LuYuxing/MetaBench huggingface dataset:
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Global Metabolomic Profiling of Mice Brains following Experimental Infection with the Cyst-Forming Toxoplasma gondii'.
Answer: The interplay between the Apicomplexan parasite Toxoplasma gondii and its host has been largely studied. However, molecular changes at the metabolic level in the host central nervous system and pathogenesis-associated metabolites during brain infection are largely unexplored. We used a global metabolomics strategy to identify differentially regulated metabolites and affected metabolic pathways in BALB/c mice during infection with T. gondii Pru strain at 7, 14 and 21 days post-infection (DPI). The non-targeted Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) metabolomics analysis detected approximately 2,755 retention time-exact mass pairs, of which more than 60 had significantly differential profiles at different stages of infection. These include amino acids, organic acids, carbohydrates, fatty acids, and vitamins. The biological significance of these metabolites is discussed. Principal Component Analysis and Orthogonal Partial Least Square-Discriminant Analysis showed the metabolites’ profile to change over time with the most significant changes occurring at 14 DPI. Correlated metabolic pathway imbalances were observed in carbohydrate metabolism, lipid metabolism, energetic metabolism and fatty acid oxidation. Eight metabolites correlated with the physical recovery from infection-caused illness were identified. These findings indicate that global metabolomics adopted in this study is a sensitive approach for detecting metabolic alterations in T. gondii-infected mice and generated a comparative metabolic profile of brain tissue distinguishing infected from non-infected host.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Planting Density Affects Panax notoginseng Growth and Ginsenoside Accumulation by Balancing Primary and Secondary Metabolism'.
Answer: Adjusting planting density is a common agricultural practice used to achieve maximum yields. However, whether the quality of medicinal herbs can be improved by implementing appropriate planting densities is still uncertain. The medicinal crop Panax notoginseng was used to analyze the effects of planting density on growth and ginsenoside accumulation, and the possible mechanisms of these effects were revealed through metabonomics. The results showed that P. notoginseng achieved high ginsenoside accumulation at high planting densities (8 × 8 and 10 × 10 cm), while simultaneously achieved high biomass and ginsenoside accumulation at moderate planting density of 15 × 15 cm. At the moderate planting density, the primary metabolism (starch and sucrose metabolism) and secondary metabolism (the biosynthesis of phytohormone IAA and ginsenoside) of the plants were significantly enhanced. However, the strong intraspecific competition at the high planting densities resulted in stress as well as the accumulation of phytohormones (SA and JA), antioxidants (gentiobiose, oxalic acid, dehydroascorbic acid) and other stress resistance-related metabolites. Interestingly, the dry biomass and ginsenoside content were significantly lower at low densities (20 × 20 and 30 × 30 cm) with low intraspecific competition, which disturbed normal carbohydrate metabolism by upregulating galactose metabolism. In summary, an appropriate planting density was benefit for the growth and accumulation of ginsenosides in P. notoginseng by balancing primary metabolism and secondary metabolism.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Metabolomics Investigation of Dietary Effects on Flesh Quality in Grass Carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus)'.
Answer: BACKGROUND: The ultra-high density intensive farming model of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) may elicit inhibite the growth, decline flesh quality and disease resistance of fish. The quality degradation and excessive fat accumulation in cultured C. idellus have long been attributed to possible alterations in the lipid metabolism of fish muscle tissues as a result of over-nutrition from artificial diets. To investigate the effects of different diets on fish muscle quality, a large-scale metabolomics study was performed on 200 tails of C. idellus. FINDINGS: The experimental fish were divided into four test groups based on sex and diets - female artificial feed (FAF), female grass feed (FGF), male artificial feed (MAF) and male grass feed (MGF). After a 4-month rearing period, the AF group showed significantly higher total mass of muscle fat (P < 0.01), with the FAF group being the highest. Metabolomics profiling based on liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) revealed distinctive patterns of clustering according to the four groups. Overall, artificial feeding was associated with higher concentrations of docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA) and arachidonic acid (ARA); whereas grass-feeding was associated with elevated n-3 unsaturated fatty acids (n-3 UFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). Some sex-specific markers, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was only found in male samples, with higher levels in the MAF group. Metabolic pathway analyses using both targeted (MetaboAnalyst) and untargeted (mummichog) approaches consistently revealed that the arachidonic acid metabolism and steroid hormone biosynthesis pathways are significantly different between AF and GF groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggested that grass is a better source of diet fatty acid and protein when compared to artificial feed, because it could effectively lower triglycerides in serum, reduce fat accumulation and alter lipid compositions in fish muscle by increasing the concentrations of n-3 UFAs, leading to better nutrition and health.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Core microbes are ecological generalists supporting the host and ecosystem functionality and stability'.
Answer: Core gut microbes persist across diverse gut ecosystems, raising the central question in microbiome research of what defines core microbes and the factors driving their persistence across hosts? Using the rumen microbiome as a model system, our study reveals that core microbes exhibit distinct attributes of ecological generalists, including greater strain variability and broader functional capacity, linked to larger genome sizes. These traits enable core microbes to be metabolically independent while also supporting non-core microbes and the host. Core taxa produce essential metabolites, such as amino acids and vitamins, and encode fiber-degrading enzymes crucial for host nutrition. Additionally, they engage in cross-feeding, providing non-core microbes with vital nutrients. This independence positions core microbes as foundational pillars of gut ecosystem stability. Our findings offer valuable insights into the functional essence of core microbes, with implications that extend beyond ecology to microbiome-based interventions in food security and environmental sustainability.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Stress-related mitogen-activated protein kinases stimulate the accumulation of small molecules and proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana root exudates'.
Answer: A delicate balance in cellular signaling is required for plants to distinguish mutualist from parasitic organisms in its environment. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are one of the signaling modules that mediate transduction of extracellular microbial signals into appropriate cellular responses. Here, we employ a transgenic system that simulates activation of two pathogen/stress-responsive MAPKs to study release of metabolites and proteins into root exudates. The premise is based on our previous proteomics study that suggests upregulation of secretory processes in this transgenic system. An advantage of this experimental set-up is the direct focus on MAPK-regulated processes without the confounding complications of other signaling pathways activated by exposure to microbes or microbial molecules. Using non-targeted metabolomics and proteomics studies, we show that MAPK activation can indeed drive the appearance of dipeptides, defense-related metabolites and proteins in root apoplastic fluid. However, the relative levels of other compounds in the exudates were decreased. This points to a bidirectional control of metabolite and protein release into the apoplast. The putative roles for some of the identified apoplastic metabolites and proteins are discussed with respect to possible antimicrobial/defense or allelopathic properties. Overall, our findings demonstrate that sustained activation of MAPKs alters the composition of apoplastic root metabolites and proteins, presumably to influence the plant-microbe interactions in the rhizosphere.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Multi-Omics Analysis Reveals Disturbance of Nanosecond Pulsed Electric Field in the Serum Metabolic Spectrum and Gut Microbiota'.
Answer: Nanosecond pulsed electric field (nsPEF) is a novel ablation technique that based on high-intensity electric voltage to achieve tumor-killing effect in the target region, and increasingly considered for treating tumours of the liver, kidneys, and other organs with rich blood supply. When we were looking at the safety and feasibility of applying nsPEF on porcine livers, we found that the indicators of liver function after ablation fluctuated. To further study the influence of this technique in the treatment of liver, we collected serum and fecal specimens of the pigs pre-treatment and post-treatment. The gut microbiota of pigs was sequenced by Illumina Miseq platform for analyzing the diversity and alterations of gut microbiota. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based metabonomic analysis and Pearson coefficient method were also used to construct the interaction system of different metabolites, metabolic pathways and flora.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Linking root exudates to functional plant traits'.
Answer: Primary and secondary metabolites exuded by plant roots have mainly been studied under laboratory conditions, while knowledge of root exudate patterns of plants growing in natural communities is very limited. Focusing on ten common European grassland plant species, we asked to which degree exuded metabolite compositions are specific to species or growth forms (forbs and grasses), depend on environments and local neighbourhoods, and reflect traditional plant functional traits. Root exudates were collected under field conditions and analysed using a non-targeted gas chromatography coupled mass spectrometry (GC-MS) approach. In total, we annotated 153 compounds of which 36 were identified by structure and name as metabolites mainly derived from the primary metabolism. Here we show by using variance partitioning, that the composition of exuded polar metabolites was mostly explained by plot identity, followed by plant species identity while plant species composition of the local neighbourhood played no role. Total and root dry biomass explained the largest proportion of variance in exudate composition, with additional variance explained by traditional plant traits. Although the exudate composition was quite similar between the two growth forms, we found some metabolites that occurred only in one of the two growth forms. Our study demonstrated the feasibility of measuring polar exudates under non-sterile field conditions by mass spectrometry, which opens new avenues of research for functional plant ecology.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Metabolome and proteome changes in skeletal muscle and blood of pre-weaning calves fed leucine and threonine supplemented diets'.
Answer: In pre-weaning calves, both leucine and threonine play important roles in growth and muscle metabolism. In this study, metabolomics, proteomics and clinical chemistry were used to assess the effects of leucine and threonine supplementation added to milk replacer on 14 newborn Holstein male calves: 7 were fed a control diet (Ctrl) and 7 were fed the Ctrl diet supplemented with 0.3% leucine and 0.3% threonine (LT) from 5.6 days of age to 53.6 days. At this time, blood and semitendinosus muscle biopsies were collected for analysis. Integrated metabolomics and proteomics showed that branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) degradation and mitochondrial oxidative metabolism (citrate cycle and respiratory chain) were the main activated pathways in muscle because of the supplementation. BCAA derivatives and metabolites related to lipid mobilization showed the major changes. The deleterious effects of activated oxidative phosphorylation were balanced by the upregulation of antioxidant proteins. An increase in protein synthesis was indicated by elevated aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis and increased S6 ribosomal protein phosphorylation in skeletal muscle. In conclusion, LT group showed greater BCAA availability and mitochondrial oxidative activity; as the muscle cells undergo greater aerobic metabolism, antioxidant defenses were activated to compensate for possible cell damage. Data are available via ProteomeXchange (PXD016098).SIGNIFICANCE: Leucine and threonine are essential amino acids for the pre-weaning calf, being of high importance for growth. In this study, we found that leucine and threonine supplementation of milk replacer to feed pre-weaning calves led to differences in the proteome, metabolome and clinical chemistry analytes in skeletal muscle and plasma, albeit no differences in productive performance were recorded. This study extends our understanding on the metabolism in dairy calves and helps optimizing their nutritional status.Data availability:The proteomics data have been deposited into the ProteomeXchange Consortium via the PRIDE partner repository with the data set identifier PXD016098.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Quantitative metabolic profiles of tomato flesh and seeds during fruit development: complementary analysis with ANN and PCA (NMR data)'.
Answer: Global approach to characterize changes in metabolic profiles in two interdependent tissues Seed and Flesh from the same tomato fruits during tomato fruit development. Tomato, an essential crop in terms of economic importance and nutritional quality, is also used as a model species for all fleshy fruits and for genomics of Solanaceae. Tomato fruit quality at harvest is a direct function of its metabolite content, which in turn is a result of many physiological changes during fruit development. The aim of the work reported here was to develop a global approach to characterize changes in metabolic profiles in two interdependent tissues from the same tomato fruits. Absolute quantification data of compounds in flesh and seeds from 8 days to 45 days post anthesis (DPA) were obtained through untargeted (proton nuclear magnetic resonance, 1H-NMR).
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Gut microbiota derived metabolite protects against heart failure with preserved ejection fraction'.
Answer: Targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to examine the differences in metabolite in fecal samples of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and control mice.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'De Novo Pyrimidine Synthesis Is a Collateral Metabolic Vulnerability in NF2-deficient Mesothelioma'.
Answer: Pleural mesothelioma (PM) is one of the deadliest cancers, with limited therapeutic options due to its therapeutically intractable genome, which is characterized by the functional inactivation of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) and high tumor heterogeneity, including diverse metabolic adaptations. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these metabolic alterations remain poorly understood, particularly how TSG inactivation rewires tumor metabolism to drive tumorigenesis and create metabolic dependencies. Through integrated multi-omics analysis, we identify for the first time that NF2 loss of function defines a distinct PM subtype characterized by enhanced de novo pyrimidine synthesis, which NF2-deficient PM cells are critically dependent on for sustained proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, NF2 loss activates YAP, a downstream proto-oncogenic transcriptional coactivator in the Hippo signalling pathway, which in turn upregulates CAD and DHODH, key enzymes in the de novo pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway. Our findings provide novel insights into metabolic reprogramming in PM, revealing de novo pyrimidine synthesis as a synthetic lethal vulnerability in NF2-deficient tumors. This work highlights a potential therapeutic strategy for targeting NF2-deficient mesothelioma through metabolic intervention.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Differential alteration of plant functions by homologous fungal candidate effectors'.
Answer: Rust fungi are plant pathogens that cause epidemics which threatens the production of many important plant species, such as wheat, soy, coffee and poplar. Melampsora larici-populina (Mlp) causes the poplar rust and encodes at least 1184 candidate effectors (CEs), however their functions are poorly known. In this study, we analysed the transcriptome and metabolome of Arabidopsis constitutively expressing CEs of Mlp to discover processes targeted by these fungal proteins. For this purpose, we sequenced the transcriptome and used mass spectrometry to analyse the metabolome of Arabidopsis plants expressing one of 14 selected CEs and of a control line. We found 2299 deregulated genes in at least one of the 14 transgenic lines. Among the down-regulated genes, the KEGG pathways “MAPK signaling pathway” and “Plant-pathogen interaction” were over-represented in six and five of the 14 transgenic lines, respectively. Moreover, the genes down-regulated across the fourteen transgenic lines are related to hormone response and defense. Regarding the metabolome, there were 680 metabolites deregulated across the 14 transgenic lines, with highly unsaturated and phenolic compounds and peptides enriched among down-regulated and up-regulated metabolites, respectively, in almost all transgenic lines. Interestingly, we found that some transgenic lines expressing CEs with no similarity in amino acid sequence had similar patterns of gene and metabolite deregulation, while plants expressing CEs from the same family deregulated different genes and metabolites. Taken together, our results indicate that the sequence of effectors may not be a good predictor of its impact in the plant.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Plant elicitor peptide signalling confers rice resistance to piercing-sucking insect herbivores and pathogens'.
Answer: Rice is a staple food crop worldwide, and its production is severely threatened by phloem-feeding insect herbivores, particularly the brown planthopper (BPH, Nilaparvata lugens), and destructive pathogens. Despite the identification of many BPH resistance genes, the molecular basis of rice resistance to BPH remains largely unclear. Here, we report that the plant elicitor peptide (Pep) signalling confers rice resistance to BPH. Both rice PEP RECEPTORs (PEPRs) and PRECURSORs of PEP (PROPEPs), particularly OsPROPEP3, were transcriptionally induced in leaf sheaths upon BPH infestation. Knockout of OsPEPRs impaired rice resistance to BPH, whereas exogenous application of OsPep3 improved the resistance. Hormone measurement and co-profiling of transcriptomics and metabolomics in OsPep3-treated rice leaf sheaths suggested potential contributions of jasmonic acid biosynthesis, lipid metabolism and phenylpropanoid metabolism to OsPep3-induced rice immunity. Moreover, OsPep3 elicitation also strengthened rice resistance to the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae and bacterial pathogen Xanthamonas oryzae pv. oryzae and provoked immune responses in wheat. Collectively, this work demonstrates a previously unappreciated importance of the Pep signalling in plants for combating piercing-sucking insect herbivores and promises exogenous application of OsPep3 as an eco-friendly immune stimulator in agriculture for crop protection against a broad spectrum of insect pests and pathogens.
Question: Write a study description for the study titled 'Single-cell Transcriptomics and Time-series Metabolite Profiling Reveal the Spatiotemporal Regulation of Flavonoid Biosynthesis Genes and Phytohormone Homeostasis by PAP1 in Arabidopsis'.
Answer: Understanding the spatiotemporal regulation of specialized metabolism in plants is critical for advancing both basic plant biology and biotechnological applications. In this study, we utilized single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and time-series metabolite profiling to investigate the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and phytohormone homeostasis in Arabidopsis thaliana by PAP1 (PRODUCTION OF ANTHOCYANIN PIGMENT 1). By comparing single-cell transcriptomes of the pap1-D mutant and wild-type plants, we constructed a cell-type-specific atlas of gene expression and high-resolution dynamics of metabolites across developmental stages. Our findings reveal that PAP1 overexpression induces distinct spatiotemporal regulation of phenylpropanoid pathway genes in different cell types and widespread upregulation of glycosylation processes. Metabolomic profiling validated these transcriptional patterns and showed significant changes of metabolites in phenylalanine metabolic processes as pap1-D leaf mature. Additionally, PAP1 overexpression leads to significant changes in phytohormone levels, particularly jasmonate and salicylate, indicating complex crosstalk between flavonoid biosynthesis and hormone homeostasis. This integrated multi-omics approach provides unprecedented insights into the cell-specific regulatory networks controlling specialized metabolism and establishes a valuable framework for optimizing metabolic engineering strategies to enhance the production of bioactive plant compounds.