Northern Times. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1859-06-25 00:00:00

THE WAR IN ITALY. t ERNE, Friday ; %lune 24.—Despatches from Milan ' lo llfirm the - news that 5,000 French have been l iespatched towards the Valentinino at Bormeo. 30 kustrians, and one company of volunteers, consisting 44 students of Merm, in the Tyrole, are marching to (l ecuPy the passage of Stelitio. The Archduke Governor of the Tyrole has arrived I t Naudres, to overlook the enrolment of 24,000 men i ll the Tyrole and VoralbeFg. The Tyrolese raise difficulties about entering military service. Plutis, June 24.—The following official telegram has been published to-day : "LONATO, June 23.—This morning, the Emperor, ° lecompanied by the King, traversed the environs of the town, and pushed a reconnaissance as far as besenazo, on the borders of the Lake." IvIARsEILLEs, June 24.—Advices have been received from Rome to the 21st instant. "On Sunday, the crowd assembled before the French garrison, and were about to display the tri-colour flag, and to proclaim the dictatorship of I r ietor Emanuel, but General Goyon prevented it. 'Strong, *patrols' traversed the town yesterday. The Pope has notified his protest against the 4 otnemberment of his States *to the powers represented at the Paris Conferences. " At Gaeta, the Pope addressed the Conristory on tll6 :iFparation of Romagna from the States of the Church. His Holiness communicated to the e(trdinals .a letter of the Emperor Napoleon, haraiteeing the independence of the Papal States. "The Delegate of Ancona has withdrawn into the f ortress, with the troops who had there fortified t hemselves." _ _ Monitor Toscainro publishes a ministerial e ircular, ordering the Prefects to respect free mani eStations, and the popular,wish for annexation with P iedmont. The circular denies the possibility of a 4 turn of the former dynasty, and declares that 41 Qisions of territory would enfeeble Italy: Victor Emanuel is the symbol of union and liberty. _ The Patrie of yesterday (Friday), contains the kilo Nv i ng ~ed that a corps d'armee of 40,030 k en, taken partly from the Regiments in Africa, is " It is annou li kpected in the Adriatic seas ~-~--. 3. THE FRENCH FUNDS. I ARIs, June 24, 12.22 a.m. Bourse opened firm tentes 61.90, 3.27 p.m.—Rentes closed 61.90 for Money 41 .75 for account ; tendency flat. Thdgment has been given in the matter of the 'iloensed Brokers against the- unlicensed Brokers. i aeh unlicensed Broker is condemned t o a fine of 40 ,500 francs. -.THE SARDINIAN DICTATORSHIP. Penis; Friday Morning.—The Aioniteur of this morning l antains a note explaining the character of the dictatorship aftered i n Italy on all sides to the King of Sardinia, and the t nlelusion drawn that the Piedmont wishes to unite all i' 1 Y in one State without conSulting the populations and t a great. Powers. Such conjectures have , it sa y s, no t k ° lntdation. The people, whether delivered or abandoned, itiB hto make common cause against Austria, and with that ttention they place themselves under the protection of the ‘ e i ng of Sardinia ; but the dictatorship is a powe r p urel y t r aPnrary, which, whilst uniting common forces in the ante hands, in no way prejudices any future combination. A , XOTHER VERSION OF THE PRUSSIAN PROPOSITIONS The Brussels Independance of Thursday. evening publishes I llother version of the prepositions which Prussia is said, to , . 4 o made for- the re-establishment of peace. - According to t °la latter information, which we give solely on the autho tti:tY of the Belgian journal, Prussia proposes that Lombardy annexed to Piedmont; Parma, Modena, and Tuscany be t e ,stored te*their legitimate sovereigns ; the authority of the ° Pe re-established in the legations ; Venice become inde kdent; and the four famous fortresses of the Mincio be hexed= to - the Germanic 'Confederation ;- " so' preventing 44 aggressi,ve ; return .0 Lombardy on the part of Austria, , s j,7, 4 protecting Venice from the aggrandising project s of ‘ledinont."- THE AUSTRIAN ARMY, l r izzsmk, June 21.—1 t is said, in an official despatch, i i eh left Verona this morning, that his Majesty had : 41 °Yed his head-quarters from Verona to Villafranca , a 'mall toxin on the Mincio, and midway between Peschiera Rd Mantua. As the picquets of the two armies are within : :It of each other, not a day passes without some sli g ht rnishes, but there has been no serious collision since the e lagement at Melagnano, a detailed account of which Peared in our columns full a week ago. In the Weiner N ejeu ng, of yesterday, it was stated that the Emperor, who en horseback, inspected the 7th and sith corps (General Zobel and General Benedek) at Lonato, but there is reaso n to believe that the troops in question were on the left hank o f the 'alesty went to see them. The official organ says the 4a arch was received with loud acclamations, and the state ment is probably perfectly correct, as the troops,who, on the pre eedine• day, had learned that Gyulai had been dismissed, er ; in high spirits. A courier arrived at Mantua yes aY, bringing the welcome news that the garrison 11- Ancona was very near the Po, and would cross the river t o t he 21st inst. (to-day.) General Baron Paumgartten, rp e ftmander of the garrison, kept on the road which 4 14 1 / 8 along the coast until he reached Rimini, whence he h is te hed by wa y o f Cesena to Ravenna. It was originally 14 tention to proceed directly from Rimini, by way of FOr ) and Fa3nza, to Bologna, but on reaching Cesena he t e l: ri ed that Bologna was in a state of insurrection, and Il re t , he would have to force his way through the city. At a " the inhabitants of Forli resolved to make a hostile . 1) ,„ t ''colstration against the garrison of Ancona ; but they re °43idered ,th e ma tt er , an d a ll owe d th e Austrians to continue t he It nlareh from Cesena to Ravenna without molestation. t he garrison of Bologna has already crossed the frontier th e e will not to-morrow be a single • Austrian soldier on tiut right bank of the Po. It is confidently expected t it t a great battle will very soon be fought on the right 1 1 il k of the Mi nc i o , an d p ro b a bly in the neighbourhood of o utechiare 'and Castiglione, as it is evident that an ""vx will be mad e on P esc hi era before anything is ,„ ‘ a uipted against Mantua. The fact of the allies having 'tliaeir headquarters at Brescia induces many people to suspect they intend to force their way through the Southern A ir 1 , and by so doing to turn the right flank of the th e 'lan armies now concentrated between the Mincio and ; but every inch of ground to the north of the t - 4 7 0 di Garda is federal territory, and cannot at this thelaent be vi o l a ted w ith impunity. Since the openi ng o f t elt ca mpaign the Austrian army has lost about 30,000 men, 404 , 48 reinforcements in the same proportion have been to Italy, the Emperor must have 280,000 men under e ' o ramand. There are ten complete corps in the th e t ha rdo-Venetian kingdom, and the strength of each of o b . ; may safely be computed at 28,000 combatants. One a rtnie—l believe it is the 4th—is in the Southern i tt - s and it will (according to circumstances) ant on the Sil s l r9 or menace the left tank of the Allies. If Glicribala still thinks he shall be able to get into the Northern Tyrol by way of Bonnio he deceives himself, for the mountaineers, are said to have destroyed the " Teufels-Briicke " (Devil's -bridge), which connected the Valtellina with the Tyrol. On the 14th inst., the Emperor went to the great military hospital at Verona, and closely examined the different wards and the kitchen. The visit must have been totally unexpected, for neither the director of the establishment nor the surgeons had time to make themselves "fit to be seen." The former had on a jacket of brown ticking, like that worn by the common soldiers in summer, and the aprons of some of the surgeons showed but too plainly what their occupations had been when the Emperor entered the house. His Majesty, who addressed several of their . ioldiers in their native language, tasted the soup, meat, and vegetables which had been prepared for the Patients. At one o'clock on the same day he rode out to the 'camp, and it was remarked that he had an upper garment of grey ticking on instead of his uniform coat. The Emperor is not too proud to learn from his doughty adversary, for he has issued an order that the men are no longer to carry their knapsacks when on a march. The soldiers were delighted to learn that they had been relieved of a burden, which under an Italian sun is terribly oppres sive, and told their officers that the French would speedily remark the difference between the bayonet thrust of an unencumbered man and that of ", a poor devil," with a 20 lbs. on his shoulders. C o l one l v o n knapsack weighing Kuhn, the chief of the staff of the second army, is recovering from a serious indisposition with which he was attacked two days before the battle of Magenta. THE POPE'S SWISS GUARD AND THE PEOPLE. A. letter from Paris, dated Thursday evening, says The bloody conflict at Perugia between the Pope's Swiss guards and the people is considered in government circles as a deplorable event. It no doubt tends greatly to increase the difficulty of the task which the French Emperor has undertaken of preserving the temporal dominions of the Pope while emancipating Italy from the Austrian yoke. The papal forces are confessedly inadequate to repress the national movement which has broken out in many large towns of the States of the Church. The policy of selecting; a little mountainous village like Perugia, where the popula tion is too •small to offer effectual resistance, for shedding blood .in the name of the papal authority, may well be doubted. The event is likely to double the intensity of the revolutionary movement in Bologna, and to excite insurrec tion in all the' disaffected parts .of the Papal. States that have hitherto remained tranquil. The Romans, rightly or wrongly, consider themselves included in the Emperor Napoleon's Milan proclamation, addressed to the " Italian people," and claim the benefit of his promise that the French army shall not interfere with the manifestation of their " legitimate wishes." - Unless, however, the Swiss hirelings, now masters of Perugia, shall be supported by French troops, nothing is more likely than that they will speedily be driven out by an overwhelming national force. THE DICTATORSHIP IN ROMAN CITIES. The Pays in answer to "various correspondence," which persists in affirming that King . Victor Emmanuel is disposed to accept the dictatorship which has been offered him by certain towns in the Roman States, asserts that all these rumours are completely false, and that the King has refused any sort of dictatorship, whether "provisional" or other wise. The fact that Prussia.is making a serious diplomatic effort to put an end to the war seems to be every day re garded as more and more certain. But great astonishment is felt at the positive assertion of the Independanee that the territorial limits established .by the treaties of 1815 are to be proposed as the bases of the announcement. , The im possibility that Prussia can for a moment seriously . suppose that France will listen,to any such proposition, gives some countenance to the all - but incredible assertions of certain German journals that a war with France is really intended by Germany. PRUSSIAN POLICY. The Independence Beige says : -- ".We received this morning from Paris a new version of the proposals said to have been put forward by Prussia with a view of re-establishing the peace and maintaining the equilibrium of power in Europe. " Lombardy would be annexed to Piedmont, Parma, Modena, and Tuscany restored to their legitimate sovereigns, the authority of the Pope re-established in the Legations, Venice converted into an independent state, and, finally, the four famous fortresses of the Mincio annexed to the Germanic Confederation, which would thus, by the influence of her neutrality and the power of her garrison, preserve Lombardy from any aggressive attempt on the part of Austria against the rights which Piedmont will have acquired by conquest, " In this form the Prussian proposals are, without doubt. more in harmony with existing facts, and consequently more acceptable to France and Piedmont, but for the same reason it appears to us doubtful whether Austria will be willing to subscribe to them. The correspondent who reports these proposals to us places great confidence in their efficacy. We put them forward, however, without sharing his optimisme, and, indeed, expressing the uncertainty we feel as to the anthenticity of his information." The Journal des Debets, alluding to this subject, says: " Our usual correspondence from Berlin informs us. of ,an unexpected incident which retards for a time the execution of their military arrangements. According to this informa tion, the Bavarian government has reftised to allow Prussian troops to pass through its territory, until the Prussian government shall have answered a series of questions as to the meaning and purpose of the resolutions it has taken. ' "In connection with the supposed mediation which these military demonstrations were to support, we believe nothing whatever is known. In any case, the versions proposed by various journals, and especially by the Independence Beige, appear too uncertain and unreliable for us to put any trust, in them. We do not know whether, as this journal asserts, the basis of the arrangements for which Prussia wishes have been already laid before the Cabinet of Vienna, but we believe we may state that the news given by several journals as to the departure of M. de, Werthen for Verona, where he is charged with a mission from his government to the Emperor Francis Joseph, is completely devoid of foundation." GERMANY, A Frankfort letter of the 20th, in the National Gazette of Berlin, says : "Baron de Kubeck, the representative of Austria at the Diet, arrived here this morning. In passing through Dresden he had an interview with Baron de Beust. M. de Pfordten has arrived here also. Austria and the secondary States will not, it is thonght, present any propositions to the Diet until Prussia shall have made a communication as to the measures which she has just adopted, and as to her future policy. " A letter from the Hague, of the 20th, states that the First Chamber had, on the previous day, adopted by a majority of 31 to 3, the bills for calling out the levies of 1856 and 1857. The Chamber afterwards discussed the bills relating to the Limburg contingent of the Federal army, which were adopted by the same majority. The house then adjourned sine die." THE TWO SICILIES NAPLES, JUNE 18.—All Naples was taken by surprise at the appointment of a permanent British minister here. From what had passed within the last month, such a step was far from being expected, nor did it appear to have been justified by the policy of the present sovereign. To say nothing of the communication which had been made o cieusement before the appearance of Mr. Elliot, that if a constitution were given by the Neapolitan government England would send a minister, at the time that the new appointment was made not a single concession had been granted. There was, therefore, an unbecoming haste in renewing relations; and there are many who would have desired, and who think that the political position of Italy demanded, that England should have been repre sented at Naples by men thoroughly Italian in their sympathies and progressive in their ideas. As some of the results of Mr. Elliot's mission, I have to apprise you that on Thursday night late three decrees were published, to the following effect :—An amnesty is granted to those condemned to irons, seclusion, relegation, or imprisonment for political effences, committed in 1848 and 1849, excepting those mentioned in the decrees of 27th December, 1858, and 18th March, 1859 ; the former of whom are Poerio and his companions ; and the latter, not yet out of the country, are still condemned to exile. The action of this decree, there fore, is restricted to those who have already suffered ten pm; coufinement ; some of whom, perhaps, have only two THE NORTHERN TIMES, SATURDAY, JUNE 25 1859 or three years more to complete their term of punishment and excluding others of those compromised is 1848 and 1849, such as Poerio and his companions, who have received the mercies of exile. Another decree relieves all those engaged in the political turbulences of 1848-49 from all civil disabilities—enables them to procure passports and doctor's degred, and to serve in any public office. The number of those so relieved is enormous., A person who had. occasion to make some inquiries for a friend of his—an "attendibile "--tells me, that five folio volumes were searched, full of names of these unfortunate persons. This measure is a great relief, as it comprises; at a moderate calculation , 60,000 persons. Those who are in prison without trial are left as they are, as are the persons who were arrested last week after the demonstration. Filangieri has urged their liberation ; but his Majesty, fearing that it may be regarded as a sign• of weakness, has hitherto refused it; thus making the sovereign will the law of the country. A third decree grants three years' diminu tion of punishment to all condemned for ordinary offences. A fourth decree is intended to please the poorer classes : " All articles of dress, cloth, and common metals, pledged for sums under two. ducats, up to 15th June, shall, be redeemed, capital and interest, by our royal Treasury, and restored gratuitonsly to the pledgers." The week has been marked by arrests, and a display of public force occasionally in the streets. From Sicily, which is almost a sealed book to us, I heard that a few day since there was a strong demonstra tion in Palermo. The authorities telegraphed to Naples for instructions, and orders were given to bring out the troops, which was done. There was, however, no collision, though the arms were said to have been removed from the Austrian Consulate. At Messina, the following incident is reported to have taken place, though I will not guarantee it. A donkey, dressed out in tri-coloured ribbons, was driven by a number of lads into the Piazza. In one ear was stuck the letter F, in the other 11., and on his forehead the proclamation announcing the ascent to the throne of his Majesty. The police soon despoiled the donkey of his finery, and then left him, hoping he would retrace his steps to his stall and betray his master ; but it appears that the donkey was utterly lost, and might have been brought in from the, country. I,cannot refrain from adding, that the more I see of the Neapolitans, the more I am convinced of the general,, discontent with the decrees of the 16th inst. They 'are a burls,' an inganno,' an " are words in every one's mouth. Pity that this government never does anything in time or gracefully ; everything is too late or imperfect. .At the last moment I hear that the great demonstration' in' Palermo . was made an occasion of the illumination of the Sardinian Legatibn after the battle of Magenta. Last Sunday and Monday nights the arms of the Austrian consul were covered with blood. Troops out during the week. Here in Naples I hear that " Down with the Bourbons !" has been found written on the walls in many places. Some of the employes in the' telegraph Office have been arrested on a charge of having a secret machine, with which they send and receive despatces. THIRD EDITION. AMERICA. The New York (s), with mails, of the llth inst. from New York, arrived off 'Cowes yesterday morning, and proceeded to Bremen. Advices antici pated. She brings $327;000 for England, and $lOO,OOO for France and Bremen. SWEARING OF THE _LORD' CHANCELLO_I? At the sitting of the court yesterday, Lord Campbell took his seat, for the first time, as Lord Chancellor. Hi's lord ship was accompanied into court by the Lords Justices, the Master of the Rolls, and Vice-Chancellors 'Kindersley, Stuart, and Page Wood. The oaths were administered to the Chancellor by the Master of the Rolls, assisted by the Clerk of the Crown. There was a very large attendance of the bar, and the court was crowded to excess by spectators of a very brief and not particularly interesting ceremony. It was stated that the Lord Chief Justice of the Queen's Bench, Sir A. Cockburn, the Chief Justice of .the Common Pleas, Sir W. Erle, and the Attornev-General and Solicitor- General, Sir R. Bethell and Sir H. Keating, were sworn in in his lordship's private room. LONDON COURT OF BANKRUPTCY. THE ROYAL BRITISH BANK. —DIVIDEND.--Yesterday was appointed for the declaration of the further dividend of ls., in the pound under this estate. Mr. Linklater fur the assignees referred to a claim by Messrs. Nixon and Dillon io prove against the estate in respect of certain shares bargained for by them just , before the bankruptcy, under circumstances which they considered entitled them to have the money returned, or that they should prove against the estate. A statement of facts had been agreed on for his Honour's decision, but in the interim 'the official manager had made a claim on them as contributories, and that ques tion was now in Chancery. lie (Mr. Linklater) now had to urge that the claim should be expunged, so as not tointerfere with the dividend now proposed to be paid. The case had stood over so long that the claimants would not be injured by letting the matter stand over until the final dividend ; for had the case been argued before his Honour, and the decision been unfavourable, there could be no doubt that an appeal would be entered, and that could notbe deeided until November at least. His Honour did not consider he ought to expunge the claim, it ought to remain so as not- to interfere with the present dividend. The case of Mr. Law, of the Victoria Tavern, Holloway, was then brought before the Court ; it was similar to the above as to facts, but he had refrained from claiming as it had been understood that his case was to abide the result in the previous case. Mr.- Reed supported on the ground that Mr. Law ought not to be prejudiced by a delay to save expenses on all sides, and that he ought to be placed in the same position as Messrs. Nixon and Dillon., His Honour considered and admitted the claim. After some few appli cations of no general importance, it was announced that arragements would be made for the payment of the dividend forthwith, Mr. Johnstone, the messenger of the court, having made arrangements which will be duly announced. A 'further dividend is expected, although small, under the bankruptcy. EXTENSIVE FIRES IN LONDON. Yesterday morning, at an early hour, a very alarming and destructive fire broke out in the premises belonging to Mrs. Caronne, 1, Victoria-place, Pimlico. The discovery was made by a constable of the B division perceiving smoke issuing from the second floor. He at once gave an alarm, and having aroused the inmates, they managed to effect a safe retreat. The flames, in the space of a few minutes rose so high as to bring out in bold relief the beautiful gilt work of the clock tower of the Houses of Parliament, and the same being seen from the Surrey side of the water, led many to believe that the palace was on fire. The en gines of the London brigade from the Horseferry-road, King-street, Golden-square, Chandos-street, and the more distant stations attended, and a good supply of water being obtained, the firemen went to work in first-rate style, but they were unable to extinguish the flames until they had penetrated the roof and destroyed the upper floors of the building and its contents. The origin of the misfortue i unknown. The loss will fall upon the Sun Fire . Office. Another fire happened in the extensive premises belong ing to Mr. George Scott, soap-maker, carrying on business at 199, Upper Whitecross-street, Cripplegate. The fire arose from some unknown cause in one of the shops, and although the fire brigade quickly attended, the flames could not be subdued until a serious amount of mischief was done to the shop, the contents, and the middle warehouse. The loss, it is understood will fall upon the Phoenix-office. A third fire took place in the premises of Mr. B. Granger, mast and block maker, situate at 89, Broad-street, Ratcliff. It was caused by an imperfection in the gas fittings, which might have been avoided had the Patent Atlas Chandeliers been used, or even the Atlas water cup signal whistle, but the moment the gas escaped unperceived, it came in contact with the live flame, and the consequence was that the build ing was extensively injured, and the inmates narrowly escaped witn their lives. The fourth fire broke out in the Queen's Hotel, the pro perty of Mr. E. Shearman, Aldersgate-street. It was caused from the kitchen fire, which ignited the coffee-room, a compartment 70 feet by 40. The engines in the London Brigade were soon in attendance ; the damage done was very considerable, but not to such an extent as to prevent the business being carried on as usual. A fifth fire was on the premises of Mr. G. Smith, Anchor and Hope alley, and three or four others ; but the damage at the last named was not of a serious character. The sixth occurred shortly before eight o'clock, and was of an alarming character, on the premise of Mr. White, a manufacturer of lucifer matches, in Nelson-court, White chapel. The building was filled with a large quantity of combus tibles, and there were nearly thirty boys and lads on the premises. The flames broke out in the drying-room on the first floor, and Mr. White was one of the foremost to give the alarm, when all the persons employed rushed from the building, which soon became enveloped in a dense mass of flame and smoke, causing the inmates of the opposite houses in the court to make a precipitate retreat. A nnmber of brigade engines were soon at the scene of the fire, which was subdued in two hours but not until the whole of the building was dest r oy e d. The Are is attributed to the over heating of the drying stove. NORTHERN TIMES OFFICE, SATURDAY, 10 A.K GREAT BATTLE ! GREAT VICTORY The following most important telegram was re ceived at Mr. Reuter's office, at 8.30 this morning : " PARIS, Saturday Morning, 7.45.—The Emperor to the Empress : " CAVRIANA, Friday Evening.—The whole Austrian army formed the line of battle, which extended five leagues in length ! " We have taken all their positions, and captured many cannon, flags, and prisoners ! " The battle lasted from four o'clock in the morn ing, till eight o'clock in the evening !" SECOND EDITION. N ORTHERN TIMES OFFICE, SATURDAY, 9 A.IL THE WAR IN ITALY. The Times, alluding to the alleged peace proposi tions of Prussia, says it would be most vain to expect that Louis Napoleon can, after two great victories, and after driving his enemy some two hundred miles before him, acquiesce in the conditions which were acceptable before the war began. The• Daily News quotes precedents to show that duplicity and irresolution have invariably marked the policy of the Prussian Court in important junctures ; but let either party. in the Italian war be decisively beaten, and Prussian policy will lose its ambiguity. The alleged anti-Gallicism of Germany, if it be general, is not unanimous, and every day lessens public sympathy. It is understood that the negotiations in progress for securing the neutrality of the German - mail steam ships engaged in the American trade, apply to the Hamburgh equally with the Bremen line. Letters from Paris mention a vague report that the Chambers are likely soon to be convoked with a view, some suppose, of announcing new levies of troops and another new loan. • MR. GLADSTONE AND THE NATIONAL DEFENCES. The rumour set afloat, attributing to Mr. Glad stone a desire to reduce the defences of the country, has been contradicted by the right hon. gentleman himself, who writes to one of his friends, who states that the estimates for the year will afford complete satisfaction to those who are most anxious respect ing the national defences. As to suspending opera tions in the dockyards,, any order on this subject must, he says, have been issued by the late Govern ment, as the new Board of Admiralty has not yet been constituted. COMMERCIAL. The military action of Prussia weighed upon the Funds at the commencement of business this morning, causing a fresh decline. In the afternoon- more firmness prevailed. The closing quotations were -I per cent. below those current at four o'clock yesterday. In the other markets great stagnation reigned, and the tendency of prices was drooping. In the Discount Market to-day, the demand was brisk, and the rates retain an upward tendency ; the terms for first class bills were 21 per ceut. About £20,000 in Australian gold was, to-day, taken to the Bank. From St. Petersburgh the exchange on London comes quoted again rather higher at 34k. On 'Change, this afternoon, bills on Holland and Hamburgh were enquired for, and the tendency of the rates was rather flat.—Daily Hews City Article, Friday Evening. There was a fall of nearly. ' per cent in the English funds this morning, from which t 2 here was a partial recovery in the afternoon. The market was affected by the depression on the Paris , Bourse,. and also by the telegram from Constantinople, showing a disposition on the part of Said Pasha, the Viceroy of Egypt, to resist the fulfilment of his military engagements to the Porte. There has been again a good demand for money, awl' the rate in the open market for the best bills is 22 per cent. Two more ships have arrived from Melbourne, with gold valued at £1.59,000. In the Foreign Exchanges this afternoon the rates for Hamburgh and Amsterdam were a shade lower. Paris, on the other hand, shows a slight advance. In the Discount Market at Paris money is. abundant at 21 per cent. The Colonial Produce Markets during the week have been steady, and have closed generally without material alteration. A moderate export inquiry still prevails, but there has been no revival of speculation, even in the articles most likely to be affected by a protracted war. In the Railway Markets,. yesterday, only a limited business was transacted, and nearly all the British Stocks closed at a reduction.. The railway receipts for the United Kingdom; for the week ending June 18th, show an increase of £76,060 compared with last year. In American Securities, yesterday, a decline of $1 took place in the shares of the Illinois Central, and an advance in the third mortgag e bond of the New York and Erie.—Times City Article, Friday Evening; The number of visitors present, on Friday, at the Handel Festival was 26,827. The electors of Tiverton have decided on dispensiug with Lord Palmerston's personal attendance at the election on Monday. According to the Levant Herald, an earthquake occurred at Erezoum on the 2nd inst., by which 1,500 persons lost their lives. Admiral Sir R. Dundas will be the First Naval Lord at the Admiralty ; and Admiral Pelham, Commodore Eden, and Captain Fesh, who is now commanding the Caesar, are to become members of the board. IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. HOUSE OF LORDS—FRIDAY. Several private bills were passed a stage, and the house adjourned till Monday, eleven o'clock. POLITICAL AFFAIRS. The Conservatives have determined to oppose Lord Bury at Norwich. The Post says that in Oxford, on Thursday, the impression was that great exertions will be necessary to ensure Mr. Gladstone's return. Lord Palmerston has issued his address to the electors of Tiverton. He hopes the ministry he has formed will prove satisfactory to parliament and the country. Only two political topics are introduced. The address says it will be one of the great objects of the government to preserve for their country the blessings of peace, and to take advantage of any favourable opportunity that may present itself to exert the moral influence of Great Britain to assist in restoring peace to Europe. On Reform, Lord Pal merston says :—" I trust that we may be able so to deal with that subject as to strengthen the institutions of the country by placing them on a broader and firmer foundation. Mr. Jas. Wilson will probably be opposed at Devonport by Mr. Busfield Ferrand. The talk about opposing Lord John Russell in the city appears to have come to an end. The Herald emphatically denies that Lord Derby has stated that he would never again accept office. The Herald asserts that at no period since 1841 has the Conservative party been so formidable to its opponents. The greatest enthusiasm prevails in all ranks, and the fullest confidence is reposed in its leaders. The Times says it is reported that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will retrench largely on the naval expenditure, and regrets that the extraordinary efforts made within the last twelve months, to give this country a fleet able to defend its shores, are to cease. A POPULAR HISTORY Or 1111 WORKING CLASSES. ADDRESSED TO THE WORKING CLASSES THEMSELVES. THEIR El 3 3 AND PROGRESS---bOCIAL AND POLITICAL PART SIXTH CHAPTER SECOND. MANNERS, HABITS, AND CUSTOMS OF THE PEOPLE IN THE EIGIITEENTH CENTURY- CONTINUED. It would have been well if the London gallants had been content to confine their follies to the metropolis • but, fond of variety , they sought the country, where they astonished fox-hunting squires, and made love to their unsophisticated daughters. It was thus that many a youth whose chief hope of triumph was confined to a fox-brush, and whose gayest party was a country wake, was converted into a London beau. As soon as his father had broke his neck over a five-barred gate, or drunk himself out of the world (the chase and hard drinking were the chief pastimes of the country squires in those days), the rustic aspirant turned his back upon the old mansion of his forefathers and hied to London, dressed in his leathern breeches tied at the knee with red taffetta, his blue jacket, and his great coat with buttons no bigger than nutmegs.(l) Although his entry was so uncouth as this, however, he took care to announce that he was somebody, in which case he was very soon surrounded by those who took care to lick him into shape and make a man of him. Bullys, beaus, and sharpers took him into training ; his levee was soon thronged with tailors, silk-mercers, and cabinet makers; with fiddlers and dancing-masters ; with prize-fighters, horse-racers, pimps, and parasites ; and thus in an incredibly short space of time he was translated from a raw bumpkin into a finished gentleman of the town. He was now ready to run the well-known ." rake's progress ;" and his new instructors teok care that he should lose no time. They first led him into all kinds of dissipation, generally treating him at their own proper cost, and when they had thus secured his confidence they gradually led him to the gaming table, where he was soon brought to fell his forests and mortgage his paternal acres. Hogarth has shown us what followed,—the dilapidation • of fortune—the hated marriage to retrieve it—the fresh course of riot ending in after beggary—and the closing scene of all in a madhouse. At the period I am 'speaking of, London was full of the most dangerous characters—a kind of brutal swell-mob, by whose turbulent conduct the peace of society was outraged. There was a class, for instance, styled " Darby ,captains;" who attended gaming houses ; " Lash captains," who were champions to women of the town ; and " cock and bottle captains," who frequented ale-houses, and whose peculiar vocation consisted in bullying timorous persons; and doing other such exploits, for hire. But the worst of . all were the .class called the "Mohawks." Those fellows, who • assumed the name, and out-did the atrocities, of a tribe of Indian savages, acted under a President, whom they styled " Emperor of the Mohawks," and their aim was to excel each other iu wanton outrages. (2.) An attack upon the watchmen was a favourite exploit. But what they chiefly aimed at was to mingle wit and originality with their mischief ; and a few of their practical jokes will give a full idea of their character, as Well as of the barbarism and insecurity that still reigned in London in the eighteenth century. One favourite practice of theirs was what was called " tipping the lion" on their victim—that is, they squeezed his nose fiat, and gouged his eyes out with their fingers ! Some of them, again, were called dancing. masters, because they made people cut capers by thrusting swords into their legs ; others tumblers, because they placed the women they caught topsy-turvey upon their heads. Another choice device of those wretches was to tumble a woman into an empty barrel, and then send it rolling down Snow-hill. (3.) While London was infested with such desperadoes as these in the eighteenth century, the Scottish metropolis was no less free from the same choice specimens of character. The Scottish . " hell fire club" in Edinburgh, in fact, seems even to have been more daring in impieties and indecencies than any of the notorious clubs of London. It abounded with associations also similar to those of the mohawks, which I-have just referred . to. One of these .was called the " sweating club," from .the practice of chasing the people through the streets at midnight, and almost sweating them to death. Street mischief and misrule, however, were not by any means con fined to those infamous associations. Judges • and advocates, we are told, might be seen reeling through the streets at midnight, laughing to scorn the laws which they administered by day, roaring ba.chana lian catches, and hailing every raganinffin they met ; while the lawyers clerks imitated their example. From time immemorial it appears the Edinburgh houses had had a pin at the door, instead of a knocker. This was a notched or twisted bar of iron, standing perpendicular from the door, and bearing a small ring of the same metal, which was drawn along the bar when the person sought admission—an operation familiarly called " tirling the pin." When the knocker superseded this primitive accommodation, the innovation displeased those nocturnal swaggerers, and they were . not scrupulous in testifying their resentment. Sometimes a whole street of houses had its knockers wrenched off in a single night. (4.) But the great object of hatred on the part of the Edinburgh brawlers was the town guard, composed chiefly of highlanders a body which was originally established by the Regent Murray. These town guard formed a sort of terror to the inhabitants at this time, from their rude and savage conduct when in the least . provoked ;.and the poet Fergusson, whose wild kind of life often brought him in contact with them, has celebrated them in many a rhyming_ malediction. I cannot resist the temptation here of quoting from his poems the following sarcastic account he gives of their march to Leith races : " To whisky plonks that'brunt for -ouks, On town-guard sodger's faces, Their barber bauld his whittle crooks, An' scrapes them for the races. Their stumps erst us'd to philabegs, Are dight in spatter dashes, Whose barken'd hides scarce fend their legs Frae weet an' weary plashes 0' dirt that day. " ' Come hafe a care,' the captain cries, . On guns your bagnets thraw ; Now mind your manual exercise, An' marsh down raw by raw. An' as they march, he'll glow'r about, Tent a' their cuts an' scars ; 'Mang them full many a gausy snout Has gush't in birth-day wars, Wi' blude that day. " ' Her nainser maun be carefu' now, Nor mann she be mislear'd, Sin' baiter lads bae seal'd a vow, To skelp an' clout the guard.' I'm sure auld reekie kens o' nane That wad be sorry at it, Though they shou'd dearly pay the kain, An' get their tails weel sautit, An' sair thir days." The guard of Edinburgh, like that of London, was not a match for a city mob in those days. It will be remembered how resistlessly they carried everything before them in the Porteous affair. (5.) The poems of Ramsay and Fergusson plainly show us that hard drinking was carried on to a great extent amongst the Edinburgh burghers throughout the principal part of the eighteenth century, and, in spite of the severe censure of the Church, the time was spcnt more in the tavern than at their own firesides. Nor 2 1 . . I S :l e e e an T- Ta tter i i ' f' s n tttrs ect to ak iella. -, 3. Hone's Every-day Book. 4. Chamber's Traditions of Edinburgh. (6. Vide Sir Walter Scott's "Heart of Midlothian.,, are the Edinburgh ladies presented to us in a very amiable light. A certain bluntness and licentious ness, we learn from the literature of the period, pervaded their conversation ; and even the youngest and fairest of them could sing, with wonderful complacency, such songs as are now to be found only in virtuosos and cabinais. The eldest daughter of the Earl of Royston, a lady of wit, beauty, and accomplishments, used to di,guise herself in male attire, and scour the streets at midnight in quest of adventure ; and in one of these sallies, _we are informed, she fell into the hards of the town-guard, and was confined for a whole night in the guard house. The plaid, in fact, which they wore so gracefully disposed over the head and shoulders, like a Spanish mantilla, served to conceal a multitude of sins in the shape of assignations and intrigues, a ;circumstance which brought upon it the law of both 'town council and Kirk session. Dressed in this garb, they frequented taverns and oyster suppers, nor does it appear that on these occasions they stinted them selves in drinking to the measure of feminine capacity. In domestic economy the Scotch made but slow .progress up to the end of the eighteenth century. Edinburgh enjoyed the unenviable distinc tion of being the filthiest city in Europe. As for the dwellings of the labouring classes, they were filthy in the extreme, and badly provided with everything in the shape of accommodation. The Royal palaces of Holyrood and Falkland were covered with thatch till about the middle of the seventeenth century. Such a condition of licentious manners among the people as I have been describing formed a fruitful source naturally for great superstition and credulity, so that fortune-tellers and astrologers were even more numerous at this period than in the previous century. But the greatest amount of credulity was displayed in the faith which they now put in medical quarks, These persons became numerous, and many of them realised immense sums of money. One of them, of the name of Smith, used to ride his circuits in a coach drawn by six bay horses, attended by three other coaches bearing his Merry Andrew, apothecary, and speech-maker. This person professed to cure every human disease that, "flesh is heir to," and sold his packets for sixpence. And such was the unblushing effrontery of those charlatans, that the foot of the mountebank's stage was often covered with medals and certificates purporting to have come from the King of Egypt, the Emperor of Persia, and other remote potentates in attestation of his wonder-working cures. Their mode of advertising was curious, and in perfect keeping with their character. Sometimes the doctor advertised that he had studied thirty years by candle light ; others that they had not studied at all, but had received their knowledge by a Divine intuition. But quackery was not confined to the charlatans ; respecctable chemists and dru g gists indulged in it in announcing the miracles of their laboratory. The same thing, however, may still be said of some of those of the present day, for credulity has not yet departed from among us ; and the following few specimens of their announcements in the last century may be compared with those of our own "Holloways," "Rolands," "Morrisons," and "Du Barry's." Amongst the lot we find " Angelic snuff," which cured all diseases of the head, besides palsy, apoplexy, and gout : another medicine which cured the vapours in ladies with a single application ; and so effectually that they would never return. A third professed to cure leanness, and to make the most attenuated frame expand into the dimensions of a civic dignitary. By a fourth electuary, weak memories were completely renovated, so that the whole past was vividly recalled before the minds' eye in an instant ; and by a few drops of another, hypochondriasm was banished—and all these blessed effects were produced upon the mind for which Macbeth's physician would have received a kingly fee. Then there were lotions to remove warts and pimples, soften the skin, whiten parts of it that were red, redden parts that were white, and trans form the whole complexion at pleasure, so that the homeliest face might assume the beauty of an angel! Competition in trade in fact at this period was so great that puffing among the shopkeepers was well understood and practised. One ingenious plan was for a shopkeeper to advertise in the public prints. that a pure containing bank notes to a large amount had been dropped in his shop, and would be returned to the proper person on describing its contents. Of course every person was eager to deal with so honest a tradesman, and his visionary purse soon became a reality. Great ingenuity and expense likewise were expended by them on their signboards. The rage for these indeed resembled that which now prevails among the shopkeepers for plate-glass windows and mahogany counters. It is mentioned in the Gentle man's Magazine, ten years after this period, that there were signboards in Ludgate-hill which, with their iron supporters, had cost several hundred pounds. (6.) Besides the regular tradesmen, London abounded with hawkers whose occupations and modes of dealing would be indicted as nuisances at the present day. One class of a most pernicious kind were those who vended strong liquors in the streets upon stalls and wheelbarrows. These were independent of drinking houses, which numbered at this period no fewer than 6,817 houses and shops wherein, remarks a writer, " Geneva and other strong . drinks were sold by retail." The city likewise retained much of the rudeness and discomfort of earlier years. The streets were, for the most part, unpaved; and, in the early part of the century, it could boast of no more than 1,000 lamps, which were kept burning only till midnight, and that for only one half of the year. Indeed, if it had not been for the numerous link boys in every public street, a night walk in the metropolis would have been out of the question. We who are accustomed to the quiet and security of modern thoroughfares, can scarcely conceive the danger and inconvenience of that state of things I have endeavoured to describe. It is only by retro spection that we can obtain a conception of the annoyances from which we have escaped, and the benefits derived from salutary laws, order, science, and opulence. The existence of so many gin palaces—estimated at ablut one for every seven houses—is a fearful proof of the great intemperance of the age. Even painted boards, Smollet tells us, " were put up, inviting people to be drunk for a penny, and dead drunk for twopence ;" while cellars were provided with straw, to which they conveyed the wretches overwhelmed with intoxication, and in which they lay until they had recovered some use of their faculties, when they had recourse to the same mischievous poison. National demoralisation fact, was never so great either before or since, as throughout the, period of the eighteenth century. Robberies, assassinations, incencharism, intemper ance, riots, and debauchery, disfigured the whole period. 4V [These articles being Copyright, the Author reserves to himself the privilege of further publication or translation.] (6) Knight's London, EARLY CLOSING. TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN TIMES. Sir,—l have just received from a friend, an invita_ tion to attend a meeting to be h eld at half- p a st eight on the evening of Monday, the 27th instant, at the Young Men's Christian Association R ooms, in Renshaw-street, to assist in the formation, of an early closing association, and from what I hear, there is every prospect of a permanent and efficient society being formed ; in most undertakings of this sort, it is, however, of paramount importance that the first start should be a good One, and in this instance of all others, it would seem to be expedient that the system of " private treaty "in getting members, should at once be discontinued, and at as early a period as possible the greatest attainable publicity be given to the society, and the objects the promoters thereof have in view. M any of your readers are doubtless fellow-sufferers with the writer, from the present system of unneces sarily protracted labour, and once known to them that such a society exists, they will n ot be backward in enrolling themselves and working hard in the good cause. —I am, &p. J. L. D. Liverpool, June 24, 1859.. •