Northern Times. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1859-04-08 00:00:00

(Cornwall! 21Its. THIS DAY. Tins DAY, the Bth instant, at Twelve o'clock, at the Broker's Office, 7, Exchange-chambers, 30 Tons English made LINSEED CAKE. FRANCIS J. EATON, Broker. Apply to THIS DAY, tho Bth instant, at Twelve o'clock, at the Brokers' Office, 16, Exchange-buildings, 15 Tons CAMWOOD, lying in the Wapping Dock.—Apply to J. H. RAYNER and Co., Brokers. On account of whom it may concern. This DAY, the Bth instant, at One o'clock, at the Brokers' Office, 16, Exchange-buildings, 120 Tons Peruvian GUANO, all faults, ex Camden, stranded on her passage to Cork, and now lying in the Birkenhead Dock. For particulars apply to J. H. RAYNER and Co., Brokers. NEXT WEEK. On MONDAY nest, the 11th inst., at half-past Eleven o'clock, in the Commercial Saleroom, Temple-court, 40 Tons Shetland Dry COD FISH, partly damaged, On view at 15, Pitt-street.—Apply to Mr. William Jameson, 15, Pitt-street; or to GEO. BADENACH and SON, Brokers. On TUESDAY next, the 12th instant, at Twelve o'clock, at the Brokers' Office, 2, Dale-street, 1,6130 Bags Bombay RAPESEED, 17p „ „ MUSTARDSEED, 1,094 , ~ LINSEED, all faults. B ' ROWNE, HUNTER, and Co., Brokers. Apply to MERSEY DOCK ESTATE. On account of whom it may concern. For the Payment and satisfaction of Freight and Charges. On TUESDAY next, the 12th instant, at One o'clock, at the Broker's saleroom, 18, Chapel-street, RT 18 Bales WPF WP 12 Balcs WOOL. WO 6 tales WF 9 Bales WC 4 Bales 49 Bales, ex Wasp, from Bombay; lying For further particulars apply to DANIEL C. in Wapping Dock warehouse.— BUCHANAN and Co., Brokers. ®ll 2aft, JAMES BANKS, CASTLE-BUILDINGS, DERBY-SQUARE, LIVERPOOL. FENCING WIRE, Black, Bright, and Galvanised; TELEGRAPH WIRE and SIGNAL CORD, Wholesale and tor Exportation. ON SALE, 45 TONS LOCUST BEANS, ex ;liar, from Barcelona.—Apply to GEO. BADENACH and SON, Brokers EISTORY OF THE WORKING CLASSES, Every Saturday, in the NOUTHEEN DAILY TIMES, Price 'enny. AMERICAN SOLACE CHARLES TURMEAII. AMERICAN SOLACE. AMERICAN SOLACE. 1 CHARLES TURMEAU AMERICAN SOLACE. AMERICAN SOLACE. CHARLES TURMEAU. AMERICAN SOLACE. TO CORRESPONDENTS. Under no circumstances can we insert communications not accompanied by the author's real name and address, not neces sarily for publication, but as a guarantee of good faith. NOTICE TO OUR CHESTER SUBSCRIBERS. -OUR CHESTER SUBSCRIBERS ARE INFORMED THAT, IN FUTURE, THE " NORTHERN TIMES " WILL BE . SUPPLIED IN CHESTER BY THE AGENT OF MESSRS. W. H. SMITH & SON, FROM THE RAILWAY STATION NEWSPAPER OFFICE. AMUSEMENTS, MEETINGS, &e.—THIS DAY. ROYAL AmPniTnEATßE—Dramatic performance. THE PARISIAN GALLERY OF ANATOMY, Paradise-street. ROYAL COLLOSSEUM.—Miscellaneous Attractions. Ir'Z'" For particulars see advertisements on Bth page. Ct)t TOttlittn Eimn. FRIDAY, APRIL 8, 1859. THE DAY'S NEWS. But little business was done in Parliament last -night. The House of Lords adjourned at half-past eight, and the Commons about an hour earlier. In the House of Lords, Lord Derby moved the second reading of the India Loan Bill, and went into considerable detail upon the ques tion. The Duke of Argyle protested against any responsibility beinc , thrown upon the Imperial Exchequer. The Earl of Albemarle noticed the impossibity of raising increased revenue from a • population already taxed up to eighteen shillings in the pound. Lord Monteagle complained of the form in which the Indian accounts were kept, after which the bill passed a second reading. In the House of Commons, Lord Palmerston gave notice of a motion for Monday, calling attention to the present state of foreign affairs. He would question the government as to the precise position of the country, whether as mediator or negotiator, in the dissentions now pending in Paris. The Chancellor of the Ex chequer stated it, as the intention of the government, to pay off two millions of Exchequer Bills, falling due next month. After which the house went into • Committee of Supply, when several votes were taken for the Army and Navy. The Superannuation Bill was read a third time and passed, and the Combi nation of Workmen Bill passed through committee. In our second edition, yesterday, we published three days later news from America, by the steamers City of Washington and North Briton, and which will be found repeated in our impression this morning, The news is not important. Political matters were quiet, and there had been no great • change in the position of trade. The trial of the Hon. D. E. Sickles was anxiously awaited. The Paris correspondent of the Times writes that the great question of peace or war is still left to conjecture. Piedmont manifests no intention of disarming, while Austria insists upon this step as a preliminary condition to entering the Congress. The feeling that war is inevitable prevails at the French foreign office, and is shared by some of the highest functionaries. Count Cavour is reported to have said that he could, at any time, apply the match to the materials of conflagration at his com mand, and force France to .join him. The correspondent of the Herald reports that, although there is no doubt that negotiations are actively going on, there is no sign of Austria and - France coming to an understanding. The correspondent of the Times, at Rome, says the general opinion there is, that the Congress will simply delay the war, but cannot prevent it, because it will not effectually settle the Italian question. It is confidently stated that neither the Papal Govern ment nor the Kin°. of Naples will consent to send representativ es t o the Congress. A letter from Milan says that the tone and temper of the Austrian papers prove that peace is not desired at Vienna. The Portuguese Government has authorised the - free admission of Indian corn. The Globe states that the Earl of Derby held a meeting of his political supporters at his official residence yesterday morning, but that no informa tion with regard to it had transpired. We publish the addresses of Sir James Graham to the electors of Carlisle, and Lord J s ol ir m aes Russell say t s o the electors of the City of London. the question really submitted to the people i s thi s ,' namely—Reform or no reform ; a liberal policy, or tame submission to Lord Derby. The execution of Prentice, for the murder of Emm a Coppen, at Qeensborough, took place yesterday morning at Maidstone. It is advertised in London, that requisitions to Lord Stanley and Mr. Thomas Baring, asking them to stand for the City of London, lie for signature at certain places specified. The Globe publishes an abstract of the report of the confidential committee on the state of the navy, One of the heads of enquiry was, the comparative state of the navies of France and England. The expense of the French navy, for the last year, has been £38,395,000 ; and of the English navy, £53,179',000. The weakness of England is more particularly in steam-frigates, but the .-. • . . present state of the dookyartZs . is described House of Common s were allotted to them, is as ! as peculiarly favourable to the ir construe- follows : tion. The four iron-plated ships whit.' France is building are each to have 36 heavy guns, to throw Proportionately 31st March, to Estimated Proportionately to me mean of the an 801 b. hollow percussion shot. The naval men: of populationonthe a. to amount yry.po_rtionately Numbers t Revenue from France assert that in ten yeras time ships of the lint? in the Two Fore will have become obsolete. France and England , have an equal number of line of battle ships-29 in En s -land.. ..... 447 514 • 480 both cases. We are building 21 , and France 11. B " tland • 71 74 73 Ireland ...... 136 66 101 England has 26 frigates complete, and 8 building ; _ France 34, and 12 building; while 17 of-our frigates Total of the! 654 I 654 1 654 are screws, the French have only 15. Our sailing U. Kingdom L.... ships number 296 ' • the French 144. Th ese resu l ts b ear a remar k a bl e approx i mat i on to The trial of the Phcenix prisoners in Belfast has concluded for the present. There being no probabi- the actual state of the case, much more so, pro lity of the jury agreeing to a verdict, they have been b aby than than there is generally any idea of. For it discharged, and the prisoners have been required to happens that England has 467 members ; Wales, renew their bail, and will stand their trial next 29 ; Scotland, 58 ; and Ireland, 105,—numbers assizes. • , , i, ~ , • , The usual weekly Meeting of the health committee was held yesterday. The medical officer of health reported that the deaths registered in Liverpool last week, were fewer than in any week since the midd eof 1857. A deputation from Glasgow waited upon the committee for information as to the sani tory arrangements of the town, which being sup plied the committee were thanked. The Assizes were concluded yesterday, and in the case of the Rev. C. P. M'Carthy v. Murney, for slander, the jury gave a ve r di c t f or th e plaintiff for fifty pounds damages. The Wallasey Commissioners held their usual monthly meeting last evening, at which Dr. Parr took Mr. Pooley to task, for some reflections he had made on gentlemen of New Brighton, at the last meeting. The matter did not come to a lengthened discussion, as Mr. Pooley did not seem inclined to enter upon it again. Some general business was transacted, which will be found reported in another column. Yesterday, an inquest was held at Mr. Crafter's, Derby Arms Hotel, Rock-ferry, on the body of a boy, who died on board the reformatory ship Akbar, under what is considered at present strange circum stances. The boy was ill, from his admission, on the 19th February, until his death on Monday, and it appeared that he was " stripped" on Sunday, by what has been sworn to be "six cuts of a cane over his trousers." 'Whatever the cause of death may turn out to be, the case has caused some excitement, and all sorts of rumours. It is not our duty, nor inclina tion, to say more at present, as the case is still pending, and the inquest has been adjourned to Tuesday next. We publish the details to-day as far as they have transpired. Another case of " Life in Hotham-street," will be found in our Police news this day. It is a pretty quarrel as it stands, and no doubt, will frighten some one with a " silver shop " some where or other in the " good old town." We fear, as Mr. Mansfield said, "that gentlemen, who frequent such houses,' do strange things now and then, probably forgetting the commandment, Thou shalt not steal." REPRESENTATION-POPULATION - TAXATION. WE have had so much of this combination of subjects lately, through the long debate on the Reform Bill, that it is not with any wish to enter again, thus early upon their discussion in theory that we now refer to them, but only to make a very feiv passing remarks on one or two practical points, as brought out by a Parliamentary paper, relating thereto, which has been issued within the last few days, and which produces some rather curious calcu lations respecting it. The paper we allude to is a return of the present estimated population of England, Scotland, and Ireland, according to the most recent data possessed by the Registrar General, and the total amount of revenue derived from taxation in England, Seotland, and Ireland respectively, for the two years ending Dec. 31, 1858, under the departments of Inland Revenue, Customs, and Post-office ; showing, also, the number of representatives which each` of the divisions of the United Kingdom would have if the 654 members of the House of Commons were allotted to them-1, proportionately to such population; 2, proportionately to such revenue ; and 3, propor tionately to the mean of such population and revenue. These results bear a remarkable approximation to the actual state of the case,—much more so, pro bably, than there is ge.nerally any idea of. For it happens that England has 467 members ; Wales, 29 ; Scotland, 58 ; and Ireland, 105,—numbers which do not differ very widely from those which are given above, as proportionate to the mean of the united estimates of population and revenue from taxation . Such calculations as these, and their issues, are not only interesting, but valuable, in enabling one to come to right conclusions on the great question of Parliamentary representation. Under such a system as ours, it is of most momentous conse quence to keep closely and carefully in view, the preservation of that security which is sometimes called the balance of the. Constitution, —the political equilibrium of the State ; and which is found to be effected by two contrivances,—a balance of power, and a balance of interest. This balance of power is to be secured, by taking care that there shrill be no influence possessed by one part of the Legislature, the abuse or excess of which may not be counteracted by some antagonist influence, existing in another part; while the balance of interest, which goes along with, and gives efficacy, to the balance of power, is to be obtained by such a disposal and adjustment of the respective interests of the three Estates of the realm, that if any one of them should attempt an encroachment, the other two should unite in its resistance. Yet these means of promoting checks to secure the requisite equilibrium, cannot but be affected by those very elements of Parliamentary representation at which we have here hastily glanced. And the calculations which such statistics as those referred to afford are so valuable for the purpose, that one's deep regret is they are not furnished in greater completeness. BANKRUPTCY AND INSOLVENCY : DEBTOR Now, as regards population. That of England is set down at 19,836,610 ; that of Scotlond at 3,139,860 ; and that of Ireland at 6,020,423, thus showing the population of the United Kingdom , to be now close upon twenty-nine millions ; which , is a large increase upon that of the census of 1851, a fact which is not to be overlooked, more especially in connection with the character of such increase, in any scheme for the extension of the elective fran chise. Then as to revenue from taxation. The aggregate amount, it appears, in the two years ending , December 31, 1858, was £103,493,844 for England, £14,918,234 for Scotland, and £13,227;457 for Ire land,—Scotland, although containing little more than half the population of Ireland, producing a greater amount of revenue from taxation,—yet both Scotland and Ireland, of course / falling very far short of England, even in proportion to their amounts of population respectively. Thus, however, do population and taxation stand towards each other, in the three several divisions of the United Kingdom. AND CREDITOR. THERE is a very close connection between these two terms. If there were no such relations as those of Debtor and Creditor, there would be no such issues as those of Bankruptcy and Insolvency. The former are the means through which the latter arise. It is very much a matter of cause and effect. To be bankrupt is to be in debt beyond the power of payment ; and to be insolvent is to be unable to pay one's debts,—which is much the same thing. They combine, therefore, to constitute one great subject,— great in any state of society where credit prevails, and debt of necessity is incurred; but more especially in a commercial country, under such circumstances, since it is a system on the integrity and good faith of which its prosperity so much depends. It is a subject on which, of late years, there has been a great deal of legislation ; and still is more required. That improvements in the law have thereby been effected, cannot be denied; yet is. the law very far from faultless, after all. What EDMUND BURKE said upon the subject, now nearly a century ago, is still in great part true. " There are' two capital faults in our law," was his remark, " - with .relation to- civil debts : One is, that every man is. presumed solvent ; a presumption, in innumerable cases, directly the reverse of truth. Therefore the debtor is ordered, on a supposition of ability and fraud, to be coerced his liberty until he makes payment. The next fault is, that the inflicting of that punishment is not on the opinion' of an' equal and public judge, but is referred' to the arbitrary discretion of a private, nay interested and irritated individual: He who formally, is, and substantially ought to be, the judge, is in reality no more than ministerial, a mere executive instrument of a private' man, who , is at once judge and party." Now both. those " capital faults" have since BURKE'S day,—within. a comparatively few. years,. indeed,—in some considerable degree been. corrected. Our bankruptcy laws remove all risk of the:debtor's being " coerced his liberty," except for gross fraud ; and our Insolvent Courts afford' he•means.of release from such. coercion, save for such delinquency, or . something of a similar character. Still there is a, great deal of power left in the hands of " a private, interested, and irritated individual." The debt itself is not a crime, or the inability to pay it, of itself,, necessarily so ; but they are rendered such by cir cumstances ; and these circumstances, it' is, that constitute that for which alone the punishment of imprisonment is due, and the power, and the discretion of inflicting which ought - not, either in justice or humanity, to rest in anywise, either directly or indimectly, with any private and partial man,. but only with " au equal and public judge." Creditors have a. right to be protected against fraud, and everything of the nature of fraud, involving, as of necessity it must, great and often, aggravated loss. 'But they who have been guilty of no fraud, or any thing approaching thereto, certainly ought not to be regarded, for however temporary a purpose, in. 'the same light as fraudulent, while they are but unfortunate insoNents. Numbers must necessarily have to do with any-fair scheme of popular representation,; although, at the same time, their amount must be- adjusted, their influence modified, by other elements. With the elements of property and educa.ian we have nothing at present to do, because neither one nor the other is noticed in the Parliamentary returns on which we are remarking. But these both constitute very important influences, and camnever, with. v.,dvant age, be denied their full weight in any representative system. Pass we on, then, to.taxation. The revenue from taxation we have already mentioned ; and its. proportion to the population of each, division of the United Kingdom. Now taxation is; n thing which has a very peculiar connection with. representation, inasmuch as it is through this representation, in, the House of Commons, that it is, constitutionallT en forced. Every law which, by the remotest con struction, may be deemed to levy money upon the property of the subject, must originate, that is, must first be proposed, and assented to, in the House of Commons ; by which regulation, accompanying the weight which that assembly possesses in all its functions, the levying of taxes is almost exclusively reserved to the popular part of the Constitution, the members of which, it is presumed, will not tax themselves, or their fellow-subjects, without being convinced of the imperative necessity of the aids which they grant. And besides so im posing the taxes, the Commons watch their appropriation with the same judicious care and economy as they do the imposition of them. To the House of Commons, as the representatives of the people, has the expenditure of all the taxation to be accounted for. And these well-known facts,—which we only repeat for the purpose, of the occasion,— certainly show in how close a relation taxation stands to representation. present,haLveet shown u h sowsene, practicallyt then, how how the representation is, at it bears to dby po th p e ula p t r i o o p n o , ratinodn tie revenue from taxation. We find by the Parliamen tary paper before us, that the number of representa tives which each of the divisions of the United Kingdom would have it the. egg 'members of the Two new attempts to make further improvements in the law on this subject are now before Parliament, —one having originated in, and having now passed, the House of Lords, the production of the, LORD CHANCELLOR; the other having been introduced in the House of Commons by Lard JOHN RUSSELL, where it has passed its second reading. The title of the LORD CHANCELLOR'S measure is the Debtor and ' Creditor Bill ; that of Lord JOHN RUSSELL'S, the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Bill. They both aim at much the same object, thoughby somewhat different means. The conflicting opinions which have to be encountered, in legislating upon this subject, and which characterise to a certain extent these two measures respectively, have been thus stated by the LORD CHANCELLOR, with reference to his own measure, and its reception, bo 4 4;11 in Parliament and by the mercantile commun;:c-y :—" There were two distinct classes of opinio;n which divided the com mercial world. One oi those was that the creditors should have no pvwer whatever—should not be allowed to interf rzre with the administration of the affairs of the Insolvent. Many persons of the highest authority ;.,o the commercial world took that view. Their 01;;Inion was entitled to the greatest respect, and :could no doubt influence any one framing a bill on this subject, and determine him to adopt the view which persons of such weight in the City of London represented. But if the Government had framed the bill on their suggestions, they would have encountered a powerful opposition by another class of persons, who had, since 1831, when the official assignees were first croted, insisted on the THE NORTHERN TIMES FRIDAI, APRIL 8, liBs-§ right of creditors to have more control over the administration of their affairs. They had been complaining, from time to time, of being thrust out of all interference when the Bankruptcy Court got hold of the affairs of an insolvent debtor. Evidence was given to a considerable extent on the subject of such administrations before the commission of 1852, and the commissioners appeared to have favoured the views of that latter class. He did not, however, mean to say the question was so clear that any decided opinion could be formed on the subject. It was necessary to examine what were the different circumstances that required attention ; and in choosing between conflicting opinions, it was the duty of the Government to adopt that course which they thought best calculated to do justice to the different classes concerned." This, it is Considered, has been done pretty fairly in the Bill which has passed the Lords, and now awaits attention in the Commons. Lord JOHN RUSSELL'S Bill takes a somewhat opposite course, more especially as respects the powers of creditors, and the system of assignee ship. It is not improbable that an exceedingly good measure may be made out of the two together. And it satisfactory, therefore, to find that bath are to be referred to a Select Committee of the House of Commons, with that view. The great point, then, will now be, the composition of the Select Committee. Lord JOHN RUSSELL has expressed his hope, that it would consist of persons who were fully competent, from their legal know ledge and mercantile experience, to came to a right conclusion upon the matter. And no doubt this will be the case. But then there are persons out of doors whose mercantile experience might furnish valuable suggestions, in dealing with such a subject for legis lation ; and, to secure this, it is proposed to call upon such persons to give evidence before the Committee. A difference of opinion upon this point has been expressed in the House of Commons. But, as Mr. Secretary ESTCOURT remarked, " the Committee themselves would exercise their judgment upon' the matter, and at any moment they thought proper they might apply to the House for permission to call witnesses before them." This it is, on every account, most desirable should be done. legal knowledge upon the question , there may be abun dance in the House ; and there is no doubt the Committee will contain, a fair contribution of it. But what is more particularly wanted is mercantile experience ; and this is not so easily found among Parliamentary politicians. As the SoLicizoir. GENERAL observed, "If they accompanied the appointment of this Committee with the power of calling witnesses, the Committee- would' probably proceed to examine into the whole question. Whereas, if they allowed the Committee to wait until they considered the channels through which the inquiry was to run, there would be ample time for them to come down to the House and to ask for further power to call witnesses at that particular stage of the inquiry," This, course, then; it has been determined to pursue. The:whole question' will thus be gone fully into ; and with two Bills before them, each: of which contains something good, though neither of them, perhaps, is yet anything like perfect, there cannot,. one weed think, be any very formidable difficulty in. the Committee presenting to the. House, for its sanction, a good Bill, cut of the two,—and one for whi6h the' creditor, as well as the debtor, would hereafter, let us hope, have reason to be grateful. THE* AGRICULTURE OT IRELAND 4 THERE is perhaps no town in the United Kingdom so deeply interested, commercially; in the Agriculture of Ireland, as, Liverpool.. Its steam, trade with Ireland owes its principal support, directly or indirectly, to that source. The- agricultural; pro ducts of Ireland, of all descriptions, find an inlet to the. English, market here, which. is of the highest importance to all concerned. There are well organised lines of steamers which find in such products a never-failiiag, supply of freightage to Dublin, Waterford, Cork, Belfast;. Drogheda, Dun dalk; Newry, Sligo, Westport, Ballina, Limerick, and the- banks of the Shannon. These several lines,. we find, paid dock dnes.here last year on nearly a million-and a quarter tons of shipping,; and taking into account but their goings and comings, they represent a movement of about two ancla half million tons of shipping and cargo. In addition to - these steamers, there-is about half a million tons of sailing coasters. Combined, these vessels supply the means by, which Irish produce is brought to this port; either for consumption among the manufactur ing and.,:labouring population of the North:: Western and Midland districts, or tot be shipped', to our Colonial and the.. various foreign markets. All this produce that consists of provisions is,, of course, agricultural. The progress. of Irish agriculture, therefore, is a mutter in which, we repeat, Liverpool has probably a greater interest than any other place in her Majesty's dominions,,contributing so largely, as it does, to its.commercial prosperity.. We have before us some recent statistical returns relating to Irish agriculture which are practically illustrative of the growing increase of some of its principal products. It appears, for instange, , that during the last four years the number of live stock has increased in the, following numbers,—horses 54,430.; cattle 97,194 , ;- pigs 925,207. The money value of these several items, of increase are, for horses, £435,440 ;„ for cattle £631,761; ; for pigs, £2Bl,so9,—making a total increase of money value to the amount of about a- million and a quarter sterling. . In sheep there has been a decrease, which may be partly amounted for, we suppose, by the fact of there having been more meadow and clover culture, during the last two or three years, devoted more particularly to horses and cattle, as - being found more profitable. Of cereal crops, there has also , been a decrease going on during the last two or three years, amounting to as much, as 38,427 acres in 1858. But in green crops there has been an increase to the extent of 13,282 acres. From this it would seem that the agriculturists of Ireland are paying at tention to the cultivation of those products which find the most profitable markets, here in England, and elsewhere out of their own country. With respect to grain, indeed, we have ascertained from other sources of statistical information, the imports— wheat, barley, oats, rye, and Indian corn—have lately amounted to as much as a million of quarters in a year. The Parliamentary return of the agricultural statistics from which we obtain these particulars, is a very valuable one, comprising, as it does, estimates of the atea under each crop in 1856 and 1857, and the increase or decrease in 1857 ; propor tion per cent. of each crop to the entire extent under cultivation in 1856 and. 1 9 ,67 ; counties in which the extent under tillago increased in 1857 ; comparative statement of thr, area and proportion of each crop grown in Taeland. and Scotland in 1857 ; proportion in every 100 acres of tillage under meadow and I 0 ! - Jver and under other crops ; area under each crgp for eves' year from 1851 to 1857 inclusive ; acreag under wheat ud potatoes in each year, from 1847 to 1857 inclusive ; exi . knt under cereal and green crops, &c., in 1856 and 1857, in each province, and in all Ireland ; acreage under flax in each year from 1851 to 1857, and the increase or decrease between 1856 and 1857, by counties and provinces ; number of holdings by classes in each county and province, and the increase or decrease in each class in the latter year; number of holdings and extent of land held by the several classes of landholders in 1857 ; average extent of the holdings in each class in 1856 and 1857 ; average size of the farms in each class, exclusive of bog and waste lands ; area under each crop on the several classes of holdings, and the proportion it bears to every 100 acres under cultiva tion; number of holdings in each province in 1841, 1851, and 1857, according to the classification of the Census Commissioners of 1841; area, estimated total produce, and estimated average yield per statute acre, of the principal crops grown in each year, from 1851 to `1857 ; total estimated produce of the crops, and estimated average produce per statute acre, by weight and measure, in Ireland and Scot land, in 1857. Number and ages of the several descriptions of live stock in 185 G and 1857, and the increase or decrease in the latter year; numnber of each description of live stock in 1841, and in each year from 1851 to 1857 ; value of each description of live stock in 1841, 1851, and 1857, by` provinces ; value of each description of live stock- on holdings above one acre, classified as in the census repert of 1851 ; also the average value on each holding; value of the live stock on the several classes of holdings, and the average value per holding in 1855 and 1857 ; value of live stock by counties and provinces for each year,. from 1853 . to 1857, and the'increase or decrease in 1867. These miscellaneous , details, it will be observed, are brought down no later than to 1857; but the tabular returns of the number and value of live stock, and of the extent of land under crops, include the years from 1855 .to ,1858 s.• There is one great obstacle to improvement in the condition of Irish agriculture, which' the Registrar General, whose returns- we have been- considering, thus reports upon;—" As regards the condition of Irish agriculture, I' beg to state that I continue to receive communications from various- quarters relative to the pernicious growth of weed t- which is unfortunately so prevalent throughout the . country and an anxious desire is generally expmssed for some lowfslative measure to protect the improving farmer who cleans his land from, the injury done to his crops 'by the winged seeds of noxious- weeds carried br the wind from the field-of some negligent neighbour. Such a protection is afforded to the cultivator of the soil in some of her-Majesty's colonies and in parts-of Europe' The fact is, we believe, that the slovenliness in Irish farming-that used to be so prevalent all over the-country, had the effect,-for a long' time' past, of letting noxious- weeds get so much a-head of the lazy efforts to keep them down; that the land, in• many situations,. became quite overrun with' them;' and their seed ismow a terrible pest to • those who are making such laudable exertions to 'keep their lancUelean,--a precaution, as every pod• farmer well knows, that is-indispensable to his success. Let us hope that the Legislature will not hesitate to • deal with it, if necessary, as. suggested , above. BRITISH COLUMBIA. IT, is surprising to find :that, after all that has seen represented - of the rich resources of this new' field ,of colonial enterprise, and in' the face of so• great a rush of population thither, it should have to" be complained of that our mercantile spiLit has not: been sufficiently powerful and pervading, so far;- to-furnish sufficient supplies for -the pressing necee-- sides of the colonists.. The cause of. British Columbia's sudden accession off a busy throng to develope its.. natural capabilities,- has been the dis— covery of the precious metals - but slightly below. the surface of its soil, and within easy access of acquirement: Wealth, therefore, was sure to be realised with despatch ; and wherever there is that,..one expects there will be the opportunity. of supplying the wants of those who - possess it. Englishmen, at any rate,. have not hitherto been backward in providing such oppor tunity, in any quarter-of the globe. Stran ge.that, in this instance, their being so should have to be• com plained. of.. " I anal of opinion;" says a modern philosopher,. " that. gold, and silver are our only 'powerful and propitious deities ; for when once you have introduced those into your house, wish for what you. will, you shall quickly obtain it." Yet it is not so„, at present, it would seem, in British Columbia.. There they have gold,— it is that which they are accumulating day by day, as. the immediate produce of their. industry ; not anything, for which, gold is obtained, but theprecious metal itself, dug by their own hands out of the bowels of the earth. It, is, so far, it, appears,, one of those fields of human, enterprise and industry which can not easily be over stocked with hands, but which flourish most by multitudes, giving 'employment to all who wilt minister to, the common stock- of human exertions, and their. various necessi- No man can purchase without an equivalent- ; and no trade will be carried on where such equivalent is not to. be ha& This is an universal axiom, because the principle it asserts is an indis pensable one. Upon this basis, indeed, it is that the public benefit of trade is founded ; as it requires industry, and that system of distribution which industry produces,, to provide that equivalent, and make it available for supplying the wants and pro moting the enjoyments of those who are engaged in it. The capacity of labour is every man's natural possession, and composes a constant and renewing fund. It does this more or less rapidly in proportion to the opportunities for its profitable exertion; and no opportunities can well be so profitable as those which afford immediate access to that which is the eventual remuneration of it all,—gold. It is not the mere sustentation of life which is to be pro vided for, where men have the ability of accumu lating gold. Generous diet, comfortable clothing, convenient habitations, suitable domestic utensils, and the like, are doubtless the first objects in demand, in such a case. But these wants, or at any 'rate these desires, soon advance far beyond that. It were not enough to render human life more healthy, vigorous, and comfortable,—though the doing of this creates demands which promote, in their turn, to an immense extent, the various operations of active industry, and the several ramifications of prevailing commerce. There are articles of luxury, of ornament, nay, of splendour, which gold can procure, and which the possessor of gold will generally insist on procuring, whenever the hat ts and the pleasures of civiligation and refinewnt are known, and can be indulged. Now Tiritish Columbia, we repeat s it appears, is the position, so unusual, so anomalous ; in flese times of commercial energy and enterprise, and arc of having a population that have got, getting daily more and more, of the means of procuring not only the necessaries, b u t the yet comforts, the elegancies, the luxuries of life, that cannot easily obtain them—at least, by an/ means to their satisfaction, and from their coun tr y: publish ° men at home. " Everything," says a letter of recent date, " is enormously d ear and yerl t inferior here, as are all American g oods (csceP, stoves), to English articles. There is a spl driendica e t field for British merchants her e. They 5 s elling the Americans out of the field , and b y 11• lower prices raise the colony's pro gress and P eP to drink, lation. Everything to wear, to eat, ever.l tool, every article of furniture, any or everythhigo will sell, and that at a splendid profit, even .lien selling lower than the American rates; the °no condition requisite to observe being that the arti wi e should all be of the best quality. A miner is, give any money for quality, shrewd man as River to to Vessels of 1,000 tons can go into.the Fraser our proposed new capital, Queenborong h, and silo trade there direct from England. You may he these remarks among your acquaintances in the f as reliable. Labouring men can find anY employment here; the opening is very : :, ""r eat a o re man can hunger here who has hands. lY ani n e- go cily at a premium inexpressible by figures, and a T o ` o " re , wanted to ensourage settlement on the lan d ", e 'vg then, is a field for trade, which it is reallY fL 7 6l ,, i t ut that our enterprising merchants have n ot Yet II to cultivate —as, it is evident, they might se ) P r4t s 3 o ut do. No doubt they " can soon drive the Anieric,f, ro' of the field." But the wonder is, that Bri t ' s :ta and forethought should ever have allowed Xlll gcll, get possession of it. "Any or every ajar, at and that at- a splendid profit, even when seh`citu lower than American. rates." And this' 1 . e , 10 ,111 ninountii,!: readily believe; for not only are those ratifs'i'lio much higher, with few exceptions, ,tharg ones, but they were cure to be made olf under the circumstances of the occasion. 111°‘ : ba conditionr however, which is- imposed, 1n r . 1113- D er attended to r we are thoroughly eoalinced) 1; of msuent success is to ensue, that, na lne. '' '' ed the articles being of the• best quali t Y* ,‘ the merchants ancr traders must remember, that 0 0 miner;" who is - to be their customer;. is fro' I ° r t beir land, where such , articles are understood , an ', Of good ("may appreciated ; and that, ,‘ shre W ' j O lll l as he is," he will not be imposed upon, ewe ° 11 Bull himself. , i „, 3 It is well observed:by one of metroliol"" t tho temporaries, ."that British traders s h o uld , aM ii - 01 1 system with British Columbia, which t ~,a always done with the:countries where . we' tr ad . c o p' that at this moment its adoption is-peculiarlY 0 of Ont. The colony," it is continued, "is 10 e 't th e complete transition from mere barbarisat' ' ept usual civilisation which- has attended 13riti' 914 w of in what Lord BAeoN-calls the ' hcyroicale art plantation.' At such a time it is peculiar -1Y 'lici sary that the links whichibind it to , Eugl ani 7o o be strengthened and that the British - P e r; t g i l er 4 ' shouldpredominate in .the settlement; over all varonf Of coarse the thirst for gold must fill the 4 - 0 4.1 a; with emigrants firm , every . nation in th e o lio; but it is not neessary that the grea t , witis il relation* of Columbia shonld pass oat o l hands, and that while we should be es ilw- beit la a government and organising society , . le t %ill . :be doing.: so to hand. oven the rest ivettw nations._ We do lilt look t , colonies a s P e r : ' e tlOl appendages to the mother kingdom, anYlll°r f 11 0 we admire the poligy of Lord NoRTIT . e n ' o c ;l0 )13 master, GEORGE III.; but when we see th e P - ot j t i of British Columbia, we cannot but prop/Ito/1 a great thtnre, and urge on the mercantile- h Englanctthe lesson given in the letter Ir li iv : have quoted—that the sendingOf a fall sil r ' a good articles, even at good prices, will LeTiOre't attach the commerce of `the new plantatlo:l; Cos t Britain. What the future trade of the Pacn-o.ettire. of America may become must baffle all e r3 It has: before it the prospect of conunell-; A 11 6: commence of the East, in addition to that e v tralasia,_both continent' and islands, and:. 'o the untried' fields of 'adventure which o°ll fort h Southern Seas. This, therefore, is not a toact English mercantile community to. be idl e. 'l e t t w i vourigto wed to our own commercial 10'-- " great dependency." cal Let.us hope, now that attention has he`-,ArdiPl the.case, there will no longer be any baelP;p7 in-furnishing such a.oolony with. all tha t it oitie4 of - British produce, whether fon its actual poi; its comforts, or its luxuries, sodong as it fgrr tion honestly to render the equivalent rationally to enjoy. them. iii st. sPala ce. Queen and , Prince THE COURT. L .,01l The Queen held a levee on Wednesday ai' crbe ill lam Th e e s' Palace soon after two o'clock,.escorted b ad;ue tbe V Consort arrived frenl;t'°-;101ec13:0`,I y 0 h .,' co the Royal Horse Guards , and were receiv " PO officers of state,. gultO , 0 Ft' - Prince Gh la o m Mahomek son of Tippoo -,, pill% pow Feroze Shah, grandson of Tippoo Sultan an vrer" lei , rote Backt, great grandson of Ti oc, p 4 a ltal:r o i .stal l • sented to the Queen, at an audience; , b Y iencei- Secretary of State for India. Icf •estY• The Earl of Derby had an audience other 31 e. . 00 0IP The Duke of Cambridge was present at th e ,IVoill bl The Queen and Prince Consort entered the A attelleleol accompanied by the Duke of Cambridge,arl"' - - • b? lobe, 'of l the Duchess of Manchester , Mist7ess of tb e & rg, , er e Churchill, Lady. in Waiting; and. the •gre a r , t , °- l e ee c " ue.' 1 house7sold. Mr. C., la Phippsand Viscount ' —t f ltiL' s E. the Pages of Honour in Waiting. ~.„ ff laee 5. 1 0,,,,' The. Queen. wore a train maize and 1 1.11 " 6 (Kee , J 'f' - larnee argent, and brocaded with bouquets o b/op o. 0 3 and red and gold berries, trimmed with silv? r no tie iej petticoat white satin, trimmed, with hotline s _ s , o tre silver blonde . Her Majesty wore as a headdre 5' IV,f. diamonds. the_4o- Mr. William Jackson, Mayor of Lancaster ~ , i orANr• Thomas Faulkner Lee, M.A , Lead-Master IteYl, , and t o School, Lancaster; Mr. Samueli Gregson, • fre lli lie C dde 6s kg te,. 4 . William J. Garnett, M.P., ,presented all 3- tb3°'ll oo. o l mayor and corporation. of Lancaster, to reter t e t b r ee 1, 0 1 Majesty for the grant for the foundation e l y nior e' ships and an exhibition. at the Royal G ; " 3 I ,est 3r. Lancester. ofd $" (1, el; A deputation, consisting of the m a yor ., ,,hea b l tl of Mr. Alderman Nicholls, and Mr. Cauncillor.;of theft.., 1 sented an address to the Queen, on the 00 3 ' 51 of the ; v ete" of an infant Prince, from the eorporati.elln ore P t Manchester:. The members of tho•deputatio a rt So,, by the Secretary of State for the 1101110 Augus t ° to p ` ll. The Prince Consort, with Princ e "" 171 1 by C $P 0 Coburg, rode out on horsehack, attende ie j ill Plat. 'eel ° 'sS e en irig , o f o li, Her Majesty's dinner party in the eV 4 e ote s , b tit Princess Alice, the Prince and Prince;.fee° fer° l ilice tt i,, Coburg, Prince Gholam Mahumed,o!'fvernes-s;e geol. Prince Furak Buckt, the Duchess I _„' - ron ae tbe l ls•it Eversley, Lord George Lennox, la and : . y y ttollt_ er al.„ Lady Peel, the Right lion. Sir Li e utena n t E draGo,,fostir.j, Mr. and Mrs. Francis Stoner, ( 1c ,1 .0 0 1 ' Charles Yorke, Sir Geore Russell Clerk, s ,11:atteadae The band of the 2nd life Guards wa 1 played during dinner. ..--- ,Ns. , c ECtrri ki j, 0 THE PHOENIX Prt"' c oy.) or l arg e wa' (From the Bettast .llfiers been di . s ttie rut. BELFAST, Thursday.—The jnrY a_ ip ,.. All t beir 7 0 0 there was no probability of their agreu z ae ,,,in . g ritc 01l o f ers are to stand out till next assizes ou w r a ... roriseboto 3, the ,d 1 0 The foreman of the jury said there aftes; el side. The rumours about the city, 9 t0 3 '- vrere d the jury, 'were, that the numbers 0 .., 4 ,1 1 0 , The Orown business of the assizes at 1,,i la i an Ti he a 15 ) bi a 31 t] CI 1 \ 1 . Z 6p he .P 0 ti C U n li