The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1846-10-20 00:00:00

-• Y .r 3-- - FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. ARRIVAL OF THE CAMBRIA. Or. Wednesday, morning, at three o'clock, the steam ship Cambria, Captain Judkins, arrived in the Mersey. She made the passage from Halifax in ten days and a half. The news is important. It appears by the papers there is no truth in the letter in the Morning Chronicle of Monday, that the preliminaries of peace had been conclu ded between the United States and Mexico. On the con trary, the Americans were preparing to commence fresh hostilities on an extensive scale, with a determination to force the Mexicans to capitulate. With reference to this subject, the New York Herald for Europe gives the fol lowing as the latest news from the south: " We learn that Grneral Gaines has received orders from Washington, for the immediate transportation of all the troops now stationed in this division to the seat of war, on the Rio Grande. The crders are positive and peremptory, and a corporal's guard only is to be left at each of the forts and fortifications. _ "The British brig-of-war Dating, arrived at Vera Cruz on the 2nd instant, with despatches, said to be from the American government. These despatches were reported to comprise offers of peace on a permanent basis, and ex pressing President Polk's readiness either to send a :Minis ter Plenipotentiary to Mexico, or to receive a Mexican minister at Washington." The following is from the If Union—the or gan of the government of the United States—of Sept. 26: —" We can state, upon competent authority, that the report is not true that Mexico has not refused to negociate with the government of the United States until we shall withdraw our armies from her territory, and our fleets from her coasts. The report is absolutely destitute of foundation." . California had passed quietly into the possession of the American forces. The news from South America is interesting. General Rivera was fortifying the Porto das Vaccas, and General Oribe was about to abandon the department of Maldon ado, in order to concentrate his forces for an attack on Rivera. The Brazilian brig Conde de Thoroar, sailing from San tos with munitions of war, was captured by the French brig factique, and carried into Monte Video. The Brazilian frigate Constitution was to Fail on the 12th of August for Plymouth, Ungland, Sir Joa Pascoe Grenkll, chief of the squadron4was to go in her with all his family, and will reside at LiOerpool, as Consul General from Brazil. The Truxton was set on fire on the 22d of August. She was fired from stem to stern with three S.inch shells. On the 22d ult. the packet ship Havre, from Havre, fell in with the wreck of a ship on fire. She was an Etiglish ship, timber laden, apparently a new vessel, and had a woman figure-head. Twenty-two houses had been destroyed by fire at Phila delphia on the 29th ult. SPAIN. A telegraphic despatch from Madrid, received at Paris on Monday, announces that the marriage of the Queen and Don Francisco d'Assis, and of the Infanta Maria Louisa Fermnda and the Duke de Montpensier, took place on the 10th instant. Mr. Bulwer, who returned to Madrid on the .Bth, previous to his withdrawal to Aranjuez, is said to have presented another formal protest on the sub ject of the infanta's marriage. This document was more decided hi tone and character than the one previously sent in. It is understood to have announced the determina tion of Great Britain not to recognise any claim to the crown of Spain, which may be hereafter advanced by the issue of the infanta's marriage with the Duke de Mont pensier. On the 7th, a person named Olivarieta, who was formerly the editor of a republican journal, called El Buracan, was arrested in the neighbourhood of the French embassy, with pistols in his possession. He avowed that his intention was to have shot the Duke de - Montpensier ; but subsequent investigation leaves no rea son to doubt that he is insane, and he will of course be confined in a lunatic asylum. Mr. Richard Cobden arrived at Madrid on the 9th inst. SWITZERLAND. The advices from Geneva to the 10111 instant state that tranquillity appeared to have been completely restored. There were no apprehensions of further disturbance, and business had been resumed. The people had met in ge neral council, and unanimously agreed to the folio wing decree : The grand council is dissolved. The resignation of the council of state is accepted. A provisional govern ment, composed of ten members, shall be immediately elected by the general council. A new grand council is convoked for the 25th instant. The number of deputies is reduced by one-half. The electoral colleges of arron dissement are reduced to three—viz., one for the city, one for the communes of the left bank of the lake and of the Rhone ; and one for those of the right bank. The constituent power is conferred on this great grand coun cil to prepare a revision of the constitution to be submit ted to the votes of the people. The paid guard shall be disbanded. All the (Image dor.e in the affairs of the 7th shall be charged to the council of state which has re signed, and the officer who commanded in chief the armed force of the government. The people next proceeded to elect a provisional go vernment, when James Fazy, Louis Rilliet, Leonard Gentin, Bordier, Francois Janin, Balthasar Decret, Cas toldi, Pons, Nloulinie, and Fontanel, were unanimously chosen, and immediately issued a suitable proclamation. Louis Philippe has ordered three carriages in London for the use of his future daughter-in-law. It is likely that Lord Dalhousie, late president of the Boird of Trade, will be appointed governor of Bombay. The number of the Spanish refugees who have been sent to the Castle of Blaye since the escape of the Count de Montemolin is 13. The Montreal papers mention a sad calamity in the up setting of a boat near Cedar Island, when crossing the Channel to Point Frederick, by which seventeen lives were lost. _ Among the persons apprehended on account of the re cent bread riots in Paris are two young women, who were disguised in male attire. Ti ese girls male themselves remarkable for the virulence with which they excited the mob. Letters from Adrianople state that on the 12th of Sep tember a dreadful fire broke out in that city, which con sumed upwards of 600 shops, 50 houses, besides caravan series, baths, mosques, &c. This is the second conflacra tion that has taken place in Out city in the space of a month. Mr. Waghorn's last express performed the passage through Egypt, a distance of upwards of 250 miles, in the extraordinary space of 20 hours and 50 minutes, from the dropping of the anchor of the Semiramis at Suez, to the starting of the Ardent from Alexandria. The express was carried on horseback across the desert, a distance of 84 miles, in five hours and a half. By papers from New Zealand we learn that on the 16th of May an attack was made on the British station in the Valley of the Hutt. It was repulsed, but we regret to add that six men of the 58th Foot were killed, and four wounded, by the natives (Maories), led on by Rangia. haeata, who took so active a part in the slaughter of our countrymen at the commencement of the disputes in the northern parts of the colony. Ominous symptoms of wrangling and disquiet are showing themselves in the states of the Papacy. Some of the Pope's subjects think he does not go fast enough : others are more reasonably apprehensive that he may go a little too fast. Very recently he has been denounced as an intrns—a traitor end enemy to the Church ; and an anonymous libel, attributed to no less a person than Car dinal Della Genga, has been circulated in the Romagna, in which this accusation is repeated in the brcadest and coarsest language. A BOLD HIINTSMAN.—There was a grand wolf-hunt last week at St. Laurent-en-Caux by the pack of the Vis count d' Ambray, which was attended by more than a hun dred of the most famous sportsmen of the country, and viewed by 3,000 spectators. Three wolves were killed. A green sportsman from Bacqueville was so panic-struck at seeing a wolf coming towards him, that, instead of firing, he dropped his gun and fell. The wolf made an attack upon him, and tore his face, but his wound was but slight. Galignani's Messenger. Loss OF A RUSSIAN BRIG OF WAR.—By the United States frigate Constitution, from the Pacific, via Rio de Janeiro, we have an account of the loss of a Russian Go vernment brig, near the harbour of St. Peter and St. Paul, on the coast of Kamschatka, in the month of October. 1815. The vessel was from Okotak, with a cargo of wheat for the winter supply of the colony, mounted six guns, and had a complement of 30 or 40 men, besides 16 passen gers, most of whom were women and children. One pas senger only, a girl about 18 years of age, the commander, and about ten of the crew, succeeded in reaching the shore in safety. The remainder, with the exception of a man who was crushed to death by a gun, found a watery grave. The vessel and cargo were a total loss ; and it was sup posed that much suffering would ensue among the colonies in consequence, as their only resources were thus stopped. COLONIAL APPOINTMENTS.-110 doubts which have been so lone entertained as to the destination of Sir Benjamin D'Urban are at length definitively set at rest by his a; , pointment as commander of the forces in the Wind ward and Leeward islands. This extensive command (of which Bar badoes is the head-quarters) comprehends the whole of the British West India Islands, with the ex ception of Jamaica and some minor dependencies. Sir Benjamin D'Urban has appointed Captain Kirkland, of the 20th Foot, to be his military secretary. The doubts expressed as to whether Lord Cathcart might not con tinue to retain the appointment of commander of the forces in Canada, although superseded by Lord Elgin in that of Governor General, would seem to be without foundation, as we understand an offer of that important command was made to Lieutenant General Sir James M'Donnell, and, although the offer has been for the pre sent declined by that gallant and distinguished veteran, little or no doubt is entertained that ultimately either he or some other general officer will be sent to till up the vacancy which the retirement of Lord Cathcart will create. With respect to the Cape of Good Hope, we are informed that the command of the forces, under the governorship of Sir Henry Pottinger, has been offered to Alexander Woodford. Sir Alexander has not as yet signi fied his intention of the offer.—Britannia. TIIEQUEZN OF SPAIN'S WEDDING JEWELS.—Messrs. Starr and Mortimer have sent out an agent to Madrid with between £30,000 an d £40,000 wor th o f jewellery.Mr. Cave, the gentleman in question, had the honour of displaying his magnificent wares to the queen and royal family on the Ist instant. He was at the palace from two to five o clock. The queen purchased a diamond bracelet for £1,400, and another of emeralds for £6OO, g reat concern at his no t h av i ng arr i ved be and expressed fore, as she would then have made more extensive pur chases. Mr. Cave expects a large order for plate. His jewel boxes were sealed up at the Spanish and French le gations in London, as if they contained despatches, and of coarse he arrived here without their being opened. At the custom-hou , e they did not exactly know what to make of it, and sent him to the residence of Senor Isturiz, the . S . ~..ra ~ _ - 1 ~.. N4VA-4.' A 3Z% „U-41S '; >ti )'.% 144 ~.7% premier, 'with a couple of guards, and two porters carry ing the weighty despatches. This occurred at six in the morning, and the Spanish prime minister, aroused from sleep, with the intelligence of the ai rival of despatches from England, immediately came down stairs ; but the moment one of the boxes were opened, he saw how the af fair stood, and smiling to Mr. Cave, said in very tolerable English, " Oh, these are your despatches, are they ? you had better take them to the foreign office."—Correspon dent of the Morning Post. IRE LAND. It was the telescope at Armagh, and not Lord Ross's, that was attempted to be damaged a few days since. The Earl of Roden has agreed to give £5OO towards the seweriog of Dundalk, with the view of providing work for the people. Dr. Murphy was consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of Cork on Sunday. He is only in the 31st year of his age, and the youngest Roman catholic bishop in Ireland. It is said, though much doubt is thrown on the state ment, that O'Connell will not this year sanction the customary collection for himself. It is the conviction of most Irishmen that five years must elapse before, in any part of Ireland, the peasantry will be L.ble to raise a new species of food, now that the potato is not to be depended en. DEATHS FROM STAnvaTros.—ln the Cork Ea:at/liner of Wednesday there are four deaths from starvation, reported •on the authority of correspondents, viz., a man in Skibbereen, who died from want on Sunday morning; two in Castlehaven, and one in Macroom. PutiLic WORKS.—'I•HE FAMINE.—The Board of Works has now 20,000 men employed in the most dis tressed baronies in the south and west of Ireland, and every day this number will be augmented, until—if the demands upon it continue-300,000 shall be engaged over the face of the country. SUBSTITUTE FOR THE POTATO.—Mr. Lloyd, the agent of the Ormonde estate in Kilkenny, has issued a circular to the tenantry, recommending the planting and cultiva tivn of the parsnip as the best substitute for the now doomed potato. The tenants are to be furnished with seed gratis on a certificate being given that the land is properly prepared and manured for its reception. A VOICE FROM ST. .1 ARLATII'S.—The premier's archi episcopal correspondent, the redoubtable " John Tuam," has issued a manifesto, in which he denounces with un sparing hand the inertness of the government—that very government which Mr. O'Connell lauds to the uppermost skies—in providing the " starving people" with employ ment and food. THE L. S. D. LIBERATOR.—The statue of O'Connell, by Hogan, has arrived in Dublin. It is described to be very like the Agitator, and as all accounts agree in stating that the statue is a fine bit of chiselling, we do not for a moment doubt the likeness. We propose for the inscrip tion a single line—" He relieved his country—of£22,ooo a-year!" STATE OF IRELAND.-With one or two districts ex cepted,.. tranquillity continues uninterrupted. Private letters speak in great alarm of the general state of North Tipperary, which is represented to be in a most deplorable condition, owing to the renewal of predial outrages, such as robbery of arms and money, assaults on the person, &c., rendenng it quite insecure even for persons not ob noxious to " the people" to quit their homes without taking every due precaution for their personal safety ; and this, too, frequently in the open glare of day. Mr. Shea Lawlor wrote a letter to the Committee of the Repeal Association, which the Committee, in a resolution moved by Mr. John O'Connell, declared to be " couched in terms of most unbecoming discourtesy." Mr. Lawlor went up to Dublin to ask an explanation. Mr. O'Connell replied, pointing out the objectionable passages. Mr. Law lor rejoined, and advised that, until the matter was set tled, it should be kept from " the ear of the public autho rities ;" whereupon Mr. J. O'Connell wrote, that he would proceed at once to state the case at the nearest Po lice-office. He did so ; Mr. Lawlor was taken into cus tody, and bound over to keep the peace. The Repeal meeting in Conciliation Hall, on Monday, was thinly attended. Mr. Costello, banister, was in the chair. A letter was read from Mr. O'Connell, enlogising the Lord Lieutenant for his energy and promptitude, and the risk and responsibility he had undertaken, but still urging the assembling of a "National Committee" in Dublin, to aid Lord Besborough in carrying out his views. Some sparring took place between Mr. John O'Connell and Mr. O'Neill, in consequence of some observations which fell from the latter, and his avowal of an intention to offer himself for Dublin. The week's rent was only £l7 13s. 4d. THE REPEAL ASSOCIATION.--On Monday, the pro ceeding were enlivened by a pleasant dispute between Mr. O'Neil, of Bunowen Castle, and Mr. John O'Connell. That gentleman proved very clearly he was slighted in the matter of the Cionmel election ; he, with upwards of three years' services in the repeal cause, was passed over by the association fur a young gentleman who had only joined when the writ was issued, and, ?s Mr. Diddler would say, for the very contemptible sum of £5. Mr. O'Neil in his long speech cut sharply at some one in the association. John O'Connell said his father was meant. Mr. O'Neil said not. " Then (said he) your words have no meaning." After some hard hittings the gentlemen shook hands and made fri-nds. RENTS.—At a late meeting of magistrates at Dungan non, Sir William Verner signified his intention of allow ing half a year's rent to his tenants, and, at the same time, challenged his brother landlords to follow his example. A local paper regrets that the hon. baronet's chalenge was nut accepted by any of those present. According to a statement in the Armagh Guardian, however, the refusal of those gentlemen to accede to Sir Williatu's pro posal is a matter of little consequence to the tenants tiemselves ; for, at a general meeting of the tenantry held there, it was resolved that, in consequence of the potato failure, they could not pay their rents, and two persons were deputed to wait on the landlords to inform them of their determination. A TIPPERARY OUTRAGE.—As Mr. H. W. Hobbs, of Bloomfield. park, parish of Scuba, county Tipperary, and his family, were preparing to proceed to church on Sun day last, at the hour of eleven o'clock, three armed men came into his parlour and asked of his daughters for their father. They stated they should not see him, when two of them, aided by their mother, grappled with two of the ruffians, while the third man rushed into the drawing room where Mr. Hobbs was waiting a letter, and pre sented a pistol at him, which, fortunately, missed fire. Mr. Hobbs retired to an inner room and locked the door. While they were breaking in after him, he made his escape through a window looking into the garden, where a meat-safe stands. As the party was going round the house in pursuit of him, be kept moving round the safe, which prevented their seeing him. At this time his daughters ran out, crying, " They are coming," which caused them to decamp, pursued shortly alter by Mr. Hobbs, who had laid hold of a gun which was placed in the other side of the house. Up to the present there has been no clue to the party. The only cause assigned for this daring outrage, on a most unoffending gentleman is, that he is brother to Dr. Hobbs, of Borrisokane, who, with his wife, fearlessly transported two ruffians at the summer assizes, 1845, for a most brutal assault on that gentleman and his lady. The doctor c,:nnot pursue his professional avocations without a police escort. THE EARL OF ENNISKILLEN.—The Dublin Pilot publishes a public notice from John Grey V. Porter, of Enniskillen, in which he accuses the noble earl of dis honourable conduct in the poor-house, on Tuesday, Sep tember 29th, when the earl and two other magistrates only were present, and requesting him to come before a meeting of magistrates and guardians (who did not wish Enniskillen poor-house to become as great a job as the late corporation of Enniskillen,) on Tuesday, the 20th, there to have the charge fairly examined. The notice con cluded by stating, that if Lord Enniskillen did riot come forward, the writer should look upon him in future as a man who would do in private, and behind a man's back, what he dared not, and could not defend in public, and before his face. At a meeting of magistrates held at Knockniiiny, the noble earl called attention to the placard, charging him with dishonourable conduct—a charge never before imputed to himself, or any of his family. He had not heard of it until the evening before, when he was called upon by Dr. Frith, J.P., and bound over to keep the peace. Dr. Frith stated that he had seen Mr. Porter post one of the placards at the court-house, and finding it likely to lead to abreach of the peace had bound his lordship over. Lord Enniskillen said that the meeting of magistrates of 29th September, was to appoint e‘t officio guardians. He himself proposed Mr. Porter, but the clerk stated that he (Mr. P.) had not attended on more than three occasions since he had last been ap pointed. This led to the appointment of another party. Lord Enniskillen afterwards saw Mr. Porter, and was re quested by him to get him put on the board, but found this impossible, unless some appointed member would re sign. The Rev. J. G. Porter, father of Mr. J. G. V. Porter, said he disapproved of what had been done. He thought his son's feelings had been injured, when his name was not permitted to remain on the list, and that Lord Enniskillen had acted improperly in not appointing his son, knowing the position he (Rev. Mr. Porter) occu pied, as a clergyman, being ineligible to be a guardian. If he had his way, however, he would not have allowed one of the placards to meet the public eye. Some further explanations were gone into, showing that Mr. Porter's non•election was the result of his previous non-attendance, and the matter dropped. THE IRISH PRIESTS ON IRELAND'S DIS TRESS. Would the Irish be assembling in thousands, drawing off men actually employed in the fields, and even the pub lic works, in order to swell their numbers, and entering towns in battle array—would they imperiously dictate their own terms of wages, their own prices, it their clergy used the influence which it is their boast that they possess? But, unless a very great injustice has been done to the Roman Catholic clergy by their own friends, they have in some instances only used the occasion to drive deeper home the lesson of discontent, even when they seemed to conciliate. In the account given by the Southern Reporter the peasant army made the following statement of their grievances, and met with the following answer :—" We have come (said they) because we are famishing ; because we have no food of any kind. We could suffer death from hunger ourselves, but can we look upon our children and our wives dying with hunger, and we ready and anxious to work for bread, if we can only get as much as will give us one good meal a day ? But it is not Bd. a day will give our families a meal, and Indian meal ls. 10d. a stone." The truth and force of this distressing appeal could not be resisted; but Mr. Downing, `:r. Fitzpatrick, and Mr. Donovan assured them that it was to the Government they should attribute the price of food, and upon whom the maledictions of the hungry multitude were poured in unmeasured terms. "The Rev. Mr. Fitzpatrick, who is . here said to have given, or helped to give, this sound and jud!c!ous piece of info, mation, is described in the same narrative as the valued and respected Roman Catholic administrator of the town, whose indefatigable exertions at the present crisis ~, -.~~ are beyond all praise.' His influence appears to be exactly such as we should expect from his administration,' his character, and his indefatigable exertions.' "The Rev. James AP Hale, a parish priest in the county of Mayo, and a relative, it is said, of the lion of the fold of Judah,' appears equally prompt to improve the occa sion. His indignation takes a slightly different form from Mr. Fitzpatrick's, resting rather on the delay incident to setting a whole nation at work, which he seems to think the work of an hour :—' The pampered officials, ap pointed to carry into effect the merciful and just disposi tions of the Legislature, removed as they are from these scenes of heartrending distress, can have no idea of them, and don't appear to give themselves much trouble übout them, though well paid for doing so.' And, atter describing.the destitution around him, he shortly exclaims :—' I ask, then, in the name of humanity, is this state of society to continue—nay, can it continue, and who are responsible for these monstrous evils !' THE - LIVERPOOL STANDARD. RAILWAY IN7 ALLIGENCE. The Leicester and Bedford railway has been amalga mated with the Midland. Captain Huish has been appointed general manager of all the lines now amalgamated under the name of the London and North-Western. The railways in course of construction in Ireland afford employment to 40,000 labourers, to whom 1:25,C00 are paid weekly in wages. On Monday, some carriages on the Eastern Counties Railway were thrown off the line, the engine being pre cipitated down the embankment into a pond, from which it has not yet been extricated. The opening of the Great North of England Clarence and Hartlepool railway took place last week. It is eight miles long, and forms the connecting link at Ferryhill be tween the York and Newcastle and the Clarence railways. It is stated that Messrs. Pickford and Co., and Messrs. Chaplin and Horne, have, between them, undertaken the agency for the goods on the London and North-Western Railway and its dependencies. On Friday week, the second of the railway approaches to Lincolnshire was opened, trains running on that day between Stamford and Peterborough; no formality was observed, but the line was at once thrown open for public vehicles. ACCIDENT ON THE CALEDONIAN RAILWAY.—On Monthly last, William Diamond, a youth fourteen years of age, a native of Liverpool, fell under the wheels of some waggons, near Moffatt, while working on the above rail way, and was killed on the spot. His body was nearly cut asunder. CHESTER AND HOLYHEAD RAILWAY.—The Conway bridge is to be completed and fixed in its place in eight months from the present time. The Conway bridge is 400 feet span, the Britannia bridge across the Menai Straits, 450 feet span ; the greatest span of any rigid bridge hitherto known is 240 feet. An accident occurred this week on the Manchester and Bolton Railway, by which the East Lancashire train, close to Cross-street station ran into and smashed two or three third-class carriages of the Bolton train. The car riages had been occupied by butchi,rs, who had just got out, and thus escaped destruction. A very startling accident occurred on a railway near Whitacre last week. A shower of red-hot cinders from the funnel of the engine descended in an open third-class carriage, burning the clothes of the passengers, and setting fire to an umbrella which a female was holding over her, and then to her dress. A few days since Mr. Platten, one of the magistrates for Lynn, and a member of the Town Council, appeared before the jastices in answer to a summons for trespassing on the Lynn and Ely railroad. He contended that, be ing a shareholder, he had a right to walk on the line; and as this was a question of law which the justices did not feel themselves competent to decide, the case was ad journed, in order to obtain an opinion from counsel. RAILWAYS IN ITALY.—A correspondent, addressing the Alhenaum from Rome, writes—" The net of railway which the Pope seems disposed to grant will embrace six principal lines—from Rome to the frontier of Naples, from Rome to Civita Vecchia, Civita Vecchia to the frontier of Tuscany, Bologna to Ferrara, Forli to Ravenna, There is talk, also, of two great lines, from Civita Vec chia to Ancona, and Ancona to Bologna, which might be executed by the united resources of the Papal Govern ment and the companies. The entire web of Roman railways would embrace 1,025 kilometres ; and the ex pense of construction, it is estimated, would amount to 256,250,000 francs." We announce in another column the prospectus of a company for constructing a railway between Liverpool, Crosby, and Southport. This is a revival of the old scheme of last session, but under far better auspices, and with much better hopes of success, the present promoters having embraced those essentials, the want of which were in a great measure the cause of former failure. The land owners now not only give the use of their names, but a considerable part of their land necessary for the construc tion of the line ; in addition to which the direction con tains the names of several of our first merchants. The line is one of that class that will confer great benefits at very little cost ; and to an increasing population such as Liverpool's, in a sanitary point of view alone, the project is deserving every support. In such hands it cannot fail of doing well. ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHS.—The Rev. H. Heighton, of Rugby, has obtained a patent for improvements in elec. 1 , tric telegraphs, which relate to the introduction of an apparatus to supply the place of the magnetic needle now used for electric telegraphs. This apparatus consists of a glass tube fitted with brass caps at top and bottom, and having a strip of metallic leaf (gold leaf is recommended as best) passing through the centre of the tube, loosely hung in metallic contact with the brass caps ; the upper extremity of the leaf being fixed at right angles to its lower end—so that the leaf, from whatever direction seen, will present at some part its flat surface to the eye. The brass caps are placed in a circuit suitable for electro-tele graphic communication. Near to the leaf (as on the out side of the glass) is placed either of the poles of a magnet. The effect of this arrangement is, that when a current of voltaic electricity is caused to pass through the circuit, and thereby the metallic leaf, the latter is deflected to one side or the other, according to the direction of the cur rent ; and the distinct motion so obtained may be repeated and combined and used for the purpose of designating letters or figures, or other conventional signals. One of the apparatu3 is to be placed at each terminus of telegra phic communication, and others may be placed at inter mediate points, each to be provided with a voltaic battery, and one of the key-boards used in single magnetic-needle electric telegraphs.—Mintng Journal. EXTENSION OF THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.—Pre parations ate making for effecting a communication via Eastern Counties Railway, by electric telegraph, between London and Liverpool. Between Ely and Peterbo rough the wires are already fixed ; and in the opinion of Mr. Powell, the superintendent, the whole length be tween London and Liverpool will be complete in less than two months. From Ely, the wires will run to Stamford, Siston and Derby, proceeding by the Western branch of the Midland railway to Birmingham, and from thence to Liverpool. When completed, a message will be able to be conveyed to and from Liverpool in eight minutes. A communication will also be opened with York, Newcastle, Hull, Leeds, &c., by means of the northern branch of the Midland. Southward of London, the electric telegraph will be carried along the North Woolwich line, which will shortly be opened for traffic, and, passing under the Thames by means of the sub marine telegraph, form a communication between Wool wich Dockyard and Liverpool. On the completion of the Thames, Haven, and North Gravesend line, it is the intention of the company to effect, if possible, by means of the electric and sub-marine telegraph, a communication with Sheerness Dockyard.—Daily News. The London and North-Western are now about to be come their own carriers. This department will, we have no doubt, immediately realise to the company a large increase of revenue. They will gain in a short time an increase of no less than £50,000 or £60,000 a year from this source. The new system is to be carried out by a management already well practised in the business; for the Grand Junction have long been their own carries, and the joint company have placed Captain Huish, who has so successfully managed that part of their affairs, to be their general manager over the whole of the North- Western traffic : and, judging from past experience, there can be little doubt that he will make the appointment profitable to them and honourable to himself. It will, however, require the exertion of untiring energy and pains-taking activity to carry into effect a duty so exten sive, and in which he will still at every step have to en counter the opposition anti combination of the carriers. At the last meeting Mr. Glyn threatened the company with a possible diminution of dividend. We, on the contrary, do not think that, with good management, any such diminution is at all likely. On the contrary, if the carrier traffic be steadily carried out, we promise them the maintenance of the 10 per cent. dividend, unimpaired for many years to come. Nay, more, we advise our readers, who have experience of our correctness in prediction, to look at the present prices of London and North-Western sbares, and to invest accordingly.—Railway Chronicle. CHESTER AND BIRKENHEAD RAILWAY.—On Friday, the half-yearly meeting of the company was held at the Clarendon-rooms, Wm. Jackson, Esq., chairman. He stated that the negociations for the proposed sale of the railway were at an end, and that the line therefore stood as before. He thought that good would result from the non - completion of the agreement. Some proposals had been submitted to the Cheshire Junction Proprietors and Birkenhead Commissioners, with a view to put an end to differences, and increase the traffic of the Birken head line by £lOO a week. The following arrangements were then entered into That the Chester and Birken heed Company will proceed to make the Extension line from Grange-lane to the docks ; that the Cheshire Junc tion Railway Company will give to the Chester and Birkenhead half the Station land near Bridge-end on paying the original cost of the same, and all expenses in curred ; that the proper deeds be prepared, and that all the other arrangements be carried out under the seal of the two companies; and that this arrangement is contin gent on the Chester and Birkenhead Company opening the extension to the docks at as early a period as possible. That the Chester and Birkenhead Company shall be at liberty to carry their own goods across the Mersey, or to contract with the Duke of Bridgewater's trustees, for the purpose, releasing the Birkenhead Commissioners from all obligations to carry them. This agreement to take effect so soon as the Extension line from Grange-lane to the docks shall be commenced. Upon these arrangements, the following motion was proposed by Mr. J. Laird, and seconded by the chairman, and unanimously passed : " That - Messrs. J. Laird, Burt, Radcliffe, Potter, and Cochrane, be appointed a committee, to enter into a con tract for the making of the Extension line to the docks, and that upon that contract being en tered into, the at , rangement between the Chester and Birkenhead Company and the Duke's Trustees may commence, subject to sonic modifications in the foregoing agreement." The meeting then adjourned for about a fortnight, when the proprietors will be called together again to sanction the taking up of £lOO,OOO, according to the act of parliament. UNIVERSITY 4 CLERICAL NEWS. The Bishop of Durham consecrated the new church of St. James, Morpeth. on Thursday, and the new church of St. Paul's, Alnwick, on Friday. Lady Bassett has given £lOOO towards rebuilding the parish church of Illogan, Cornwall, which is to be re opened at the end of the month. Calculations are made that nearly four hundred churches are now in some stage of progress in England, either being in actual process of building, or conditionally or dered, or privately prepared. The Bishop of Newfoundland has arrived in this country. His lordship came home in the Hawk, which had just arrived at Teignmouth, after a passage of six teen days from St. John's. The Bishop of Chester has presented the Rev. F. Ford to the re:tory of St. Peter's, Chester. The rev. gentle man is secretary to the Irish Society ; he is son of Mrs. Ford, who resides in Chester. _ _ _ FASQUE CHAPEL.—The Episcopal Chapel lately erected by .Sir John Gladstone, at Fasque, is to be opened on Sabbath first for divine service. The sittings are quite free, and all who are so disposed are invited to attend. The chapel is a very tasteful building, beautifully situated on the lawn adjoining the magnificent mansion-house of Fasque.—Montrone Standard. THE NEW BISHOPRIC.—We are inclined to believe, from the best information we can obtain, that it is the present intention of the Government both to preserve the see of St. Asaph, appointing Dr. Short to it, and also to create the new see of Manchester without delay. We hear, also, that the new and additional bishop is to be placed in the House of Lords, like the rest of his brethren, a bill for that purpose being intended to be proposed to Parliament —Record. MUNIFICENT DONATION.—At the Ripon Diocesan Church Building Society's meeting last week the Bishop of Ripon said that a gentleman, who will not permit his name to be announced, proposes to appropriate £lO,OOO towards the building of a church in Leeds, and in all I probability before be has completed the parsonage and the school, and provided for the endowment, he will spend £20,000, but he has pledged himself to the expen diture of £lO,OOO. The Rev. Mr. Close has addressed a letter to his con gregation at Cheltenham, complaining that the Rev. Mr. Gresley, in his late pamphlet, has grossly misrepresented both himself and flock, in imputing negligence to thern, as regards attending to the duties of fasting, and the value of the prayers of the Church. In defence of himself, he in stances a sermon he has published, on " The Excellerce of the Liturgy," and a tract, entitled " Thoughts upon the Scriptural Authority for the Duty of Fasting, suited to the Season of Lent," and proves distinctly that the remarks which Mr. Gresley makes Mr. Close apply to his own congregation were levelled at congregations gene rally, Mr. Close unfairly omitting the opening sentence from Mr. Gresley's remarks. THE FORM OF PUBLIC PRAYER.—The Archbishop of Dublin protests against the form of prayer prepared by the Archbishop of Canterbury, agreed upon by her majesty in council, as well as to that settled by the lord-lieutenant of Ireland, humbly imploring the Almighty God to avert from these countries the impending calamity of famine. The objections are of a two-fold nature—legal and spiritual. Dr. Whately denies the constitutional right to issue such a command ; and as he considers the visitation a direct judgment from God, be looks upon any attempt at propi tiatipg the Divine wrath in the nature of a blasphemy. His grace preached a sermon upon this subject on Sunday, in the Episcopal Chapel of St. Stephen, in which he ex pounded his view political and religious. Copies of the form of public prayer, as it appeared in the Gazette, were distributed throughout the church, but were subsequently removed, and the prayer was not read—orders, as it was said. to that effect having been issued by the archbishop. Dublin Evening Mail.—[lt seems that such orders were not issued by the Archbishop, and it would appear that his Grace argued that the potato disease arises from natural causes, and ought not to be looked upon as a judgment from God ; and therefore, &c.] THE REV. DR. SCORESBY.—At the close of the morn ing service at Bradford parish church, on Sunday week. the Rev. Dr. Scoresby, formerly chaplain at the Mariners' Church in this town, announced his resignation of the vicarage of that parish, and that the period of his minis trations there would probably terminate in two or three months time. In making the announcement, the rev. gentleman was much affected, and he said that he had only come to the decison to resign his present charge after the exercise of much careful and deliberate, anxious and prayerful consideration. He further observed—" Various have been the considerations which have availed towards the production of this decision. It will be sufficient for the present occasion, and, indeed, for all necessary pur poses. to refer to two of these—first, the anxious state of health of one claiming, and in all respects entitled to, my chief earthly regard and consideration ; and secondly, the painful experience (in effects which I will not specify) of the too great burden of this very large parish, and its various concerns, devolving on myself. To the difficulties which I have had, unhappily, to encounter in pursuance of my official duties here, 1 will not further refer than merely to say, that these, according to my decided con viction, will be found to justify the confidence I ever en tertained, viz., that collisions forced upon me whilst in pursuance of a simple, straightforward, and righteous cause--that collisions which I must adventure on, or sacrifice a conscientious obligation and duty regarding the interests of the vicarage of which I was the responsible trustee—would [ultimately be resoved into good for you and the parish. To myself has been the arduous toil, the painful. protracted suffering ; and to my successor. I doubt not, will be the reaping of the fruit : and may that fruit be a rich and an abundant harvest, to the glory of God, and to the best interests and efficiency of our revered church !" PROGRESS OF TRACTARIANISM.—In a church in the western part of the metropolis, which has already drawn much attention by its Popish manifestations, the Curate was recently heard, in his Sunday afternoon's catechizing, to teach the children the Romish doctrine of transubstan- tiation, in its fullest extent, without the least reserve, and with the further declaration, that " such was the teaching of our Church." In another church, in a western county, a clergyman was struck with the singular appearance of a new building, bedecked with crosses, images, candlesticks, &c. He asked a woman whom he found in i•, " What place it was," and was surprised to bear that it was a new church. Going to a reading desk near the `• altar," be took up a book which lay there, and found it to be the Romish Missal! Expressing his surprise again to the woman, he called out to the clergyman, who said that it had been left there by mistake, that it was his own and he had been using it, but it did not belong to the Church. The operation of all this Romish teaching is just what it is intended to be. The people, so far as they come under the influence of it, are going over to the Romish Church. Conversions of this sort are constantly taking place. 'We believe that several members of the family of one of the representatives of a borough in the southern part of the metropolis, have been recently received into the pale of that Church. A person who is in the habit of visiting Oscott on business, remarked, the other day, that he never went there without meeting several persons who had come there to be " received ;"—and that, on his last visit, he sat down at table with nineteen such persons, who were to abandon Protestantism for Popery the next morning. A very extensive publisher of Romish tracts and books re marked, very lately, that not a week passed, in which he did not receive several letters from young persons in Pro testant families, reroesting him to send them various Popish works, by circuitous means, to as to reach them without coming to the knowledge of their relatives Such is the work going on among us ! What is to be done to stop it ?—Record. THE COURT 4 FASHIONABLE WORLD. Yesterday her Majesty and Prince Albert were to pro ceed to visit the Queen Dowager at Casbiobury Park, where they remain till Thursday, on which they proceed to Hatfield-house, on a visit to the Marquis of Salisbury, where they remain till Saturday, Her Majesty will visit the Duke of Norfolk at Arundel Castle some time during the present month. The Marquis of Salisbury arrived on Tuesday at Hat field-house, from his estate at the Isle of Ram, Invernes shire, for the purpose of superintending all the prepara tions for the Queen's reception at that splendid seat of his ancestors. The Duke of Wellington, the Marquis and Marchioness of Exeter, Viscount and Viscountess Mahon, and a distinguished party have been invited to meet her Majesty and the Prince Consort. On Tuesday, the royal dinner party consisted of the Queen Dowager, the Duchess of Kent, the Princess of Hesse, Prince Edward of Saxe Wiemar, the ladies in waiting on the Queen Dowager, the Duchess of Kent, and the Princess of Hesse, the Baroness de Speth, and Madame Van de Weyer, Earl Howe, Viscount and Vis countess Palmerston, Lord and Lady Cowley, and the gentlemen in waiting on the Princess of Hesse.—On Wednesday, Viscount and Viscountess Palmerston, M. and Madame Van de Weyer, and Lord and Lady Cowlev, left Windsor Castle for London. The royal dinner party in the evening included the Queen Dowager, the Duchess of Kent, the Princess of Hesse, Prince Edward of Saxe Weimar, the ladies in waiting on the Queen Dowager, the Duchess of Kent, and the Princess of Hesse, the Baro ness de Speth, the Marquis and Marchioness of Wor cester, Earl Howe, and the gentlemen in waiting on the Princess of Hesse.—On Thursday, the Hereditary Grand Duke and Duchess of Mecklenburg Strelitz, and the Earl of Auckland, arrived at Windsor Castle, on a visit to the Queen. Sir William Massey Stanley has left the Clarendon for Hooton Hall, Cheshire.: The Duchess of Gloucester, after leaving Worsley Hall on Friday week, stayed one night with the Archbishop of York at Bishopthorpe, and then proceeded to WI nnyard, Durham, the seat of the Marquis of Londonderry. Lord and Lady Stanley leave the Earl of Derby's seat, Knowsley, to visit the Earl and Countess of Wilton, at Heaton-hall, near Manchester. The Hon. Algernon and Hon. Arthur Egerton are staying at Knowsley, on a visit. The Earl and Countess Grey are entertaining a succes sion of visitors at Howick-hall, Northumberland. The Earl and Countess Ellesmere, and Lady Alice Egerton, arrived at Howick-hall, on Monday last, from Worsley hall, Lancashire. THE LATE ELOPEMENT IN HIGH LIFE.—ThehaPPY couple were married on Saturday week, by one of the Duke of Beaufort's chaplains. It is said the lady ac tually eloped without stockings. The gallant bridegroom has lost his left arm, having been compelled to have it amputated in consequence of an accident from t he burst ing of a gun. THE DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTER..—On the 13th, her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, who has been sojourning a few days with the Marquis of Londonderry, at Wynyard Park, visited the Dean of Durham. 0n the same occasion, Lord Seaham and his young br ide paid their first visit, since their marriage, to the city. Th e p art y oc cupied six carriages and four. As a mark of respect and attachment to Lord and Lady Seaham, the horses a are taken out of the carriage in which they were seated, and they were drawn two or three times round the market place. His lordship briefly addressed the crowd, thank ing them for the courtesy and kindness they had mani fested towards himself aid Lady Seaham. Her Royal Highness, after a detilner in the Deanery. proceeded to view the cathedral, and afterwards proceeded to Wynyard. LAW INTELLIGENCE. The Court of Common Pleas will exhibit some marked changes next term—a new Lord Chief Justice, a new puisne judge, with a court open to the whole bar ; the ex clusive privileges of serjeants-at-law having been put an end to, after an existence of 600 years, by an act of the last session of parliament. IMPRISONMENT ON A JUDGE'S ORDER.—A surgeon, named Colbourne, was arrested on a judge's order, ob tained on affidavit that he was about to leave the kingdom, and has remained in prison for eighteen months. On Thursday be applied to the Court of Bankruptcy for his discharge, under the 7 and 8 Vic. His debts were £1,200, and his assets amounted to £4OO. After hearing arguments pro and con., the commissioner decided that he had no jurisdiction in the case, as the insolvent had been arrested under a judge's order, to prevent his going out of the realm. DEATH OF F. V. LEE, ESQ.—We deeply regret to learn that F. Valentine Lee, Esq., the eminent barrister, of the Oxford circuit, is no more. The learned gen tleman expired near Tenhury on Monday morning, having been found that day lying senseless in a field. He had been out shooting. This melancholy intelligence will be received by the legal profession generally with feel ings of profound regret; and by none will the loss of so bright an ornament to the bar be more sincerely deplored than by the members of the profession practising in Wor cestershire. Mr. Lee. we believe, was a native of Kidder minster. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. CIIESTER AUTUMN MEETING.—The stewards elect for the autumn races of 1847 are Sir John Gerard, Bart., the Hon. E. M. Ll. Mostyn, M.P., and B. Collett, Esq. THE SOUTH LANCASHIRE COURSING CLUB MEETING. PATRON : HIS GRACE THE DUKE OF DEVONSHIRE. The members held their first meeting of the present season at Southport, on Wednesday and Thursday last, under the stewardship of Messrs. Slater, Bake, King, Bold, Robinson, and Peacock. Mr. Watson officiated as judge. The leadingand smaller events were thus decided : The ANNUAL DINNER STAKES, for all aged dogs. Mr. Hunt's Hotspur beat Mr. Peacock's Selina. Mr. Robinson's Difference beat Mr. King's Supervisor. Mr. Coupe's Clara beat Mr. Bake's Coriolanus. Mr. Ardern's Matchless beat Mr. Taylor's True Blue. Mr. Thomas's Tiny beat Mr. Reade's Ruth Pinch. Mr. Craven's Clarence beat Mr. Adamthwaite's Dis tiller. Mr. Eden's Eleus beat Mr. Slater's Sunflower. Mr. Deacon's Dinah beat Mr. Richardson's Reserve. Second Ties —Difference beat Hotspur ; Matchless beat Clara ; Clarence beat Tiny ; Elena beat Dinah. Third Ties.—Difference beat Matchless ; Clarence beat Eleus. Deciding Course.—Clarence, by Sandy, out of Smart, beat Difference, and won the stakes. The ST. LEGER STAKES, for puppies. Mr. Bake's Libel beat Mr. Peacock's Pantaloon. Mr. Taylor's Rufus beat Mr. Craven's St. Valentine. Mr. Rouchett's Fanny beat Mr. Deakin's Dot. Mr. Slater's Sentinel beat Mr. Ellen's Experience. Mr. Richardson's Rip beat Mr. King's Birmingham. Mr. Hunt's Higbflyer beat Mr. Robinson's Rocket. Mr. Adamthwaite's Dusty beat Mr. Bradley's Ben Hart. Mr. Reade's Rascal beat Mr. Thomas's Hector. Second Ties.—Rufus beat Libel ; Fanny beat Sentinel; Rip beat Higbflyer ; Dusty beat Rascal. Third Ties.—Rufus beat Fanny ; Dusty beat Rip. Deciding Course.—Dusty by !lector, out of Holdfast, beat Rufus, and won the stakes. The PRODUCE STAKES, for puppies, were won by Mr. Eden's Euterpe, by Edwin, out of Enchantress ; Ro setta ma up. The CIIURCHTOWN STAKES, for all-aged dogs, were gained by Mr. Slater's Sentry, by Sandy, out of Ellen ; Nimble run up. The CONSOLATION STAKES, for beaten dogs, were de cided in favor of Mr. King's Supervisor; Clara run up. The MARSKELL STAKES were won by Mr. Arden's Monarch ; Handy run up.—The CROSSENS STAKES were won by Burgundy ; Ben Hart run up. The bares were scarce, ran bad, and the meeting did not pass off with the usual eclat of the South Lancashire Club. CORRhSPONDENCE. ON THE SANITARY STATE OF SOME PARTS OF LIVERPOOL. LETTER XVI. DANGERS FROM EVEN PASSING EXPOSURE TO THE • AIR OF CEMETERIES. "Several lives have been lost of late years from the crowded state of the burial grounds of London. A deep grave is dug, and this is kept open to be piled with coffins until filled. Per sons venturing into these graves are immediately suffocated. The earth in these localities is strongly impregnated with poi sonous exhalations ; and no excavation can be made without its becoming immediately converted into a well of carbonic acid."— Taylor's Medical Jurisprudence, p. 565. I select several quotations, in order that the reader, whose literary researches or personal experience have not rendered him capable of judging upon this matter, may comprehend the scope of the danger. Already I have brought before him some evidence, from the philanthro pical Mr. Walker. I turn now to extract from a docu ment hardly accessible to the public—the Report of the Parliamentary Committee on Improvement of the Health of Towns, from their special inquiry on the effect of in terment of bodies in towns, (1842,) which investigation resulted from a petition presented to the House of Com mons by G. A. Walker, surgeon. Two clauses in that petition run thus : "That in warmer c'imates, and in our own. exhalations from dead bodies have in many instances seriously injured health, and in some have immediately destroyed life. In confirmation of the latter assertion, your petitioner would humbly direct the attention of your honourable house to the death of two men upon the opening of a grave in Aldgate church yard, in the month of September, 1838, and to a ye , more recent instance in the death of William Green, a grave rigger, of St. Margaret, Westminster, and the subsequent illness and death of the sur geon in attendance, and his female domestic, who both sank within a few days of the grave digger. •• That your petitioner believes he is performing a public duty in thus expressing his conviction, that the majority of the places for the interment of the deed, are so many centres of infection, constant , y giving off noxious effluvia, which, according to the circumstances of locality, atmosphere, and the power of resist ance in those subjected to its influence, operate as a slow or energetic poison." The following queries and replies are painful evidences against the lax morals of the burial-ground officials, &c., in and near London : "215. Are the graves dug deep, or how are they dug?—They are sometimes twelve or fourteen feet deep; up to twenty sometimes; then they put in six or eight coffins, till it comes al most to the surface. "216. To within what distance to the surface ?—I suppose three or four feet. " 217. Is this the general practice in this church yard?—Yes. "218. Does any exhalation or putrid smell arise from it ? Sometirr es in summer time. " 219. Is that very great I—Yes, very great." "289. Is it your belief that bodies were slipped down that sewer previously ?—I have no doubt of it whatever." "295. I had a job a few months back with the Savoy burl , 1 ground; 1 had several loads to take away of this description of earth; that is a very small burial ground, but I look upon it as the same sort (an overcrowded grave yard). I was taken very ill with sickness at the stomach tram the smell." " 247. I do all sorts of work ; sometimes night emptying; and that is beautilul in comparison to this." " 304. How long were you before you recovered from the feeling you have described ?—I suppose it was three days before I recovered my feeling and smell." In reference to some experimental collecting of the gases from coffins : "439. What were the effects on your feelings at first, and upon your health afterwards ?—My limbs seemed to fail me. A medical man, who was with me at the time, was also affected, and stumbled and fell; but he received nothing of it compared to me." "44 '. Then, from your own experience, you are satisfied that the gas which is exhaled from the coffin is of the most deadly quality ?—lt is." " 621. You stated that a grave was kept open ; how long did you know one of thos'i graves kept open ?—I think I could say it was kept open from two to three months. "622. What object could they have in so doing ?—To save the t:ouble of opening it every time for a new tenant." " 2920. Sir Benjamin C. Brodie, Bart., examined : Has it occurred to you generally, in considering the causes of disease in the Metropolis, to consider the crowded state of the church yards as one cause of fever or disease?—l have always consi dered that as one cause." Here, then, we have a striking element in the causes of fever and disease, accused by one of the first medical men of the day. Who can doubt that the overcrowded church yards and burial-places of large towns have much to do with the occasion for Fever Hospitals, &c.? Mr. G. A. Walker's evidence: — "797. Have you observed sickness to be more prevalent in those houses which overhang, or are situated near church yards?—Yes; I am quite certain of that; and in my pa , ticular locality, there are sunk areas on the side of the grave yards ; and during the action of heat and moisture, gases must evolve ; the heavy gases fall on the surface, and flow over, though invi sible to the eye, into those sunk areas, arid become part and parcel of the atmospheric air which is breathed." " 798. Are the effluvia very offensive in passing the grave yards? —They may be distinctly smelt, and they are very un like any other smell." " 832. How many miles from a large town might a cemetery be plaeed with safety ?—I think if a cemetery were placed on an elevation, it might be placed at a small distance ; but one thing should he attended to, that of placing the bodies sufficiently deep in the earth. with regard to the burials of the poor, it will be difficult to say how they should be provided for; but if we go upon the old system of putting eighteen or twenty bodies in a grave, we shall have a source of disease which may he acting for a long period. In Paris, they have an excellent plan for the interment of the poor. The 'fosses communes' of a cemetery are dug to a depth of four feet, the earth being thrown up on either side of the fosse for a considerable distance. The bodies are deposited side by side, but not one upon another. The mor tality of the day being received, the earth is thrown on the coffins thus deposited until the fosse is filled, when soother is dug and occupied in the same manner. This ground, if re quired, may with sa f ety b e aga i n employe d f or b ur i a , after a period or seven y ears " " 52g. The re i s a d iff erent e ff ec t, pro b a bly i n summer and in n ter five ye s ; it is worst in a moist atmosphere and an in creased: emperature; and there are several places used for burial whicn are very moist. " 83 1 . You consider that that is a great source of Bine s in the metropolis?- 1 do." Mr. W. thinks a clayey soil bad for inhumation, and has no doubt that the percolation of water from grave yards will carry with it the various impurities, absorbing the gases, &c., &c. It is singularly unhappy that some of our grave-yards are obnoxious to the former objection, beds of clay cc- Oct. 20, 1846. I curring frequently in the red sandstone on which Liver pool and its suburbs lie. I have seen the stiff clay turned up often in our cemeteries, if my memory is not trea cherous on the point. With regard tee the percolation point, how will St. James's Cemetery stand ? It seems most objectionably chosen for inhumation. Its being in a hollow is the very reverse condition of what ought to be. A hill-side is the proper locality. Then the drainage of the water from it, down into the lower levels of the densely-populated regions of the town below it, cannot he favourable to any wells or other escape of natural drainage. As this City of the Dead increases in its silent tenantry, the nuisance would be likely to go on increasing in amount and then whenever sickness breaks out, or some epidemic appears, meteorological conditions will be apt to be accused when, after all, it may have been the artificial arrangements about the living or dead which will be in real fault. There is a spring in this cemetery which finds its way from the fissured rock at the eastern side, and this water has for long been in repute amongst the poorer part of the population for remedial purposes. The other day I had a little patient whose eyes had evidently been the subject of that scrofulous inflammation of the lids which is so common in ill-fed, ill-clothed children. They said that after resorting to several doctors in vain, they had recourse to this remedial water of the cemetery• with marked benefit! I may be allowed to suggest, that as this favourite cemetery is rapidly acquiring its comple ment of dead, it would be wise in the directors to close the gates at a very early afternoon hour, as the well-like form of the cemetery renders it more dangerous than any other not so shut up, for parties to walk in. I cannot persuade myself that even in the morning portion of the day it is any other than a very unconstitutional walk, as far as the bodies of the promenaders are concerned. moral impressions apart. We all feel a natural desire from time to time to visit the abodes of the silent crowd, once en dowed like ourselves; but, from the peculiarly mistaken arrangements of burial-grounds in Great Britain, there is no country where this feeling may not be indulged with more impunity than in this country. The maL-ing these places an arena for commercial speculation is, with all the collateral advantages which may be discovered in its fa vour, a most repugnant method of undertaking for the dead. It is English ; and foreigners reproach us justly with our indecencies. The remark is offered in no dis respect for the present companies, or general management of our cemeteries. They are not worse probably than elsewhere—they may even be better than most ; and the taste for decorating the grave, so recently sprung up in our populations of towns, (it has always more or less charac..erised the rustic repositories of the village church yards,) may be largely owing to the enterprise, sys tem, and freedom from restraints ecclesiastical, of general cemeteries. It is the principle itself which requires guard ing, lest the activity of the landlord should be re-enacted over the tenements of the dead, after the same fashion which dictates the overcrowding of our living population. The practice of nurse-maids taking walks with children up and down, for perhaps an hour or Iwo, in such places, is objectionable. Little children require the selection of a place offering a purer air than a cemetery, more especially as they cannot be supposed to be the subjects of those moral impressions which the adult population are suscep tible of, and for which good the detriment to health is often deliberately risked. It strikes me, in thinking over this matter, that instead of the promenading along the damp and gloomy walks of such a cemetery as St. James's, the same object could be nearly attained, with considerable diminution of the risk to the health, i f such a plan were devised as, for instance, a light cast-iron bridge spanning the hollow from side to side, either from north to south, or from east to west. By such plan, the tomb of the immortal Huskisson, and the coup d' cell of the files of sepulchral monuments, would arrest the eye and gratify the curiosity of the strange visiter. The general effect of the Oratory and the Mausoleum, the archway unique, and the details of the ground, would produce a general effect in funereal keeping unequalled in England, and only short of the Pictorial effect of Pere la Chaise, the grand cemetery of Paris, by reason of its greater limitation of scale ; whilst the eastern side, with its excavated rows of vaults, would rivet the eye with their antique order and classic resem blance to the ruins of theTombsofPetra,in Idumea, the pic tor-al sublimityof which has called forth the admiration and astonishment of the modern traveller (see Keith, Sir R. K. Porter, &c.) This bridge might repay its cost of erection by a halfpenny or penny toll, and very possibly might bring in a legitimate and adequate per ventage for the capital expended in the outlay, and which would be wanting in most of those objections which tell against the more immediate and partly reprehensible practices about the corpse-ground itself. Even mourners might occasionally avail themselves of it with an impunity denied not unfrequently to those closer to the soaking soil of the grave vicinity. It appears that the " bury ing-place at Pompeii was immediately without the walls "—" that was the general habit of the ancients." "Q. 1810. Is it not the case in the East, that their cemeteries begin where the town ends?—Dr. Bowring, L.L.D. : Very fre quently." " One feature connected with the removal of burial places from towns, is that beautiful and interesting places may be cho sen ; and in Syria, for example, the site of some of the ancient: sepulchres is exceedingly striking. I remember when I n lestine, taking a meal on the borders of the lake of Gallice ..ff looking behind me, observed the ancient sepulchres 0 of the t Magdala, which is still known by the name of Migdal. towered ceedingly romantic situation, hewn out of a rock which above the lake." an e x MV •- Finally, in reference to the subject of quotations, Mt. Walker's reply to Query 2089 will be instructive What isyour objection to interment in a dam.... ground? That heat conjoined with moisture rapidly assists putrefaction. With regard to my objection of placing bodies in a clamp soil, I think it is a very proper one; for we have the authori y of se veral eminent and learned medical men men in France, who invariably have chosen, so far as they hare had an opportunity, hieh and dry soils; for a clayey soil will retain the gas for ever. If any epidemic were to visit us, in consequence possibly of the overgorged state of our church yards, I would sap. break down the tombstones, and cover the surface with clay a foot deep, and then you will be safe." Mr. J. C. Atkinson, a surgeon, gave, in evidence be fore the committee, his opinion that epidemics latterly prevalent in England had acquired a tendency to perpetu ation and exaggeration, in consequence of the deteriora tion of the atmosphere of large towns by interments within municipal precincts. Mr. Baker, a surgeon, of Leeds : • , " 2537. I have a return of the cases of fever for several years, and also of the cholera streets marked on it, and the fevers and the cholera are, through these successive years, in the same streets." What say. Dr. Copland, an eminent physician : - " 2693. Is it a fair conclusion that a greater quantity of animal matter has been mixed %villa the atmosphere than formerly?— The population has increased, and accommodation has not in creased; in the same proportion animal evacuations must have been augmented ; the liability to the Hiving is manifest. I be lieve that if these crowded church yards were removed. if better tenements, more airy and better ventilated, were provided for the poor, and if the privies were attended to, typhus fever might» be as rare as a case of plague is now. With sanatory regula tions like these, it might be unknown in the metropolis. " 2694. And an immense loss of life prevented ?—Yes ; and the poor-rates greatly diminished. When a poor man dies, his wife and family come into the workhouse, and become burden some for years. These are the results of my own individual exr.erience." Query—ls Liverpool any better off than its neigh bours? Where are its sound politicians? There are innumerable quackeries under the garb of parties. Mr. Walker states two facts : " That carbonic acid is generated is rendered extremely pro bable by the fact that it instantly extinguishes a light ; that it falls to the bottom of the grave when dug ; ana that the grave diggers are in the habit (as stated by the sexton at Aldgate) of letting down empty buckets into the grave, and thus drawing up the gas, which they state they can pour out like water on the surface. " In certain states of the atmosphere, and early in the morn ing, the condensed gases given off from the grave-yards in my locality have been seen. and the peculiar putrefactive odour of the dead easily recognisable." I have observed, especially about this season of the year, early in an evening, the cemetery of St. James's full of dense foggy vapours, which require the sun's heat or a brisk breeze to disperse. The wind, if slight, only billows its liquid surface. No sect of the community takes the same wise precautions and general care in the above re spects as the Society of Friends and the Moravians. Whilst they do not adopt all the forms and rites so com mon in universal Christendom, they act more sensibly in what they do for the dead, and they do not sanction ex pensive funerals or cemetery joint stocks a 4 money srecu lations—Yours, etc., G. C. WATSON. Bedford-street. RODNEY-STREET WARD ELECTION• TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL 5T_41V1) 41713. . SlR,—The publication of the accompanying letter In your valuable paper of Tuesday next. will oblige one• who, though hitherto a perfect stranger to municipal ir att-rs, feels firmly persuaded that the course adopted al d pursued by Mr. Booth's committee is entirely at Va riance with the common rulTs of prudence and judgment. SlR,—Whilst passing through the town in the course of the day, I perceived a large placard, signed by W. R. Ronald, on behalf of the committee for conducting Mr. Booth's election for Rodney. street Ward. The purport of that production, which, though large in its views, I conceive to be unintelligent in its meaning. If Mr. Holme (as is therein stated) has rendered a seat in the Council unavailable by him, on account of indirectly holding contracts under the Corporation, are the electors for this reason to withhold their votes from him, and give them to a gentleman who once cc as better known by the title of Mr. Alderman Booth—a man who is known to advocate Reform principles to the very letter, and to for ward Whig-Radicalism to the utmost of his power ? No! I should say, let those who consider Mr. Holme worthy of their patronage, record their suffrages in his favour , and afterwards, if he be disqualified, they will have the, pleasure of reflecting upon the thought that they returne d a man who entertained the same opinions as themselves . '" a man whom they considered zealously anxious to pro mote the public good. In one part of this enormous bill politics are discounte nanced, and in another they seek a fair proportion 01 Reform and C. , nservative representtrives. if these. things be consistent, language has lost its meaning ; an! if these principles are to be tolerated, surely sense LIP lost all reason ! Would Mr. Booth's committee presum e to say that politics could be forgotten where Reforme rs or Conservatives arc mentioned ? Wherefore, then , support men, who, in their own direct phra,eo!ogy, disapr. prove of politics, but who, in the more critical an untangible language of hypocrisy, find a secreted harbou r for them in the deepest recesses of their hidden hearts. d 1 caution the burgesses of Rodney-street Ward, an p every oth e r ward in the town, apinst this prospect ic : imposition. and not to allow such plausible statements. t" be the means of causing them to evade the right exec . urV e of their duties, but to consithr minutely, and to 31 0 honestly, the capabilities of the respective cvndidale s „f perform in a satisfactory manner the multiplied duties u this important and responsible .station. October 161/i, " FIAT JUSTITIA."