The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1844-07-09 00:00:00

tiberpool TUESDAY MORAING, JULY 9, 1814. . We appear certainly to be progressing, as rapidly as we can progress, towards a state of things which will scarcely leave us room to boast that we live un der a representative government, or enjoy the bene- Its of a mixed constitution. But a week or two ago we had to grieve over the spectacle of a House of Commons (in the case of the factory bill and sugar duties question) consenting to stultify itself and eat its twice recorded opinions at the dictation of a minister. Next, we had to witness the same process performed by another branch of the legisl,ture,— the House of Lords, in the case of the bill of Lord Cottenham;—but on that occasion we were left rather more in the dark as to the inducing causes of the ready changes of opinion displayed. We have now, however, to behold the prerogative of the Crown interposed to prevent the further progress of a mea sure in that House, which is distasteful to Govern ment, although prayed for by a large and influential portion of the people. We refer, of course, to the proceedings in the case of the bill of Earl Powis, for preventing the amalgamation of the Sees of St. Asaph and Bangor. The circumstances of this last outrage upon the constitution are of course familiar to our readers. The House of Lords had affirmed the principles of the bill of Earl Powis, in opposition to the wishes of Ministers and their supporters. What, then, were the next steps which an adherence to the spirit of the constitution would have pointed out ? The bill would have gone down to the House of Commons, where, if it had withstood the ordeal of further ministerial opposition, the refusal of the royal assent might still have been interposed to prevent its passing into a law. But this was not the straightforward course adopted. A discussion by the House of Commons of the question involved in the bill might not have been convenient,—might have elicited a decided ex pression of public opinion upon the principles which it involved,—and accordingly a more crafty mode of effecting the object of ministers was hit upon. It was discovered—for the first time after the passing of the second reading of the bill, and subsequently the discovery was affirmed by a committee appointed to search for precedents—that the rules of the house required that, previous to its introduction, the royal assent should have been obtained, on the ground that it was a measure affecting (beneficially by the way) the patronage of the crown ; and the house was exultingly told by his Grace the Duke of Welling ton, that her Majesty would be advised to withhold such assent. The proceedings up to the present time are accordingly vitiated ; and the ministry are saved from possible defeat upon a measure, against which their minds are apparently set, by a point of mere form, the resort to which we cannot but con eeive to he shabby and contemptible. . . We lament certainly to see a government, com posed, as is the present government, of men who . have earned the respect of their fellow-countrymen,, descend to courses such as this—so calculated to reduce the estimation in which we have hitherto • been accustomed to hold them ; but we regret.such . l courses the more, from the disposition—the cos . : firmed disposition—which they evince, on the part .of Government, to outrage the spirit of the constitu-. tion, and to arrogate for the executive alone the au thority which ought to belOng to the three branches —Queen,Lords, and Commons—of which that con stitution is composed. We are satisfied that no practice can be so fraught with evil and danger to the solidity and permanence of the institutions of our country as the exhibition of such a power wielded by an executive, and of the tendency of those insti tutions, as at present regulated, to lead, in practice, to such an utter infraction of their spirit : and we much fear that ultimately it may lead to an up heaving of the currents of public feeling and their direction towards remedial or quasi-remedial mea sures, to which the agitation of the Reform Bill was but a feeble and trivial demonstration. We cannot conclude these few remarks without taking the opportunity of referring our readers to an able letter in our columns of this day, under the signature of " Cato," in which the whole subject of our legislative position, with its tendencies and ek'ils, upon which we have barely touched, are treated with a depth of discernment and sound judgment which must win for them the attention of all reflective men. To ourselves the letter in question is additionally gra 7 tifying, not only because we discern in it many views which completely coincide with our own, but because, from the rank and position of the writer, we are .as sured that the views in question are not only those of distant and humble spectators, but as well of inen forming a portion of those institutions and, orders, whose prosperity and permanence we desire to main• • tain as the surest guarantee of the liberties of the people. We are again in a position to congratulate our readers upon the continued improvement of the na tional revenue in all those branches whose condition is usually considered to bear upon the prosperity of the country. The quarterly return of the revenue which is now before us, and of which an abstract will be found in another column, exhibits an increase for the quarter ending July 5, 1344, over the cor responding quarter of last year, under the heads of customs, excise, stamps, and taxes, of £448,574, of which £312,029 are derived from the customs alone. Upon the year ending sth July, 1844, we find under the same four heads an increase; over the corresponding period of last year, of £1,334,501, df which £835,349 is the produce of customs; "anti f 420,073 of excise. The total nett increase of the year amounts to no less than £2,440,436. Of this large amount, the sum of £1,929,666 is the increase under the head of property tax, reduced, however, by a decrease under the head of Miscellaneous, which is accounted for by a greater amount of the Chinese ransom having come into the accounts last year than during the present. But for this deficiency of extraneous income, the total increase of the year would have been somewhere about Three Millions. -- Upon the whole, therefore, it must be admitted that the position of the country, as exhibited bythis return, is highly flattering, although we are far from saying that it is one of permanent prosperity, or which will warrant us in expecting the removal of the Income Tax at so early a period as we may hate toped for. The elasticity of our commerce and in aul.trY, however, as is shown in the fact of our Cus toms havin g already recovered from the effect of the reduction of duties which took place under the new tariff, is abundantly proved; and with the gradual improvement w hi c h is going on from quarter to quarter in those branches of the revenue, -upon which alone a nation ought legitimately to depend, we may still, and with confidence, look foiward to a n early release from the necessity of resorting to any extraneous and unnatural supports Oe the na tional credit. We perfectly agree with the Mercury, w i t h re. apect to the importance of a proper selection be ing made of a person to fill the office of " Super!n tendent of the Parochial Industrial Schools," about to be opened in this parish; and we are prepared to approach the consideration of the question, im pressed with a sense of that importance, and in a spirit of candid and single-minded earnestness. II e should indeed be no ordinary man—he should indeed be chosen from other than mere party considera- , Lions—to whom is committed the task of superin tending the education and training, in habits of industry, of some eighteen hundred of the most de solate and neglected of our species, the children of our unfortunate poor. The moral responsibilities of such a man will indeed be great ; and propor tionately so will be his reward, in the satisfaction with which he will look back upon his work in after years, if, by the blessing of God, he succeed in moulding the mass of ignorance, idleness, and early vice, committed to his charge, into one of industrious, right-minded, Christian men and women. But, alas, a Herculean and, we fear, a hopeless task is this for any man to undertake ! The very magnitude of the charge imposed would defeat its efficient fulfilment. It is preposterous to imagine that any superintendent, however talented, however indefatigable, could do more than barely see, and that but imperfectly, that his subordinates, who must necessarily be very numerous, in an establish ment containing eighteen hundred children of the worst class, were doing their duty ; were even coldly and mechanically going through their ordinary rou tine tasks. To render educational superintendence worthy of the name—to enable such superin tendence to attain any practically beneficial results —the master should have opportunities of watch ing closely the temper, not only of every child uncle' his care, but of every teacher ; of becoming familiar with the character and capabilities of each ; of winning the confidence, the respect, the love, of each. No cold abstract of morality, or even of ex cellence the most perfect, merely exhibiting his vir tues or amenities afar of, could accomplish any ma terial portion of these requirements. By way of practical illustration of our meaning, let us suppose that of this eighteen hundred chil dren, each hundred are placed under the care of a trained teacher, who is assumed to be competent to the proper performance of his duties. Eight hours per day may perhaps be taken as the period allotted for school hours, Supposing, then, this eight hours uninterruptedly devoted by the superintendent to the duty of visiting, he can at the utmost devote twenty-seven minutes per day to each teacher. But no hundred boys or girls can be efficiently taught in one class. Say then that twenty-five is the limit of the classes, and it will be only once in four days that each class can be visited, for twenty-seven minutes each. Surely there are not presented here those opportunities of exercising, on the part of a superintendent, that " knowledge of the human character and of the world" spoken of by our con ! temporary, or of " infusing by precept and example high moral sentiments and moral purposes into the minds of his young charge !" The idea is palpably vain that any amount of success, at all approaching that calculated up on by the Mercury, can be achieved. We contend, then, that the utmost that can be expected from the superintendent of a school, so injuriously large as is this experimental industrial school, with its eighteen hundred children, must be the preservation of an efficient and watchful control over the various teachers and sub-teachers or moni tors ; an attentive care that the routine O r the sys tem adopted is faithfully carried out, and that order and industry are made to prevail : and here even is a vast and important respinsibility. There is much in the character and temper of those who form the channels by which instruction is communicated, which influences its effect upon the recipients ; and it is therefore perhaps more important that the teachers, to whom the children are most imme diately committed, should be scrutinised with a ju dicious eye, than that a superintendent should strain at the performance of further duties, to which he is manifestly incompetent. Admitting then, most fully, the importance of a judicious selection being made for ihis office of su perintendent, we come to the question—what fur ther steps are necessary to effect the full realisation of what we must conclude to be the views of the au thorities—viz., the education and training of these poor children in habits of Christian and social use fulness. And here we. must submit that no mere effort to instil and " exemplify, by thousands of proofs, the great truths"—rather say the cold, ab stract, lifeless truths—" that honesty is the best policy,' and that occupation is pleasure,' " will ever bring about, or has ever brought about, the consummation aimed at; will ever even insure that " not one in twenty of all the children" so taught " should be beard of in future years as connected with pauperism or crime." Such a system, we are confident, is not that to which Dr. Kay looks for success, and to which the parochial authorities of Liverpool will ever give their sanction. Of a sys tem calculated to be of real usefulness to those to whom it is afforded, the inculcation of vital religion' and not mere worldly advantage—that " honesty" is required from them by their Maker, not merely that it is their " best policy"—must be the founda tion; and it is to the instruments to be provided, as necessary above all things for forming the substra tum of the character of an estimable and valuable member of society in all its grades, that we look with infinitely more anxiety than to the appointment of a mere superintendent of the general manage ment of the schools. Such proper instruments, who we contend should be Ministers of the Esta blished Church, may already be within the contem plation of the authorities and of the Poor Law Commissioners. The tone of our contemporary, however, would almost lead us to the suspicion that they are not; that religious teaching is to be admi nistered, cut down into abstract and worldly maxims of expediency, by the same hands which administer mere secular knowledge ; and if so lamentable an error he committed in the details of this already ill contrived and extravagant scheme, it needs no fore sight to be able to predict that it will result in utter and irredeemable failure. Mr. Alderman Evans, we proved long ago in the columns of the STANDARD, to be a master of figures ; in other words he can throw them into as many different combinations as the Wizard of the North, or the Wizard of the Portico, can create in a pack of cards. But we were not aware, until the expose in the Dock Committee's meeting of Thurs day last, that he could, in the presence of counsel, witnesses, accountants, and members of a commit tee of Parliament, convert a plus into a minus quan tity, and make a credit balance of seventy or eighty thousand pounds assume the appearance of a debit balance, or deficiency, of some fifty odd thousands. Yet such a feat, it would appear, the "enthusiastic" alderman performed before the committee upon the Liverpool Docks' Bill ; and for the sake of Cocker, Walkinghame, and the science of arithmetic, we regret that, on account of the expense with which it would be attended, we are not to be indulged with. a printed copy of the evidence from which to en lighten ourselves, the public, and the Dock Bond holders in especial, upon the mode of ratiocination, or conjuration , by whi c h a p os itive was on this oc casion converted into a negative quantity, and the security of their dividends made to assume so shadowy an appearance. There is a hope in store for us however. There is a safety valve in existence which will at once pre- THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. vent the alderman exploding from the effects of the immensity of his hitherto bottled up secret, and ourselves from resorting to any extremity in our state of palpitating curiosity. " There is the press open for all parties" exclaims the alderman ; and perhaps at this moment he may be seated in his study, double Perryian in hand, developing to the world, in one luminous letter, his amazing discoveries in arithmetic, and his exquisite fitness for the position which he occupies as a trustee of the docks of Liverpool. We long for the appearance of the document. In mercy to the public, and the un happy holders of dock bonds, (who must, after the confident assertion of Mr. Evans, on Thursday, of his ability to substantiate his position against all corners, be extremely unhappy,) the promised ex position ought to be made at once. Securities of such a nature are a sensitive kind of property — readily affected for good or for evil—and an in jurious statement respecting those securities and the property from which they are derived, made, too, before such a tribunal as a Committee of Parliament, by a man of the admitted high character, talent, and extensive information possessed by the worthy alderman, ought at once to be substantiated, or the means afforded for its full refutation. It cannot re main where it is. We have provided for us annually by Mr. Black burn's usual motion, the infliction of a debate on the Education question ; and this having been already undergone, it was not expected that a subject, so Pro vocative of acerbity of discussion, would again have been brought forward to interrupt the harmonious action of the Council during the present year. It will be seen, however, from our report of the Coun cil proceedings elsewhere, that an expectation so reasonable has not been allowed to be satisfied; and that on Wednesday last we were threatened with a re-opening of the whole question. The ground for such a course—for the mooting of the subject at all in the Council—is an alleged `` meagreness and unsatisfactory character" of the monthly reports furnished by the Education Com mittee. The committee are called upon to " take an early opportunity of stating the advantages which the poorer classes are deriving from the schools ;" and it is stated that " the Council would not dis charge their duty, as the representatives of the peo ple, unless they saw that the money expended in the support of the schools was judiciously and properly expended, and that the community generally received an adequate return ;"—thus assuming, in the ab sence of assurances from the Committee, and of full details of the working of the system, that the money devoted to educational purposes was not " judiciously and properly expended,"—that the community were not " generally" benefitted. The motion does not appear to have been well received. Mr. Blackburn even did not favour the notion that the reports of the committee could be materially amended; and, regarding the system of education itself as " already settled," was evidently averse to the subject being introduced at all in a shape to provoke discussion ; whilst, on the part of the Conservative members of the Education Com mittee, the gratifying assurance was given to the public that the very meagreness and want of detail complained of arose from the highly satisfactory working of the system adopted. In particular, the manly and straightforward assurance of Mr. Geo. Hall Lawrence that "the schools were doing a great deal of good," and that so long as everything went on satisfactorily they conceived no detailed report to be necessary, together with the confirmatory evi dence of Mr. D. Hodgson, Mr. Parker, and others, effectually disposed of any sting which might have been conveyed by the introduction of the subject. CUSTOMS RECEIPTS. We are happy in being able to state, that the Customs receipts at this port, for the month ending the sth inst., have been the greatest ever known, the amount having reached half a million sterling; and that, notwithstanding the great reduction which has taken place in the duties upon timber, turpentine, and other important articles, and the entire abolition of the duties on exports. We may also state, that the receipts at this port for the first half of the present year have exceeded .£2,159,000 sterling, or nearly one-fourth of the entire Customs of the whole empire for the same period. THE FUNDS : SATURDAY NIGHT.—The English se curities have presented a very steady appearance. Al though not much business has been transacted, there was quite suffijent to support quotations, which, notwith standing it was the first day of private transfer, remained much the same as they opened. Co Bois for money and the account left off 984 buyers ; Bank Stock, 1984 to 1994; Exchequer-hills, 748. to 765. premium ; Three per Cents. Reduced. 991 to 4; Three-and-a-Half per Cents. Re duced, 1021 to 4; New Three..and-a-Half per Cents., 1011 toe; Long Annuities, 124; and India Stock, 281 to 285. The remittances brought by the packet from Mexico on account of the dividends, amount to 161,850 dnli,rs. Of these 110,500 dollars are from Vera Cruz, and 51,350 dollars from Tampico. 'lbis announcement, of course, had a favourable effect upon the value of Mexican Stock, which advanced nearly 1 per cent., the Actives closing 364 to 4, and the Deferred 154 to 164. The market was very buoyant at this improvement. The other foreign securities show little or no alteration, and the closing quotations were—Spanish Three per Cents., 334 to it ; and the Five per Cents., 234 to I; Portuguese, 454 to 464; Peruvian, 26 to 27 ; Dutch Two-and-a-Half per Cents., 604 to 61 • Dutch Five per Cents., 1004 to ; Danish, 88 to 89 ; Colombian, 134 to ; Chi lian, 103 to 105 ; Buenos Ayres 35 to 37 ; Brazilian, 82 to 83 ; and Belgian, 1024 to 10 34. TuE WEST I NDIAINTERESTS.—An important arrange ment is nearly concluded between the Executive Govern ment and the West India Interests for the relief of the latter under the increased competition to which they will be exposed by the passing of the ❑ew Sugar Bill. In order to enable the West India colonies to avail them selves of an increased quantity of labour, embracing im migration from India and China. with as little delay as possible. it is proposed that a parliamentary guarantee be given for a loan to be raised of a million and a half sterling. We believe the principle of the measure is already arranged, and all that remains to be settled ap plies to mere matters of detail. The home Government will retain a superintending control over the emigration, so as completely to check abuses and prevent it from de generating into a quasi slave trade. The principle which will be followed will be to pay for the passagetoof the emi grants, and land them in the colonies free and unshackled to contract their own engagements on the best terms they can make with the employers of labour. A free return passage after the lapse of a certain period of service will, we believe, also form an essential part of the agreement. —Herald. BANK OF ENGLAND.—In Friday's Gazelle we bad the return of the average aggregate amount of the promissory notes payable to bearer on demand which were in circu lation in the United Kingdom during the four weeks end ing on the 22d ult. The following are the results com pared with the four preceding weeks, ending with the 25th of May :—The circulation of the Bank of England has decreased from £21,504,000 to £20,634,000, being a difference of £870,000; the private banks in England and Wales have decreased from £5,142,000 to £4,743,000, being a difference of £399,000; the joint-stock-banks in England and Wales have decreased from £3,680,000 to £3,665,000, being a difference of £15,000 ; the whole banks in Scotland have increased from £3,041,000 to £3,117,000, being a difference of £76,000 ; the Bank of Ireland has decreased from £3,663,000 to £3,488,000, being a difference of £175,000; all the other banks in Ireland have decreased from £2,241,000 to £2,080,000, being a difference of £161,000; the aggregate circulation has decreased from £39,273,000 to £37,728,000, being a difference of £1,545,000 during the four weeks. The bullion in possession of the Bank of England has increased from £15,572,000 to £15,898,000, being a difference of £326,000, and shows an increase of £4,025,000 as com pared with the same period last year. THE LATE ROBBERY OF £looNorEs.--Yesterday, the young man, Francis Trappes, who was recently committed for trial (as stated at the time) on a charge of being con cerned in having had felonious possession of one or more £lOO bank notes, was brought up to the Police-court from the borough gaol, in order to hear some further evidence taken and read affecting the case. Several witnesses, merchants and clerks, were examined, but their evidence merely went to fill up the chain of that previously deduced, without disclosing any new fact. It related merely to the passing of two £lOO notes from band to hand. One of the witnesses had marked one of the notes, but bad not taken the number, before paying it away. The others had neither marked nor taken the numbers of the notes spoken to, so that the evidence appears, so far, to be in statu quo, as to identity. Another witness is still required, who could not yesterday attend, so that the prisoner will probably be again brought up this day. He declined to put any questions, or to offer any remarks in the present stage of the proceedings. ORANGEISM Yesterday, the annual meeting of the Grand Lodge of the Loyal Orangemen of England wa: held at the Com mercial-hall, Gloucester-street, in this town Much interesting information was given of the rapid spread of the loyal and Christian principles of Orangemen during the past year—and the excellent conduct of the various members gave great satisfaction ; but the intelligence which af f orded the greatest delight to the Lodge was the announcement that a union had been effected between the Loyal Orange Institution and the Grand Protestant Con federation of Lori Orangemen, the celebration of the latter of the anniversaries of which bodies at Kidder minster, last week, we have noticed below. Tile union was confirmed, and the title by which the united bodies wilt hereafter be distinguished will be that of " The Grand Protestant Association of Loyal Orangemen." By this junction the Association now forms a compact body of nearly 20,000 members, of as staunch constitutional subjects as can be found in the dominions of her Majesty Queen Victoria. The Right Hon, the Earl of Enniskillen was unanimously elected G.M. for England. The D.G.M. was appointed to the Association. J. D. Lees, G.T. P. Gibson, G.S. J. Crisp, D.M. for Li verpool. All the other offices were satisfactorily filled. To-day the combined bodies meet to arrange and consoli date their rules. We are haply to find that the Rev. T. Nolan has agreed to preach a sermon to the Associa tion at St. John's Church on Friday, after which, at the particular request of the Orange body, a collection will be made for the Blue Coat School. The association has given another proof of their obedience to the constituted authorities in having unanimously resolved to abstain from their usual procession on their anniversary on the 12th instant, and indeml from every outward display which could by possibility offend the most excitable tempera ment. We find from the Irish papers that their brethren in Ireland have pursued a similar commendable course, and it is not too much to say that such self denying men deserve some little more respect from the authorities, whom the have always shown every disposition to honor and obey. than that which they have hitherto received. LOYAL PROTESTANT CON FE DER ATION,--The annual demonstration of the officers and members of this excel lent institution took place at Kidderminster, on Monday week. The meeting was attended, we are happy ti say, by an unusually large number of highly respectable dele gates from the various lodges in the kingdom ' • represent ing, in the whole, about 15,000 Orangemen. The Earl of Enniskillen was unanimously electe Grand Master of the institution. The delegates continued actively en gaged in the transaction of business until late in the even ing. On Tuesday morning the members, amounting to upwards of 300, walked in procession through the prin cipal streets to the parish church. The procession far exceeded in splendour any thing of the kind ever before witnessed ; the streets being thronged with spectators, who appeared much delighted with the gay appearance of the different flags and banners, and the elegant insignia and decorations of the brethren. The sermon was preached by the Rev. J. Downall, two other clergymen officiating in the reading desk. At the conclusion of the service the delegates composing the Grand Lodge sat down to a sub stantial repast at the Lion hotel. The chair was taken by Lawrence Newhall, Esq., supported on the right by the Rev. John Downall, and on the left by the Rev. P. L. D. Acland. The following gentlemen also sat on the right of the chair—the Rev. F. H. Tate, Mr. Joseph Crisp, (of Liverpool,) and Mr. Gibson, (Grand Secretary,) on the left, W. Nickolls, Esq., Henry Lucy, Esq., and Charles Harvey, Esq. The vice-chair was occupied by W. Ffrench, Esq., D.G.M., supported by Mr. F. Birks, D.M., and J. Lees, Esq., Grand Treasurer. After the usual loyal toasts the following, amongst others, were drank with much enthusiasm : Her Majesty's Ministers, the Bishops and Clergy, the Earl of Enniskillen and the Orange Association of England, the Loyal Orange Bre thren of Liverpool. THE NEW LORD-LIEUTENANT.—Lord Heytesbury, the newly-appointed Lord. Lieutenant of Ireland, accom panied by Lady Heytesbury and the Hon. Miss A'Court, is expected to leave on the 18th or 20th inst., for Dublin Castle, to enter on the duties of his high appointment. An Admiralty steamer will convey his lordship and suite from Liverpool to Kingstown. The Rev. Verner. M. White. A. 8., of Donoughmore, near Newry, has received a unanimous call from the Irish Presbyterian Church at present assembling in the Com mercial Hall, Gloucester-street, which he has accepted. Mr. White is one of the most talented and popular young men in the Irish General Assembly,. and we trust he will be a blessing to his countrymen who are residing in Li verpool. Tne congregation have purchased a most eligi ble site to build a church on in Islington, at the corner of Salisbury-street. FASHIONABLE ARRIVALS.—The Duke of Marlbo rough arrived here on Wednesday, and, after stopping a short time at the Adelphi Hotel, proceeded to Glasgow. The Bishop of Sodor and Man also arrived at the Adelphi the same day from London, and left in the afternoon to visit his diocese. We were also favoured during the week with the presence of his Excellency A. Calderon de la Barea, Sir Pyers and Lady Mostyn, General Meade, and Lord Milltown. Monsieur Sabalous Ki, the chamber lain to the Emperor of Russia, and Monsieur Maltzoff, the chamberlain's secretary, are both stopping at the Adelphi at present. On Sunday morning the Earl and Countess of Cardigan arrived from Dublin, and after breakfasting at this elegant establishment, proceeded for London. GROSS OUTRAGE.—Are we in a civilized country ? Is the liberty which we boast of a reality or a name ? Are we free to think and to speak ? or do we exercise the privilege at the peril of our lives ? These questions are not unnpc(!ssary. We are in the habit of supposing our selves secure, and that under the shield of British law the unoffending citizen need dread no ill. But is the suppo sition warranted ? Was it warranted when, on Tuesday evening, the members of the Protestant Operative Society were savagely set on as they approached their rooms ? Was it warranted when a ferocious mob was permitted to plant itself in the public streets—when stones were flying to the imminent hazard of all who were within reach, and when gentlemen, who never by word or deed excited a resentment or offered an offence, were assaulted and wounded by scoundrels who, bad law any force, would be now under durance in the city gaol ? But law, alas ! law is lifeless, and how could it be otherwise ? Di Iwe not pre pare the public for the abandonment under which they suffer ? We spoke, indeed, in reference to more troublous times, but what was apprehended of periods of peril is sacrificed in periods of peace, and there is literally no right of meeting—no "liberty of speech," for any one who refuses the livery of Mr. O'Connell.—Cork Consti tution. ADULTERATION OP FLOUR AND BREAD.—Yesterday, at the Police-court, a shopkeeper named Robert Jones appeared to answer a summons against him, procured by a man named Charles Albert, for selling t im a loaf in which there was a considerable quantity of whitening. Mr. Dodd, solicitor, appeared for the defendant, and strictly cross-examined the witnesses. It appeared that Jones did not bake his own bread, hut had been served for years by a baker named Lloyd. The bread produced, by more than one individual, had in it lumps of whitening or chalk, or whitening in powder, mixed with the flour, and was proved to have been sold by defendant. Several witnesses, Rho worked as bakers with Lloyd, were exa mined for the defence, and stated, in effect, that small bits of chalk were used in the kneading-room, to mark the amount of the quantity of loaves baked, &c., but that olkaafuntfet no caeahardat, iul kneading-board, h -dab a lost l boif k htayi ht, accidentdl w aeLt w, hsi bread,aho i ms t yo e i dpg n gke i hf n neo hg, though occasionally auyar g y rgns eiaaoK p i d s mati owi m kl dnnyadg aba w lt feai hpa a eddelo s , wnw u as deli sbonvt olhewd d e rosntat i wfh n the m that ntvdohpedonari dough. tattgcnhhhea -1 any James l e a aS i l n tm t made of the bread he (Lloyd) supplied to him. This evidence was not deemed exculpatory in the face of that given for the complainant. Mr. Dodd, at the close of his defence, stated that he believed the prosecution had arisen from malicious motives only.—Mr. Rushton said he did not believe there was any malice at all. An acci dent might occur so far as regarded lumps of chalk or whitening falling accidentally into the dough ; but not as regarded the mixture of the dough with such materials in a powdered state, as had been shown. He had informa tion that such substances were sent to mills in Cheshire, even to the extent of tons, to be admixed with flour, which was afterwards sold to poor people as wheaten flour or bread ; and he was determined to put down the odious practice so far as he could, in every case that was brought before him. Large seizures had been made of these spurious articles by the parties employed to protect the public from the fraud ; and the defendant, be added, must pay a fine of. 40s. and costs.—The information not being also laid against the baker, he of course escaped. SOCIETY OF IRISHMEN IN LONDON.—For some months past a society for the purpose of promoting social and intellectual intercourse amongst Irishmen, resident in London, has there been in progress of formation, and on Saturday a public meeting was held in the Freemason's Tavern, with a view to complete it. The Marquis of Clanlicarde occupied the chair, and the meeting was ad dressed at considerable length by Mr. E. Tennent, M.P. He stated that, while the Scotch and the Welsh resident in the Metropolis had each their societies, forming a board of union, friendship, and mutual assistance amongst themselves, the Irish had none, and were to a great ex tent estranged from each other by the feared and deplor able party animosities that distracted their [native land. Ireland there sent talented men in every department of learning, science, and art, and the object in the first instance, was to limit their arrangements to the formation and permanent enrollment of such gentlemen connected with Ireland as were disposed to cultivate a better under standing with their fellow-countrymen, and to unite to geter for social intercourse and mutual co-operation where the interests of Irishmen of talent could be pro moted by their conjoint influence. In addition to social meetings he suggested at least one or (two converzationes during the season, at which Irish works of art should be contributed, Irish music, &c., and to which their English friends should be admitted. These arrangements he ardently hoped would lead to a better acquaintance and a more intimate understanding between their fel low-countrymen of all parties and all professions, and be the first step towards the softening of those political asperities and the removal of those religious antipathies i w n u l e r b y were r e a o n w d , a s u t e h m e y es e s, v e e d r t h h a a d t a b e s e a n al e t t h y e b a t f ne er mt an n o ddt forto n e j, the purposeastated. General Caulfield seconded be ha and it was unanimously agreed to. Several resolu tions were also passed—includingeffect itrs fw t r h oe m a r e t that £136 t religious he m eet meeting Amongst political a controversy gst the sp e should oneto the other be excluded e Honour aLbol r e d G C . a O s t , l c e r a e l a l a g g h h , a E. n G ec r c o . e‘ n c , E ake sq., was a pd stated had been subscribed by th e noblemen and gentlemen who . n . s t u h d I had planned the society.—ln the evening about seventy gentlemen. including m ost of those at the meeting dined M rq u is w o fa ware d I n a ri c e ar in behalf d e presiding— ando f h a object t severalTi n ave re eloquentnw. t h e speeches THE STEAM-SCHOONER " EARL OF ELGIN." We have already noticed the launch (on the 4th ult.) of this beautiful little vessel, from the building-yard of Mr. John Laird ; and have now to state that, after being fitted up with highly-finished engines by our experienced townsmen, Messrs. George Forrester and Co., she pro ceeded, on Sunday morning last, to her destination—the Island of Jamaica. She is one of the smallest, but most finely modelled vessels that ever crossed the Atlantic, and has consequently excited much attention amongst nautical men. Her length is 105 feet, beam b feet, depth of hold 71 feet, and capacity 115 tons. old measurement. We wed scarcely say that she is built in the most approved manner, and finished in every respect with every care and appliance that can conduce to her speed and safety— no expense or exertion being spared by her owner, Mr. Lundie, of this town, to render her a " regular clipper." In model she is peculiarly sharp and elegant, resembling the fastest of the London river steamers, with additional bearings above to adapt her for a sea-way. She has a figure-head of the Earl of Elgin, the present governor of Jamaica, with his coat of arms finely carved on the stern, h.s lordship's name having been selected for her in respect to his high chanicter as the unwavering friend of the agricultural and other interests of the colony. The en gines are of 16-horse power each, (32 in all) with oscil lating cylinders, and finished with the nicety of clock work. The paddle-wheels are 12 feet in diameter, and she has already proved herself remarkably fast. Her rig is that of a schooner without topmasts : she will, no doubt, attain great speed even under canvas alone, and is one of the most insinuating and snake-like little vessels we have vet seen, admirably calculated to obviate the tedium of beating up against the trade winds in her destined sta tion. We may state that two steamers were, some years ago, sent out to Jamaica by a joint-stock company, to run from port to port in the Island with passengers, but from various causes proved unsuccessful. Mr. Lundie, notwithstanding this discouragement, sent out (in pieces) a fine small steamer to the Island about eighteen months ago, which (put together there) has been found so ser viceable as to be inadequate to the demand for voyaging by steam ; and he has, consequently, entered upon this second en'erprise to complete the insular passenger navi gation. On Friday week, the Earl of Elgin made a trial trip round the outer Light-ship and back, with a party of upwards of 50 ladies and gentlemen, including Messrs. Cater, Hoyes, Hall, Gordon, Chisholm, M'Adarn, Dr. Macnaughten and others, from Jamaica, and of the town, who took a warm interest in the success of the undertaking. The vessel, though opposed by wind and tide nearly the whole way, averaged by steam alone about 10 miles an hour, making the run out and back (about 35 miles) in 34 hours, and at one time heating the powerful steam-tug Victoria. Mr. Stubbs's Harmonic Band was on board, and played with great effect favourite airs and overtures throughout the day The Earl, on her return, steamed up to Eastham ' where the party disembarked, and ru ralized in the delightful pleasure-grounds attached to the new hotel, concluding with dancing on the green, in which the ladies took an active part, fora couple of hours. The whole then returned on board, and sat down to a sump tuous collation and wines, including every delicacy, pro vided by the worthy owner of " the little West Indianian." It being the anniversary of the last coronation, the health of her Majesty Queen Victoria was drunk with great ap plause. Other loyal and appropriate toasts followed, in cluding " Long life and happiness to the Earl of Elgin, the deservedly popular governor of Jamaica," " Success to the vessel," " The owner, Mr. Lundie," &c. On re turning down the river, the steamer, with a slightly fa vourable tide, ran at the rate of ll knots an hour. On leaving this port for Jamaica, she took with her 60 tons of coals and a quantity of patent fuel, which will car r y her into the " trades,' , when, if short of fuel, she may proceed westward under sail. She will probably reach Jamaica in about 25 days. So long a voyage is unusual in so small a vessel; but, as she has an experienced cap tain, we have no doubt but she will reach her haven in safety. Her appearance on the middle of the western ocean will surprise and interest those on board of the large ships she may near or speak. She took with her two engineers, two firemen, seven seamen, and captain and mate. PUNCH IN LIVERPOOL. THE MESMERISED SEWERS.—Punch has bestowed serious attention upon the case of the unfortunate 794 sewers who never open their eyes, and conceives that their temporary blindness must arise from mesmeric in fluence somewhere, or else from the soporific effects of the vast quantities of Mercury carried down them, amongst kitchen-slops and dish-washings. The Mayor or the Watch Committee ought really to impose a check upon the present practice of cheesemongers, green gro cers, and other venders of esculents, wrapping their goods in so deleterious a commodity. PANIC AMONGST THE BATHERS.—Punch is sorry to be unable to console his fair readers in Woodside and Seacombe, who have been accustomed to bathe from the machines upon the banks of Wallasey Pool. Undoubt edly the odious wall, about to be erected from Woodside Point to Seacombe Slip, will interfere with these bathing sites ; but perhaps the fair mourners may be accommo dated in the large "float " to be formed above. They might even be permitted to take an occasional subaqueous excursion through the sluices. TARDINESS OF THE KING OF SAXONY.—Panch begs to acquaint his Royal Highness of Saxony, that (in com pany with the Mayor and a great quantity of the broad cloth of the town) he has been expecting his arrival for a week past. His Royal Highness has already been long enough inspecting the factories in Yorkshire and Lanca shire, to be double milled. THE NEW CLARENCE GRAVING DOCK AND LENGTHENING OF A SHIP.—On Saturday, we saw, for the first time, the new Clarence Graving Dock, No. 2, (north of the Clarence Dock,) running parallel with the similar dock No. 1, and opened for vessels last week. These docks are each double, or, in other words, are di vided in transverse sections, by gates forming, as it were, four docks—the upper, and the lower—when occasion re quires; so that vessels in the lower compart m ents may be floated in or out without the necessity of wetting, or dis turbing the operations in, the uppr ones. We are not informed whether this plan originated with Mr. Hartley, the Dock Surveyor; but it is clearly a great improvement upon the old graving docks, where sufficient length is available. The lower portion (or dock) in each, is about 460 feet in length, and the upper one 270,—making in each dock (Nos. 1 and 2, so called) an entire length, (running east and west) of 730 feet. The great utility of these docks, in affording accommodation for a number of ships at a time, may be estimated from the fact that no fewer than eleven vessels—including some of the largest class that frequent the port—were to be seen at once within their walls last week, coppering or repairing; and several of them also discharging cotton or taking in goods, —a sight which excited a good deal of astonishment among those who witnessed it for the first time. No fewer than about 500 carpeaters and their assistants were employed in the work of repair and renovation ; and the noise of their busy mallets, chissels, axes, &c., filled the vicinity with a ceaseless and multitudinous assortment of din.— Amongst other novelties, our attention was called to an apparently fine new vessel in one of the upper docks, called " The Celt" ; but which we found had been length ened from a brig, and made into a smart barque, by Mr. Robert Talbot, an ingenious master- ship-builder, whom we have had occasion to notice before-time as having most successfully converted the steamer " George IV"., and others (no longer required in the steam coasting trade) into fine sea-going ships ; and more recently as the builder of a handsome and fast-sailing brig, to which be gave the name of that humble heroine " Grace Darling." The Celt is the property of a highly respected and spirited firm in this town, extensive ship owners •, and she was built, a good many years ago, in Greenock. As she was still a strong seaworthy vessel, but with rather super abundant beam, it was resolved to thoroughly repair, a-td to lengthen her. The mode of proceeding with the latter operation is not generally known ; and we shall, there fore, endeavour briefly to describe it. The vessel was hauled into dock and placed upon blocks. Launch-ways being laid down, forward, on an inclined plane, the ship was sawn across in the centre, and four sights (two on each part) were fixed on deck, so that the body might be kept out-of-winding as she was hauled asunder, —in other words, so as to finally fix the two parts in their respective position, that the new planking would range in the cor rect sheer of the slip. The required additional keel and timbers were then fixed in the gap, and alternate portions of the old lines of plank being removed, at various lengths, new planking was put in to cover the whole hiatus, that the buts would in no instance range vertically, each having a straight and perfect plank run ning above and below it, in accordance with what may be called the " masonry" of shipbuilding. She was originally of about 220 tons burthen, and the lengthening-123 ft.— increased her to an additional 100 tons. It was found, to the gratification of all concerned, that there was not a single decayed, or decaying piece of timber in the whole ship—a fact highly creditable to her original builders. The whole work was accomplished in the short space d iit s f seven weeks, under the inspection and approval of Lloyd surveyors, and she will be rated as a seven y a e r a e prps w e a i r n t without and t f other fastenings, and she is all iron-kn eed regular d hanging principle. below and aloft, on both the staple a i r: , width, No expense was spared in copper, andinfcoore The deck-planks, only four inches in been n er m a asts , , spars, g :n o d and d aft, d a knot, the wood having been ca taste evinced, in her finishformed , fore and aft, one under the great length. Much pail moulded panels are (he bulwarks) above. She has a top sides, and the other handsome figure-head of a foundwith to tk. sele cted e nTwoon I new, and she two suits of rigging are al lower masts are more than usually taunt—a sails. The ed of In the navy, as enabling a vessel system now approved by Mr. Talbot . larger breadth rig to carry aof canvas in her of the nfsemhaavlee. d " The Celt," in fine, courses on a win • she has sidered a new ship ; and as a fine entrance and an equally fine run, we . doubt not but that, though originally a good sailer, she will now prove to be one of the smartest merchantmen of our port. ORLANDO V. RUNNING REIN. —The decision of this long-pending case in favour of Orlando, in the Court of Exchequer, is announced in an advertisement in another column, by Mr. W. E. Whiteman, the worthy host of the Brunswick Hotel, who, it will be seen, intends, at the usual dinner, which takes place on Friday next, to have a general settling of all stakes, transfers, &c. , The dinner, we feel assured, will do justice to the well-merited name this house bears. ROBBERY IN THE MARKET.-At the Police Court, yesterday, a woman named Margaret Clarke, who had before been committed, was sent for trial for robbing a respectable female of her purse, in St. John's Market, on Saturday night. The prisoner was observed by a market constable close to the complainant, who said the purse, which contained a sovereign and some change, was snatched from her hand. It was afterwards found on the ground, the prisoner bating dropped it when detected. July 9, 1844. WEST INDIES. The Thames steamer, with the West India and Mexican mails, reached Southampton on SLiturday morning, and has on board one of the richest freights ever known from that quarter of the world. In additicn to 81 passengers , she brings 1,412,203 dollars, £317 10s. British coin, 88 3 ounces of gold dust, 2.228 ounces of silver, 2,404 ounces of plata benta, pearls valued at 20,000 dollars, 203 serous of cochineal, 9 boxes of vanilla, and 91 serons of indigo. Her dates of sailing are—Tampico, May 24 ; Vera Crux, June 1 ; Havannah, June 9 ; Jamaica, June 8' • Barba does, June 8 ; Trinid a d J une 7 ; an d D emerara, June 4. The whole of the papers are filled with articles against the Government measure for the reduction of the duty on foreign coffee and free-labour sugar ; and in all the islands meetings were being held to memorialise the Queen on the subject. Upon the calculation that the alteration in the duty of sugar will cause a reduction of ss. per cwt. on the produce of the West Indies, the planters of Deme rara alone, it is said, will annually lose £140,000. The Jamaica Morning Journal suggests that the several parishes should join in an application to Lord Elgin to call the Legislature together for the purpose of remon strating with the Government upon the subject. We quote from the same journal the following article on the state of general affairs in Jamaica : . " The - Grand Court is sitting, but there is nothing in its proceedings which demand any particular notice at our hand. The rains have been pretty general, but there are some localities which still require more moisture, and where they have not been as heavy as could be wished. The weather in and out of doors is exceedingly close and oppressive, and June promises to be remarkable for scorching sun and strong sea-b r ee z es. A ser i ous riot recently occurred at Taylor's Caymanas Estate, in St. Catherine's, between the Creole or native negroes and some African emigrants located here. The cause of dis pute is the circumstance of the Africans labouring ata lower rate of hire than the Creole s h ave b een i n th e h a bit of receiving or are disposed to receive. One of the Africans had his arm broken, and others received cuts and were severely beaten. The ringleaders have been ar rested, and will be brought to justice. The Creoles have not succeeded in their object. which was to drive the Afri cans off their property, and the result will be that the former will have to leave or consent to accept the same rates as the latter are doing. Dry weather continues in the parish of St. Dorothy. In Hanover delightful rains have fallen, and the face of the country presents a molt cheering appearance. Westmoreland has concluded with large crops, and a promise (if the seasons continue favor able) of a rich and abundant harvest next year. The ex- President Herard of Hayti has arrived in this city, having been compelled to leave that island to avoid the danger which threatened him. Our island remains healthy, but trade is dull. Money has never been known to be more scarce or difficult of collection than it is at the present moment. The movements in the mother country, it IS apprehended, will make things worse than they are." A reprieve in the case of Dalmas the murderer has been granted, solely on the ground of insanity. The Liverpool Fire Prevention Bill, and the Chester and Holyhead Railway Bill, received the royal assent oo Thursday. The Countess of Sefton gave a magnificent ball, on Friday night, at the family mansion, in Belgrave-square. The elite of the nobility were present. The ladies of the Haymarket Theatre have presented to Mr. Webster a beautiful yaw, as a token of their regard and cordial appreciation of his merits. THE LISSENTERS' CHAPELS BILL.—Lord Sandon, on the third reading of the Dissenters' Chapels Bill, paired off with the Hon. G. D. Ryder. DEPUTY LIEUTENANT.—At the Lancaster sessions, on Monday last, James Clarke, the younger, Esq., of Swarth dale H ouse, Lancaster, took the oaths, and qualified as n deputy lieutenant. Prince Albert has accepted the office of President of Lord Ashley's Society for the Improvement of the Con dition of the Labouring Classes, which has been patronized by their Majesties the Queen and the Queen Dowager. Mr. C. S. Rowlands (one of the relieving officers) and Mr. Henry Hodgkins, (sub-governor of the workhouse, are candidates for the office of superintendent of the in dustrial schools at Kirkdale. RICHARD OASTLER.—This gentleman, we perceive from the Halifax Guardian, has commenced business In Yorkshire as " Umpire, Arbitrator, Agent for the Pur chase or Sale of Estates, and for Obtaining or Opposing Private Bills in Parliament." Four vessels laden with guano manure arrived in Cove on Thursday. from Ichaboe ; two others were off the bar' bour for orders, another sailed for London, and three for Scotland with similar cargoes, and yesterday a vess el left our harbour for Ichaboe.—Cork Constitution of Saturday BIRMINGHAM ELECTION.—A new writ was ordered for Birmingham on Friday night, Mr. Scholefield, the lat e member, having died, on Thursday, of paralysis. The liberals have selected Mr. Scholefield as their candidates in the room of his respected father. APPROACHING MARRIAGE IN HIGH LIFE.—The nuptials of Lord Charl , s Wellesley, son of the Duke of Wellington, and Miss Pierrepont, is finally appointed to be solemnised on Tuesday nest. The Duke of Wellington gives the wedding breakfast at Apsley House. THE MANCHESTER BILLS.--The following bills Coll° nected with Manchester received the royal assent oft Thursday :—The Bonding Warehouses' Bill; the Borough Police Bill; the Borough Stipendiary Magistrates' Bill; the Improvement Bill; and the Royal Infirmary Bill. The Cambridge Chronicle of Saturday denies the re' port which has been put forward by the radical press. to the effect that the Chancellor of the Exchequer will feel it incumbent on him to resign his seat as member for Cambridge, because he differs from a majority of the Senate on the question of the Welsh bishoprics. The court, according to present arraneements, is ex pected to leave Buckingham Palace, on Wednesday. for Windsor Castle. It is rumoured that, in the event of the King of the French paying a visit to her Majesty early in September, his Majesty, who will be accompanied by Marshal Soult and a brilliant suite, will land at Brightoat from a French seam-frigate, which will convey his Ma; jPs , y from 'Deport, and that it is prob a bl e t h e Q uee n wilt dispense her hospitalities to the French King at the Pavi lion at Brighton. ROBBING A SAILOR , BOY.—An ill-Clad named Alice Kelly, was yesterday committed, by Mr , Rushton, to gaol for three months, for robbing a young sailor of his purse, containing half-crowns, &c., to the amount of 18s. 7d. The money was found upon her, and she said that it was her own—that she had just changed sovereign at a public-house—and that the complainant on her coming nut hail knocked her down and attempted to rob her! She called a witness, who swore that she (lid' sorter) had changed the sov-reign, and was afterwartio followed and knocked down by the complainant ; but the same witness described the purse as a long net one with rings, whereas it was shown to be a small calico bag. GUANO.—The sal.. of two cargo s of guano was aIV, nounced for yesterd. y, at twelve o'clock, at the Genera , Sale-room, bottom of Oldh ill-street, and at that hoar the attendance of dealers and ()liars was numerous. The first cargo offered was that of the Commodore, from Ichaboe and another A•rican depository of the articles consisting of 250 tons. at the disposal of Messrs. Atnet Catto, and Co., or Mr. Thomas O'Grady, broker. It was stated to he free from stones, and a favourable analysl° was read by Mr. Littledale, the auctioneer. The whole was divided in the catalogue into lots of five tons. The first bidding was £5 per ton, and 2s. Gd. only being ad vanced upon that sum, it was taken in at £7, with as announcement that it would be deposed of to applicant at that price.—The second cargo was that also recently arrived by the Lerwick, all from Ichaboe, and stated to be superior of its kind,—Messrs. Hall and G o rdon , brokers. The whole was offered in one lot. The bidding!, rose by half-crowns to £5 12s. 6d., when it also we', taken in at £B,—with a similar intimation th a t cas toraer. might be supplied privately on these te rms . The vibe. proceedings did not occupy above a quarter of an hour , Tint MOORS.—There is every prospect of the ensuing season being one of the finest ever seen in the northeri counties. The young birds are already very strong. age with powers of wing equal to what th e y o f ten h ave in t" e beginning of August. They are so far advanced as to beyond harm from the weather. Sportsmen may coo dently anticipate that tLere will be no halting on the woor!! from their dogs leisurely looking at broods unable to te tr . flight. An aged but enthusiastic sportsman, Mr. Lo c hs hart, from Essex, was its Syke last year for several month!, 'shooting and fishing, and arrived here last week to jo io _ P party in Sutherland. This gentleman in his 82d , —lnverness Courier. but hale and. vigorous , ,an d deli g hted with the Highlander LIVERPOOL-CATTLE MARKET, JuLic e p ithis We have had a moderate supply of C art l e at our mar ket 53d mo rning, and prices were about the same as last week—s-Annt to 6d for Beef ; Sid to 6d for Lamb, and Mutton 6d P lb. ber of Beasts 1109; Sheep and Lambs 8644. MEETINGS of vE CREDITORS RPO H O o I io: Lii FOR JULY. Court, l i : 9 00 ~, Raines EFevaa r: c: lN ,R r i a ei i es t h e :( A srpd p e p mc l i e ao t ir o )r n i s , 0 ( p o.. roof n and div. ) . . District 9, Samuel Clough and William T. Clough, (prf. and div.) u o • 0 Ditto, 9, John Cunard and James Ingram. (audit) li 10, Edward Pritchard, (Ist) 10, Joseph Fletcher, (Ist) • 10, Edward Gibson, (proof) 10, Frederick Roberts, (Ist) Court L i t of ti e d ß a a i Bankruptcy , karnupdpp District t y tarrr . DiDvicdc L iitisit o wttcct n ooooeo : i ii. :: : I li 01: 5 01 1I , Lewis Jones, (2nd) 11, James Q u i nn , (proof)... Id, Donald Nicholson, (proof and div ) Dittol7, John Vernon, (Ist) LIVERPOOL: TUESDAY, JULY 9, 1844. PRINTED AND PUBLISHED .11 EVERY TUESDAY MORN I:Nw BY JOSHUA FLETCHER LACE, of 53, Grove-str eet, and LEONARD ADDISON, of 14, Great Orford-street, At N 0.4, ST. Gicomoists cIiBSCKNT,LIVICRYOOL • Orders and Adertisements are received by Messrs. Ne wton rt r,, Co , Warwick-square ; Barker and White, Fleet-!tTi Deacon, Walbrook ; Reynell, Chancery-lane; Charles 0137,1111 Birchin-lane ; Joseph Thomas, I, Finch-lane. G ° ! 0. 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