Definition: In this task, you will be presented with a context from an academic paper and you have to write an answerable question based on the context. Your questions can be extractive, abstractive, or yes-no questions.

Positive Example 1 -
Input: Questions are gathered from anonymized, aggregated queries to the Google search engine. Queries that are likely to be yes/no questions are heuristically identified: we found selecting queries where the first word is in a manually constructed set of indicator words and are of sufficient length, to be effective.

Questions are only kept if a Wikipedia page is returned as one of the first five results, in which case the question and Wikipedia page are given to a human annotator for further processing.

Annotators label question/article pairs in a three-step process. First, they decide if the question is good, meaning it is comprehensible, unambiguous, and requesting factual information. This judgment is made before the annotator sees the Wikipedia page. Next, for good questions, annotators find a passage within the document that contains enough information to answer the question. Annotators can mark questions as “not answerable" if the Wikipedia article does not contain the requested information. Finally, annotators mark whether the question's answer is “yes" or “no". Annotating data in this manner is quite expensive since annotators need to search entire Wikipedia documents for relevant evidence and read the text carefully.
Output: how was the dataset built?

Positive Example 2 -
Input: Using this annotation model, we create a new large publicly available dataset of English tweets.
Output: In what language are the tweets?

Negative Example 1 -
Input: Using this annotation model, we create a new large publicly available dataset of English tweets.
Output: In what language is tweets?

Negative Example 2 -
Input: Questions are gathered from anonymized, aggregated queries to the Google search engine. Queries that are likely to be yes/no questions are heuristically identified: we found selecting queries where the first word is in a manually constructed set of indicator words and are of sufficient length, to be effective.

Questions are only kept if a Wikipedia page is returned as one of the first five results, in which case the question and Wikipedia page are given to a human annotator for further processing.

Annotators label question/article pairs in a three-step process. First, they decide if the question is good, meaning it is comprehensible, unambiguous, and requesting factual information. This judgment is made before the annotator sees the Wikipedia page. Next, for good questions, annotators find a passage within the document that contains enough information to answer the question. Annotators can mark questions as “not answerable" if the Wikipedia article does not contain the requested information. Finally, annotators mark whether the question's answer is “yes" or “no". Annotating data in this manner is quite expensive since annotators need to search entire Wikipedia documents for relevant evidence and read the text carefully.
Output: What is the size of the dataset?

Now complete the following example -
Input: Experiments ::: Baselines
For comparison, we select several public models as baselines including semantic parsing models: BiDAF BIBREF3, an MRC model which utilizes a bi-directional attention flow network to encode the question and passage;

QANet BIBREF12, which utilizes convolutions and self-attentions as the building blocks of encoders to represent the question and passage;

BERT BIBREF23, a pre-trained bidirectional Transformer-based language model which achieves state-of-the-art performance on lots of public MRC datasets recently;

and numerical MRC models: NAQANet BIBREF6, a numerical version of QANet model.

NAQANet+, an enhanced version of NAQANet implemented by ourselves, which further considers real number (e.g. “2.5”), richer arithmetic expression, data augmentation, etc. Syn Dep BIBREF6, the neural semantic parsing model (KDG) BIBREF22 with Stanford dependencies based sentence representations;

OpenIE BIBREF6, KDG with open information extraction based sentence representations;

SRL BIBREF6, KDG with semantic role labeling based sentence representations;

and traditional MRC models:
Output: 



Output: what are the existing models they compared with?