were changed more frequently, and the posthumous names of the Emperors were chosen in a different manner. Outside Japan, beginning with Emperor Shōwa, the Emperors are often referred to by their given names, both whilst alive and posthumously. In Asia and the Pacific, between 3 million and more than 10 million civilians, mostly Chinese (estimated at 7.5 million), were killed by the Japanese occupation forces. In Europe, before the outbreak of the war, the Allies had significant advantages in both population and economics. Land warfare changed from the static front lines of World War I to increased mobility and combined arms. British cavalry troopers also received excellent mounted swordsmanship training. Some historians, such as Chandler and Weller, assert that the British heavy cavalry were destroyed as a viable