rustic picnic areas, benches and trails. Australia's Royal National Park, established in 1879, was the world's second officially established national park. First and foremost was the provision of open space for the benefit of townspeople and local residents within an area that was being rapidly built up. With the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, Mongolia under the Bogd Khaan declared independence. But, the newly established Republic of China considered Mongolia to be part of its own territory. Yuan Shikai, the President of the Republic of China, considered the new republic to be the successor of the Qing. Bogd Khaan said that both Mongolia and China had been administered by the Manchu during the Qing, and after the fall of the Qing dynasty in 1911, the contract