The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1842-09-20 00:00:00

Ist by eW uld Per ►ad Bey gip diy ,ry for- rn be in nd nY TAE REV. Da. Ltnnzit.--We understand tbis distin guished Minister of the Scotch Church, who has lately been appointed Principal of King's College, Kingstown, Upper Canada, preached in Oldham-street Kirk yesterday, having arrived here late on Saturday night, to take his passage by the Trafalgar steamer, which sails to-morrow. THEATits: ROYAL.—" Coming events cast shadows be fore them," so the commencement of the benefits forewarns the near approach of the season do sing. We observe that on Monday next Mr. Baker makes his appeal, and as he is about to leave the company to which he has been an orna ment, and an acquisition for many years, he deserves a strong manifestation of good feeling from the public. The secession of Mr. Baker we cannot but feel will be irrepa rable ; we do not, in looking round the profession, perceive any member of it likely efficiently to fill his place. The per formances lately have been of a varied character : Mr. J. Russell delighting all those who hear him with his charming songs and clever stories in his hour of table-talk. His " Widow Malone" goes as well as ever, and is nightly en cored. The new piece entitled " Beauty and the Beast," in - which Miss Gardner has a principal part is underlined, will shortly be produced. It abounds with beautiful scenery, clever songs, parodies, dances, &c. INFORMATION UNDER THE NEW ACT FOR THE RE GULATION OF CEIIMNEYSWEEPERS.—A man, named Mar tin, a master sweep, was charged, on Saturday last, before Mr. Rushton, with having seat a boy under the age of 21 years up a chimney. Mr. Richard Houghton was charged, also, with having permitted a boy under 21 years to ascend his chimney. The information was laid at the instigation of a master sweep, for whom Mr. Davenport appeared, and stated, that the defendant (Martin) was one of those who were determined to set the act at defiance and not to sweep by machinery. One of the men in the employ of the infor mant proved the case against both parties. Mrs. Houghton, who appeared on behalf of her husband, having satisfied the magistrate that she was deceived by the defendant both as to the of the boy and th e age spec ifi e d by t h e l aw , was ac buitteii. Mr. Rushton, however, told her to take notice, that the law did not allow any individual under 21 years of age to be sent up a chimney, and that any housekeeper suffer ing an individual under that age to ascend a chimney became liable to a penalty of not less than £5, and which might be £lO. Martin was fined £5, and, in default of payment, was ordered to be imprisoned one month. Mr. Davenport said he had to apply to the magistrate on behalf of the individual who had given evidence, who had been threatened by a num ber of sweeps and was afraid to move abroad. The back part of the court was, at this moment, crowded with sweeps. Mr. Rushton said, if the witness received either threats or injury, he was to apply to him, and he would make a severe example of the offenders. BREAKING INTO A SHOP.—John Dolphin, aged about 18, was placed before Mr. Rushton, on Saturday, charged with having broken into the shop of Mr. Grannell, boot and shoe maker. Mr, Grannell has a shop in Ranelagh-street and another in Whitechapel, at the latter of which he resides. On Friday night he locked up the Ranelagh-street shop and made it secure as usual. On Saturday morning his man went to the shop with the keys, when he found the door open, and, on examination, discovered that the premises had been broken into and robbed of many pairs of boots and shoes. That same morning, at five o'clock, Inspector An dres met the prisoner in Great Cross-hall -street, with six or seven pairs of boots and shoes in his possession. As the account which the prisoner gave of himself was unsatisfactory Andres took him into custody. At nine o'clock Mr. Granell went to the Police-office to give information of the robbery when the boots and shoes were shown to him, and he clai med them. The prisoner, in his defence; said a boy made him a present of the goods, and he was to pay the boy 16s. for them. He did not know where the boy lived. He was committed for trial. FUNERAL OF AN ORANGEMAN. — On Sabbath last t about 550 of the brethren of the Loyal Orange Lodges of this town assembled in their various lodges, and walked to Bootle, and accompanied the remains of their late Brother Evanson to their final resting-place, at the Cemetery, Duke-street. From Bootle the brethren formed in order, the lodge of the late master following immediately after the hearse and mourning -coaches, in deep mourning. The procession was of the most respectable and imposing description, the mem bers being dressed in mourning, each with hat-band and scarf, the latter being tied at the shoulder with a neat bough of orange ribband. Arrived in Duke-street, the number had increased to between 600 and 700; and although the large bodies of spectators were densely and inconveniently packed, yet the wise arrangements followed up on these occasions Prevented the slightest confusion or bustle. When the leading ranks arrived at the gate, they opened right and left; and a way was thus opened for the hearse and coaches the length of the line, the brethren falling in behind immediately as the hearse proceeded. When service had been performed, the body was carried through a double line of Orangemen, who reached from the chapel, and lined the way a conside rable distance towards the grave. After the service had been most impressively read by the Rev. Mr. Marshall, the breth ren formed the circle of unity, the word was given to the Masters by the D.G.M., and after having been committed by each master to the brethren of his lodge, the three affecting farewells were given, and this vast body of men again moved away in the same good order and regularity in which they - arrived. The appearance of the men, and the good order with which the ceremonies were carried out, was the univer sal subject of commendation from a vast concourse of visi tors and friends, who had lined every available spot near the grave from which a view could be obtained. We hope it will be long ere there will be occasion for this display of affection to departed worth; but, whenever the time arrives, we shall be proud to see in our good old town 600 hearts, beating with love for each other and loyalty to the Church and Crown, conduct themselves with the same decorum and serious at tention to their deceased brother and friend. INQUESTS YESTERDAY, BEFORE P. F. CURRIE, ESQ.— On view of the body of Sarah Jackson, a female of 68 yes of age w h o h a d b een an inmate of the workhouse. It ap peared that on Thursday week, the deceased was found in a house in the neighbourhood of Trafalgar-street, with her arm injured, as she stated by a fall. She was otherwise much debilitated, and was taken to the workhouse, where She died on Saturday. The surgeon stated that she had received a compound fracture of the right arm of which she died. Verdict,--" Found with her arm broken, of which she died, but how she came by the injuries there was no evidence to shew.—On view of the body of John Burns, a boatman, who, while engaged in a boat, in getting a vessel into the Waterloo Dock, on Thursday the Bth instant, leaped into the water, as the boat in which he was, being run against and filled, and after swiming some time, was drawn under the paddle wheel of a steamer and evidently drowned. The body was not found till yesterday morning. Verdict—"Aceidental Death." THE LIVERPOOL IMPROVEMENT ACT.—The beneficial operation of this act, by which public houses are not allowed to be open after 12 o'clock on Saturday night, nor till one o'clock on Sunday, has been further exemplified this week. The following is a return of the prisoners taken before Mr. Rushton yesterday, which shows a reduction of about one half of the number for drunkenness and disorderly conduct usually brought up on Mondays, before the act came into operation : ' 12 o'clock on Saturday night to 5 o'clock on Sunday morning „ Felonies 12 29 Do. 1, 19 Drunk 12 Do. f t Other Offences 5 From 5 o'clock, A.M. to 4 o'clock, P.M. Sunday—None. Other hours ft If 52 ~ Total 81 ATROCIOUS AND DARING ROBBERY.—On the evening of Friday last, the village of Bebington was thrown into a state of great consternation, by the report that the dwelling-house of Mr. Edward Inglefield, farmer, had been broken open at the early hour of half-past eight, and that he and his house keeper were nearly murdered. Several neighbours instantly repaired to the spot, when they found the wounded couple lying on the floor deluged with blood. Messengers were I mmediately despatched for Mr. Gorst, surgeon, of Rock who was promptly in attendance upon the aged suf ferers, and remained with them for several hours before they were sufficiently restored to give the following particulars. About half-past eight o'clock, the owner of the house, aged 7 0, had retired to rest, as was his usual custom, leaving his housekeeper and a little granddaughter, about ten years of age, to complete some arrangements necessary for the fol lowing day's market. While thus engaged, their attention was attracted by hearing footsteps passing the end of the house, but supposing it to be the gamekeepers of Edward Parry, Esq., and the Rev. R. M. Fielden, who are in the habit of crossing in that direction in the course of their nightly parades, they innocently opened the door to speak to them, when one of the robbers rushed into the house, took the candle-stick out of the woman's hand, struck her a violent blow across the face, knocked her down, and continued to beat her in a most brutal manner. Her cries brought the old man down stairs, when another party felled him to the ground by a desperate blow on the head, and con tinued to kick him while in this prostrate condition, and then seized his throat in such a savage manner as to make him dread instant suffocation. He promised to give them all the money he had if they would only spare his life, and pro • ceeded up stairs for this purpose, when he found a third al ready engaged in ransacking his drawers. The little girl be fore named attempted to get through the window, when she Was met by another of the gang who was standing outside, and he presented a pistol at her this naturally frightened Iter, and she secreted herself under a bed, where she was a Silent hearer of all that was going on ; and it is supposed, that being unable to find her (as they were all in the dark), 'they thought she had made her escape, and would of course give the alarm, when they decamped, leaving the work of de struction incompleted, and, in their hurry, left a pistol loaded with two balls, and a hat, which it is confidently ex- Illected will lead to their detection. SERIOUS CHARGE OF FORCIBLY TAKING AN ALLEGED AMOUNT OF WAGES FROM THE PERSON.—Three men, Arthur and Thomas M'Avoy and Bernard Fegan, were Yesterday brought before Mr. Rushton under this novel Charge. The complainant, named M'Currin, a lumper, said he was engaged to load a vessel with salt, and that he agreed With the prisoners and a number of other men to work for him, at the rate of 6d. per 100 bags of salt put on board. They worked for five days, putting on board 5,558 bags. He Ps'id them for their work so far £l. 7s. 9d. each, on Saturday Week. The loading was completed on Tuesday night, and he told t,Sem to come for their money next day. The prisoners and eiett others came on Wednesday evening, between six and seve n . o'clock, to his house, and asked for their money, and he offered the nrisoners Ll. 2s. 6d. each, which was the amount due' to them at the price stated. They refused to take it, d em a,nding a larger sum, (305.,) saying the price was e ‘ d• per hundrXl bags. He refused to pay them, and after stoppi ng upwards of two hours, the prisoners, while the others stood by, took hold of him by the legs, threw him T own, turned him over, and shook him so as to shske the him out of his ockets. His wife persuaded them to let get up, and a p olice-officer was sent for, but not having se en the affray, did not, it appeared, interfere. At length, about nine o'clock, they said they would give him ten his blood or the money. He was at length persuaded by his /Y ,lfe , who was afraid of his life, to give them 30s. each in Place of 225. 6d., which was all that was due to them by the agreement. Mr. Davenport appeared for the complainant, Whose%/t wife gave similar testimony in a very voluble way. r• 'Yates defended the prisoners; and the complainant admitted that he was a member of the Dock Labourers' A ccident and Burial Society, and that in getting the rules settled in that court some time ago, it was agreed that the Porterage should be eight pence per hundred sacks . .‘;! 1* salt, but he added he had agreed with the prisoners sixpence only. Several witnesses were called for the defence who w ere of the same party of workmen as nsoners, and were present in the house at the time. "eY were cautioned by Mr. Rushton as to what they say which might implicate themselves, inasmuch 41 .9 if they had aided or abetted the prisoners they were i r , 4511 Y guilty of the violence and extortion of the money. He had them said that no agreement was made with him. e oad been engaged by one of the prisoners to work at the oantl pl a i ut oo e to complainant for his money. Corn_ offsred him at the rate of tid. per 100 sacks, but he ref" not w: t, and was buss at Bd. or 30s. The prisoners did Gtileithe lirat te to o b f e s a d t . o , r the complainant, and said so; they and wanted the wages due to them. Another witness called, a u also been offered 6d. but uould not take it, and was paid the lowest price they had ever taken since th e t ore -out. It appeared further from the testimon y of police men that th e y h a d th emse lves proposed to send for a officer, or a respectable neighbour to se e a settlement „c i one to, f P complainant would not then pay them, so that zeyvesehnter theiruldnot wages.beutto the trouble of procee din g to law Ore ne e appeared t o b complainbe a felony with violence , Mr. Rushton intimated timate e d ve t n ha i t tti if the e wh awnticio , e testimony an t h a d agreed to pay Sd. A witness on each side , was considered requisite, was not present , Prisoners were accordingly remanded till this day. 'uaims Smirto.—On 'Thursday evening Mr. Lees, master of the South Corporation School, delivered a lecture, before a highly respectable auditory, on the Wilhelm method of singing. The Rev. Thomas Nolan occupied the chair. Mr. Lees lecture was most instructive, and we trust that his intention will be successfully carried into effect, of form ing singing classes upon the Wilhelm method. At the close of the lecture a Doxology was sung, and the meeting was separated. PROMISES MADE TO DELINQUENTS.—A little boy, named Henry Johnson, was yesterday placed before Mr. Rushton, charged with having stolen £3 from the till, in the shop of Mr. Watson, Berry-street. He was suspected, and after being accused, threw, it appeared, the money into the street, and afterwards made a confession ; but it appeared this con fession was made on the young man who had charge of the shop telling him that "if he would acknowledge the theft, his punishment would not be so great." Mr. Rushton said the ends of justice were defeated by such a promise, and dis charged the prisoner. SMUGGLING BRANDY.—Yesterday, at the Police-court, Mr. Brooks, solicitor for the Customs, appeared with several officers, and substantiated a case of smuggling against Capt. Dawson, of the brig " Forester." An apprentice boy be longing to the vessel had been seen coming, by a pol►ce ofcer, from the dock with something in a handkerchief, and on being stopped, it was found to be three bladders contain ing six quarts of French brandy. The evidence went to show that the captain had told the lad to take it to Spinks's hotel, at the south end of the Queen's Dock. The defendant did not appear, he being in Hull. The brandy, without duty, was said to be worth £1 Os. 3d. The defendant was fined three times that amount—X6 Os. 9d. IRON VESSELS.—There are now in the iron shipbuilding yard of Mr. John Laird, of North Birkenhead, two vessels of rather singular construction. The first vessel is intended for a floating•light for the entrance of the Mersey. It is much longer than the present light-ships, and is expected to have less motion, even in a rough sea, than the short wood vessel now in use. It will be ready for sea in about two months. The second vessel is building for the Honourable the East India Company. It is intended for a pilot-boat in the Hoogley. Unlike our pilot-boats, which are small, it is of two hundred tons burthen, and of more than ordinary breadth of beam. Its interior is to be completely finished in Liverpool. In the hold will be large tanks for holding water, with which, it appears, the pilot-boats on the Calcutta station always go to sea, that, in the event of falling in with ships short of water, they may supply them with so indispensable an article. The cabin will be a spacious apartment, lofty and well ventilated, with berths all round for the pilots. We need scarcely add, after the heading of this paragraph, that, except the decks and the cabins, these vessels are wholly built of iron. They are well worth the inspection of all who take an interest in naval architecture. HAVING POSSESSION OF ARTICLES WITHOUT ACCOUNT ING FOR THII SAME.—TWO young . men were yesterday brought before Mr. Ruskton, charged with having been found in the street at a late hour with a quantity of apples in.two handkerchiefs. The police-officer who apprehended them said he suspected them, add on questioning them they gave no satisfactory account of how they became possessed of the fruit. The prisoner said in court that they had pur chased them from a girl with a basket, whom they did not know, and had paid 15d. for them. They were not, how ever, of that value as the article is now sold. Mr. Rushton said that a recent act empowered the justices of the town to punish parties found in possession of anything which might reasonably be thought to be stolen, and possession of which, was not satisfactorily accounted for. The prisoners must therefore pay each 205., or be imprisoned seven days. COMMITMENT. — Yesterday, at the Police -court, a young woman, named Bridget Curran, was placed at the bar on the charge of robbing an old man, named Cawley. The prose cutor had gone to a cellar in Crosbie-street, to call on a woman who lived there, and give her some intelligence of her husband. The prisoner also resided in the cellar at the time. He sent the prisoner for some ale twice, giving her 6d. each time; and she saw him take the money from his purse, which contained 14s. After drinking a second time he became ill, and laid his head on the table. On being roused by the woman who kept the place, he missed his mo ney and the girl. The empty purse was found on the floor. The prisoner was soon afterwards apprehended in Kitchen street, in a state of intoxication, and 7s. were found upon her, which she had no means of earning. She was commit ted for trial at the sessions. THE PRINTING TRADE.—This trade has, like most other trades, been seized with the prevailing mania. A meeting of delegates from the different towns comprised in the Nor thern Typographical Vnion was, it appears, lately convened in Leeds. Among the dele ga t es were th ree f rom Liverpool; they were, we believe, Mr. Inman, Secretary to the Liverpool club, and Mr. Barnes, both employed on the Liverpool Standard, and Mr. Williams, on the Liverpool Mail. At this meeting it was resolved, we hear, that a movement should be made to enforce, within the jurisdiction of the Union, uniformity in time, preparatory, it is supposed, to an attempt to enforce, if not an rdvance, uniformity in wages. The Liverpool branch of the Union, acting by orders from the central body, have given notice to the employers, that they will not in future, work more than ten hours, instead of ten hours and a puarter, each day, except Saturday, when they will only work nine. In order to reduce the time to ten hours, they infist on having an hour, instead of three puarters of an hour, to breakfast. The diminution of work ing time thus attempted to be enforced will, it is calculated, supply employment for two or three hands more than are employed at present, the printing trade, like many other, being much depressed just now. As the quantity of work, particularly of composition, done by hands working on time has within the last ten years, been notoriously diminished by the combination of the journeymen anainst the employers, we would suggest to the journeymen, that instead of confin ing themselves for even ten hours a day, they, whenever it is practicable, and it is practicable five days out of the six, do do the regulated quantity of work in eight or nine hours, and recreate themselvds during the time thus saved. Let them think on this suggestion :it is worthy of their serious consi deration. None but the most inferior hands, the mere " shags" of the trade, need work more than eight or nine hours to do the regulated quantity of composition. In winter gas and fire would be saved to the employers, and the jour neymen have time for intellectual improvement, for which printers, we know, are extremely anxious.—Albion.—[We have received-a letter from the Secretary of the Liverpool Typographical Society in reference to the above paragraph. We cannot perceive the injustice alleged against our contem porary, and on that ground we decline to insert the letter.] NUISANCES AT THE CHESHIRE FERRIES.—We base repeated complaints from patties (who, by-the-bye, had much better carry their complaints to those in authority at the various ferries) with respect to alleged irregularities on the part of the servants, boatmen, &c., employed at the landing places or on board the packets. Many of these complaints are unreasonable enough ; but occasionally a case does present itself which is sufficiently serious to call for ob servation. Of this description is one which has just been brought before us, and of which we have ourselves frequently noticed the inconvenience, and, indeed, danger. The Birken head packet, of three or half-past three o'clock, is usually crowded from the Cheshire shore by farm-servants—rough lads, girls and men—accompanying their cans of milk to Liver pool for sale. The boat, in fact, is called " the milk boat ;" and with reason, for the entire accommodation—the absolute command, indeed—of the packet is given up to these pur veyors of catlap and cream. Upon the arrival of the boat at the stage, or the steps, the gangways are promptly and rudely occupied. Passengers, male or female, are jostled aside, their lives endangered by the chance of an immersion in the river, their clothes condemned to suffer from the scattered milk, or the skin rubbed off their shins, or a nail or two crushed off their toes by the clogs or the cans of the boors who carry them. We have seen frequent narrow escapes from accident from these disorderly and riotous people, and rude language and insult is of daily occurrence. We should suggest, as the remedy, that the various blue -coated gentry who are stationed on our pier -heads (apparently for the sole purpose of enjoying the sea-breeze and chattilig with the vendors of apples, oranges, Ormskirk gingerbread, and mellow pears, by which they are crowded) sh ou ld b e po lit e l y requested by the authorities to step on board each boat as it arrives, and protect the passengers, on their landing, from being jostled into the river, or drowned in a lake of the " sweet sky-blue." Surely the milk might wait on board a few seconds until this operation was safely achieved ;.—it would not be turned into butter by the delay; and an occa sional walk down the steps and up again wouldn't wear out a policeman's shoes, or materially affect his legs. WIGAN.-MONDAY EVENING. (From our own Reporter.) THE PRESENT CRISIS. -- 11e duties of a ll c l asses at t h e present crisis are laid down i n so beautiful and able a man ner by our beloved rector, that every sect and persons of every denomination may profit by the perusal of the elo qu e n t and impressive sermon preached by himin the parish-church on Sunday the 28th of August last. It has been published in the form of a pamphlet, and the circulation of it is calcu lated to be productive of much good. THE REGISTRATION. — The conservatives of Wigan, to their credit be it spoken, have nobly followed the advice given them by the great leader of the state, and have achieved a victory in the registration courts, on Friday and Saturday last, that has completely astonished the self-confident and boasting whig-radicals who opposed them. They have not forgotten the declaration of the " pilot," that " the battle of the constitution must be fought in the registration courts," but came into the arena well armed with the wea pons of justice and truth, and stimulated to fight the good fight manfully with the knowledge of the inefficiency of their opponents' capabilities. Mr. Ackerley, solicitor, appeared as advocate for the conservatives ; and Mr. R. Leigh for the liberals. The list of objections to the borough voters con tained 97 names, from which the conservatives succeeded in striking off 23 liberals ; the liberals, on the other hand, only striking off 13 of the conservative votes. The list of objec tions to the burgesses contained one liberal, whose name was struck out. There was only one claimant in the list, a radical, whose claim was disallowed. Richard Matthews, Esq., was the revising barrister who attended, and he was occupied the whole of both Friday and Saturday. with t t h such bges On no previous occasion did the conservative advoc a te per form the duties entrusted to him h burgess r credit s to na whosehi mself,uie and ability, as in the present revising b arr i s t er ' s court. Ralph Thicknesse, jun., Esq., was was struck out, and the ground of objection which Mr. A. took to this vote—viz., " That he did not occupy any rate able property within the borough was followed up with the most clear and persuasive arguments, Elliot and other eminent legal authorities being quoted in support of those which were brought forward. The municipal list is consi derably shorter this year than last, and contains fewer names in consequence of the inability of the voters to pay rates. Not one objection has been sent in to the municipal voters, consequently it will merely have to receive the con. firmation of the assessors. The following are the numbers of the voters in each ward :—No. 1, or Scholes Ward, 185 ; No. 2, or St. George's Ward, 138 ; No. 3. or Queen -street Ward, 208 ; No. 4, or Swinley Ward, 158 ; No. -, or All Saints' Ward, 206 ; making in the aggregate, 946 voters. Let the conservative party strenuously endeavour to follow up this victory by their earnest energies, and with ardent zeal gain for their talented leader and admired champion of the good cause they have espoused that support which in his important position he stands so much need of. THE CHARTIST TURN-OUTS.—Three of the leaders of the Wigan chartists were brought up at the town-hall to day, on a charge of having been concerned in the late turn out disturbances, and have been remanded to to-night. Their names are Jeffrey Higham, John Higham, and th e notorious Henry Birtwistle. The charge against Birtwistle is for reading a seditious paper calling on the people to re frain from labour, in which was a threat that if labour should be resumed within three days, the charter should have been withheld half a century ! WIGAN INSTITUTION FOR THE DIFFUSION OF KNOW LEDGE.—We are sorry to announce that our " Mechanics' Institution" is so deeply involved in debt that it is very pro bable it will be broken up, without the influential inhabitants of the borough come forward, and with handsome donations establish a fund for its better governance. AN IRISH ARGUMENT.—As the late Mr. G., a farmer at Duddingstone, once stood at his gate, an Irish lad came up to him and requested to be employed. Mr. G.—" Go away, sir ! I will never employ any of your country again." Irish man.—" Why, Your honour? Sure we are good workers ! God bless yo u ! d o give me a job. " Mr. G. —" N o, sir, I won't ; for the last Irishman I employed died on my hands, and I was forced to bury him at my own charge." Irishman. —" Air. your honour! you need not fear that of me ; for I can get a certificate that I never died in the employment of any master I ever served!" There was no resisting this. Poor Pat got employment, and without the certificate. HALE FLORAL AND HORTICULTURAL EXHIBITION. The beautiful and retired village of Hale—so long celebra ted for its rural attractions—presented on Thursday last a scene of unusual animation and enjoyment, the day being set apart for the annual exhibition of fruits, flowers, &c., by the members and friends of the Hale Floral and Horticultural Society. The day was peculiarly fine throughout, and from an early hour the rural wooded lane forming the principal " street' of the village, began to assume a lively appearance. The tent for the show was pitched on the green in the middle of the village, as formerly, but considerably enlarged, by an addition at the top, crossing it parallel to the lane, and giving the whole the form of the letter T inverted. A small circular tent was also placed at the bottom, conjoining the larger one, for the accommodation of the band ; and the entrances and extremities were gaily decorated with flags. The village, as most of our readers will be aware, is com posed chiefly of neat old.fashioned thatched cottages, mostly isolated in gardens, enclosed by hedges and embowered in forest and fruit trees. The principal prize being " for the cleanest and neatest cottage, and the best cultivated garden," a strong stimulus had been given to the cottiers to attain this honourable distinction, so far as their circumstances and the respective advantages of their several holdings would permit; and the result was a general attainment of order and neat ness. All the cottages appeared to have undergone a thorough whitewashing, beautifying, and garden adorn ment : and the effect of the black oaken framework of the walls in many of them of the more " olden time," con trasted with the pure white of the compartments between, pre sented a remarkably cleanly and cheerful appearance. Scarcely one of them, it may be added, is alike in style of " architec ture" or extent of ground; and thus an agreeable variety is produced. The interior of such of them as we bad an oportu nity of seeing, was of corresponding neatness, and indicative of all the comforts, real though not luxurious, of a truly English cottage,—a consummation as creditable to the wor thy and indulgent landlord, J. I. Blackburne, Esq., of the princely adjo►ning old Hall, as to the inmates. The gardens appeared like one continuous orchard,—every tree bended with fruit—apples, pears, and plums ; many of them overhanging the lanes, and tempting the passer by to an easy appropriation. which is there scarcely deemed a delin quency. While looking at some of these cottages, and con sidering the distress that unhappily prevails in many parts of the kingdom, we were reminded of the lines of Campbell, who, when he depicts the feelings of the destitute aged wanderer, expressed in contemplating such a scene, ex claims— ` Even he, at noontide, should he chance to stray Down by the hamlets' hawthorn scented way, Leans o er its humble gate and thinks the while, Oh that for me some borne like this would smile ! Some humble shade to yield my sickly form Health in the breeze, and shelter in the storm ! " At twelve o'clock, Mr. Stubbs's Royal Harmonic Band, the members of which had, through their leader, kindly given their gratuitous services on the occasion, arrived in the village in two carriages ; and their appearance in the uniform of the Ist Dragoon Guards, with handsome brass helmets, tended greatly to enliven the scene. From this time the company, including many of the elite in beauty and fashion, from the neighbouring seats and even distant towns, began to throng to and about the inn. A considerable time (rather too, long, indeed,) was occupied by the judges in deciding upon awarding the respective prizes, and affixing the cards on the products of the several successful candidates,—a task of no little difficulty and responsibility, the articles on the whole being very prime and numerous. The judges having concluded their labours, the exhibition was opened foOnspection about three o'clock, by ticket, or on payment ofone shilling, for about two hours, after which it was opened gratuitously to the public. In all, about 1,100 were admitted before four o'clock. Amongst those present (many of whom were strangers whose names we could not obtain) were the following :—J. I. Blackburne, Esq., (Patron,) and Lady, Hale ; Captain Ireland Blackburne, sth Dragoon Guards ; the Misses Blackburne ; Hon. Mrs. and Miss Vansittart ; George Van sittart, Esq. ; Sir Thos. Birch, Bart., Hazles ; J. Clayton, Esq. • James Rigby, Esq., West Derby ; Miss Ashton, Woolton Hall; Miss Williams, Little Woolton ; William Gerard, Esq., and Lady, Ditton House ; Rev. W. J. and Mrs. Purdou, Aigburth ' • Mr. and Mrs. Henry Moss, Aig burth ; Miss Clegg, Aigburth ; Mr. and Mrs. Parker, Aig burth; Mr., Mrs., and Miss Walker, Calderstones ; Mr. and Mrs. Sinclair, Allerton •, Rev.Thos. and Mrs. Gardener, Old Swan ; Mr. Neilson, Halewood ; Rev. Wm. Stewart, President; Mrs. and the Misses Stewart; S. B. Stewart, Oxford ; Rev. J. Gibson, Garston ; Rev. Townshend Drif field, Prescot ; Mr. and Miss Brereton, Speke Hall ; Mr. and Miss Lacy, Kenyon House; Mr. Bushby, Larkfield ; Mrs. Foster, ditto ; Mr. and Mrs. Bushell, Liverpool ; Mr. Forster, ditto ; two Misses Robinson, Litherland ; Mr. T. Banner, Oxford; Mr. and Mrs. Ledger, Hale; Mr. and Mrs. Piney, Warrington ; the Misses Moon, Newton ; Miss Greene, Hale; Mrs. Berry, ditto; Mrs. Potter, Hudders field; Mr. and Miss Leigh, Ardwick ; Mr. and Mrs. Redish, Garston ; Miss Redish, Hale ; Mr. Rowson, Warrington ; Mr. and Mrs. Rose, Hale Bank; George Lubbs, Esq., and Lady ; Mr. and Miss Ravel. The interior of the tent, the sides and posts of which were decorated with foliage and dahlias, presented a beautiful— we may- say a gorgeous appearance. The apples, pears, and vegetables of the cottagers, and the fruits contributed.by the patron of the society, Mr. Blackburn, Mr. Paton, Mr. Allison, and a few others were peculiarly fine. The grain in the straw was also of excellent quality, highly creditable to the agriculturists of the district, as well as demonstrative of a most propitious season. The samples of beans were su perior. Amongst the cottage garden productions the apples were peculiarly splendid, including many varieties from very large to diminutive. In colour they varied from deep red and variegated to the transparent appearance of wax. The pears were next in order of excellence, and there were some - fine raspberries and damsons, currants and gooseberries. The cabbages were fine, and many of them of enormous size. The same may be said of the Swedish turnips, and the carrots and turnips. The cottage window-plants were not, however, equal to those of last year; and in the vegetable de partment the celery was generally inferior, the dryness of the season having been against it. There were many beautiful decorative plants contributed by several gentlemen, and par ticularly by the patron. A fine plant of the " Fuschia Corym biflora" was contributed by H. Moss, Esq., of Aigburth. This was grown in the open air. The ends of the tent were decorated with branches of the celebrated palm tree at Hale Hall. A large table was fixed in the centre of the main tent, on which were placed the finer productions of the garden, the hot-house and green-house, and also a number of beautiful and ingenious devices. Amongst the latter were— " The Cock and Trumpet," the crest of the patron, well executed—the head a real one of a pheasant; the plumage formed of heath in bloom, fuschia bloom, &c.—the trumpet horizontally placed, and on which the bird stands, of heath, and the bell mouth gilded interiorly with a yellow fuschia. Of this device we may say, that had a sportsman seen it fixed on a tree at a little distance, be would certainly have had " a shy" at it, so well did it resemble the real bird. " Hale Decoy" for wild ducks—a veritable representation of the curious original, with five diverging canals from a cen tral piece of water, coveted with nets, a boat, several ducks floating about in the middle, and the whole in a thicket of pine trees. A beautiful device in flowers, by the Misses Blackburne, representing a palm tree. The great variety of flowers, and the tasteful manner of their disposal in this piece, attracted much attention. A beautiful frame-work old English cottage (said to be a representation of the poultry-house at Hale Hall) with shrub beries, rookeries, flower garden, kitchen garden further in front. beautifully and minutely executed in miniature, with every requisite, and even an old woman gathering pease in the garden. The walks, trees, shrubs, plants, enclosing hedge, &c., were all minutely executed—even to the growing " cabbage"—by the artist, James Edgington, tailor, of Hale. This, we think, was the best executed model shown. A splendid device of the " Tree of Life," by Mr. Nickson, head gardener to Mr. Blackburn. This tree, of great height, had 22 branches, loaded with 24 select varieties of apples, all produced at Hale Hall, and from the largest (13 inches round) down to the most minute—on the upper branches, not larger than a well-grown cherry. Round the stem of the tree " a hideous serpent twined his folds," holding a tempting apple in his mouth, with a label appended—" The serpent beguiled me, and I did eat." We fear, as we missed a few of the apples on a second peep, and saw more than one nymph present, of whom it might be said in the langurge of Milton, " Grace was in all her steps ; heaven in her eye ; In every gesture, dignity and love" — that we have even yet Eves who could not resist the temp tation. A beautiful large circular model of a moss-house, or grotto, formed of moss and ivy, with doors, windows, aper tures, exterior pleasure-grounds, and interior fittings for the enjoyment of rural luxury. By Mr. Ralph Ashton, cabinet maker, of Hale. We noticed an immense vase or urn, formed of dahlias of varied, rich, and beautiful hues, by, we believe, Misses Black burne; a beautiful and appropriate ornament to the tent. The Entrance Lodge to Hale Hall and neighbouring grounds, with game in the adjoining field, and plough and harrow; mushrooms growing in the meadow, sportsmen, and many other appropriate objects, including even black berries in the hedges. This was a good representation, but the figures, plough, &c., were rather too large in proportion. This model was by Mrs. Brookfield, wife of the police-officer of Hale. A Prince of Wales's Feather, of flowers and foliage, rising out of a pedestal of dahlias. In the feathers, the " Golden Rod" and " Iris." A good device. A cross at top. y, by dahlia bloomandCrown. other The fl w jewelsflowers from shown the e r e b s a p s l e e n t o d e t n b t e l This, which was prepared ' in a very short time, by Mrs. and the'Misses Blackburne, was deservedly much admired. Amongst the cottager's productions in this department was a very neat and accurate representation of a romantic mar ket garden, or green grocer's ground, with figures of the old gardener and his tidy dame, dressed to the life—the for mer holding a cucumber in one hand (about an inch long), and in the other arm a bunch of miniature onions. Behind was a rockery with pig and pig's trough, &e. and in the front every species of growing vegetables, all in miniature. We observed a couple of large potatoes placed carelessly on the ground, to show, no doubt, that the artist could produce larger " murphies," &c., than these represented in the ga thered heaps, and which were not bigger than peas. This was, we learn, brought from Betty Winstanley s, who, it will be found, was very successful in obtaining prizes for fruit and garden stuff. At the far end of the tent was a rug formed of dahlias, and a peculiar moss, the glaucees moss, representing flowers, with a crown, and V. R. as a centre-piece. This was very much admired. A beautiful device, in the form of an umbrella, sent by Mrs. Fleetwood, of Tarbuck, with the base and pedestal richly ornamented with choice flowers. Also a pyramid, by Mrs. Ledger. Both these attracted much attention. There was a fine collection of fruit, from the gardens of Mr. Blackburne, comprising a large pine, grapes, melons, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, strawberries, figs, apples, currants, gooseberries, raspberries, passion -fruit. &c. The grapes, cherries, and strawberries were exceeding fine, both in size and flavour. The cherries appeared more like plums. THE COTTAGE PRIZES. " For the cleanest cottage and the best-cultivated gar den," the first prize (X 2 and a drawing in India ink of the cottage) was awarded to James Sutton, of Speke ; the se cond, to Martha Hosker, Halewood ; the third, to Betty Winstanley, Hale ; and an extra prize to Betty Hitchmough. There were about sixty other prizes for fruits, plants, flowers, and garden vegetables, the production of cottage gardens, and ranging in amount from 10s. to 2s. 6d. F or • these prizes the most successful competitors were Timothy Mason, Richard Mason, and Martha Hosker, each of whom obtained a considerable number. Extra prizes were also awarded—to James Edginton, for the design of a cottage and garden, &c. (noticed) ; to Ralph Wright, for the decoy ; to Ralph Dunbavin, for a model of Mrs. Allen's bowling-green; to Mr. Ralph Ashton, for the summer-house, or grotto; to Mrs. Brookfield, for the land scape, lodge, &c. ; and to James Winstanley, for the design of cut flowers representing " the cock and trumpet," the crest of the patron of the society. AGRICULTURE, &C. The premiums of 55., with a sweepstakes of ls. each added, were awarded as under:— White Wheat, in — the straw, not less than 50 stems—Mr. G. Halsall, Hale Bank. Red Wheat, ditto—Mr. R. Turton, Hale Bank. White Oats, ditto—Mr. John Meacock, Hale Bank. Yellow Oats, ditto—Mr. James Howard, Dition. Barley, ditto—Mr. Braman, Speke. Beans, ditto—Mr. Thomas Wright, Hale Wood. Celery, not less than three sticks—Mr. R. Pee, Hale. Swedish Turnips, not less than three roots—Mr. Robert Naylor, Rainhill. Cabbages, brace of—Mr. James Robb, Hale Wood. Onions, six—Henry Pennington. Carrots, ditto—Mr. Gaudy. Best tray of Fruit, not less than six distinct varieties-110,- Best basket of Vegetables, ditto—Do. Best Stove and Greenhouse Plant, ditto—Richard Allison, Esq., juu., 'Wootton. Best Pan of Dahlias, not less than 12 varieties—Mr. Thos. Fletcher, West Derby. Best Pan of Roses, not less than 6 varieties—R. Allison, Esq., Best Pan of Pansies, not less than 12-varieties—Mr. Gandy.. Apples (in which there was great competition)—Mr. Thos. Houghton, Hale Bank. About five o'clock the worthy patron of the society (J. I. Blackhurne. Esq.) took his station at one of the windows of Mrs. Dunn's house, opposite the tent, to deliver the prizes to the successful individuals, and prefaced the task by a feel ing and appropriate address to the assembled multitude out side. He stated that he had been deputed to deliver the prizes, which had been awarded by gentlemen of the highest respectability and competency to decide. He had the greatest pleasure in doing so, inasmuch as it was undeniable that the society had worked well, and had given a stimulus to the cottagers and their families, in the cultivation of their grounds, and the cleanliness of their homes, which had con duced to their greater comfort and respectability. The society had originally been intended for Hale alone ; but it was afterwards thought desirable to extend it, and to ob serve the strictest impartiality to all competitors within the boundaries, which were threat miles round it ; and he hoped that its influence would for the future thereby be increased and consolidated. He desired to call the attention of the meeting, in an especial manner, to the great labours of the committee in its behalf. F'or himself he heartily awarded to them his best thanks, and be trusted he should be joined in that feeling of approbation by all who were present. Those who were present at the exhibition last year would, be felt assured, observe with him great improvements, particularly amongst the cottagers, many of the articles produced by whom would do credit to touch larger establishments. The farmers, too, who had competed, deserved great praise. The turnips and some other arti eles they Shad brought up would do credit to any part of this country. I'he principle of the institution was admirable, but he thought some improve ments might be introduced., which he should submit to the committee, in the hope of their approval, and amongst others, that the prizes should be confined as regarded cot tagers, to those who cultivated only garden ground—those who had other land attached to their holdings having evidently a considerable advantage over them. He expressed a hope that the stimulus given by the society would tend to the diffusion of the prizes awarded at future meetings amongst a greater number of competitors. He then distributed the prizes (as above) seriatim to the successful competitors, complimenting each in a 'kindly and encouraging manner, and making some facetious remarks as he proceeded. He was listened to with the greatest attention and respect—the candidates expressing theie thanks in homely but heartfelt terms, and the assemblage giving evident demonstration of their good humour and satisfaction. After the distribution of the prizes, Mr. Gandy. of Walton, passed a high compliment; on the patron of the society, in whose observations all must concur. and proposed the thanks of the meeting to that gentleman with three times three cheers, which was carried by acclamation. Mr. Blackburn expressed his grateful thanks. More, he said, was due to others who had originated the society, and devoted their active exertions to ensure its success than to him ; but he should do his utmost in its behalf, and believed he should be joined by every one of his family. He begged to propose the thanks of the meeting to the committee, and particularly to Mr. Nickson, to whom they were mainly in debted for the gratifying result they had witnessed, and who had been the mainspring in the movements of the day. This was also carried by acclamation, and Mr. Nickson expressed his thanks in neat and grateful terms. Thanks were then given in a similar manner to the Rev. Wm. Stewart, the pre:sident. Mr. S., in making his acknowledgments, congratulated the meeting on the success of thi s th e i r secon d ann i versar y. He said the great object of his life for the thirty years he had resided in the place, had been to contribute to the hap piness of all around him, and the society had seconded his wishes in every respect. He invariably found that the man who took a pleasure in cultivating his garden and ornament ing his cottage, and the careful wife who kept all comfortable and neat within, were also exemplary in other relations of life. Such persons "were always more constant in their attendance at church on the Sunday, and more attentive to their respective duties on the week days afterwards. He congratulated the society also on the encouragement and countenance given to it by the highly-respectable attendance that day of strangers and visitors ; and he felt assured that the presence and favour of so many distinguished individuals would prove a stimulus to further exertions amongst the cottagers, to secure their approbation for future years. He could not avoid paying due respect to the ladies who had graced the meeting with their presence and support. Man kind well knew the influence of the fair sex on all charitable and benevolent occasions. The married ladies exercised a laudable influence over their husbands; and the unmarried, " looking forward with hope to to-morrow," had no less in fluence over those whom they wished might in due time become their " lords and masters." Everything, therefore, would prosper if they had the ladies on their side. Besides, Lancashire had always stood pre-etninent for the beauty and attractions of the gentler sex, who had deservedly entitled themselves to their peculiar appellation of " Lancashire witches." He therefore proposed, from every one interested in the welfare of the society, a hearty cheer for their best friends, " the Lancashire witches." This was cordially acceded to, and the proceedings termi nated. The hand afterwards played a number of airs, and the village festivities were prolonged until the shades of evening closed upon the scene. LIVERPOOL POLYTECHNIC SOCIETY. The general monthly meeting of this society took place on Tuesday evening last, at the Royal Institution —John Gran tham, Esq., the President, in the chair. The attendance was pretty numerous, and the business of the evening of an interesting character. The CH AIRMAN, in a brief address, expressed the pleasure he felt, after the vacation, to resume the office he had the honour to fill; and while he lamented the commercial de pression that had existed, and still continued to a considerable extent, and which tended to throw a damp upon scientific pursuits, he congratulated the meeting on the improvement that had taken place, and which he trusted would call forth new exertions on the part of the members to further the objects of the society. During the recess, the corn mittee had determined to award prizes, at the close of the present ses sions, for communications, &c., of adequate merit. on several subjects; and in doing so, it was thought advisable, in order to greater encouragement, to receive communications trom parties at a distance, as well as from those resident in the town. He requested the secretary to read the advertise ment (published in the beginning of July), which some of the members might possibly not have seen. The Secretary read the advertisement, which appeared in this paper on the Ist of July. The President then called on Mr. James ,Steel for his promised communication " ON THE RESISTANCE OP WATER TO BODIES MOVING THROUGH IT." Mr. STEEL then came forward and said, it is impossible to obtain correct ideas respecting the resistance of water to bodies moving through it without possessing a clear under standing of the laws affecting the generation and destruction of motion ; to promote which object I shall direct your atten tion to the " via inertice" of bodies, by which is understood the disposition that all matter has to remain in any state in which it may be placed, whether of motion or rest, in con formity to which principle it is held that there is no essential difference between the action of a body in motion and the resistance of a body at rest. In case of impact between them, they both resist ; or as Gravesande expresses it, " A body in motion resists not while its motion continues, but while 1 it loses motion,—a body at rest resists not while it continues at rest, but while it is acquiring motion." From this princi ple of inertia it is obvious in case a moving body meets with any obstacle to its motion. The obstacle (of whatever kind) will give a resistance proportionate to the force of the blow with which it is struck ; that is to say, if the body in motion has a velocity of ten feet per second, and impinges on another body at rest, there will be a given resistance, which resistance will be doubled provided the velocity of the moving body be increased to twenty feet per second. In addition to inertia, there is likewise the cohesiveness between the particles of bodies which may and does occasion resistance, both in solids and fluids. Thus, in the case of a log of wood lying loosely on the ground, and a projectile being sent against it ; the resistance to the projectile will depend on the cohesiveness and inertia combined ; for sup posing the force of the blow does not separate the particles or fibres of the wood, the projectile will meet a resistance equal to the whole momentum of the log of wood ; because as one particle cannot move without the others, unless separation take place, and as by the supposition the force of the blow is not able to effect the separation of the particles, the inertia of the entire mass will be the resistance to the moving body : or suppose, again, that the log of wood be fixed in the ground endways, and a projectile be sent against it, although the blow would be quite strong enough to overcome the inertia of the wood, yet, as it is fixed in the ground it will not per haps move, and in such case the resistance will be composed of the inertia of the wood, the inertia of the soil in which it i s fixed, and the cohesiveness between the particles of wood : and unless the latter resistance of itself were greater than what the force of the blow could overcome, it is obvious the motion of the projectile could not be entirely destroyed, as the wood would break. Having stated the laws of resistance from inertia, the next inquiry is—in what manner are we to estimate the compara tive resistances of bodies ? and how are we to measure the forces of various powers? It is clear that to measure 'any force we must do so by its effects, and the Newtonian mode of comparing the effects of different powers is to comp a re their contemporary effects— that is, their effects in any given time. (Mr. Steel here quoted from several authors, expressly pointing out the ab solute necessity of estimating time in all comparisons of powers). By applying the principles laid down, the resistance of water to bodies moving through it, becomes a matter easily understood—because, as the cohesion between the particles of water is almost, if not altogether, inappreciable, the re sistance of water will consist entirely of inertia, the laws of which are simple, but, from not attending to them, great difficulties have been supposed to exist in the calculations of the resistances of fluids, the general principles of which, as s tated by writers on mechanics, is, th a t t h e res i stances o f fluids to bodies moving through them vary as the squares of the velocities—because, at double velocities the particles of water give double resistance,—and further, in the same time the moving body has to meet w ith and remove twice the number of particles ; but it is to be observed that this state ment of the law of fluid resistance always supposes that in the comparison of the resistance at different velocities the same time is occupied in the experiments, for the Newtonian theory is expressly based on that supposition, which is fully stated in Parkinson's Hydrostatics, to the effect that the re sistance of fluids (like the resistance of solids) is to be mea sured by the quantity of motion acquired by the fluid, or by the quantity of motion lost by the, moving body in a given time—and, as the latter is the more easily measured, the re sistance of fluids is generally measured in that manner. It is important to observe, then, that the philosophic theory is that to produce a double velocity in a moving body. There must be exerted a power of double intensity which has to be supplied twice asfast, which is the rationale of the quadruple theory of the books,* but which theory practical engineers, and philosophists too, have strangely misunderstood to mean. That, to produce a double velocity, it is requisite to exert a power of quadruple intensity having to be supplied twice as fast, thereby occasioning an absolute expenditure of power in the same time as 8 to 1, when the velocities are as 2 to 1. To illustrate this point, Mr. Steel quoted from Mr. Booth's pamphlet on " the theory and practice of propelling through water," and from " Gordon, on Elemental Locomotion," containing the statement made by Mr. Palmer, before the committee of the House of Commons in 1825, on the Man chester Railroad Bill, and also from the evidence of Mr. Rastrick, the engineer, as given before the same committee. This error of the engineers has arisen from the manner of making experiments, in which weights have been the motive power—for the engineers' theory has rested on the fact, that when the same arrangement of machin e was use d i n the ex periments at different velocities, there was always required a quadruple weight to impart a double velocity. Thus, in Colonel Beaufoys experiments made for the Society of Naval Architecture, it appeared that when he doubled the velocity of his boats moving through water, he had to quadruple Lis weight, and when the velocity of his boat was increased three times, he had to increase his weight nine times. Mr. Booth was the first to make experiments in Which at a different ve locity of the boat, he altered his machine, and it was matter of surprise to find a great difference between the results of his experiments when thus made, and of experiments made in the ordinary method, and he justly attributed the differ ence to the peculiarities of the laws of gravitation, as affect ing bodies falling at different velocities, but he had not a just idea of the quadruple theory, and consequently did not arrive at a sound conclusion on the matter. Mr. Booth's experiments were made on a small boat, in a large trough of water. lie affixed a string to the boat, which string passed over a pulley at the end of the trough, so as to keep it always in an horizontal position; and then the string was carried upwards and passed round a pulley fixed on a shaft of light wood, upon which were pullies of various sizes. His first experiment was made by hanging a 21b. weight on a pulley of the same size as that to which the string from the boat was attached. The result was—the 21b. weight descended 7ft. Gin. in 6 seconds, dragging the boat the same distance in the same time. Everything remaining the same, he substituted an 81b. weight for the 21b., and then the result was—the 81b. weight descended ift. 6in. in 3 seconds, dragging the boat the same distance in the same time. These two experiments were in conformity with the com mon theory—namely, a quadruple weight or power, expended twice as fast when a double velocity was given to the boat. How is this to be explained ? Facts never contradict each other. How, then, is this to be reconciled with the theory before stated? It is a fact, that all bodies, if unimpeded, would fall at the same velocity ; thus, a feather and a guinea, in a vacuum, fall at the same speed ; but, in the atmosphere, the feather would fall slowly and the guinea quickly, the difference being attributed to the resistance of the air. It is obvious, if the resistance of the air bore the same ratio to the weight of the guinea as it did to the weight of the feather, that they would fall at the same rate. From this it is manifest that a difference of velocity in falling bodies can only take place when there is a difference of relation between the resistances and weights. By applying this principle to Mr. Booth's experiments, the difficulty is cleared up. We find the 21b. weight gave a certain velocity to the boat, which, by the law of inertia, would occasion a corresponding resistance, per mitting the weight to fall at a definite speed. By increasing the weight to 81bs. it gave a double velocity to the boat, thereby occasioning a double resistance in the water ; but before the boat could attain a double velocity, the weight would have to fall twice as fast as in the first experiment, which could not happen unless the relation between the weight and the resistance were doubled. That is to say, as the boat, at a double velocity, has to overcome a double resistance, it will require double power; and as the ratio between the weight and resistance has also to be doubled before the weight can fall twice as fast, there will be required double power for that also, making a quadruple weight (not power) requisite to produce a double velocity, and to over come its concomitant double resistance. Mr. Booth's third and sixth experiments were made by causing the string of the boat to pass over a pully twice the size of that to which the weight was attached ; consequently, the boat was dragged at twice the speed of that at which the weight fell. The result was, as between experiments 3 and 6, the same ratio of resistance maintained as between 1 and 2, but when No. 3 or 6 was compared with No. 2, there was a wonderful difference. In No. 2, it required 81bs. falling 7 ft. 6 in. in 3 seconds to drag the boat 7 ft. 6 in. in 3 se conds; in No. 3, it only required slbs. falling 7 ft. 6 in. in 6 seconds to drag the boat 15 feet in 6 seconds, the motion of the boat being at the same rate as in No. 2; but observe the weight only fell at half the rate as in No 2, and conse quently the relation between weights and resistance were different, and taking into account that the friction of the shaft was also different, we have a full explanation of the whole matter; for, according to the theory now advocated, a quadruple weight falling the same distance, and dragging a boat at double leverage, will produce exactly the requisite conditions of the quadruple theory—that is, a double power moving at double speed ; but in Mr. Booth's third ex peri ment there was only 51bs., not 81bs. To what is the differ ence attributable ? Some persons may doubt of the friction being sufficient to account for the difference as between Bibs. and 51bs. ; but it is easily shewn to be so. The axle of Mr. Booth's shaft consisted of half-inch iron, working in a hole in a prop made of .good ; and there does not appear to have been any means taken to obviate the enormous friction con sequent upon such an arrangement, as, on Mr. Booth being applied to on the subject, his answer does not mention that such means had been taken, and as the shaft was made of light wood, it is reasonable to suppose the prop was of the same material. It is to be observed that friction is a thing but imperfectly known ; but there is sufficient known to assure us that increase of weight upon an axle makes a dif ference in the friction, and also that an increase of speed makes a difference ; and as in No. 2 the weight was Bibs., and in No. 3 only slbs., and as in No. 2 the axle turned round twice as fast as in No. 3, it is evident there must have ' been much more friction in experiment No. 2 than in No. 3. I am aware engineers have a theory that friction is the same at all velocities, but it can easily be shown that such is absurd. Mr. Steel here quoted from Mr. Booth's pamphlet, Gor don, and others, stating this principle, more especially as referable to railroads, upon which subject he then proceeded. It is surprising to find men of eminent ability, in the face of their own every-day experience, adopting such a theory ; thus it appears admitted on all hands, that supposing the load to remain the same in a railroad train, it will require an engine of double power to drag it at a double speed, and as in the same time the engine will travel twice as far; it is ob vious that there will be consumed a quadruple quantity of steam, because, as the area of the piston will he double, each stroke will consume a double quantity of steam, and to go double distance the engine will have to make twice the num ber of strokes. It is true, that if you merely estimate the consumption of steam, while travelling a given distance, that then the quantity of steam consumed will only be double ; but that would be to set at nought one of the fundamental laws of Newtonian philosophy, which is, to estimate various powers and resistances by their cotemporary effects, that is to say, by their effects in a given time, in which case railroad travelling has no advantage over water conveyance, in which the law is undoubted. " That the resistances at different velocities is as the squares of the volocities." But it may be objected to me, if you maintain that it does not require an octaple expenditure of steam power in a given time to propel a boat through water at a double speed; how do you reconcile your theory to practice? for instance, Mr. Seaward read, to the society of engineers, a table of the practical results of steam navigation, which approximated very closely to the octable theory—to this I answer, that a mere table of results is not of much authority without the data from which it was calculated; for men of the greatest eminence occasionally make great errors in calculating the results of their own experiments; thus, in Mr. Wood's work on railroads, he gives the table of the power of loco motive engines, stating, that taking an engine of given power it will be able to drag different loads at different velocities, namely At 20 miles an hour... 15 PP %I 10 which is exactly the o c t a bl e t h eory, b ecause, at 20 miles an hour, the engine will use twice the quantity of steam it uses at 10 miles an hour, supposing it to be at work fur an hour in both cases, and we may therefore take the table as show ing that the same quantity of steam at double speed will only drag one-eighth the weight that it can drag at single speed. The most surprisir , part of this table is, that it contradicts the experiments made by Mr. Wood himself, and is in oppo sition to every other authority ; for instance, Mr. Rastrick's table in the British Encyclopaedia, article railroads. On examining the report of the evidence before the Com mittee of the Houie of Commons of 1825, 1 find that both the promoters and opponents of the Liverpool and Man chester Railroad Bill were quite satisfied that on a railroad, if you applied a given power to a given load, you always pro duced the same effect, no matter at what velocity you dragged the land ; whereas on a canal, if you doubled the velocity you had to increase the power eight times; and to prove this position Mr. Palmer calculated a table, which was handed to the committee. stating the comparative effect in dragging a load as between a canal and railway. By the table it appears the canal effect was much greater than the railroad effect at all velocities less than 4i miles per hour, but at higher velocities the railway effect was infinitely greater than the canal effect. Thus the effect of 11b. at 4 miles per hour per canal was 200, per railway 180 ; 11b. at 2 miles per hour per canal was 1,600, per railway 180. In conclusion, Mr. Steel stated that the great difference between steam-vessels and locomotive carriages was, that the fulcrum of the steamer was moveable, but the fulerum of the locomotive was fixed, there was also a difference in the in crease of resistance at high speed from the wave the steamer created at her bow, and also from the water not closing in upon her stern as she passed through it, which two kinds of resistance were denominated by Col. Beaufoy as plus and minus pressures. On the subject of waves, Mr. Steel read some extracts from the report made by Mr. J. S. Russell to the British Association in 183 t and 1835, but as they had no immediate reference to the laws of inertia, we do not deem it necessary to quote them. Mr. Steel was heard with much attention, and was cheered at the close of his address. The CHAIRMAN then invited any remarks which gentlemen present might think fit to make, and a short discussion en sued, in which Sir. Booth, Mr. Lord, Mr. Steel, the Chair man, and a few others took part, but we have not space to enter into detail. Mr. Booth supported the accuracy of his experiments, and Mr. Lord also questioned some of the positions of Mr. Steel, who explained, and urged with equal confidence the data on which he had proceeded and the de ductions he had drawn from them. The Chairman remarked (arid this appeared to be admitted by them all) that in the power required to propel a vessel through the water, much depended upon the form or model of the vessel's bottom. 20 tons. vote of thanks was then passed to Mr. Steel for his communication. The minutes of the council were then read, and sonic explanations were given relative to the communications, &c., for the close of the year, for which it had been announced that prizes should be awarded. The business of the meeting then concluded, and a number of the members retired to the Committee-room, and partook of tea and coffee before they took their departure. * In support of this view Mr. Steel read an extract from Gravesand's Natural Philosophy, relating his experiments on the pressure upon bodies at rest, occasioned by water flow ing against them at different velocities. Note.--In Mr. Seward's table, as quoted in Mr. Booth's pamphlet, he says, that to propel a vessel of 1,200 tons at four miles per hour, requ i re 30-h orse power engine ; at 8 miles per hour, requires 112-horse-power engine ; at 10 miles per hour, requires 250-horse-power engine. This is either a misprint, or it is a palpable instance of the fallaciousness of tables—as at 12 miles an hour the engine ought only to be of 2 7 0-horse-power--being 9 times the power for a treble velocity ; or if we look upon 8 miles as the initial velocity, then at 16 miles an hour, the engine ought to be 448-horse-power, whereas at 10 miles an hour it is put down as of 250-horse-power, which is greatly in excess of the octuple theory, taking the initial velocity either at 4 miles or 8 miles per hour. MEETING OF OPERATIVE BAKERS.—Last night a meet ing of the journeyman bakers of this town was held at the Reform News Room in Paradise -street, to take into consi deration the propriety of uniting with the Union of the trade in Ireland and Scotland, as the best means of ameliorating their condition. Mr. Wilkie was called to the chair, and after opening the business, introduced to the meeting Mr. Christopher Whalan, from Dublin, who entered into an explanation of the movement in the trade in Ireland. He stated that the operative bakers in Dublin, and the several larger cities in that country had, after finding that the monopoly which they had each before adhered to for years was not beneficial, formed a union for mutual support and the removal of the evils under which they laboured—and par ticularly night-work—and that they had been joined by the principal towns in Scotland. He drew a distressing picture of the sufferings of the trade, arising chiefly from the order of nature being in their case inverted as to the time of labour, &c.—and as a delegate called upon those present to join with his countrymen and the Scotch to form a strong national union, in order to their enjoying the privileges and the name of tradesmen, which they bad not yet attained in com mon with their fellow-tradesmen of other denominations. A good deal of discussion took place, and resolutions were passed, to the effect thatit was exnedient the operatives here should join the Irish and Scotch of the trade, as a branch of the national union, and pledging themselves to do so. No unfriendly feeling whatever was evinced towards the master bakers, and though there was some difference of opinion as to primary proceedings, the meeting was unanimous on the main object. It was also understood that a correspondence should be opened with Manchester, London, and other towns, with a view to obtain the co-operation of the trade in those places. Thanks were voted to the chairman, and the meeting separated. CORRESPONDENCE. EDINBURGH AND GLASGOW RAILWAY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL ST.ANDABD. SIR,—My attention has been directed to an article in your paper of this morning, headed as above, which has caused me, as a party deeply interested in the undertaking, mu c h regret; inasmuch as it is so glaring an attempt to puff up the concern, that it cannot fail to do it an injury with the public. The Edinburgh and Glasgow Railway, I believe. needs no such artificial means to enable it to take that place in the public estimation which it deserves; but if share holders, or others, are weak enough to believe that it is going forthwith to pay a di v id en d of seven pc•r cent, they are doomed to experience bitter disappointment. The following estimate may be taken as a somewhat nearer approximation to what may be expected as the result of the present hall year's working, and if it should be borne out, 1, for one, shall be well contented ; satisfied, as 1 am, that the elements of future gradual improvement exist on the line to as great I an extent as on most others of the most successful of our railways. From " A Shareholder's" statement of the re ceipts to the 10th inst. deduct error discovered in the week ending the 3rd instant, about 420 will leave 29,859 to o hich add, for seven weeks in September and October, an average of £2,100 per week.. and for nine weeks subsequently £l,BOO per week 16,200 making a gross revenue, for the half-year, of 60,759 In estimating the expenses for the same period, we have nothing to guide us but the result of the first four months working, which is hardly a sufficient datum, as it is fair to infer that the percentage will be less upon an increased re ceipt ; but let us err on the safe side, and assume that as a rule. The working expenses during that period were 33 pe r cent. on the gros s rece i p t s, i nc l u di ng a mileage duty exceed ing seven per cent. thereon; this being now reduced to five per cent. on passengers only, will be not much short of three per cent. in favour of the company, and will be more than sufficient to cove r i ncome t ax, an d some trifling charges heretofore charged to capital account; therefore from £60,759 deduct 33 per cent. or deduct also interest, estimated at . 40,709 .......... 11,G00 add balance on hand, 30th June.. 29,109 1,449 will give a nett revenue of from which deduct dividend orklB,ooo shares of £5O each, at three per cent... will leave a clear surplus of 3,558 to carry over to 1843. Beliving, as I do, that the traffic is susceptible of a great increase, I am under no apprehension as to the above rate of dividend being maintained, and in time augmented ; and I look upon the prospect as sufficiently flattering to induce those who can hold their shares to do so, until they can obtain a price more commensurate with their intrinsic value than that now current ; at the same time, let it not be for gotten that they are not much lower, relatively, than the shares in other undertakings which have stood the test of experience ; and it is expecting rather too much to call upon the public to give the value of a seven per cent. dividend, for a stock which as yet has paid but five per cent. People begin to be tired of discounting large anticipated dividends, and pu f fing is nearly exploded. 16th September, 1842. PATIENCE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. SIR,—In the report of the Catholic meeting, held in the Queen's Theatre on Thursday evening last, your reporter ascribes certain remarks which I made in reference to " calumniators then present," to a disposition on my part to assail " the representatives of the Protestant press." Allow me to assure you, that the remarks in question had reference to certain Catholic Marplots, whose names it is unnecessary to specify. lam not, be assured, of that dicta torial class of politicians which would resent with harshness the strictures of an avowed opponent. It is the unmasked foe, not the open enemy, whom I despise, and I ever shall despise.—l am, Sir, your obedient, humble servant, E. C. GRIFFIN. 5. Surrey-street, Kent-square, 17th September, 1842. [ln reply to the above we can only say that, whilst fully crediting Mr. Griffin, we can readily excuse the conclusion to which our reporter came upon hearing the remarks of that gentleman. Romanism is not apt to split upon its humblest members ; and we are convinced that even Mr. Griffin, much as he may despise " the Marplots," masked or unmasked, of whom he speaks, dare not denounce them " by name !" Our columns are open if he likes to try the experiment.— ROMISH CONTROVERSY. TO THE REV. DR. BUTLER SIR, — Yon have been so long accustomed to teach your people to strike out God's second commandment from their catechisms, that I ought not to be surprised at your disregard of his ninth commandment in your practice. Yes, sir, the man who is bold enough to teach men to bow down to images, in defiance of the commands of his God, could not be very scrupulous about bearing false witness against his neighbour. I feel called upon thus publicly to rebuke your misstate ment that I had spoken from my pulpit, of your removal fiss m a Romish chapel in Liverpool. I would deem such an act a desecration of that holy place. You were also much mistaken in my supposed exultation at your departure from Liverpool. 1 look upon your con tinued residence there an advantage to Protestant truth. The members of the true Catholic Church in Liverpool have in you, sir, a proof that Romanism is afraid of the light. You have shrunk from a controversy with a person whom you describe as the most incompetent of the Protes tant clergy in Liverpool. It is now fifteen months since I deprived you of that ex cuse, for you will remember that I offered to submit to be publicly examined by you in the learned languages, in theo logy, and church history, PROVIDED YOU WOULD SUBMIT TO A SIMILAR TEST FROM ME. I well knew that the education of an Irish Romanist at Maynooth would not enable him to undergo such a test of his competency. Having therefore set at rest this question, I rejoice to find that you have again come forward with a challenge. I hope, sir, it will not be followed by a second retreat on‘your part. I find by the public prints that you declared, at the Queen's Theatre, on Thursday last, that you were ready, " siugle handed, to meet tour-and-twenty Protestant parsons in de fence of any truths of the Catholic religion." Now, sir, as a Protestant parson, I accept that challenge, and beg to submit again to your consideration the letter ad dressed to you by me in November last. Your people have again an opportunity of seeing the sin curity of your professions; and also. what is of much greater importance, an opportunity of seeing that a Roman priest could not venture to meet a true Catholic priest in the arena of fair and candid discussion. I can most truly assure you, that I have no exultation at your fall, and that had I the opportunity, I would gladly show you that I have no other feelings towards you than those which arise from the love of Christ.-1 remain, sir, your obedient servant, JOSEPH BAYLEE. Parkfield, Birkenhead, Sept. 19, 1842. TO TOE REV. DR. BUTLER. Stit,—A respectable Roman Catholic bookseller called on a friend of mine, stating that you had declared to him your readiness to meet me, and undertook to bring a written message to me to that effect. H e again called on my friend on Monday last, and said that von had refused to write it, hut that you commissioned him to say that you were willing, upon certain conditions, to meet me. I take this method of inquiring whether you really gave that message. If so, my address is " Parkfield, Birkenhead," and a letter will at any time find me. I beg again to repeat my readiness publicly to bring to the test of God's holy Word the doctrines of Ronianism. You have written two volumes professing to prove the " TRUTHS OF THE CATHOLIC RELIGION FROM SCRIPTURE ALONE." I have carefully read those volumes, and I have already publicly shewn, in four lectures, that you have eminently failed in proving the peculiar doctrines of the- Romish Church to have any foundation in Scripture. I now again, sir, call upon you to meet me in the presence of your people, and to bring to the test of Scripture the following Ronaish doctrines : I. THE WORSHIP OF THE HOST. Romanism teaches that the host is to be worshipped as God. Have we precept or example in the New Testament for the worship of the host? 2 THE SACRIFICE OF THEM ASS FOR THE DEAD. Romanism teaches that the sacrifice of the Mass is an offering propitiatory for the sins of the dead. Where is this taught in the New Testament ? Do we read any where of Christ or his Apostles making an offering for the dead ? 3 JUSTIFYING FAITH. Romanisrn pronounces the man accursed who believes that justifying faith is nothing else but a confidence in the Divine mercy pardoning sins for Christ's sake. Where does Scripture pronounce that curse ? Did Christ or his Apostles teach that it is a damnable heresy to trust alone in God's mercy through Christ ? 4. ELECTION 7'o EVERLASTING LIFE. Romanism pronounces the man accursed who believes himself to be in the number of the elect. Where is that curse pronounced in Scripture? 5. SUPREMACY OF THE POPE. The Bishop of Rome claims supreme authority over the whole Church, as the successor of St. Peter. Where does Scripture teach us that St. Peter was ever Bishop of Rome ; or that he conferred any prerogative upon the Roman See? V. IMPURITIES OF THE CONFESSIONAL. Roinanism teaches that priests should ask females abomi nable and indecent questions, at confession; and that females must not shrink from conversing in the most indelicate man ner with unmarried priests. Where does Scripture teach auricular confession, or com mand Christian Ministers to pollute the female members of their churches by filthy conversation? I invite you, sir, to come forward and bring these doctrines to the test of God's word. I have the authority of that word for saying that, if you really believe them, and if you have learned them from the Scriptures, you will not refuse to do so. if you continue to hold back, it is not uncharitable to say that to you are applicable the words of our Lord : " EVERY ONE THAT DOETH EVIL HATETH THE LIGHT, NEITHER COMETH TO THE LIGHT, LEST HIS DEEDS SHOUL n D BE REPROVED." If vou continue to hold back , you and your brethren will find that Romanists in the light of Pro testant England, are a very different class of persons from Romanists in an Italian parish. They will think. They are reading my letters. Two thousand copies of my last letter to you have been circulated amongst them. This one will also be widely diffused ; and, by the blessing of God, many of them will be induced to do what you refuse to do. They will search the Scriptures, and find in them that Catholic truth pronounces Romanism a heresy, denyin g the true Gospel of Christ; and, by the blessed Saviour's grace, they will hear his voice—" COME OUT OF H ER, MY PEOPLE, THAT YE BE NOT PARTAKERS OF H ER PLAGUES." Excuse my plain speaking. I write in the presence and the fear of God. He knows that I write with no unkind feelings towards you or towards any man. I hate your errors ; I love your person, and mourn over the ruin which impends over your soul, when you shall have to answer at the judgment seat of Christ for your false teaching. I remain, Sir, Your faithful servant in Christ, JOSEPH BAYLEE. Par; jield, Birkenhead, N ov. 18, 1842. A pretented wit went one morning to the House of Rub , hieres in order to read two tales of his own composition. After having heard the first, and before the author could take the second sheet out of his pocket, Rulhieres said to him, " 1 like the other best." Ex ENIPLARY RESIGNATION.—The fosterer answered with you a sigh. " Why," continued th e ratcatcher, o with married, like m y se lf, you cou ld n ' t b e much m ore an? Can miserable. t you Arrali ! what the pla g u e h as com e over y o u Y u ro take things aisy, like me? Havn't I le f t behind, and ve see T bear like a C __° hriatian."— Hector an affectionate wife 0' Holloratt. MANSLA:IJG TITER, AT On Tuesday last an inquest was held at the house of Mr. Priest, the Griffin, a, the body of Brian Lerner, an Irish lab( - 7:— occurred under the circumstances relate t _oky. evidence, which was adduced before the coroner an : : William Larner stated,—The deceased was my brother. We both came over to England to get work in the harvest ; but I came before my brother. We were returning home last Sunday morning, and went into a public-house a little on the other side Warrington, kept by the prisoner, Joseph An drews, now present. Besides mvself and my brother there were six othors. We called for a quart of ale, and drank it amongst us. By some means or other the jug and glass were broken ---1 believe by Patrick M'Cue.' There was some quarrellin g took place amongst ourselves about paying for them. The glass was paid for, and before we could pay for the jug the police came in. He struck Michael M'Cue more than once. My brother also got up. and the police struck him with his staff somewhere about the head ; and then the prisoner (the landlord) took up the kitchen poker, and struck the deceased on the top of the bead with it, and knocked him down. My brother begged that the landlord would not kill hi m . T h i s took place some time after 12 o'clock. My brother lay a short time on the form where he fell, and then he got up, and I went out with him. I turned back into the house for the sickles, and the police followed me out, and again struck my brother between the shoulders with his staff, and also kicked his breech. We then walked through Warrington, and when we got over the Sankey Canal deceased asked me to let him rest, as he was killed by the poker. J let him rest, and smoked a pipe whilst he slept. Blood came out of his mouth and nose as he rested. I let him remain abeut half an hour, and then wished him to go on, but at that time he could neither stand nor speak. I therefore took him on my back and carried him to a building near Bold Heath, where I placed him upon some straw. He never spoke afterwards, but lingered until about 11 o'clock, when he died. The hat now produced is the one which my brother wore. It is cut at the top, and is much marked in side with blood. lam quite certain that the prisoner is the person who struck my brother with the poker. The above evidence was corroborated in every particular up to the time that deceased and his brother left Warrington by two of the other Irishmen who were present. There were two persons besides the policeman produced as witnesses on behalf of the prisoner, and who were in the house at the time. Thomas Makin stated that he helped the policeman to get the Irishmen out, as there was a row amongst them. That he never saw the landlord in the room, and never saw him strike any one. " I did not see any one knocked down. I had a poker in my hand, but I never struck any one with it." Thomas G bson was in the house when the row began. Saw the Irishmen laying on the policeman with their sticks, and he was defending himself with his staff. "The landlord left the kitchen before I did, but I do not know where he went to. I never saw any one with a poker:: The third witness on the pant of the landlord was George Kaye, police constable 103, who stated—l was fetched by Joseph Andrew's daughter, on Sunday. Found the Irish men lighting with their sticks in the tap room. Asked them to desist. One of them stepped forward and struck me on my hat. Others struck me before I could get my truncheon out. I then struck at them. I did not see any other per son strike at them. I never saw Joseph Andrews (prisoner) in the room. When the scuffle was over I saw one of the Irishmen sitting in the corner on a form. He got up, and took my hand, and said he did not blame me, as it was all their own fault. One of them gave me sixpence for the broken jug. One had a bloody head. I never kicked or struck any one outside the door. After the men were gone " I heard Thomas Makin [the first witness called for the prisoner] say that he hit one on the head with a poker, and he fell, and then he hit another on the shins, who also fell. This he said of his own accord, in the presence of William Gerard, Thomas Dibson, and others. 1 never saw any one with a poker at all." Mr. Blundell, surgeon, of St. Helen's, made a post neon tem examination, and proved. the nature and extent of the injury received by the deceased ; that the wound on his head was sufficient to cause death; and that it was hi s (M r. B. ' s) opinion that if deceased h a d had immediate medical aid he could not have recovered. After hearing the evidence, of which the above contains the principal part, the gentleme❑ composing the jury were locked up for three hours, when they returned a verdict of manslaughter against Joseph Andrews, who was consequently committed to take his trial for the offence. The prisoner is the landlord of the Dog and Partridge pub lic-house, at Poulton, near Warrington. `~@ ';~,~ a 1 ' ll mot: ("7-7 : bror -. 4111:.; :T. X atd3 )otiger k wl )-‘ ‘•fil C r ed in fbC VARIETIES. SCRUPLES.—" Jo, how many scruples is there in a drachm ?"—" Don't know, zur." " Well, remember, there's eight."—" Eight ! pooh ! dad always takes his %ithout no scruples."—New York paper. Beautiful is the love, and sweet the kiss of a sister ; but when you haven't a siste r h an d y , try your cousiu—'tisn't much worse. " Well, Miss," said a knight of the birchen rod, " can you decline a kiss?" " Yes, Sir," said the girl, dropping a per pleied curtesy, " I can—but would rather not." A gentleman was one day composing music for a lady to whom he paid his addresses. " Pray, Miss D.," said he, " what time do you prefer?" " Oh !" she replied, carelessly, " any time will do,—but the quicker the better." The com pany smiled at the rejoinder, and the gentleman took her at her word. Two glances make a bow' two bows a how d'ye do, four how d'ye do's a conversation, three conversations an acquain tance, nine hundred and ninety-nine acquaintances a friend. THE FRENCH LANGUAGE.—When some one was expa tiating on the merits of the French language to Mr. Canning, he exclaimed—" Why what on earth, Sir, can be expected of a language which has but one word for liking and loving, and puts a fine woman and a leg of mutton on a par—J'amie un gigot . " TROTTERS AND GALLOPERS:—A young man, whose father had made a fortune by keeping a trotter-shop, very soon lost it by keeping race-horses, which caused a wag t o say, " his father made hi s money by trottere, and the son lost it by galloppers." SINCERITY AND MORALITY SUPERIOR TO POLICY.—To live with our enemies, as those who one day become our friends, and live with our friends as those who, some time or other, may become our enemies, equally contradicts the nature of hatred and the rules of friendship. It may be a good maxim in policy, but it is a detestable one in morality. ROUNDABOUT EVIDENCE.—Mother Hopkins told me that she heard Green's wife say that John Glarrie's wife told her Granny Hopkins heard the widow Basham say that Captain Weed's wife thought that Colonel Hodkin's wife believed that old Miss Lamb reckoned that Samuel Dun ham's wife had told Spalding's wife that she heard John Trinks say that her mother told her old Miss Jenks heard Granny Cook say that it was a matter of fact. —American paper. HOOD versus GHOSTS.—Ghosts be hanged! No such things in nature ; all laid long ago, before the wood pavement. What should they come for ? The colliers may rise for higher wages, and the Chartist may rise for reform, and Joseph Sturge may rise for his health, and bread may rise, and the rising generation may rise ; but that the dead should rise only to make one's hair rise, is more than I can credit Suppose yourself a ghost, Well, if you come out of your grave to serve a friend, how are you to help him ? And if it's :us enemy, what's the use of appearing to him ! if you can't pitch into him.—New Monthly. DISTRAINING FOR RENT.---" Speaking of Turkey," says the N. 0. Picayune, we heard an extensive tale yesterday. It was told us by a doctor. A man up town on going to din ner a day or two ago, found a magnificent turkey, weighina fifteen or twenty pounds, smocking hot on th e table .‘-s 'ie ' happened to recollect that he had himself purchased pair of ducks in the market that morning, he began to wonder how saidtli ey h b e e became transformed e t r b a d n y s form waiting ed i u n t p o o n t the i dim,s h "wherebefore h d i i m d . thi ‘ s i t p u e rk n ec come from ?" " Why, sa," said Ben, " d (i at ar turkey . ; is been roosin' on our fence dis three n i g h ts, and i him for de rent oh de fenc e ."' mornm seise A great niggar that . NA e have a shrewd suspicion that he understand s the laws of Tur key much better than his maste r . ANECDOTE OF SHE RlDAN.—Sheridan used to say that the life of a manager was like the life of the ordinary of Newgate, a constant superintendence of executions. The number of authors whom he was forced to extinguish was, he said, a perpetual literary massacre, that made St. Bar tholomew's altogether shrink in comparison. Play-writing, singly, accounted for the employment of that immense multitude who drain away obscure years beside the inkstand, and haunt the streets with iron-moulded visages, and study coloured clothes. It singly accounted for the rise of paper, which had exhausted the rags of England and Scotland, and had almost stripped off the -last covering of Ireland. He had counted plays until calculation sank under the effort, and every rejected play of them all seemed, like the clothes of a Spanish beggar, to turn into a living, restless, merci less, indefatigable progeny. THE COCK OF THE Woon.—ls of the gallinaceous order, and the noblest species of the genus tetrao. It was formerly common in the pine forests of Scotland and Ireland, as well as all over England when a great part of the country w as covered with heath; it is now wholly unknown in the south, and but for the protection afforded the species by the Marqui s of Breadalbane in Scotland, would probably be now almost extinct there. It abounds however, in the forests of Russia, Norway, Sweden, and other parts of the north as well as among the dense pine woods of the Alps. It varies in weight from eight to fourteen pounds. Tire female of the species is much less, and, as will be seen, entirely unlike the m a l e i n plumage. The general colour of the male on the upper parts is chestnut brown irregularly marke d w ith blackish li nes ; the breast is glossy greenish black, nass , ng into bla c k on the under surface. In the female the he a d , neck, and b ac k are marked with transverse forest barso eh of red h db irie la i c s k ,i;r : 7 the under principallyl surface is pale orange yellow barred w ith black. e serving 'hc cock of the wood when in the touch i s to the oak and the pine tr ee, the cones o a f abir t a t t for his food and the th ick bou ghs for an the h i sometimes will strip on e tree bare before he gill cones of another though just beside him. He feeds fond of a moun tainous also upon ant's eggs and cranberries. lie is chiefly o t a u i t n f o o u r s a h a o n r d t pweoroi nods a s i n t l u o a n t g i o t n h . e c 0 I In . inmost part of the wood s • winter he resides • in the ; in summer he ventures darkest and makes him a valuable prize, much soughtril aft delicacyer, and d o d f o l Ili: these occasions he appears most cautious ; he is seldom surprised, and those who would take hi m must at least venture up to find him in his retreats. At the earliest return of spring, the silence of the black and 1 g oomy forest is broken by of the male wood co at During sunset thi this extremelyscasc l i is ta stump or branch, and the calling to his mates from some stump season of courtship con tinu the trees have all their leaves bloom.e and the forest is in full_ awnand the voice the cock of the wood is seen 1 , headal expanded,at dawn of the pine tree, ct l ive upon one of the largest neck protruded , wings lowered to the feet, swollen and red, wa lking and forward 'while uttering in postures most grotesque to us, instantly followed cry to be heard at a great distance: t his cry is instantly followed by a noise like the whetting of a scythe, which , ceases and commences alternately for about an hour; and is accompanied by a clapping of the wings, and is no sooner finishes than the female approaches. The number of females that resort to his call is uncertain. The trachea of this bird makes a loose fold of two curves before it enters the chest, so as to gain a great increase of length, and is besides governed by a peculiar apparatus of m usc l es. Upon all other occasions this bird is one of the most timorous and watchful in nature, but during the time of the cry described he seems entirely deaf, and insensible of every danger ; whateve r noise may be made ne ar hi m, or even though fired at which is sometimes the case, for the noise attracts both friends and foes, he still continues his call. The female seldom lays more than six or seven eggs, which are white marked with yellow, of the size of a common hen's. She hatches the m without the com p an y of the cock. Wh en . she leaves them in quest of food she covers them up artfully with moss or dry leaves. She is now extremely tame an d t ra nquil, however wild and timorous in 5 ordinal' • • The young are seen, as with partridge, sometimes running entirely disengaged from the shell. Ants' after her not mountain berries are their first food ; eggs and the wild tops of heather and the cones of pine they grow older the hardy bird ; their food lies everywhere Pine trees. They are a would seem that they should increase before them, and it But this is not the case ; their in great abundance. species, and still more numbers are thinned by other When the mother's care by their own salacious contests. month or more, the youne,ceases, which is at the end of a keep in great harmony "males entirely forsake her, and and then adieu to all together till the beginning of spring, each other like game their former friendship. They flight own safety thatit , cocks, and are so inattentive to their a shot. happens two or three of them are killed at