LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Czech_language
Topic: Language and literature

Immigration of Czechs from Europe to the United States occurred primarily from 1848 to 1914. Czech is a Less Commonly Taught Language in U.S. schools, and is taught at Czech heritage centers. Large communities of Czech Americans live in the states of Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin. In the 2000 United States Census, Czech was reported as the most-common language spoken at home (besides English) in Valley, Butler and Saunders Counties, Nebraska and Republic County, Kansas. With the exception of Spanish (the non-English language most commonly spoken at home nationwide), Czech was the most-common home language in over a dozen additional counties in Nebraska, Kansas, Texas, North Dakota and Minnesota. As of 2009, 70,500 Americans spoke Czech as their first language (49th place nationwide, behind Turkish and ahead of Swedish).

Q1: Czechs immigrated from Europe to the U.S. primary from 1848 to when?
A1: 1914
Q2: What kind of language is Czech in U.S. schools?
A2: a Less Commonly Taught Language
Q3: What states have large communities of Czech Americans?
A3: Texas, Nebraska and Wisconsin
Q4: What is the most commonly spoken non-English language at homes nationwide in the U.S.?
A4: Spanish
Q5: How many Americans spoke Czech as their first language as of 2009?
A5: 70,500
Title: Israel
Topic: History

Immigration to Israel during the late 1940s and early 1950s was aided by the Israeli Immigration Department and the non-government sponsored Mossad LeAliyah Bet ("Institution for Illegal Immigration"). Both groups facilitated regular immigration logistics like arranging transportation, but the latter also engaged in clandestine operations in countries, particularly in the Middle East and Eastern Europe, where the lives of Jews were believed to be in danger and exit from those places was difficult. Mossad LeAliyah Bet continued to take part in immigration efforts until its disbanding in 1953. An influx of Holocaust survivors and Jews from Arab and Muslim lands immigrated to Israel during the first 3 years and the number of Jews increased from 700,000 to 1,400,000, many of whom faced persecution in their original countries. The immigration was in accordance with the One Million Plan.

Q1: Who aided the immigration to Israel?
A1: Israeli Immigration Department
Q2: The immigration was in accordance to what?
A2: One Million Plan
Q3: When did the Mossad LeAliyah Bet disband?
A3: 1953
Title: Spanish_language_in_the_United_States
Topic: Language and literature

Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability upon achieving independence. The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States, hence there are some one million Cubans in the United States, most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States; most are fluent in Spanish. In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.

Q1: Why did Cubans come to the United States?
A1: Immigration to the United States of Spanish-speaking Cubans began because of Cuba's political instability
Q2: What year did most Cubans start coming to America?
A2: The deposition of Fulgencio Batista's dictatorship and the ascension of Fidel Castro's government in 1959 increased Cuban immigration to the United States
Q3: Where do most Cuban Americans live?
A3: , most settled in southern and central Florida, while other Cubans live in the Northeastern United States
Q4: Do Cubans speak Spanish in America?
A4: most are fluent in Spanish
Q5: Is there a particular place where Cubans live and speak Spanish in the U.S.?
A5: In the city of Miami today Spanish is the first language mostly due to Cuban immigration.
Title: Diarrhea
Topic: Natural sciences

Immunization against the pathogens that cause diarrheal disease is a viable prevention strategy, however it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination. In the case of Rotavirus, which was responsible for around 6% of diarrheal episodes and 20% of diarrheal disease deaths in the children of developing countries, use of a Rotavirus vaccine in trials in 1985 yielded a slight (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence, while reducing overall mortality by 6-10%. Similarly, a Cholera vaccine showed a strong reduction in morbidity and mortality, though the overall impact of vaccination was minimal as Cholera is not one of the major causative pathogens of diarrheal disease. Since this time, more effective vaccines have been developed that have the potential to save many thousands of lives in developing nations, while reducing the overall cost of treatment, and the costs to society.

Q1: What is the downfall of using immunization against the pathogens that cause disease?
A1: it does require targeting certain pathogens for vaccination
Q2: What is responsible for 6% of dearrheal disease?
A2: Rotavirus
Q3: What percent is the rotavirus responsible for in diarrheal disease deaths?
A3: 20%
Q4: What was the effect of the Rotavirus vaccine?
A4: (2-3%) decrease in total diarrheal disease incidence
Q5: What year was the Rotovirus vaccine used?
A5: 1985
Title: Immunology
Topic: Natural sciences

Immunological research continues to become more specialized, pursuing non-classical models of immunity and functions of cells, organs and systems not previously associated with the immune system (Yemeserach 2010).

Q1: In the field of immunology, what aspect is becoming more specialized?
A1: research
Q2: What new areas are immunologists studying with more frequency?
A2: non-classical models of immunity
Q3: The latest research into newer aspects of immunology is focused on what three elements of the body?
A3: cells, organs and systems
Q4: These three elements of the body are of new interest for what reason?
A4: not previously associated with the immune system
Title: Immunology
Topic: Natural sciences

Immunology is a branch of biomedical science that covers the study of immune systems in all organisms. It charts, measures, and contextualizes the: physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and diseases; malfunctions of the immune system in immunological disorders (such as autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection); the physical, chemical and physiological characteristics of the components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo. Immunology has applications in numerous disciplines of medicine, particularly in the fields of organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology.

Q1: In general, what does immunology study?
A1: immune systems in all organisms
Q2: Immunology studies the functioning of the immune system in which two states of being?
A2: both health and diseases
Q3: Name three types of immunological disorders?
A3: autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, and transplant rejection
Q4: Immunology studies the immune system in which three stages of existence?
A4: in vitro, in situ, and in vivo
Q5: What disciplines in medicine have particularly strong immunology applications?
A5: organ transplantation, oncology, virology, bacteriology, parasitology, psychiatry, and dermatology
Title: Immunology
Topic: Natural sciences

Immunology is strongly experimental in everyday practice but is also characterized by an ongoing theoretical attitude. Many theories have been suggested in immunology from the end of the nineteenth century up to the present time. The end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century saw a battle between "cellular" and "humoral" theories of immunity. According to the cellular theory of immunity, represented in particular by Elie Metchnikoff, it was cells – more precisely, phagocytes – that were responsible for immune responses. In contrast, the humoral theory of immunity, held by Robert Koch and Emil von Behring, among others, stated that the active immune agents were soluble components (molecules) found in the organism’s “humors” rather than its cells.

Q1: The routine practice of immunology can best be characterized as?
A1: strongly experimental
Q2: What are two opposing theories of early 20th century immunology?
A2: "cellular" and "humoral"
Q3: Cellular immunology expressed the theory that what cells caused immune responses?
A3: phagocytes
Q4: Humoral immunology theorized that the origin of the immune system lay in what?
A4: soluble components (molecules)
Q5: Rather than cells, in humoral immunology where did the molecules that cause immune response reside?
A5: the organism’s “humors”
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial College Boat Club
The Imperial College Boat Club was founded on 12 December 1919. The Gold medal winning GB 8+ at the 2000 Sydney Olympics had been based at Imperial College's recently refurbished boathouse and included 3 alumni of the college along with their coach Martin McElroy. The club has been highly successful, with many wins at Henley Royal Regatta including most recently in 2013 with victory in The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event. The club has been home to numerous National Squad oarsmen and women and is open to all rowers not just students of Imperial College London.

Q1: Which day was the Imperial College Boat Club formed on?
A1: 12 December 1919
Q2: How many alumni from Imperial were a part of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A2: 3
Q3: What was the name of the coach of the Gold medal winning GB8+?
A3: Martin McElroy
Q4: Which event has the Boat Club been highly successful at?
A4: Henley Royal Regatta
Q5: Which event did the Boat Club claim victory in for 2013?
A5: The Prince Albert Challenge Cup event
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust was formed on 1 October 2007 by the merger of Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust (Charing Cross Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital and Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital) and St Mary's NHS Trust (St. Mary's Hospital and Western Eye Hospital) with Imperial College London Faculty of Medicine. It is an academic health science centre and manages five hospitals: Charing Cross Hospital, Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital, Hammersmith Hospital, St Mary's Hospital, and Western Eye Hospital. The Trust is currently the largest in the UK and has an annual turnover of £800 million, treating more than a million patients a year.[citation needed]

Q1: What was formed on the 1st October 2007?
A1: Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust
Q2: How many hospitals does it manage?
A2: five
Q3: What is it considered to be?
A3: an academic health science centre
Q4: What is the annual turnover for the trust?
A4: £800 million
Q5: How many patients a year does the trust treat?
A5: more than a million
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial College London is a public research university located in London, United Kingdom. It was founded by Prince Albert who envisioned an area composed of the Natural History Museum, Science Museum, Victoria and Albert Museum, Royal Albert Hall and the Imperial Institute. The Imperial Institute was opened by his wife, Queen Victoria, who laid the first stone. In 1907, Imperial College London was formed by Royal Charter, and soon joined the University of London, with a focus on science and technology. The college has expanded its coursework to medicine through mergers with St Mary's Hospital. In 2004, Queen Elizabeth II opened the Imperial College Business School. Imperial became an independent university from the University of London during its one hundred year anniversary.

Q1: What kind of University is Imperial College London?
A1: public research university
Q2: Who founded the Imperial College London?
A2: Prince Albert
Q3: Who opened the Imperial Institute in 1907?
A3: Queen Victoria
Q4: Which document allowed the Imperial College London to be formed?
A4: Royal Charter
Q5: What was the focus of the Imperial College London?
A5: science and technology
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial College TV
ICTV (formerly STOIC (Student Television of Imperial College)) is Imperial College Union's TV station, founded in 1969 and operated from a small TV studio in the Electrical Engineering block. The department had bought an early AMPEX Type A 1-inch videotape recorder and this was used to produce an occasional short news programme which was then played to students by simply moving the VTR and a monitor into a common room. A cable link to the Southside halls of residence was laid in a tunnel under Exhibition Road in 1972. Besides the news, early productions included a film of the Queen opening what was then called College Block and interview programmes with DJ Mike Raven, Richard O'Brian and Monty Python producer Ian MacNaughton. The society was renamed to ICTV for the start of the 2014/15 academic year.

Q1: What does the abbreviation STOIC stand for?
A1: Student Television of Imperial College
Q2: What is STOIC's modern name?
A2: Imperial College TV
Q3: When was Imperial College Union's TV station founded?
A3: 1969
Q4: Where was a cable link located that connected the Southside Halls of residence?
A4: Exhibition Road
Q5: When was the station renamed to it's modern name?
A5: start of the 2014/15 academic year
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial College Union, the students' union at Imperial College, is run by five full-time sabbatical officers elected from the student body for a tenure of one year, and a number of permanent members of staff. The Union is given a large subvention by the university, much of which is spent on maintaining around 300 clubs, projects and societies. Examples of notable student groups and projects are Project Nepal which sends Imperial College students to work on educational development programmes in rural Nepal and the El Salvador Project, a construction based project in Central America. The Union also hosts sports-related clubs such as Imperial College Boat Club and Imperial College Gliding Club.

Q1: What is the official name of the student's union?
A1: Imperial College Union
Q2: How many full time officers run the union?
A2: five
Q3: How long is the tenure for an officer to run the union?
A3: one year
Q4: How many clubs, projects and societies is the union responsible for managing?
A4: around 300
Q5: What kind of programmes do students work on for Project Nepal?
A5: educational development
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial acquired Silwood Park in 1947, to provide a site for research and teaching in those aspects of biology not well suited for the main London campus. Felix, Imperial's student newspaper, was launched on 9 December 1949. On 29 January 1950, the government announced that it was intended that Imperial should expand to meet the scientific and technological challenges of the 20th century and a major expansion of the College followed over the next decade. In 1959 the Wolfson Foundation donated £350,000 for the establishment of a new Biochemistry Department.[citation needed] A special relationship between Imperial and the Indian Institute of Technology Delhi was established in 1963.[citation needed]

Q1: What site did Imperial acquire in 1947?
A1: Silwood Park
Q2: What was the name of Imperial's student newspaper?
A2: Felix
Q3: How much money was donated for a new Biochemistry Department?
A3: £350,000
Q4: Who donated the large sum of money to help aid the establishement of the Biochemistry Department?
A4: Wolfson Foundation
Q5: Imperial formed a relationship with which other entity in 1963?
A5: Indian Institute of Technology Delhi
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial submitted a total of 1,257 staff across 14 units of assessment to the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) assessment. In the REF results 46% of Imperial's submitted research was classified as 4*, 44% as 3*, 9% as 2* and 1% as 1*, giving an overall GPA of 3.36. In rankings produced by Times Higher Education based upon the REF results Imperial was ranked 2nd overall for GPA and 8th for "research power" (compared to 6th and 7th respectively in the equivalent rankings for the RAE 2008).

Q1: How many staff members did Imperial submit assessments of for the REF assessment?
A1: 1,257
Q2: In the 2014 rankings produced by Times Higher Education, what position was Imperial ranked for GPA?
A2: 2nd
Q3: How many units of assessment did Imperial submit?
A3: 14
Q4: How highly was Imperial ranked in "research power" in 2014?
A4: 8th
Q5: How many staff members did Imperial claim to have in 2014?
A5: 1,257
Q6: What does REF stand for?
A6: Research Excellence Framework
Q7: What was the percentage of Imperials research that was seemed to be 3*?
A7: 44%
Q8: What did the REF give Imperial as an overall GPA?
A8: 3.36
Q9: What was Imperial's overall GPA rank according to the Times Higher Education?
A9: 2nd
Title: Imperial_College_London
Topic: History

Imperial's main campus is located in the South Kensington area of central London. It is situated in an area of South Kensington, known as Albertopolis, which has a high concentration of cultural and academic institutions, adjacent to the Natural History Museum, the Science Museum, the Victoria and Albert Museum, the Royal College of Music, the Royal College of Art, the Royal Geographical Society and the Royal Albert Hall. Nearby public attractions include the Kensington Palace, Hyde Park and the Kensington Gardens, the National Art Library, and the Brompton Oratory. The expansion of the South Kensington campus in the 1950s & 1960s absorbed the site of the former Imperial Institute, designed by Thomas Collcutt, of which only the 287 foot (87 m) high Queen's Tower remains among the more modern buildings.

Q1: In which area in London is Imperial's main campus located?
A1: South Kensington
Q2: What is the area inside of South Kensington where Imperial is located known as?
A2: Albertopolis
Q3: In which decade did the expansion of the South Kensington campus being?
A3: 1950s
Q4: Who designed the Imperial Institue that was a victim of Imperial's expansion in the 1950s & 1960s?
A4: Thomas Collcutt
Q5: Which landmark still remains from the Imperial Institue after Imperial's expansion?
A5: Queen's Tower
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Impermanence (Pāli: anicca) expresses the Buddhist notion that all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent. Everything we can experience through our senses is made up of parts, and its existence is dependent on external conditions. Everything is in constant flux, and so conditions and the thing itself are constantly changing. Things are constantly coming into being, and ceasing to be. Since nothing lasts, there is no inherent or fixed nature to any object or experience. According to the doctrine of impermanence, life embodies this flux in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss. The doctrine asserts that because things are impermanent, attachment to them is futile and leads to suffering (dukkha).

Q1: What is the meaning of impermanence in Buddhism?
A1: all compounded or conditioned phenomena (all things and experiences) are inconstant, unsteady, and impermanent
Q2: According to the Buddhist doctrine of impermanence, how does life express impermanence?
A2: in the aging process, the cycle of rebirth (saṃsāra), and in any experience of loss
Q3: Why is attachment to things futile?
A3: because things are impermanent
Q4: What is in a constant flux?
A4: Everything
Q5: Everything is continuously coming into being and what?
A5: ceasing to be
Q6: The cycle of rebirth is also called what?
A6: saṃsāra
Q7: According to doctrine, because all thing don't last, attachment can lead to what?
A7: suffering
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

Important Justinian era mosaics decorated the Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt. Generally wall mosaics have not survived in the region because of the destruction of buildings but the St. Catherine's Monastery is exceptional. On the upper wall Moses is shown in two panels on a landscape background. In the apse we can see the Transfiguration of Jesus on a golden background. The apse is surrounded with bands containing medallions of apostles and prophets, and two contemporary figure, "Abbot Longinos" and "John the Deacon". The mosaic was probably created in 565/6.

Q1: What era were the mosaics that adorned Saint Catherine's Monastery?
A1: Justinian
Q2: Where is Saint Catherine's Monastery located?
A2: Mount Sinai in Egypt
Q3: Why have wall mosaics generally not survived in the region?
A3: the destruction of buildings
Q4: Who is depicted in Saint Catherine's Monastery on a mosaic landscape background? 
A4: Moses
Q5: When was the mosaic at Saint Catherine's Monastery created?
A5: in 565/6
Title: Mosaic
Topic: Art and architecture

Important fragments survived from the mosaic floor of the Great Palace of Constantinople which was commissioned during Justinian's reign. The figures, animals, plants all are entirely classical but they are scattered before a plain background. The portrait of a moustached man, probably a Gothic chieftain, is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinianian age. The so-called small sekreton of the palace was built during Justin II's reign around 565–577. Some fragments survive from the mosaics of this vaulted room. The vine scroll motifs are very similar to those in the Santa Constanza and they still closely follow the Classical tradition. There are remains of floral decoration in the Church of the Acheiropoietos in Thessaloniki (5th–6th centuries).

Q1: When were the mosaics at the Great Palace of Constantinople commissioned?
A1: during Justinian's reign
Q2: What is considered the most important surviving mosaic of the Justinian age?
A2: The portrait of a moustached man
Q3: What was the small vaulted room in the Great Palace of Constantinople called?
A3: small sekreton
Q4: Vine Scroll motifs are classified under what kind of tradition?
A4: Classical
Q5: When were the mosaics at the church in Thessaloniki created?
A5: 5th–6th centuries
Title: Alps
Topic: Geography and places

Important geological concepts were established as naturalists began studying the rock formations of the Alps in the 18th century. In the mid-19th century the now defunct theory of geosynclines was used to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains but by the mid-20th century the theory of plate tectonics became widely accepted.

Q1: Who began studying the rock formations of the Alps
A1: naturalists
Q2: When did the studying of rock formations begin in the Alps?
A2: the 18th century
Q3: What was used in the mid-19th century to explain the presence of "folded" mountain chains? 
A3: theory of geosynclines
Q4: What theory was more widely accepted by the mid-20th century? 
A4: the theory of plate tectonics
Title: Saint_Helena
Topic: Geography and places

Imported Chinese labourers arrived in 1810, reaching a peak of 618 in 1818, after which numbers were reduced. Only a few older men remained after the British Crown took over the government of the island from the East India Company in 1834. The majority were sent back to China, although records in the Cape suggest that they never got any farther than Cape Town. There were also a very few Indian lascars who worked under the harbour master.

Q1: When did Imported Chinese labor arrive?
A1: 1810
Q2: How many imported Chinese laborers were there at the peak of importation?
A2: 618
Q3: What year did importation of Chinese Laborers peak?
A3: 1818
Title: Religion_in_ancient_Rome
Topic: History

Imported mystery religions, which offered initiates salvation in the afterlife, were a matter of personal choice for an individual, practiced in addition to carrying on one's family rites and participating in public religion. The mysteries, however, involved exclusive oaths and secrecy, conditions that conservative Romans viewed with suspicion as characteristic of "magic", conspiratorial (coniuratio), or subversive activity. Sporadic and sometimes brutal attempts were made to suppress religionists who seemed to threaten traditional morality and unity, as with the senate's efforts to restrict the Bacchanals in 186 BC.

Q1: What was the practice of religion to the Romans?
A1: personal choice
Q2: What was the standard practice in Roman religious life?
A2: public religion
Q3: What part of Roman religious practice involved secrecy?
A3: mysteries
Q4: What group viewed the mysteries as suspicious or subversive?
A4: conservative Romans
Q5: What did the mysteries seem to threaten that made the Romans occasionally attempt to ban them?
A5: morality and unity
Title: The_Blitz
Topic: History

Improved aircraft designs were in the offing with the Bristol Beaufighter, then under development. It would prove formidable, but its development was slow. The Beaufighter had a maximum speed of 320 mph (510 km/h), an operational ceiling of 26,000 ft (7,900 m) and a climb rate of 2,500 ft (760 m) per minute. Its armament of four 20 mm (0.79 in) Hispano cannon and six .303 in Browning machine guns offered a serious threat to German bombers. On 19 November, John Cunningham of No. 604 Squadron RAF shot down a bomber flying an AI-equipped Beaufighter. It was the first air victory for the airborne radar.

Q1: What was the max speed of a Beaufighter?
A1: 320 mph (510 km/h)
Q2: What is the operational ceiling of the Beaufighter?
A2: 26,000 ft (7,900 m)
Q3: how many machine guns did the Beaufighter include?
A3: six .303 in Browning machine guns
Q4: What day was the first victory the RAF had with airborne radar?
A4: 19 November
Title: Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation
Topic: Social sciences and society

Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected by the Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation (JMP) of UNICEF and WHO. This program is tasked to monitor progress towards the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) relating to drinking water and sanitation. About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies, with no dignity or privacy - which is called open defecation and which poses significant health risks. India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people. India has also become a focus country for the foundation's sanitation activities which has become evident since the "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.

Q1: What is need in the developing world 
A1: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need
Q2: What does data collected by unicef and Who show
A2: Improved sanitation in the developing world is a global need, but a neglected priority as shown by the data collected
Q3: How many people have no sanatation facilities
A3: About one billion people have no sanitation facility whatsoever and continue to defecate in gutters, behind bushes or in open water bodies
Q4: What country is the worst violator
A4: India is the country with the highest number of people practicing open defecation: around 600 million people
Q5: India is host to what activity
A5: "Reinvent the Toilet Fair" in Delhi, India in March 2014.
Title: Classical_music
Topic: Music

Improvisation once played an important role in classical music. A remnant of this improvisatory tradition in classical music can be heard in the cadenza, a passage found mostly in concertos and solo works, designed to allow skilled performers to exhibit their virtuoso skills on the instrument. Traditionally this was improvised by the performer; however, it is often written for (or occasionally by) the performer beforehand. Improvisation is also an important aspect in authentic performances of operas of Baroque era and of bel canto (especially operas of Vincenzo Bellini), and is best exemplified by the da capo aria, a form by which famous singers typically perform variations of the thematic matter of the aria in the recapitulation section ('B section' / the 'da capo' part). An example is Beverly Sills' complex, albeit pre-written, variation of Da tempeste il legno infranto from Händel's Giulio Cesare.

Q1: What once played an important role in classical music?
A1: Improvisation
Q2: Where can a remnant of improvisation tradition be found?
A2: cadenza
Q3: What can solo performers exhibit during a cadenza?
A3: their virtuoso skills on the instrument
Q4: What type of performances of Baroque ear Operas require improvisation?
A4: authentic performances
Q5: An example of improvisation in an opera is Beverly Sills variation of what movement of Handel's Giulio Cesare?
A5: Da tempeste il legno infranto
Title: Frédéric_Chopin
Topic: Music

Improvisation stands at the centre of Chopin's creative processes. However, this does not imply impulsive rambling: Nicholas Temperley writes that "improvisation is designed for an audience, and its starting-point is that audience's expectations, which include the current conventions of musical form." The works for piano and orchestra, including the two concertos, are held by Temperley to be "merely vehicles for brilliant piano playing ... formally longwinded and extremely conservative". After the piano concertos (which are both early, dating from 1830), Chopin made no attempts at large-scale multi-movement forms, save for his late sonatas for piano and for cello; "instead he achieved near-perfection in pieces of simple general design but subtle and complex cell-structure." Rosen suggests that an important aspect of Chopin's individuality is his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.

Q1: What is central to Chopin's process?
A1: Improvisation
Q2: Rosen suggests that a central part of Chopin's uniqueness is how he handles what?
A2: the four-bar phrase
Q3: What is central to Chopin's creativeness?
A3: Improvisation
Q4: Who wrote that "improvisation is designed for an audience"?
A4: Nicholas Temperley
Q5: What did Rosen suggest was important about chopin's personality?
A5: his flexible handling of the four-bar phrase as a structural unit.
Title: Cyprus
Topic: Geography and places

In "Freedom in the World 2011", Freedom House rated Cyprus as "free". In January 2011, the Report of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights on the question of Human Rights in Cyprus noted that the ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island "... including freedom of movement, human rights pertaining to the question of missing persons, discrimination, the right to life, freedom of religion, and economic, social and cultural rights." The constant focus on the division of the island can sometimes mask other human rights issues.[citation needed]

Q1: Why does the United Nations question the Human rights status of Cyprus?
A1: ongoing division of Cyprus continues to affect human rights throughout the island
Q2: What is the rating for Cyprus in the "Freedom in the World 2011" report?
A2: free
Q3: What is one of the reasons for the human rights issues on Cyprus?
A3: division of the island
Title: Myanmar
Topic: Geography and places

In 1 April 2012 by-elections the NLD won 43 of the 45 available seats; previously an illegal organisation, the NLD had never won a Burmese election until this time. The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar. Following announcement of the by-elections, the Freedom House organisation raised concerns about "reports of fraud and harassment in the lead up to elections, including the March 23 deportation of Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL), a regional network of civil society organisations promoting democratization." However, uncertainties exist as some other political prisoners have not been released and clashes between Burmese troops and local insurgent groups continue.

Q1: Does the political party of Aung San Suu Ky hold any positions among the ruling faction ?
A1: 43 of the 45 available seats
Q2: Are international monitors used in the elections of Burma ?
A2: The 2012 by-elections were also the first time that international representatives were allowed to monitor the voting process in Myanmar
Q3: Who raised concerns of fraud in the elections held in the Burma 2012 elections ?
A3: the Freedom House organisation raised concerns
Q4: Who was expelled from Myanmar before the elections of 2012 and what position did they hold ?
A4: Somsri Hananuntasuk, executive director of the Asian Network for Free Elections (ANFREL)
Q5: Did all of the political prisoners obtain freedom due to the election in Burma of 2012 ? 
A5: some other political prisoners have not been released
Title: Armenia
Topic: History

In 1045, the Byzantine Empire conquered Bagratid Armenia. Soon, the other Armenian states fell under Byzantine control as well. The Byzantine rule was short lived, as in 1071 Seljuk Turks defeated the Byzantines and conquered Armenia at the Battle of Manzikert, establishing the Seljuk Empire. To escape death or servitude at the hands of those who had assassinated his relative, Gagik II, King of Ani, an Armenian named Roupen, went with some of his countrymen into the gorges of the Taurus Mountains and then into Tarsus of Cilicia. The Byzantine governor of the palace gave them shelter where the Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia was eventually established on 6 January 1198 under King Leo I, a descendant of Prince Roupen.

Q1: Who vanquished Bagratid Armenia?
A1: the Byzantine Empire
Q2: When did the Seljuk Turks beat the Byzantines?
A2: 1071
Q3: When was Cilicia founded?
A3: 6 January 1198
Q4: What was the outcome of the Battle of Manzikert for the Seljuk Turks?
A4: conquered Armenia
Q5: Where did Roupen find refuge?
A5: Tarsus of Cilicia
Title: Cardinal_(Catholicism)
Topic: History

In 1059, the right of electing the pope was reserved to the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees. In the 12th century the practice of appointing ecclesiastics from outside Rome as cardinals began, with each of them assigned a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses, while still being incardinated in a diocese other than that of Rome.[citation needed]

Q1: In 1059, who was responsible for electing the pope? 
A1: the principal clergy of Rome and the bishops of the seven suburbicarian sees.
Q2: What were the cardinals assigned? 
A2: a church in Rome as his titular church or linked with one of the suburbicarian dioceses
Title: Galicia_(Spain)
Topic: Geography and places

In 1063, Ferdinand I of Castile divided his realm among his sons, and the Kingdom of Galicia was granted to Garcia II of Galicia. In 1072, it was forcibly annexed by Garcia's brother Alfonso VI of León; from that time Galicia was united with the Kingdom of León under the same monarchs. In the 13th century Alfonso X of Castile standardized the Castilian language and made it the language of court and government. Nevertheless, in his Kingdom of Galicia the Galician language was the only language spoken, and the most used in government and legal uses, as well as in literature.

Q1: Who was it that in 1063 gave rule over Galicia to his son?
A1: Ferdinand I
Q2: What was the name of this son?
A2: Garcia II
Q3: Who was the brother who later took control for himself?
A3: Alfonso VI
Q4: Galicia then became part of which Kingdom?
A4: Kingdom of León
Q5: Who standardized Castillan and made it the government's official language?
A5: Alfonso X
Title: Israel
Topic: History

In 1165 Maimonides visited Jerusalem and prayed on the Temple Mount, in the "great, holy house". In 1141 Spanish-Jewish poet, Yehuda Halevi, issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel, a journey he undertook himself. In 1187 Sultan Saladin, founder of the Ayyubid dynasty, defeated the Crusaders in the Battle of Hattin and subsequently captured Jerusalem and almost all of Palestine. In time, Saladin issued a proclamation inviting Jews to return and settle in Jerusalem, and according to Judah al-Harizi, they did: "From the day the Arabs took Jerusalem, the Israelites inhabited it." Al-Harizi compared Saladin's decree allowing Jews to re-establish themselves in Jerusalem to the one issued by the Persian king Cyrus the Great over 1,600 years earlier.

Q1: When did Maimonides visit Jerusalem?
A1: 1165
Q2: Who issued a call to the Jews to emigrate to the Land of Israel?
A2: Yehuda Halevi
Q3: Who was the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty?
A3: Sultan Saladin
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

In 1173 John's elder brothers, backed by Eleanor, rose in revolt against Henry in the short-lived rebellion of 1173 to 1174. Growing irritated with his subordinate position to Henry II and increasingly worried that John might be given additional lands and castles at his expense, Henry the Young King travelled to Paris and allied himself with Louis VII. Eleanor, irritated by her husband's persistent interference in Aquitaine, encouraged Richard and Geoffrey to join their brother Henry in Paris. Henry II triumphed over the coalition of his sons, but was generous to them in the peace settlement agreed at Montlouis. Henry the Young King was allowed to travel widely in Europe with his own household of knights, Richard was given Aquitaine back, and Geoffrey was allowed to return to Brittany; only Eleanor was imprisoned for her role in the revolt.

Q1: Who backed John's elder brothers?
A1: Eleanor
Q2: Where did Henry travel to?
A2: Paris
Q3: Who returned to Brittany?
A3: Geoffrey
Q4: Who was imprisoned?
A4: Eleanor
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

In 118 BC, King Micipsa of Numidia (current-day Algeria and Tunisia) died. He was succeeded by two legitimate sons, Adherbal and Hiempsal, and an illegitimate son, Jugurtha. Micipsa divided his kingdom between these three sons. Jugurtha, however, turned on his brothers, killing Hiempsal and driving Adherbal out of Numidia. Adherbal fled to Rome for assistance, and initially Rome mediated a division of the country between the two brothers. Eventually, Jugurtha renewed his offensive, leading to a long and inconclusive war with Rome. He also bribed several Roman commanders, and at least two tribunes, before and during the war. His nemesis, Gaius Marius, a legate from a virtually unknown provincial family, returned from the war in Numidia and was elected consul in 107 BC over the objections of the aristocratic senators. Marius invaded Numidia and brought the war to a quick end, capturing Jugurtha in the process. The apparent incompetence of the Senate, and the brilliance of Marius, had been put on full display. The populares party took full advantage of this opportunity by allying itself with Marius.

Q1: Who was the illegitimate offspring of the King Micipsa of Numidia?
A1: Jugurtha
Q2: Who was Jugurtha's rival?
A2: Gaius Marius
Q3: When was Gaius Marius elected to the position of consul?
A3: 107 BC
Q4: Who did not agree with the election of Gaius Marius?
A4: aristocratic senators
Q5: Which individual did the populares part have an allegiance with?
A5: Marius
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

In 1185 John made his first visit to Ireland, accompanied by 300 knights and a team of administrators. Henry had tried to have John officially proclaimed King of Ireland, but Pope Lucius III would not agree. John's first period of rule in Ireland was not a success. Ireland had only recently been conquered by Anglo-Norman forces, and tensions were still rife between Henry II, the new settlers and the existing inhabitants. John infamously offended the local Irish rulers by making fun of their unfashionable long beards, failed to make allies amongst the Anglo-Norman settlers, began to lose ground militarily against the Irish and finally returned to England later in the year, blaming the viceroy, Hugh de Lacy, for the fiasco.

Q1: When did John make his first visit to Ireland?
A1: 1185
Q2: How many knights accompanied John to Ireland?
A2: 300
Q3: How did John offend the local Irish rulers?
A3: making fun of their unfashionable long beards
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In 1203, Dominic joined Prior Diego de Acebo on an embassy to Denmark for the monarchy of Spain, to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark. At that time the south of France was the stronghold of the Cathar or Albigensian heresy, named after the Duke of Albi, a Cathar sympathiser and opponent to the subsequent Albigensian Crusade (1209–1229). Dominic was fired by a reforming zeal after they encountered Albigensian Christians at Toulouse.

Q1: With whom did Dominic travel with to Denmark?
A1: Prior Diego de Acebo
Q2: Who requested that Dominic travel to Denmark?
A2: monarchy of Spain
Q3: In 1203, what area was a stronghold of the Cathar?
A3: south of France
Q4: During what time period did the Albigensian Crusade occur?
A4: 1209–1229
Q5: Why did Dominic travel to Denmark in 1203?
A5: to arrange the marriage between the son of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and a niece of King Valdemar II of Denmark
Title: Sino-Tibetan_relations_during_the_Ming_dynasty
Topic: History

In 1207, the Mongol ruler Genghis Khan (r. 1206–1227) conquered and subjugated the ethnic Tangut state of the Western Xia (1038–1227). In the same year, he established diplomatic relations with Tibet by sending envoys there. The conquest of the Western Xia alarmed Tibetan rulers, who decided to pay tribute to the Mongols. However, when they ceased to pay tribute after Genghis Khan's death, his successor Ögedei Khan (r. 1229–1241) launched an invasion into Tibet.

Q1: Which ruler took Western Xia under their control?
A1: Genghis Khan
Q2: Who was Genghis Khan's successor? 
A2: Ögedei Khan
Q3: What years did Ögedei Khan rule?
A3: 1229–1241
Q4: Who invaded Tibet? 
A4: Ögedei Khan
Title: Han_dynasty
Topic: History

In 121 BC, Han forces expelled the Xiongnu from a vast territory spanning the Hexi Corridor to Lop Nur. They repelled a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion of this northwestern territory in 111 BC. In that year, the Han court established four new frontier commanderies in this region: Jiuquan, Zhangyi, Dunhuang, and Wuwei. The majority of people on the frontier were soldiers. On occasion, the court forcibly moved peasant farmers to new frontier settlements, along with government-owned slaves and convicts who performed hard labor. The court also encouraged commoners, such as farmers, merchants, landowners, and hired laborers, to voluntarily migrate to the frontier.

Q1: Who made up a majority of the people on the frontier?
A1: soldiers
Q2: Who forced peasant farmers to move to new settlements?
A2: the court
Q3: In what year did Han forces stop a joint Xiongnu-Qiang invasion?
A3: 111 BC
Q4: Where were landowners encouraged to migrate willingly to?
A4: the frontier
Q5: How many commanderies in the new frontier were created by the Han court in the year 111 BC?
A5: four
Title: Roman_Republic
Topic: History

In 121 BC, Rome came into contact with two Celtic tribes (from a region in modern France), both of which they defeated with apparent ease. The Cimbrian War (113–101 BC) was a far more serious affair than the earlier clashes of 121 BC. The Germanic tribes of the Cimbri and the Teutons migrated from northern Europe into Rome's northern territories, and clashed with Rome and her allies. At the Battle of Aquae Sextiae and the Battle of Vercellae both tribes were virtually annihilated, which ended the threat.

Q1: When did the Cimbrian War end?
A1: 101 BC
Q2: In what year did Rome come into contact with a couple Celtic tribes?
A2: 121 BC
Q3: What war began in the year 113 BC?
A3: The Cimbrian War
Q4: Where did the tribes that were almost annihilated in the Battle of Vercellae hail from?
A4: northern Europe
Title: Israel
Topic: History

In 1211, the Jewish community in the country was strengthened by the arrival of a group headed by over 300 rabbis from France and England, among them Rabbi Samson ben Abraham of Sens. Nachmanides, the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry greatly praised the land of Israel and viewed its settlement as a positive commandment incumbent on all Jews. He wrote "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms; but as for the land, we shall not leave it in their hands, nor in the hands of any nation, not in any generation."

Q1: When was the Jewish community strengthened by rabbis?
A1: 1211
Q2: Who was the 13th-century Spanish rabbi and recognised leader of Jewry?
A2: Nachmanides
Q3: What did Nachmanides write?
A3: "If the gentiles wish to make peace, we shall make peace and leave them on clear terms
Title: John,_King_of_England
Topic: History

In 1214 John began his final campaign to reclaim Normandy from Philip. John was optimistic, as he had successfully built up alliances with the Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders; he was enjoying papal favour; and he had successfully built up substantial funds to pay for the deployment of his experienced army. Nonetheless, when John left for Poitou in February 1214, many barons refused to provide military service; mercenary knights had to fill the gaps. John's plan was to split Philip's forces by pushing north-east from Poitou towards Paris, whilst Otto, Renaud and Ferdinand, supported by William Longespée, marched south-west from Flanders.

Q1: When did John begin his final campaign to reclaim Normandy?
A1: 1214
Q2: Who did John build alliances with?
A2: Emperor Otto, Renaud of Boulogne and Count Ferdinand of Flanders
Q3: When did John leave for Poitou?
A3: February 1214
Title: Dominican_Order
Topic: Philosophy and religion

In 1219 Pope Honorius III invited Saint Dominic and his companions to take up residence at the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina, which they did by early 1220. Before that time the friars had only a temporary residence in Rome at the convent of San Sisto Vecchio which Honorius III had given to Dominic circa 1218 intending it to become a convent for a reformation of nuns at Rome under Dominic's guidance. In May 1220 at Bologna the order's first General Chapter mandated that each new priory of the order maintain its own studium conventuale thus laying the foundation of the Dominican tradition of sponsoring widespread institutions of learning. The official foundation of the Dominican convent at Santa Sabina with its studium conventuale occurred with the legal transfer of property from Honorius III to the Order of Preachers on June 5, 1222. This studium was transformed into the order's first studium provinciale by Saint Thomas Aquinas in 1265. Part of the curriculum of this studium was relocated in 1288 at the studium of Santa Maria sopra Minerva which in the 16th century world be transformed into the College of Saint Thomas (Latin: Collegium Divi Thomæ). In the 20th century the college would be relocated to the convent of Saints Dominic and Sixtus and would be transformed into the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum.

Q1: Where did Dominic and his followers live during early 1220?
A1: the ancient Roman basilica of Santa Sabina
Q2: Who invited Dominic to stay in the Roman Basilica of Santa Sabina?
A2: Pope Honorius III
Q3: What was required of each new priory?
A3: its own studium conventuale
Q4: When did Pope Honorius III transfer property to the Order of Preachers?
A4: June 5, 1222
Q5: The College of Saint Thomas became what institution of learning in the 20th Century?
A5: the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum