The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1851-04-22 00:00:00

April 22, 1811. Ecral Ram ..The N e l son Dock was opened - on Wednesday, and the Great Britain was the first vessel which entered. Seta from 17th L ancers and the 4th L i ght D ragoons arr i ve d i k from Dublin during the week, en route to London. l eae clippe r - s hi p T yp h oon sa il e d f or N ew Y or k on Sun -11. tThe first flight of swallows this season was witnessed t Geen-lane, - West Derby, on Saturday. About two ettn ' r red of them were in the flock. Few of our readers will need to be reminded that the e a r na teur perfo rmance f or t h e eye an d ear i n fi rmar y t a k es "'ate on Friday. The demand for tickets is very great. .4 provincial grand masonic lodge will be held at the adelphi, on Tuesday next. There will be a banquet in we eve n i ng. t.' essrs. D uncan , E w i ng, an d C o ., th e we ll-k n o w n ta ber merchants, have established a branch of their ensive business at Birkenhead. 1' 9ft, Friday, Mary Ann Oldfield, the wife of a labourer 11g in Walter -st ree t, di e d f rom th e e ff e cts of 1 .udanum, w hich she had been drinking for some time. so a late Ann P r i ce , sentence d to t wo mon ths' impri ehuntnent at the late ass i zes , f or concealing the birth of a "d, die] in the h osa it a l o f Ki r kd a l e prison, on Tuesday. aa ° ll Thursday, whilst a horse, belonging to a person ehe m ,... ed Lloyd, was being conveyed along the plank from Cato Loy d, Birkenhead F err y -bo a t, it slipped into the river and was drowned. The Rev. Alexander Cromer, A.M., at present minister ;las f the Presbyterian Church, Crookham, Northumberland, been called to succeed the Rev. Donald Ferguson, as Past er of St. George's, Myrtle-street. oThe sum of £5O, collected in Birkenhead, after the e tiot, for the benefit of the injured policemen, was, forc e by the committee. lOn Wednesday a beautiful schooner yacht, of 105 tons, amed the Fancy, built for G. C. Arbuthnot, Esq., of t :rp on i , was lau nched from the building-yard of Mr. this 'h e Lvtninetoe. a Cstom's autho s of town hve rhestruationUs to accept the reduced rates of duties averecei underd the a new budget, on the payers giving a guarantee to abide re' t entual legalisation of the reductions. J. W. Thompson has had pre. tertmosuar.. r. seated to him a handsom•• gold pencil-case and elegant mother-of-pearl handled knife, by two of his pupils, as an tt e ssion of their gra'itude for his untiring exertions in -- yie r r t ote arid guiding their studies to a successful issue. awl 6 ''''' t nitton of the firm of Messrs. Brown, Shipley, that I,; ) ,'' h as ha n d somely presented ten of the clerks of the g re ats with the sum of £lOO, to enable them to visit attri ,exhibition.—[We were in error last week in tit ,ing this seasonable generosity to Mr. W. Brown.] ai r e favourite screw steam-ship City of Glasgow started 120 ednesday for Philadelphia, with a heavy freight and Cl em P : ss eogers. amongst whom was the Hon. Thomas G. 'an, late United States Minister at Brussels, with s aide and famil thirteen Tuesday evening, as a boy named Richard Lovell, 4, ear Years of ae, was engaged in gathering chips 4 aa r to a large p ile of timber, he removed one of the lit e sc° l ehe s , ” whe the whole fell upon him, and almost k r aiiv smashed him to nroms. tat'o Nlanday, as two little boys, the sons of a widow pu ln ti e l€. l Salter, ' reSiding in Wright-street, were quarrelling 'r Mother's house, one of them, eleven years of age, wasird over upon himself a saucepan of boiling water, and enorrisin..severely scalded that he died on the following oe 4 e :4Plendid ship of 1,476 tons, named the Beejapore,!e travt:eY.built,at St. John's,. and now lying in the Brunswick tio n t e - eoea, is attracting, we understand, great attv-i -ten,' , I roin the superiority of her model and carrying teC c ity which she combines. She is regarded as miterior, as a merchant vessel, to the clipper-ship Ty lit: the borough sessions, on Monday, Watson, the pub ei.„, and Carney. the shoemaker, (from Manchester,) . both convicted of feloniously receiving a quantity or t,'„ e rtY belonging to Mr. J. Earp, tailor and draper, of porrnool. Carney was sentenced to ten years' trans pitt,stion. and Watson to twelve months' imprisonment, 0" herd labour. toll Tuesd a y , t h e amateurs w h o l a t e l y appeare d a t the t:etre-royal. for the benefit of the Polish and Hun arorTe" r e f ugees, celebrated the success of their praise ena TY efforts by a dinner, which took place at White ly:o.las Brunswick Hotel, Hanover-street, at which up oe„"8 of th i r t y , were present. Mr. C. Leach d' i 'd the chair, and Mr. G. Grist the vice. Live " , ues itHY night a public meeting of the tailors of or dnoi wile held at the Concert-hall, for the purpose Ci s o de n as the evils of the " sweating " system, and Itit,„! ° consider the remedy adopted by the Tailors ' In litarTe this town. Mr. Henry Mayhew, the Metropo. press " °flimissioner" of the Morning Chronicle, was n.,"• The Rev. Dr. Aspinall occupied the chair. neii, R4l4 To LON DON. —We perceive that our spirited e or a a bours Messr s.' 111''Clune and Tamelin, are the agents of steamrs leaving. this port for London every and it i t :! l Y , ceiling at Penzance and Plymouth.. Passengers f tra n , lit 'PPers of goods will find this a convenient mode o lee ,',,csPecially as regards Penzance and Plymouth, slitte u . e lightful summer excursion to visit the Great f rom I .‘ ? V orfe Wal es Ch ron i c l e s t a t es th a t a young Jew t aut, n 'Z i , e reool lat e ly e l o p e d w ith his f a the r 's ri.aid-ser eleegyin"elsh girl, h u t on p resen tin g a lic e nse to the frOm a u of her native parish, he refused to marry them, Jew o ff scruples. To obviate the difficulty the el er .'„" red to become a christian, on the spot, but the Live'lprnarZa_s inexorable; and t hey had to return to boleti :m. 4ra , to of disconsolate singlehood. ?mmitted su i eid l Thursday, a man named James Scott, PlUmb e . stro by hanging himself in his lodgin gs, received He had been to Greenock, w here he r ate °me money, of which he was ro bt l ed Intoxication, on Tuesday week. pocket-book 1 88 found upon decea.ed, in which he expresses a hope forgiveness from his friends and mercy from God. He " abo u t fifty years of age, and has left a wife, who 'Niles in Greenock, but no family. of4l the sessions , on Friday, Cyrus Watts was acquitted ~ the charg e o f stealing £2lO from a box belonging to a e oro e . ft-tetanal traveller staying at the Neptune Hotel. The el ec .. it teild u stances will be fresh in the recollection of our W at e t rs• One of the all-important circumstances against po sse s was, one of the stole(' notes being traced to his eta r ' s s'on ; but, the prosecution not establishing that the paid..ev.as made on the particular day on which Aldridge teti re n ; In. the proof of the further identity of the note ty failed. lady,l!Facan OPERATION.—On Friday week, a young lar go to daughter of Mr. Bird, surgeon, Runcorn. had a b upwards of a pound weight, removed from ent ei !,', e - est, hy M e . Pye, surgeon, Great George-square, t k w : . 4l7 h o ! Mr. Hutchinson, of Liverpool and Mr. g p „, the ,`,Prescot. The tumor was of a fibrous ' charm , - e - revee r t : t hough o f . such a large size was dexterously T h f ig 9 4 4 an incredibly short space of time, the patient e o at . e unconscious of pain during the operation. Ta o le nt is doing well. r° LAT E LATE STREET ROBBERY OF £2B4.—At the bo liatea sessions, on Thursday, John Carter, Thomas Wil ted f 0 and Hannah Smith, alias M'Avoy, were convic ersoar.:"aulting William Carr, and stealing from his is t . 0 . '„'',. 4 81 10s. in Newington. The prosecutor inquired )Elefrom the 'Railway Station to the Slaughter-houses , was foll owed by the prisoners, dragged into a passage, teetey. s‘ tr a ngled, and robbed of the above sum. Seri 'armed ' e a years' transportation each. The prisoners T he Part Of a most desperate gang of thieves. el a t i re _new Dock Bill consists of fifty-four clauses. The or t c,..n of the new committee, who must be a member ehai ree Co uncil, is to be elected for six years ; the deputy. Oo t been, who is to be elected for three years, may or may lion a memb er f or t h e C ounc il . Th e rat i ng qualifica h;_eemains as at p resen t—th e paymen t o f t en poun d s the _r emains for dock rates. One-third of the members of • ora.oecaounittee appointed by the Council are to go out of tne m every second year ' • the same with respect to the til) • e rs elected by the dock ratepayers. A penalty of sot „ 18 inflicted on perscns using fires and lights in docks Ttiglithorised by the bill. 11144,0 ,COLLINs' LINE —As the steamer Arctic was a fth o se ning the coast of England, on the 14th, a meeting Pties e eassengers erswas hig convened, at which resolutions were ;ties m e xPressive of h regard for the condu c t an d abil 41t0a 7„Captain Lece. The last resolution was couched a nd That the Collins' line has enlisted the sympathies "tru. - .l'erest of the A mer i can people ; that it is ver y j ust l y 4 ed b a p eat b y them as of national importance, as well in tt. 1 . 0 the maintenance of our navigation, our credit a4 t h th,„" world, and the independence of our intercourse o f„,". thi i ,various countries of Europe. And we believe, 0i ..1. 0 „` this line may fairly challenge the liberal support ae l ak e," e an countries, and especially of Great Britain, as ".`, that chain of facilities for intercommunication f a tion a i s binding the two continents in the bonds of ellowstecourtesy commercial reciprocity, and generous Allogp. I VI j r , I 1 CHA PTE It OF THE. CALIFORNIAN ROMANCE. t hlt e the passengers by the Arctic is the Hon. Mr. 2reia,'2,tembe r of the United States Congress for Cali 'Wes wrle has been a successful searcher after the pre. o r e exhib ite l s, which abound in that wo ndrous country. no exhibited p rin 7 pa snme sampl es o f g old and s ilver ore to a ur f i e t w d it a re tt a „..s; .1 merchants. The go dpi of _f also d. 1.41 richness in the natural matrix. I e is- Pl ' e tis' e ° t he eyes of his astonished visitcrs . sorn.e..s_peci *etth °' s ilver y ore, .of extreme metall i c weight, a re ea "?es o f s t ' u rnParison with any specimens from the richest e oh t let . y ( f nith America. The gold was in lumps of every . 7 Mo le c '!uu — some of the pieces being from three to kite . 8 in l engt h and from two to three inches in a. Abel varying in weig ht from two to thirty ounces. " nite, „ the . . ti o ,rrocu e i ng - nas visited this country forthe purpose ' - " 31 stated a .equate machinery for his mining opera ,cl4Peeto, , seriously that by this time next year he fully g milli be in possession of gold of the value of a hun aaet • ton n e of dollars and to " raise" double that C to the fol l owing ,. (nevi y ear.—L i verpool Times. bAt the et b o t r ° 2 c _ p oy A RESPECTABLE . WOMAN FOR FELONY. e beb op ,`'‘!eh sessions, Mary Powell, a young woman, gi ll fo . n ow t .' in u Al Cabe, were convicted of felony, under pt ee vjg. ci rcumstances :—Powell, who is a young re ry Qatliegiriustcoat maker, and was in the service of a % a l Itte t ar et ,'' wbo was in the habit of taking in work N i.. 9tn of M a rch establishment. It was alleged that, on triei; l eoat er_ o 4v e l s rch . last, the prisoner Powell stole several hee a.nti viluccehivisahget(aPeoawamelel), i te, P7 , which had been given to Gallagher to s eri t eu for re • • that „eatole n , sold to M`Cabe, who knowing them to have e,_,J'he evidence went to show, beyond doubt, e o ,,"Parn soo "l 4 ° • whose husband keeps a " piece-shop" in ee o 7se oe b:', Lr eet• had bought the articles in the usual tl s utate wrtsi n t i esst and h a d pa id for them a price com- Ilpe tim e she et heir value un d er the circumstances, and iereaeoo:aof purchased them it was done openly, in b eth deliber everal persons. The jury, however after thtanesone ate:in, returned a ve rdict of guilty against ietsaoreed afivPeowell, the principal, was ordered to be eaakids?. utt. no re elat beforo e 7 d o e : and, in shouldrefe l r i e k n e c e t o t othi think M'Cabe, over Y "Ailing to you." CHURCH OF ENGLAND INSTITUTION.—It will be per ceived by advertisement, that the first of the course of supplementary lectures will be delivered at the Concert hall, Lord Nelson-street, on Thursday evening, by the Rev. Samuel Minton, the talented incumbent of St. Silas. The subject selected is, " A Papist Represented and Misrepresented, which is which ;" the former part of which our readers will remember forms the title of a work recently published by the Romish Bishop Chalmer. The rev. gentleman's former lecture will be fresh in the memory of our readers, as well as the challenge which he threw out to the Romish priests, which was modestly declined by them, and we have no doubt that numbers will avail themselves of again listening to his ableargu ments upon such an interesting subject. Tickets for the lecture may be hail at the office of this paper. THE BOROUGH SESSIONS.—Owing to severe indisposi tion, the learned recorder was unable to take his seat in court, on Saturday and yesterday, and the business of the sessions was continued on those days before Mr. Blair, barrister. On the Wednesday and Thursday previously, Mr. Henderson was compelled to avail himself of the ser vices of Mr. Temple and Mr. Rushton, both of which gentlemen took notes of the several trials for the recorder. We are happy, however, to state that the learned gentle man was much better yesterday, and it is understood that he will resume his seat at one o'clock this day (Tuesday), to dispose of the few remaining cases yet to be investi gated. -The calendar contained the names of 193 prisoners. One can only read well : none have received what is called a superior education, whilst the large number of 102 are unable either to read or write, having in fact received no education of any description. ATTEMPT TO TAMPER WITH WITNESSES.—On Satur day an inquiry of considerable length took place in the magistrates' private-mom, at the Sessions'-house, which resulted in the committal of three men, named Edward Davies, John Bickerstaff, and William Tudor. On the 17th of March last five men, named John Ormsby, Edw. Richardson, Matthew Richardson, John Lucas, and John Mercer, were comm tted to take their trial at the sessions ; the four former charged with stealing some plate and jewellery belonging to James Gregory, and the latter with receiving the stolen property. It appears that, since the committal, the three men above alluded to have endea voured, on the part of Mercer and the other men impli cated, to get Gregory and his wife out of the way, and at one time offered as much as £l5O and a ring (part of the stolen property) if they would absent themselves during the sessions. However, the detective officers, who knew pretty well with whom they had to deal, were on the alert, and, having communicated with Gregory, the three prisoners were taken into custody, on "Wednesday, at a public-house in Matthew-street, where they had invited Gregory and his wife to meet them. THE AVIARY AT KNOWSLEY PARK.—For a. long series of years the Knowsley aviary has been celebrated for its treasures in natural history, and also for the success which has attended its efforts to reproduce the races of animals and birds. The 1 - " test novelty, and one which certainly has had no parallel in this country, has been the hatching of six emus. It has been found possible on for mer occasions, to hatch the birds in a natural way ; but recently a case occurred which called for artificial incuba tion, or the entire loss of the eggs. One of these birds laid ten eggs, the ninth of which she broke ; and the bird refused to sit. Eight of the eggs were therefore placed in the artificial incubator, and two. were left to the bird, in the hope that she would again lay, and that the eggs would be hatched. This, however, proved a failure. The eggs placed in the incubator remained during the custo mary time of the bird's sitting, and they were watched with great interest day and night. At length the time was completed. On Tuesday week the shells began to crack, and the birds successively made their appearance out of six eggs—the other two failing. The birds are covered with down, and the feathers are beautifully striped. Incubation is performed by the male bird alone. The eggs are of a deep green, and are about as big as six hens' eggs rolled into one. The young bird has its fea thers marked in black and white stripes, running from the bill to the tail in lines; and it is also dotted with spots of black. THE WARRINGTON MUaDER —On Wednesday, a com munication was received by the governor of Kirkdale Gaol from the Home Office, announcing that the execution of the femele prisoner, Bridget Lyons, would be respited during her Majesty's pleasure. She did net seem at. first to understand the true state of her ultered circumstances, but her first impulse, on learning her actual situation, was to express, in rambling terms, her gratitude to the go vernor for what he had done for her ; and on the governor telling her that he had no more to do with the matter than communicating to her the Queen's command that she was not to be executed until further orders were received, and that she ought. to he thankful to Almighty God for it, she fell down on h r keees, apparently absorbed in deep feelings of gratitude. With regard to her husband, the male prisoner, until within the last few days he has exhi bited a kind of careless indifference to the awful situation in which lie is placed. Although he has often repeated his confession, inculpating himself and entirely excid patiog his wife, lie seemed to have been almost inaccessi ble to religious impressions or spiritual consolation. Lately, however, a marked change for the better has taken place, and from his religious instructors we learn that he is now keenly alive to the position in which he is placed, and the dreadful fate that awaits him. He frequently dwells upon the enormity of his crime, fully acknowledges the justice of his sentence, and says that he is quite ready to die. The execution is fixed for the 26th instant. CHARGES OF BITING MEN'S NOSES.—At the borough sessions, yesterday, John Jennings, (who had been ad mitted to bail) was charged with the misdemeanor of having unlawfully wounded Thomas Walsh, by bitinghim on the nose. The complainant and defendant were em ployed at the brewery of Mr. Hugh Bullen, Maguire street. On the 29th of January last, the plaintiff and defendant quarrelled. They struggled and fell together to the ground ; and, while down, the defendant, it was alleged, seized the complainant by the nose with his teeth, and completely separated the nasal organ. Walsh, in cross-examination by Mr. Tindal Atkinson, " fenced" with the questions put to him, in consequence of which he was most severely handled by the learned counsel; he (Walsh) at length admitted that the quarrel had originated in consequence of sonic remarks he had made relative to the non-chastity of Jennings's sister. The defence of Mr. Atkinson was, in effect, that the complainant had lain the aegressor, and that the wounds on the nose had been inflicted, not by the teeth, but with the finger nails. Several witnesses were called to establish this view of the case. The jury, after some little deliberation, returned a verdict of guilty against the defendant of an aggravated assault, but said their opinion was, that the wounds on the nose had not been caused by the teeth. Jennings was ordered to be imprisoned for two months.—ln another case, Themes Davies was sentenced to seven months' im prisonment, for severely biting the nose of Lawrence Finnegan, a sailor, who resides in Norfolk-street. I . IIE CORPORATION BATHS IN CORNWALLIS-STREET. —The plunge baths show an area of upwards of 1,000 ft-et of water space. There are two tepid swimming baths, but the description of one will apply to both. On the margin of the baths there are pillars, which carry arches, making an !wended walk around. On the top of this arcade the private baths are arranged; They project about four feet, forming something like a blind gallery, leaving the space above the plunge bath open to the roof. It is forty feet in height. The roof is of corrugated iron, and the whole of the centre space being formed of rough p"ate glass, half ground, (ground only on one side,) a peculiar mellow light is diffused into the apartment. The trottier around the baths is of asplialte, and there are twenty-seven dressing-rooms which, when boys are bathing, will hold four each. These are enclosed only by half doors; but we have no doubt that a curtain will ultimately be added to complete the front. There is, at the south end, a keeper's apartment, fitted up with locked ,1 drawers, numbered so as to correspond with the various dressing-rooms.. Each is provided with a separate lock and key, and here it is intended that such bathers as choose may deposit their valuables till they are ready to leave. Next to the keeper's room, we find cupboards with heated pipes, for the warming of the towels to be handed to each bather ; and one apartment, with a purposely very wide entrance, that an invalid may be carried in upon a chair; and this will be ultimately fitted up with medicated baths, and so " sanatory good," it is hoped, be effected. The baths, when filled, will have a varying depth, accord ing to the incline, from two feet six inches at the upper end to five feet nine inches below. Fault being found with the usual tile lining of the floors of previous plunge baths, which become slippery from the accumulation of a green slime, the present are floored, as an experiment, with Portland cement, which we have no doubt will an swer well. There are seven longitudinal overflows, com municating with the drain, and trapped, so as to prevent any current of air or offensive smell. There is some very ingenious apparatus for filling the baths and carrying off the waste water. The process of filling will be somewhat as follows :—A pipe is laid for supplying the baths with cold water early in the morning. Immediately after being filled, the wateris heated to a tem perature of peculiar construction, When the bath has been heated to the temperature stated, which can be accom plished, small as the apparatus appears, in some 20 minutes, heated water is supplied by the pipes used for the purpose, till the temperature rises to 120 degrees. Each bather on entering displaces his own bulk of water, and the waste by the overflow takes place, fortunately, from the surface, where the water is usually most foul. And now we come to a beautiful principle of compensation which has been introd coed. A mysterious wooden erection stands in one corner at the bottom of the swimming -bath, not unlike a sentry-box pierced with bullet holes. Every depression of the surface of the water, however slight, depresses a large float contained:in this, which opens an equilibrium valve of large diameter, and which immediately supplies the waste from the hot water-pipe; so that the water in the bath is perpetually changing in the retie of the num ber of bathera. It is estimated that if a thousand baths are taken, the Water, by that time will have been COM PLETELY changed. The steam nozzle ,to.. which we have referred has been invented in the establishrnenteand,, al though a useful novelty, is of very simple construction. The mouth of the pipe is extended to about three times the diameter of the pipe itself, and covered, forming a box filled with discs of flannel or other soft material. The condensation of the steam takes piece in this stuffing box ;the steam acts on the soft material instead of against the sides of the pipe, and thus that very disagreeable loud cracking nose which would otherwise take place is pre vented ; all that is heard, as the steam forces itself with great force i n t o th e mass o f co ld wa t er, b e i ng a gent l e hissing noise.—Journal. THE MODEL OF ROME.—At the present time the beautiful model of Rome, which is now exhibiting at the Exhibition Rooms, in Post-office-place, will be found one of the roost pleasing and instructive amusements of Easter week. With the exception of Jerusalem, no city in the world possesses so much interest for persons of every class —who may, whatever be their station, receive much valu able instruction from the interesting lecture of the pro prietor. The charge of admission has been reduced to 6d., in order to give the working classes an opportunity of eeing it. CORRESPONDENCI. EDUCATION AND THE CORPORATION TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. SIR, — In order to the carrying out of an effective sys tem of national education upon the most genuine prin ciples commensurate with the wants and necessities of this great empire, considerations must be given to the requisite platform or necessary school premises in every destitute locality or district. The many evils of a fearful and gigantic character which are manifestly festering in society, particularly in all our large manufacturing and commercial towns, are not only to be deplored, but re sisted and attacked in every legitimate way possible. The fluidic notices or suggestions which were given to the Town-council by the late much esteemed stipendiary ma gistrate, Mr. Rushton, were doubtless excellent ; but in one sense only of a topical nature, because calculated at most to meet such eases as might be found in the way of the scum of our juvenile population. The intention being good, and the object to be aimed at in this respect being of the most creditable character, it would indeed he a pity to say one word which might have the slightest tendency to discourage the erection of a juvenile reformatory. However, from the topical of Mr. Rushton's suggestions it may be further suggested, that so far as the gentlemen of the Town-council are concerned, a more suitable, effective, and laudable step, in regard to popular education and combating the difficulties referred to, would be the purchasing and erecting requisite school premises, co vered and uncovered, in connection with each of. what are called, the corporation churches, so as to afford an effective education, physical. moral, religious, and intel lectual for the numerous infant and juvenile population within the district wherein each of said churches is situated. This, it is imagined would be worthy the dig nity of the Liverpool Town•council, creditable to the locality, and beneficial to the community at large, and that, too, in a far wider sense than the establishing of a reformatory for such as are left to become " delinqu I would gladly proceed with my observations bearing upon popular education, but lest doing so at present should preclude your giving them insertion at on 'e. I shall crave other opportunities at your hand to do so, and in the meantime subscribe Yours faithfully, JAMES GILLESPIE Liverpool, lith April, 1851 THE LABOURER AND HIS NECESSITIES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD, SlR.—Permit me, through the medium of your valua ble paper, to throw out a few suggestions, which I hope, at this season of the year especially, may tend to some practical good. Summer—a season characterised in the natural world by so much that is beauteous, peaceful, and bounteous, but in our social and commercial world. alas! too often by much weariness, disease, and sorrow— is fast approaching ; and, despite all the drearful warn ings which we from time to time have received, how, may I be allowed to ask, are we preparing to modify those evils to which the poorer class are often subject at that season ? It has become so customary to ascribe those ills to their vices and intemperate habits, that the subject may, perhaps, appear threadbare. Now, I am not going to turn lecturer on teetotalism, and set. man egainst man, class sgainst class. lam not of those who, for one moment, suppose artificial beverages unnecessary for the human frame. I address you, Sir, on very diffe. rent grounds. lam of opinion that if man ha one great. r appetite than another, it is that of thirst—if toiling man has one greater necessity than another to keep up the vigour of his frame, it is that of drink. Whence is it that, in all ages, the most noble-minded, the most virtuous, and the best men have so often fallen victims to the influence of intoxicating drinks ? Doth this not speak in language too strong to be doubted, how great are the necessities of this appetite ? God bath given it to man, and with it " taste" above the brute creation ; and I esteem it the greatest gratitude we c a n evince towards Him for His manifold gifts, ellen we use them in accordance with that taste, which He bath given to guide us, in satisfying our appetites. This nary be said to be the argument of the sensualist; be it so ! There is still temperance to be exercised. But, Sir, it is a painful thing to see H;s gifts perverted and abused ; an lit is painful to a sensitive mind to see that, amid all our boasted greatness, all our commercial and national advantages—and what country bath more ?—the poor of the land are not able to purchase any of those so painful necessaries of refreshment in a state calculated to produce ought but ill. I ask the philanthropist, whose lot it may be to witness the labourers in our streets, to ling under the oppression of a summer's sun " from morn to dewy eve,' to follow them into the hou=es of refreshment which tempt their wearied souls on every side, and which it is so fashionable to term " dens of vice," but which ought to be to them as springs in dese! t waste, and taste the quality and flavour of all the drinks which their means enable them to purchase. My object is, if pos sible, whilst there is yet time, to stir up men's minds to the improvement of these necessaries, and to the right use of those provisions which God bath made for that purpose. It will be necessary for me to deal very plainly in this matter; and I shall, therefore, first inquire what article of drink, consistent with the means of the poor man, can be purchased in this town of Liverpool produc tive of aught but ill to the consumer? The rich man, who can afford to indulge in his expensive mixtures— soda water, flavoured with hock, champagne, or brandy— and frequently during the day take his substantial repast to qualify what those gaseous, mixtures have served to weaken, may, doubtless, be inclined to smile at what he may term my narrow-minded views ; but may I ask if he ever calculated what it might have cost him in one day in endeavouring to satisfy the cravings of his thirst, and then, with common humanity, turn to the condition of the labouring man, with greater necessities, because of his greater toil—and, if be have any bowels of compassion, ha will shudder to think how, with small earnings, added often to his domestic claims, he can possibly support the energy of his constitution. Whence come diseases of every sort, premature old age, lunacies, &c., amongst the poor ?—from drunkenness and its consequent vice, it will be said : and whence cometh drunkenness ?—from their depraved appetites, it will be as readily answered. Let us argue this matter. I speak as one not without expe rience—as one who, from childhood, have been associated with drinking and drunkenness in all its forms and phases, but who, through the mercy of God, have, to my memory, never been drunk, nor am I ever influenced by liquor. Is it becanse I never require it ? (Who has ever felt its necessity more, who has suffered more constitu tional debility for want of refreshing drinks, or sacrificed more opportunities of worldly advantage by refraining from those now in general use ?) No! But because I am convinced by experience that the thinks now in common use do not answer the cry of nature, or have, mentally or bodily, a beneficial effect. Where, then, are we straitened ? In Providence ? God forbid we should so argue ! Too manifest is His bounty towards has all—too loudly are His goodness and loving-kindness proclaimed o'er all His works, and tell too plainly how righteous His dealings towards us ; but that we have sought out many inventions. Have the rich in wealth, station, and understanding, endeavoured to seek out the root of the evil, and applied their energies and talents to its removal? Have the manufacturers of these articles, to whom is entrusted wealth and power, ever asked themselves, whether they are using rightly, or utterly perverting, the gifts of nature ? or does a consideration for interest of capital applied ab sorb all more humane considerations ? Do " temperance advocates," as they are styled, (whose chief object has often appeared to me to have been to stigmatise and bring reproach upon all who ate engaged in the drinking trade, especially the retailers, amongst whom may be found some of the best members of society,) think they are going the right way to remove this great evil ? or are they not rather cutting off the sympathies of society from their cause ? I have (with as strong a desire for the spread of real temperance as they can entertain), as have been proceeding to church on a Sunday evening, had the finger of some popular orator, mounted on a tub, addressing a large assemblage in the market-place, scorn fully pointed at me, exclaiming, " There goes a brewer, with the curse of God on his forehead !" Is that the way to invite people to be temperate ? Combine, then, to overcome this evil, not with evil, but with good ; and instead of heaping reproach on drinking-houses in general, try to make them honoured, by aiding in the improvement of all that is sold therein. There is much to be done hefore this can be accomplished, and will require all ener gies. There is unfortunately a prevailing opinion in so ciety that what has been must be: men are averse to changes, and, as Bacon says, think many things impossi ble, but when they are accomplished, wonder they were not done before. Ale and porter are the chief drinks used by the mass of people in this country, and nauseous indeed are most ales that are sold, more especially those at the working man's price. Bass's and Allsopp's light ales assimilate to the promptines of our taste more than any in the market— whence their universal sale; but ale may be made more congenial to our taste than theirs, and accessible also to the poor. The superiority of the Burton ales is ascribed to the water, but I do not concur in that opinion, impor tant as I admit the consideration of water to be in brew ing. Why are not all the Burton ales alike, that are made from the same water ? There is as bail bitter ale comes from Burton as any town in England.; and the superiority of some of that ale is owing to the good taste and judgment of those that brew it. The Liverpool water is very healthy and beautiful : softer water may be found that would yield a denser extract, but the Liverpool ale does not lack density ; it is too heavy and strong already. It !s that peculiar lightness on the palate, and refreshed ness, that is so much required, and which has given im pulse to the sale of the Burton ales. Our system must be altered. Science (commonly so called) is too busy at work already in our breweries : we must have simplicity ! The best way to brew a very light and refreshing ale is this :—Suppose, for instance, I want 30 barrels of very cheap ale, and I have 60 bushels of malt, and 60 lbs. of very choice pale hops. Of course the malt is the grand consideration— its extract and the care thereof the groundwork of all I have to do ; at least so I can imagine the practical brewer saying, and fancy I see him tucking up his sleeves to commence his mash. However, it shall not be so on tbis occasion : the mash shall be a secondary consideration. lam not seeking " density," the brewer's god ; I want a pleasant and refreshing drink. I run say 20 barrels of water into my lower copper (if I have two) ; throw in a little lime, to purify, should the water require it, and to ensure brilliancy after ; boil well, then throw in my hops, loosely, and continue to boil for about 20 or 25 minutes, so as not to get an unpleasant flavour ; turn out altogether into a receiver, and there allow to remain until my malt extract is ready. Take sufficient mashing water (which will during this time have been boiling in your top copper, prepared as the other), according to the con dition of your malt, to produce you about 11 barrels of strong wort, your temperature having been rather high, and allowing it to stand sufficiently long to complete the a small quantity chief of your work in the fi rst mash, only chef Nlie.rux TIE LIVEUPOOL STANDARD. of liquor being , washed through your ;tuba Aar, at much lower temperature ; boil your extra* atone, very well, for about two hours, then turn into the receiver, and mix well with your hop extract,, which will have been gradually cooling, but must not be cold, or they will not thoroughly amalgamate. Complete in the ordinary way, pitching at about 62 or 64 degrees, according to season, and with a moderate quantity of yeast. You will not have so much trouble over your fermentation of this liquor, inasmuch as the attenuation is already accom plished by this system, however strong you may de sire to make your ale, and the vinosity and spirit usually sought to be recovered in the fermenting vat have never been so dissipated, or so generalized, by the system pointed out. Although much more plea sant ales can be produced than those generally sold, I feel convinced that they never can be made really to meet the necessities of the human taste, on a due regard to which our health so mainly depends, and here I exneet much opposition, especially as public judgment will be so swayed by the result of the attempts that are made to produce drinks from other materials than malt, that will keep without the admixture of spirits, and which generally have a sickly and injurious effect upon the con stitution of man. lam assured, however, from personal experience, that there is a wide field, and entirely untrod den, open to all who possess capital and inclination, to produce most healthful and delightful drinks from fruit indigenous to our own country, which would supersede all others now in use, if accessible to the public, as they would be very cheap, and consistent with the desires of the most refined end cultivated tastes, and would also endure changes of season without foreign spirits better than malt liquor. There seems to be in fruit a natural, in fact an insuperable principle of fermentation, which must. convince the student of nature that. Providence has ordained such for some wise purpose • and that there is a strong desire in the human mind for very effervescing drinks, the invention of so many containing such power ful and very destructive artificial gas, plainly testifies. Now in the natural and unaided fermentation of fruits a great quantity of " fixed air" is generated as powerful as the artificial gas I have alluded to, but more enduring. and how much more pure and healthful ! To obtain suf ficient of this in malt liquor to make them really refresh ing and invigorating is very difficult, and when obtained is very evanescent, besides you are apt to destroy muck that is nutritive in effecting such. I have found this an excellent way of making liquor from fruit : take those kinds which easily yield their sweetness and flavour, and crush them well in an open vat, if not thought sweet enough, add honey or sugar, which assists fermentation, boil well in sufficient water, hav ing purified with a little lime if required, allow it to become quite cold, then pour it on your fruit according to the strength required, mix very well frequently and keep covered up from the atmosphere. In a short period you will perceive a beautiful principle of fermentation pro ceeding—allow to remain in your vat until sufficient. spirit is generated, and flavour acquired, then run it from the lees into casks until fine, when it ma' he used or bottled. Some kinds of fruit. I hare had to subject to great heat to obtain their flavour, which must he allowed to cool in the vat before the water is added. Hot water destroys the flavour of fruit and causes acidity, especially in apples, most kinds of which only require to he ground in their natural state and used as before described. In making these suggestions I have another constraining motive — when I contemplate wilt pain the great. sacrifices of the interest of that class which in every country I consider to be most important (I mean the agriculturists), which have of late years been made, if in accordance with the call of expediency, certainly not, I think with that of nature and of reason. lam inclined to hope that a new source of wealth would he opened up to them by carrying out these suggestions, and, oh ! how T should rejoice to see, whilst our fields were waving with promising corn, our hedge-rows also smiling with cheering and as wealthy fruit ! But, it may be said you are aiming a blow at the agriculturists, by lessening the value of malt. I opine otherwise and am inclined to hope also, that there lies another wide and uncultivated field ; no man of reflection can regard (not only in barley, but also in peas and beans, during the process of malting after being immersed in water for a few days) the wonderful change which takes place through out the progress of germination, from a hard tasteless substance, to a pearly whiteness and delicacy of flavor, as it approaches its development, not surpassed by the choicest confectionery, before it is d stroyed by the heat to which it is subject on the kiln, without a conviction that a different use thereof might he suggested it will not do, I grant, to subject flour so produced to heat, as it, would rise too vigorously and he very sickly : but why use heat ? its flavour would not be interfered with if used with milk or water that had been boiled, and cooled be fore mixing, and allowed gradually to harden without fire ; but laying aside all considerations about this matter, which are perhaps foreign to my present purpose, should we not have a vast tract of land left us for growing wheat mainly ? a small portion of each farm remaining to pro duce those grains from which to extract fermentible liquor for wheaten flour, according to our present system. I think I hear the cry of the hop-growers already in my ears, " Oh, this is enthusiasm and insanity, what are to become of our hops !" wait n little, and we will seek balm for your spirits. I find it possible to extract oil from hops, perhaps not surpassed in flavour and purity by any in present use, and there, I think, would be a mine of wealth for you. _ _ I feel, sir, in making these suggestions, that I shall awaken much reproach, much iceen satire, but as it is not a new thing for me to hear such in private, I do not fear its being an insupportable load in public life. It is a source of deeper painfulness to me to see the ills to which our poorer and toiling class are subject—to see so many asking for conscientious employment, and cannot obtain it ; whilst there are so many fields for increased labour to be opened, and it is heart-rending to hear the cries for mercy of those poor creatures who, lacking food, have been tempted to steal, and are drawn into our judgment halls. thence to be banished from friends, home, and country ; but more awful to think that a many of their heart-piercing cries have ascended to the throne of Heaven, and are there registered to appear in judgment against us, who have stood listlessly by, and withheld assistance and talents to ameliorate their condition and prevent their MPS. I sincerely hope that these remarks may have the effect of exciting the inquiry of those whose wealth and i Ifluence enable them to develop those matters better than T can. especially at this season of the year, when all nature is conceiving her bounteous store ; and when we alQo ought to be evincing our gratitude to the Giver of all Good, by using His gifts aright, end in consistence with His will, which is revealed to all who duly and prayerfully exercise their reason and understandings to comprehend it. "Then would the teeming ground A large increase disclose And vie with plenty she; Which God, our Ged THOMAS !TART? TOT Rock Ferry, April lath. 1851 THE LIVERPOOL OBSERVATORY. (From the Report of the Royal Astronomical Society.) The observatory of Liverpool has figured very conspi cuously in the records of our proceedings in the past year, and has fairly and honourably earned its European repu tation. In the determination of extra-meridian pheno mena, which do not fall within the range of a wire micrometer, the Liverpool equatoreat is, we believe, at present unmatched. Such is the truth and steadiness of the mounting, that Mr. Hartnup can almost always employ stars of comparison from the Greenwich 12-year catalogue, and thus produce at once complete and accu rate determinations. It must be avowed that the mani pulation of this instrument is exceedingly laborious ; but this is not a weighty obstacle to a skilful and zealous ob server. We have great satisfaction in repeating the opinion expressed in the report of last year, that " the determinations of the planets and comets made at this observatory would do credit to any establishment and to any instrument." Last year Mr. Hartnup was a good deal engaged in assisting Professor Bond in his interesting chronometrical determination of the longitude of Cambridge Observatory, U.S. " The final mean from 175 chronometers, duly reduced, &e., makes this longitude 4h. 44m. 30s. 1 west of Greenwich," a result which is probably not Is. in error. Professor Bond hopes to obtain a still more accurateresult, as the observations seem to indicate errors which may perhaps be eliminated by still greater precautions. The Professor proposes " to provide during the winter about 36 of the best chronometers, to have them thoroughly tested in temperature and well adjusted in every respect, and to commence the exchanges between Cambridge, U.S., and Liverpool about June 1, 1851 ; to secure a separate state-room on board the steamer, and to have a competent person to take charge of the chronometers while on ship-board, to wind them up, note the differ ences every day, keep a journal of the temperature, barometric pressure, inclination of the vessel, and, in short, to attend to every particular which may be consi dered likely to affect their rates on ship-board." The Professor, in very handsome language, thanks Mr. Hartnup for his former co-operation, and requests its continuance in the new series. Mr. Johnson has furnished Mr. Hartnup with a list of thirty-eight double stars, which he wished to have observed by the wire -micrometer, &c., of the Liverpool equatoreal, for comparison with measures made by the Oxford heliometer. Bad weather and the observation of the small planets have hitherto prevented Mr. Hartnup's observations extending beyond fourteen of these objects, but he purposes taking the matter up again as early as possible. Besides the astronomical and chronometrical depart ments, the Liverpool Observatory is well supplied with meteorological instruments,and Mr. Hartnup has recently presented the results of five years' observations, ending December 31, 1850, to the Literary and Philosophical Society of Liverpool, who have requested permission of the Town Council to be allowed to publish the same. Chronometers are tested at the observatory, as already described in former reports, and with better means than any establishment, except Greenwich, enjoys. The assign ment of the rate which corresponds to various tempera tures enables any careful person to correct the defective compensation of his timepiece without sensible error, 'and must add very greatly to the accuracy of its indications. We trust that the importance of this part of the Liverpool Observatory will be felt more and more.' kis a positive crime to neglect any feasible mode of increasing the secu rity of navigation; and this is one which scarcely occasions any extra trouble. _ We should be glad to learn that other ports had foi -1 iwed, even a long way off, the example of Liverpool, and enabled the seaman to prove the goodness of his chrono meters, and to learn their errors and rates with scrupulous exactness. Southampton is at present furnished with Greenwich time by Mr. Drew, and possibly a similar advantage may be found elsewhere ; but, for perfect security and' satisfaction, a regular establishment and observer are required. and this may be on u very modest scale, yet perfectly effectual, POLICB COURT.-VISTUDAL Tutus lifswatemver.— An old Irishwoman, named Stanton, was charged with begging on Sunday in Scot land-road. As the policeman was conducting her to bridewell, he observed her attempt to conceal something which, upon examination, proved to be a bag containing fonr:shillings. Mlle with the utmost effron'ery refused to be passed to Ireland. She was, consequently, committed for twenty-one days. The four shillings will be applied to her maintenance in gaol. JUVENILE DEPRAVITV.—Two miserable half-clad boys, about ten years of age, wore charged with having stolen a piece of beef from a stall in Pownall-square market. Their names were stated as Ryan and Lynch. The mother of the latter had refused to attend as directed by the policeman. Ryan's mother did appear. She was reprimanded, and her child was given up to her. The policeman was instructed to bring the mother of the other lad before the magistrates. ROBBERY IN A BROTHEL. —Mary Connolly was com mitted for trial, for having robbed an Irish cattle-jobber, na'red James Matthew, of £12105., in a house in Preston street. The details of the case were of the usual disgusting character, and not the least prominent feature was the excessive parsimony which the complainant combined with vicious habits. DEAF AND DUMB DISORDERLIES.—TWO decent-look ing young men were charged with having been drunk and disorderly in South John-street, at a late hour on Sunday night. The policeman stated that one of them assaulted him, and that when captured, the prisoner was rescued from his cestorly by the other. A gentleman from the institution in Oxford-street, attended to explain to tbe Prisoners the nature of the charge, and to interpret their defence. A most animated telegraphic dialogue was car ried on between the three, apparently with as much ease and precision as though the medium of discourse had been the " dangerous member" so useful to mankind in gene ral. One of the unfortunate culprits is a marble mason, and the other a tailor. They were both discharged, atter having received a caution from the magistrate. THIEF TRAINERS.—Two ragged children, a boy and a girl, were placed in the dock, on the charge of picking pockets in Pownall-square. The policeman who appre hended the children stated, that when he took them, he found one shilling and seven pence, and a small crucifix, in the girl's possession. A respectably-dressed female identified the crucifix as her property, which, with the money, bad been taken from her pocket. The girl, on hearing the charge, burst into a loud cry, and clung to her brother, who is younger than herself, and whom, from the purport of her words, she exonerated from any part in the robbery. The paroxysm of grief, however, suddenly disappeared, and her countenance assumed a hold and confident expression. At this moment, a smug, comfortably-attired Irishwoman stepped forward to ad dress the bench ; but no sooner had she commenced, than the girl exclaimed, " Mother," burst again into tears, and re-enacted the part she had just played. The woman said the father of the prisoners was on his death-bed, and that it was her intention to take the children wjth her to Ireland on Thursday week. She appeared totally indifferent to the consequences of the charge against the children ; and evidently expected they would be returned to her on the under standing that she would take them to Ireland. But. Mr. Parkinson stated that the children had been repeatedly in prison for thieving, and that the woman and her husband lived in ease and plenty on the proceeds of their childrens' crime. On hearing this the complacent demeanour of the woman quickly vanished, and she knelt in a very suppliant fashion on the floor of the court importuning the magis trate to discharge the children. Mr. Dixon regretted he could not send the mother to prison instead of the child ren, whom he held to be less guilty than she : he repri manded her severely, and committed the children for three months. The girl on hearing the sentence uttered a loud scream, and it was with some difficulty she was conveyed below. The names of the children are Jane and Michael Donough. IMPUDENT STREET ROBlBERllsl.—Patrick Carter, villainous looking lad, about fifteen years of age, was committed to prison for two months. James a boy somewhat younger than the prisoner, stated that his parents gave him 15s. 3d. on Satnrday afternoon, for the purpose of taking some articles out of pledge. On his way, he was knocked down in Rathbone-street. by the Prisoner, and robbed of the money.—Edward Green, an Irish labourer, was committed for trial. A young gentle man, who gave his name as John Gidlow, stated, that. as he was proceeding along Islington, about eight o'clock on Friday evening, the prisoner. who aas on the oppo site side of the street, coolly crossed the road, and snatched at his watch. A policeman in plain clothes, who witnessed the act, gave chase. The fellow did not succeed in his object, as the brequet chain broke, and was afterwards found in the street. DARING ROBBERY.—An Irishman, who gave his name as Peter Colan, charged a man named Thomas Yates with having robbed him of £33 6s. ild. under the following circumstances. On Saturday evening he came from Wigan to Liverpool, an , l being unacquainted with the town, made some inquiries of Yates, who under the pre tence of directing him to his destination, took the com plainant to the canal bank. He then struck him is the month, tore away his breast pocket, which contained the money, and ended by forcing the man into the canal. It appeared that since Saturday night. the sum of which he had been robbed had diminished very considerably in amount in the Irishman's estimate. He told Mr. Par kinson, in bridewell, that he was robbed of £l3, a dif ference of X2O in the sum originally given. To the magistrate, he said the sum taken from him was £5 13i.9d., and accounted for the seeming prevarication by saying he was much confused after the robbery. A policeman saw him in the canal and apprehended Yates, who was not far from the place. on his charge. The case was remanded. OBTAINING GOODS BY FALSE PRETENCES.—Thomas Regan, a lad of about sixteen years of age, was committed for trial for fraudulently obtaining possession of six pairs of boots, the property of Mr. Moore, boot and shoe maker, Great George-place. On Wednesday last, Regan went to the shop, and by representing to a young person behind the counter that he was sent by Miss English. of Great Nelson-street, six pair of boots were sent by the shop boy with the prisoner, who contrived to get the boots into his own posseesion, after taking the boy to different parts of the town. The boots were found pledged in different shops in the town. THE ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS. The approach of another summer suggests inquiry re. lative to the preparations making this season at that retreat from " din of trade"—the Zoological Gardens. May, that " wakes all nature from her sullen rest." has generally been ushered in with monster placards detailing the matters selected at that establishment to satiate the improving taste and entertain the sight-seeing community of our vicinity. Though no programme has yet been published, the preparations are now drawing towards com pletion; and it we may judge from a cursory inspection, we feel no hesitation in saving that, probably prompted by the opening of the palace of art, the caterer of this establishment is excelling the efforts of all prior years, and placing before the public a collosal panoramic scene that will class high as a work of art. It is no easy matter to select a subject suitable to the introduction of pyro technic art; nature, however, provided an admirable one in the recent ex , ilosion of Mount. fEtna—a scene which will not bear the slightest resemblance to that of Vesuvius last year. The view from drawings for government, by J. H. Allen, E-q., is taken from the bay of Cantania, so that both the ancient and modern city is prominently in troduced at the foot of the terrific mountain,— - "Whose summits reach the sky— Whose valleys fano'd by zephyr's wings, In cool retiring shadows :ie." The altitude of /Una is not less than two miles. Its apex is coated with snow, while irs base is covered with luxuriant verdure, and studded here and there with picturesque buildings. The drawing is excellent, the lights and sha dows bold and effective, and the colouring, though rich, is not so gaudily contrasted as to destroy the harmony of nature with which it is surrounded. na is one of the world's wonders. The double eruption of November, 1843—when the mountains roaring, as in agony, disgorged their fiery bowels in terrific streams of molten lava, that rushing like a torrent clown the vale, buried in a burning mass the alcient city—will be conveyed in all the fright ful grandeur that approximates reality. But this, sass the Journal, is not the only novelty in preparation. This, as we have stated, is the Great Exhi bition year ; some will go from Liverpool, to weary themselves with a perambulation of a gallery 27 miles in length, containing objects more or less interesting, but still it cannot be denied that many will regret the cost. The proprietors, in such an emergency, are equal to the occasion; the mountain would not come to Mahomet, and so Mahomet went to the mountain ; the Exhibition would not come to the gardens, but the spirited proprie tors have resolved that the gentlemen of England (and the ladies) " who stay at home at ease," shall have all the substantial benefit of a visit to the Exhibition, without any of the inconveniences unpleasantly attendant there upon ; and a colossal picture will be displayed each night, after the " eruption," conveying so far as fancy can do, a correct idea of the metropolitan spectacle. When Etna has ceased to erupt, and, amid partial darkness, the lava is left to cool; then the Exhibition, illuminated, will appear, but a description would provoke, not satisfy, curiosity. _ _ _ And,'of course, the "stock" attractions of the place are undiminished. The gardens are already, with neatly trimmed walks, full of beauty and bloom. The various erections have been handsomely re-painted, and the habitue of a visitor can already, mentally, hear the notes of a band, perfect in performance, resounding through the grounds. Toe zoological collection is increasing, as may be judged of from the fact, that not less than forty animals, of every variety, ere expected next week. In the manage ment of the gardens this year one decisive change has been introduced. It has often been lamented that the working classes have, from the high price of admission, been virtually excluded from the grounds. It is proposed now to open the gardens every Sunday, the small s►lver key necessary entitling the owner to refreshment also; and the change, we are sure, will be hailed with pleasure by thousands of operatives. Natural history is at all times an interesting study. There will be, we are assured, an extraordinary suc cession of novelties during the whole season. CANINE SAGA CITY.—The sheep-dog Major, at Blowick, near Southport, will, by himself, bring the poney home h ?r om ev e e . n t i h n e g, m on as eo te u r n s t a i i n d g , ~ Major, at night from the fields, nearly a mile distant, walking quietly by his side if he comes willingly, but barking be the sheep tthrilanertdeihsfadhoenbdieeilibsnrs:intug.g." The dog ran off instantly, and searched the ditches until he found the straggler in the water, when be barked until the farmed rescued the mis sing animal.—Pralms Chreadek., FEW THOUGHTS UPON RURAL MATTER!. " 11l fares the land, to bast'ning ills a prey, Where wealth accumulates and men decay. Princes and lords may flourish, or may fade; A breath has made them, as a breath has made; But a bold peasantry, their country's pride, When once destroyed, can never be supplied. A time there was ere England's grief began, When every rood of ground maintained its man ; For him light labour spread her wholesome store, Just gave what life required, hut gave no more: His best companions innocence and health; And his best ricnes ignorance of wealth. . But times are altered ; trades' unfeeling train Usurp the land, and dispossess the swain ; Along the lawn, where scattered hamlets rose, Unwieldy wealth, and cumbrous pomp repose; And every want to luxury allied, And every pang that folly pays to pride. Those gentler hours that plenty bade to bloom, Those calm desires that ask but lit tie room, . . _ Those hea!thful sports that graced the peaceful scene, Lived in each look and brightened all the green; These far departing, seek a kinder shore, And rural mirth and manners are no more." Thus wrote the poet, Goldsmith, eighty years ago. At that date, wealth, and the pursuit of wealth, were chang ing the character of our rural scenery and population. But it was then "the lawn" which " dispossessed the swain." Common rights were being extinguished. Successful traders were introducing the luxuries and the vices of cities into the villages and hamlets of rural England; and the sports and gossip, which had been wont to he held upon " the village green." were being abandoned, perforce, for the dissipation of the tavern ; or their sites were being encroached upon by the builder, or the rich proprietor—the man of yesterday. But if a poet like Goldsmith, full of the homely feeling, and sus ceptibility of nature, which must have been the charac teristirs of the author of " The Deserted Village," had lived and written in the present day, what must he have said of rural England ! The change in the habits of our agricultural population in Goldsmith's time was not caused by the deliberate policy of a legislature, bent upon depressing the social and industrial condition of the masses engaged in the cultivation of the soil. Compared with what has since taken place, we may almost treat the poet's complaint as an effusion of sickly sentimentality. Where the sports of village greens still exist in the pre sent day, even in the most sequestered spots of England, they are of a character not at all attractive to modern tastes. or calculated to develope healthful sensibilities in those enraged in them. And although erthusiasts, of the Tractarian school, may regret the loss of the May pole, and its attendant tomfoolories, sensible men, we conceive, will be of another way of thinking. But Goldsmith's lament is anything but sickly sentimen talitv, if applied to the state of the agricultural districts of England in the present day. It is anything but senti mentality, if applied to the conversion of our men into mere machines, or rather satellites of machines. There is no question now of the fact that " wealth accumulates and men decay ;" and it is a fact, over which England, before many years pass by, will have to shed many, many bitter tears. What is the condition of the rural population of Eng land at. the present moment ? We have gone on increas ing in wealth since Goldsmith's time. That is an unde niable fart. Yet, apart from all questions of a political nature, that population has unquestionably retrograded in worth. The materials for a rural Arcadia are now utterly wanting. We have no more Roger de Coverleys ; and hut few of our rustic swains to whom such a monarch of the parish could cry out, at church, "out of tune, Tom Baler," without exciting a titter of laughter. or a shudder, amongst the congregation. By no means do we deside rate the recurrence amongst us of the precise piece of irreverence recorded of the worthy baronet " of the olden time; but, the temper of that time we do regret. Our modern country gentlemen have drawn around themselves a wall of lieut. , or, which their poor dependents may not pass. The landlord 'eas learnt to treat I:is tenant as a mere rent provider, an - 1 the tenant to treat the labourer as something beneath the plough which he guides. Our parochial clergy, we fear, are no longer the same race of men of whom the poet wrote— " The service past. around the pious man, With steady zeal, each pious rustic ran ; Even children followed, with endearing wile, And p'ocked his gown, to share the good man's smile. His ready smile a parent's warmth exprest ; Their farewell pleased him, and their cares distrest ; To them h's heart, hi , : love, his griefs, were given, But all his serious thoughts had rest in heaven." Of too many among.t them we fear it must be said that they prefer the society of the large cultivator, or the landlord, to the more humble ministrations which claim them in the dwellings of the poor. Little wonder, under these combined circumstances, that the labourer is seen oftener in the wayside beer-house than in the House of God. Our modern philosophy has not taught us to do any thing to alleviate, in reality, the condition of the rural masses, whom we have ca=t off from our sympathies. We feed, and demoralise, them in our workhouses. They are, in the eyes of modern statesmen, merely beings who unfortunately eat. and drink to live. A few amongst us think that they are endowed with minds to be cultivated, affections to be won, virtues to be fostered, and good im pulses to be encouraged ; but such men are set down by this very wise world of ours as fanatics and enthusiasts. The modern agricultural philosopher and philanthropist is satisfied with giving a subscribed couple of guineas now and then to some human paragon of his class, who has lived forty years in a service, or has brought up ten or twelve children upon his miserable pittance of wages, without burthening the poor-rates. But the picture painted by Goldsmith is worthy of be inz contemplated seriou4y, as hearing upon the condition of our agricultural population, of all classes, under the ef fects of our recent legislation. We have, by that legisla tion, ignored rural avocations altogether, as connected with the g eatness or the happihess of a nation. As yet, the full and crushing effect of the blow which we have dealt has not been made palpably manifest. There are still thousands of comfortable homesteads, with their tastefully-laid -out gardens, their well-filled barns, and their smiling meadows ; hundreds of thousands of neatly kept and comfortably-plenished cottages, to be found throughout the length and breadth of this once " happy England." But, as we are whirled past them by rail, in our comfortably-cushioned first-class railway carria ,, e, inhaling the scent of the lilacs and honeysuckles which adorn their porches, or the pinks and roses which deck their well-cultured parterres, do we ever think of the many, many sad hearts which are within, trembling as they count the days which are to be passed over before the arrival of the next rent day ; at the sacrifices which must be made to preserve an honest reputation ; at the unostentatious charities to be given up; at the pinching parsimony which is to be applied to every item of domestic expenditure ? We do not. The cold blooded political economist, at ;east, toes no{. He would tell them, if he did bear their tale of suffering, that exports and imports were increasing. " Babbling of Breen fields," the man of cotton and calico would dis course learnedly to them of draining and subsoiling,—a man whose notion of a drain goes little further than to the gutter beside which he was bred,—of artificial ma nures, improved processes of cultivation, and other slang of his school. His idea of a rural population is that it is a blot in creation ; of the farmer, that he is a biped never to be too much plucked ; of a stream, that it was only meant by its maker to turn a cotton mill; and of the broail lands of once happy England, that they are destined "in the good time coming" (!) to be covered with a swarm of wretched semi-pauperized beings, toiling from sunrise to sunset to swell his own blood-bought gains. To such a man it would be a pleasure to contemplate the picture, so feelingly painted by Goldsmith: " Even now the devastation is begun, Ann half the business of destruction done ; Even now, methinks, as pondering here I stand, I see the rural virtues leave the land. Down where ♦on anchoring vessel spreads the sail That idly waiting saps with every gale, Downward they move, a melancholy band, Pass from the shore and darken all the strand. Contented toil and hospitable care, And kind connubial tenderness are there; And piety, with wishes placed above, And steady loyalty, and faithful love." This sad spectacle, imagined by the poet, but realised every day in our own streets, the 'political economist would gaze upon without a misgiving or a shudder, for getful of the truth that the soil of this land, as well as the soil of other lands, was made for man to toil upon, and win his bread by the sweat of his brow ; and that it is no part of God's providence to drive out an industrious population so lone as he sends down upon their labours the sunbeams, the shower, and the harvest. The population of Preston is now above 68,000. In 1841 it was only 50,829. On Friday week a fire destroyed property, on the premises of Mr. Wigglesworth, Sutton, near St. Helens, valued at £3OO, which was uninsured. The fire is sup posed to have been the work of an incendiary. A Preston Journal records the existence of a clever share-broker's parrot, which constantly astonishes stran. gers by a jargon of " Dovers are up," " Londons are bet- ter," itc On Sunday week, a wild swan (Cygnus Ferns) was shot on the reservoir of the Blackburn Water-works. It measured from the bill to the tail f o ur feet ten inches, and from wing to wing six feet three inches. On Sunday night week, at Manchester, a young girl robbed her mother of £l3O, and went off with a soldier. Fortunately, the fugitives were apprehended at 'Worksop ; but, as the girl's mother refused to prosecute, she was discharged, and the soldier given up to his regiment as a deserter. Taoussaa mans Bauacnes.—lnnovations of fashion ar e often a long time paramount in towns before they are adopted in country places. I n a pr i m i t i ve village in Lan. cashire, where the patriachs yet wear breeches and regard trousers as an effeminate substitution, one •of the older inhabitants was induced to adopt the modern costume, and, thus arrayed, he sallied out one fine moining, when he met a worthy yeoman, who, more than any of his class, regarded' the new article of dress with contempt: Eyeing him from head to foot, he at length exclaimed, " What ! hes tha getter; a pair o' britches wi' sleeves to; will ta,go hoam and tak them things off thy legs, and ne'er stick 'em on again." He returned home, changed his cos tume, and has never since donned his pantaloons, width, tn againca ec chroni cle. ,0 0 . o r nb n ie, hasty k e e n p a s d b o p y t n i g m n e a w s f a a n sort e d o f n o w t r o r n n_ s i : n_g_ p n e r r u e .r FEMALE EMIGRATION.—On Saturday the 13th con signment of emigrants under this scheme, left Gravesend for Sydney, in the Malacca, a first-class vessel ("589 tons burden. The number of emigrants who loft on Saturday, and who for some time have been maintained in the Pe. male limigrants Home, Hatton-garden, amounted t o as. whose ages are represented to be from lfi to U. A s • body they appear to as a heath well disposed we of well suited to benefit the colonies, though th e y are WI: dedly not of the class properly called needlewomen, the w oos, being of the lower order of domestic imams.