The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1847-10-26 00:00:00

FOREIGN (5- COLONIAL INTELLIGENCE WEST INDIES. The Clyde arrived at Southampton on Thursday from the West Indies. She left Jamaica on the 23rd, and -brings from the other islands corresponding dates. The Clyde brings from the islands a good report of fa vourable weather. Rains had fallen in Jamaica and throughout the islands generally during the first part of ,September. The young canes and pastures had been much improved, the protracted drought and great heat in some parts rendering this timely succour very necessary. Some severe shocks of earthquake had been experienced at St. Lucia and Trinidad, but they were unattended with damage. The depressed state of the home money market had be come known, and had caused increased restrictions by the West India banks. Trade also was much depressed throughout the islands. The efforts made by the Cham ber of Commerce, to induce a meeting of delegates from the various islands, and an unity of action with reference to the injuries they suffered from the Sugar Duties Bill, have been strongly supported by the islands generally, rand public or parish meetings have been held in aid of the oonrse adopted by the Jamaica Chamber of Commerce. The acts for the repeal of the differential duties, hitherto levied on foreign productions imported into Jamaica, came into operation on the 20th September, and there is now one regular rate for the produce of all countries. The Governor-General of Jamaica had issued his pro clamation, calling together the House of Assembly for the despatch of business on the 19th of October. The reports as to the disorganization of society at Port au-Prince are confirmed by a communication dated Jac mel, September 25, and the continuance of the feud be tween the black and coloured population. It would ap pear that each party is only waiting for a suitable occasion to enter upon a scene of bloodshed. The blacks are now in possession of the forts above the city and also the palace; the extermination of the white and coloured in habitants is threatened. IMPORTANT NEWS FROM MEXICO. Two ships arrived yesterday at Liverpool from America ---the Oxford, bringing advices from New York to the Ist inst., and, a few hours afterwards, the screw steam-ship, Sarah Sands, bringing accounts to the 6th inst. The advices thus received from Mexico are important, though the state of affairs, as published in the New York paper 3, is derived from the Mexican accounts. Letters from Mexico, under date to the 9th, state that, on the the Mexican Commissioners declared that the pro positions made by Mr. Twist were inadmissible; in con sequence of which General Santa Anna convoked a Coun cil of Generals, who decided that notice should be given to General Scott that the armistice was at an end, and ap pointed the 9th for the recommencement of hostilities. On the 6th of September, General Scott addressed a letter to Santa Anna from Tacubaya, accusing him of having violated several articles of the armistice, and one of the charges was that he had not allowed the American army to obtain supplies from the city of Mexico. General Scott demanded an explanation, and concludes as follows : —" I hereby formally notify you, that if I do not receive the most complete satisfaction on all these points before 12 o'clock to-morrow, I shall consider the armistice as terminated from that hour." _ To this letter General Santa Anna replied at consider able length, and with great severity. He accused General Scott of having violated the terms of the armistice in refusing to allow flour from the mills in the vicinity to be brought into the city, and says that the American wag gons were driven out of the city on account of the ob jectionable conduct of the officers accompanying them. Santa Anna also charges General Scott with having sacked the Mexican towns in the vicinity of the capital, and robbed and desecrated the churches, and stealing and destroying articles held sacred by every Mexican. He condoles by saying he will repel force by force. General Scott on the Bth attacked the Mill del Rey, or King's Mill, in the immediate vicinity of Chapoltepec, and, according to the Diario del Gobierno, and the Boletin, published at Athsco, near Puebla, the American army was repulsed, after a short conflict, in which we lost about 400 in killed, and from 600 to 700 wounded, and fell back upon Tacubaya. The account given by the Bolelin represents the battle to have been the most bloody and severely contested of the whole war. This, however, is a Mexican account. It concludes as follows : "At 10 o'clock the enemy commenced a retrogade movement, and by two o'clock in the afternoon he with drew all his forces to Tacubaya, abandoned the two points he had occupied, and blew up the house of data, although some say it was set on fire by a bomb from Chapoltepec. " It is believed that Generals Twiggs and Pierce di rected the attack, and that they put in motion about 8,000 men. It is certain that the fire was more intense and brisk than at Churubusco. " It is impossible to ascertain the loss on the other side. Ours does not amount to 100 killed and 250 wounded. There are a few missing—nearly all not killed or wounded retiring to Chapoltepec. " The enemy according to the confession of an Irishman, who came over to us in the evening, carried off 500 dead and 600 or 700 wounded. _ _ " We have to lament the loss of General Leon, since ' dead ; that of Colonel Balberas, of the valiant Colonels Hueria and Geleati, and of the determined Captain Ma teos, of Puebla. " A Mexican letter announces that Riley and his legion of St. Patrick, 70 in number, were ordered by the court martial to be hung. The sentence was approved by Gen. Scott, and on the Bth of September the whole legion were hung in the presence of the army, as also of the enemy." By some, however, it is doubted whether General Scott has put to death the re-captured deserters. Another Mexi can account states that more than 1,000 Americans re mained dead on the field of battle. A report was afloat that a bomb-shell discharged from Chapoltepec fell among the ammunition waggons of the Americans, causing them to explode, by which 300 men, including General Worth, had been killed. Another account, however, states this to be false. The following is the latest of the Mexican accounts from the capital. It renders it certain that General Scott had opened his batteries upon the city. The only report of the result is contained in the following letter, addressed to Mr. Dimond, at Vera Cruz : Orizaba, Sept. 19, I have the honour to inform you that an express arrived here this evening from Mexico, which brings intelligence that General Scott was in the city of Mexico. That on the 14th the American troops took Chapoltepec and the citadel, and went into the city that night. General Bravo was killed, and General Santa Anna was wounded in the arm, and has retired with the remainder of his troops, which have suffered much, to Guadaloupe. From this it seems that the attack upon Chapoltepec was renewed, which renders credible the first statement that in the attack of the Bth on that town General Scott was repulsed. It is stated that the Americans had possession of two of the streets, but that the troops had suffered severely from the fire of the enemy stationed in windows and on the roofs of houses. The American loss since leaving Puebla is estimated at 3000 men. General Lane had reached Vera Cruz on the 10th with 2000 men, and started for Mexico ; and General Cushing was expected. Paredes is stated to be in the state of Puebla with 6000 men, prepared to prevent reinforcements reaching General Scott. Government had made no attempt to arrest his proceedings. He had been appointed Inspector General of the Puebla National Guards. INDIA AND CHINA. On Thursday despatches were received, in anticipation of the overland mails, which left Bombay on the Ilth ult. It was stated in our last despatch that a conspiracy was known to be concocting in Lahore. The British authori ties;' being aware of its existence, resolved to crush it in the bud, and at nine o'clock in the evening of the 20th of August, Ranee Chunda, the Queen Mother of Dhuleep Singh, the young Maharajah of Lahore, was taken from the Palace and conveyed under an escort to Shaikhoopra, a fort about twenty miles distant, in which former in triguing Princesses were confined. The intrigues, in a political sense, as well as otherwise, of Ranee Chunda save been notorious. One of the last was her causing her son the Maharajah to insult publicly Tej Singh,. the Prime Minister, by refusing to give him the royal mark on the forehead (called the tiluk) at the time of his installation as Rajah. The intriguess was at the head of all the dis affected in Lahore, and her removal from power will have the effect of neutralizing many of their schemes—at least for a time. The Prime Minister. Tej Singh, is a decided friend of the British, and therefore the object of much hatred to the ex-Queen and her partisans. The British officers are on the alert. The troops at Lahore being highly paid, are to be changed annually, in order to give equal benefit to the various regiments in the north-west of India. Tranquillity continued to prevail on the banks of the Indus, although some symptoms were exhibited of a wil lingness amongst the Belooches of the Hills to resume their old practice of plundering the plains. Nothing was known in Bombay of the intentions of Sir Charles Napier. Much speculation was afloat in consequence of a report received from England that he was to be named Com mander-in-Chief of the army in India on the retirement of Lord Gough. He has declined a public testimonial, which some of the officers in Scinde wished to present to his lady, as being contrary to the spirit of ti.e military regulations. The Governor-General was stated to be about to proceed to Oude, in order to enter into arrangements with the Kin g , who is described as willing to cede the sovereignty to the Hon. Company and to retire, upon his being insured a pension commensurate with his rank. In the Ralpoot States, Doongur Sing is yet at large, and fears are entertained of the continuance of his ravages when the fair season sets in. His brother was lately captured, and his arrest has had the effect of rendering the chief bandit somewhat cautious in his movements. The Nizam's dominions present the same inextricable confusion as before. The Bank which was struggling into existence has been arrested in its progress. The Treasurer of the State refused to accept the orders drawn by it on his office. Assignments on the revenue of the districts were next proposed, but the Minister would not consent, stating the disinclination of the British Resident to sanc tion such a circulation as the Exchequer Bills of the Nizam. The embarrassments of the Government for money were still as great as ever, and the usual results of insubordination amongst the troops and disaffection and confusion among the employe's are seen throughout the country. The chief item of intelligence from Bombay relates to the discussion respecting the memorials sent to the Court of Directors from the young officers of the Indian navy. The conduct of Sir Robert Oliver, who has long held the office of superintendent, was muc h canvassed. The rains, which set in with such fury in the beginning of the monsoon, had become slack for several weeks in July and August; but in the beginning of September they recommenced, and a very favourable season would, it was hoped, Ensue throughout India. Our intelligence from llong Kong is to the 25th of Most, The Peninsular and Oriental steamer Pekia had arrived on the 16th, with dates from London to the 24th of June. The news of the Canton expedition in April having then just been received and published in London, speculfo;. was rife upon the future, and the next coming mail v as lo ked to with great interest, as likely to develope the v: ws Government. All remained quiet at Canton, but tilt wit.; an uneasy feeling still existing, The export of tea from the Ist of July amounted to 7,371,0001 b., being 4,000,0001 b. in excess compared with the same period last year, in consequence, it was said, of the early arrival of the new teas. Some of the new silk had arrived at Canton, and as high as 445 dollars had been paid for Tsatlee. Little was expected to come down this season. Exchange on England was 4s. 33d. to 4s. 4d. Freights to London, £5. Company's accepted bills on Calcutta. 213 per cent. From Shanghae we have dates to the 10th of August. Teas were slow in arriving from the interior. A good demand for long cloths continued. The Belhaven was to sail on the following day for England with about 1000 bales. The Achilles had arrived at Woosune from Hong Kong, and the Litherland from Liverpool. The ships in port were--Francis Burn, John Christian, J. Garnett, and Sarah Trotman. They were loading very slowly. On the first of April last, there were in the cellars of the wholesale dealers in France, no fewer than 18,815,367 bottles of champagne. " ENVOYS EXTRAORDINARY."—Two black men have arrived at Paris, as Envoys Extraordinary and Ministers Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Hayti to France. A tremendous fire broke out a fortnight ago in the town of Kostroma, in Russia, situated at the meeting of the Kostroma and the Volga. It destroyed 500 houses, by which 7000 persons were deprived of shelter. THE GROWTH OF A CITY.—The Boston Chronotype states that the second child born in Cincinnati still lives, and has not seen middle age, while that city contains 80,000 inhabitants. SPAIN.—The king has returned to the palace, the Queen Christina has reached Madrid. Some of the ministerial papers give most affecting accounts of the manner in which the Queen received her husband and mother ; but they are not worthy of credit. The Malta papers contain a good deal of writing regard ing their expected Governor, Mr. More O'Ferrall, whom they seem to apprehend will. on account of his being a Roman Catholic, be used as a tool by the Jesuits, whose conduct is described as peculiarly meddlesome and offen sive. AMERICAN METHODISM. — The decrease of Methodists within the bounds of the New York conference has been so great, that a " day of fasting and prayer" has been ap pointed on account of it. One of their bishops stated in a recent address, that there had been a falling off of two thousand members in the New York conference in one year; and, in the " whole connexion," a falling off of fifty thousand within the same period !—Christian Witness. CURRENTS OF THE ATLANTIC.—At the meeting of geologists and naturalists in Boston, on Thursday last, Professor H. D. Rogers read a report from Lieut. Maury, on the currents of the North Atlantic, which may he of great importance to navigation. Between New York and Havre and New York and Liverpool there is only a dif ference of one day's sailing in distance, while in time there is an average difference of nearly a week. This may be obtained by a knowledge of the currents. In going from Havannah to New Orleans vessels stem a current of three miles an hour against them, when they might have a current in their favour of two miles an hour.—New York Journal. FOREIGN CORN AND HARVEST.—Brussels, Oct. 19. — The official returns of the Agricultural Society on the produce of the harvest of 1847, are as follows ;—The harvest was in all the provinces good in wheat, very good in rye, good in spelt, good in mastlin, good in barley, good in buckwheat, good in oats, good in greens, middling in horse beans, good in hay, middling in clover, good in lin seed, bad in peas. The produce of this year has exceeded that of ordinary years, as follows :—Wheat, 937,838 hec tolitres ; rye, 1,985,434 hectolitres ; spelt, 392,693 hecto litres ; mastlin, 223,702 hectolitres ; buckwheat, 37,201 being total excess, 2,576,882 hectolitres.—Flanders papers, Oct. 19. SWITZERLAND.—The accounts received from Switzer land are becoming daily more and more serious. The grand council of the canton of St. Golf voted in favour of coercive measures for the dissolution of the Sonderbund, and the expulsion of the Jesuits. This gives the govern ment and the Liberal party a majority in the diet, which was to meet on the 18th, and there is now no doubt that the diet will at once prepare to enforce its resolutions, so that we may expect to hear of a decided and hostile move ment between the parties. On the other hand the Aus trians are preparing to interfere, if they should find a fa vourable opportunity. The Austrian troops have already made a favourable movement on the Tyrol frontier : and the whole of the Swiss frontier is now lined with troops, from Lago Maggiore to the Lake of Constance. THE FINANCIAL CRISIS.—Our Exchange never was in such a state of excitement as reports from this place have represented it to foreign journals. It is true that discount is at 6 and 69 per cent. ; but not from actual want of money, for there is coin enough at the bank; but for fear of ricambio (re-exchange), which may be expected in con sequence of the numerous foreign failures, the bankers and merchants who have anything to do with exchange suffer ready money to lie by unused. It is true that seve ral of our houses have been concerned in two or three of the London failures; but for sums which to them may be termed inconsiderable ; they have also the Russian houses to fall back upon, from whom they received the bills, and if these remain solvent they will suffer no loss eventually. The house of Pehmoller and Jollens is the only one which has stopped.—Hamburgh paper. SPREAD OF THE CHOLERA.—Further accounts from St. Petersburg say, that according to official authorities, the cholera continues to advance to the north and to the west. Cases of this malady have been observed at Orel, Toula, and even in the village of Pensa, which is situated only 50 leagues from Moscow, and where four peasants have been attacked. In the province of Astracan, which contains 31,300 inhabitants, there have been 5,915 cases, and 3,131 deaths. The epedemic reigns with great in tensity at Tscharno-Jarsk and its environs. At Saratow, capital of the province of the same name, 2,500 persons have been attacked, and 1,191 have died. In the country of the Don Cossacks there have been 12,651 cases, of which 7,017 have proved fatal. At Charcow 53 persons have died of the disease ; and at Kursh there were, on the 15th of September, 588 sick. At Woronish, a city con taining upwards of 44,000 inhabitants, the cholera ap peared on the 4th of September, and since then there have been 420 cases per day, and 150 deaths. On the 16th there were in the hospital 1,019 cholera patients, of whom 418 had been attacked the same day ; the number of deaths on that day had been 152. IRELAND. The number of houses "to be let " in some of the principal towns in Ireland, affords a melancholy proof of the general hardness of the times. There are now fif teen houses so offered in the best street in Cork, where, a few years since, it was almost impossible to procure one. The Earl of Cork has directed his agent to forgive fifty per cent., of the year's rent due from his tenants, and has also given directions that the poor-rate collector should send in the amount of his claim for out-door relief, the entire payment of which his lordship has taken on him self. THE GRATEFUL ROHANISTS.—Dr. M'Hale, in a letter to John O'Connell (Liberator II.), claims for the plun dered poor of Ireland all the revenues of the Protestant Irish Church ; the old church militant thus declaring war, as it were, against the national churches of both islands, which are one and indivisible. IMPROVEMENT OF WASTE LANDS. - Mr. Crawford Butler, formerly of Carlow, has shown what may be done in reclaiming waste lands in Ireland. About five years ago, this gentleman took, as a farm, about 900 statute acres, near Clifden, in the County of Mayo. The land was then a perfect waste. He expended upon it about £3,000 and it now produces the finest crops of wheat, oats, vegetables, and grass. REPEAL.—At the weekly meeting, on Monday, Mr. Scully said that government have sent 1200 tons of meal for the poor in the west of Ireland, but this was only a trifle, and government should send as many thousands, Mr. J. O'Connell, with extraordinary liberality, said that he did not despise the charity of England, but what he called for was an advance of money by parliamentary au thority. Nothing less would satisfy for the wants of Ire land, and the money must be got. The rent was £.37. ATTACK ON A WORKHOUSE IN IRELAND.—On Mon day morning, at Rathkeale, County Limerick, whilst the guardians wern sitting,' the workhouse was surrounded by 3000 peasants, who forced an entrance, demolished the staircase, chairs of the board-room, &c. Some dra goons arriving, the mob took refuge behind a wall, from which they continued to pelt the soldiers. The riot act was read, but they refused to retire until two Roman Ca tholic clergymen appeared, and requested them to do so. TUMULTUARY ASSEMBLAGES.-Notwithstanding the remonstrance of Archdeacon Fitzgerald, parish priest, Ballingarry, the meeting of peasant labourers took place on Monday, at the hill of Garryfine, whence they pro ceeded in a tumultuous body to Buree, firing shots in the village, and drove the stock of Mr. Robert Fetherston, a magistrate ; broke the gate, and drove the stock of Mr. George Massy, at the Glebe; also the stock of the Rev. Mr. Ryan, parish priest, of Rockhill, and tore and trampled the turnip field of a farmer near Kearney, in the same neighbourhood. Many of these marauders were armed. Some of the cattle has since been restored. —Limerick Chronicle. _ MEETING OF THE IRISH ROMAN CATHOLIC BISHOPS. —On Tuesday the Irish Roman Catholic Bishops, with only one or two exceptions, met in conclave for the pur pose of " doing something for Ireland." There was but one opinion as to the present condition and future pros pects of the country. The prelates from the north, south, and east, as well as the prelates from the west, knowing the circumstances of their respective provinces, bore testi mony to the fearful privations which the people at present labour under, and the still more fearful prospect that is before them. We have only time to announce that the result of this day's conference has been the unanimous adoption of a resolution to petition government for the immediate adoption of measures for prompt and efficient relief. ANOTHER MURDER IN KING'S COUNTY.—On Monday night last, Mr. William Lucas, of Brusna, was shot dead in the street of that village, within about one mile and a-half of Shinrone. It appears that Mr. Lucas was the owner of upwards of 140 acres of the lands of Scorduff, on which were several tenants who refused to pay any rent ; many of them were four or five years in arrear. Mr. Lucas had forgiven mane of them arrears; and, al though some of them were well able to pay, they refused doing and as they would n e ith er pay nor surren d er the land, so, and he was obliged to evict several families. In consequence of having taken these proce e di ngs , h e h as been from time to time served with theatening letters, almost innumerable. For several months past, it las been rumoured that he would be murdered THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. CLERICAL INTELLIGENCE. On Thursday, the new church of Byley-cum-Lees, on the road between Middlewich and Knntsford, was conse crated by the Lord Bishop of Chester. SALTFLEET IW ST. CLEMENTS.—On Sunday se'nnight the incumbent performed divine service to one person be sides his own family. So much for Puseyism in the Marsh. Stamford Mercury. CHURCH PASTORAL Am SOCIETY.—The number of grants now made by the society are two for populations over 40,000 ; five for populations varying from 23,000 to 26,000 ; two for populations of 20,000 ; sixteen for popu lations from 13,009 to 19,000 ; six for populations of 12.000 ; five for populations of 11,000 ; twenty for popu lations of 10,000 ; and 130 for populations varying from 5,000 to 9,000. The number of additional Lord's day cervices is 506, and not 1506 as reported last week ; and instead of the five parishes of Westminster comprising 32.996 children, it should be 42,996. THE NATIONAL THANKSGIVING.—Considerable diffi culty was experienced on Sunday week by the clergy, with regard to the form of prayer ordered ro be read, inasmuch as it substituted various psalms, collects, lessons, gospels, and epistles, in the place of those appointed by the book of common prayer. Many of the metropolitan clergy refused, therefore, to read them, conceiving themselves bound by the act of uniformity, by which they have made a solemn declaration to abide, " to use the matins, even song, celebration of the Lord's Supper, and administra tion of the sacraments, in such order and form as is men tioned in the same, and none otherwise." The Bishop of Adelaide (Dr. Short) has appointed as his chaplains and assistants, the Rev. Matthew Hale, the Rev. J. C. Bagshawe, the Rev. J. P. Wilson, and the Rev. A. B. Burnett. The Bishop of Newcastle (Dr. Tvrrel) is accompanied by the Rev. H. 0. Irwin, the Rev. R. G. Boodle, and the Rev. A. Douglas. The Rev. W. Bousfield, Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford, has been selected by the Bishop of Cape Town as an assistant to the chaplain in the island of St. Helena. Towards the support and endowment of the new dioceses there has been contributed, up to the present time, the sum of £15,000 in donations, and £l,OOO in annual subscriptions. REFUSAL OF CLERGYMEN TO USE THE " FORM OF PRAYER AND THAN KSGlVlNG.."—Considerable difficulty was experienced on Sunday week by some of the clergy, with regard to the form of prayer ordered to be read, inasmuch as it substituted various psalms, collects, lessons, gospels, and epistles, in the place of those appointed by the Book of Common Prayer. Many of the metropolitan clergy re fused, therefore to read them, conceiving themselves hound by the Act of Uniformity, by which they have made a solemn declaration to abide, " to use the matins, evensong, celebration of the Lord's Supper, and administration of the Sacraments, in such order and form as is mentioned in the same book, and not otherwise. _ _ SCRIPTURE READERS.—The Bishop of Exeter has pub lished a pamphlet addressed to the archdeacons of his diocese, in which he enters, at very great length, into his reasons for forbearing from joining in a proceeding entered into by various other bishops of the established church, the object of which proceeding was to raise a new class of church officers, under the designation of " Scripture readers." In the outset, the bishop states that he is far from wishing to persuade the minister of any populous parish from availing himself in any lawful manner, of the assistance of his lay parishioners who way be able and willing to co-operate with him in the great and holy work which he has undertaken to perform. This admission would look very much like a sanction of the proceedings from which the Bishop of Exeter really dissents. THE BISHOP OF MANCHESTER.—The Rev. James Prince Lee, M.A., (late fellow of Trinity College, Cam bridge,) Hon. Canon of Worcester, and head mister of King Edward's Collegiate School, Birmingham, is to be the first Bishop of Manchester. The rev. gentleman stands very high as a scholar, and the distinguished ho nours obtained at the universities by exhibitioners from the school under his charge demonstrate the excellency and efficiency of his labours. Much good is anticipated from his deserved promotion to the episcopal bench. The rev. gentleman was formerly second master of Rugby at the time the late lamented Dr. Arnold was principal, and succeeded to his present situation in Birmingham on the appointment of his predecessor, Dr. Jenne (now Master of Pembroke College, Cambridge), to the Deanery of Jersey. PROCEEDINGS AGAINST A CLERGYMAN UNDER THE CHURCH DISCIPLINE ACT.—Proceedings have been taken within the last few days, before the Commissioners Mar tin, Harrington, Bartholomew, and Turner, at the Chapter House, Exeter, against the Rev. Wm. Rawlings, M.A., rector of Llansallos. in the county of Cornwall, for an offence against the 68th canon, in refusing to bury the body of a woman named Hitching, she not having been denounced excommunicated majore exeommunicatione. It appeared that the reverend gentleman had misunder stood the law on the subject, and having returned home and looked more closely at it, he found he had made a mistake. lie proceeded back to the church in less than half an hour, and offered to go on with the service. He was told he was too late, in fact the body had been in terred, and the parties were singing hymns over the grave. The commissioners expressed their belief that Mr. Raw lings had acted under the full belief that he was obeying the law instead of violating it, and it was ultimately ar ranged that, as the reverend gentleman proposed to sign a consent to submit to such judgment as the Bishop might think proper to announce, his written explanation of the circumstances should accompany that consent. MATRICULATION.—The steps to be taken for matricu lation in a college are for the candidate to address himself to the head of the college or hall to which he wishes to belong, stating his age and place of education, and giving a reference to some competent person (usually a clergy man) as to character and conduct. Should the applicant exceed 19 or 20 years of age, it is usual to enter a hall in stead of a college; and should he be married he can only be admitted, ordinarily, at certain halls. Magdalen and New Inn Halls are the usual resort of married undergra duates, and there are some, we believe, at Worcester Col lege. On giving satisfactory references, the candidate for matriculation is informed at what time it will be conveni ent for the college, or hall, at which he applies, to admit him. In some colleges admission is offered at a distance of from a twelvemonth to three years from the period of application ; but this is shortened in favour of such as come peculiarly recommended, who are admitted as chance vacancies occur in the rooms. It is not necessary to visit Oxford until the time of matriculation. The usual fees on matriculation vary, according to the rank of the party. A clergyman's or gentleman's son (clerici aut generosi filius) pays £2los. ; the son of an esquire (arrnigeri filiue) £3 10s., and the son of a baronet, or person of higher rank, in proportion ; besides this there is a deposit to the college or hall, technically called " caution money," vary ing, in different societies, from £25 to £45, returnable (in some cases with deductions) at the period of removal from the books of the University, but the practice varies in almost every college. Another expense attending ad mission is a payment for the furniture, &c., of rooms, which varies according to quality from £2O to £5O, or even £7O. On the average, £3O or £35 may be stated as the sum which is requisite. The battel accounts usually in clude charges for tuition, (from £l4 to £2O annually for commoners, with a reduction to scholars, and an increase to gentlemen commoners ;) room rent (from £l2 to £2O), dinners, bread, butter, &c., &c., coal, window-tax, wash ing, and college and university dues, an amount, on an average, to a sum varying from £7O to £lOO annually for commoners ; the other expenses for dress, books, wine, grocer's account, travelling, and gratuities to servants, depending wholly on the economy observed. The average total expenditure of commoners may be stated at about £l5O to £lBO exclusive of private tuition, which is not usually necessary. We have known undergraduates who have managed to pass through the university at an annual expenditure of £l2o.—Oxford Protestant Magaz i ne. RAILWAY AFFAIRS. _._ It is stated that the southern portions of the North Staffordshire Railway will be opened early next spring. The Warsaw and Cracow Railway will be opened on the Ist of November next. A splendid carriage has been built for the Emperor, at the cost of 120,000 florins. Acts for 1,523 miles of railway (some of them so far back as 1836) have been obtained for Ireland ; but up to this time about 123 miles only have been completed, while 164 miles only are in course of construction. It has been decided, at the Small Debts Court, Glas gow, that a railway company is bound to provide accom modation for a passenger who has booked for a certain train at one of the company's principal stations, in that train, or afford him compensation, for any loss he may have sustained. RAILWAY PROPERTY AT A DISCOUNT.—At the sale of the effects of a Mr. C. A. Caddy, at Barnstaple, last week, 50 shares in the Taw Vale Railway, upon which. £2 per share had been paid, were sold for ls. per share; and 100 shares in the Cornwall Railway Company, upon which £7 per share had been paid, were also knocked down at ls. per share.—Plymouth Tinier. WHAT A FALLING OFF !—At the commencement of the Michaelmas Sessions at Knaresborough, in October, 1845, the doors of the Court-house were besieged by par ties anxious to put up notices of intended applications to parliament for railway and other bills. The doors of the Court-house were not large enough to receive the 101 notices that were affixed. This year not a notice has been posted ! From our official returns it appears that the amount of traffic for the last week, on upwards of 3,152 miles of rail way, was £196,190, thus accounted for :—£101,483 for the conveyance of passengers only ; £50,499 for the carriage of goods, and the remainder of £44,208 for passengers and Foods together, not respectively apportioned; being an increase of £29,960 over the corresponding week of last year, when the mileage was about 2,525. CONFLAGRATION AT THE SOUTH-EASTERN RAILWAY. —A temporary range of shops, about 300 feet long, and nearly 40 feet wide, in the vicinity of the Bricklayers' Arms terminus of this railway, was on Friday entirely destroyed by fire. The place was filled with pitch, tar, and other inflammable articles. The origin of the dis aster is unknown, but it is generally supposed to have been caused by the boiling over of a copper of oil and pitch. QUADRUPLE RAILS ON THE LONDON (AND" NORTH WESTERN.—After much discussion in the board, during which there was considerable opposition to the measure, it has finally been resolved by the directors of this rail way that quadruple rails shall be laid down upon their line between Camdentown and Watford, eighteen miles down the line. The time, however, for the commence ment of these new, and as they appear to us unnecessary works. has been postponed indefinitely. THE - BIRMINGHAM AND OXFORD JUNCTION.—The directors of this company appear determined, it is said, in spite of Mr. Moziey's advice, to enforce the payment of the last call. Within the last few days, between four and live hundred writs have been issued against " dissen tient" shareholders, and some, under the influence of legal consequences, have paid up the amount of their disputed liabilities. A feeling exists that pending the bills in Chancery, to be argued next teem, such proceed ings are unnecessary, and can be profitable only to the lawyers employed. ; LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN.---It is stated that the ' directors of this company have issued circulars to all ' companies with which they are connected, urgently re commending that, wherever it was practicable, railway works should be suspended for the present; and the re commendation has been adopted by most of the compa nies to which it was made. In one instance a railway board, whose stock has been guaranteed a fixed per cent age by the London and North-Western Company, imme diately announced their intention of not making another call for twelve months. All works on the London and North-Western line (and those lines now exceed five hundred miles in extent) which could be postponed have been suspended indefinitely ; thus carrying out Mr. Glyn's declaration at the last meeting of the company, that no works that were not immediately necessary would be commenced. FATAL ACCIDENT AT A RAILWAY VIADUCT.—A stu pendous stone viaduct over the river Wharfe, near Otley, and about seven miles from Leeds, for the Leeds and Thirsk Railway, has been in the course of erection for about 18 months, and is now fast approaching completion ; but, owing to one of the arches giving way on Tuesday last, not only will the finish of the structure be for some time delayed)ut the cause of delay will be long remem ' bered in the neighbourhood with feelings of pain. From some cause or other, the seventh arch of the noble erec tion,' which spanned the river, fell with a tremendous crash, when several workmen were upod it, the whole of whom were more or less injured. One young man, James Verity, of Otley, was killed on the spot, his brains being literally knocked out. Another young man, named Drake, was buried in the ruins ; and the writer of this account has heard that he expired soon after being got out. Two or three others are a good deal injured, and two men had narrow escapes with their lives, by clinging to the sides of the adjoining arch. The arch which fell was of a very great height, and the crashing of the timber and the fall ing of the stones were heard for a great distance. PROGRESS OF RAILWAY TRAFFIC.—We find that the railway traffic in the United Kingdom, by the returns published in our table, for the three quarters ending the 25th September, 1847, amounted to £6,666,380 ' • corres ponding period of 1846, to £5,739,100 ; an d in 1844, to £4,195,490. There is every probability, judging from the present receipts, that the traffic for the year 1847 will amount to £8,890,000; that for 1846 amounted to £7,664,870; and for 1845, to £6,649,220. It appears that the amount expended on those railways in July, 1842, amounted to £52,380,000, and the traffic returns in that year amounted to £4,341,780, being at the rate of £2894 per mile per annum ; the amount expended on them in July, 1847, amounted to £107,663,500, and the receipts this year will amount to about £8,890,000, or £2867 per mile per annum. The traffic per mile is rather less ; but, comparing the amount of the traffic to the total expenditure at the former period, it amounted to 8'29 per ' cent., and will, in all probability, at the latter period, amount to 8-25 per cent. It may be mentioned, that the traffic per mile per annum amounted, in 1845, to £3255, and in 1846 to £2941. The result shows, at present, a decrease in the traffic, both as regards the capital expended and the miles opened. In 1842, the average cost per mile amounted to £34,920; and in 1847, to 34,730. This high figure probably arises from the practice of keeping the capital accounts open.—Railway Journal. SUSPENSION OF RAILWAY CALLS.—On Wednesday, the deputation appointed at a meeting of shareholders in the Liverpool, Manchester, and Newcastle Junction Rail way, lately held, waited on the directors of the company by appointment, at Manchester. The proceedings on the part of the shareholders' deputation resolved themselves into three questions :—First, whether the directors were disposed, in the present state of the money market, to abandon the undertaking ; secondly, whether they were disposed to return any portion of the £98,000 now in hand, and wait for more favourable times ; and, thirdly, if not disposed to do either, what they really were disposed to do ? The directors replied, that after mature consider ation they found they could tot do the first without a new act ; that their legal advisers informed them that to do the second would be illegal; and, as regar.led any reply to the third inquiry, they might state thAt they were perfectly aware of the condition of the money market, that they would do all they could to suspend works and curtail ex penditure, that they had let no contracts, and had bought no land, except conditionally, and that it was their inten tion to suspend all operations, in so far as was consistent with their engagements. This announcement is expected to form a precedent that will be pretty generally followed, at least as regards this district. The total deposits re ceived amounted to about £179,000, and the total ex penditure to about £80,500, leaving a present balance of £98,501. Nothing beyond the finishingof the surveys and plans for the portion of the line from Kettlewell to Bol ton Castle, 15 miles, which it was intended first to com mence out of a total of 60, and which includes a summit tunnel, has been done, and this only has been staked out, The line is to a great extent in alliance with the Lan cashire and Yorkshire Railway. THE RAILWAYS FROM LONDON TO THE NORTH.—In the course of a few weeks, by the completion of the Cale donian railway, the communication from London to Glas gow and Edinburgh will be continuous ; and parties may proceed in winter rapidly, without changing carriages, from the metropolis to these places. The distances are as follow : Miles. London to Carlisle, by Birmingham .. 3lO Carlisle to Glasgow lO9 Carlisle to Edinburgh London to Glasgow 419 London to Edinburgh 4ll If the route of the Trent Valley Railway be pursued, the distance from London to Carlisle will be considerably shortened. The distance from London to Edinburgh, by the present Midland lines' route, is 4264 miles ; but there are at present serious interruptions at Gateshead and Berwick, on account of the bridges across the Tyne and Tweed, which, from their magnitude, cannot be com pleted for some time, and the communication has to be effected by omnibuses. When the Great Northern Rail way is completed, the nearest route from London to Edin burgh will be by the Great Northern to York, then by Newcastle and Berwick, or by the branch from the Great Northern, five and a half miles north of Doncaster, to Leeds, thence by the North 'Western, through Skipton, to join the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway. The distance will be— Miles. London to York York to Edinburgh, by Newcastle.. London to Edinburgh London to Leeds Leeds to Edinburgh, by Carlisle London to Edinburgh This last is undoubtedly the shortest route ; but the way by the London and North Western, Lancaster and Car lisle, &c., as being performed in less time, and under one management, offers many advantages for through pas sengers.—Carlisle Journal. POLITICAL MISCELLANY. A RUMOUR AS TO SIR ROBERT.—The Post of Satur day says that it was rumoured that Sir Robert Peel had been sent for by her Majesty, with whom Sir Robert had a private audience. It is true that the right hon. baronet left for Windsor on Saturday, and it is said that he was in communication with several members of the govern ment prior to leaving London. The Observer of Sunday, however, denies that the visit of the ex-premier and his lady to the Queen has anything to do with publicaffairs. Tax TEN Howls BILL.—The Halifax Guard i an pub lished in the very heart of the manufacturing districts, says, after some very excellent remarks on an article pub lished last week in the Liverpool Standard as to the progress of the cotton manufacture, " We cannot close without noticing how entirely one act of the last Parlia ment has escaped the failure and disappointment which have fallen upon its other leading measures. The Ten Hour Bill. instead of being demonstrated (as some vainly prophesied) to be a ruinous evil, shines forth as a measure which, had it been passed two years ago would have done more good than all the Free Trade measures put together." AN INFERENCE.—On Friday the Lord Chancellor sent out his notice of the order is which business would be taken in his court during Michaelmas Term, that is, from the 2d to the 25th of November, inclusive; and at the foot of the notice were these words :--Except on those days on which the Lord Chancellor may sit in the House of Lords." This saving clause looks, prima' facie, like an early meeting of Parliament; but as Ministers can hardly be supposed to have made up their minds yet, on this or any other subject, the exception ought, perhaps, only to be considered as so much margin, of which they may pos sibly find it convenient to avail themselves, if circumstances should render such a step " expedient."—Morning Post. SIR CHARLES WOOD AND TILE STATE OF CREDIT. — The Newcastle Journal of Saturday re-publishes the letter of Sir Charles Wood, dated Sept. 17, to the merchants, &c. of Newcastle, in which that gentleman said " there is nobody who thinks that there is any want of circula tion or extraordinary pressure on the money market for houses in good credit." As a practical commentary on this statement and to supply the most convincing proof of the ignorance of the Chancellor of the Exchequer on a subject immediately within the province of his depart ment, our contemporary enumerates a list of upwards of seventy commercial houses of high standing who have suspended payment since the 7th August, with liabilities amounting to more than fifteen million sterling. DEPRECIATION IN THE VALUE OF PROPERTY.—It iS now generally thought that Government must come for ward with some plan of assistance, or nearly universal ruin will be the result. The belief is, that that must be by an extension of the circulating medium. It is a curious fact, that the whole circulating medium of this country is scarcely above double the amount passed day by day (15 millions) through the London clearing-house, exclusive of the Joint-Stock Bank business and other transactions in various parts of the country. According to an estimate of an experienced banker, the property of this kingdom has suffered a depreciation of at least between 500 and 600 millions. Of the Consols alone the depre ciation has been 160 millions, and on railway property very little less, besides the effect on produce and manufactures nearly incalculable. NARROW ESCAPE OF THE BANK OF ENGLAND.—On Saturday, the 17th of December, 1825, having then only £1,027,000 of treasure in its cellars, the Bank of England, was rescued from its peril of stopping payment by the accidental discovery of a huge box of notes. These, with the approval of Lord Liverpool's government, it im mediately issued as a substitute for sovereigns. Mr. Fran cis, in his valuable history of the Bank, records that "the delight with which these notes were received in the coun try proved that the want of a secure small currency alone was felt." Mr. Harman, in his evidence before the com mittee of the House of Commons, said, "They (the 1:1 notes) worked wonders; as far as my judgment goes, they saved the country." Mr, Francis further relates, that "In Norwich the Messrs. Gurney are said to have stayed . the plague by merely placing a thick pile of £ 1 notes of tha Bank of England on the counter! In most of the provinces," continues 3tr. Francis, "they (the 1:1 notes) were received with acclamation. Within a week from then the peril and the panic had passed away." But a recurrence to so well-tried and efficacious a remedy would be tainted too strongly with the spirit of Protection, and would savour too much of the policy of Pitt, to be pala table to a set of Ministerial philosophers "distinguished only for their knowledge of the science of political econ omy," and, of course, "caring nothing for the two or three millions of people who may be reduced to beggary by their operation." LAW INTELLIGENCE. At the Westminster County Court it has been decided that a servant has no right to refuse to shake mats on a Sunday, unless she has made an express agreement with her mistress to that effect. SHAREHOLDERS IN JOINT-STOCK BANKS.—There is a very general misapprehension entertained that a joint stock bank cannot sue any shareholder for money due to said bank; but the error will be immediately dispelled by reading the Bth clause of the " Act to regulate Joint Stock Banks in England," passed on the sth September, 1844, and which is as follo ws :—" Th a t no act i on or su i t b y or against the company shall be in any wise affected by reason of the plaintiff or defendant therein being a shareholder or former shareholder of the company ; but any such share holder, either alone or jointly with another person, as against the company, or the company against any such shareholder, shall have the same action and remedy, in respect of any cause of action or suit whatever which such shareholder or company might have had if such cause of action or suit had arisen with a stranger." The 10th clause of the same act also sets at rest another point of discussion, as to the liability of shareholders, whom, many believe, could be immediately sued for the bank's debts; but it appears that judgment must first be obtained against the bank, for it enacts, " hat it shall be lawful for the plaintiff to cause execution upon any judgment, &c., to be issued against the property and effects of the company; and, if such execution shall be ineffectual to obtain satis faction of such judgment, then it shall be lawful for him to have execution against the person, property, and ef fects of any shareholder, &c. CURIOUS CASE.—The Morning Herald of Saturday says, " There are some things that may be made so ex cessively cheap as to become excessively dear, and the New County Courts are every day showing that law is one of those commodities. A meeting held on Wednes day evening at the Crown and Anchor Tavern, ' to take into consideration the late decision of the Judge of the Westminster County Court, in the case of Lord Bury v. Clark,' arose out of a circumstance which would seem to prove that a shopkeeper has no remedy whatever against the most galling impertinence, and also, that matter clearly fit for a jury to consider, is, under the new system, left to the discretion of a single individual. The case of Bury v. Clark, we gather from the report, and a subse quent letter of the defendant, to be this, Lord Bury, it appears, entered the shop of the defendant, a stationer in Jermyn-street, and requested to see certain penholders, marked price 6d. These were shown to him, according to his request, but not liking their quality. he said, ` These things are of no use,' and added, addressing Mr. Clark, ` It is very well for you to puff off your trum pery articles.' Upon this Mr. Clark, who does not seem to be the most long-suffering individual in the world, feeling naturally insulted by a charge of fraudulent deal ing,—replied that his lordship was " a trumpery fellow,' directed him to leave his shop, and on his ' taunting' re fusal sent for a policeman. Lord Bury now left the shop, but again returned to it, when Mr. Clark removed him by force. For this an action was brought, and Mr. Clark mulcted in damages of twenty pounds.', COURT AND FASHION. _4- The Court still remains at \Vindsor, and there has been little variation in the ordinary routine of court life since our last. The Queen, the Prince, and the royal family are well, and have taken their usual out-door recreation as the weather has permitted. On Tuesday, Prince Albert, the Duke of Cambridge, and the Duke of Wellington (who had joined the royal party) enjoyed the sport of shooting. After lunch, the Duke of Cambridge took leave of the Queen. The Lord Chief Baron (Sir Frederick Pollock) and his brother, General Sir George Pollock, arrived at the castle in the evening, on a visit to her Majesty. On Wednesday, the Queen and Prince Albert took their usual early walk. Her Majesty rode out in the forenoon in a pony carriage and four, attended by the Duchess of Sutherland. His Royal Highness Prince Albert went out shooting this morning with his Serene Highness . Prince Lowenstein. The Duke of Wellington, the Right Hon. Sir Frederick Pollock, and General Sir George Pollock left the castle. The Countess of Desart arrived, and suc ceeded the Countess of Gainsborough as the lady in wait ing to the Queen. Lord Stanley has returned to Knowsley from New market. The Hon. T. Eden is at present on a visit at Knowsley. The Duke of Devonshire has left Hardwicke Hall, Der byshire, for Wynyard, near Stockton-on-Tees, on a visit to the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry. DISINTERESTEDNESS AND CONSISTENCY OF OUR GREAT BULLIONISTS. The Bankers' Circular, in a recent article upon the currency question, gives the following striking sketch of the rise of two colossal fortunes upon a paper-money foundation and with paper-money materials, and the subsequent conversion into gold of the structures thus reared : " The revolting part of the subject is, that which re lates to the personal position, in connexion with the ex isting money law, of the two men who mainly caused the infliction of all the ruin and misery under which the peo ple are sinking. " Sir R. Peel and Mr. S. J. Loyd are two persons of enormous wealth produced by an excessive use of credit. On starting in life their fathers were poor men of great faculty, bold enterprise, and good conduct. They lived to be ranked among the most conspicuous ' millionaires' of their country by what their sons would now call the unwholesome use of artificial credit. Sir R. Peel lived and carried on his works at Bury, in Lancashire ; he there issued £1 notes to pay the wages of his workmen. He also established a warehouse in London for the sale of his goods, and on that warehouse he drew what were then known in Lancashire as ' pig upon bacon' bills, at two and three months' date, to pay for the raw materials of his manufacture. He forced this credit to such a de gree as for a time to deprive himself of the - means of paying with punctuality the duties on his calicoes, and the officer of Excise held possession of his premises in Milk-street for six weeks for arrears of duties. " When Messrs. Jones and Co., of Manchester, corn- ,menced the banking business there, they drew bills at two and three months' date on some relatives of the same name, who, we believe, carried on their affairs in Wat ling-street. When that house retired from business, Jones and Co., of Manchester. opened an account with Vere and Co., bankers, in Lombard-street; and the amount of bills drawn f rom Manchester on this account was so large and extraordinary as to alarm Vere and Co., who hastily resolved to refuse to accept them, and they were dishonoured for non-acceptance, Vere and Co.le h . hold ing,si we believe, all the time ample sec u rity in of Lancashire bills for all that had been drawn upon them. In these circumstances Jones and Co., of Manchester, being in a thriving condition, having a prosperous busi ness, and being necessary to the trade of the district, on consulting their friends and customers who were called to deliberate on the case, were at once advised to open their own house in London, and be no longer dependent on the caprice of the timid and cautious London bankers, who know nothing of the great power and salutary uses of mercantile credit. This advice was adopted, and such is the firm of Jones Loyd and Co., which now stands at the head of the banking interest of the city for wealth, skilful management, and, we believe, yearly professional income. What our dogmatical currency reformers, Mr. Samuel Jones Loyd and Sir R. Peel, would now call artificial credit forced to excess,' was the foundation of this eminent banking firm ; and we should like to see a return made to parliament of the amount of pig upon bacon' bills drawn upon it from Lancashire in every year from 1795 to 1847 inclusive." It would be instructive if we could know how much one of these worthies—Mr. Samuel Jones Loyd—realises out of every successive money pressure, which their joint plan of currency regulation creates. Of course it would be illiberal to entertain the supposition that the right hon. baronet ever trades at all. lie looks on at every periodical turn of the screw which be has invented to crush the national commerce and prostrate its industry— which is closing our mills and our mines and our banks, ruining our merchants and our manufacturers, and pau perising our labourers—with stoical indifference, so far as regards pocket interests. But the millionaire banker. as he sees the capital raised by other men pouring into his own coffers,—as he gathers in lands, houses, railway shares, and the varied produce of years of enterprise and industry, caught by the golden bait which he has assisted in setting,—cannot reasonably be considered so disinte rested a being. Sir Robert is only the philosophic doc tor, watching in the writhings of his unhappy patient the operation of some newly-discovered nostrum. His coad jutor sees in every convulsive effort of the patient a fee slipping into his hand. THE MONEY PRESSURE. THE BANKS AND THEIR DEPOSITORS. [The following was published in a second edition of the STANDARD of Tuesday last, and as the statements are of abiding application, we repeat them here.] We have no new disasters to record as having taken pl ace this day, if, however, we except the fact that the L iverpoo l Banking Company have solicited from their depositors their forbearance for a few days, until the severity of the present pressure is overcome. We are not, however, aware of any parties being refused p a y ment w h en insist ed Upon. The feeling amongst merchants and other classes continues in a very feverish state ; and rumour is busy with her hundred tongues. Nothing definite has yet been arranged with respect to the relief of the Royal Bank, whose stoppaq we announced this morning, from its present state of inactivity. Expectations, however, are still en tertained that some assistance will be rendered to it, but on what terms, or in what shape, has not transpired. We learn that very great exaggerations are abroad with respect to the position of this concern. A local contem porary, after referring to a rumour that one house has been accommodated to the extent of £400,000, and that two other houses have had between them an 4111101111 t which makes up in all nearly a million of the capital of the bank, states, that whilst giving such great faci lities to these three houses, " no extreme liberality has Oct. 26, 1847. Characterised its proceedings among men in ordile, business." We are assured, on good authority, brill: first place, that the latter state men t i s grea tly e xaggerate.' With respect to the charge of neglecting men of ordinal business, we are authorised to state that the Royal P has been ever ready to assist, as far as applied to, the why!: mercantile community ; and in many instances it has Ow extended its assistance to the constituents of some other banking houses. We regret to observe symptoms of a movement place, which, if persevered in, must still further ina; o l, the difficulties which surround commercial men. refer to the demands which are being made upon cerr, banks by depositors, who have taken alarm for the of their deposits. It is most important that this fee' im r, should be allayed • and we would earnestly impress taft our readers and t he well-informed portion of the Pn7,. to do everything in their power to allay the appreb sions of the few timid people who are making such Lair chief. These parties should be reminded that the banking in: terest of the country is now in a very different position that which it occupied in the disastrous crises of 1816 1825, in the latter of which years seventy banks failed, sul . the average dividend p a id did no t excee d s s . i n the powt" The majority of our banks now are conducted on the jog" stock principle, by which the whole property of every Pr; prietor is liabl e i n case o f th e b an k not mee ti n g 1 engagements. It is a fact to be set against the coil ection of former losses by the failure of private bark* issuing their own notes, that there has not been as get instance of a joint-stock failing, in which every del o f,; tor was not paid i n f u ll, w ith i n t eres t. M oreover , 10 few cases of suspension, the depositors have been first. -With respect to the present position of the banks of 1 4 verpool, we are certain th a t th e d epos i tors nee d b e nov o no apprehension. It is we ll k nown t h at our three priTIL banks are full of money, h av i ng prepare d t h emse l ve s forehand for the possibility of a contingency like the s ? sent. Our joint-stock banks h ave a l so f or mon ths been restricting their operati ons , an d p rov idi ng th e m w , with cash to meet any sudden demand upon them. have authenticated information of one which, if necens°'; mom prepared to p a y b ac k th e w h o l e o f i ts d epos i tors ' 31 :; $ to-day ; and we have little doubt that others are, if a l to T h g e e e h e ea r , e a t h e l e n s s e t d n e e a u ,j r I t y e a; t w h e e l f s a i ct tua t t h e a d t . the restr ti° efforts which the Banks have had to make t o ,l ace ,4"' selves in this position has seriously increas e d nr eS9 on the public and the em b arrasmen t o f our co Th merc e i Each Establishment has been pl ace d un d er th e necess ity o f keeping a large mass of capit a l l oc k e d up an d idl e, i ns t ea d of iC its being circulated in the ordinary channels of busine o Only let those for the payment of whose claims thii hoarding system has had to be practised—the depositolf —throw away their absurd fears, and manifest more 0: 111 ' fience, and the money, at present withdrawn from tracte! will be brought out, and the commercial energies of Or country receive new life, and assume their usual healthY action. STATISTICS OF CRIME IN LANCASHIRE. (FROM THE PRESTON CHRONICLE.) The Rev. J. Clay's annual report on the Preston Hou9 o of Corection has been published during the week—a doe*" ment which is always of great national as local interest and importance. We are unable to afford space for mots than a meagre reference to its contents. It appears that, upon the whole, notwithstanding the severe pressure of the times upon the working classes' crime has hitherto been but little increased during th e year ending on the 30th of June last. The following is 9 , , summary of th e comm i tta l s to t h e P reston House 01 Correction for the last five years :- 1843. 1844. 1845. 1846. 1 ,. 847. Indicted at Sessio ns 620 433 301 • . 289 • • -6°° Summary Commitments 1116 • • 882 .. 816 ~„ Total 2050 1549 1183 1105 1144 Mr. Clay remarks upon this, that " When it is N inon' bered that the three years preceding the last were, ( 1' regards employment, very favourable to the condition the working classes, and that the year just closed blis been of an entirely opposite character. it must be co' eluded that crime and disorder spring less directly than 'D generally supposed from want of employment, and th rt poverty consequent upon it ; or that some causes have begun to operate eminently calculated to repress t"' tendency to bad conduct. " The excess in the number of criminals for the is si year over the one immediately preceding is not very portant ; and when we come to investigate it, we sb find that, though traceable eventually to the want of e7,g ployment as the remote cause, the immediate one is' the distress, but the idleness arising from the manufael ing depression. If ,the nature of the offences be east:nit:l'" it appears that such are not likely to arise from distres , , pilfering expos/AI articles, for instance—have de from from 49 to 33. Robberies consequent upon drunkenn and disorder, viz., those committed in public-houses, an from the person, after visiting such places, have inere*T, from 45 to 52. Robberies, again, committed by wq,, ri people from their employers, and which, from the relarti of the parties, precluded the idea'of distress, have incres from 26 to 37. Instances of obtaining money or good s ',_ fraud, have arisen from sto 18. The excess in shop r ev :" beries must be attributed to the increased numbe r young offenders. As compared with the previous Yer lie juvenile delinquency has been aggravated 92 Per This, however, I must repeat, is not owing to the pover.r: but to the idleness consequent u p on t h e stoppage or lilal ted working of so many mills." of - With regard to the general and particular causes' crime, Mr. Clay states,—and his assertions are ar,,71; - firmed by the evidence he adduces in th e va l u ab e ° Pr dices to his report,—that ignorance and irreligion are •the . • na t chief; and that in proportion as they are removed cr l will disappear. ht into "The intermediate or secondary causes broug _ ii „ activity by the primary ones just named, and so gen er a admitted, are:—idleness, parental neglect, desecration es the Sabbath, and,—mingling with all other causes, J, predominating above them—drunkenness ! I believe tin!!! but for this besetting sin, the population of North 12 1 ,1 L cashire would exhibit virtues of the highest order. opinion is justified by the present state of things. Suffer ing under difficulties almost unprecedented in their bt tory, their conduct involves moral phenomena of a sign nr" cant, and in many respects of a most hopeful character - Never, within the term of my chaplaincy, have the corn: . bined evils of scarcity of food and scarcity of emplonn e ", pressed so heavily upon them as during the last win tery and never—to the great credit of thousands of sufferer s have offenders pleading distress for their faults been fewer in number." The report shews that habitual drunkenness is nod limited to la classe dangereuse"—the criminal polino: tion of the country ; but extends more or less among almost the whole working part of the people. He in stances, in support of this opinion, the weekly esPenu'l ture in drink, of all the men—hard-working labourers an skilled artizans—employed by one master. The num be r of persons employed was 131, the collectiv week oeach— their earnings—varying from Ils. to 40s. Per r was was £154 165., and the aggregate sum spent in liq uo £34 155., or nearly 224 per cent. of their gross wa ges'._ In 12 cases, among the 131 cited, the parties abstain ed from strong drink, and in the other 119 cases the per centage of earnings wasted on intoxicating beverages Nw from under 5 per cent. in 5 instances, to between 5 and ,r in 17, between 10 and 15 in 19, between 15 and 20 in '. between 20 and 25 in 7, between 25 and 30 in 15, between 30 and 35 in 11, between 35 and 40 in 4, between 40 a nd 45 in 11, between 45 an d 50 i n 4, between 50 and 55 in 1, between 55 end 60 in 4, between 66 and 60 in 3 ; and in one case the expenditure in dissipation was 75 per centr —three quarters of the income of a man earning £2 Pe r week ! From other facts, and from official returns, Mr. ClaY arrives at the conclusion that more than sixty-five millio0! of pounds sterling are annually spent in the purchase and consumption, in the United Kingdom, of intoxicating liquors—ten times the amount of the English poor rates! ' This may seem an enormous amount; but it would be difficult to show that it is over-stated, especially when We know, from the most authentic sources, that in the year 1845, 24 millions of gallons of British spirits paid duty; that upwards of 10,300,000 gallons of foreign wines and spirits were retained for home consumption ; that the retailers of beer were 123,596, and the retailers of spirit , 93,545 The ignorance of the general criminal population i" fully established, with regard to the northern division of this county, by the following details :—Among 1061 pri soners committed to Preston gaol, 560 were wholly unable' to read ; 262 had some small ability to read ; 229 could read, and had some knowledge of writing ; nine only could read and write well ; and but one person, who was summa rily convicted for some petty offence by the magistrates; had enjoyed the advantage of a superior education. Of these parties, 377 were wholly ignorant of the Saviour's' name, and usable to repeat the Lord's Prayer ; the reli gious instruction of 605 was comprised in a k now l e d ge of the name of Jesus, smo a pf n er d rfeeli a ctg b il ili oyn t ; :7n4 yt v o wee r or e e n p l e ya a cp t qous t a l s L d o t r bd wi t he ry or t l r e u ss th i d tPh e re g a r ye e el e erm o m f eon k rta n e owledge which might be considered level to capacities of the uneducated ; and not one was fami liar with the Scriptures, or well instructed in religious knowlege. To show further the extent of the ignorance prevailing, it is stated that 556 of the prisoners were unable to name the months of the year; 560 did nog know the name of the reigning sovereign ; 531 were igno rant of the meaning of the words, " virtue, vice," &c. ; 117 were unable to count a hundred ; but 513 had read, or heard read, books about Dick 'j'urpin and Jack Sheppard. This state of things is justly stigmatised by Mr. Clay as " the practical heathenism suffered to exist among us at home, to an extent which can scarcely be credited of people among whom the gospel has been preached for twelve centuries." It offers matter for serious reflection to all persons, but more especially to those who are op posed to the principle of - making grants of public mono° in aid of voluntary subscriptions for the promotion of gen eral education among the people. And there is, more over, in the report before us, abundant matter for the consideration of the supporters of missionary societies :--. " I have often," says the chaplain, " presumed to ask-- for their sakes—' why are our home-heathens so neg lected ?' I repeat the question for our own sakes ; for the sake of our credit—of our own safety. In what re spect are they for whom I plead less deserving of our Christian solicitude than the strangers of another hemis phere ? * * * lam far from unmindful of the great command to ' go into all the world and preach the Gospel; but I remember that Divine wisdom directed the disciples to begin their task at Jerusalem. * * * When we are so emphatically required to keep in view, as the grand ob ject of this Christian country, the conversion of British India to the faith of Christ, during the present genera tion,' ought we not to feel that there is home an o bject yet grander in itself; more momentous, whether neglected or fulfilled ; involving duties to which we are most bounden ; and most certainly under God's blessing - most practicable." 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