LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon acknowledged one illegitimate son: Charles Léon (1806–1881) by Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne. Alexandre Colonna-Walewski (1810–1868), the son of his mistress Maria Walewska, although acknowledged by Walewska's husband, was also widely known to be his child, and the DNA of his direct male descendant has been used to help confirm Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype. He may have had further unacknowledged illegitimate offspring as well, such as Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld by Emilie Victoria Kraus and Hélène Napoleone Bonaparte (1816–1907) by Albine de Montholon.

Q1: What was the name of the illegitimate son acknowledged by Napoleon?
A1: Charles Léon
Q2: Who was the mother of Charles Léon?
A2: Eléonore Denuelle de La Plaigne
Q3: Who was Napoleon's illegitimate son by his mistress, Maria Walewska?
A3: Alexandre Colonna-Walewski
Q4:  DNA from Alexandre Colonna-Walewski's descendants has been used to confirm what attribute of Napoleon's?
A4: Napoleon's Y-chromosome haplotype
Q5: Who was the child of Emilie Victoria Kraus who might have been another of Napoleon's illegitimate children?
A5: Eugen Megerle von Mühlfeld
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon continued to entertain a grand scheme to establish a French presence in the Middle East in order to put pressure on Britain and Russia, and perhaps form an alliance with the Ottoman Empire. In February 1806, Ottoman Emperor Selim III finally recognized Napoleon as Emperor. He also opted for an alliance with France, calling France "our sincere and natural ally." That decision brought the Ottoman Empire into a losing war against Russia and Britain. A Franco-Persian alliance was also formed between Napoleon and the Persian Empire of Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar. It collapsed in 1807, when France and Russia themselves formed an unexpected alliance. In the end, Napoleon had made no effective alliances in the Middle East.

Q1: Napoleon's master plan was to establish a French presence in what part of the world?
A1: the Middle East
Q2: In 1806, what Ottoman ruler recognized Napoleon as Emperor?
A2: Selim III
Q3: In what year did Ottoman Emperor Selim III recognize Napoleon as Emperor?
A3: 1806
Q4: Napoleon formed an alliance with the empire of which Persian ruler?
A4: Fat′h-Ali Shah Qajar
Q5: In what year did Napoleon's Franco-Persian alliance end?
A5: 1807
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon could be considered one of the founders of modern Germany. After dissolving the Holy Roman Empire, he reduced the number of German states from 300 to less than 50, paving the way to German Unification. A byproduct of the French occupation was a strong development in German nationalism. Napoleon also significantly aided the United States when he agreed to sell the territory of Louisiana for 15 million dollars during the presidency of Thomas Jefferson. That territory almost doubled the size of the United States, adding the equivalent of 13 states to the Union.

Q1: Napoleon is viewed by some as a founder of what modern nation?
A1: Germany
Q2: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved?
A2: the Holy Roman Empire
Q3: How many German states were there before Napoleon began to reduce their numbers?
A3: 300
Q4: How many German states remained after Napoleon reduced their numbers?
A4: less than 50
Q5: How much did Napoleon sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States for?
A5: 15 million dollars
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon ended lawlessness and disorder in post-Revolutionary France. He was, however, considered a tyrant and usurper by his opponents. His critics charge that he was not significantly troubled when faced with the prospect of war and death for thousands, turned his search for undisputed rule into a series of conflicts throughout Europe and ignored treaties and conventions alike. His role in the Haitian Revolution and decision to reinstate slavery in France's oversea colonies are controversial and have an impact on his reputation.

Q1: Who put a stop to the lack of law and presence of disorder in post-Revolutionary France?
A1: Napoleon
Q2: Napoleon's decision to reinstate what practice in France's overseas colonies has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A2: slavery
Q3: Who considered Napoleon to be a tyrant and a usurper?
A3: his opponents
Q4: Napoleon's role in which revolution has caused controversy regarding his reputation?
A4: the Haitian Revolution
Q5: Who charge that Napoleon was untroubled by the prospect of war and death for thousands?
A5: His critics
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon established a political system that historian Martyn Lyons called "dictatorship by plebiscite." Worried by the democratic forces unleashed by the Revolution, but unwilling to ignore them entirely, Napoleon resorted to regular electoral consultations with the French people on his road to imperial power. He drafted the Constitution of the Year VIII and secured his own election as First Consul, taking up residence at the Tuileries. The constitution was approved in a rigged plebiscite held the following January, with 99.94 percent officially listed as voting "yes." Napoleon's brother, Lucien, had falsified the returns to show that 3 million people had participated in the plebiscite; the real number was 1.5 million. Political observers at the time assumed the eligible French voting public numbered about 5 million people, so the regime artificially doubled the participation rate to indicate popular enthusiasm for the Consulate. In the first few months of the Consulate, with war in Europe still raging and internal instability still plaguing the country, Napoleon's grip on power remained very tenuous.

Q1: What was historian Martin Lyons' term for the political system created by Napoleon?
A1: "dictatorship by plebiscite."
Q2:  What was the name of the constitution drafted by Napoleon?
A2: the Constitution of the Year VIII
Q3:   After his election to First Consul, where did Napoleon take up residence?
A3: the Tuileries.
Q4:  What percentage of the vote was recorded as approving Napoleon's constitution?
A4: 99.94
Q5:  What was the real number of people that took part in the plebiscite that passed Napoleon's constitution?
A5: 1.5 million
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon had a civil marriage with Joséphine de Beauharnais, without religious ceremony. During the campaign in Egypt, Napoleon showed much tolerance towards religion for a revolutionary general, holding discussions with Muslim scholars and ordering religious celebrations, but General Dupuy, who accompanied Napoleon, revealed, shortly after Pope Pius VI's death, the political reasons for such behaviour: "We are fooling Egyptians with our pretended interest for their religion; neither Bonaparte nor we believe in this religion more than we did in Pius the Defunct's one".[note 8] In his memoirs, Bonaparte's secretary Bourienne wrote about Napoleon's religious interests in the same vein. His religious opportunism is epitomized in his famous quote: "It is by making myself Catholic that I brought peace to Brittany and Vendée. It is by making myself Italian that I won minds in Italy. It is by making myself a Moslem that I established myself in Egypt. If I governed a nation of Jews, I should reestablish the Temple of Solomon." However, according to Juan Cole, "Bonaparte's admiration for the Prophet Muhammad, in contrast, was genuine" and during his captivity on St Helena he defended him against Voltaire's critical play Mahomet.

Q1: What type of marriage did Napoleon have with Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A1: civil
Q2: What did Napoleon display tolerance related to during his time in Egypt?
A2: religion
Q3: General Dupuy revealed the motives for Napoleon's religious tolerance after the death of which religious figure?
A3: Pope Pius VI
Q4: Who argued that Bonaparte's admiration for Muhammad was sincere?
A4: Juan Cole
Q5: Napoleon's marriage to Joséphine de Beauharnais lacked what kind of ceremony?
A5: religious
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon instituted lasting reforms, including higher education, a tax code, road and sewer systems, and established the Banque de France, the first central bank in French history. He negotiated the Concordat of 1801 with the Catholic Church, which sought to reconcile the mostly Catholic population to his regime. It was presented alongside the Organic Articles, which regulated public worship in France. His dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire paved the way to German Unification later in the 19th century. The sale of the Louisiana Territory to the United States doubled the size of the country and was a major event in American history.

Q1: What was the name of the first central bank in France, that Napoleon established?
A1: the Banque de France
Q2: What was the name of the agreement that Napoleon arrived at with the Catholic Church?
A2: the Concordat of 1801
Q3: What other document was presented along with the Concordat of 1801?
A3: the Organic Articles
Q4: What did the Organic Articles regulate in France?
A4: public worship
Q5: What is the name of the empire Napoleon dissolved that later led to unification in Germany?
A5: the Holy Roman Empire
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon institutionalised plunder of conquered territories: French museums contain art stolen by Napoleon's forces from across Europe. Artefacts were brought to the Musée du Louvre for a grand central museum; his example would later serve as inspiration for more notorious imitators. He was compared to Adolf Hitler most famously by the historian Pieter Geyl in 1947 and Claude Ribbe in 2005. David G. Chandler, a foremost historian of Napoleonic warfare, wrote in 1973 that, "Nothing could be more degrading to the former [Napoleon] and more flattering to the latter [Hitler]. The comparison is odious. On the whole Napoleon was inspired by a noble dream, wholly dissimilar from Hitler's... Napoleon left great and lasting testimonies to his genius—in codes of law and national identities which survive to the present day. Adolf Hitler left nothing but destruction."

Q1: What practice in defeated territories became institutionalized under Napoleon?
A1: plunder
Q2: Where in France were plundered artifacts brought in an effort to create a great central museum?
A2: the Musée du Louvre
Q3: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 1947?
A3: Pieter Geyl
Q4: Who compared Napoleon to Hitler in 2005?
A4: Claude Ribbe
Q5: In 1973, which historian objected to comparisons between Napoleon and Hitler?
A5: David G. Chandler
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon knew that the French fleet could not defeat the Royal Navy in a head-to-head battle, so he planned to lure it away from the English Channel through diversionary tactics. The main strategic idea involved the French Navy escaping from the British blockades of Toulon and Brest and threatening to attack the West Indies. In the face of this attack, it was hoped, the British would weaken their defense of the Western Approaches by sending ships to the Caribbean, allowing a combined Franco-Spanish fleet to take control of the channel long enough for French armies to cross and invade. However, the plan unraveled after the British victory at the Battle of Cape Finisterre in July 1805. French Admiral Villeneuve then retreated to Cádiz instead of linking up with French naval forces at Brest for an attack on the English Channel.

Q1: Napoleon acknowledged that the fleet of France was no match for what rival fleet in direct combat?
A1: the Royal Navy
Q2:  Napoleon's plan to divert the British involved a French Navy attack on what islands?
A2: the West Indies.
Q3:  Napoleon hoped an attack on the West Indies would cause the British to lessen their defenses where?
A3: the Western Approaches
Q4:  Napoleon's naval plan came apart after British triumph at which Battle?
A4: the Battle of Cape Finisterre
Q5: When did the Battle of Cape Finisterre occur?
A5: July 1805
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon maintained strict, efficient work habits, prioritizing what needed to be done. He cheated at cards, but repaid the losses; he had to win at everything he attempted. He kept relays of staff and secretaries at work. Unlike many generals, Napoleon did not examine history to ask what Hannibal or Alexander or anyone else did in a similar situation. Critics said he won many battles simply because of luck; Napoleon responded, "Give me lucky generals," aware that "luck" comes to leaders who recognize opportunity, and seize it. Dwyer argues that Napoleon's victories at Austerlitz and Jena in 1805-06 heightened his sense of self-grandiosity, leaving him even more certain of his destiny and invincibility. By the Russian campaign in 1812, however, Napoleon seems to have lost his verve. With crisis after crisis at hand, he rarely rose to the occasion. Some historians have suggested a physical deterioration, but others note that an impaired Napoleon was still a brilliant general.

Q1: According to critics, what was the reason Napoleon won many battles?
A1: luck
Q2:  When did Napoleon win victories at Austerlitz and Jena?
A2: 1805-06
Q3:  In what year did the Russian campaign take place?
A3: 1812
Q4: Who argues that Napoleon's triumphs at Austerlitz and Jena increased his self-grandiosity?
A4: Dwyer
Q5: What did Napoleon do at cards, though he repaid losses?
A5: cheated
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon married Joséphine de Beauharnais in 1796, when he was 26; she was a 32-year-old widow whose first husband had been executed during the Revolution. Until she met Bonaparte, she had been known as "Rose", a name which he disliked. He called her "Joséphine" instead, and she went by this name henceforth. Bonaparte often sent her love letters while on his campaigns. He formally adopted her son Eugène and cousin Stéphanie and arranged dynastic marriages for them. Joséphine had her daughter Hortense marry Napoleon's brother Louis.

Q1: Who did Napoleon marry in 1796?
A1: Joséphine de Beauharnais
Q2: In what year did Napoleon marry Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A2: 1796
Q3: How old was Napoleon when he married Joséphine de Beauharnais?
A3: 26
Q4: How old was Joséphine de Beauharnais when she was married to Napoleon?
A4: 32
Q5: What was the disliked name Joséphine de Beauharnais was known as before she met Napoleon?
A5: Rose
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon returned to Paris and found that both the legislature and the people had turned against him. Realizing his position was untenable, he abdicated on 22 June in favour of his son. He left Paris three days later and settled at Josephine's former palace in Malmaison (on the western bank of the Seine about 17 kilometres (11 mi) west of Paris). Even as Napoleon travelled to Paris, the Coalition forces crossed the frontier swept through France (arriving in the vicinity of Paris on 29 June), with the stated intent on restoring Louis XVIII to the French throne.

Q1: Where did Napoleon return and find that the populace and government had turned against him?
A1: Paris
Q2:  On what date did Napoleon abdicate?
A2: 22 June
Q3:  How many days after his abdication did Napoleon leave Paris?
A3: three days
Q4:  On what date did the Coalition forces arrive near Paris?
A4: 29 June
Q5:  When Napoleon left Paris, he went to the palace formerly belonging to whom?
A5: Josephine
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon turned his focus to domestic affairs after the war. Empress Joséphine had still not given birth to a child from Napoleon, who became worried about the future of his empire following his death. Desperate for a legitimate heir, Napoleon divorced Joséphine in January 1810 and started looking for a new wife. Hoping to cement the recent alliance with Austria through a family connection, Napoleon married the Archduchess Marie Louise, who was 18 years old at the time. On 20 March 1811, Marie Louise gave birth to a baby boy, whom Napoleon made heir apparent and bestowed the title of King of Rome. His son never actually ruled the empire, but historians still refer to him as Napoleon II.

Q1: After the war, what did Napoleon focus on?
A1: domestic affairs
Q2:  When did Napoleon divorce Josephine?
A2: January 1810
Q3: After his divorce from Josephine, who did Napoleon marry?
A3: Archduchess Marie Louise
Q4: How old was Archduchess Marie Louise when she married Napoleon?
A4: 18
Q5:  When did Marie Louise give birth?
A5: 20 March 1811
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon was born in Corsica to a relatively modest family of noble Tuscan ancestry. Napoleon supported the French Revolution from the outset in 1789 while serving in the French army, and he tried to spread its ideals to Corsica but was banished from the island in 1793. Two years later, he saved the French government from collapse by firing on the Parisian mobs with cannons. The Directory rewarded Napoleon by giving him command of the Army of Italy at age 26, when he began his first military campaign against the Austrians and their Italian allies, scoring a series of decisive victories that made him famous all across Europe. He followed the defeat of the Allies in Europe by commanding a military expedition to Egypt in 1798, invading and occupying the Ottoman province after defeating the Mamelukes and launching modern Egyptology through the discoveries made by his army.

Q1: Where was Napoleon born?
A1: Corsica
Q2: When was Napoleon banished from Corsica?
A2: 1793
Q3: At what age did Napoleon receive command of the Army of Italy?
A3: 26
Q4: Who did Napoleon fight his first military campaign against?
A4: the Austrians and their Italian allies
Q5: When did Napoleon command his military expedition to Egypt?
A5: 1798
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon was born on 15 August 1769, to Carlo Maria di Buonaparte and Maria Letizia Ramolino, in his family's ancestral home Casa Buonaparte in Ajaccio, the capital of the island of Corsica. He was their fourth child and third son. This was a year after the island was transferred to France by the Republic of Genoa. He was christened Napoleone di Buonaparte, probably named after an uncle (an older brother who did not survive infancy was the first of the sons to be called Napoleone). In his 20s, he adopted the more French-sounding Napoléon Bonaparte.[note 2]

Q1: Who was Napoleon's father?
A1: Carlo Maria di Buonaparte
Q2: Who was Napoleon's mother?
A2: Maria Letizia Ramolino
Q3: On what island was the Bonaparte ancestral home located?
A3: Corsica
Q4: What was the name of Napoleon's family home?
A4: Casa Buonaparte
Q5: Napoleon was most likely named after what family relation?
A5: an uncle
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon was crowned Emperor Napoleon I on 2 December 1804 at Notre Dame de Paris by Pope Pius VII. On 1 April 1810, Napoleon religiously married the Austrian princess Marie Louise. During his brother's rule in Spain, he abolished the Spanish Inquisition in 1813. In a private discussion with general Gourgaud during his exile on Saint Helena, Napoleon expressed materialistic views on the origin of man,[note 9]and doubted the divinity of Jesus, stating that it is absurd to believe that Socrates, Plato, Muslims, and the Anglicans should be damned for not being Roman Catholics.[note 10] He also said to Gourgaud in 1817 "I like the Mohammedan religion best. It has fewer incredible things in it than ours." and that "the Mohammedan religion is the finest of all." However, Napoleon was anointed by a priest before his death.

Q1: When was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A1: 2 December 1804
Q2:  Where was Napoleon crowned Emperor?
A2: Notre Dame de Paris
Q3: Who crowned Napoleon Emperor?
A3: Pope Pius VII
Q4: When did Napoleon marry Marie Louise?
A4: 1 April 1810
Q5: What did Napoleon abolish in Spain in 1813, during his brother's rule there?
A5: the Spanish Inquisition
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon would end up leaving Iberia in order to deal with the Austrians in Central Europe, but the Peninsular War continued on long after his absence. He never returned to Spain after the 1808 campaign. Several months after Corunna, the British sent another army to the peninsula under the future Duke of Wellington. The war then settled into a complex and asymmetric strategic deadlock where all sides struggled to gain the upper hand. The highlight of the conflict became the brutal guerrilla warfare that engulfed much of the Spanish countryside. Both sides committed the worst atrocities of the Napoleonic Wars during this phase of the conflict. The vicious guerrilla fighting in Spain, largely absent from the French campaigns in Central Europe, severely disrupted the French lines of supply and communication. Although France maintained roughly 300,000 troops in Iberia during the Peninsular War, the vast majority were tied down to garrison duty and to intelligence operations. The French were never able to concentrate all of their forces effectively, prolonging the war until events elsewhere in Europe finally turned the tide in favor of the Allies. After the invasion of Russia in 1812, the number of French troops in Spain vastly declined as Napoleon needed reinforcements to conserve his strategic position in Europe. By 1814, after scores of battles and sieges throughout Iberia, the Allies had managed to push the French out of the peninsula.

Q1: Napoleon left Iberia for Central Europe to deal with whom?
A1: the Austrians
Q2: Approximately how many French troops were kept in Iberia during the Peninsular War?
A2: 300,000
Q3: During the Peninsular War, in what country did guerrilla warfare frequently occur?
A3: Spain
Q4: By what year did the Allies force the French out of the Iberian peninsula?
A4: 1814
Q5:  In what year did the invasion of Russia take place?
A5: 1812
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's coronation took place on December 2, 1804. Two separate crowns were brought for the ceremony: a golden laurel wreath recalling the Roman Empire and a replica of Charlemagne's crown. Napoleon entered the ceremony wearing the laurel wreath and kept it on his head throughout the proceedings. For the official coronation, he raised the Charlemagne crown over his own head in a symbolic gesture, but never placed it on top because he was already wearing the golden wreath. Instead he placed the crown on Josephine's head, the event commemorated in the officially sanctioned painting by Jacques-Louis David. Napoleon was also crowned King of Italy, with the Iron Crown of Lombardy, at the Cathedral of Milan on May 26, 1805. He created eighteen Marshals of the Empire from amongst his top generals to secure the allegiance of the army.

Q1: On what date did Napoleon's coronation occur?
A1: December 2, 1804
Q2: How many crowns were used in Napoleon's coronation ceremony?
A2: Two
Q3: Other than France, what country was Napoleon crowned king of?
A3: Italy
Q4: When was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A4: May 26, 1805
Q5: Where was Napoleon crowned King of Italy?
A5: at the Cathedral of Milan
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's educational reforms laid the foundation of a modern system of education in France and throughout much of Europe. Napoleon synthesized the best academic elements from the Ancien Régime, The Enlightenment, and the Revolution, with the aim of establishing a stable, well-educated and prosperous society. He made French the only official language. He left some primary education in the hands of religious orders, but he offered public support to secondary education. Napoleon founded a number of state secondary schools (lycées) designed to produce a standardized education that was uniform across France. All students were taught the sciences along with modern and classical languages. Unlike the system during the Ancien Régime, religious topics did not dominate the curriculum, although they were present in addition to teachers from the clergy. Napoleon simply hoped to use religion to produce social stability. He gave special attention to the advanced centers, notably the École Polytechnique, that provided both military expertise and state-of-the-art research in science. Napoleon made some of the first major efforts at establishing a system of secular and public education. The system featured scholarships and strict discipline, with the result being a French educational system that outperformed its European counterparts, many of which borrowed from the French system.

Q1: What acts by Napoleon laid the groundwork for modernized Education in France and much of Europe?
A1: Napoleon's educational reforms
Q2: What language did Napoleon make the only official one?
A2: French
Q3: What did Napoleon offer to secondary education?
A3: public support
Q4: What is the name for the state secondary schools begun by Napoleon that were intended to standardize education across France?
A4: lycées
Q5: Along with modern and classical languages, what were all students in the lycées taught?
A5: the sciences
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's noble, moderately affluent background afforded him greater opportunities to study than were available to a typical Corsican of the time. In January 1779, he was enrolled at a religious school in Autun. In May, he was admitted to a military academy at Brienne-le-Château. His first language was Corsican, and he always spoke French with a marked Corsican accent and never learned to spell French properly. He was teased by other students for his accent and applied himself to reading. An examiner observed that Napoleon "has always been distinguished for his application in mathematics. He is fairly well acquainted with history and geography... This boy would make an excellent sailor."[note 3]

Q1: When did Napoleon begin religious schooling in Autun?
A1: January 1779
Q2: Where was the first military academy Napoleon attended located?
A2: Brienne-le-Château
Q3: What was Napoleon's first language?
A3: Corsican
Q4: Why did other students often tease Napoleon?
A4: his accent
Q5: According to a school examiner, Napoleon was best at which academic subject?
A5: mathematics
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's set of civil laws, the Code Civil—now often known as the Napoleonic Code—was prepared by committees of legal experts under the supervision of Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès, the Second Consul. Napoleon participated actively in the sessions of the Council of State that revised the drafts. The development of the code was a fundamental change in the nature of the civil law legal system with its stress on clearly written and accessible law. Other codes ("Les cinq codes") were commissioned by Napoleon to codify criminal and commerce law; a Code of Criminal Instruction was published, which enacted rules of due process.

Q1: What was the contemporary term for the set of civil laws created by Napoleon?
A1: the Code Civil
Q2: What is the Code Civil frequently referred to as now?
A2: the Napoleonic Code
Q3: What is the name of the person who supervised the preparation of the Code Civil?
A3: Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès
Q4: What was a code published under Napoleon that enacted rules related to due process?
A4: Code of Criminal Instruction
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's triumph at Marengo secured his political authority and boosted his popularity back home, but it did not lead to an immediate peace. Bonaparte's brother, Joseph, led the complex negotiations in Lunéville and reported that Austria, emboldened by British support, would not acknowledge the new territory that France had acquired. As negotiations became increasingly fractious, Bonaparte gave orders to his general Moreau to strike Austria once more. Moreau and the French swept through Bavaria and scored an overwhelming victory at Hohenlinden in December 1800. As a result, the Austrians capitulated and signed the Treaty of Lunéville in February 1801. The treaty reaffirmed and expanded earlier French gains at Campo Formio. Britain now remained the only nation that was still at war with France.

Q1: Where did the victory for Napoleon that secured his political power and increased his popularity in France occur?
A1: Marengo
Q2: Where did the negotiations with Austria led by Napoleon's brother take place?
A2: Lunéville
Q3: What was the name of the general ordered by Napoleon to launch another attack against Austria?
A3: Moreau
Q4: What was the name of the treaty signed by the Austrians as a result of their defeat at Hohenlinden?
A4: the Treaty of Lunéville
Q5: Where did Moreau achieve his major victory against Austria in December 1800?
A5: Hohenlinden
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon's use of propaganda contributed to his rise to power, legitimated his régime, and established his image for posterity. Strict censorship, controlling aspects of the press, books, theater, and art, was part of his propaganda scheme, aimed at portraying him as bringing desperately wanted peace and stability to France. The propagandistic rhetoric changed in relation to events and to the atmosphere of Napoleon's reign, focusing first on his role as a general in the army and identification as a soldier, and moving to his role as emperor and a civil leader. Specifically targeting his civilian audience, Napoleon fostered an important, though uneasy, relationship with the contemporary art community, taking an active role in commissioning and controlling different forms of art production to suit his propaganda goals.

Q1: Napoleon's skillful employment of what technique aided his rise to power, legitimized his rule, and improved his posthumous reputation?
A1: propaganda
Q2: Napoleon employed what practice in controlling aspects of the media, books, and the arts?
A2: censorship
Q3: Napoleon's propaganda plan was aimed at showing him as attempting to bring peace and stability to what country?
A3: France
Q4: Napoleon created a relationship with the art community to commission work specifically targeting what segment of his audience?
A4: civilian
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoleon, expecting to win the war, delayed too long and lost this opportunity; by December the Allies had withdrawn the offer. When his back was to the wall in 1814 he tried to reopen peace negotiations on the basis of accepting the Frankfurt proposals. The Allies now had new, harsher terms that included the retreat of France to its 1791 boundaries, which meant the loss of Belgium. Napoleon would remain Emperor, however he rejected the term. The British wanted Napoleon permanently removed; they prevailed. Napoleon adamantly refused.

Q1: The Allies took back their offer to Napoleon in what month?
A1: December
Q2: In what year did Napoleon attempt to resume peace talks?
A2: 1814
Q3: Which peace initiative did Napoleon refer to when he attempted to make peace in 1814?
A3: the Frankfurt proposals
Q4: The new Allied demands for peace insisted France return to its boundaries of what year?
A4: 1791
Q5: In the new Allied peace proposal, what territory would France have been forced to surrender?
A5: Belgium
Title: Napoleon
Topic: History

Napoléon Bonaparte (/nəˈpoʊliən, -ˈpoʊljən/; French: [napɔleɔ̃ bɔnapaʁt], born Napoleone di Buonaparte; 15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821) was a French military and political leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and led several successful campaigns during the Revolutionary Wars. As Napoleon I, he was Emperor of the French from 1804 until 1814, and again in 1815. Napoleon dominated European and global affairs for more than a decade while leading France against a series of coalitions in the Napoleonic Wars. He won most of these wars and the vast majority of his battles, building a large empire that ruled over continental Europe before its final collapse in 1815. Often considered one of the greatest commanders in history, his wars and campaigns are studied at military schools worldwide. He also remains one of the most celebrated and controversial political figures in Western history. In civil affairs, Napoleon had a major long-term impact by bringing liberal reforms to the territories that he conquered, especially the Low Countries, Switzerland, and large parts of modern Italy and Germany. He implemented fundamental liberal policies in France and throughout Western Europe.[note 1] His lasting legal achievement, the Napoleonic Code, has been adopted in various forms by a quarter of the world's legal systems, from Japan to Quebec.

Q1: When was Napoleon Bonaparte born?
A1: 15 August 1769
Q2: What was Napoleon Bonaparte's nationality?
A2: French
Q3: When did Napoleon Bonaparte's empire finally collapse?
A3: 1815
Q4: When did Napoleon Bonaparte die?
A4: 5 May 1821
Q5: During what historical event did Napoleon rise to prominence?
A5: the French Revolution
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser also attempted to maintain oversight of the country's civil service to prevent it from inflating and consequently becoming a burden to the state. New laws provided workers with a minimum wage, profit shares, free education, free health care, reduced working hours, and encouragement to participate in management. Land reforms guaranteed the security of tenant farmers, promoted agricultural growth, and reduced rural poverty. As a result of the 1962 measures, government ownership of Egyptian business reached 51 percent, and the National Union was renamed the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). With these measures came more domestic repression, as thousands of Islamists were imprisoned, including dozens of military officers. Nasser's tilt toward a Soviet-style system led his aides Boghdadi and Hussein el-Shafei to submit their resignations in protest.

Q1: What percentage of business did the Egyptian government own in 1962?
A1: 51
Q2: What was the new name for the National Union?
A2: Arab Socialist Union
Q3: What was the expression of Nasser's reforms on the street?
A3: repression
Q4: What group was targeted with imprisonment?
A4: Islamists
Q5: How did two of Nasser's top aids respond to the new measures?
A5: submit their resignations in protest
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser appointed himself the additional roles of prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces on 19 June 1967. Angry at the military court's perceived leniency with air force officers charged with negligence during the 1967 war, workers and students launched protests calling for major political reforms in late February 1968. Nasser responded to the demonstrations, the most significant public challenge to his rule since workers' protests in March 1954, by removing most military figures from his cabinet and appointing eight civilians in place of several high-ranking members of the Arab Socialist Union (ASU). By 3 March, Nasser directed Egypt's intelligence apparatus to focus on external rather than domestic espionage, and declared the "fall of the mukhabarat state".

Q1: What new positions did Nasser give himself ?
A1: prime minister and supreme commander of the armed forces
Q2: When did students protest for political reforms?
A2: 1968
Q3: What type of people were ousted from Nasser's cabinet?
A3: Arab Socialist Union
Q4: What type of spying did Nasser want to concentrate on?
A4: external
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser had few personal vices other than chain smoking. He maintained 18-hour workdays and rarely took time off for vacations. The combination of smoking and working long hours contributed to his poor health. He was diagnosed with diabetes in the early 1960s and by the time of his death in 1970, he also had arteriosclerosis, heart disease, and high blood pressure. He suffered two major heart attacks (in 1966 and 1969), and was on bed rest for six weeks after the second episode. State media reported that Nasser's absence from the public view at that time was a result of influenza.

Q1: What was Nasser's principle vice?
A1: chain smoking
Q2: How long was a typical workday for Nasser?
A2: 18-hour
Q3: What illness was Nasser diagnosed with in 1960?
A3: diabetes
Q4: What year did Nasser die?
A4: 1970
Q5: What did Egyptian state media claim was the reason for Nasser's absence after his second heart attack?
A5: influenza
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser made Egypt fully independent of British influence, and the country became a major power in the developing world under his leadership. One of Nasser's main domestic efforts was to establish social justice, which he deemed a prerequisite to liberal democracy. During his presidency, ordinary citizens enjoyed unprecedented access to housing, education, jobs, health services and nourishment, as well as other forms of social welfare, while feudalistic influence waned. By the end of his presidency, employment and working conditions improved considerably, although poverty was still high in the country and substantial resources allocated for social welfare had been diverted to the war effort.

Q1: What did Nasser completely eliminate from Egypt?
A1: British influence
Q2: What did Nasser work to put into place in Egypt?
A2: social justice
Q3: How were working conditions and employment at the end of Nasser's presidency?
A3: improved considerably
Q4: What had drained resources from Nasser's social programs?
A4: war effort
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser made secret contacts with Israel in 1954–55, but determined that peace with Israel would be impossible, considering it an "expansionist state that viewed the Arabs with disdain". On 28 February 1955, Israeli troops attacked the Egyptian-held Gaza Strip with the stated aim of suppressing Palestinian fedayeen raids. Nasser did not feel that the Egyptian Army was ready for a confrontation and did not retaliate militarily. His failure to respond to Israeli military action demonstrated the ineffectiveness of his armed forces and constituted a blow to his growing popularity. Nasser subsequently ordered the tightening of the blockade on Israeli shipping through the Straits of Tiran and restricted the use of airspace over the Gulf of Aqaba by Israeli aircraft in early September. The Israelis re-militarized the al-Auja Demilitarized Zone on the Egyptian border on 21 September.

Q1: What country did Nasser make secret agreements with?
A1: Israel
Q2: What territory did Israel attack in 1955?
A2: Gaza Strip
Q3: What was Nasser's reaction to the attack?
A3: did not retaliate militarily
Q4: How did the Egyptian people feel about Nasser's response to the attack?
A4: a blow to his growing popularity
Q5: What did Nasser eventually do in the Straights of Titan?
A5: blockade on Israeli shipping
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser mediated discussions between the pro-Western, pro-Soviet, and neutralist conference factions over the composition of the "Final Communique" addressing colonialism in Africa and Asia and the fostering of global peace amid the Cold War between the West and the Soviet Union. At Bandung Nasser sought a proclamation for the avoidance of international defense alliances, support for the independence of Tunisia, Algeria, and Morocco from French rule, support for the Palestinian right of return, and the implementation of UN resolutions regarding the Arab–Israeli conflict. He succeeded in lobbying the attendees to pass resolutions on each of these issues, notably securing the strong support of China and India.

Q1: What document was meant to resolve lingering issues of colonialism?
A1: Final Communique
Q2: From what nation did Nasser support the independence of Tunisia, Algeria and Morocco?
A2: French
Q3: What did Nasser pursue for Palestinians?
A3: right of return
Q4: What organization offered possible solutions Arab-Israeli conflict, which Nasser supported?
A4: UN
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser played a significant part in the strengthening of African solidarity in the late 1950s and early 1960s, although his continental leadership role had increasingly passed to Algeria since 1962. During this period, Nasser made Egypt a refuge for anti-colonial leaders from several African countries and allowed the broadcast of anti-colonial propaganda from Cairo. Beginning in 1958, Nasser had a key role in the discussions among African leaders that led to the establishment of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) in 1963.

Q1: What continent did Nasser help to attain political stability?
A1: African
Q2: Who did Nasser give asylum to?
A2: anti-colonial leaders from several African countries
Q3: What type of programming was broadcast from Cairo?
A3: anti-colonial propaganda
Q4: What African group did Nasser help to form?
A4: Organisation of African Unity
Q5: What year was the OAU formed?
A5: 1963
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser remains an iconic figure in the Arab world, particularly for his strides towards social justice and Arab unity, modernization policies, and anti-imperialist efforts. His presidency also encouraged and coincided with an Egyptian cultural boom, and launched large industrial projects, including the Aswan Dam and Helwan City. Nasser's detractors criticize his authoritarianism, his government's human rights violations, his populist relationship with the citizenry, and his failure to establish civil institutions, blaming his legacy for future dictatorial governance in Egypt. Historians describe Nasser as a towering political figure of the Middle East in the 20th century.

Q1: Name two infrastructure projects Nasser spearheaded.
A1: Aswan Dam and Helwan City
Q2: What century did Nasser rule in?
A2: 20th
Q3: What was nasser's position toward imperialism?
A3: anti-imperialist
Q4: How did Nasser's government deal with human rights?
A4: human rights violations
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser was greatly influenced by Egyptian nationalism, as espoused by politician Mustafa Kamel, poet Ahmed Shawqi, and his anti-colonialist instructor at the Royal Military Academy, Aziz al-Masri, to whom Nasser expressed his gratitude in a 1961 newspaper interview. He was especially influenced by Egyptian writer Tawfiq al-Hakim's novel Return of the Spirit, in which al-Hakim wrote that the Egyptian people were only in need of a "man in whom all their feelings and desires will be represented, and who will be for them a symbol of their objective". Nasser later credited the novel as his inspiration to launch the 1952 revolution.

Q1: What political theory fascinated Nasser?
A1: Egyptian nationalism
Q2: What politician did Nasser admire?
A2: Mustafa Kamel
Q3: What poet did Nasser read?
A3: Ahmed Shawqi
Q4: What novel influenced Nasser greatly?
A4: Return of the Spirit
Q5: Where did Nasser meet his anti-colonialist teacher?
A5: Royal Military Academy
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser was informed of the British–American withdrawal via a news statement while aboard a plane returning to Cairo from Belgrade, and took great offense. Although ideas for nationalizing the Suez Canal were in the offing after the UK agreed to withdraw its military from Egypt in 1954 (the last British troops left on 13 June 1956), journalist Mohamed Hassanein Heikal asserts that Nasser made the final decision to nationalize the waterway between 19 and 20 July. Nasser himself would later state that he decided on 23 July, after studying the issue and deliberating with some of his advisers from the dissolved RCC, namely Boghdadi and technical specialist Mahmoud Younis, beginning on 21 July. The rest of the RCC's former members were informed of the decision on 24 July, while the bulk of the cabinet was unaware of the nationalization scheme until hours before Nasser publicly announced it. According to Ramadan, Nasser's decision to nationalize the canal was a solitary decision, taken without consultation.

Q1: How did Nasser react to the news the the US and UK had blocked construction of th Aswan Dam?
A1: took great offense
Q2: What piece of infrastructure did Nasser propose to nationalize? 
A2: Suez Canal
Q3: What was Nasser's cabinet's knowledge of the nationalization scheme before Nasser announced it?
A3: unaware
Q4: When did the last British troops leave Egypt?
A4: 1956
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser was known for his intimate relationship with ordinary Egyptians. His availability to the public, despite assassination attempts against him, was unparalleled among his successors. A skilled orator, Nasser gave 1,359 speeches between 1953 and 1970, a record for any Egyptian head of state. Historian Elie Podeh wrote that a constant theme of Nasser's image was "his ability to represent Egyptian authenticity, in triumph or defeat". The national press also helped to foster his popularity and profile—more so after the nationalization of state media. Historian Tarek Osman wrote:

Q1: What was Nasser known for in regard to ordinary citizens?
A1: availability to the public
Q2: How many speeches did Nasser give?
A2: 1,359
Q3: Who gave the most speeches of any Egyptian leader?
A3: Nasser
Q4: What institution helped cultivate Nasser's positive public image?
A4: press
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser's Egyptian detractors considered him a dictator who thwarted democratic progress, imprisoned thousands of dissidents, and led a repressive administration responsible for numerous human rights violations. Islamists in Egypt, particularly members of the politically persecuted Brotherhood, viewed Nasser as oppressive, tyrannical, and demonic. Liberal writer Tawfiq al-Hakim described Nasser as a "confused Sultan" who employed stirring rhetoric, but had no actual plan to achieve his stated goals.

Q1: Whad did Nasser's enemies call him?
A1: dictator
Q2: Who did Nasser imprison thousands of?
A2: dissidents
Q3: What did Tawfiq al-Hakim call Nasser?
A3: confused Sultan
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser's involvement in political activity increased throughout his school years, such that he only attended 45 days of classes during his last year of secondary school. Despite it having the almost unanimous backing of Egypt's political forces, Nasser strongly objected to the 1936 Anglo-Egyptian Treaty because it stipulated the continued presence of British military bases in the country. Nonetheless, political unrest in Egypt declined significantly and Nasser resumed his studies at al-Nahda, where he received his leaving certificate later that year.

Q1: How many days did Nasser attend classes in his senior year?
A1: 45
Q2: What treaty did Nasser object to?
A2: Anglo-Egyptian Treaty
Q3: What did Nasser not want to have in Egypt?
A3: British military bases
Q4: What was the trajectory of political unrest after the treaty?
A4: declined significantly
Q5: From where did Nasser graduate?
A5: al-Nahda
Title: Gamal_Abdel_Nasser
Topic: History

Nasser's nationalization of the Suez Canal and his emergence as the political victor from the subsequent Suez Crisis substantially elevated his popularity in Egypt and the Arab world. Calls for pan-Arab unity under his leadership increased, culminating with the formation of the United Arab Republic with Syria (1958–1961). In 1962, Nasser began a series of major socialist measures and modernization reforms in Egypt. Despite setbacks to his pan-Arabist cause, by 1963 Nasser's supporters gained power in several Arab countries and he became embroiled in the North Yemen Civil War. He began his second presidential term in March 1965 after his political opponents were banned from running. Following Egypt's defeat by Israel in the 1967 Six-Day War, Nasser resigned, but he returned to office after popular demonstrations called for his reinstatement. By 1968, Nasser had appointed himself prime minister, launched the War of Attrition to regain lost territory, began a process of depoliticizing the military, and issued a set of political liberalization reforms. After the conclusion of the 1970 Arab League summit, Nasser suffered a heart attack and died. His funeral in Cairo drew five million mourners and an outpouring of grief across the Arab world.

Q1: How many mourners attended Nasser's funeral?
A1: five million
Q2: What landmark water route did Nasser nationalize?
A2: Suez Canal
Q3: What organization did Nasser create with Syria?
A3: United Arab Republic
Q4: What civil war did Nasser become entangled in?
A4: North Yemen Civil War
Q5: In what year did Nasser start his second term as President?
A5: 1965