Northern Times. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1859-04-22 00:00:00

THE SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. - A public meeting of the local committe e o f the Natioinl Association for the Promotion of Social Science, was held, o n Wednesday, in the Grand Jury Room, St. George's Hall, for the purpose of considering the subjects of and to allot the task of preparing such papers as it might be deemed desirable to present, touching the interests of this locality, at the next annual meeting of the Association. -Joseph Hubback, Esq., occupied the chair. There were also present—The Rev. Professor. Griffiths, the Rev. Pro fessor Cranbrook, the Rev. Mr. Tomlin, the Rev. J. S. Howson, the Rev. T. C ar t er , t h e Rev. Mi. Hareus, Dr. Higginson, Messrs. Theodore Rathbone, Phillip Rathbone, J. T. Danson, A. Carriss, Edward Heath, Charles Robertson. D. Barton, Andrew Leighton, &c., &c. .The Chairman said : Ladies and gentlemen, I think it proper to inform you that, I consented rather unwillingly to occupy this chair. My unwillingness, you will under stand, did not proceed from any indifferenoe, or any doubt as to the importance of the objects for which we have met, but solely from the consciousness that I am not able to do justice to the subjects which it will be my duty to bring before you. I see, however, around me many friends who have interested themselves in the important work of social reform—ail:tong whom I may more particularly allude to the Rev. Mr. Howson and Mr. Danson -who, I trust, will address the meeting. You will, I hope, overlook the feebleness of the chairman, in consider ation of the goodness of the cause and the ability of some of its exponents. Previous to the great meeting, held here last year, we were often asked what social science was - what its objects were--what it was all about. Now those who heard the addresses, who attended to the reading of the various papers, and who listened to the many discussions which took place within these walls &Iring the sitting of that conference, must, I think, have obtained such informa tion as would satisfy all inquiries. Those who were not able to be present at that great gathering, may got every information connected with the subject of social science by perusing the volume of transactions which has been so ably .compiled by Mr. Hastings;the general secretary (hear, hear.) At the close of that meeting, a desire was expressed .hat a local committee should be formed in Liverpool. That committee was formed accordingly; its address has been circulated pretty freely, and it contains a full explanation of the objects for which it was organized. I particularly allude to the state ment made in the 4th page, that the association in Liver pool is expected to do locally that exactly which the association at large has done for the country. In order to effect these purposes, the committee stated that there were 'four important departments to which they should direct their attention. These subjects of enquiry are thus set forth in the address : 1. To collect information as to existing (local) social evils and their fit remedies, and the available means and best methods of applying such remedies. 2. To afford a centre of communication to which such information may be imparted, and from which it may be drawn 3. To provide a medium through which means of social reform, suggested by the experience of other localities, may be published and made available in this ; and 4. To afford, annually, an opportunity of considering, as far as may be in the presence of the parties immediately concerned, such portions of the information thus obtained as it may be exp, -, dient to impart to the association at large at its next annual gathering. Now the advantages likely to arise from the formation of the local committee must be manifest. (Hear, hear.) The interest so freely elicited at the meeting of October last will be kept alive ; and I think it will be admitted that there can be no better field for the work of social reform than is afforded by Liverpool and the surrounding district. (Hear, hear.) I, therefore, venture to express a hope that the local committee will prove not only a great benefit to this district but will by that means lend a valuable aid in strengthening the hands of the parent society, (Hear, hear.) The work to be done is of very great importance. It is one of those true and substantial reforms about which there can be no difference or collision of opinion. There is a saying whici will be familiar to most of you, that th man is the greatest benefactor to his country who succeeds in making two blades of grass to grow where only one grew before. I believe that man no less a benefactor to his country who succeeds in enlightening the ignorant and reclaiming the vicious. (Hear, hear) This is part of the great work of social reform ; but while it aims at this objeet, it does not ignore all others. Those who take an interest in agricul tural subjects well know that in many parts of the country the two blades of grass have been made to grow where only the one grew before. How has that been done ? By the efforts made by agricultural associations, by obtaining facts from various districts, distributing these facts to other districts, and thereby stimulating the action of development and knowledge, which have brought forth, in this field, such abundant fruits. (Hear, hear.) To my mind, there is a very striking analogy and associations for the promotion of social science. The object of the one is to improve the material, the other the moral world. Having taken a great interest all my life in agricultural matters, I have had various opportunities of watching the progress of the leading associations connected with agricultural science, and I have observed that success in the pursuits of agriculture has always followed where such associations have been established. (Hear, hear.) I refer more especially to the two great societies of this kingdom—the Royal Agricultural Society of England, and the Highland Society of Scotland. I believe every one knows that, taking its climate and soil into consideration, agriculture is farther advanced in Scotland than anywhere else ; and wherever local societies have been formed, there you will find agriculture farther advanced than in the surrounding districts which have not enjoyed such an advantage. (Hear, hear.) From the success which has followed the exertions of associations formed for. the promotion and improvement of agriculture, I may venture to express my firm belief that a similar success will attend the efforts of societies established for the promotion of social science, and I am quite sure that when the labourer puts his hand to the plough, and manfully keeps it there, he will in due time succeed in breaking up and reclaiming the social and moral wastes which surround us (hear, hear). This allusion to agricultural associations may be considered out of place here, but in referring to the proofs of success . _ their labours have everywhere given, I wish simply to encourage the members of the local committee of the National Association for the Promotion of SoCial Science in the work which they have in hands. lam confident that even up to the present period, our labours have not been in vain, and I am sure that in due time we shall reap if we faint not (hear, hear, and applause). I have nothing further to say, except to call on the Rev. Mr. Howson to address you on the subject of education (applause). The item. J. S. Howson, on rising, was loudly applauded. lie said: Mr. Chairman, in addressing a few words to this meeting upon the subject of education, I conceive that my business is not so much to express opinions as to do my best to clear the way for enquiry. I have indeed very strong and firm opinions upon many points connected with CI subject of education, but I do not think that this is th plac them, Our committee is essentially a nquiry; and I apprehend that we are not together here for the simple practical object of organising and promoting investigation, it for t I think I am boun ascertaining of these facts may lead to ti acknowledged and recognised evils explain, in a few words, that the subj _ appears before this meeting in two points of view who have read the ad( 'or the Promotion of S issued ial Science, will have et that education forms, of course, a prominent part of it ; but those who have received certain papers which I have taken the liberty to circulate, will observe in those papers anallusion to the education commission which was appointed at the instance of Sir John Pakington, and over which the Duke of Newcastle presided. The history of the allusion to that commission is briefly' as 'follows.: I happen in the work of education, tions upon the subjec receive villimrl y to give to the t have had N of an official communication was ihu tor the promotion of rred to ►ne that m mitt( and it o would b absolutely idenuca place, the n a litf r gait nec, , oct us cony .on toot newspapers slon is pert which are also to Social Scion( Ismall in others? What effects have you ob serve d t o f o ll ow f rom the withdrawal of the children of the poor from the immediate notice of the wealthy, through separation of residence ? What educational and social results follow from the juxtaposition and rivalry of good schools ? How great a distance have you noticed that parents will send their ohildren to a school which they pre fer? How far are all thesepoints affected bythe occupations and habits of the parent? How far by religious considerations? IV. ScROM PAYMENTS.—What facts have come before your notice, which lead you to think that the fees in particular classes of schools are too high, or too low, or too variable ? How far have you observed that this point is affected by the employment or migration of parents, or the peculiarities of special districts? What do you conceive the operation would be of a local rate for the establishment of free schools, or of a rate in aid of schools partially supported by fees ? V. KIND AND DEGREE OF EDUCATION.—What light can you throw upon the following points,—the early age of leaving school,—the average time of a child's remaining at school,—the causes and effects of irregular attendance, and of frequent moving from school to school? What provision are you aware of forindustrial training, and especially for making girls familiar with household occupations? What efforts can you mention for watching over boys and girls immediately after leaving school ? What provision for the continuance of education by evening schools or otherwise ? Can you give any information regarding prize schemes, or indirect encouragement given to education by employers of labour? VI. Punt TEACHERS.—What kind of character do you observe to be usually formed in pupil teachers, as to steadiness, devotion to their work, respect to superiors, &c.? gaily of them ultimately go to other. employments. How far do you consider this a loss or a gain to the country? I may state that I have endeavoured to circulate the papers of the Government, in• conjunction with our own social science documents, as widely and impartially as my present information enabled me to do ; and I have taken some pains to ascertain the names and addresses of those who are really interested in popular education, and practically acquainted with it. I have not yet sent papers even to all whose names I have got, because many addresses only came into' me yes terday; but I mention the fact now, in order that any per sons now in theroom may be so kind as to favour me with the addresses of persons into whose hands they think it de sirable that papers should come, and I will make it my duty to transmit them accordingly. The committee would be especially glad to receive communications from persons who are well acquainted with schools which have no connection with the Church of England or with the Privy Council; for these are just the two fields of enquiry upon which we are most at fault. In many instances, answers have been sent in, and I hair doubt that they will come in gradually, by one. I hope that those who have received papei will not suppose that it was intended all the answers should be sent in before the present meeting. This is in fact merely the first meeting ; and we hope that the discussion here to-day will make it more easy to those who have received circulars- to answer the queries put in them, than it would have been before. I trust, therefore, that no one will abstain from sending answers to- the papers, simply because he was not able to do so before-the present meeting. Having made these few preliminary explanations I think. the best course I can adopt is as briefly as possible to follow the succession of topics mentioned in the circular, and which are the same as those which appeared in the educational section of the Social Science Conference_ The first enquiry relates to the effects and the results of the present Privy Council system. So far as I can see, everybody approves of the present system of the Privy Council upon the subject of education. All the papers I have received express an approval of it, with some reserva tions. One gentleman writes, that the present system is so good,, that if it were only extended to the whole population, the thing is done. I wish that gentleman were here to explain how that could be done, for the system is biped 1 upon the great principle of helping those who help them selves ; and if we could only learn how to help those who either cannot for will not help themselves, I fancy we should have no need for any further investigation. (Cheers.) I fancy that is just the point where our difficulty lies. I be lieve I am not very far wrong when I say, that about three millions of children in this country do not go to school at all. Possibly I am a little over-stating the number, but I think not much ; and, I believe, I am equally correct in saying that, there are about two millions of ,those absent from the school of whose absence no reasonable account can be given. This is, indeed, a grievous state of things ; and if we could only see how education could be extended to those children, our work so far would be done. (Rear, hear.) I spoke of certain reservations which I found to appear in the papers we have received. Many people think the restrictions of the Privy Council are too narrow. This appears to be a very common opinion. For instance, in the north-west of England, all the people live in houses which are flagged, and for a long time the Privy Council would not allow its aid to any school which was not boarded. This was surely a very unnecessary restriction in the case of a population who lived on flagged floors from their birth to their death. I knew of one case where a school was boarded at very great expense, and the minutes of the council were shortly afterwards altered and the privileges of the Government extended to schools which were flagged. This of course does not apply to this neighbourhood. One complaint in this town is, that help is not given, unless where thr• sit, is froohnlrl • anti I Irrinso• of evrtn noact ir. wilic•ll tharo copious are practical difficulties about the tenure of the ground upon which the school stands. It is not a freehold, and it would be extremely difficult to z make it a freehold, and, therefore, the school' is without the benefit of the . Government Inspector and the grant. A serious doubt exists, also, as to the capitation grant. The capitation grant, I imagine, was meant to meet the wants of the schools of the poorer kind, but practically the largest amount of it appears to go to schools of the richer kind ; and there is 'a good deal of doubt groWing up .in people's minds as to whether the whole system is not rather working upwards into a class very well able to educate itself,' and not giving the assistance which ought to be given to those who are the poorest. (Hear, hear.) If this state of things be going on, it is a very serious question, and a very proper subject, for the dis cussion of the advocates of social. science. I can mention the case of two schools, not very far from one another—one school is educating the children of persons receiving a very good income, whilst the other, not very far off, but in a very poor district, has great difficulty in carrying on the work of education at all. If such cases be frequent, it becomes a very serious subject. Even if the Privy Council system has been thoroughly good so far, it does not' follow that it may not halie done what it was destined for, up to this point, and may not now be modified in some respects with advantage. It does not follow, because it is a thoroughly g ood thing, that, therefore, it may not be improved now: .Upon the subject of normal colleges, training colleges, Queen's col leges, &c., the commissioners are very desirous to have light thrown in. On this point I should wish to point to a kind of .debateable ground upon which we want a great deal of information. It is the debateable ground between the really poor school of the better class, and the school for the lower part of the middle class ; between the really recog nised objects of Government help, and that class which we recognise as ,composed.of persons who are willing, and ought to be willing, to support themselves, and to educate their children. Where is the precise line to be drawn ?- It is Li question for investigation whethe r th e li ne i s prac ti ca ll ) (1 - .ra.wn, as it ought to be, by the operations of the Govern ment system ; and we are very desirous to have all light which, can be. thrown upon that important part of out school system. Another debateable ground, on which a , the recent social science meeting it was agreed that inquiry might be pursued with-advantage, is this, that between the poor school for honest children, and the criminal school fol criminal children. (Hear, hear.) There is a good (lc which requires to be - looked into here ; .ely to ,pi 'ernment are bE fear, hear We ,d( Comicil )ols under the Privy Council, welt' ave abundant sours information. We have the annual blue books, t s of council_— some of the most important contri to educational literature which the world has s 4 hecrs.) But the schools thus embraced are very far from ing the whole of the schools of the country for the poor. se last census, states that two-thirds of the schools are -- Erected with the Privy Council. low are we to get nation regarding these schools ? What organisation `y means of which we can really know such facts What nu - mbers attend th em ? A t what average What amount of regularity is there What are they taught, how are they ascertaining ave we do they come We have no organisation for with regard to these schools, as we have for under the Privy Council. I hope that ..try organisation will do a great deal in that dir it cannot be done except by a good deal of ieration and patient work. I beg, therefore, to o ff er estions as to how we are to ascertain in any area which hearty may be defined in this town, the facts with regard to volun tary and other day schools. Very often, I believe, such sAools are preferred to those under the privy council. Whether they are preferred because the education given thcro is better, is a matter which may be considered doubt ful ; but, very often, we find that parents send their children to thee schools in preference : Upon that subject there is led inquiry, first as • to the t There is a farther nuestic reason )n °immense importance, We often hear that, in a town, there are so many ehildren,and so many d, it is supposed that, by putting one against the hen as to t 1 which is very often lost sight of certain I other, we have the amount of school accommo dation provided for the children. But a. question of immense importance to be first ascertained is where the schools are placed. (Hear, hear.) In towns like this, extending several miles from one end to the other, it is not at all a sufficient answer to say that there is a certain amount of school accommodation, unless it be in the right place for the children, (Hear, hear.) Then again as to the actual school accommodation, the amount, I believe, about ten years of age, was stated, upon good authority, to be of schools under inspection, sufficient for 900,000 children, of whom there were only 600,000 who attended. That is to say there was accommodation for 300,000 children, who did not attend. The position of schools is a subject which requires very careful attention In this town we often find an immense number of schools within a few yards of each other; and in another spot a very numerous popu lation very scantily supplied with schools. A very important subject for consideration is, as to the effects of this— what are the results which follow from the town being glutted with schools in some quarters and literally starved in others. With that comes another very important" Subjecf, - as - an additional aspect of the ques tion, namely, the seperation of the rich from the poor: The rich travel out from the neighbourhood of the pbor more and more, and the social results which follow from this fact are of the most serious kind. lam only concerned now for the educational results; but I believe it may be said with truth, that great difficulty is experienced here from the fact, that the need is the sorest exactly where the help is the smallest, and that help is most abundant precisely where it is least required. (Hear, hear.) It would be surely accom plishing a very great work, worthy of the most earnest care of the education committee of the Social Science Association, if some remedy could be devised far that state of things. With regard to the question of school payments, I shall not trouble you with many remarks. The result of the papers which have come into my hands upon that subject seems to be-that the general opinion is in favour of having at least a partial payment made for the schooling. The kind and degree of education, which is the fifth topic in the circular, invite me to, trouble you with a few remarks. The early age at which children leave the schools, is a subject which , has been much investigated, and only with the result, so far, that it seems to be an evil very difficult to remedy. A, meeting was held fa London, last year, over which Prince Albert presided, at which, I suppose, all the light was thrown upon the sub'iect that could well be dote. It does not appear to have been thought that we could interfere, except indirectly, with the mercantile necessities which cause children to leave schools at suck a very early age. So far as- the evil exists from careless habits upon the part Of the parents, migratory life, and wont of parental autho rity—which lies a good deal at the root of the may hope that, in these respects, some remedy will be gradu ally applied by the process of education r and other measures. (Hear, hear.) But leaving that general topic, I would first ask the attention of the meeting, especially - to two subjects. One is the industrial training of children, especially of girls. This latter seems to , be recognised as one of our most urgent wants, and if that want were sup plied, we should find that the children would come- more punctually and remain longer. (Hear, hear.) I speak especially of girls. I believer in this town it is a fact that girls stay longer at school than boys, and besides, I appre hend it is easier to give an industrial training to girls than to boys. It does not at all follow that the occupations for which girls are designed, may not in a great measure be made familiar to them at school. Plain needlework for instance—there seems to be a growing opinion that it would be well' if more attention were paid to that subject. I do not say that less attention should be paid to intel lectual branches of education, but that more should be paid to these' industrial pursuits. A. lady has suggested to me that it would be a good thing if they could be taught at school to mend as well as to make, to darn, th. A subject well worth considering, too, was how much could be , done for the training of girls in cookery, by- founding an additional institution. (Hear, hear.) I n L on d on th ere is a school for training in cookery, in the Regent's Park, which I believe is succeeding very well. There is a similar school in a country district of Cheshire, which I believe is also succeeding very well. I doubt, whether there can be any good reasons given why we should not have something Of the sort organised in Liverpool. (H ear , hear.) And,bthe point connected with the fifth topic is the subject of evening schools. A feeling seems to be growing up in th e coun t ry that the one great work to be done now is the work of adult education—the continuance of education after school years, and even in mature age. (Hear, hear.) It would be a very great advantage if we could learn the real facts re g arding evening schools in Liverpool—what evening school s there are, how they are managed, and what their success has been. There is a great want of organisation upon that subject ; and, in fact, we are only beginning an experiment about which we are sanguine, but re g arding which very little fruits have been hitherto shewn. I hope we shall have some light thrown upon it by these investigations. Now, lastly, may I say one or two words in reference to pupil teachers ? There is a question asked in the circular with regard to the characters of pupil teachers, and the answers' which have reached me seem to give a 'very favourable impression upon the whole, as to their modesty, propriety, diligence, and all the q ua li ties which we should look for in young persons invested with responsibility. Especially this seems to be the case with 'the girls. The question of payments is touched in several of - the communications, but as some say the payments are too high, and some they are too low, we are evidently only in a condition to make further inquiries. One sugges tion is that it would be desirable to make a more marked alfforonoo botwocu tho pol-mcnt of boys btutL the pay ment of girls. At present, I believe, they are the same, and one who has had very great experience on these questions suggests that it would be a very great improve ment if the payment of the boys were made more. Some doubt also exists as to whether the number of pupil teachers is right. Doubt has been expressed on this point, because a very large number of pupil teachers go to other employ ments. But, in the first place, it must be remembered, that until they do so we have had their work in the schools at a very cheap rate ; and, in the second place, I think it is very doubtful whether a great benefit is not done to the country, by sending into railway offices, into shops, and into various mercantile employments, a number of young persons who have learned 'punctual habits, and especially the habits of working for others. (Hear, hear.) I ventured to mention Sunday schools in the circular. The government, papers do not lay quite so much stress upon that subject as we have done. It is not for me to criticise the government papers, but I can say that the commissioner will be very glad to hear from you anything you may be good enough to st a t e w ith regar d t o Sunday-schools. In many points of view Sunday-schools are of great importance. The Sunday-school supplies one of the few links for continuing the infinence of education of a beneficial kind, after the weekly school has been left. Then, with regard to infant-schools, the subject is one which invites careful attention on the part of all who have au interest in the promotion of social science. Ths question at once arises: Do children who attend the infant-schools behave better in the day-schools, and do they . generally stay longer ? Most." persons who have communicated with me say "yes." (Hear, hear.) These are to us very strong arguments for taking great pains with infant- sc h oo l s . O ne ,is, that at the infant-school the attendance is for a longer time, and is less interrupted, and you have, therefore, a greater opportunity afforded for the formation of character. The question of how families are affected, family affections and family union, by these schools, invites inquiry. One of our friends, a person of very great experience, says, that the infant school is a double mercy—a mercy to the mother and a mercy to the child. (Hear, hear.) He says, it does not separate the affections of mother and child ; but that, on the contrary, the child does not hinder the mother's work, and is greeted with all the more affection when the work is done ; so that the infant school, instead of being the enemy, is the friend of domestic union. (Hear, hear, and applause.) Now, I have only to say, that I hope we shall find great benefit in Liverpool from having our inauiries localised. I believe we shall do good to other places by localising our inquiries here, and I certainly hope that we shall do good (Hear, hear.) As regards education, it cer tainly is a very proper object of ambition that Liverpool should not only he the most enterprising commercial town in England —not only the most closely associated with all foreign interests, and the best known in every sea, but that she should be also the most energetic and the most successful in the work of education. (Hear, hear, and ourselv ltev. 11ir. Carter being called on by the chairman to speak on the subject of crime said, that ho thought it would be better to give an opportunity for some observations being made on the suggestions thrown out by Mr: Howson. He did not intend to make and lengthened remarks with regard to the schools for criminal children, and for non-criminal children, the latter meaning, he supposed, those who were dangerously destitute but not absolutely criminal, and inasmuch as they were not criminals, the law did not take hold of them, and conse quently were not brought under the Criminal Schools Act. Criminal children were maintained, to a very large extent, by government grant, and to those poor children who were not criminal, there was no such provision • and no institu tion for this object would succeed, unless largely supported by private subscription, under existing circumstances. He related the instance of a boy who had been in penal servi tude for five years. In the meantime his father died, con sequently the lad was thrown on the streets. He made ap plication for admission into a reformatory institution, but there was no institution existing for the reception of such cases, and there was a very large number of these cases occurring. If such an institution could be established, he considered it would be very desirable. In Manchester and )ther manufacturing towns, they had employment for :hildren from a very early age, liutin Liverpool it was r. Heath made some remarks on the groat tendency tiler( was in institutions that were established for the beiiefit of the poorer classes, drifting from that which they were originally intended for, and benefitting a more comfortable elasss. There was one important question which he thought ought to. be settled in some way, that was, who were the parties ? what system or class were responsible for the maintenance and education of the poor ? Theoretically it appeared to belong to the parochial system, but the parochial system was upon its trial, and he con sidered it was upon the "horns of a dilemma." It was either efficient or it was not, and that it had not fulfilled its design was admitted on all hands. He con sidered that this was a question which should be closely examined into. There was a capitation grant allowed by not present, for - he had come to the meeting entirely un prepared with any observations. Glancing,. however, at the heads set dawn in the paper sent him, he would make an observation or two. Witie regard to infant mortality, they had, happily, in Liverpoal, not the temptations which in some of the manufacturing towns existed, for poor people habitually to have their children under the influence of narcotics at home, while they went to their work. With. regard to the question, whether the habit of administering opium did exist, that was a subject of very great importance,' which would call for a full inquiry. The rearing of children in Liverpool was a matter of known difficulty. The mortality under three years of age was very great, andany suggestions..which could, be given for the improve— ment of health during that period of life, would, be very desirable. An idea had been often suggested to supply a want which was- felt in very large towns, the want of some means of sending into the country, either at the public expense or partly at their own expense, those of the working classes who were prevented by recent illness from returning to their work, and who, if they remained in town, would be discharged from the hospital and have medical attendance withdrawn from them. Only wanting the means of recovering their strength, they must, if they remained in town, become a burthen to the community and require parish relief—perpaps, never be able to return to their work. Whereas, if there were in the neighbourhood of Liverpool some place to which they might have a claim to be sent, it would not only be a great work of humanity, but would produce positively economical results to the public. (Hear, hear.) Drainage, 'ventilation, and the supply of water, were topics of the utmost importance with regard to the health of large towns. As regards drainage and the supply of water, he thought they m i g ht rattier congratulate themselves in Liverpool., (Hear, hear.) The works which had been recently constructed would last for ages. The deep sewera g e of Liverpool con trasted strongly with the old " pound-foolish" system of shallow sewers, which were a great expense some years ago, and had now to be taken up and replaced by more costly structures. He was glad to bear his testimony to the great benefit of the supply of water in Liverpool at the present time. He feared, however, that there was a great waste of water at present in some houses, and in the use of it among the loirer classes, and indeed among all classes. Water allowed to run to waste, which ought not to run to waste, was an injury to the whole community. It seemed that the large supply had brought with it the idea that it was inexhaustible, and that there was no occasion for economising it, With regard to the subject of better knowledge touching 'public health, of course , perfect knowledge with co-extensive means, would ensure perfect public health. An eminent doctor had said that all needed for perfect health wore a supply of fresh air, food, and warmth ; and if these could be obtained, no me dical aid would be required, except that of a surgeon in case of chance injuries, and of a physician in case of accidental poisoning. As to the medical profession, he could only say that he believed none of the community were more desirous of meciug the means of public health adopted in the best possible way, and that none would co-operate more readily in all measures which tended towards social good. (Hear, hear.) T. Rathbone 'said, in reference to common lodging houses, he was sorry to say that the facts, as regarded Liverpool, were both distressing, and not very creditable to the town. With regard to the registration of these places, the numbers that were not registered at all was enormous, and the registration where it did exist was of an 'imperfect kind: Lord Shaftesbury, to whom they were very much indebted, had got an act passed, and it was immediately taken up in the country districts, No person was allowed to have a lodging-house without it being registered: He could speak in reference to a largely populated country village or town in his neighbourhood, with a population quite as dense as in any part in Liverpool, and quite as low in character, as difficult to deal with, and, of course, with less machinery to deal with it. And within twelve months of the passing of that act, eight or nine years ago, every lodging-house was registered. At first it gave them a good deal of t rou bl e , an d there were 30 or 40 cases •, every session brought up, but now it was the exception if there was one, and the provisions of that most valuable act were carried out most perfectly. It was, only in ,the lower description of Irish lodging-houses where anythi n g lik e a breach of the act occurred. But, as regards both health and morality, and , everything else, the lodging-houses in Liverpool were in a very bad state. Previous to the passing of this act the lodgers in that . town were actually boarded for a halfpenny or a penny a night in some places, and they accummulated as many as 20 or 30 in a small room together. A. policeman was sent, in one instance, to one of these places, and on putting -his head into the room, he was sickened and had to draw back. But that was all done away with now, and .the sessions often passed without a single case being brought up. He was sorry to say, and it was most remarkable, that a very large proportion of the houses in Liverpool were not registered at all. The local act prevented the Lord Shaftesbury's Act applying in Liverpool, and the local act did not go far enough. - Lord Shaftesbury's act went much farther, and provided that not more than a certain number should sleep in one room. In some respects the local act had advantages over Lord Shaftesbury's. There was some difficulty in defining a common lodging house. In the local act, it was considered that the houses which took lodgers for a night only were common lodging houses. There were houses that kept lodgers for short periods and also for nights. The consequence wad that, the local act did not provide machinery adequate to deal with these places as. they ought , to be dealt with. He recom mended the adoption of Lord Shaftesbury's act, which he considered would be for the benefit of the town, with the assistance of the inspection. of the police. The Rev. Mr. Powell said, the south end of the town was almost as bad as the north' end. In one street in his district,. Albert-street, there was a population of-1,300, of whom at one time there were 400 paupers . and 400 sick people. He did not think the houses were registered at all. Thus poverty, sickness, and crime, went stalking through a densly populous street, which demanded the. immediate attention of the authorities. The police did not like to go through it, although he had to go through it himself often. Mr. Philip Rathbone spoke on the question of social economy. He said one great step in the proper direction was the adoption of the f' cental" in Liverpool. The result of the last session showed at least -that Liverpool had taken the first step towards not decimal coinage, but decimal weights and measures, and this was a subject upon which he thought they ought to return their worthy chairman thanks, for the part he had taken in reference to the introduction of this system into the corn - exchange. (Hear, hear.) With respect to trades' unions, it was a subject affecting perhaps uve-sixtns of tne none and muscle of the best class of our working population. It did not affect them so highly as the public health did, but it affected them in their healthy state, and it affected the whole prosperity of the country There was ne point of great importance to society, that was, getting men to feel that they were a part of the great whole, and not au isolated atom. He thought a man's self respect was very greatly raised in feeling that he was con tributing to a great movement, no matter what that move ment might be. He did not think there was any greater proof of that, than the way the recruits became good soldiers, and to whose they were so deeply indebted. They were proud of their army, not only of what it did in the field, but they were also proud of the individual actions - the individual instances of heroism which were witnessed among the men. There was a kind of feeling that the glory oft he army rested in each individual soldier—who was taken, he would not say from the worst class,. but not certainly the best part of our population. They were proud of them, and other nations envied them, for their conduct not only in the field, but at home. There was another point, England was making a fearful race with the other nations. They might perhaps call themselves. the first mannfacturing country in the world, but how long we might remain so depended upon the individual energies of our working population, as well as the enterprise of our capitalists. And the effect of trades' unions upon the trade and com merce of the country was question of very Mr. Theodore Railibone regretted the decision of the commissioner on decimal coinage ; but congratulated the Liverpool corn trade on having adopted the "cental," and said it was hardly to be expected that the farmers and millers, and men.from the country generally, should be the first to embrace the adoption of a deciraal,system. Dr. Gee, after a few introductory remarks, said, with reference to the question of public health, he would refer them to the improved state of the poorer classes of Liver pool. If they looked at the returns of mortality, they would find that there was a very great decrease in the class of diseases called zymotic, and especially of that class called fever. These were diseases the most preventable of any of the diseases coming under the term zymotic, aud, accordingly, as there is a decrease or increase of these diseases in the town, they must consider their sanitary operations efficient or ineffi cient; and they found that the‘class of typhus and typhoid fevers were very much diminished, and there was conse quently a great diminution in, the number of admissions in the Liverpool Fever Hospitel, Thi s proved that labour was more abundant, and food and the comforts of life more easily obtained now by the working classes, and placed them above the agencies most productive of these diseases ; and he had no doubt the lodging-houses were also more strictlyloeked after, although Mr. Rathbone remarked that the licenses were not carried out to the extent he would wish. The early removal of filth was better attended to, in order to prevent its accumulation.. All this was very productive to the diminishing of typhus and typhoid fevers, Such diseases sometimes broke out in a family; it took hold of one of the family, and then generally spread throughout the family, so that a number of fever cases cam,e.in groups from a family, or from a court, or numbers of neighbours, from the immediate •locality. He thought that, when any typhoid fever broke out in the miserable dwellings of some of the poor, and the case came under the notice of the parish medical officers, a communication should be made to the sanitary staff of the town, and steps taken to put the remainder of the family without the range of danger and misery; and steps taken for the cleansing of the polluted district. They frequently found that the child was taken ill, and another child took it from him, and the mother, who was under the influence of want, took it too. The possibility was that one or both died, and mortality was found to be affected very much by the age of the person. Often children, by the loss of their parents from this cause, were thrown upon the world, and none to care for or look after them. They be came paupers; and what' became of them afterwards could not be told. He therefore thought, not only from motives of economy, but from feelings of common humanity towards fallen man, there should be some organised scheme such as he referred to. (Applanse.) Mr. Damson moved, "That this meeting, deeming it of the highest importance to the social interests of Liverpool and its vicinity, as well as the kingdom at large, that the circumstances affecting and determining the social condition of that great and growing community now assembled on the banks of the Mersey should be adequately and syste matically investigated, invite all persons disposed to take part in or to aid such investigation to communicate with the local committee, in order that their several labours may, by due co-operation, be the better directed to the attainment' of the common object." He said that, after what they had heard from the previous speakers, the task allotted to him would be an easy one. Only a single section of those into which the association divided its labours remained to be noticed. It would not be deemed extraordinary if he, as .a lawyer, regarded law and jurisprudence as, in some respects, the most important of all. And he believed he could justify that estimate on other than professional grounds. Of all the' considerations apt to be borne in upon the mind by the contemplation of what this association was about, there was, perhaps, none so well worthy of their best attention as the prevalence--the certain and invariable prevalence of laws—of great natural laws—throughout not only the phy sical world, but also that vast region of intellectual and moral speculation hitherto commonly dealt with as subject to no such laws. Were it not so, our labour would be in vain. For to what end could we labour to find out how me might best do our duty to ourselves and to each other, if there be no certainty in the action of the l aws by which the rewards of good conduct were secured ? But it was so. Every where the proof was at hand. Whether they took the microscope, and with :the guidance of the atomic theory— offspring, let us never forget, of a Lancashire brain, for of all the patents registered in Heaven's chancery there had been none less impeached, there was none less im peachable, than the patent right of Dalton to the credit of that discovery ; if so, guided, they descended into the infinity that lay under their very hands ; or if armed with the telescope, they ascended into that only more pal pable infinity where the wonders of astronomy rewarded their scrutiny ; or, if going backwards into tue past, or forward into the future, they tracked through the double infinity of time the relations, palpable or possible, of our race to the end of the universe, they returned, and even the more, surely as they had taken right reason for their guide, frought with the conviction that all was under their dominion, all swayed and governed by one mighty system of laws, ever in harmony, and ever and every- where prevalent. They saw, too, that our destiny ad vanced step, by step, as they recognised, comprehended, and learned: to apply those laws. The first man who pushed a canoe into the sea knew, as well as they did, the fact that hollow bodies floated in water. They had learned the law, and could apply it in an almost infinite variety of ways. And about this law they had no doubt, either as to its action, or as to its merits. Bat the ship that rode at anchor in the tideway of the Mersey did not, in fact, in its ceaseless heaving motion, more directly illustrate the dynamic law of displacement, than did the daily goings to and fro of the multitudes in our streets, and their relations to and transactions with each other, whether for good or for evil, also illustrated the operation of other laws, equally certain, equally prevalent, but only not to them yet equally well-known. The object of this association, however, was to discover and ma k e k nown th ese l aws . In those words might the entire purpose of its existence be expressed. And had undertaken to speak, the 'work consisted practically in endeavouring to bring their own human and artificial laws into accordance with the Divine law, he thought he might also claim for it thehonour, and, with it, the responsibility, of most directly suggesting this great prima r y v i ew o f their position, and of their duties. Mr. Danson then proceeded to comment upon some of the questions already before the committee, as illustrating. the futility and the mischievous operation of laws made in ignorance or in disregard of the principle of science, whether social or otherwise; and concluded with some remarks on the moral responsibility of the inhabi tants of Liverpool in this matter. It had been stated that at the beginning of the century, Dr. Currie, at the instance of the Corporation , reported upon the d e f ec ti ve san i tary condition . of the buildings of the town, and that his recommendations were disremarded on the g roun d th a t t o carry them out would be to interfere with the rights of property—apparently some supposed right of property in disease and death, as detailed by defectively constructed houses. The result in the next forty years appeared to have been the premature death, to say nothing of the attendant suffering, mental and bodily, involved in such deaths, of some 40,000 of the inhabitants of the town deaths by disease clearly perceptible—which the course recommended by Dr. Currie would have prevented, and which they were then engaged in efforts to prevent, and which efforts were _ found very far mono difficult and costly that; they would nowihave been had our pre- iation with which recently filled flat] 2.11 ter) . Pe and not only peace, hear). The Duke of Nen willing to accept from it s to send thorn based upon the ent, subject of our report n. The circular which I have t as follows : port a form t Associa 1. OPEr a.. V ,10,114. )f in the best way? Does the tut to those who least need it, aud.to with -10 most need it? What observations have liy on the operation of the Capitation Grant ? a the system should be extended VS schools of t ? Do you think the pre3ent standard - --" What advantageous modift too him' cation 11. Scn How I of the system can you su I . IED BY THE PRIVY COUNCIL you supply statistics supplementary to those in the ,rnment departs ? What can you say of the success of the schools not under inspection, the numbers taught, the kind of teaching, or the discip:int ? hat are the relations in which such schools stand to those under inspection? What stir gestions can you make for the improvement of such schools'! 111. LOCAL SUPPLY or ScaooLs.—How far have you obeervcd that the supply is adequate in any area which you may define I Have you noticed that the supply is too great in some places and too THE NORTHERN TIMES, FRIDAY, APRIL 22 MO the government to these institutions of 50s a head, which was considered sufficient for the satisfactory working of these institutions, but the government did not think they were justified in continuing to give that grant, and there was a fear tilat if this were taken off the institutions would be broken down. The institution of the workhouse was not only responsible for the maintenance of the poor, but also for their education, but they did not do it completely. There was no systematic attempt to effect this. The autho rities of that institution said they did as inuch as they could, and they had no further means ; the consequence was the remainder was thrown upon others. He did hope that some determination would be come to on this point, and that they would be able to settle the question as to who were the responsible parties for the maintenance and education of the poor, and that measures would be taken to compel the fulfilment of this important duty., Dr. Higginson asked if any inquiry had been made regarding the health of pupil teachers, and the class of young persons who generally took in) such offices ? Mr. Howson said, he had no facts, from his own know ledge, bearing upon the subject ; but the committee appeared to have thought that there was sufficient reason for inquiring into it.. Mr. Danson said, it was Dr. Higginson himself who had first drawn attention to the subject. Beyond that no further inquiry had yet taken place. I›. Higginson had all the merit of having first suggested the inquiry, and had, no doubt, investigated the subject also. (Hear, hear, and laughter.) Mr. Howson said he• had heard that the pupil teachers were very frequently hard-worked. Dr. Higginson said, he•believed they did a great deal of hard work, and very often- broke down. With regard to the public health question, upon which he had been requested to , speak, there. were "six heads laid down. He was sorry that the two gentlemen named along with himself, Dr. Vose- and Dr. Runcan, great importance. It was urged in their favour that it prevented men from " slumming" over their work—that it kept them together and raised their moral character: It was observed, on the other hand, that it interferred with the doctrine of free trade, which might now be considered as settled. These were questions not to be decided hastily, as they were of extreme importance. He did not know how many strikes there were going on in England at the present time. He pointed to several strikes which were going on in the various trades, and allUded especially to the shoemakers' strike, where it was said £ll,OOO had been spent by the men. It' was broadly asserted that this strike would drive the shoe trade to America, and if the AmeriCans got hold of a trade they would not let it back again, There was another point. It had been laid to the charge of, trades' unions that they originated outrages; he hoped that such an imputation was ill founded. e alluded to the outrage that was committed on a man's honse in Birmingham, which was said to be done at the instigation of the trades union. Within the last few months, he could point to many instances of this kind' that had occurred. If this was to go on; as it was twenty years ago, it was a serious question. and well worthy the Consideration of that or any other association. Feeling the importance of the subject, the general association had appointed a committee to investigate the subject, and that committee had appointed sub-committees in various towns to report to. it on the subject, in order that theymight make a general report, which was intended should go - fully and entirely into the investigation of the subject. The members of the centralcommitteein London were men of considerable eminence. The inquiry would embrace, amongst other subjects; " The moral effect of trades' unions ; the class- of membelongingpo them, the rate of wages, the character and skill of the workmen, their effects on - trades' strikes, their causes and effects," &C. He then referred to the practice-of emplOyers sending down to the Union. Hall for men when they wanted them, and when asked why they submitted to this, it was replitil, that there was a class called middle men, who exercised an influence on the trade, and that they were afraid of them. He- did think, that the more inquiry there was made, the more important the question would be found, and the move• it would lie seen to bear on the comfort and happiness of England, its manufacture, and its prosperity. He concluded by expressing a hope that those who took an interest in the subject, and could supply any information, would communicate with Mr. Hubback or himself, and it would be considered a great kindness to the local committee. (Applause.) dlr decessors not so very unwisely—not to say so wicke otl stood upon their supposed rights of property fifty o T nic $ years ago: But the field of s anitary reform W a3 A ° d e atbf section of the field they now occupi e d. Disease a nd a n bad asthey were, were not the worst of the evils o f hum, oi There was much also to be done for the impr ovement b o A elevation of life while they had it. They b a d to lear, n e ff e c , to live better, as well as longer—to make better, /of,' to tive and more elevated use of their powers, as /ell the/ lengthen the lease by which they held them. And here the/ had to remember that they occupied, as a eoutin n e n c l u V. position not only prominent in the world, hut ,P iart aid With the honour of holding the first seaport, an " re d, it the greatest mercantile community, simply so coonal a r e d i n g the world, they had also the responsibility of au ° T, tha l well-known and widely-followed example for others- ; 1 64 streets and markets, on their Exchange, and in their co ri o houses and shops, more thousands of active and en terP or idt o men were now receiving instruction in the practical coo of life—having, in some degree, the limits of their ka ° 5 0 , fixed and their moral habits formed—than were line taught at one time, andOn one spot, since the fl t r ert , Rbof - history was written. And these men carried elsew , ' fo cej they learned amongst us ; and in proportion to th° v their natural character made it the object of irvitato.ll4" o tol were also a shifting—an eminently shifting and ‘ l . l2 , l *,actic v population ;- and whatever was the standard 0, cob o obedience to the Divine laws prevalent among ta len t w- else' likely, nay sure, to be, through ns, widely prthe dutief, where. What, then,. was the position, and what the° of those, who, for, the time being, by their wel", — ,:bilitif personal influence, their knowledge,. or their ineat n ii, col(had, or might have, the guidance of the 600,000 56iiid not congregated' on the banks of the Mersey ? their Th e ldla 11° 1 yet, perhapei.very completely see what. But that p qe exonerate them from the performance' of their dutf•tios it was the prime object of the labours- of that asaciciearad provide means by which the duty might be both f. and performed. For they could not search out the moral being without even thereby. doing r,src' d. o r could not obey those laws without knowing th en: ' 0 11 1 'regard them with ou t suffering ; all their labours, teerso directly to afford the best potsfble exercise for the 11 , 1 C ua lle 6 all, whether derived from wealth, from personal n th from knowledge, from mentatability, or from leistit"..bic.ll best and highest exercise for the human facultie s °l d tO t they were capable,—he hoped, and very firmly truste ooo the committee would continue to receive not only thet`sad wishes and occasional aid, but the hearty, on sti rt :oi t g effectual co-operation of a- very large and rapidly inc section of the community.. (Applause.)- ,„ Professor Griffiths seconded the resolution, and s t !'',.ii i e g that a meeting-should be held for the purpose of P o . flec opportunity to-those who might have suggestions t Ot o - Mr: Danson- announced that the next meeting - held early in July. the, A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded ceedings. MANCHESTER TRADE REPORT.—Ar illja '" ljor e There has been a gradually, increasing business dalie ps7 - since Tuesday last, both in cloth and yarns, and. isear has recovered very much from the depression 11 1 materially the other day. LIVERPOOL PRODUCE MARKET.--Art Colonial, &c : The. Sugar market continues (1 0 S,, i 'sai a sales effected are at steady rates •• 350 hhds reported at 37s 6d to 39s 6d, 10 Ilds Demerara:, W A ' 130 mats Mauritius at 41s, and 1,550 bags 11 "„',,pe0",, i Maceio,. in bond, at 9d per cwt. A cargo (300P13,',1" 0 1 ' of elayad Cuba Molasses, for arrival, has been 0 '; off 6d per-cwt. We have nothing ' to. notice in Bo s-° ce f ee g i j i A quieter tone prevails for Riee t the recent spou lati s o ing having rather subsided,only 1,050 tic fivfgrol,ti° are reported at 12s to 125, 6rl ; of 500 t'ree s offered by auction, 130 were , sold at 22s 3d to 23 :1 - 31 5 2 In _Dyewoods, nothing done. Ashes : Pots a 21$ -pery and- Pearls at 31s 6d; Nitrate of Soda at 14s to 1 6 ,5 ;011 asin quality; and nothing further to notice in p t ar e a No sales in Brimstone; the transactions for thel*',c.,.` 16 5 :,/"I a retail character, amounting only to 150 tons a t 3rds, and £8 per ton for 2nds. 30 chests fine oral. O.it(' Lae reported at 102 s &I; and 50 bags Sago , 11914r dan per cwt. Oils, &c, :. Palm at £45 per tan; of Olive; Abotit" the last few days, 220. tuns have. changed hands, previous rates. in Tallow more doing ; 10 PLP:i v es , , f ,. ° American, on the spot, sold at 53s 6d, and 20 0 c'desi'i, arrive, at. 54s 6d, and 55s now demanded ; PYC tils t - ae 9 ' and 67s p.er cwt asked. Of Rosin, 1,450 barrels —nticllt 4s to 4s id fOrrominon, at 6s 6d to 103 for mediam't-fitiO.,4l 6d for fine quality; and a small lot Spirits ofrt ir f - 11 311 7* 43s Gd per cwt. We have also to notice 700 1)31° 1 ' 0 Hemp, of which the price is not reported ; 55 ?2,ed 5t i ' part at £l3 15s per ton ; 1,600 b ags B e ngal Ra_ i r -- of k to 44s 6d ; .300 bags or di nar y y e ll ow Mustardsff" and 160 bags Bengal Linseed at 48s per quarter. LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET.—Ar,„ - h t So little reliance can be placed on the atiult , '" nr i , reports, and so much uncertainty exists as to t he Cu nt result of the present political complications 01 1 ,`,cter. b le, nent, that all transactions of a commercial of f : either reduced to the narrowest limits, or, the; lj - entirely suspended. The cotton market tluouglo u .tea d o o week has been extremely quiet, and, with only sales and a plentiful supply, the buyer. has V i i . ,d',. 3 ,;; l t advantage of about lid . per lb on the sandy lower classes of American. Brazil and Egnh a- r o Itrt change. Surat rather easier. The weekly 501e 5 ,,.„. esr bales, of which 870 are on speculation and 3,3 5 0 ' THIS WEEK. 1 Prices Paid. 1 Cur. Price DFACRIPI Import. Sales. I TION I This Week Mid. Fes. • 155 , 7 1 8 ) 200 11,00 8 19900 1 40 ,80 I sil .;J d. d. GOO Sea Island 7i to 21 10,644 5,100 Upland 5 7 7 5,330 Mobile 5 l. 81 7 1 26,627 10,650 New Orleans 41 9 7 5-16 599 2,010 Brazil . 91 1,693 1,270 Egyptian . 70 110 West India 14,440 4,140 East India i _, J - 1114 1.11,,LV I 1 OIALI 131• 4 c1a LONDON PRODUCE MARKET.—A PI %usc o ,74d Sugar : The market is quiet, and the Cab,; cst l 76s; sold in many cases at last decline. 55 hhu s „ . " 1. "0 Demerara sold low ; middling to fine yellow, 4 ' 3 0, 516 hhds Cuba Muscovado sold : brown, 37 5 to to fine yellow, 38s 6d to 445. Coffee : No public sales ; quiet. 01 3 Tea firm ; Conou 140. Rice quiet, but common firm; 700 bags East India dalll3F 6'5 at 6s 6d to lOs 6d. 0 1 so t Saltpetre flat, ,holders unwilling to realise a t pre AVERAGES.—APath 21 ' the *l ',,,te,' The price of grain in England and Wales for 6d; "- ending April 16 :—Wheat, 41s 2d; barley', , 3 1 . 23s 7d; rye, 31s 6d; beans, 41s sd; peas, 39s CORN 2 1. BOROUGH M HOP ARKET.—Arl' l t o ps 9 ' e is still a fair busine s s doily, in new All other kinds are a slow inquiry quotations , „rot. 11 6 .44 --- METROPOLITAN CATTLE MARKET.----A" 0 blb t , The show of lambs was rather extensive , _ all i 3 .A r ...1 iet with a very dull inuiry at fromss4d to 65 - (1 P o e f t !,. 4 eing a decline of Id per . lb. Beasts and cal ce3 . l :s ocl l:l -4 lowly, the latter at a decline of 2d per Os. Sh e ,"►l), 'fre , unchanged. Beef, 3s 6d to 5s ; mutton, 4s to 6 5 ; 19r 11b 5 . , '1) to 6s 4d ; veal, 3s 10d to 5s 8d; pork, 3s to 4s 2d P e , r o • 6 i lth Total supply : Beasts, British 621, foreign .„u a iill and lambs, British 10,092, foreign 400 ; calves , -"f" foreign 50 ; pigs, British 2 L 1• AP pu l•l , LONDON TALLOW MARKET. -A d • .1 0 Market firm ;_ spot and all the month, 55s 6 rs 6d to 55s 9d; ' October and December, 56s buYe 9. 1 %,„ LONDON MONEY MARKET.---ArlVsole' eie . Consols opened firm at 95+ to 95 2 . but on lir theft influential brokers declined to 95 and 958, at 'wh ich , to ; i. weak. Shares declined, and were dull at about 4 eb stes cent. fall from the opening. Canadian and Fren WAKEFIELD CORN MARKET.---AF,I1 iy : o ot t he( Wheat held for full prices. The demand ric In ° BIRMINGHAM CORN MARKET.--ide° i l Limited supply of wheat, iher prices dolt': 13;ri e ; 5 sa made only Is per quartermore than last we e 'ol P e in improved demand. Oats rather dearer. Bean advanced is per qr. -- MANCHESTER CORN INIARKET. —ArIT' 21. dt 10 - f Wheat is higher, though only in limited recluel othe was quiet, but a corresponding advance w resale articles unchanged in price, with a moderat CORK CORN MARKET.—Arag, 21. a; oti White wheat, 24s 6i; barley, 12s 6d to 165 6 _ GLASGOW CATTLEIIIARKET.—Ar, 0,,,.,, la Larger attendance of cattle at this dav's roaThe't wee '- st Thursday, the demand for which was, fair at las wed prices, and at the close all were cleared off• 5, 11 .,? e , 13 we,,r e very scarce, and sold readily at former prices. lu e— 0 t 2 53 t 0 a few lots of grass 14mbs shown, which sold a be. each. At market: 933 cattle, 1,014 sheep, 47 lain ni - A. - 2;: 1 ;d NO9 - . i '.(l GLASGOW IRONMARKET.--1 The market has been steady to-day and still buyers ; sellers ask 51s 9d 51s 6d No. 1 Gartsherrie,