The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1846-04-14 00:00:00

Etteraturr. NOTICES. The Sandal of Permitted Heresy, and a Violated Dis cipline. An address by the Rev. Cecil Wray, incum bent of St. Martin's Church, Liverpool. This " address" was delivered in St. Martin's Church, on Sunday week, on the occasion of the secession of the Rev. Mr. Wells, curate of that church, to the Romish communion. The perversion of that reverend gentleman to Popery is evidently considered a sore point, and the object of this " address" is to explain his " sudden depar ture," after having for two years ministered in St. Mar tin's Church, and, of course, during that period having bad almost uninterrupted opportunities of listening to the teaching and expositions of the incumbent. After an nouncing the step which Mr. Wells has taken, our author sets out with a very formal and somewhat ostentatious avowal of his attachment to the Church of England " in the terms prescribed to the clergy when nominated to a benefice." To our minds this declaration carries with it some misgiving o❑ the part of Mr. Wray, for we cannot but think, that after so many years ministration in the congregation it ought to have been superfluous. We are then favoured with a strongly-expressed protest—though we see no force in it on such an occasion—against non conformity to the prayer-book—with the most pointed allusions to several most excellent clergymen—with un meaning insinuations about the "robbery," "dishonesty," "rebellion," and " heresy" of others who are denounced as " traitors," (hard words—alas for union and catholi city, if all who " wait at the altar " considered it their duty to ❑se in their pulpits such separating language to wards their brethren)—and at last we are brought to the reasons which are stated to have led to Mr. Wells' seces sion : " Brought up," says Mr. Wray, "among the evangelical party, be was a constant attendant in early youth at the Protestant meet ing in Exeter-hall. There he would learn to slight the authority of his mother church, to believe slanders against the Church of "Lome, and to exercise his private judgment upon the bible. The conduct of the Church of England has not been such as to restore Lis confidence in her authority ;—the detection of the slanders against Rome disposed him to take her part, and to discredit even well -founded charges against her ;—and the conscientious exercise of his private judgment has, we see, led him to the belief that her in erpretation is the only sound one. Such are the fruits of Puritani cal training, which furni.hes no medium between Calvinistic as surance and Popish infallibility ; and the latter is clearly the most reasonable conclusion of the two, for this is, at least, belief in a church, whereas the former is but confidence in one's self."* These hacknied statements—repeated with determined perseverance, relative to the perversion of Mr. Sibthorp —are too great a task on even our common sense, to need any serious refutation. It is too well known that none of the " Evangelical party " have gone over to Rome before they left that " party" and its principles, and had been schooled in the discipline, doctrine, and ceremonials of Tractarianism—the high road to Popery, in this and " a hundred and fifty instances," in the case of persons who, on the confession of Mr. Wray, "have deserted from our fold within a brief space" and in " a thousand times that number," who " will be constrained to follow their example if things are allowed to continue much lon ger as they are." These anticipations, to say the least, do not augur very favourably for strong attachment to the Church of Eng land in these persons; and, indeed, Mr. Wray's language in this discourse, on more occasions than one, does not bespeak great reverence or love for her. He enumerates several of what he calls her " inconsistencies"—he calls her a " luxurious and obsequious church"—and says that " she does not speak with confidence as an authoritative expositor of God's word." How any man can utter such sentiments as these, and at the same time " distinctly avow that he has no wish that the language of the c:turch • should be altered or qualified," it is not for us to say ; but it would have been well had some of the words, which have been spent in dealing out anathemas and persecuting threats against those who, while they reasonably differ from him, not merely continue amongst her teachers, but do all they can to maintain and spread her principles and doctrines, been used for the same blessed and holy pur pose. Appeals to the Ecclesiastical Courts are swords with two edges, and it is, in our opinion, most lamentable to find a clergyman solemnly exhorting the people from his pulpit (and afterwards deliberately printing that advice) " to cite into the Ecclesiastical Courts" those " who watch for their souls," whom the Scripture teaches usTo " obey" and " esteem very highly," and to whom the Church teaches her members from their earliest years du tifully to " submit" therns-Ives. We should certainly not have said so much had this been the first time that our author had circulated such —we see no reason for withholding the word—slanders against his brethren ; and he has only himself to blame that we have felt it our duty to show that those who wish to monopolise the title of the Church's friends are not always her warmest adherents or her best defenders. * The italics are Mr. Wray's own. Blackwood's, the Dublin University, Frazer's, and Church of England Quarterly Magazines, and other pub lications received, must lie over this week, the state of our columns preluding notice. The Fortunes of Furlogh O'Brien, a Tale of the Wars of King James. James M`Glashan, 21, D'Olier-street, Dublin. W. S. Orr and Co., London. We have the first number of this work, which promises to be of striking interest. The times, incidents, and cha racters to be brought upon the scene afford excellent scope for the display of talent, of which the writer has thus far shown himselt far from deficient. The Knight of Gwynne ; a Tale of the Time of the Union. By Charles Lever. London : Chapman and Flail, 186, Strand. We have now reached No. 4 of this new production of Mr. Lever's graphic pen. and look forward with great in terest to its progress. The period of the story is a stir ring one ; and many of the characters are dram] as only Mr. Lever can depict and only Ireland could have pro duced. To the bulk of the present generation the pro ceedings which he depicts, as connected with the carrying of the great measure of the union, although but too truth fully described, will savor more of romance than of histo rical fact. The illustrations in this number are very ex cellent. Shurpe's London Magazine, vol. 1, Nov. 1815 to April, 1846. London : T. B. Sharpe, 15, Skinner-street, Snow-hill. The first volume of this cheap and excellent - :odical is now lx fore us, substantially got up in cloth • , sT, and from its excellent management, and the taste"and liberal ity of its conductors, we fully expect the work to become, as it deserves to be, a favourite with the public. We may state, for the information of those who have not yet seen the past numbers. that the object of this undertaking has been to provide a cheap, amusing, and instructive miscel lany, combining pictorial with literary and typographical excellence ; and thus far it has been perfectly successful. The artists and engravers employed are of the highest rank in their profession, including, in the present number, the names of Franklin, Meadows, Phiz, &c. amongst the former, and Dalziel, Linton, Branston, Nicholls, &c. amongst the latter ; and.the illustrations are in profusion. The size of each weekly number is the same as that of Chambers' MiscellanY, and the price is only three half pence. _ - SELECTIONS. THE VALUE OF SALORE.—A striking instance of eco nomic talent came to our knowledge in the district of Alston Moor. From the smelting earths of one" house" an arched tunnel conducts the smoke to an outlet at a distance from the works, in a waste spot, where no one can complain of it. The gathering matter or " fume " resulting from the passage of the smoke is annually sub mitted to a process, by which at that time it yielded enough to pay for the construction of a chimney. A si milar tunnel chimney three miles in length was erecting at Allendale. Its fume will ,ield thousands of pounds sterling per annum. Truly, here it may be said that smoke does not end in smoke.—Brilish Quarterly Re vietv. ENGLAND AND ITALY.—Even on the way to Brighton: I must observe, that there was much in England that re called Italy to my mind. This rec , illection was suggested , first, by the nobler form of the buildings ; secondly, a luxuriant vegetation, even fig-trees, ever-green oaks, then the yew, which seems to occupy the place of the cypress, the holly, and masses of ivy ; thirdly, the mild air ; fourthly, the sea; fifthly, the manner in which the peo ple in the smaller places followed their occupations out of doors; sixthly, the numerous large two-wheeled cars up on the roads; and seventhly, the whole build of the peo ple, very tliff,trent, it is true, from the Italian, but still with a more intellectual appearance.—Narrative of Dr. Carus, the King of Saxony's Physician. CANNING'S VIEW OF CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION. — Over the final accomplishment of Catholic Emancipation —so long contested, and so pertinaciously resisted—he exercised a direct and important influence. The question itself presents one of the most extraordinary chapters in our history. Its progress may be tracked by its difiturb ing power, through successive administrations of thirty five years. It divided all the cabinets, in spite of the strenuous efforts that were made to keep it out ' • and fi nally broke them up. From disclosures which have been subsequently made, it is now known that the sturdiestan tagonist of the Catholic claims had been giving way from time to time with the cabinet itself. Lord Liverpool had become convinced that the period was approaching when the Catholic claims could no longer be resisted : and it is said, that although he felt it would be inconsistent in him to give them his support as premier, he had resolved at least to mitigate the opposition to them in the Lords; that it was his intention to retire from office, leaving Canning as his successor, and, when the claims should have been disposed of, to accept some less laborious ap pointment under the administration of his friend. His illness arrested all these plans. Sir Robert Peel made a similar profession in 18:9. Sir Robert never saw the imperative necessity of conceding the claims until he con ccded them himself in 1829. He could not even see it t notwithstanding the revmution his mind had undergone in 1825) when Mr. Canning came into power in 1827, on which occasion we find him vindicating his refusal to take office under Mr. Canning on this sole ground—that it was impossible for him to acquiesce in any proposition for granting further cfincessions to the Catholics. His words were these :—" The grounds on which I retired from office are simply these. I have taken, from the first moment of my public life, an act've and decided part on a great and vital question—that of the extension of political privileges to the Roman Catholics. * * * My oppo sition is founded on principle. I think that the continu ance of these bars will prevent the acquisition of political power by the Catholics, is necessary for the maintenance of the constitution and the interests of the Established Church." This was in 1827. What became of the " maintenance of the constitution," and the "interests of the Established Church," in 1829 ?—Bell's Life of Canning. Silver may be beaten into plates, 110,000 of which make one inch in thickness. HISTORICAL SKETCH OF THE SIKHS. BY THE REV. A. P. IRWINZ. Nanac, the great prophet or reformer of the Punjaub, was born in 1469, and his reformation was nearly con. temporary with that of Luther in Europe. He did not pretend to work miracles ; and it was said by him, that a holy teacher needed no more defence than the purity of his doctrines. His followers were called Sikhs, or dis ciples, and for more than a hundred years increased in number without exciting the jealousy of their Mabometan rulers. About 1606, Argunmal, who was priest of the Sikhs, improv eir sacred books, and first gave a form and union sect. He fell a victim to the revenge of the governm t. Under his son, Har Govind, the Sikhs took up arms to revenge the death of their revered ruler, and from that time an irreconcileable hatred sprung up between the followers of Nanac and Mahomet. In the government of Guru Govind, the grandson of Har Govind, the Sikhs took the form of a nation, and materially altered the fundamental doctrines of their re ligion. The object of Nanac had been to purify the re ligion of Brame, which he united with his own, and treated with the greatest respect; but Guru Govind broke all terms with the Hindoos, abolished caste, and made the equality of all men the basis of his doctrine. He required every individual to devote himself to arms, and always to have about him steel in one shape or other. He gave the nation the name of Sinah, or lion, a name of distinction assumed by the first military class of the Hindoos. Guru Govind was, after a long contest, overwhelmed by the arms of Aurungzchi, and the Sikhs were long perse cuted most cruelly by the Mahometans. They recovered their liberty at the death of Nadia Shah, in 1747, and re torted the cruelties they had suffered. The Mahometans now, in turn, appear to be highly pleased at their severe chastisement by the English. As early as 1814 they were supposed to be able to send 100,000 horse into the field ; since then their resources have been developed and hus banded, their power consolidated, and their discipline perfected, (through the means of French officers,) by Runjeet Singh, the firm ally of England. From the time of his death they have resembled the Praetorian Cohorts in the old age of the Roman empire, and established a purely military government, which, from its nature, could not long refrain from aggression upon its neighbours. They have now been taught that there are generals more skilful, and soldiers more restless than themselves; who, while they condemn and avoid injustice and aggression, are ready and able to punish them. They have yet to learn what is the religion of those forbearing but resistless masters. It is just, pure, and merciful ; so, in an infinitely inferior degree, is that of Nanac their prophet. The creed of the Sikhs, says Colonel Malcolm, is pure Deism. They admit no images : their worship is simple and spiritual. Mr. Wilkins relates that he visited one of their places of worship; when he asked permission to enter, he was told that it was open to all mankind ; but he was desired, in token of respect, to take off his shoes. In the chancel there was an altar, covered with a gold cloth, upon which was laid a sword, covered by a round black shield. On a desk, near the altar, was placed a large book. An old man, with a reverend silver beard, kneeling before the desk, (attended by a person with a drum, and two or three others with cymbals,) opened the book, and chaunted to the tune given them. At the con clusion of every verse, the congregation joined in a response. It was a hymn in praise of the Deity. A young man next stood forward, and pronounced, with a loud voice and distinct accent, a kind of litany, in which, at certain periods, all the people joined in a general re sponse of "Wa Gooroo." They prayed against tempta tion, for grace to do good, for the general good of man kind, and for an especial blessing on the Sikhs. .k short benediction from the old man, and an invitation to a friendly feast, concluded the ceremony. Nanac taught the omnipr, since of God, and that He dwells not more particularly in one place than another, (more enlightened in this than some Christians, who still imagine that "the Most High dwelleth in temples made with hands;" and especially in a particular part of the building, which they frequently bow to!) Nanac was reproached by the Mahometans for lying with his feet toward the house of God. " Turn them," said he, "if you can, " where the house of God is not." He taught his followers three things especially—first, to worship the name of God ; second, charity ; third, ablu tion ; and that they must not seclude themselves from the world, nor do ill to any being, for that into all the breath of God is infused. He said that he himself was directed to put on armour that would harm no one; that his coat of mail was to be that of the understanding; that he was to convert all his enemies into friends; that he was to fight with valour, but with no other weapon than the word of God. It is evident that this high-minded, bold-thinking peo ple, with their freedom from idolatry and from caste, and with a religion imperfect, indeed, and authoritative, yet comparatively pure and benevolent, are, humanly speak ing, the most promising subjects among the Eastern na tions for the operation of the religion of their conquerors, agreeing with their own in many points, and transcending it in all. Thirty years ago, the attention of the Church Mission ary Society was called to the Sikhs, but the nearest approach that the society has yet been able to make them, so far as I am aware, is the Himalaya mission at Kotghur, established two or three years ago, on the extreme north western boundary of the present British territory, and on the high road from the plains of India to Tartary. Now is the time for the friends of that noble society to try and enable it at once to throw forward its peculiar army, the soldiers of the cross, to save ►ife, not to kill. The moment the treaty with China was concluded, Popish priests stepped forward, we are told, from amid the attendants on the British envoy, and claimed the empire in the name of the Pope. Let not British Protestants be always last. Let us enable the Church Missionary Society at once to send the heralds of the pure Gospel to a nation which has no idols, and will have none until Rome sends them. LORD MORPETII'S FREEDOM FROM PRIDE.—Lord Morpeth contrasts favourably with other Whig noblemen in either house of parliament, in being, to all appearance, wholly free from the pride of rank or class. In the as sertion of those views and principles which are popular with the middle and lower classes, he has gone further than any of his colleagues; and his evident sincerity of disposition compels us to believe that he feels all he ut ters. He not only entertains popular opinions, but, what is infinitely more captivating with the multitude, he ex presses them popularly. There is a frankness, a warmth, a courtesy, unaccompanied by insulting condescension, that attaches to him men of all shades of opinion. In this respect, the young nobleman who most resembles him is Lord John Manners. Starting from wholly opposite points in their political arena, their course seems to run thus far, that they think the time is come for social, more than for political concession on the part of men of rank and station, to those who, in the singular changes this age has seen, have secured to them so much of the real power of the country.—Fraser's Magazine. CANNING ' S DUEL WITH CASTLEREAGII.—The par ties met on the 21st of September, near the Telegraph on Putney Heath, Lord Castlereagh attended by Lord Yar mouth, (afterwards Marquis of Hertford,) and Mr. Can ning by Mr. Charles Ellis, (afterwards Lord Seaford.) Having taken their ground (in sight of the windows of the house where Pitt died ! they fired by signal and missed. The seconds endeavoured to effect an accommodation, but failed, and they then declared that, after a second shot, they would retire from the field. The principals again fired, and Lord Castlereagh's ball entered Mr. Canning's thigh, on the outer side of the bone. Accord ing to some accounts of the meeting they were placed to fire again, when the seconds, seeing the blood streaming from Mr. Canning's wound, interfered, and so the affair ended. Mr. Canning afterwards published an account of the whole transaction, which was rendered necessary by certain statements published by Lord Camden. Lord Castlereagh's secretary also issued a " detail," as he de scribed it, " of the original cause of the animosity," which was answered by a " statement " from Mr. Can ning. Mr. Canning's wound was fortunately slight, and after a short confinement at his house, Gloucester Lodge, in Brompton. he was sufficiently recovered to attend the levee on the 11th of October, and resign the seals of the Foreign office into the hands of his Majesty. Mr. Ft us kisson resigned with him, nobly sacrificing his ambition to his friendship. The infirm Duke of Portland, sh,t tered and wrecked by these disasters, went into retire ment and died. The administration was at an end.— Bell's Life of Canning THE GARDENS OF CHATSWORTIL—Chatsworth is one of the great places of the day, of which it may be said that its proprietor is a prince and its gardener a man of title. As a whole, its extent and general grandeur is unsur passed by any English garden that we know; every de partment is constructed on a vast and broad scale. We could point out other gardens where some one department is carried out with equal or even greater success than it is at Chatsworth ; but if we take it in all its parts, it has no rival. If we refer to its scenery, it is grand and highly picturesque, with thousands of acres advantageously seen bearing the astect of boundless woods and park-like ground, through the midst of which runs the meandering, gurgling, but pure and limpid trout-stream, the Derwent. Then there are its acres of Italian gardens ; its terrace walls, and raised, straight, and broad terrace walks; its gushing waterfalls and fountains, sending forth their per pendicular liquid columns to the height of several hun dred feet; and the piles of rockwork which have to be passed between the house and the conservatory, which, as a work of art, is most prodigious. Next, is the conserva tory, which in magnitude greatly surpasses all other con servatories which have been built; by our mode of step ping, we made the length to be about 280 feet, and the width 120; the height we do not now remember, but it is a few feet over or under 50. It is surrounded by a gal lery, or pathway, at the height of 25 feet. overlooking the centre compartment of the house. The floor of the house is traversed by a boundary walk near the glass ; a straight walk also passes through the centre from the extreme ends, and this is again crossed by another at the middle of the house. The remainder is formed into earth-beds, in which the plants are growing. The temperature is kept up by hot-water pipes surrounding the house just within the outer wall ; and two underground trenches, each contain ing a series of pipes running parallel to each other the whole length of the house. It will convey some idea of the magnitude of this erection, when we mention, that along one s'cle for a short distance, is planted a hedge of Agave Americana, or American aloes ; in another part, and contiguous to the latter, is a grove of Mandarin oranges; in another there is an immense mass of rock work, upon which is constructed a pathway of rude steps, by which the gallery, or balcony, 25 feet in height, is reached ; again, in another, a lake, a pool, or aquarium, is constructed for gold fish, and the growth of water plants; then a grove of plantains, or musas, and in another a na tural group of palms, amaryllidese, &c. planted in the border. Amongst the palms, we noticed an old acquaint ance, and one of the finest plants in the house, cocoa plumosa, now nearly 30 feet high.—United Gardeners and Laud ,Sfiewardi Journal. THE LIVERPOOL SiTAIII)Attb. VALUE OF SEWER WATER. (From the Liverpool Health of Towns' Advocate.) If we take the population of Liverpool at 300,000 their annual produce of sewer water would, according to Mr. Smith's (of Deanston) data, be 7,140,485,676 gallons ; and if use could be found for all of it, at the yearly rate of 17,920 gallons per acre, it would fertilise 398,460 acres. So, that allowing about one-half of the saving to go to the farmer, there would still, on Mr. Smith's data, be a re venue of above £270,000 a year to the town. And, be it remembered, that this estimate tests on the assumption of the present sewer water being used, without taking into account the improved drainage, by which the whole soil of the town (that to a very great extent is now otherwise disposed of,) will be suspended in the water of the sewers, and increase vastly its value as a fertilising agent. By an experiment made lately in Lancashire, it was proved that eight tons of sewer water were superior in efficacy to fifteen of farm-yard manure, or three cwt. of guano. - We need hardly say that, if even a small part of this be true, the authorities of Liverpool may have at their command, whenever they choose, a fund amply sufficient to defray every necessary expense in improving the sani tary condition of the town. The Rev. Mr. Clay, in his report on Preston, has given a calculation in which be shows, that to place that town in as perfect a sanitary condition as external means well could, a sum of money would be required, the minutz/ interest of which, to be raised by a rate, would be £8,959 Os. Bd. For this sum the whole town would be cleansed, every room in it ven tilated, every house would have a water-closet and drain ; the needful main and secondary sewers would be laid down, and half of the town supplied with water. To meet this expenditure, he estimates the annual value of sewer manure at £25,000, and the whole annual saving from improved sanitary condition, a lower rate of insu rance, &c., at £22,815 more. In other words, the whole weekly expenditure per head of the I._opulation, for every improvement, would be about three farthings, while the whole weekly saving per head would be 41d. This may be thought somewhat extravagant by those who have not paid attention to the subject ; but let us see what the Towns' Improvement Company actually offers to do, and what it is about to do for Leicester, and, not improbably, for Manchester also. The proposal for Manchester is—to lay on pipes to every cottage, with a constant available supply of water to the extent of 100 gallons per diem to each house, for a penny a week for houses under £5 rent. To provide every cottage of the same class with a sink, washhand-hasin, and self-acting water-closet, for another penny a week; and, for an addi tional halfpenny a week, to keep the foot pavement and roadway clean by the sweeping machine and washing with the jet. And lastly, "to effect street sewerage and pave ment on terms of contract, and to seek its profit from an undeveloped source of revenue—the application of the refuse of the town for the purposes of agriculture." The company expects an income of twelve per cent. on the outlay from these sources; but offers to pay over one-half of all dividends above 8 per cent. to the Town Council, as an improvement fund. The Town's Improve ment Company has, in connexion with it many indivi duals who are the most competent to form a judgement on the subject, and their proposals shew the commercial value attached to sewer water as a source of revenue. Captain Vetch, R.E., one of their engineers, says in his evidence— "If the three objects of supplying water to the town, extin guishing fires, and of sewering and draining, were skilfully combined into one system, and if each town secured the benefits of such a c mbination to the inhabitants at large, their comforts and conveniences might be met either very cheaply, or even be entirely defrayed by a proper application of the manure." The - objection to the use of sewer water for agriculture on the ground of malaria is very simply answered by the fact stated by competent parties.—that while a top-dress ing of stable dung gives off gases for six days, a dressing with sewer water ceases to do so in one day. THE Duic OF WELLINGTON.—CompIeteIy the repre sentation of an old soldier ! Stiff, half-deaf, but cheerful ; it is easy to be seen that he must have been what is ?ailed a well-built, handsome man. The form of his head, as well as that of his face, is principally long, the shape of the skull not very remarkable, the front and back por tions rather high. His hair is quite white, and he has rather too much for his age, particularly in a country where baldness is more common than elsewhere, The sockets of his eyes are wide, and it is obvious from his appearance that he is rather to be regarded as a man of eyes than a man of ears, on which remark the history of his life offers the best commentary. I saw him generally in uniform, and decorated with many orders. He still rides, and was at the head of his regiment at the review; and lthough the windows of his residence were broken some years back, he still appears a favourite with the ople, for wherever he makes his appearance. the cry "Hurrah for the old Duke ! " is general.—Travels in England, by Dr.Carus, Physician to the King of Saxony. THE "MOUNTAIN PHEASANT" OF NEW SOUTH WALES.—The pk.cne of feathers in the tail of the cock bird would form the most graceful ornament for a Queen's head-dress. Two noble feathers, somewhat like a peacock only more brilliant and various in their colours, sur rounded by the most glittering silver lines of curving fea thers, fine as the prairie grass, and sparkling like the waves of the ocean, ornament the tail of the male bird, while the female is only remarkable for the elegance of her shape, and not for the beauty of her plumage. In my opinion, this bird is the pea fowl of this country, and not a pheasant. Earl; in the morning, I have seen him spring from the thickest brushwood, and wing his arrow-like flight to the tallest tree, and there he appears to mimic the notes of the various songsters around him. But the most beautiful attitude that I once saw him in, beats every thing I ever beheld of what men term politeness. I have heard, and have read of delicate attentions paid to our sex by men of noble and generous dispositions; but I scarcely ever heard of such devoted attention as I one .day witnessed in this noble bird towards his mate. I saw her sitting in the heat of the meridian sun upon her nest, and the cock bird seated near her, with his tail expanded, like a bower overshadowing her ; and as the sun moved, so did he turn his elegant parasol to guard her from his rays. Now and then he turned his bright eye to see if she was comfortable; and she answered his enquiry with a gentle note and a rustle of her feathers.—Magarel Catchpole, SIR ROBERT PEEL.—A man of about fifty years of age —of good figure, powerfully made, and rather full; the form of his head remarkable, on the whole, rather for breadth than height. The relation of the three portions of the brain, so far as I could judge from a cursory view, somewhat prevented, too, by a considerable quantity of grayish hair, tolerably harmonious, the middle part of the head low, as is usual with heads of a broad form. The countenance expresses much firmness, joined with a de cidedly prosaic appearance, but great sound common sense. In'conversation with crowned heads, the expres sion, with all its firm reserve, passes readily to a smooth tone, and his bodily attitude easily assumes the same ex pression. His language is, however, select, comprehen sive, and well expressed. Whenever I had the opportu nity of seeing him, he was dressed in black, with white neckhandkerchief, and without any orders. I here sub join, in conclusion, some remarks which were made to me concerning his qualifications for his important duties as Prime Minister : " Sir Robert Peel is quite fit for his sit uation. By birth, belonging to the people, by his early connexion with Oxford, entirely devoted to the Conser vative cause, he seems to have been made for his situation and for his age. There can be but one opinion respecting his talents ; he possesses, at the same time, a sufficiency of physical power, and has property enough to secure him self a complete independence (the English say, 'An empty sack will not stand upright'). In his daily inter course, he is considered cold and stiff, and has no inti mate personal friends."— Travels in England, by Dr. Carus, Physician to the King of Saxony. ENCOUNTER WITH AN EAGLE.—Though not the he roic bird he is called, when hungry or acting in defence of his young, the eagle is bold enough to attack anything, as a Highlander still alive can testify. Some years ago, in Sutherland, an active lad, named Munro, stimulated by the premiums offered by the Farmers' Society, determined to attempt robbing an eagle's nest in the neighbourhood, which appeared to him comparatively easy of access He took no assistant with him, that there might be no di vision of the prize -money, and set about scaling the rock alone. Holding on like a cat, by projections of the rock and some roots of ivy, he had mounted to within a few yards of the nest, and was on the point of reaching it, when the female eagle came home, hearing a young lamb in her talons. Instantly, when she saw the intruder, she dropped her game, made a rapid wheel, and attacked him. Munro had no firm support for his feet, and was obliged to hold with one hand to a root of ivy. The eagle fixed one talon in his shoulder and the other in his cheek, and thus commenced the battle. Munro had but one hand free : to quit his hold of the ivy with the other was to in sure a fall of KO feet. In these circumstances of peril his presence of mind did not forsake him. He remembered what he called' " a wee bit knife" in his waistcoat pocket; this he reached, opened it with his teeth, and with it at tacked, in his turn, the eagle, unable to extricate her talons from his clothes and flesh, and stabbed and cut her about the throat till he killed her. He did not carry the adventure farther, but descended without waiting for the return of the other eagle, faint a n d h a lf bli n d w i t h hi s I own blood. It is several years ago, but he carries the marks of the eagle's talons in his face and shoulder to this day.— Quarterly Review. STRIKES INTRODUCE MACHINERY. — Strikes lead to the superseding of hand labour by machines. In 1831, on the occasion of a strike at Manchester, several of the ca pitalists, afraid of their business being driven to other countries, had recourse to the celebrated machinists, Messrs. Sharp, and Co. of Manchester, requesting them to direct the inventive talents of their partner, Mr. Ro berts, to the construction of a self-acting mule, in order to emancipate the trade from the impending ruin threa tening it. Under assurances of the most liberal encou ragement in the adoption of his invention, Mr. Roberts suspended his pursuits as an engineer, and set his fertile genius to construct a spinning automaton. In the course of a few months he produced a machine, called the " Self acting Mule." which, in 1834, was in operation in up• wards of sixty factories; doing the work of the head spinners so much better than they could do it themselves, as to leave them no chance against it, * * * Mr. S. Holme, the builder, of Liverpool, recently wrote a letter to his workmen. in which he says :—" In no country, ex cept Great Britain, are hod carriers generally employed. I never saw one in any part of the continent ; and it is not only more convenient but more economical, in almost every instance, to hoist up materials, or use a wheelbar row, than to pay men for carrying heavy loads up a ladder. We no more need to have bricks carr ed on men's shoul ders than the merchant in hoisting his goods into a ware house need adopt such an antiquated principle; yet I should be sorry to introduce machinery for this purpose, in every instance, as it would throw many poor men out of employment ; but the labourers must be prepared for it, for the period is fast arriving when we shall be driven to hoisting instead of carrying, and a turn-out of hod car riers will preciplate the measure."—Statement of F , cts connected with the Turn-out in the Lancashire Building 7 rade. THE NEW HIGHWAY BILL. The following is an abridgment, of the government bill " to amend the laws relatin g to highways," i n t r odu c ed into the House of Commons by Sir James Graham. The first 29 clauses regulate the constitution of the new local boards, and define the powers of control to be entrusted to the enclosure commissioners, appointed in pursuance of an act passed last session for facilitating the enclosure of common and waste lands. The chief commissioner of woods and forests is at the head of the commission. Mr. G. Darby, the la`e representative of East Sussex, is one of the principal members of it, as we believe is also Mr. Blamire. The enclosure commissioners, or any two of them, may sit as a board, for the purpose of this act. Immediately on its passing, they are to proceed to distribute the several parishes and places now maintaining their own highways, into " highway districts," the limits of which they may at any time alter. Within 14 days from the 29th of Sep tember next a board of way-wardens shall be elected for each district. Every' parish and every hamlet now main taining its own highways shall elect one or more rate payers as waywardens, the number to be fixed by the en closure commissioners. If, however, the highways of any hamlet are less than four miles in length, it shall be annexed, for the purposes of election, to the parish to which it belongs. The right of voting for way. wardens is to be the same as for guardians of the poor. The way-wardens shall remain in office two years, and shall be capable of re-election. Vacancies caused by death, resignation, or disqualification, shall be filled up as they occur. Justices of the peace resident and acting in the district, shall be ex officio wardens. On the election of way-wardeps, the powers of the present highway officers shall cease, and they shall, within a certain time, lay before the magistrates in petty sessions, a statement of accounts, and shall hand over to the way wardens all monies and other property which they hold by virtue of their office. Parties making default, shall be liable to the same penalties as overseers under the poor law. Every board of way-wardens shall hold, at least, four meetings in the course of each year, five members to be a quorum. lhe clerk shall call a special meeting on the requisition of five members of the board. 'At their first meeting the board shall appoint a chairman and vice-chairman. Subject to the approval of the enclosure commissioners, they shall also appoint a surveyor, clerk, and treasurer. The latter officer, Sir J. Graham stated, will have no salary, as he will usually be the banker of the district. The enclosure commissioners shall have power to dismiss these officers ; but the way-wardens only with the consent of the commissioners. The board of way-wardens may appoint local commit tees, consisting of not less than three of its body, for the management of the highways of those districts in which the members are resident; who shall transact such busi ness as is delegated to them by the board. The joint expense of the district (such as the salaries of the surveyor and clerk) shall be borne by the various parishes and hamlets, in proportion to the length of highway in each. The board of way-wardens may, with the approbation of the commissioners, consent that the total expenses shall be distributed in the same proportion as the joint expenses; but on the application of three-fourths of the wardens, such an agreement may be again cancelled. Unless this arrangement be entered into, the surveyor shall charge each parish with the expense of its own highways ; and the accounts shall be open at all seasonable times to the inspection or the ratepayers. The duties of the surveyor shall be (subject to the control of the board) to keep the highways in good repair, to preserve an account of all receipts and disbursements, to prepare such estimates, reports, and returns as may be required, and to appoint arid dismiss sub-surveyors and workmen. The clerk shall attend all meetings of the board, keep minutes of the pro ceedings, &c. The treasurer shall receive for the board the moneys paid by the overseers of the various parishes, and shall pay cheques. Within fourteen days previous to the general annual meeting of the board of way-wardens, the accounts shall be audited by the poor-law auditor of the district, who shall have the same power respecting them, as he has respecting the accounts of the guardians of the poor. Fourteen days' notice shall be given of the time and place of audit, that ratepayers, if desirous, may attend and object. At the general annual meeting of the board of way- wardens, to be held at such time as the com missioners shall appoint, the surveyor, clerk, and trea surer, shall produce their books and papers; and the surveyor shall produce an estimate of expenditure for the ensuing year. On this being approved by the board, the surveyor shall give notice to the overseer of each parish of the amount required, which shall be collected with the poor-rate. The poor-rate and highway-rate shall be as similated in all respects ; but the former shall never ex ceed 10d. in the pound at one time, or 2s. 6d. in the year, without a special warrant from the enclosure commis sioners. The board of way-wardens shall have the same means of enforcing payment by the overseers, as a board of guardians. A yearly abstract of district accounts is to be sent to the enclosure commissioners, who shall report annually to the Home Secretary, like the poor-law com missioners. GENERAL MISCELLANY. On Friday night week, the grand stand on Sutton Coldfield race-course was set on fire, and wholly destroyed. Mr. Rich, a reformer, has been returned unopposed for the borough of Richmond, Yorkshire. Her Majesty's royal charities to the aged and poor were distributed on Monday and Tuesday last, to upwards of 250 persons, ss. each. On Wednesday. the election committee of the House of Commons decided that the Hon. Mr. Lindsay had been duly elected far Wigan. Five hundred distress warrants to recover poor-rates have been issued during the past week in the parish of St. Clement Danes. Measures are now in active progress for the erection of two out of the four public baths contemplated in Bir mingham. On Tuesday the extensive ropework and sailcloth weav ing premises of the Gourork Ropework Company, at Glasgow, were destroyed by fire. On Friday an awful fire occurred in Limehouse. Six houses were destroyed, and thirty poor persons rendered homeless. The majority were uninsured. The Anniversary of Shakspere's birthday will be cele brated at Stratford-on-Avon on the 23rd instant. It is expected that several eminent literary characters will at tend. Russell, so well known in the sporting circles as the plaintiff in the numerous qui tarn actions which excited so much attention last year, has been before the Insolvent Court, London. On Saturday week, a woman and a little boy were found buried in the snow, in the pass of Glenlyon, Scotland. She died soon after the discovery, but the boy was taken to a cottage and cared for. A few days since, a poor fellow met his death at Hud dersfield, through the brutal practice of kicking. His opponent has been committed for trial on a charge of manslauzhter. EmpsE.—There will be an annular eclipse of the sun on Saturday, the 25th instant, partially visible at Green wich. It will commence at 5h.32 m. afternoon ; middle, 6h. 14 m. afternoon ; and end 6h.4 m. afternoon. _ On " all-fool's day," a poor Irishman inquired at the office of the Glasgow Citizen for a copy of the paper con taining the account of the passing of the repeal act, and the triumphant entry of O'Connell into Dublin ! Yesterday week, the freedom of the city of London was voted unanimously, in gold boxes worth 100 guineas each, to Sir H. Hardinge, Sir H. Gough, and Sir H. Smith, the heroes of the war in the Sutlej, and also to Maj or- General Pollock. Mr. S. R. Brooking, of St. John's Wood, having died of injuries received by a fall from his horse, his wife was inconsolable,—insisted on sleeping in the same bed with the corpse of her husband, and in the morning was found dead by his side. Mr. Edward Lawes Pyrn (who was removed from the list of lieutenants of the Royal Marines, and who was ac quitted, at the last Winchester assizes, for being con cerned in the duel at Gosport, in which Mr. Seton lost his life), has been restored to his former rank in that corps. At Bodmin assizes, Mary Pearce, post-mistress at Stratton, was sentenced to seven years transportation. She had taken postage stamps off letters-which passed through her hands, and these stamps she had placed on letters for which the people paid her postage. Mr. Hudson, painter, of Douglas, Isle of Man, lost life last week by jumping from the paddle-box of the King Orry steamer, and missing his footing, as she was leaving the pier at Douglas. The brother of Mr. Hudson committed suicide the same week by cutting his throat. BRADFORD.—Great exertions are making at Bradford by the free traders to induce Mr. Hardy, who has long laboured under indisposition, to retire from the repre sentation of the borough, in order that Lord Ashley may step in. When the progress which foreigners are making in the textile, hardware, and other manufactures is considered, it would not be at all surprising were the Anti-Protectionist manufacturers in some few years hence to rend the air with shouts of Protection. GREAT TROTTING M ATCSI.—On Thursday, Mr. Tay lor's grey mare, and Mr. •Eldridge's brown horse, per formed their five miles trotting match at New Cross, and the match was won by the grey, who went over the five miles in twenty minutes. The stakes were £lO. Last week the meadows, and lands adjoining the river Trent, north and south, for many miles, were lad under water owing to the excessive rains. Several newly-built bridges, portions of works in the course of erection, hay stacks, hewn timber, cattle, and property of a moveable character, were swept away. A convict, named Howard, who was sentenced to seven years' transportation at the Central Criminal Court, made his escape from the Penitentiary at Milbank, by getting through an aperture in the roof of the builuing. Ile be longed to a most notorious gang in Westminster, by whom it•is supposed he is secreted. Three sailors belonging to an Austrian ship bound from Newcastle to Venice, having been sent ashore at Falmouth the other day, for water, picked some plants in a marsh, with which they made a salad. One of the roots was water-hemlock, and all the men were poisoned ; two were recovered by medical aid, but t he third died. It is stated that the Leeds Botanic Gardens, though of larger extent than those of Sheffield, Manchester, Liver pool, Birmingham, Edinburgh, Belfast, and Dublin, are conducted at a considerably less annual expense than any of these. The annual cost of the Leeds gardens (20 acres) is £5,17. A meeting of the electors of the Tower Hamlets was held on Tuesday, when resolutions were passed agreeirg to support Mr. Lawrence Hepworth of Liverpool, and Mr. George Thompson of London, at the next election, as candidates " upon the principles of commercial, reli gious, and political freedom." The Waterwitch towing-steamer, belonging to Leith, was run down a few days since by the Vintage schooner, from London, at the entrance of the Fiith, abreast of Ofscar rocks. After they had struck, it was thought she had got clear without damage, when she almost immedi ately sunk with her crew, six in number. It is said that an additional wing is to be added to the Roman Catholic Cathedral of St. Chad, Birmingham. A new chapel also, upon a smaller scale, is to be commenced almost immediately at Edgbaston, so that there will be three Roman Catholic chapels in Bit mingham. A new chapel is also to be erected at Shrewsbury, at the expense of the Earl of Shrewsbury. Sir Henry Hardinge is the son of the Rev. H. Har dinge, rector of Stanhope, Durham. He highly distin guished himself in the Peninsular war. He was present at the battles of Busaco, Alhuera, Badajos, Salamanca, Vittoria, the Pyrenees, Nivelle, Nive, and Orthes ; he lost his left arm at the battle of Ligny, and was one of the Wa terloo heroes. Hundreds of acres on the low lands around Hull, says the Hull Packet, are now under water. Between Hull and Beverley and Selby and Brough, numbers of fields present the appearance of one vast lake, and in many places the drains and water courses are undistinguishabje from the land on either side. it is said that the land in the East Riding of Yorkshire has not been so generally and heavily flooded for thirty years. FATAL ACCIDENT.—Two labourers, named Hart and .11`Clare, were killed on Friday, at Newcastle-on-Tyne, by the falling of the gable end of a cottage, adjoining the site of an intervening house, which had been removed. The unfortunate occurrence took place while the deceased were in the act of removing the soil adjacent to the foun dation of the fallen wall, which was built on a loose sandy soil. PROGRESS OF ART.—Mr. Barton, of Ulverstone, the contractor of the mail gig from Milnthorpe to Whitehaven, has at present a horse with an,iron leg, and, most strange to say. in that state it is a " first-rate galloper," a fact which is known to many persons in Ulverstone. The horse came to a misfortune about last Whitsuntide, and the iron leg has been fitted up and fixed on by a blacksmith of Ulverstone.—Kendal Mercury. GREAT FLOOD.—The river Don last week overflowed its banks to an unprecedented extent, and great damage was done at Rotheram, Doncaster, and the neighbour hood. Several sheep and lambs have been washed away. An immense quanttty of game has been destroyed, either by being drowned, or captured by persons who traversed the flooded fields in light boats, and took the hares, &c. from the tops of the hedges where they had sought refuge from the water. DESTRUCTIVE FIRE.—On Monday afternoon a fire of a very destructive character broke out in an extensive building at Elmbank, Glasgow, consisting of two stories besides the ground flat, the lower portion of which was known as " Elmbank Foundry," occupied by Mr. James Allan, sen., whilst the two upper flats were used as a cot ton store by Messrs. Bryson and Miller. The latter portion of the premises was completely filled with cotton, amounting to about 1200 bales, as we have been informed, and estimated at £lO,OOO value. The premises were to tally destroyed, but it is hoped that much of the cotton will be saved, though, of course, in a dama.:ed state. DOMESTIC SERVANTS.—A few days since, a meeting was held at Peckham, for the purpose of inducing mas ters and mistresses to unite with their servants in raising a fund towards the erection of asylums for invalid and aged servants, and also for providing means of support and a refuge for servants out of place. There are in the vicinity of London 125,000 servants, who by subscribing 4s. each would realise £25,000, which would allow £lO,OOO for building almshouses, and £lO,OOO for a relief fund, leaving a surplus of .£5,000. Communications from seve ral noblemen, clergymen, and others, were read, promis ing support ; and resolutions were passed for forming a Servants' Protection Society. THE ELEPHANT AND THE LOCOMOTIVE. A few days ago, there was a " monster meeting" at Morpeth, Wombwell's elephant and a North British locomotive en gine having arrived in the ccurse of the afternoon. The engine was drawn by fifteen horses. Mr. King, the ma• Hager of the menagerie, made an offer of the services of the elephant to surmount the hill in leaving the town. His kindness was at once accepted ; and the ele phant, apparently proud of an opportunity of dis playing his strength, cheerfully and resolutely undertook the task. When yoked to the load, he seemed to say to the horses, as they tugged along with him, " see me do it !" and he never once paused until he had reached the summit of the hill. This, we should think, is the first in stance of an elephant trying his powers against an iron horse. IS CHALK MANURE ? — This question —one of great im portance to the agricultural body —was brought to an issue before the Court of Quarter Sessions at Dorchester, on Wednesday last, when was heard an appeal against the decision of two magistrates who had convicted a toll keeper in the penalty of 45e., for charging toll on a wag gon-load of that article. Mr. Ffooks, in support of the conviction, showed by two old agricultural works, pub lished in 1718 and 1727, that chalk was used as a manure in those days, and that it was mentioned in that quality so long ago as the time of Julius Cresar. Asa manure it woul)l be exempted from toll by the 5 and 6 William IV., cap. 18. For the appellant, Mr. Stock quoted Johnson's definition of manure, and contended that although chalk might be classed as a component of manure, it was not n anure by itself, and had not been so contemplated by the legislature. The court at once and unanimously con firmed the conviction, deciding that chalk is manure, and, on the application of counsel, granted the respondent's costs. INTERESTING TO SCHOOLS AND FAMILIES. have examined a little work that has lately fallen into our hands, written by a lady, (generally the best expounders of the wants of children.) ereitled Chamberlain's Young Scholar's New English Dictionary," and to our judgment it possesses extraordinary merit. The work contains a dictionary of well selected words in general use, explained in language adapted to the capacities of those for whom it is designed. The words are accented, and the mute letters are printed in italics, The method pursued of placing many nouns and adjectives immedi ately after the verb or noun to which they belong, and shosing their meaning by figures ingeniously contrived, has given space without too much bulk, for a far greater number of useful words under different heads, in one, two, three, and more syllables; an advantage that ob viates the necessity of separate meanings, and naturally excites in learners more interest, from tl,e variety it af fords. The book is indeed admirably adapted for teach ing the junior classes and for family use, and it enjoys an advantage also, of no slight consideration in the present times—it is remarkably cheap. ECONOMICAL TRIP.—In a locality not more than fifty miles from Huddersfield, there lived not long ago a couple of respectable individuals, apparently in the enjoyment of every comfort. The husband was kind, but withal rather of a saving turn of mind. Some months ago, the wife was attacked with a serious illness, which, to the grief of her family, terminated fatally. She bad, how ever, one request to make of her loving husband, and that was, that she might be buried in the beautiful churchyard of W—, situated in one of our northern counties ; at once he assented, and the poor creature died contented. On the same evening, a man in his Sunday attire might have been seen wending his way to the door of the vi carage. " Please, Sir, I've come for a license." " Li cense, John ! you don't require a license to bury your poor wife." John was abashed for the moment. " How long, my good man, have you lived together as man and wife ?" " Please, Sir, twenty-five years. But, Sir, I thought of marrying Jane —." " Marrying again, John, before you have buried your late wife !" " Why—yes— please—Sir,—you'll understand that she requested to be buried at W—; and Jane and me thought it would be most convenient to all parties, if we were to get married at once, and make the same trip do for both purposes. THE IRON TRADE.—The ironmasters of the district as sembled at Wolverhampton on Wednesday. The buyers sought a reduction, but the masters would not yield, and demanded the prices for last quarter,—namely, pig iron, from £4 15s. to £5 10s. ; bar iron, £lO ; railway iron, from £lO 10s. to £ll. After an ineffectual attempt to reduce the prices, sales of pig iron were made at the above quotation. It was stated by some extensive buyers, that there were many railway companies would be purchasers to a great extent if the prices were reduced. It was also intimated, in the course of the day's transactions, that there was a decided inability to purchase for want of capital; but strong hopes were entertained that the mea sures about to be introduced by government, relative to the proposed new schemes, would have the effect of im proving the money market, and facilitating commercial transactions. At Birmingham on Thursday there was a very large attendance of masters, not only from the imme diate locality, but many of the large firms in Shropshire, Wales, and London, were represented. There were also a great number of buyers present, who tendered orders at reduced prices, but the masters were firm, and refused to accede to a reduction, however small, twon any descrip tion of iron. It is doubtful whether Ole present high prices can be upheld throughout the present quarter. RAISING THE WIND.—An ingenious fellow, calling himself George Nettle, was on Monday brought to the court at Bow-street for re-examination, charged with uttering counterfeit silver coin. In five different cases ;t was proved, that seeing a bill in the window announcing " Apartments to Let," he went in, and offered himself as a tenant; and saying he had rather leave something to " bind the bargain," he tendered what appeared to be a very nice crown piece, desiring them to take two shillings or half-a-crown as a deposit, and give him the difference. The difference was given to him in good money of course; and when he was about to leave the house he suddenly seemed to recollect something, and said his wife was by bw-iness a laundress, and asked whether there would be any objection to her taking " in a little washing in a quiet way." The answer being that there would be a very great objection, he said, " Well, then, I must have my deposit again;" the crown-piece was returned as a matter of course, and he gave back a counterfeit half-crown. Thus acqui ring two shillings and sixpence good and lawful money by the trick, and getting repossession of his counterfeit crown to enable him to repeat the trick elsewhere. The police d'srovered that this trick he repeated successfully at three different places in the same street in the souse of one hour. MURDER AND SUICIDE.—On Friday the wife of It W. Tomlinson, employed on a railway near Goole, drowned herself and her infant in the river. She had been suffering some time from lowness of spirits._ _ Mr. Herapath, of Bristol, the analytical chemist, met with a serious accident on Wednesday. While operating upon some fulminating silver it suddenly exploded, and burnt his face so severely, that for a time it was feared be would be deprived of the sight of the left eye at least. He is progressing favourably. A Al ELANCHOLY ClAsk.—At the Quarter Sessions of the peace for Bolton, on Friday, a case of a curious nature occurred. Mary Bird, alias Wilson, was arraigned on a charge of having stolen ..t'3s from John Waddielove, a butcher in that town. The robbery need not be detailed—it may be well imagined—The prisoner, an unfortunate female, lived—horrifying to relate—with her own parents, in a common brothel, at the bottom of what is called Twenty Steps, in Bank-street, and was permitted, and encouraged by them, to endure a life of the most disreputable nature. When she committed the theft, she handed the money to her father, who went off with it to Manchester, and there him self got robbed of it in a house of ill-fame. He took this so much to heart, that, in a fit of excitement and despair, he went out and hung himself—an awful example of retributive justice,— the prosecutor losing his money for his iniquity—the prisoner receiving no benefit from it—and the author of her being, per haps of her misfortunes, meeting so awful an end. She had been previously convicted, and was sentenced to transportation for ten years. April SOUTH LANCASHIRE ASSIZES. CROWN COURT..—TUESDAY. (Before Mr. Justice Palleson.) ASSAULT IN A CHAPEL. OLDHAM v. Penn.—This was an action to recover da mages for an assault. The declaration stated that the defendant assaulted the plaintiff, and compelled him to go out of a chapel. The defendant had pleaded, first, not guilty ; and, secondly, that the plaintiff, with others, was making a disturbance, laughing and talking in a certain chapel, and that in order to prevent the continuance of the noise, the defendant, as servant of the trustees of the chapel, removed the plaintiff. Mr. Serjeant Wilkins was for the plaintiff, Mr. Joseph Oldham, estate agent, of Jubilee Buildings, Lord-street, Liverpool. For the last three years, he, with his mother and sisters, had at tended Brunswick Chapel, Moss-street, in that town. In the evening of Sunday, January 11th, being later than usual, he went with a friend to this chapel. It was seven o'clock when they reached the chapel, and in order that he might not disturb the congregation, the plaintiff went the back way to get to his own pew. It was filled with persons ; he did not wish to disturb them, and he stood in the passage, intending to wait to the end of the service. At this moment the defendant, Benjamin Pugh, who was the chapel keeper, went up to him in a very abrupt man ner, took him by the collar, and dragged him out of the chapel. The plaintiff asked him for an explanation, and asked him to be allowed to go back and fetch his hat. Still the defendant kept him by the collar, and having al lowed him to get his hat, he dragged him out of the cha pel, and held him for some minutes on the steps. The plaintiff remonstrated with the defendant, who produced a cap in which something very filthy hart been deposited, and accused the plaintiff of Ming guilty of the offence. The plaintiff indignantly denied the charge, and insisted upon having an apology from the defendant, when the de fendant threatened to give him into the custody of the police. The learned counsel said that all the plaintiff wanted was to save the costs of the present action, and to set himself right with those with whom be had been in the habit of associating. It could not be said that the action had been got up to put costs into the attorney's pocket, for the defendant had had the opportunity of settling the matter by paying two guineas to the Orphan Asylum, and a guinea to Mr. Fosbrook, the solicitor employed br the plaintiff.—Two young men, named Springfellow and Dowling, and Mrs. Oldham, mother of the plaintiff, were examined in support of the plaintiff's case.—Mr. Ather ton addressed the jury for the defendant, and in mitiga tion of damages, on the ground that although the assault was unjustifiable, the defendant at the time was labouring under the belief that the plaintiff was the p erson w ho ha committed a wrong upon him. The jury found a verdict for the plaintiff ; damages, £lO. At twelve o'clock, the court rose ; and, in the Conroe of the afternoon, Mr. Justice Patteson left Liverpool for London. NISI PRIUS COURT.-TIIESDAY. ALLEGED CRUELTY AND OPPRESSION BY AN APRICAg C•PTAIN. HUDSON v. WARD.—This was an action of trespass brought by the plaintiff, Thomas Hudson, against the de fendant. John Ward. Mr. Knowles st a t e d the case. The plaintiff was by trade a cooper. He sailed on the present occasion on the 26th of July, 1843. He bad been engaged by the defendant, Captain Ward, who was the master of the Bounty Hall, a vessel which belonged to Mr. Bold, of Liverpool. It was not until the 14th of November that the occurrence took place which had given rise to the pre sent action. On the day in question the plaintiff and five other coopers were engaged busily at work. The plaintiff had his staves in a bundle ; and having placed them in the way of another man, named Pearce, Pearce threw thei down. A few angry words were in consequence exchanged between the plaintiff and Pearce ; and then one of the mates, who was related to Pearce, told the coopers to mind their work. Some one called out that they were minding their work already; and the mate, having chosen to aPe some that the plaintiff had made the observation, although he had not opened his lips, came forward and seized the plaintiff by the shoulder. The plaintiff not having heard the 'Ate coming, turned suddenly round, and, in doing so, the hammer he held in his hand accidentally touched. the mate's ear. The mate then seized him, and, assisted by the second mate, they both dragged the man towards the vessel. However no great offence was taken. The mate spoke to him about going back to his work, and in e little time he went back to his work. The mate did not appear to think that any act of mutiny had been corn.. menced ; but having found some blood on his ear in a lit tle time after, he then began to view the accidental touch he had received from the hammer in a very different light. The captain was at that time on shore ; and the mate hav ing sent a messenger for him, the captain came on boardr accompanied by the captains of other vessels then lying Off the coast. The plaintiff, who was at work when he heard , the captain cry out, went toward shim with his tools is his hand. Now, then, what took place? The jury would find that the captain had ,at that time, what be called S walking-stick in his band. The jury might be curious tO know what a walking-stick in the hands of an African cap tain really was. It consisted of a gun-barrel, plugged with wood ; and a most dangerous weapon it unquestiona bly was. The captain raised up the walking-stick—blud geon would be a more applicable name for it—and struck the plaintiff a violent blow with it,—so violent that the man staggered under the weight of it : and he (Mr. K.) dared say that the man raised both arms to avert the blovf when he saw it coming. The captain ordered him to be stripped and tied up to the rigging, there having been no inquiry, no examination, no questions asked of anybody. Meanwhile the mate had been preparing what was called the cat o' nine tails. It was necessary here to mention that the captain was a very strong, powerful man, upwards of sic feet in height—that the plaintiff was the reverse, and that the mate was just as powerful as the captain. Instead of nine, the mate put sixteen tails to the cat ; and so soon as it was ready, and the back of the plaintiff was laid barer the captain would have the satisfaction of inflicting the punishment. He therefore took the cat and gave the mah two dozen and two lashes, drawing at every strokete gave, not only blood, but particles of flesh from the back of the poor wretch. But that was not enough. When he got tired the mate was called to his assistance, and there the latter brute took the cat and went on inflicting the blows, until he had made up five dozen lashes. The plain tiff could bear it no longer ; the man's natural strength was exhausted ; he was about to faint ; and it was neces sary the captain and mate should give over, and they did so. When the plaintiff bad recovered from the faint, be was seized by the mate, and dragged through his blood tO the wheel of the vessel. His hands were put round the spindle at the wheel, and tied there. Handcuffs were. brought. They were too small, an d t h e man remonstra te(' against them, but in vain. In that position he was mans; cled, with his naked back expcsed to the weather; and there he was kept from four o'clock in the afternoon u ntil twelve o'clock on the following day —twenty hours. 06 was then untied, and removed to the boatswain's locket' on deck—a place which was about four feet in height an d five in length ; and ther e hi s h an d s were manacled. is' chain was passed over both arms, and fastened to a staple , the length of the chain being sufficient to allow On to' walk about, and he was kept there for 90 days. • Th o plaintiff, at the end of that period, was sent home to Errr land in another vessel. The torture was inflicted, as h° had stated, on the 14th of November, and yet the jai would find that in the following Jene he was still suffering from the barbarity inflicted upon him. The learned gen: tleman concluded by saying that it was altogether a 0 100 , 0 brutal and savage case, and one which would call for 0 44 emplary damages. A number of witnesses were then examined, who gib' stantially bore out the learned counsel's statement. Mr. Martin then addressed the jury for the defendan t ' He said be perfectly agreed with his friend, the Attorney` , General, that this was one of the mo s t i m p or t an t case' which had been tried during the present assizes ; for nt jury or persons of any kind could he ar th e d e t a il s of cu t` tering of a man being flagged in the manner w hich / 351. been represented, without having their feelings enlisted t t 7 wards the suffering party; but they (th e j ur y) h a d beard but one side of the story, and he did trust and hope tr e e would keep their minds open until they had heard th. other side; and when they had heard b ot h, and after h a had made a fi w observations upon them, he did feel een; fident that his client would obtain a v e rdict. There Weis some facts spoken by the witnesses for the plaintiff , which the two witnesses differed; but lie attache) no CO sequence to this. He would not go th roug h m i n ute d e : tabs; for, unless he should show that what had laeri sus ted was a gross, misrepresentation of circumstances , would ask them not to give a verdict to his client bu t t 74 the plaintiff. He would call their attention to some Plio which were utterly inconsistent with the story et b b learned friend, but quite consistent with the case cY", I O he was about to set up for the defence. The last wit l3 ,4 had seated that Hudson. upon WIT taken from the wh e , of s was immediately tied up, and that then the examinattio took place. If this had been the fact, he (Mr. Mar,„,.. would readily admit that it had been a farcical investl r y lion ; but if this should be false, and a full and fair 441 W should be shown to have taken place, and that one Ordr the captains engaged in the inquiry had agreed in P o re meat, what would they thi n k o f t h e agreement o f 1 1 1,e t ert stories ? it had been said that th e bl ow h a d been jail be upon Whittington's ear by accid en t ; b ut if i t s hou ld d shown, upon oath, that he was f e ll e d t o t h e e arth, ' ye stunned by the blow, and that, i n consequence of this , be pe captain bad been immediately s en t f or , h e wou ld ask`..re which was the most consistent story ? And did tio ; r oe tain come back al one ? N o ; h e b roug h t w i t h hip other captains. Would this have be en the case if the aj ° hid been merely a noisy quarrel amongst the cooperf,' u st stated in the case for the plaintiff? He (Mr. M-irtio)e'd tO protest against the prejudice which had been attemP i l li she be raised in their m i n ds aga i ns t cap t a i ns en gaged ~f t lif African trade, who were, generally speaking, trust existed.men ; and T a h better l earned can du ct counsel,e d m man t etrh givingan h an e o nt ttioi n n cc id ol the case which he was about to set up, proefeae` Au : area' evidence to prove it; and observed, it would be o''..,bico to judge under all the circumstance s o f the case , was the true account. After callin g up o n the jury t^o,oool nish all prejudice from their m inds to war ds his eau' commenting r. m t i n r g . uponmart the Mar t in proceeded r unexceptionableoeeeded to o examine e r eve,_rii 07s i t t; nesses for the defence. It was stated bY t `,.! ep lai O4. and some of the captains of the other vessels that t!l__ by 0 _ tiff, on the mate coming on deck, felled bliLf un d ors blow of the hammer, which inflicted a severe 0 •"_,. Oa his ear, and had p ro d uce d symptoms o f lock - i . 1 70 4. 010 the captain coining on board with two other ca e Pt the calling the plaintiff a f t , h e re f use d t o lay dow to ta gs trier and driver, and on the captain atternetin, i g e ca plet : them from him, he attempted to strike him• tb g d etts then struck him with his fist, and they strugg ie out of '" until the captains present took the hammer t in irons. hands. It was for this he was flogged andtr' : and it was alleged that his condition. as detaile d „ s ot 01-- witnesses was very much exaggerated. At b a," t o r ee l o'clock the jury were locked up, but, being tint . they were discharged at twelve the same night. This closed the business of the assizes.