LucaSailor/old huggingface dataset:
Title: Queen_Victoria
Topic: History

Victoria was the daughter of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III. Both the Duke of Kent and King George III died in 1820, and Victoria was raised under close supervision by her German-born mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. She inherited the throne aged 18, after her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children. The United Kingdom was already an established constitutional monarchy, in which the sovereign held relatively little direct political power. Privately, Victoria attempted to influence government policy and ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards of personal morality.

Q1: What year did Victorias Father die?
A1: 1820
Q2: What year did King George III die?
A2: 1820
Q3: What nationality was Queen Victorias mother?
A3: German
Q4: How old was Victoria when she inherited the throne?
A4: 18
Q5: What was the name of Victoria's father? 
A5: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Q6: When did the Duke of Kent die? 
A6: 1820
Q7: What was Victoria's mother's name?
A7: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q8: At what age did Victoria inherit the throne, upon the death of her father's three eldest brothers?
A8: 18
Q9: Who was Victoria's father?
A9: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of King George III
Q10: Who raised Victoria?
A10: mother Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q11: When did Victoria inherit the throne of England?
A11: aged 18
Q12: Why did Victoria inherit the throne?
A12: her father's three elder brothers had all died, leaving no surviving legitimate children
Q13: What kind of government did England have at the time?
A13: constitutional monarchy
Title: Queen_Victoria
Topic: History

Victoria wrote to her uncle Leopold, whom Victoria considered her "best and kindest adviser", to thank him "for the prospect of great happiness you have contributed to give me, in the person of dear Albert ... He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy. He is so sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable too. He has besides the most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance you can possibly see." However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready to marry. The parties did not undertake a formal engagement, but assumed that the match would take place in due time.

Q1: Who was considered Victoria's best and kindest advisor?
A1: uncle Leopold
Q2: Who did Victoria describe as sensible, kind, and amiable?
A2: Albert
Q3: Who introduced Albert to Victoria?
A3: uncle Leopold
Q4: What Uncle was Victoria's favorite adviser?
A4: Leopold
Q5: How old was Victoria when she met Albert?
A5: 17
Q6: Who introduced Victoria and Albert?
A6: her uncle Leopold
Q7: What qualities did Victoria believe Albert posessed when she met him?
A7: every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
Q8: Whom did Queen Victoria consider her "best and kindest adviser"? 
A8: uncle Leopold
Q9: Who was Victoria not ready to marry at age 17?
A9: Albert
Q10: What was Victoria's opinion of Albert's appearance? 
A10: the most pleasing and delightful exterior
Q11: Who did Victoria credit for her relationship to Albert?
A11: her uncle Leopold
Q12: What did Victoria think of Albert at 17 years of age?
A12: He possesses every quality that could be desired to render me perfectly happy
Q13: What were Albert's best qualities?
A13: sensible, so kind, and so good, and so amiable
Q14: How did Victoria find Albert's looks?
A14: most pleasing and delightful exterior and appearance
Q15: How old was Victoria when she was introduced to Albert?
A15: 17
Title: Queen_Victoria
Topic: History

Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III. Until 1817, Edward's niece, Princess Charlotte of Wales, was the only legitimate grandchild of George III. Her death in 1817 precipitated a succession crisis that brought pressure on the Duke of Kent and his unmarried brothers to marry and have children. In 1818 he married Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed German princess with two children—Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)—by her first marriage to the Prince of Leiningen. Her brother Leopold was Princess Charlotte's widower. The Duke and Duchess of Kent's only child, Victoria, was born at 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819 at Kensington Palace in London.

Q1: Who was the reigning King of the United Kingdom until 1817?
A1: George III
Q2: Who was the only grandchild of George iii until 1817?
A2: Princess Charlotte of Wales
Q3: What year did Princess Charlotte of Wales die?
A3: 1817
Q4: Who did the Duke of kent marry in 1818?
A4: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q5: Who was Queen Victorias father?
A5: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn
Q6: Who was the only legitimate grandchild of George III?
A6: Princess Charlotte of Wales
Q7: Who did Prince Edward marry in 1818 in the hopes of producing a child?
A7: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q8: Who was Princess Victoria widowed from?
A8: Prince of Leiningen
Q9: What time was Queen Victoria born on May 24, 1819?
A9: 4.15 a.m
Q10: Who was Princess Charlotte married to until her death? 
A10: Leopold
Q11: Who are Queen Victoria's mother and father?
A11: The Duke and Duchess of Kent
Q12: When was Queen Victoria born?
A12: 4.15 a.m. on 24 May 1819
Q13: What was Queen Victoria's father's official title?
A13: Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, the fourth son of the reigning King of the United Kingdom, George III
Q14: What was Queen Victoria's mother's official title?
A14: Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Q15: Who were Princess Victoria's children from her previous marriage?
A15: Carl (1804–1856) and Feodora (1807–1872)
Title: Queen_Victoria
Topic: History

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from the public diminished the popularity of the monarchy, and encouraged the growth of the republican movement. She did undertake her official government duties, yet chose to remain secluded in her royal residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, and the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert had acquired in 1847, Balmoral Castle. In March 1864, a protester stuck a notice on the railings of Buckingham Palace that announced "these commanding premises to be let or sold in consequence of the late occupant's declining business". Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising her to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington and take a drive through London in an open carriage.

Q1: When Victoria isolated herself from the public, what movement began to grow?
A1: the republican movement
Q2: Where did Victoria isolate herself?
A2: in her royal residences
Q3: What was the name of the private Estate in Scotland that Albert and Victoria purchased?
A3: Balmoral Castle
Q4: What year did the Queen and Albert purchase Balmoral Castle?
A4: 1847
Q5: What year did a protester attach a note to the door at Buckingham Palace saying it was to be sold?
A5: 1864
Q6: What private estate did Victoria aquire with Albert in 1847?
A6: Balmoral Castle
Q7: Where did a protector put a notice because of Queen Victoria's lack of public appearances in March of 1864?
A7: Buckingham Palace
Q8: Where did Victoria visit after Leopold advised her to make more public appearances? 
A8: the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington
Q9: What movement gained popularity due to the lack of Victoria appearing in public? 
A9: republican movement
Q10: What was a major reason Victoria's monarchy was not as popular as some others?
A10: self-imposed isolation from the public
Q11: What did Victoria's isolation give way to?
A11: the growth of the republican movement
Q12: Who advised Vicotria to begin appaering in public?
A12: Her uncle Leopold
Q13: Where did Victoria visit to become more in the public view?
A13: Royal Horticultural Society at Kensington
Q14: What else did Victoria do to try to return her former public image?
A14: take a drive through London in an open carriage
Title: Queen_Victoria
Topic: History

Victoria's youngest son, Leopold, was affected by the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B and two of her five daughters, Alice and Beatrice, were carriers. Royal haemophiliacs descended from Victoria included her great-grandsons, Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain. The presence of the disease in Victoria's descendants, but not in her ancestors, led to modern speculation that her true father was not the Duke of Kent but a haemophiliac. There is no documentary evidence of a haemophiliac in connection with Victoria's mother, and as male carriers always suffer the disease, even if such a man had existed he would have been seriously ill. It is more likely that the mutation arose spontaneously because Victoria's father was over 50 at the time of her conception and haemophilia arises more frequently in the children of older fathers. Spontaneous mutations account for about a third of cases.

Q1: What blood clotting disease did Victorias youngest son have?
A1: haemophilia B
Q2: How many of Victorias daughters were carriers of the blood clotting disease that Leopold had?
A2: two
Q3: It was believed that Victorias true father was a hemophiliac and not who?
A3: the Duke of Kent
Q4: What is the sex of carriers that always suffer the blood clotting disease haemophi;ia B?
A4: male
Q5: How old was Victorias father at the time of her conception?
A5: over 50
Q6: What disease did Victoria's youngest son have? 
A6: the blood-clotting disease haemophilia B
Q7: Which two of Victoria's daughters also were carriers for the blood clotting disorder? 
A7: Alice and Beatrice
Q8: Who was Queen Victoria's father rumored to be instead of the Duke of Kent?
A8: a haemophiliac
Q9: What disease affected Leopold and was carried by two of Victoria's daughters?
A9: haemophilia B
Q10: Which Royal haemophiliacs are said to have descended from Victoria?
A10: Tsarevich Alexei of Russia, Alfonso, Prince of Asturias, and Infante Gonzalo of Spain
Q11: Which of Victoria's daughters were carriers of haemophilia?
A11: Alice and Beatrice
Q12: What is a big factor on whether or not an offspring will spontaneously develop haemophilia?
A12: older fathers
Q13: In how many births do spontaneous cases of haemophilia arise?
A13: about a third of cases
Title: Data_compression
Topic: Engineering and technology

Video data may be represented as a series of still image frames. The sequence of frames contains spatial and temporal redundancy that video compression algorithms attempt to eliminate or code in a smaller size. Similarities can be encoded by only storing differences between frames, or by using perceptual features of human vision. For example, small differences in color are more difficult to perceive than are changes in brightness. Compression algorithms can average a color across these similar areas to reduce space, in a manner similar to those used in JPEG image compression. Some of these methods are inherently lossy while others may preserve all relevant information from the original, uncompressed video.

Q1: What may be represented as a series of still image frames?
A1: Video data
Q2: What can average a color across similar areas to reduce space?
A2: Compression algorithms
Q3: What is hard to tell with smaller differences involved?
A3: color
Title: IPod
Topic: Engineering and technology

Video games are playable on various versions of iPods. The original iPod had the game Brick (originally invented by Apple's co-founder Steve Wozniak) included as an easter egg hidden feature; later firmware versions added it as a menu option. Later revisions of the iPod added three more games: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz.

Q1: On what devices can video games be used?
A1: iPods
Q2: What was included on the first iPod?
A2: Brick
Q3: Who created Brick?
A3: Steve Wozniak
Q4: What are three games, in addition to Brick, which have been included with the iPod?
A4: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
Q5: What is another phrase meaning hidden feature?
A5: easter egg
Q6: What was the first, hidden game included with the original iPod?
A6: Brick
Q7: What other games were later added to the original iPod?
A7: Parachute, Solitaire, and Music Quiz
Title: Nintendo_Entertainment_System
Topic: Video games

Video output connections varied from one model of the console to the next. The original HVC-001 model of the Family Computer featured only radio frequency (RF) modulator output. When the console was released in North America and Europe, support for composite video through RCA connectors was added in addition to the RF modulator. The HVC-101 model of the Famicom dropped the RF modulator entirely and adopted composite video output via a proprietary 12-pin "multi-out" connector first introduced for the Super Famicom/Super Nintendo Entertainment System. Conversely, the North American re-released NES-101 model most closely resembled the original HVC-001 model Famicom, in that it featured RF modulator output only. Finally, the PlayChoice-10 utilized an inverted RGB video output.

Q1: The HVC-001 featured which kind of mod output?
A1: radio frequency (RF)
Q2: The HVC-101 lost the RF and adopted which output for use in North America and Europe?
A2: composite video
Q3: The Super NES had how many pins in its proprietary connector?
A3: 12
Q4: The re-released NES-101 model in North America went back to what perceived primitive output?
A4: RF modulator
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as VoIP can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for telecommuting, in which employees work from home. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to video conferencing used it “all of the time” or “frequently”.

Q1: In what one way can videoconferencing help a person?
A1: money savings
Q2: What technology can be used along with videoconferencing?
A2: VoIP
Q3: What is another use of VoIP?
A3: telecommuting
Q4: What is telecommuting?
A4: work from home
Q5: What is the percentage of people who use videoconferencing a majority of the time?
A5: 54%
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real-time telemedicine and telenursing applications, such as diagnosis, consulting, transmission of medical images, etc... With videoconferencing, patients may contact nurses and physicians in emergency or routine situations; physicians and other paramedical professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in Ohio, United States, used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a hospital 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.

Q1: What is one way that videoconferencing is useful?
A1: real-time telemedicine
Q2: What areas benefit especially from videoconferencing? 
A2: Rural
Q3: In what US state did a rural area use videoconferencing to help reduce the number of transfers of sick infants to hospitals? 
A3: Ohio
Q4: How far away was the hospital from this rural area?
A4: 70 miles
Q5: How much money did videoconferencing help this rural area save?
A5: $10,000 per transfer
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

Videoconferencing provides students with the opportunity to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Furthermore, teachers and lecturers worldwide can be brought to remote or otherwise isolated educational facilities. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another, although language barriers will continue to persist. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze and share information and ideas with one another. Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world to speak with their peers, and visit museums and educational facilities. Such virtual field trips can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those in geographically isolated locations, and to the economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered.

Q1: What can videoconferencing offer students?
A1: participating in two-way communication forums
Q2: Who can benefit from two-way communication forums?
A2: students
Q3: What is a major barrier to videoconferencing between some communities?
A3: language
Q4: What is one example of how students can benefit from videoconferencing?
A4: virtual field trips
Q5: What is one experience that students using videoconferencing can achieve?
A5: visit museums
Title: Videoconferencing
Topic: History

Videophone calls (also: videocalls, video chat as well as Skype and Skyping in verb form), differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups. However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as increased bandwidth and sophisticated software clients that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term videoconferencing is now frequently used instead of videocall for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a video link.

Q1: Videophone calls are different from videoconferencing in what way?
A1: serve individuals, not groups
Q2: What is an example of a videophone call program?
A2: Skype
Q3: What term is more used today to refer to calls between two units?
A3: videoconferencing
Q4: What are videoconferencing calls now more commonly known as?
A4: a video link
Q5: What is another name for videophone calls?
A5: video chat
Title: British_Isles
Topic: Geography and places

Viking invasions began in the 9th century, followed by more permanent settlements, particularly along the east coast of Ireland, the west coast of modern-day Scotland and the Isle of Man. Though the Vikings were eventually neutralised in Ireland, their influence remained in the cities of Dublin, Cork, Limerick, Waterford and Wexford. England however was slowly conquered around the turn of the first millennium AD, and eventually became a feudal possession of Denmark. The relations between the descendants of Vikings in England and counterparts in Normandy, in northern France, lay at the heart of a series of events that led to the Norman conquest of England in 1066. The remnants of the Duchy of Normandy, which conquered England, remain associated to the English Crown as the Channel Islands to this day. A century later the marriage of the future Henry II of England to Eleanor of Aquitaine created the Angevin Empire, partially under the French Crown. At the invitation of a provincial king and under the authority of Pope Adrian IV (the only Englishman to be elected pope), the Angevins invaded Ireland in 1169. Though initially intended to be kept as an independent kingdom, the failure of the Irish High King to ensure the terms of the Treaty of Windsor led Henry II, as King of England, to rule as effective monarch under the title of Lord of Ireland. This title was granted to his younger son but when Henry's heir unexpectedly died the title of King of England and Lord of Ireland became entwined in one person.

Q1: When did Viking invasions begin in the British Isles?
A1: 9th century
Q2: What is one area where the Vikings created a permanent settlement in the British Isles?
A2: east coast of Ireland
Q3: England became a possession of which country when it became conquered after the first millennium?
A3: Denmark
Q4: When did the Norman Conquest occur?
A4: 1066
Q5: In 1169, Ireland was invaded by which people?
A5: Angevins
Title: Southampton
Topic: Geography and places

Viking raids from 840 onwards contributed to the decline of Hamwic in the 9th century, and by the 10th century a fortified settlement, which became medieval Southampton, had been established.

Q1: What kind of raids disturbed Hamwic in the 9th century?
A1: Viking
Q2: What year did the Vikings start attacking Hamwic?
A2: 840
Q3: In what century was a new settlement set up at the site of Hamwic?
A3: 10th
Q4: What was the name of the 10th-century fortified settlement that took Hamwic's place?
A4: Southampton
Title: Chihuahua_(state)
Topic: History

Villa and Carranza had different political goals causing Villa to become an enemy of Carranza. After Carranza took control in 1914, Villa and other revolutionaries who opposed him met at what was called the Convention of Aguascalientes. The convention deposed Carranza in favor of Eulalio Gutiérrez. In the winter of 1914 Villa's and Zapata's troops entered and occupied Mexico City. Villa was forced from the city in early 1915 and attacked the forces of Gen. Obregón at the Battle of Celaya and was badly defeated in the bloodiest battle of the revolution, with thousands dead. With the defeat of Villa, Carranza seized power. A short time later the United States recognized Carranza as president of Mexico. Even though Villa's forces were badly depleted by his loss at Celaya, he continued his fight against the Carranza government. Finally, in 1920, Obregón—who had defeated him at Celaya—finally reached an agreement with Villa end his rebellion.

Q1: Villa became an enemy of whom?
A1: Carranza
Q2: Who took control in 1914?
A2: Carranza
Q3: Carranza met with his opposition at a meeting called what?
A3: Convention of Aguascalientes
Q4: The convention deposed Carranza in favor of whom?
A4: Eulalio Gutiérrez
Q5: At which battle was Obregon badly defeated?
A5: Battle of Celaya
Title: Buddhism
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Vinaya is the specific moral code for monks and nuns. It includes the Patimokkha, a set of 227 rules for monks in the Theravadin recension. The precise content of the vinayapitaka (scriptures on Vinaya) differs slightly according to different schools, and different schools or subschools set different standards for the degree of adherence to Vinaya. Novice-monks use the ten precepts, which are the basic precepts for monastics.

Q1: How many basic precepts are there for monastics?
A1: the ten precepts
Q2: What is the specific moral code for monks and nuns?
A2: vinaya
Q3: How many rules dows the patimokkha have?
A3: 227
Q4: What are the scriptures on vinaya called?
A4: vinayapitaka
Title: Antarctica
Topic: Natural sciences

Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Minor eruptions are frequent and lava flow has been observed in recent years. Other dormant volcanoes may potentially be active. In 2004, a potentially active underwater volcano was found in the Antarctic Peninsula by American and Canadian researchers.

Q1: What is the highest peak in Antarctica?
A1: Vinson Massif
Q2: How high is the Antarctic mountain Vinson Massif?
A2: 4,892 m
Q3: In what mountainous area of Antarctica is Vinson Massif?
A3: Ellsworth Mountains
Q4: What is the Earth's most southern volcano?
A4: Mount Erebus
Q5: What type of volcano was located in 2004 by researchers?
A5: underwater
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Vinyl pressings were made with stampers from master cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering. Audio response was claimed out to 8,000 Hz, later 13,000 Hz, using light weight pickups employing jeweled styli. Amplifiers and cutters both using negative feedback were employed thereby improving the range of frequencies cut and lowering distortion levels. Radio transcription producers such as World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers (AMP) were the dominant licensees of the Western Electric wide range system and towards the end of the 1930s were responsible for two-thirds of the total radio transcription business. These recordings use a bass turnover of 300 Hz and a 10,000 Hz rolloff of −8.5 dB.

Q1: What were used to make vinyl pressings?
A1: master cuts
Q2: What were the top licensees of the Western Electric system in the 1930s?
A2: World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers
Q3: Who was responsible for 2/3 of all recordings in the 1930s?
A3: World Broadcasting System and Associated Music Publishers
Q4: How was gold spluttering used in vinyl creation?
A4: cuts that were electroplated in vacuo by means of gold sputtering
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Vinyl records can be warped by heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects such as excessively tight plastic shrinkwrap on the album cover. A small degree of warp was common, and allowing for it was part of the art of turntable and tonearm design. "wow" (once-per-revolution pitch variation) could result from warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered. Standard practice for LPs was to place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover. This, if placed within the outer cardboard cover so that the opening was entirely within the outer cover, was said to reduce ingress of dust onto the record surface. Singles, with rare exceptions, had simple paper covers with no inner cover.

Q1: What causes warping in vinyl records?
A1: heat, improper storage, exposure to sunlight, or manufacturing defects
Q2: What is a cause of once per revolution pitch variation?
A2: warp, or from a spindle hole that was not precisely centered
Q3: What method was used to protect a vinyl record?
A3: place the LP in a paper or plastic inner cover
Q4: What were often found with a paper outter cover and no inner cover?
A4: Singles
Q5: What happens if a vinyl comes with a bit of warp?
A5: A small degree of warp was common,
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Vinyl records do not break easily, but the soft material is easily scratched. Vinyl readily acquires a static charge, attracting dust that is difficult to remove completely. Dust and scratches cause audio clicks and pops. In extreme cases, they can cause the needle to skip over a series of grooves, or worse yet, cause the needle to skip backwards, creating a "locked groove" that repeats over and over. This is the origin of the phrase "like a broken record" or "like a scratched record", which is often used to describe a person or thing that continually repeats itself. Locked grooves are not uncommon and were even heard occasionally in radio broadcasts.

Q1: What causes clicks and pops on vinyl records?
A1: Dust and scratches
Q2: What is the cause of lock grooves on vinyl records?
A2: Dust and scratches
Q3: Where does the saying "Like a broken record" originate?
A3: locked groove
Q4: How easily do vinyl records break?
A4: Vinyl records do not break easily
Q5: What is a common damage to vinyl records?
A5: easily scratched.
Title: Gramophone_record
Topic: Music

Vinyl's lower surface noise level than shellac was not forgotten, nor was its durability. In the late 1930s, radio commercials and pre-recorded radio programs being sent to disc jockeys started being stamped in vinyl, so they would not break in the mail. In the mid-1940s, special DJ copies of records started being made of vinyl also, for the same reason. These were all 78 rpm. During and after World War II, when shellac supplies were extremely limited, some 78 rpm records were pressed in vinyl instead of shellac, particularly the six-minute 12-inch (30 cm) 78 rpm records produced by V-Disc for distribution to United States troops in World War II. In the 1940s, radio transcriptions, which were usually on 16-inch records, but sometimes 12-inch, were always made of vinyl, but cut at 33 1⁄3 rpm. Shorter transcriptions were often cut at 78 rpm.

Q1: What was a benefit of using vinyl over shellac?
A1: lower surface noise
Q2: By the mid 1940s what was the primary material records were made of?
A2: vinyl
Q3: What was a factor in shellac availability?
A3: World War II
Q4: Which material was more durable,  shellac or vinyl?
A4: vinyl
Q5: What material were most mailed records made of?
A5: vinyl
Title: Charleston,_South_Carolina
Topic: Geography and places

Violent incidents occurred throughout the Piedmont of the state as white insurgents struggled to maintain white supremacy in the face of social changes after the war and granting of citizenship to freedmen by federal constitutional amendments. After former Confederates were allowed to vote again, election campaigns from 1872 on were marked by violent intimidation of blacks and Republicans by white Democratic paramilitary groups, known as the Red Shirts. Violent incidents took place in Charleston on King Street in September 6 and in nearby Cainhoy on October 15, both in association with political meetings before the 1876 election. The Cainhoy incident was the only one statewide in which more whites were killed than blacks. The Red Shirts were instrumental in suppressing the black Republican vote in some areas in 1876 and narrowly electing Wade Hampton as governor, and taking back control of the state legislature. Another riot occurred in Charleston the day after the election, when a prominent Republican leader was mistakenly reported killed.

Q1: What were white Democratic paramilitary groups in Charleston known as?
A1: the Red Shirts
Q2: What granted Freeman were American citizenship?
A2: federal constitutional amendments.
Q3: The Cainhoy Incident occurred on what day?
A3: October 15
Q4: The violent 1876 incident that took place on King's street happened on what day?
A4: September 6
Q5: Who won the 1876 election as a result of voter intimidation?
A5: Wade Hampton
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Virgil is traditionally ranked as one of Rome's greatest poets. His Aeneid has been considered the national epic of ancient Rome from the time of its composition to the present day. Modeled after Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, the Aeneid follows the Trojan refugee Aeneas as he struggles to fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy—in Roman mythology the founding act of Rome. Virgil's work has had wide and deep influence on Western literature, most notably Dante's Divine Comedy, in which Virgil appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory.

Q1: Which of Virgil's works is considered the national epic of ancient Rome?
A1: Aeneid
Q2: Which works did Virgil model the Aeneid after?
A2: Iliad and Odyssey
Q3: Who is the main character in the Aeneid?
A3: Aeneas
Q4: What was Aeneas trying to accomplish in the Aeneid?
A4: fulfill his destiny and arrive on the shores of Italy
Q5: Who appears as Dante's guide through hell and purgatory in the Divine Comedy?
A5: Virgil
Title: Virgil
Topic: Language and literature

Virgil's biographical tradition is thought to depend on a lost biography by Varius, Virgil's editor, which was incorporated into the biography by Suetonius and the commentaries of Servius and Donatus, the two great commentators on Virgil's poetry. Although the commentaries no doubt record much factual information about Virgil, some of their evidence can be shown to rely on inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing; thus, Virgil's biographical tradition remains problematic.

Q1: Who was Virgil's editor?
A1: Varius
Q2: Whose two commentaries were incorporated into Virgil's biography by Suetonius?
A2: Servius and Donatus
Q3: What do the comentaries rely on for some of their information about Virgil?
A3: inferences made from his poetry and allegorizing
Q4: Is Virgil's biographical tradition easily researched or is it problematic?
A4: problematic
Title: IBM
Topic: History

Virtually all console gaming systems of the previous generation used microprocessors developed by IBM. The Xbox 360 contains a PowerPC tri-core processor, which was designed and produced by IBM in less than 24 months. Sony's PlayStation 3 features the Cell BE microprocessor designed jointly by IBM, Toshiba, and Sony. IBM also provided the microprocessor that serves as the heart of Nintendo's new Wii U system, which debuted in 2012. The new Power Architecture-based microprocessor includes IBM's latest technology in an energy-saving silicon package. Nintendo's seventh-generation console, Wii, features an IBM chip codenamed Broadway. The older Nintendo GameCube utilizes the Gekko processor, also designed by IBM.

Q1: What kind of processor was in the Xbox 360?
A1: PowerPC tri-core processor
Q2: How quickly did IBM take to create the Xbox 360 processor?
A2: less than 24 months
Q3: Playstation 3 featured which microprocessor?
A3: Cell BE microprocessor
Q4: Who helped IBM develop the Playstation 3 microprocessor?
A4: Toshiba, and Sony
Q5: What year did the Nintendo Wii U, partly developed by IBM, debut?
A5: 2012
Title: Washington_University_in_St._Louis
Topic: Geography and places

Virtually all faculty members at Washington University engage in academic research,[citation needed] offering opportunities for both undergraduate and graduate students across the university's seven schools. Known for its interdisciplinarity and departmental collaboration, many of Washington University's research centers and institutes are collaborative efforts between many areas on campus.[citation needed] More than 60% of undergraduates are involved in faculty research across all areas; it is an institutional priority for undergraduates to be allowed to participate in advanced research. According to the Center for Measuring University Performance, it is considered to be one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation. A dedicated Office of Undergraduate Research is located on the Danforth Campus and serves as a resource to post research opportunities, advise students in finding appropriate positions matching their interests, publish undergraduate research journals, and award research grants to make it financially possible to perform research.

Q1: How many schools does Washington University have?
A1: seven
Q2: What percent of undergraduate students are involved in faculty research?
A2: 60%
Q3: How does the Center for Measuring University performance rank Washington University?
A3: one of the top 10 private research universities in the nation
Q4: Where is the Office of Undergraduate Research located?
A4: the Danforth Campus
Title: Botany
Topic: Natural sciences

Virtually all staple foods come either directly from primary production by plants, or indirectly from animals that eat them. Plants and other photosynthetic organisms are at the base of most food chains because they use the energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil and atmosphere, converting them into a form that can be used by animals. This is what ecologists call the first trophic level. The modern forms of the major staple foods, such as maize, rice, wheat and other cereal grasses, pulses, bananas and plantains, as well as flax and cotton grown for their fibres, are the outcome of prehistoric selection over thousands of years from among wild ancestral plants with the most desirable characteristics. Botanists study how plants produce food and how to increase yields, for example through plant breeding, making their work important to mankind's ability to feed the world and provide food security for future generations. Botanists also study weeds, which are a considerable problem in agriculture, and the biology and control of plant pathogens in agriculture and natural ecosystems. Ethnobotany is the study of the relationships between plants and people. When applied to the investigation of historical plant–people relationships ethnobotany may be referred to as archaeobotany or palaeoethnobotany.

Q1: Why do food chains start with plants?
A1: energy from the sun and nutrients from the soil
Q2: What do ecologists call the start of the food chain?
A2: first trophic level
Q3: How can the yield of food plants be increased?
A3: plant breeding
Q4: Why would botanists study weeds?
A4: problem in agriculture
Title: The_Times
Topic: History

Visits to the websites have decreased by 87% since the paywall was introduced, from 21 million unique users per month to 2.7 million. In April 2009, the timesonline site had a readership of 750,000 readers per day. As of October 2011, there were around 111,000 subscribers to The Times' digital products.

Q1: Visits to The Times website have decreased by how much since October 2011?
A1: 87%
Q2: What is the reason for the dramatic drop in visits to The Times website?
A2: paywall
Q3: In April 2009, how many readers did the timesonline website have per day?
A3: 750,000
Q4: As of October 2011, how many subscribers does The Times' digital product currently have?
A4: 111,000
Title: Anthropology
Topic: Social sciences and society

Visual anthropology is concerned, in part, with the study and production of ethnographic photography, film and, since the mid-1990s, new media. While the term is sometimes used interchangeably with ethnographic film, visual anthropology also encompasses the anthropological study of visual representation, including areas such as performance, museums, art, and the production and reception of mass media. Visual representations from all cultures, such as sandpaintings, tattoos, sculptures and reliefs, cave paintings, scrimshaw, jewelry, hieroglyphics, paintings and photographs are included in the focus of visual anthropology.

Q1: What type of anthropology concerns itself with the study of photography and film?
A1: Visual
Q2: What are performances, art, and the production of mass media grouped under?
A2: visual representation
Q3: What cultures' visual representations are included in visual anthropology?
A3: all
Q4: What term is visual anthropology sometimes used interchangeably with?
A4: ethnographic film
Title: Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas
Topic: History

Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007.

Q1: What comprises a major category in the world art collection?
A1: Visual arts by indigenous peoples
Q2: Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? 
A2: indigenous
Q3: Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?
A3: too many artists were posing as Native Americans
Q4: What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?
A4: a state or federally recognized tribe
Q5: When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?
A5: 2007
Title: Mammal
Topic: Natural sciences

Viviparous mammals are in the subclass Theria; those living today are in the marsupial and placental infraclasses. A marsupial has a short gestation period, typically shorter than its estrous cycle, and gives birth to an undeveloped newborn that then undergoes further development; in many species, this takes place within a pouch-like sac, the marsupium, located in the front of the mother's abdomen. This is the plesyomorphic condition among viviparous mammals; the presence of epipubic bones in all non-placental mammals prevents the expansion of the torso needed for full pregnancy. Even non-placental eutherians probably reproduced this way.

Q1: Which sub class are most viviparous mammals in?
A1: Theria
Q2: Viviparous mammals today are in which two main infraclasses?
A2: marsupial and placental
Q3: What is present in all non-placental mammals?
A3: epipubic bones
Title: Kievan_Rus%27
Topic: History

Vladimir had been prince of Novgorod when his father Sviatoslav I died in 972. He was forced to flee to Scandinavia in 976 after his half-brother Yaropolk had murdered his other brother Oleg and taken control of Rus. In Scandinavia, with the help of his relative Earl Håkon Sigurdsson, ruler of Norway, Vladimir assembled a Viking army and reconquered Novgorod and Kiev from Yaropolk. As Prince of Kiev, Vladimir's most notable achievement was the Christianization of Kievan Rus', a process that began in 988. The Primary Chronicle states that when Vladimir had decided to accept a new faith instead of the traditional idol-worship (paganism) of the Slavs, he sent out some of his most valued advisors and warriors as emissaries to different parts of Europe. They visited the Christians of the Latin Rite, the Jews, and the Muslims before finally arriving in Constantinople. They rejected Islam because, among other things, it prohibited the consumption of alcohol, and Judaism because the god of the Jews had permitted his chosen people to be deprived of their country. They found the ceremonies in the Roman church to be dull. But at Constantinople, they were so astounded by the beauty of the cathedral of Hagia Sophia and the liturgical service held there that they made up their minds there and then about the faith they would like to follow. Upon their arrival home, they convinced Vladimir that the faith of the Byzantine Rite was the best choice of all, upon which Vladimir made a journey to Constantinople and arranged to marry Princess Anna, the sister of Byzantine emperor Basil II.

Q1: What territory was Vladimar Prince of before his father died?
A1: Novgorod
Q2: In 976, where did Vladimir have to flee to?
A2: Scandinavia
Q3: When did the Christianization of Kievan begin?
A3: 988
Q4: Who did Vladimir marry that was the sister of the Byzantine emperor?
A4: Princess Anna
Title: Kievan_Rus%27
Topic: History

Vladimir's choice of Eastern Christianity may also have reflected his close personal ties with Constantinople, which dominated the Black Sea and hence trade on Kiev's most vital commercial route, the Dnieper River. Adherence to the Eastern Church had long-range political, cultural, and religious consequences. The church had a liturgy written in Cyrillic and a corpus of translations from Greek that had been produced for the Slavic peoples. This literature facilitated the conversion to Christianity of the Eastern Slavs and introduced them to rudimentary Greek philosophy, science, and historiography without the necessity of learning Greek (there were some merchants who did business with Greeks and likely had an understanding of contemporary business Greek). In contrast, educated people in medieval Western and Central Europe learned Latin. Enjoying independence from the Roman authority and free from tenets of Latin learning, the East Slavs developed their own literature and fine arts, quite distinct from those of other Eastern Orthodox countries.[citation needed] (See Old East Slavic language and Architecture of Kievan Rus for details ). Following the Great Schism of 1054, the Rus' church maintained communion with both Rome and Constantinople for some time, but along with most of the Eastern churches it eventually split to follow the Eastern Orthodox. That being said, unlike other parts of the Greek world, Kievan Rus' did not have a strong hostility to the Western world.

Q1: What was considered too be Kiev's most important route for trade?
A1: Dnieper River
Q2: What language did the church write  the liturgy in?
A2: Cyrillic
Q3: What did this literature help with that was written in Cyrillic?
A3: facilitated the conversion to Christianity
Title: Classical_music
Topic: Music

Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for the flourishing of an increasingly elaborate polyphonic style. The principal liturgical forms which endured throughout the entire Renaissance period were masses and motets, with some other developments towards the end, especially as composers of sacred music began to adopt secular forms (such as the madrigal) for their own designs. Towards the end of the period, the early dramatic precursors of opera such as monody, the madrigal comedy, and the intermedio are seen.

Q1: Vocal music in the Renaissance is noted for an increasingly elaborate what?
A1: polyphonic style
Q2: What liturgical form besides motets endured throughout the entire Renaissance period?
A2: masses
Q3: Monody, the madrigal comedy, and intermedio are all precursors to what?
A3: opera
Title: Quran
Topic: Philosophy and religion

Vocalization markers indicating specific vowel sounds were introduced into the Arabic language by the end of the 9th century. The first Quranic manuscripts lacked these marks, therefore several recitations remain acceptable. The variation in readings of the text permitted by the nature of the defective vocalization led to an increase in the number of readings during the 10th century. The 10th-century Muslim scholar from Baghdad, Ibn Mujāhid, is famous for establishing seven acceptable textual readings of the Quran. He studied various readings and their trustworthiness and chose seven 8th-century readers from the cities of Mecca, Medina, Kufa, Basra and Damascus. Ibn Mujahid did not explain why he chose seven readers, rather than six or ten, but this may be related to a prophetic tradition (Muhammad's saying) reporting that the Quran had been revealed in seven "ahruf" (meaning seven letters or modes). Today, the most popular readings are those transmitted by Ḥafṣ (d.796) and Warsh (d. 812) which are according to two of Ibn Mujahid's reciters, Aasim ibn Abi al-Najud (Kufa, d. 745) and Nafi‘ al-Madani (Medina, d. 785), respectively. The influential standard Quran of Cairo (1924) uses an elaborate system of modified vowel-signs and a set of additional symbols for minute details and is based on ʻAsim's recitation, the 8th-century recitation of Kufa. This edition has become the standard for modern printings of the Quran.

Q1: The absence of which language feature made early Quranic recitation more diverse?
A1: Vocalization markers
Q2: Which Baghdad scholar identified justified seven different Quranic readings?
A2: Ibn Mujāhid
Q3: Which recitation is the original basis of the Quran of Cairo?
A3: ʻAsim's
Q4: Which century produced the seven readings selected by Ibn Mujāhid?
A4: 8th
Q5: Which city corresponds to Asim's recitation of the Quran?
A5: Kufa
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Voiced consonants are seldom actually aspirated. Symbols for voiced consonants followed by ⟨◌ʰ⟩, such as ⟨bʰ⟩, typically represent consonants with breathy voiced release (see below). In the grammatical tradition of Sanskrit, aspirated consonants are called voiceless aspirated, and breathy-voiced consonants are called voiced aspirated.

Q1: What is not often aspirated?
A1: Voiced consonants
Q2: The symbol followed by bʰ would likely mean the consonant has what type of release?
A2: breathy
Q3: Voiced aspirated consonants are what type?
A3: breathy-voiced
Title: Aspirated_consonant
Topic: Language and literature

Voiceless consonants are produced with the vocal folds open (spread) and not vibrating, and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed and vibrating (modal voice). Voiceless aspiration occurs when the vocal cords remain open after a consonant is released. An easy way to measure this is by noting the consonant's voice-onset time, as the voicing of a following vowel cannot begin until the vocal cords close.

Q1: What is created when the vocal folds are spread and do not vibrate?
A1: Voiceless consonants
Q2: What is created when vocal folds are slightly closed and vibrate?
A2: voiced consonants
Q3: What is it called when a person's vocal cords stay open after a consonant?
A3: Voiceless aspiration