The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1854-06-27 00:00:00

THE GALLANT ENGLISH TAR. (BY ELIZA COOK.) THERE'S one whose fearless courage yet has never failed in fight, Who guards with zeal our country's weal, our freedom, and our right; But though his strong and steady arm spreads havoc initsblow, Cry " Quarter !" and that arm will be the first to spare its foe. He recka not though proud glory's shout may be the knell of death, The triumph won, without a sigh he yields his parting breath. He's Britain's boast, and claims a toast l "In peace, nay boys, or war, Here's to the brave upon the wave—the gallant English tar !" Let bat the sons of want come nigh, and tell their tale to him, He'll chide their eyes for weeping, while his own are growing dim. "Cheer up," be cries, " we all must meet the storm as well as calm ;" But, turning on his heel, Jack slips the guineas in their palm. He'll hear no long oration, but tell you every man Is born to act a brother's part, .and do what good he can. He's Britain's boast, and claims a toast ! "In peace, my boys, Or war, Here's to the brave upon the wave—the gallant English tar !" The dark bluejacket that enfolds the sailor's manly breast Bears more of real honour than the star and ermine vest. The tithe of folly in his head may wake the landsman's mirth, But nature proudly owns him as her child of sterling worth. His heart is warm, his hand i, true, his word is frank and free ; And though he plays the ass . n shore, he's lion of the sea. He's Britain's boast, and claims a toast ! "In peace, my boys, or war, Here's to the brave upon the wave—the gallant English tar !" REVIEWS OF BOOKS. A Hero of Our Own Times. From the Russian of Michael Lermontof. London : David Bogue. At the present moment, when everything Rus sian, or connected with Russia, is possessed of an interest heightened by accident, a volume like the one before us, which promises an insight into the social life of Russia, as that is reflected in its litera ture,is peculiarly welcome. In an introductorynotice to the book, we are informed that its author fell a victim to that jealousy of intellectual develop ment which is understood to be, in so marked a degree, the distinguishing characteristic of the Muscovite Government, paternal though its ad mirers declare it to be ; and that beyond this general fact little is revealed concerning the life or death, the position or attainments, of Michael Lermontof. The novel, for it is a work of fiction, consists in the narrative of a series of personal adventures of an individual named Petchorin, and these adven tures are intended to exhibit the varying features of Russian social life. The story is, in many points, well told, but the scenes and incidents in troduced into it are so entirely conventional, that great doubt must be allowed, as to their illustrat ing the character of any one class of men or women peculiar to any country on the face of the earth. The book contains some well-written descriptions of adventure among the Georgian mountains, the atmospheric vicissitudes of which are cleverly de lineated. De Works of John Locke ; with a Preliminary Essay and Notes. By J. A. St. John. London : G. Bohn. In this reprint of Locke's philosophical works, which it is proposed to complete in two volumes, Mr. Bohn augments his claim upon the favourable consi deration of the publicin bringing before them correct editions of standard authors at a rate of charge little more than nominal. The present work is prefaced by an introduction from the pen of Mr. A. St. John, in which, frankly admitting the difficulty of rendering his author popular, he seeks, and if suc cess were wanting, successfully seeks to establish his claim upon much higher grounds than mere popularity. In his essay Mr. St. John displays patient investigation, and much familiarity with the leading points of that philosophy to an eluci dation of which Locke devoted his acute and vigorous intellect. He also illustrates the text of his author in copious and well-digested notes. As a whole, the work promises to be a useful, and to the studious public a valuable one. The Early Introduction of Christianity into Britain ; and Anti-Roman Antiquity of the British Church. By the Rev. W. B. Stewart Mathias, B.A. Liverpool : W. T. Thompson. The object of this brochure, as stated by its Zealous and efficient author, is to counteract the untrue averment made on the part of Romanists that Popery is the form in which Christianity was originally introduced into Britain, and that, being the primary, it must be the true Church. The fallacy of this argument, even if the premises were true, is too obvious to require serious refutation to men possessed of reasoning faculties ; but it is not to such men that the dogmas of Popery are gene rally addressed, and the author of the pamphlet above named does good service to the cause of Protestantism in thoroughly exposing it. More important- and more special service is rendered to the same cause by a full refutation of the assumed Aim of Rome to having introduced Christianity into these islands. The work is earnestly under taken and judiciously executed. To all classes of Protestants we recommend it, and Romanists would do well to study its pages, that they may s ee how fallacious is their pretended origi- Lity in distributing the truths of Christianity. fristory of Europe, from the Fall of Napoleon, in 1815, to the Accession cf Napoleon, in 18.52. By Sir Archibald Alison, Bart., D.C.L. Edin burgh and London : Blackwood and Sons. The third volume of this important work, which has just issued from the press, is as peculiarly suited to aid in unravelling the course of events, at the era of its publication, as it will be found invaluable in reflecting the light of wisdom on the after-current of European affairs. It commences with a review of the social and political state of Turkey and Greece, in 1821, and narrates the course and termination of the Greek war of Independence : it next embraces a survey of the relations between Russia and Turkey, from the accession of the pre sent Czar, in 1825, to the peace of Adrianople, in 1829 ; treats of the affairs of France, from the death of Louis XV 111. to the accession of the Polignac administration, and fall of Charles X., including a sketch of French literature and the arts during the same period ; and it concludes with the domestic history of Great Britain, from the death of Lord ' Londonderry in 1822, to the monetary crisis at the close of 1825. In tracing the events which arose out of the Greek war of independence, the author reveals, in nervous language, his deep interest in the cause of Christianity, and his warm sympathy with the de scendants of those sages and heroes to whom the civilised world owes, in such high degree, its pre &ant position in moral science and political freedom arts and in arms. He embellishes this portion of his narrative with appropriate classical allusions, while he carefully avoids encumbering its pro gress ; and enriches his pages by parallels between the achievements of ancient and of modern heroism. in glancing at the scenes which constitute the theatre of recent glories, he kindles the enthusiasm of his reader by reference to their ancient fame. The incidents of the contest are detailed with a fervent glow and a thrilling ardour akin to those which animate the suggestive narratives of classi cal antiquity ; but while admiring the fortitude, and according praise to the valour by which the Helens of our day have re-established themselves among the nations, his sense of justice and his abhorrence of crime lead him to unmeasured cen sure of the cruelties which in too many instances acco mpanied the struggle and stained the laurels of the modern Greeks. R e viewing the state of Literature and Art in France , embraced within the period of his history, affords Sir Archibald Alison an opportunity of disp l ay ing his predilection for intellectual power mind. He his n praise and his high a pp reciation of genius, sentiments at pre ise all times chara cteristic of a great lavish, though not undiscriminating,. of the great writers of that time ; and in his esti mate of the relative characteristics of Chateau. briand, Guizot, Lamartine, Sismond.s a discrimina tion i ' and the two Thierrys, he displays an d exercise as just as it is eloquently expiessed; his survey of French Art, he dwells with eini o. )na . ,si e s e = l , obvious delight on the classic bea ut y , nia,ilal pure taste, and durable material, which constitute inherent charms in the public edi fices of Paris, and which contrast so favourably with the perish able nature and ill-regulated taste so conspicuous in the street architecture and public buildings of London and other principal towns in England. In the literary history of France, fraught as it is with the experiences, and imbued with the princi ples of the revolution, and even polluted as many of its streams unquestionably are, the great modern historian of Euro hope,lfstrong in his reliance on the e sees folluncndo divine of that Providence which is workings at a all times, and wider every circumstance, " From seeming evil still educing good," h e believes that the evil, though poignant and widespread, is transitory, and that, as a whole, it will yet work for good to the French people and to mankind. History, by shedding the light of truth over the past, and revealing to us the motives which have governed events, as well as showing us their results, enables us to regulate the present—to foresee, and to direct the future ; and probably at no previous 'period of our national existence was this light more needed than at the present moment. Our social and political relations, internal and external, have within the last quarter of a century undergone such changes as completely to alter their bearings, both relative to our neighbours and ourselves. The alterations which have occurred in what may not. inaptly be termed the European harmonies have been great ; and each class and every indivi dual feels assured that at the present time the nations of Europe are commencing a career, the result of which must be as important as the strug gle for its attainment will be arduous. For the first time during many centuries, British valour has been united to the prowess of France, and, as becomes the dignity of these great nations, their combined exertions are directed to check the aggressive inroads of barbarism into the field of civilization, and to repel the assaults of rapacity upon an unoffending, but high-spirited people. To estimate aright the full importance of this momen tous enterprise, it is necessary that we should be able not only to calculate the enemy's strength and weakness—his relative position in the social and political scale— but fully to comprehend our own, and to have a correct knowledge of those of our allies, together with the probable current of their interests and inclinations ; and above all, to understand the position of those powers who, being neither allies nor enemies, hold the balance of affairs in their hands to such an extent as may render the conflict one of brief or of protracted duration. To expound all these difficult and cora -1 plicated relations, and exhibit the bearings which they 'have upon present circumstances, is a task of vast moment, and the attempt to do so involves Herculean labour, while it demands the exercise of extraordinary mental power. In cursorily review ing the previous volume of this admirable work, we took occasion to glance at the antecedents of its author, and alluded to the peculiar and highly favourable training by which his mind had been tutored to the discharge of so important a duty as the composition of contemporary history. To that imperfect summary we have now to add, that, in the present volume, as in its predecessors and in his previous works, he brings to bear upon his subject a vast amount of acquired information, which he lays before his reader in a spirit of judi cious generalisation, combined with great political sagacity and a nicely adjusted discrimination. Condensed, vigorous, and suggestive beauty of description, enables him to picture scenery and relate incidents with the glowing energy of a poet and the delicate fidelity of an artist. Of the felicity of his local descriptions many illustrations might easily be given, but we must content ourselves with one, and select almost at random his delineation of j CONSTANTINOPLE PROM THE SEA. No words can express the beauty of the city of Constan tinople, with its charming suburbs of Pera, Galata, and Scutari, when seen from the waters on the opposite shore of the Hellespont. Situated on a cluster of hills, which there border the Sea of Mormora, it presents an assem blage of charming objects, such as are not to be seen in a similar space in any other part of the world. It has not the magnificent back ground of the Bay of Naples, nor the castellated majesty of Genoa, but in the perfection of the scene, the harmony of all its parts, and the homoge neous nature of the emotion it awakens, it is superior to either. The scene is perfect; the panorama as seen from the bay is complete. To the north, the majestic entrance of the Bosphorus —the waters of which are covered with caiques, while its shores exhibit alternately the wilder ness of the savage forest and the riches of cultivated society—kindles the imagination with the idea of unseen beauties ; to the east, the suburb of Scutari, in itself a city, with its successive ranges of terraces and palaces, the abodes of European opulence and splendour ; to the west, the superb entrance of the Golden Horn, crowded with vessels, and the dense piles of the city itself; rising one above another in successive gradations, surmounted bythe domes of a hundred mosques, among which the cupola of St. Sophia and the minarets of that of Sultan Achmet appear conspicuous ; while, to the south, the view is closed by the beautiful Point of the Seraglio, its massy structures guarded with jealous care, half obscured by the stately trees which adorn its gardens, and dip their leafy branches in the cool stream of the Dardanelles. To the above specimen of our author's skill anct taste as an artistinlandscape,we cannot resist adding an illustration of his masterly manipulation in delineating character, and for this purpose adopt his MENTAL TORTILAIT 07 TUN TrUICS. The character of the Turks, taken as individuals, has many estimable qualities, which have gone far to counter act the disastrous effects of their system of government. That they are brave and determined;. and . at one period Were most formidable to Europe, for their military prowess need be told to none. But it is not equally well known how worthy they are, and how many excellent traits of character are revealed in their private- life. They are not in general active or industrious—they haveleft the labours of the field to the natives of the soil—the cares of commerce to the Armenians, and the islanders of the Archipelago. Like the ancient Romans, or the medieval Knights, they deem the wielding of the sword or managing a steed the only honourable occupation, and worthyot a freeman. But no one can mingle with them, either in business or society, without perceiving that few races of men are more estimable in the relations of private life. Fearless, honest, and trustworthy, their word is their bond, and they are desti tute of the restless spirit and envious- disposition which so often, in western Europe and America, at once disturb happiness and provoke to crime. Inactivity is their great characteristic, repose their chief enjoyment. Their wants, generally speaking, are few ; their enjoyments such as nature has thrown open to all. Tb sit on a carpet, smoke a scented pipe, and gaze under- shade• on the dancing of the sunbeams on the waves of the Bosphorus, is their supreme enjoyment. Satisfied, if wealthy, with his own harem, which combines the ideas of home and pleasure, the Turk has generally no ambition to invade that of his neighbour; and the enormous mass of female profligacy which infests the great cities of western Europe is unknown. Nothing excites the horror of the Osmanlis so much as the details of the foundling hospitals, and fearful multi tude of natural children in Paris and Vienna : they cannot conceive how society can exist under such an accumulation of evils. Though capable, when roused either by religious fanaticism or military excitement, of the most frightful deeds of cruelty, they are far, in ordinary times, from being of a savage disposition ; they are kind to their wives, passionately fond of their children, charitable to the poor, and even extend their benevolent feelings to dumb animals. Of the political sagacity which characterises the historical compositions of Sir Archibald AllBOl3, and which is prominently displayed in the present volume, on the important topics of currency, free trade, taxation, the rights of labour, the duties and, privileges of capital, and the practical evils opposed to the theoretical advantages of trade combinations, numerous and lucid, as well as dispassionate illustra tions are given, in discussing the various domestic occurrences which are brought under consideration in course of the narrative ; and in all of these the benign influence of philanthropy and the soothing spirit of benevolence are brought charmingly in aid of cool judgment and clear discrimination, As indicative in some degree of the light thrown on the probable issue of the present Turko-Russian war, by Sir Archibald Alison, and even of the pre- sent campaign, numerous examples might readily be quoted, but diminishing space warns us of the necessity for being brief; and believing that from the past we may in some sort read the future, we content ourselves with the annexed account of the TIIE LIVERPOOL STANDARD, AND GENERAL COMMERCIAL ADVERTISER. only excepted. Since the Sanatory Act came into operation, 1,600 dwellings in this town have been drained, being 28 per cent. of all which required it ; whereas during the same period the number similarly drained in London has fallen short of 9 per cent. As a consequence, the recent report of the Board of Health states that the mortality of Liver pool has decreased from 31 to 29 per 1,000; but the truth is, that in the worst part of the town—the parish of Liverpool, where more than three-fourths of the drainage has taken place—the reduction in mortality has been from 35 to 32 per 1,000, or equivalent to a saving of 800 lives annually.* [lt is sometimes difficult to comprehend such state ments without a comparison. The average number killed annually, both by sea and land, in time of war, amounts to 899 ; while the wounded are somewhat more than four times as numerous, being 3,623. Yet in the town of Liverpool alone, the laying of a few thousand feet of pipes for drainage, prevents a sacrifice of human life equivalent to the war destruction in both arms of the service ; and, by removal of the predisposing causes of disease, more than four times as many are prevented from being silently wounded. In 1847, the approximate pro portion of life lost in Liverpool by each person was one half; but supposing it now to be only one-third, the number of lives destroyed annually, in a population of 400,000, must be appalling. Every investigation tends to show that in actual battle the mortality is, for the circum stances, surprisingly small ; while amid the masses of our population it is surprisingly great. At the battle of Vit toria, only one bullet in 459 took effect ; and in the recent Cape war it required 3,200 bullets and as many charges of powder to wound a Caffre ; while medical men, in the visitation and treatment of severe epidemics, are killed at the rate of 12 to 20 per cent.—that is, one out of every five or eight ! The horrors of peace are a hundred fold greater than the horrors of war.] The conclusions arrived at, on a consideration of all the circumstances, may be very briefly enunciated, viz. :- 1. That evening classes for adults are most valuable, in supplying the omissions of early education, and in impart ing the peculiar sort of knowledge which experience has shown to be most required by the pupils. 2. That such classes, like church services on week even ings, could be established in almost any part of the town ; and their absence depends not so much on the difficulty of the case as on the absence of demand, and the conscious• ness that such instructions would be but partially, if at all, taken advantage of. 3. That in Liverpool, such classes are most likely to succeed among artisans or skilled labourers ; many of whom live near the parish boundary, from Windsor, along the lower part of Edge-hill and Everton to Kirk dale, and also in the Park. 4. That they may also succeed in any mixed popula tion—as in Birkenhead, Chester, or West Derby—where even the lowest class of the community exists in compara tive comfort, and constitutes but a small proportion of the whole population. 5, That with the lowest and most numerous class in Liverpool, comprising unskilled labourers only, such classes are not likely to be either appreciated or accepted ; from the want of all motive for improvement, the constant pre sence of one absorbing thought, how to live at all,-and the consequent deficiency or utter absence of spirit, ambition, and self-respect. 6 - ; That even in those cases where such classes are gladly taken advantage of, they will be successful only, or mainly,.during the winter months. 7. That while reading and: writing should be taught, of course; where they are not sufficiently known, the• in structions should have a special character, where people of a particular class reside in unusual numbers —es:, foundry-men, carpenters, miners, sailors, &c. 8. That from the inveteracy of habit, the claims of domestic life, and other causes % such classes are not likely' to succeed, even during the winter months, with persons. who have passed beyond 22 or-23 years of age. 9. That the difficulties which surround the education , of the adult, should form a new and powerful argument for the better education of the: young ; and that the chil— dren of the lowest class in the community, whose case is most hopeless in after years, have the first and: strongest claims upon the sympathy and exertions of the town. After these conclusions hull been reached, indepeti.- dently, some very interesting,but indirect verifications of them, attracted my attention.. The first is an abstract taken from the census of edn. cation cf 1851. It appears that there were then 1,515 , evening classes for adults in • all England and Wales, or one fore every 11,000 of the population. At this rate; Liverpool should contain about 36, or nearly at the rate of one for every ecclesiastical districts in the town. As might be expected, they were most numerous in the manurae tilting districts; and in Lancashire and the West Riding of Yorkshire, they were far more numerous than in any other part of the country.. The pupils amounted to 39,783;! giving an average of 26 to each school. One crass of the community alone, artisans, constitute more than a third,. or 36 per cent. of the whole ; three other classes, agricultural labourers, factory hands, and domestic ser vants, constitute another third; leaving to all other classes of the community to supply the remaining third, in which the town labourer would find a low place. Do mestic servants, who are given as one of the four principal classes, amount only to three-per cent. The subjects knight generally embraced reading, writing, and arithmetic,hut in addition to these, grammar and geography were taught in more than a fifth of the schools, history in one-ninth, mathematics in one-twelfth, modern languages intone out of every forty-three s and book-keeping in one out of - - every fifty-three. The second verification. I obtained at the Free Public Library ; the faetsuf which are the following. In, the month of November last year, the reading room contained at an average IfY7 readers, each evening at eikbt o'clock, and in the month, of May of the present year,.lla. Its entire accommodation amounts to only 130. If we suppose. the room to be occupied by two distinct sets. of readers in the course of an: evening, the numbers are. doubled, and are respectively 214 and 226. In connexion with the.two leading libraries, there are 4,015 volumes, and 1,50 e readers, or persons entitled to take books home. Many persons who. look at such facts absolutely but not rela tively, are.highly pleased with these results,. and they are highly gratifying so far as they go. I would skaply remark,, however, " what are these among so many r If an enormous population like ours possessed a fair average of intelligence and spirit, there is not a ward of the town but should do as much in the way otacquirements as the whole town has done. The third, point is derivable from the statistics of the evening schools held at the North. Corporation School ; the.facts referring to the last three years. In nine years 5,951 males were admitted, and in three years 1,258 females; or an annual average of 661 males and 419 females. The average attendance, however, was only 73 males and 65 females ; and this is accounted for in part by their brief connexion with the school, which averaged a little more than four weeks for the males, and more than five weeks for the females. In both sexes, though the pupils had left school anclentered on remunerative employ ments, there were few actual adults; for the makes averaged in the three years, from 25th March, 1851, to 25th March, 1854, 15. years, and the females from 13; to 13. Strange to say, in both cases, there was a regular decrease of age, a younger class of pupils seeming to thrust out even those who by courtesy were called " adults." One would like to see the tendency in the opposite direction ; the junior population requiring supplementary instruction less and loss, and the seniors trying to recover lost ground more and more, in the competition of improved intellect. I have thus endeavoured to present as many facts as possible in a brief space, as the basis of sound opinion. The practical inference to be derived from the whole is, I think, at once obvious and indisputable. We should endeavour to supply to adults, the education which, from circumstances of various kinds was neglected in youth, or which experience has shown to them to be most required. If adult evening classes were opened in parts of the town where skilled labourers and other poor persons reside, who are beyond the harrassing pressure of want, they would be likely to be well attended, and in general would be completely self-supporting. The time of our best teachers is a good deal occupied, owing to the stringent arrange ments of the committee of the Privy council, but com petent teachers could still easily be procured. One class, of the community, however, I consider all but hopeless in reference to improvements to be effected in this way. It consists of those who can never drive " the wolf from the door ;" who, through hardship and uncertainty, have lost all trust and almost belief in an overruling Providence ; who have, in many cases, retrograded from moral agents and intellectual beings to mere animals ; and in whose dark future, to-morrow threatens to be as gloomy as to-day, to-day being only a repetition of the misfortunes of yesterday. * From a Ite;iort of the Medical Officer of Health, June 15th, 1854. 1: There are 46 such districts in the town. ISI).',WSPATERS ONE HUNDRED YEARS AGO.—Small as cor.ntry newspapers were, not containing more matter t v iian in one of our pages, the editors had sonic difficulty in Ifilling them. A Leicester newspaper about 1750, filled with a chapter from the Bible every week, beginning with Genesis I ~ until it reached Exodu3 X. RUSSIAN CAMPAIGNS AGAINST TUMMY, 1828-29. The campaigns of 1828 and 1829, though they termi nated to the disadvantage of Turkey, are yet eminently calculated to modify the ideas generally entertained as to the great power of Russia in aggressive warfare, as well as to evince the means of defence, in a military point of view, which the Ottoman dominions possess. The Turks began the war under the greatest possible disadvantages. Their land forces had been exhausted by seven bloody campaigns with the Greeks ; their marine ruined in the battle of Navarino ; their enemies had the command of the Euxine and the £gean, the interior lines of commu nication in the empire; the janizaries, the military strength of the state, had been in part destroyed, in part alienated; and only twenty thousand of the regular troops, intended to replace them, were as yet clustered round the standards of the Prophet. On the other hand, the Russians had been making their preparations for six years ; they had enjoyed fourteen years of European peace ; and a hundred and twenty thousand armed men awaited on the Pruth the signal to march to Constantino ple. Yet with all these disadvantages, the scales hung all but even between the contending parties. Varna was only taken in the first campaign in consequence of the Russians having the 'command of the sea ; the Balkan passed in the second, from the Grand Vizier having been outg9ieraled by the superior skill of Diebitch. Even as it was, it was owing to treachery and disaffection that the daring march to Adrianople did not terminate in a disas ter second only to the Moscow retreat. Had the Pacha of Scodra co me up th ree weeks earlier with his twenty five i r e twenty fi-e thou san d men, an d un i ted w i th the twenty thousand v, \ towards thousand COnst Constantinople, Op beenle , where Had d wouldten thousand Diebitch Tt o h r En • ghsh auxiliaries been by their side, the Muscovite standards would never have crossed the Balkan; had twenty thousand French also been there, they would have been hurled with disgrace beyond the Danube. It is not to be supposed, however, that these `startling results are to be ascribed to any weakness in military strength on the part of Russia, or any extraordinary warlike resources which the Turks possess, independent of their geographi cal position. The strength which Russia put in the war was immense. A hundred and sixty thousand men crossed the Danube in the course of the first campaign; a hundred and forty thousand were brought up to reinforce them in the second. Yet, with menall at thi ie they could only produce thirty-one thousanddecisive battle victo • of Kouleftscha ; and whentheir victorious march was thousand were assembled at Adrian oplestopped, only fifteen thousand men had fifty ! At least a hundred and perished in the two campaigns ; and that, accordingly, i s the estimate formed by the ablest military historian of the war. A very small part of this immense force perished by the sword ; fatigue, sickness, desertion, pro duced the greatest part of the dreadful chasm. The long march of twelve hundred miles from Moscow to Poland, the pestilential plains of Wallachia, the hardships of two campaigns in the inhospitable hills or valleys of Bulgaria, did the rest. As Turkey is the portion of Europe most exposed to the incursions of the Asiatics, so it is the one to which Providence has given the most ample means of defence ; for the plains of Wallachia and Moldavia present a perilous glacis, which must be passed before the body of the fortress is reached ; the Danube is a vast wet ditch, which covers the interior defences ; the Balkan a rampart impassable, when defended by gallant and faithful defend ers. Sterility and desolation, the work of human tyranny, add to the defences of nature. Of no country may it be so truly said, in Henry IV.'s words, "If you make war with a small army, you are beaten ; if with a large one, starved." The strength of Russia in a defensive is owing to the same cause as its weakness in offensive war. Its prodigious distances are the cause of both. A third of Napoleon's army disappeared before it reached Smolensko, or had been engaged in any serious battle; three-fourths had perished before a flake of snow fell. One-third of the troops which invaded Turkey in 1828 and 1829 sank under the fatigues of the march, another third under the diseases and hardships of the campaign which followed. It is the same with the English in India, and from the same cause. With the resources of a hundred millions of men at their command, they underwent a catastrophe, which rivalled the fate of Varus's legions, at the hands of the mountaineers of Affghanistan ; they were soon after outnumbered, and brought to the verge of ruin by the Sikhs, who had only the resources of six millions to rely on. One-third of the invaders of Russia perish before they reach the country they are to assail; one-third of the Russians perish before they get out of it to begin the career of conquest, from the simple effect of the distances. It is no exaggeration, but the simple truth, to affirm that fifty thousand English and French troops disembarked at Varna, and beginning their fatigues there, are equal to a hundred and fifty thousand Russians, who have com. menced their march from St. Petersburg, Moscow, and Warsaw. From the preceding sketch, and the quotations given, some, though no doubt a very imperfect idea may be formed of the great importance and diversified interest of the volume, and also of the work of which it forms a part. In conclusion, we would briefly remark that its narrative is instinct with life, and glows with animation—while it is replete with beautifully elaborated pictures, and enriched by the maxims and teachings of a sound philosophy : these are so skilfully combined and so happily applied, as to form a well-digested and imposing whole. The work, like a well-con structed edifice, abounds in elegant features, is rich in graceful and harmonious details—grand and majestic in general symmetry, and noble in its simplicity and completeness. EVENING CLASSES FOR ADULTS. HOW FAR DESIRABLE, POSSIBLE, AND SOUGHT FOR. (Concludedfrom our last.) • (PICO3I A COREEnvONDENT.) LET us now follow the poor man to his home, and sce• how far he is encouraged or prepared to take advantage of intellectual information. I have analysed 3,000 families lying in the belt of narrow streets along the docks. They were taken from four ecclesiastical districts, two in the parish and two beyond it ; or one at the north end of the town and three at the south. Above the labouring: class .. 50 in. 3,000 I'6 per cent. Labourers in regular employ 639 .. 21'3 „ in irregular „ 916 .. 30'5 670 ... 22'5 ~ Paupers Bed characters and persons without visible means of support . .... 719 3,000 Thus, in one word, there are 689 families, or less than one-fourth, who are at the same time moral. and able to obtain permanent means of support ; there are 2,311, or more than three-fourths, who are either immoral, or who cannot obtain a regular subsistence ! it is obvi ously the former, to whom the instructor of any kind will address himself, with reasonable hope of success. If should state, however, that the whole of these 3,000 families are Irish; and that upon them' the disasters of undue immi gration fall primarily and most heavily ; but secondarily, the whole members of the unskilled labouring clase, what ever their country, are affectedday it, and the entire grade of society is lowered by the operation of a constant force in the downward direction. One other goint requires to be noticed before the gene rat result canhe stated : it is the shortness of life among t'h'e poor. lam convinced that few think of this at all ; and fewer still'know how the facts stand. From a table given in the last Report of the General Board of Health, just issued, it appears that the ave rage age of all who die in England is 31 years and 1 month This fact should: be carefully brae in mind. In 1317 it . was 29 years and 4 months.* Bat in the district of St. German's and Liskeard, in Cornwall, the average rose to 42 years 11 months ; the highest to be found in any of our counties. In Lancashire, the highest average was. at threrstone; where it reached 41 years 8 months ; and the lowest at Liverpool, where it was less than the half, being 20 , years and 5 months. The , %west county in England was Lancashire, and the lowest district in Lancashire was Liverpool. The average for the whole county of Lancaster, 22.'years 10 months, was far below that of St. Giles's in London (28 years 4 months), and scarcely reached.that of the very lowest district in the metropolis [St. Luke's, 22. years 8 months]. Of about 3 0 49 districts in England and Wiles, there were only 7 that fell below Liverpool, and these were all mining or manufacturing districts-t NOw, no one will pretend to say that Prince's-Park is. an unhealthy district, or. Abercromby-square,_ or Edge-- hill; or. Everton,. Kirkdale ; there must, therefore ; be a fearful amount of mortality somewhere in the -town,. to drag down our averages almost to the very bottom of they scale.. The conclusion a priori is verified by filet. Of all the persons who died in the year 1853, after having, received medicine or medical relief, at the St.. Anne's. pensary, the average•was 14 years and 11 months. They were of all ages; but even if it could be shown,that there is some unfavourable fact in the calculation, it can be equally shown that this is not the worst , district of the town, but lies above Scotland-road, which, is• generally regarded as the upper limit of the destitute or perishing poor. The subject is so deeply important,. that I venture to. quote the whole passage—"Amongstthemany patients of public institutions, those who are relievedorcured, are most frequently spoken of, while thosewho die are apt to be forgotten ; this however, is not well, for if rightly remembered, they leave behind them stale. which contains an important lesson for the living, as the following state ment will show :—During the year- 1863, 208 deaths have occurred amongst the patients of this institution, and the extremely short average of life which these poor people have enjoyed, affords a striking picture of the approach to that minimum in the duration of existence, which may be arrived at amid the associations of poverty, and the un favourable conditions both physical and moral, which too often attend it, even in populous and wealthy cities. The average length of life here alluded to, is less than 16 years, (14 years and 11 months,)- which is nevertheless greater.. than the average of previous years, for the improved sanatory condition of the town has no doubt told upon the length of life of the industrial classes of this neighbour• hood, in a slow but gradual and favourable manner during the last five years r—it is, however, painful, as yet, to con template the narrow limits within which circumstances, with the Divine permission, seem in this class to measure the duration of life."—Report, pp. 7, 8• Thus, then, there is a district of death in the town, where the labours of the schoolmaster, philanthropist, and clergyman are called for by the most imperious necessity, and yet where they produce only very limited results. The investigation respecting mortality may be made in classes instead of geographically, and the result is the same. For example, if we take the members of the Society of Friends, the average age at death of all who are born, is upwards of 52 years, or nearly double the average for all England and Wales. In London, the average age at death of the gentry is 44, of the respecta ble middle classes, 28 ; of tradesmen, 25 ; and of artisans, 22.§ But we have here been examining the case of classes below all of these, "in the lowest deep a lower , deep," viz., iu a less healthy district, the physical labourer only ; and that same man with partial food, poisonous atmosphere, and no comforts. To thousands of the strug gling members of our great community, the words of the Psalmist have a fearful and literal application—" Like sheep they are laid in their graves, death shall feed on them." " The improved sanatory condition of the town," alluded to in the quotation from the report of St. Anne's Dispen sary, requires to be noticed. A great deal has been done in the direction of improvement ; but, with evils of such magnitude to be overcome, many years must elapse before they can be said to be more than mitigated. It is said that at the present moment Liverpool is more healthy than Manchester, but it is probably Salford that is meant. In 1817 the average duration of human life in Manchester was greater than that for the whole county ; whereas Salford was at the bottom of the scale, Liverpool Tables of Vital Statistics,published by order the Commit. tee of the Health of Towns Association, 1847. Dud West Bromwich, Walsall, Wolverhampton, Stourbridge, Dudley, Bradford, Merthyr Tydvil. The average at the last of these places %vas 18 years 2 months. Tables of Yitet Statistics, B;c., 1847, LONDON & NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. Sfn,—My attention has been called to a paragraph in the Liverpool Mercury of Tuesday last, copied from the Dublin Freeman's Journal, and headed " Irish harvesters and the Railway," wherein is introduced a notice purport ing to have been issued by this Company, and signed " T." Ormandy. I beg to state that there is no such person in this ser vice—that the notice was not issued with the sanction or knowledge of any officer of the Company, and that it is altogether unauthorised. As the re-production of the article in the Liverpool papers has given prominence to the remarks somewhat freely indulged by the editor of the Freeman, 'solicit the favour of your giving publicity to this denial of the notice having emanated from the London and North-western Company.—l am, your obedient servant, FISHER ORMANDT. Euston Station, London, 24th June, 1854. ST. MARTIN'S CHURCH. TO THE EDITOR OP THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. SIR,—" One of the Churchwardens" of St. Martin's is a somewhat imaginative, and a very zealous Churchwar den. Your faithful servant, WM. POLLOCK. 27, Bedford-street North, June 20, 1854. MATRIMONY A SACRAMENT. TO THE EDITOR OF TEE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. Sfit,—ln the first part of the Sermon of Swearing are these words,—" By the like holy promise the sacrament of Matrimony k - nitteth man and wife in perpetual love." I shall leave Mr. Pollock to fix the degree of authority which the Homilies possess. Surely the clergyman who has raised Mr. P.'s ire had some right to assert that Matrimony is a sacrament, and I can readily conceive that the lady with whom he conversed, unintentionally con founded the Homilies and the Prayer-book. Again, in the homily of " Common Prayer and Sacra ments" are these words,—" Therefore neither it (i.e., Ordering of Ministers) nor any other sacrament else (as Matrimony) be such sacraments as Baptism and the Com munion are. But in a general acception the name of a sacrament may be attributed to anything whereby an holy thing is signified." _ _ This is - a fair - statement of the case as set forth in the Book of Homilies. One word about the picture of the crucifixion. Is it true that a certain cleric complained to one of the rectors that pictures of the crucifixion had been given away in a district in Liverpool, and that when that rector called at the complainer's house on the matter, the first thing that met his eye was the very same subject occupying a promi nent place in the best room ? Yours, A FORMER CITRATE IN LIVERPOOL. DAILY PUBLIC PRAYER, AND WEEKLY COMMUNION. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. Sin, I ventured to assert a short time ago;. through your paper, that " the Lord's Day cannot be duly honoured without the offering of that sacred memorial which He ordained as the peculiar service of His religion ;. and that a monthly celebration of the Lord's' Supper is a disgrace ful abridgment of the Church's office three Sundays out of four, without warrant from Scripture, or antiquity." Of course; I should not have hazarded such an assertion as this, had , I not been prepared to justify it, and glad of an opportunity of reiterating a statement which unhappily so well deservses the serious consideration of thepeople of Liverpool. Your anonymous correspondent,. "A Churchman. of Liverpool," challenges me to produce my "authority" for a weekly Communion from the Bible and Prayer-Book.; and has been already sufficiently answered by yout corre spondents of last week, who ask him to produce chapter and. verse for monthly Communion ; for his observance. of Christmas-Day,. or Good Friday, or even for the Lord's. Day, and also for neglecting to keep holy the Sabbath, or seventh day. It`mi,ght also be demanded of "A Church— man of Liverpool? to produce hie authority from the- Prayer-Book for the assembling of Christians for worship on one day only in seven, seeing that the Prayer-Book is entitled " The-order of morning and evening prayer daily throughout the year," and does not eontain a single prayer peculiar to Sundays only. A Churchman .of Liverpool" cannot produce his Scrip tural authority for any of these Christian observances, still less for his weekly prayer and monthly communion; and his inability to do this ought to make him question the soundness of the principle which would appeal on all occasions to the Bible, and the Bible only, as the religion of Protestants. The fact is, that the Bible is not ordinarily the source of truth, though it is the- witness and confir mation of all truth. The Christian Church, for which the New Testament was written, existed long before that volume was compiled. The primitive Christians received their first faith and discipline from. the apostles them selves; and, consequently, it is the height of presumption for us of the present day to ignore their faith and practice, and to pretend to understand the Scriptures better than they. The Church of England certainly adopts a very different course, as both the preface-to the Prayer-Book and the Book of Homilies testify, our services being com piled from those in use, so as to be " agreeable to the mind and purpose of the old Fathers," and more than twelve of these Fathers- being quoted on a point of doctrine in a single homily. What, then,. is our authority for-weekly Communion? Simply the universal practice of Christians from the very first. The Holy Communion is emphatically THE CEREMONY Op CHRISTIANITY—the one act of worship ordained by it—the peculiar Gospel mode of drawing near to God. St.ithe, in the earliest- history of the Church, informs us that the disciples "came together to break bread," and that they " broke bread from house to house," and "continued in breaking of , liread." And all subse quent history witnesses to the same fact. Christians always assembled for this purpose ;. this was their mode of worship.. What are the forms of primitive worship which have come down to us ? The order of administering the Holy Eucharist, and little else. Formerly the word, " Liturgy" was applied exclusively to the administration: of this sacrament. This was .the staple worship of the - primitive Church, daily celebrated by the clergy, and?. received: weekly at least by the-people ; so that congreg tions which met from week.to week without this act, and churches in which it was solemnized once a month, were wholly unknown. "A, Churchman of Liverpool" will please to remember. that I am not hazarding a- private opinion, but stating a notorious fact—a fact which proves the worship of Church, men. of Liverpool to be essentially different from the worship of the " Holy Church throughout all the world" in.the first and purest ages, and different, too, from the worship prescribed by the Church, of England, the rule of the prayer -Book being that the• Holy Communion should. be administered on all Sundays and other holydays—that all priests and deacons should receive it " every Sunday at Me least"—and the , only contemplated exception to, its being celebrated in all churches on every Sunday being the paucity of communicants, as in parishes containing only twenty people of discretion, and there not being on all Sundays , four, or at least three, " to communicate with the priest.' As the Church, of England intended to forbid' the prac tice of private masses, it was necessary to makeprovision for such exceptional cases as the above. But there is no ground for supposing that the clergy have a discretionary power to curtail, the office in large congregations, where there must always be three or four persons ready to com municate. It were a slander upon our Church, highly mischievous in, our controversy with Rome, to• maintain or allow for a moment that, in adopting, or rather continuing, the ancient " Liturgy," she intended to fimsake the ancient rule of freqnent Communion. In every church, therefore, in Liverpool, there ought tothe weekly communion at the least. prayer and a sermon, without the Lord's Supper, is not the- Gospel mode of hallowing the Lord's-day. " The foolishness of preaching" is useful in its way, espe cially to.the unlearned and unconverted; but it must not be allowed to thrust out that holy sacrament and mystery of God, which is no vain ceremony, no bare sign, no untrue figure of a thing absent, but is the food of immortality— in which the faithful see, hear, and know the mercies of God, sealed, the satisfaction by Christ towards us con firmed, and the remission of Birk established.—l am, Sir,. yours, faithfully, CECIL WRAY, Feast of the Nativity of John Baptist, 1854. WEEKLY COMMUNION. TO THE EDITOR OP VIE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. Sin,—lf your correspondent of the 13th, "A Churchman of Liverpool," was sincere in the profession of hia anxiety to ascertain the mind of the Church of England with regard to the celebration of Holy Communion, he will feel obliged to your correspondent of last Tuesday,.Mr. Pughe, for so concisely and aptly instructing hint in the better interpretation of her rubrics, and correcting the dangerous misapprehension into which lie had fallen. Assuming him, therefore, to be a clergyman, as I should from the pronoun he uses, though the assumption is very difficult, from the unfortunate ignorance which the whole letter displays, I expect he is already preparing his people for the adoption of Weekly Communion. Though I must confess that this extraordinary solicitude makes me very much doubt the sincerity of his intentions, for supposing him to be one of those who are identified with current laxity, I cannot conceal my abhorrence of the hypocrisylwhich can go on, year after year, setting at nought the plainest commands of the Church, and yet venture to make a profession of the principle of obedience when it appeared to be safe, and to put an opponent at a disadvantage. The "Churchman" will now perceive that he was making the Church's provision for an exceptional case, which the spirit of her whole offices condemns, and which is imposed upon her, by the laxity of her people, to be the rule of service which she herself propounds. As she has made the celebration of Communion dependant upon the people, of course she cannot help assuming a possibility that sometimes there will be "no communion," simply because there may not be " three to communicate ;" and Mr. Wray's remark that a monthly celebration " is a disgraceful abridgment of the Church's office," is a re proach not on the Church, but on the people, and on the priest who fails to teach the people the necessity of a more frequent celebration. The Church provides her dressed altar, her communion service with its Epistle and Gospel, and orders the priest to return from the pulpit to the holy table ; and when she directs that such and such prayers only shall be said " if there be no communion," the words might be altered, " if there be not three to communicate with the priest." But when the priest, three Sundays out of four, assumes that worship is over at the end of the Nicene Creed, changes his garment, and forgetting that the sermon is a mere interjection in the communion ser vice, at its conclusion dismisses the people with the bless ing, are we to be told that he is not contravening the intention of the Church, and disgracefully abridging her office ? Most assuredly not. And I beg to repeat to the " Churchman," with a personal application to himself, if lie be a clergyman, Mr. Wray's emphatic and most t rue d enunc iation. I protest that his practice is a disgraceful abridgment of the Charch's dice, awl a reproach to his Christianity. The simple fact, then, is this—the Church positively provides for the celebration of Holy Communion every time that she has appointed an epistle and gospel— assumint-, that it may even be more frequent, as may be inferred from her directing special "prefaces" in the Sa cramental Service to be used seven clays after the appro priate festival. On these days, it is the part of the Priest to return to the Holy Table after the sermon, and remain there to the conclusion of the Church Militant Prayer, to see if there be three persons to communicate with him. If there be not three, of course there is to be no com munion. Now, if Mr. Wray had stigmatised as " dis graceful the Rubric, which forbids Communion, unless there be three to comm u nic a t e , the " Churchman's" arguments might have had some point, but to the question at issue they have no relevance whatever ; and the remark of Mr. Wray, who is a very unlikely person to speak on so serious a subject without due thought, retains all its force and application. Still ssuming that your correspondent is a clergyman, there are some incidental remarks in his letter well worthy of notice, but which are difficult to be noticed in a news paper. For instance, his profane attempt to lead the less instructed and the ill-affected to disparage Christ's Holy Ordinance, by going out of his way to remark that only one Apostle alludes to it—a remark which discloses not only this most dangerous spirit of profanity, but the most superficial conceptions about Scripture—thus, as it were, speaking with reverence, playing off Christ's servants against Christ Himself, will not fail to draw down the utter reprobation of most sober-minded Christians, and forcibly reminds me of the words which fell some years ago from the lips of a popular clergyman in this town, in his pulpit, when, comparing together the office of preaching and that of administering the Sacraments, he referred to the latter, with a flirt of his finger, as " very good things in their way." I could well imagine an identity between that preacher and this writer. Finally, some of your readers will have been amazed to hear that the " Churchman's" Protestantism consists in condemning the phraseology which from the very begin ning of the Church, everywhere, and on all occasions, as well as in our own branch of it ever since the Reforma tion, has been the common, proverbial use of Christianity. Who is this "Churchman" that has found out so new a religion, as that so old a word as " offering," applied to the Holy Communion, is to it new and repugnant ? Is it the grossest ignorance, or the worst dissimulation that has caused him to hold up Mr. Wray to opprobrium, as the introducer of a new phraseology, in his use of the very word of which no other than the universally esteemed and evangelical Bishop Beveridge says, that it was used "from the very infancy of the Church ;" as in the same sense he says," that the mystical table was, from the very time of the Apostles, called thusiasterion, or altar," and that " this great mystery can be expressed by no other word more fitly and fully than by " thtisia," " prosphora," that is, " offering." Yes, sir, it is the use of this word, which has been as proverbial in the Church at all times as the word Communion or Eucharist; which is used as a decree of one of the• first four General Councils, the test of heresy in the Churchof England; which is constantly employed by every respected divine in our Church since the Reformation ; it is in Mr, Wray's use of this word that a " Chu m in' wishes to discover some dark design against Protestantism and in farour of Popish doctrine- It is very evident that this writer's Protestantism is not that of the Protestant reformers, and it discloses very plainly of what sort is the " self-opinionativeness" of the " would-be reformers" and prayer-book bracketers of the 19th , century.—Your obe dient servant,. A LAYMAN. June 25, 1854. P.S.—I append an extract from Wheatley, if you have space for it. "The minister in obedience to the Church's order goes up to the Lord's'l'able, and then begins the service appointed for:the Communion; and goes on as far as he can till he comes to the actual celebration of it ; and if he stops there, it is only because there are none, or not a sufficient number of persons to communicate with him ; for if there were, lie is ready to consecrate, and administer it to them ; and therefore if there be no communion on any Sunday or Holy Day in the year, the people only are to be blamed. The Church bath done her part in ordering it, and the minister his in observing it ; and if the people would do theirs too, the Holy Com munion would be constantly celebrated in every parish Church in England on every Sunday and Holy Day through out the year. But though this may hold in some places, yet, I cannot say it will in all, especially in populous towns and cities; where my charity obliges me to believe,• that if the ministers would but melte the experiment they would find that they should never want a sufficient number of communi cants, whenever they themselves should be ready to adminis ter the sacrament. And even in other places-it were to be wished that the elements•were placed ready upon the Table all Sunday and holy-days, for then the people oonld not help being put in mind of what the Church looks upon as their duty at those times; and I persuade myself, that the minister would generally itild a number sufficient ready to communicate with him."—Wheatley's Rational Illustration e the Book of Common Prayer. PROPOSED FREE CHURCH. TOTH E RIGHT REV. THE LORD BISHOP OF CHESTER. Latex I. .• . . "A free church intended for the town. of Liverpool, where they are to have prayers every day. They do not say there is to be a sermon every day, but prayers every day ; and no pews in it—all open—first come, first served. If a poor man goes in there, he hoses good a place as my lady." —Rev. H. D.D., June 13, 1854. Mt LORD,—If the multiplicity of your.' lordship's engagements allowed of your glancing through the columns of provincial prints, you could not have failed to have drawn useful inferences from some recent expressions of :that public opinion, in deference to which. your lordship felt constrained to withhold your consent from the above project. Your lordship woukl have learnt the nature of that respect for the Prayer book which clergymen of a carton:, class think it decent to parade - before the public in a-newspaper, and what amount of anti-churchmanship can, in, the present stage of religious progress, venture to exhibit itself under the mask, of " Churc hmen." I am not desirous of over-estimating the hasty comments of newspaper correspondents-;.but I presume they may be taken to represent the class-in consideration of whose pre judices daily Prayer and weekly Communion have been treated as of minor importance, and this under the assumption that they are the. persons who pay for the Church, and have consequently a right to criticise the quality of the article it provides.. Besides, if the govern ment of the Church is really to be given up into their hands, it is fitting we should know what is to be the character of our new masters. It must,.too, occasion your lordship some concern. that 'every semi-schismatic now places himself beneath yourlordship's.wing, and arrogates. your sanction for every private interpretation where rubrics are less rigid, and every " Protestant" comment where rubrics are too plain. As an introduction, then, to one two letters which.' am about to presume ' e to address to your lordship, I shall , make no apology for introducing to your notice some of these intimations of current feeling. The first who took, encouragement from the announce- - meat of your lordship's veto on. this project is a clergy— man, the scene of whose ministrations is not very distant from the site chosen.for the proposed Church. Thisgen tleman assumes that he possesses the fee-simple of, the surrounding neighbourhood, and appears to entertain the most lively sense- of the courtesies of conventional religion. He has already stated before the world that there are 28,000 souls in this. neighbourhood " without the means of grace ;" but he questions the politeness of the pro moters of this scheme in not previously ascertaining the exact measure-in. which he himself is willing to dispense these " means," before them presume to supply the full provision of the, Church. The desire for more frequent public worship. and. Eucharists he treats as an artificia taste, not by any means to be fostered as connected with a manifestation of spiritual life and devotion ;:• and.he tells us with as much naivete as though the subject were the propagation. of a new edible, or the importation of a foreign. fashion, that he has not yet heard of any of these 28,000. "pining" for•weekly Communion or daily prayers ! Now., it is clearthisgentleman does not mean that the tastes of the people are to be consulted before we attempt to provide for them religiouspriviieges, or else, when he solicits aid towards, his ownohurchbuilding projects, he might be answeredthat there is no need for eburches,because the.people are cont ent with the. concert-room and the gin-palace. What he means is, that the things in question are of too srackil im portance to need pressing upon the people, or that they should be instructed to value them. Accordingly, uhen some one speaks of them as connecting _themselves with our "views of the religion of the Church of England," hemani fests the most unaffected amazemenk and tells us,lie thought the question was about nothing but "forma.!" And it is thus that his words may be paraphrased. " They are all very well in their way ; if you happen to have , an eccen tricity in this direction, by all means gratify it.. We don't object, as another writer puts it,.to weekly, or , fortnightly, or even daily Communion, if you like it, but then why make such a pother about it. In the name of common politeness, don't come and disturb the decent tenor of our old-fashioned way. If my people are happily free from this morbid appetite, don't come out of your sphere to make them grumble at their homely fare. Hammer away at your own end of the town as long as you like, and I wish you joy of the success of your ministrations."* A very little change, and all this would be profanity. The apostles of our Lord, the early Christians, the Church everywhere and in all ages, have practised daily services and sacraments. Is all this, then, the expression of the same " views of religion," which animated the first pro fessors of the faith ? Heu pietas, heu prisca fides ! a claim to that character of respect and moderation which usually attends a resistance to innovation, is put forward by the opponents of the essential and universal practices of Christianity, and we, Who would restore them, are held up to opprobrium as intruders and disturbers of the Church's peace. I contend, my Lord, that it is not necessary, in order to justify this undertaking, to assume that there are _ o multi tudes of people " pining" for a larger measure of d re ligious privileges, but simply that they need them, Church intended that they should have them: I now most solemnly declare, and avow my rotestations, prove in spite of the affectedly indi g nant p i n ihn. An gu d what ess to and even the good intention s of that clergymen are not fulfi lli ng Li v erp ool ust so clerics, long i s , to this, mark the they are withheld. In . an we thei r tr if they found their congre gations one time they tell us, that and weekly Communion, incon sistency of the pleas which the se gentlemen put ilirward4 to provide them. Th • they would be most anxious _ en. gations wishful for daily prayers new ardour of their liberality, y hearts would be rejoiced at the spectacle of the daily con gregation ; yea, in t he might suppose they would . scarcely grudge the seven -u ser vices of the Church Catholic. Now one would infer from this, that these gentlemen lament the p reva l en t d ecay of devotion, and pined " for its re v i va l . But no such thing. The very next moment we find them alleging the peculiar nature of business necessities in the nineteenth century as a sufficient reason that these practices should fall into abeyance. Can anything, then, exceed the disin genuity of the original plea ? To their congregations they say, "We know that the peculiar engagements which surround you in the present state of society, necessitate a re-distribution of your time between God and Mammon. You cannot be expected to give up the morning half-hour of the tossing sluggard, nor the evening half-hour of the a ft er-dinner lounger ; we know that, jaded with the cares of the week, neither can you be called upon to deny to relaxation the extra half-hour which the weekly Eucharist would add to your Sunday morning devotions. We are willing to admit * See the Rev. Mr. Hampton's letters in the Liverpool Standard of the 30th May and the 13th June. filit:See report of the meeting of the " Workins Men's Church Asiociation," 0.13 Tueisday, 13th June. TUESDAY, JUNE 27, 1854. that the observance of the ancient practices of universid religion is in the present day impracticable ; and therefore. don't make yourselves uneasy, as if your present course of religious life were inadequate, or a higher system of deco' tion were in your circumstances propounded for attain ment." Then they turn round to us and say, " O ar congregations do not wish for daily prayers and weekly Communion, or how delighted should we be to afford them!, What ! do you pretend to be dissatisfied with the preyem laxity, when you live in it as though it were the recog nised service of the Church, and the fitting measure d public devotion ? Your lordship might, indeed, ask this/ put then you must recollect that these are the inconsis tencies into which clergymen are betrayed, who have secret distaste to these things, yet half hesitate to cos' demo them, having a suspicion of the great array of precedent, the mighty weight of the most venerable example, the scriptural and apostolic sanction and pre scription confronting their path. They yet feel the pressure of their obligations to the Church of England, and have so aching sense of the tie which still binds them to catholic Christianity. Yet sometimes the most prudent of them unwarily for gets his official character, and gives utterance to his independent convictions, with dangerous candour. At the same Church meeting, from the report of which I have culled the above sentiments, one of them ventures to ask, as if he were anticipating an universal profession of amaze• ment at so outrageous a proposal, if any of the Churchmen present really "wish to have daily prayers without a sermon ?" He asks these people, my lord, whose own want of taste for daily prayers was just before treated as a topic of regret, or at least as the chief obstacle to their being provided, if they are really so eccentric, perhaps he means so " unevangelical," as to possess this taste ! It is not my business at present to note the melancholy mis-estimate of public worship and Church communion which such an enunciation as this discloses ; but I wish your lordship to take note of its marvellous candour, and I would venture to ask you, whether this is the type Of those ministers of the Church to whose " fidelity' your lordship remits us, as willing to afford the Church's privi leges, if we are willing to pay for them ? On the contrary, my lord, I think every sound Churchman must be con strained to gather from the circumstance that a clergy man of intelligence and character can address a public assembly of Churchmen in such language as this, the most significant proof of the need in which the public stand, of that faithful exhibition of the system of the Prayer-book which the present undertaking offers to provide. Every time these opponents put pen to paper, or open their lips on a platform, in denunciation of our scheme, they are establishing its necessity, and proving our case. But what will your lordship think of the subtlety which bids us ask the very people who are subjected to this teaching, whe ther they are " pining" for daily prayers ? Nay, why should we make this provision depend on the expressed wishes ofthe people, when their teachers discourage the expression, and themselves require instruction in the plainest dictates of the Church. Accordingly; the appropriate result of this teaching we have in the sentiments of another "ter in the public prints, who is, of course, like the rest, a Churchman, and, doubtless,. equally " an admirer of our incomparable liturgy," and who protests, with the utmost artlessness, that, for his part, he is quite content with.the two services on Sunday and those for Good Friday and' Christmas Day, and asks, with the most innocent surprise; what we can possibly want more ? The genteel moderation of this per son's devotional ardour must win the unqualified appro bation of those of the clergy who have done so much to justify it, as its exquisite candour must provoke our ad miration ; but we can scarcely be called upon. to make these manifestations of popular " views and tastes" the measure of our adherence to the despised system of the . Prayer-book. _ _ lint I must not close without recalling one other ex pression of this supreme popular opinion, which conveys as much significance as its predecessors. Another " Churchman," still as " true," and still as strongly admiring " our incomparable liturgy," proposes-an address of thanks to your lordship, for attempting to suppress the "remnants of Popery in. the Prayer-book," and rejoices that the principle of unmutilated observance of its pre scriptions has received a discouragement at your lordship s hands,. as anticipatory of that time when the unrepressed tide of revolution shall , sweep these remnants from the Church. Your lordship is not very likely to court the encumbrance of such kindness as this, and I should be' the last to admit the justice of the compliment ; but I would.have your lordship made acquainted with , the terpretation which friends think it friendly to put upon your conduct, and what favourable promise they affect to gather from your designs. It is also profitable to discern the real character of a contest waged between theory and practice in matters of religion, and that such a struggle must soon end in reform. or revolution. Now which the issue-in this case may be, God only knows; but this we know ' that every exertion of authority, which checks the first,. will, if the latter-finally triumph, be involved in its guilt,_ and be responsible for the extremities to which it may proceed. For the present, then, my lord, my intention is so far fulfilled. I have presented your lordship with the recent confessions of that vex populi whose veto controls the decisions of bishops, and interrupts the course of law. And we arrive at this conclusion, that the secret of opposition to undertakings like the present, are a distaste for the i ancient practices of Christianity and the Church ofEug Eng land.; a mis-estimate of the system of Publicnt ai n and w orship, which the Church was set up in the worldtoimetuaai perpetuate ; and, a latent wish that the particulars th repug nant to modern laxity should be eradicate d from e Prayer-book, as the dregs left b e hind by a reformation :s which consigned the completion of its task to a more in dependent and unshackled age.—l beg to remain, your lordship's most obedient and faithful servant, June 17, 1854. ViNCENTIUB. ECCLESIASTICAL INTELLIGENCE. PREFERMENTS AND APPOINTMENTS. Rev. E. H. S. Bower, 8.A., of Clare Hall, Cambridge,?,, tbe Curacy of St. Clement and St. Michael Coslaney, Norwic h' Rev. J. M. Call; M.A., to the Ministry of the Parish Chtlf of Ardrossan. Rev. H. F. Cann,. M.A., to the Assistant Curacy of 0 011 Trinity, Exeter. Right Rev. Thos. Carr, D.D., late Bishop of Bombay, to the Rectory of Bath. . Rev. H. W. Coventry, M.A., to the Rectory of Woolstone. near.Winclicombe, Gloucestershire. f the Rev. W. L. Cox, M.A., to the Perpetual CuracY. o Chapelry District of Heywood, near Westbury, Wilts. I th e Rev. G. W. B. D an i e ll, M.A. , t o t h e P erpetua l C ura cy . 0- Chapelry District of Martin, Wilts. Rev. M. M. Dillon, M.A., l ate R ector of St. George's. Dominica, in.the Diocese of Antigua, to be Missionary to 30,000 fugitive slaves in Canada. Rev. R. A. Gent, M.A., to the Curacy of Horncastle. Rev. J. G:Aliths, M.A., to the Rectory. of St. Fagan, near Cardiff. . . Rev. C. Hensley, M.A., to the Vicarage of•Cabourn. Lin colnshire. Rev. W. Jones, M.A., to the- Curacy of. Ellastone, Ash- bourne, Derbyshire. Rev. 1:), .L.Lequyer, to the Caracies. of Field 'nailing and Bingham, Norfolk. Rev. G. L. Kenyon, 8.A., to the Curacy, of , St. James's, Bradford, Yorkshire. Rev. is Oldrini, M.A., to. the Vicarage of Beeston, near Nottingham. Rev. W. Quekett, M.A., Incumbent of Christ Church , Watnefrstreet, St. George's-in-the-East, London,. to the Rec tory of,Warrington, Lancashire.. Rev. G. W. Robinson, 8.A., to the Curacy otßletchingl e Y , Surrey. Rev., R. .1. Simpson, 8.A., to the Curacy of Boxford, Suffolk' Rev. T. D. Wintle, M.A. ' formerly Incumbent of Thurl3o- landi.near She ffi eld, to the Curacy of Christ•Charcb, SydneY, New South Wales. Rev. W. V. Yarworth, the Curacy of Westburt vipon-Trym, near Bristol. Rev. P. Pennington. to the Colonial Chaplain to the' Island of the Mauritius. DIOCESE OF CHESTER. CONSECRA.TIONS.—AMBLESIDE.—Mm Bishop of Chester consecrated the new chu rc h at Ani b i Z, side, in the county of. Westmoreland, on Wednesday , 14th instant, and the ground surrounding the same' a: cemetery. It contains.sittings. for-nearly 1,000 Pers7; and is intended to.be•substituted for the old church,- un,,t4e thebowers of the- Act of Parliament of 8 and 9 Vietar ). ..' cap. 70. The old church, contains accommodation for about 500 persons-only, and was incapable of enlargem ent ' the churchyard:also is full, awl did not admit cf extension from the nature of the site. A sermon was Pre ached vd the Bishop on:the occasion, and upwards of X,V2O Collo - in aid of the•funds. th, iii COCRELmourxr.—The• new c h urc h a t Cockei ° l 3 . hop the county of Cumberland, wa s consecrate d by ls of Chester, on Thursday, the 15th i ns t an t. I t bas been erected, upon the site of the old church, destroyed b y in 1860 with some extension thereof and contains bee°m. modation for 910• persons. After a sermon by the Bk,boP , upwards of £7O was collected in aid of the InuldiiPg fund. Tgweass.— The new church at Thwaites, in the county of Caraberland, was consecrated by the, Biehop, old of church being be b i i n t g an q ts ui o te f and incapable of enlargement, and the Oticunhuhnsendliffi Fr i day, rec c rb sr d the t e:tt rYteft:r It g h6the qni acinstan t e e o f nun ull t . 'oda Th Thti e oen church was taken do' authority in of a faculty, and the present dow el ' erecte d upon part of a piece of land close to the former collectedgAhf After h i e n r c c h u rchyard or cemetery. ei site, the remainder being consecrated as an addition a a c i: l i s s e ec of m ra t on ted he " Th p l arci ch s ur o c f h f"3 m o ak w e as s the by the Bishop' during the present year. All the three churches are of stone, and good specimens of ecclesiastical architect' the two first -named being, by their lofty spires, distin guishing features in the surrounding country. PREFERMENTS. The I. G. W. Warr has bee n dinthegßftinisbtsi; licensed to the perpetual curacy of St. Saviour's chinch' Liverpool, the nomination of the trustees.—The Bev. S. I : Tucker to the perpetual curacy of Castle , liorthwjell' I Cheshire. Patron, the Bishop. THE CHURCH IN THE EAST. The following letter from the Bishop of' Gib ra lt ar to the Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge, and read at the last meeting of the Board, will be perused witli interest (" Pera, Constantinople, May 22, 185 P. " I think I informed you of my intention of visiting Constantinople. It was my wish to time my visit so as to, afford me an opportunity of doing s e r v i c e to our galiall! countrymen who form the expeditionary forces to this country, and I have not been disappointed. The last thre e days have been very remarkable in a religious point of view , as connected with our Christian position in this Mateo' metan land. On Saturday I held a confirmation for t he camp at Scutari, when three hundred and two soldiers received the sacred rite. The notice which had been glve l l had of necessity been very short, and the chaplains had bu" little time to prepare the candidates, yet I may truly saY that I have never seen the ordinance received with resters' devotion. Among the three hundred bronzed all weather-beaten faces of those who knelt to receive the laying on of hands, I did not see one which did not aPPeq to be impressed with the oeletnnity t Many of glow esrl‘ the stri Ell fal the Ttei W. str( fiel Fia Del chi set for -84 Ani t'W me inf