nonverbal elements such as handwriting style, spatial arrangement of words and the use of emoticons to convey emotion.

Q1: What is nonverbal communication?
A1: conveying meaning in the form of non-word messages
Q2: What is one example of nonverbal communication?
A2: body language
Q3: What is an example of a voluntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A3: shaking a hand
Q4: What is an example of an involuntary intent of a message related to nonverbal communication?
A4: sweating
Q5: What percentage of human communication occurs through nonverbal facial expressions?
A5: 55%
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island (i/ˈnɔːrfək ˈaɪlənd/; Norfuk: Norf'k Ailen) is a small island in the Pacific Ocean located between Australia, New Zealand and New Caledonia, 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) directly east of mainland Australia's Evans Head, and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island. The island is part of the Commonwealth of Australia. Together with two neighbouring islands, it forms one of Australia's external territories. It has 1,796 inhabitants living on a total area of about 35 km2 (14 sq mi). Its capital is Kingston.

Q1: In what ocean is Norfolk Island found?
A1: Pacific Ocean
Q2: How far away is the nearest land mass to Norfolk Island?
A2: about 900 kilometres (560 mi)
Q3: What is the capital city of Norfolk Island?
A3: Kingston
Q4: How many people live on Norfolk Island?
A4: 1,796
Q5: How far away is Evans Head from Norfolk Island?
A5: 1,412 kilometres (877 mi)
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island Hospital is the only medical centre on the island. Medicare and the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme do not cover Norfolk Island. All visitors to Norfolk Island, including Australians, are recommended to purchase travel insurance. Although the hospital can perform minor surgery, serious medical conditions are not permitted to be treated on the island and patients are flown back to mainland Australia. Air charter transport can cost in the order of A$30,000. For serious emergencies, medical evacuations are provided by the Royal Australian Air Force. The island has one ambulance staffed by St John Ambulance Australia volunteers.

Q1: What is the name of the only medical center on Norfolk Island?
A1: Norfolk Island Hospital
Q2: What are visitors of Norfolk Island recommended to purchase?
A2: travel insurance
Q3: Where are Norfolk Island patients who need serious treatment flown to?
A3: mainland Australia
Q4: Who handles serious medical emergencies on Norfolk Island?
A4: the Royal Australian Air Force
Q5: Who staffs the one ambulance available on Norfolk Island?
A5: St John Ambulance Australia volunteers
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic. At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm (Rhopalostylis baueri) and the smooth tree-fern (Cyathea brownii), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonization, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract (5 km2) of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986.

Q1: How many plants can only be found on Norfolk Island?
A1: 51
Q2: How many of the plants that can only be found on Norfolk Island are rare or threatened?
A2: 18
Q3: Where can the tallest tree-fern in the world be found?
A3: Norfolk Island National Park
Q4: What was the majority of Norfolk Island covered with, before European colonization?
A4: subtropical rain forest
Q5: How much of the rainforest remains in Norfolk Island today?
A5: 5 km2
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island is the main island of the island group the territory encompasses and is located at 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950. It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. The island's highest point is Mount Bates (319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level), located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29°07′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.117°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.117; 167.950, seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of the main island.

Q1: What part of the Pacific Ocean is Norfolk Island located?
A1: South
Q2: What direction is Norfolk Island in relation to Australia?
A2: east
Q3: What are the coordinates for Norfolk Island?
A3: 29°02′S 167°57′E﻿ / ﻿29.033°S 167.950°E﻿ / -29.033; 167.950
Q4: What is the name of the mountain at Norfolk Island's highest point?
A4: Mount Bates
Q5: What is the name of the second largest island of the territory of Norfolk Island?
A5: Phillip Island
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island is the only non-mainland Australian territory to have achieved self-governance. The Norfolk Island Act 1979, passed by the Parliament of Australia in 1979, is the Act under which the island was governed until the passing of the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015. The Australian government maintains authority on the island through an Administrator, currently Gary Hardgrave. From 1979 to 2015, a Legislative Assembly was elected by popular vote for terms of not more than three years, although legislation passed by the Australian Parliament could extend its laws to the territory at will, including the power to override any laws made by the assembly.

Q1: What is the only non-mainland Australian territory that is governed by itself?
A1: Norfolk Island
Q2: What is the name of the Act that formerly governed Norfolk Island?
A2: The Norfolk Island Act 1979
Q3: What is the name of the new Act that governs Norfolk Island, passed in 2015?
A3: the Norfolk Island Legislation Amendment Act 2015
Q4: Who is the current administrator of Norfolk Island?
A4: Gary Hardgrave
Q5: During 1979-2015, Legislative Assembly terms lasted no longer than how many years?
A5: three years
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island was colonised by East Polynesians but was long unpeopled when it was settled by Great Britain as part of its settlement of Australia from 1788. The island served as a convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when it was settled from Pitcairn Island. In 1913, the UK handed Norfolk over to Australia to administer as an external territory.

Q1: Who was Norfolk Island colonised by?
A1: East Polynesians
Q2: What purpose did Norfolk Island serve for the majority of the time from 1788 until 1855?
A2: a convict penal settlement
Q3: What date did civilians begin to permanently reside in Norfolk Island?
A3: 8 June 1856
Q4: Where did the first permanent civilians of Norfolk Island settle from in 1856?
A4: Pitcairn Island
Q5: In what year did the UK hand Norfolk Island over to Australia to administrate?
A5: 1913
Title: Norfolk_Island
Topic: Geography and places

Norfolk Island was originally a colony acquired by settlement but was never within the British Settlements Act. It was accepted as a territory of Australia, separate from any state, by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), passed under the territories power (Constitution section 122) and made effective in 1914. In 1976 the High Court of Australia held unanimously that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth. Again, in 2007 the High Court of Australia affirmed the validity of legislation that made Australian citizenship a necessary qualification for voting for, and standing for election to, the Legislative Assembly of Norfolk Island.

Q1: Norfolk Island was originally a what?
A1: colony acquired by settlement
Q2: Norfolk Island became a territory of what country?
A2: Australia
Q3: Under what Act was Norfolk Island accepted as a territory of Australia?
A3: the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth)
Q4: Who decided in 1976 that Norfolk Island is a part of the Commonwealth?
A4: High Court of Australia
Q5: What was a necessary qualification for voting in Norfolk Island?
A5: Australian citizenship
Title: Uranium
Topic: Natural sciences

Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and other systems can be affected by uranium exposure, because, besides being weakly radioactive, uranium is a toxic metal. Uranium is also a reproductive toxicant. Radiological effects are generally local because alpha radiation, the primary form of 238U decay, has a very short range, and will not penetrate skin. Uranyl (UO2+
2) ions, such as from uranium trioxide or uranyl nitrate and other hexavalent uranium compounds, have been shown to cause birth defects and immune system damage in laboratory animals. While the CDC has published one study that no human cancer has been seen as a result of exposure to natural or depleted uranium, exposure to uranium and its decay products, especially radon, are widely known and significant health threats. Exposure to strontium-90, iodine-131, and other fission products is unrelated to uranium exposure, but may result from medical procedures or exposure to spent reactor fuel or fallout from nuclear weapons. Although accidental inhalation exposure to a high concentration of uranium hexafluoride has resulted in human fatalities, those deaths were associated with the generation of highly toxic hydrofluoric acid and uranyl fluoride rather than with uranium itself. Finely divided uranium metal presents a fire hazard because uranium is pyrophoric; small grains will ignite spontaneously in air at room temperature.

Q1: Along with the heart, brain and liver, what system is notably affected by exposure to uranium?
A1: kidney
Q2: What is the main form of 238U decay?
A2: alpha radiation
Q3: What type of uranium compounds are uranium trioxide and uranyl nitrate?
A3: hexavalent
Q4: At what temperature will grains of uranium metal spontaneously ignite in air?
A4: room
Title: Oklahoma
Topic: Geography and places

Norman plays host to the Norman Music Festival, a festival that highlights native Oklahoma bands and musicians. Norman is also host to the Medieval Fair of Norman, which has been held annually since 1976 and was Oklahoma's first medieval fair. The Fair was held first on the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus and in the third year moved to the Duck Pond in Norman until the Fair became too big and moved to Reaves Park in 2003. The Medieval Fair of Norman is Oklahoma's "largest weekend event and the third largest event in Oklahoma, and was selected by Events Media Network as one of the top 100 events in the nation".

Q1: When did the Medieval Fair of Norman begin?
A1: 1976
Q2: Where was Oklahoma's first medieval fair?
A2: Norman
Q3: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held for its first 2 years?
A3: the south oval of the University of Oklahoma campus
Q4: Where was the Medieval Fair of Norman held from 1978 to 2002?
A4: Duck Pond in Norman
Q5: Where has the Medieval Fair of Norman been held since 2003?
A5: Reaves Park
Title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina Museum of Art, occupying a large suburban campus on Blue Ridge Road near the North Carolina State Fairgrounds, maintains one of the premier public art collections located between Washington, D.C., and Atlanta. In addition to its extensive collections of American Art, European Art and ancient art, the museum recently has hosted major exhibitions featuring Auguste Rodin (in 2000) and Claude Monet (in 2006-07), each attracting more than 200,000 visitors. Unlike most prominent public museums, the North Carolina Museum of Art acquired a large number of the works in its permanent collection through purchases with public funds. The museum's outdoor park is one of the largest such art parks in the country. The museum facility underwent a major expansion which greatly expanded the exhibit space that was completed in 2010. The 127,000 sf new expansion is designed by NYC architect Thomas Phifer and Partners.

Q1: What is the North Carolina Museum of Art near?
A1: North Carolina State Fairgrounds
Q2: What type of art is in the Museum of Art?
A2: American Art, European Art and ancient art,
Q3: When was the Auguste Rodine exhibit?
A3: 2000
Q4: How many people attended the Monet exhibit?
A4: 200,000
Q5: How did the museum get the artworks they have?
A5: public funds
Title: Raleigh,_North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina State University is located in southwest Raleigh where the Wolfpack competes nationally in 24 intercollegiate varsity sports as a member of the Atlantic Coast Conference. The university's football team plays in Carter-Finley Stadium, the third largest football stadium in North Carolina, while the men's basketball team shares the PNC Arena with the Carolina Hurricanes hockey club. The Wolfpack women's basketball, volleyball, and gymnastics as well as men's wrestling events are held on campus at Reynolds Coliseum. The men's baseball team plays at Doak Field.

Q1: Where is North Carolina State University?
A1: southwest Raleigh
Q2: What is the mascot for North Carolina State University?
A2: Wolfpack
Q3: Where does the football team for North Carolina State University play?
A3: Carter-Finley Stadium
Q4: How big is Carter Finley Stadium?
A4: third largest football stadium in North Carolina
Q5: Where does North Carolina State University men's wrestling compete?
A5: Reynolds Coliseum
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina averages fewer than 20 tornadoes per year, many of them produced by hurricanes or tropical storms along the coastal plain. Tornadoes from thunderstorms are a risk, especially in the eastern part of the state. The western Piedmont is often protected by the mountains, which tend to break up storms as they try to cross over; the storms will often re-form farther east. Also a weather phenomenon known as "cold air damming" often occurs in the northwestern part of the state, which can also weaken storms but can also lead to major ice events in winter.

Q1: How many tornadoes does North Carolina have per year?
A1: fewer than 20
Q2: Houuricanes and tropical stors can produce what across the coastal plain?
A2: tornadoes
Q3: What part of the state holds the highest risk for tornadoes?
A3: eastern
Q4: What protects the western piedmont from tornadoes?
A4: mountains
Q5: What weather phenomenom can weaken storms but cause major ice events in NW North Carolina?
A5: cold air damming
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina became one of the English Thirteen Colonies and with the territory of South Carolina was originally known as the Province of Carolina. The northern and southern parts of the original province separated in 1729. Originally settled by small farmers, sometimes having a few slaves, who were oriented toward subsistence agriculture, the colony lacked cities or towns. Pirates menaced the coastal settlements, but by 1718 the pirates had been captured and killed. Growth was strong in the middle of the 18th century, as the economy attracted Scots-Irish, Quaker, English and German immigrants. The colonists generally supported the American Revolution, as the number of Loyalists was smaller than in some other colonies.

Q1: North carolina and Sounth Carolina together were known as what?
A1: the Province of Carolina
Q2: What year were the northern and southern carolinas seperated?
A2: 1729
Q3: What was the profession of most of the settlers in the Province of Carolina?
A3: small farmers
Q4: What people were a menace to the coastal areas of the Province of carolina?
A4: Pirates
Q5: By what year had all of the pirates in the NC Province been captured or killed?
A5: 1718
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina consists of three main geographic sections: the Atlantic Coastal Plain, which occupies the eastern 45% of the state; the Piedmont region, which contains the middle 35%; and the Appalachian Mountains and foothills. The extreme eastern section of the state contains the Outer Banks, a string of sandy, narrow barrier islands between the Atlantic Ocean and two inland waterways or "sounds": Albemarle Sound in the north and Pamlico Sound in the south. They are the two largest landlocked sounds in the United States.

Q1: How many main geographical sections make up North Carolina?
A1: three
Q2: What section of North carolina makes up 45% of the state?
A2: Atlantic Coastal Plain
Q3: What is the section in the middle 35% of North Carolina called?
A3: the Piedmont region
Q4: Tha Appalacian mountains and foothills make up a region of what state?
A4: North Carolina
Q5: The extreme eastern section of North Carolina is called what?
A5: Outer Banks
Title: North_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

North Carolina has a variety of shopping choices. SouthPark Mall in Charlotte is currently the largest in the Carolinas, with almost 2.0 million square feet. Other major malls in Charlotte include Northlake Mall and Carolina Place Mall in nearby suburb Pineville. Other major malls throughout the state include Hanes Mall in Winston-Salem; Crabtree Valley Mall, North Hills Mall, and Triangle Town Center in Raleigh; Friendly Center and Four Seasons Town Centre in Greensboro; Oak Hollow Mall in High Point; Concord Mills in Concord; Valley Hills Mall in Hickory; and The Streets at Southpoint and Northgate Mall in Durham and Independence Mall in Wilmington, NC, and Tanger Outlets in Charlotte, Nags Head, Blowing Rock, and Mebane, NC.

Q1: Where is SouthPark Mall located?
A1: Charlotte
Q2: What is the largest mall in the carolinas?
A2: SouthPark Mall
Q3: How big is SouthPark Mall?
A3: 2.0 million square feet
Q4: Where is the hanes Mall located?
A4: Winston-Salem
Q5: Where is the Four Seasons Town Center located?
A5: Greensboro