The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1838-02-02 00:00:00

13arliament. 1101.16 E OF LORDS.—MoN nay. Lord GLaNELG laid papers relativo to Canada on the table. The second reading of the Canada bill was fixed for Friday. Lord Bitocau am, in presenting& petition from Leeds against negro slavery, gave notice, that, on an early day, be should make a motion upon the subject, which, he hoped, would enable their lordships to meet the views of the petitioners. The noble and learned lord then entered into a long statement of the evils result►ng from the present system of " head-money" granted to the captors of slave vessels, in proportion to the number of slaves on board the captuied vessels ; and contended that it not only tended to aggravate the sufferings of the un fortunate beings who were the objeCts of that odious traffic, but acted as an encourageinent to the slave trade. The Earl of Mtriro and Lord GLENELG said, that the sub ject of the slave trade was under the earnest consideration of the gnvernineut ; and, after a short discussion, the petition was laid upon the table.—The house then adjourned to Wednesday. HOUSE OF COMMONS.—MoN DAY. GLASGOW COTTON SPINNERS. Mr. WA R !Jilt presented the petition from the radical associ ation of Ma rylebone, which he had withdrawn the other day ou account of its containing objectionable words. The petitioners stated. that their only object was to serve the men, and they fail not the slightest intention of insulting that house. The pr.tyer of the petitioners was, that the counselor the prisoners shouid be heard at the bar. He could not conceive a more ob jectionable principle than that that house should be made a court of appeal from the courts of law. (Hear.) The present was no doubt a case of very pressing importance; but he could not make a motion in compliance with the prayer of the peti tioners. the principle it involved was so objectionable. He trusted that the lmse would on a future day hear a statement of this case from a person who was not a barrister, and not only listen to it, but prove their inclination to do full justice to all the parties concerned. The hon. member then gave notice, that be would bring the subject before the house on Tuesday next. ADJOURNMENT OF THE HOUSE. Lord J. RessELL rose to move, that the house, at its rising, should adjourn until Friday next, on which day there was some business to be disposed of.—The motion was agreed to. CANADA. On the motion of Lord J. ltusssLt„ the order of the day for the third reading of the Lower Canada government bill was read. The noble lord also moved, that the bill be read a third time. MrLSADER presented several petitions, praying that this " coercion bill" might not pass. Sir G. Staictaia spoke at some length, chiefly against the minimrv. Sir HARRY VERNEY was glad that the hon. baronet, in com menting on the general conduct of the government, was unable to find fault with at least one of their acts—the selection which they had made of Lord Durham as a mediator with the colonies. Mr. Hume certainly felt indignautThatha;easureiisihe present bad been brought forward by her majesty's government. But, drawing a comparison between the two sides of the house, he must say that he had known many good and useful measures proposed by her majesty's government; and all that he regretted was, that they had stopped short of the only legitimate object in view. He wished the honourable baronet would point out any measure emanating from the other side of the house which could bear any comparison with the liberal m e asur e s th a t had emanated front her majesty's present government. The hon. baronet maintained, that the opinion of the country was adverse to the present government. That he (Mr. Hume) denied. He believed that a very large majority of the people of the United Kingdom approved the liberal and enlightened measures which had been brought under the consideration of parliament by her majesty's government. As an honest radical, be preferred her majesty's ministers to the honourable gentleman opposite. He would now refer to the bill, and say, that notwithstanding the alterations which had been made in it in the committee, lie had as strong an aversion to it as ever, and considered that so de spotic a measure reflected the highest discredit on a reform ad ministration. With these feelings upon the subject, he should move as All amendment, that the bill be read a third time that day six months. Mr. WARBURTON seconded the amendment. Sir ROBERT INGLIS said, that with regard to the bill now about to be read a third time, he gave it his entire support; but he could not help thinking that the remedies which were now proposed, and which be trusted would be effectual, might have been spared if inure vigorous measures had beeu used at au earlier period. Mr Alderman THOMPSON declared that the measure before the house had his entire concurrence. Mr. Gore said, upon this question, he had heard nothing to alter the conviction he entertained when he first delivered his opinion upon it. Mr. WA tttiOitTON would avail himself of the present opportu nity of passing his malediction on this unfortunate hill. Mr. Par Eit BottrnwicK was interrupted by loud cries of "question," and "divide." The house then divided, when the numbers were—for the third reading, 110; for Mr. Huine's amendment. 8; majority for the third reading, 102. After a short conversation, the bill was passed, and sent to the lords. tihw Wier.—On the 'motion of Mr. MORE OTERRALL, a new writ was ordered for Galway in the room of Mr. Lynch, who had been appointed a master in chancery, in the place of Rister Roupell. The house adjourned till Friday. NEW MODE OF GENERATING HEAT. We copy the following paragraph from the Scotsman:— ''A new method of producing heat, rapidly. and without fuel, is at present attracting much attention in London. It is exhi bited at the Jerusalem Coffee House; but the process is kept secret. 'We have little doubt, that science will supply beat by methods now mike wwn, tong before the coal fields are iishansied; and we would advise our friends nut to stiut their fires front a ch .ratable regard for the comforts of ilistaht generations. The discovery of a high temperature in the interior of the earth suggests one source from which a supply of heat may be de rived. Even in frozen Siberia, for instance, the temperature of Jamaica would be found at the depth of 1700 feet, or one third of a mile; blood heat would be bland at a depth of 3000 feet; and that of boiling water at a depth of a mile and a half. It is true, we are yet without a process for bringing this heat to the surface (except where springs of water Cali be obtained at these depths by boring): but who will venture to say, that a method may be found of pumping up heat as we pump up water? Science has accomplished more wouderful things than this." Our contemporary has been misinformed in one point. Fuel is• used, but in a very small quantity ; and the secret consists in the nature of the fuel used, and the mode of burning it. Ac cording to the tests which have been applied to the stove, the combustion of the fuel does not vitiate the air in any manner; so that the ~ttle urn, or short ornamented column, of which the stove consists, may be, and is, plac e d in c l ose apartments . or i n a shut-up carriage, through the night, and the person sleeping in the chamber or riding in the carriage experiences all the warmth derived from a pan of burning charcoal being in the room, without any of the inconveniences. There is said to be no draft in it, and in fact, no communication with the combus tible, which is consumed in a shut-up chamber, and the air of the apartment. No odour is, we are informed, perceptible; for we have not witnessed the stove in operation. We should have mentioned this subject before, but it was the express wish of the proprietors not to have it noticed by the public press. But, now that our contemporary has called attention to it, we cannot re ham from adding our mite to his information. Certainly we know very little of it, more than that the stove, iu its outward appearance, resembles the air or gas stoves used for shops, with out any grate, and appears to communicate the heat of the air of the apartment by au extensive surface of metal being kept continually hot. If there be no chicanery in it—and, perhaps, bur readers way retneuiher that something similar, which turned • out to be a trick, was exhibited in Leceister-square a few Years • 4 ,40, and made, the time, a considerable noise—the invention promises to be of immense advantage. The problem of navi gating steam ships round the world will be at once resolved. but we will not be sanguine of its results; for, as yet, the inventor, who is taking. or has taken, out a patent, preserves his secret inviolate. We are inclined to suppose, from what we have heard and seen, that the discovery, which is said to be the result of accident, is most iwrortant; and we augur well for it, from knowing that it has beeu taken up by some most responsible and respectable men iu the city of London.—Courier. *PERSONAL SKCCRITY.—" Will you do me a favour?" says young Geolge Brooks to his wealthy friend, Simon Hanson. " t wish you to lead me a hundred pound., sir." "Call at my counting house." rejoined Hanson. George Brooks was not long in paying his respects. " What security can you give we, y ming geatleman ?"--." My ow❑ personal security, sir." ---" Very well, get in here," says Hinson, lifting up the lid of a large iron chest. " Get in these!" exclaimed George in astonishment. " Whirt for?"—" Why, that is the place where 1 always keep nit securities." lord Eidon delighted in repeating the following anecdote, • character istic of his friend and master George the Third : " l called with my brother (S'owell on the 4th of June. to pay my customary salutat ions, and was summoned into his presence; he was conversing with my old friend Dr. Glasse, of W ans i ew l. but rose immediately we entered, and placing a chair on each ide of his own, desired us to be seated. He then burst into a hearty laugh, cud exclaimed—' Doctor, have you, in the course of your reading, ever before known of a king who eat between two of his highest officers, who had each run away with his wife. Rather hard, Eldon, eh, eh?' " DWELLING OF AN AGED WIDOW.-At Ballinamalard, where we next atteuded, and several miserable hovels, into one of which 1 took the liberty of creeping. It was inhabited by a feeble old woman of eighty-five, named Jane Lee, and her daughter. The interior measured uiue feet six inches, by eight feet two inches. The furniture consisted of, two small four, legged stools. about eight inches high, and seven inches broad ; a 21111 , 411 pan, and pat t of a moulded basket, which would scarcely hold together; but out of which the poor old woman was eating her dither of potatoes. A half-star ved cat was mewing most otteousty; and in a corner of this desolate apartment, on a clay floor, a quantity of straw lay, with a sort of blanket over it. This served the purpose of a bed, and was obliged to be-moved front one side of the but to the other, to avoid the rain falling on them, through the Scanty root: 111 another corner lay a few seeds * or oat husks, from a neighbonring mill; this formed all their supply tor the fire. The floor was exceedingly damp, and adjoining the wall was a small trench, or ditch, to hold the water in; from which unusual sort of reservoir it was collected, and thrown out of the cabin. The door, two feet wide, and four feet six inches in height, extended to the eaves. The but had no chimney, and that which bore the name of window consisted of a mor sel of glass, 41 inches in diameter, which the kindness of a neighbour had contributed. The old woman had not been able to pay any rent lately, and the landlord accordingly would not be expected to thatch her dilapidated iesidence. She was, therefore, obliged to get some one to do it, and pegged and seraped a little straw together as she could, for the purpose. The walls of this wretched abode were built partly of stone and clod, and partly of sods. Jane Lee had lived in it eleven years. *l.l appeared, as the reader does not require to be informed, in a state of the greatest destitution and distress; the daughter was afflicted with iliness, the consequence of a severe cold. The widow said she was able in summer to beg a little buttermilk to her potato, but not in winter! she would rather have a piece of herring than buttermilk, /hr it Was more tasty. Au expression of what I am stare was genuine gratitude followed the bestowal of a small sum of money. She had been mother of three sons, two of whom had perished in the army; the other went to America. and she hail never heard of him since. The cottage which I have attempted to describe, is situated—not on a lonely and uncultivated moor or bog, far beyond the reach of civiliza tion arid the comforts of lire, but in the midst of a considerable village. and in the vicinity of wealth The mi.ery of which it is but a solitary specimen. is ;pit confined to the bile and ilisso late, but extends to the industrious and meritorious. lo Ireiand, indeed, merit loses itr value, and industry become:. discouraged and paralysed under the impossibility of being reward e d. Hu manity and justice require the application of souse effectual rPrnedv for this acknowl , . i g ed evil, and it is to be hoped that the wisdom of the legislature may speedily supply Effie. I f the sul , ject is hewn, as it toolowiteoly is, with difficulties of formi dable aspect. it .hould he borne in mind that the sufferings to be relieved are lUt:i.:i4anle JLOgrics oat/ Beauties if IreAned. ,S 7) ORTIAG INTELLIGENCE. Manchester, Tuesday Ecening. The weight of the money market, to uphold General Yates's Sylvan for the Chester Cup, has not been touch less than it was at the dose of last January, when ti to 1- was recorded by us as `• taken freely." We may now notice him in high force, within a shade of being as good a favourite as Mr. Mostyu's mare, — each have been supported at our quotations. Birdlime. in some instances, has been, within the past two days, in a tequest which causes the fieldstuen to be somewhat shy, particularly beyond 9to 1. The offers against Whaley of 11" to I are so freely ex tended, that it is more than probable he will recede a point or two mote, should the acceptances exceed in number the expec tations of the cognoscenti. Wentworth and Magician keep firm hold of the public attention. Against the latter, tew are dis posed to offer at all boldly; this has caused Mr. Fowler's other horse, Heron, to be nearly hors de combat; and no one appears disposed to nibble, even at extreme odds. We way conse quently expect ins resignation as a candidate for the Chester Plate of the present year. It is certain, that Ludford has paid, and with him are coupled Drone and the Master of the Rolls. On Friday, we shall be able to speak to the certainty of these rumoured declarations. Mr. Hiarldswortit's Combat, and Mr. Bowers's Lord Staff.srd, have each been supported at our figure, the latter (luting the present day. From the great probability there is of two, if not more, of the top weights remaining in, there is every chance the sums laid out, and the spirit shown by several parties here and in Cheshire, will prove the harbingers of considerable speculations for three months to come. LIVERPOOL CRAVEN MEETING. This meeting will commence, under the stewardship of the Earl of Eglington. and Sir Johu Gerard, Bart. on ‘Vednesday the 16th May. The prize most likely to attract attention in the sporting circles, previous to the races, is the Tradesmen's Cup, value one hundred sovereigns, in specie, added to a Handicap Stakes of twenty sovereigns each, half forfeit, and five only if declared before the Ist of March ; the second horse to receive fifty sovereigns out of the stakes. The course, two miles over Aintree. Being favoured with the handicap ( which, according to rule, "is to be declared on the Ist of February"), we give it as most probably being a novelty, and of sonic interest to the patrons of the turf. ST. LBS ~ AGE. ST. LBS. AGE, 9 7 Birdlime ........aged 710 Lord Stafford 9 1 Despot aged 7 7 Mersey 812 Jupiter I 8 7 The Doctor 8 7 Abraham Newland .. 4 7 4 Dirmict 8 7 Galewood • 5 7 4 St. Bennett 8 6 •Zolirab aged 7 2 Brother to Van .... 4 • 8 3 Heron " 5 I 7 2 Parollea 8 0 Chit Chat •••• 7 13 Combat 7 10 Fusileer Fur the Craven Stakes of 25 sovereigns each. with 30 added, there appears au eutty of thirteen two-year-olds.—For the Spring St. Leger, of 25 sovereigns each, with 30 added, liar purhey, Wee Willie, Brother to Jupiter, Gilbert Gurney, Sir R a lph, and Sir Thomas Stanley's Piccaroon, are entered.— For the Waterloo Cup, value tOO sovereigns, added to a Han dicap Stakes of 10 sovereigns each,—to be run for on Friday, —eleven are entered.—" The mails" will be fought as usual. The Derby speculations remain very small. We may, how ever, notice a very pointed difference in Mr. Bland's colt by Rowton, out of Etniliatia. Yesterday's bettings, at Hyde Park Corner, place him at 16 to 1. In the office of this figure, 200 to 8 was laid at noon to-day. Front this it is clear, that the pro vincial market does not always follow the London one.—The following are the average prices : 'IIE CHESTER CUP, P.P.—(Accept or not.) 91 to 1 against Mr. Mostyn's Birdlime. (1) 1U to I „ General Yates's Sylvan. (t) 11 to I „ Mr. Robinson's Whaley. (off) 12 to 1 „ Mr. Fairlie's Zohrab. . 13 to I Mr. Price's Wentworth. (t) 1(X) to 7 1f r. Fowler's Mersev. (t)' 100 to 8 „ Mr. Clarke's Magician. (t) 1(X) t o 6 „ Mr. Houldswortles Combat. 1(X) t o 5 „ Mr. Barrow's Catherina. (off) 100 t o 5 „ Mr. Bowes's Lord Stafford. (t) SUICIDE. On Tuesday, an inquest was held to inquire touching the death of Samuel Parkinson, a butcher, late resident in Thurlow street, in this town. Catherine Jones stated that she was the mite of Stephen Jones, book-keeper, Thurlow-street. They kept a public-house there. She knew the deceased, Samuel Parkinson. He was in the habit of going to their house. On Saturday morning last at half-past eight o'clock, he went into their house and entered the front parlour. and asked for three pennyworth of rum with which she served him. She did not observe anything peculiar in his wanner at that time. In about half or three-quarters of an hour afterwards he called for a pen and ink, which witness carried to him. Soon afterwards he had another three-pennyworth of rum, with which witness also served him. Afterwards she served him with a glass of ale. Sonic time afterwards she (witness) was iu the kitchen, from whence she heard him talking aloud to himself. She knew that he was atom., and therefore she went in. He asked her where the men were that had been in the parlour. He appeared to be very wild, and she thought it must be from the effects of the liquor which he had taken. She told him that no one had beau iu but himself. He said there had been men in, and he was afraid they had meddled with papers belonging to him. She endeavoured to convince him that no one bad been with him, and at length left him. In the course of a quarter of an hour she heard a noise in the parlour, which she thought was the de ceased falling. She went in and found that it was his arm which had slipped un the table where to had been leading it which bad caused the noise She then saw a small bottle on the fluor, empty, and the pieces of another which hail been bro ken. The bottle produced was that which she saw un the floor. It was labelled " Laudanum, poison." She (witness) felt very much alarmed, and went to fetch the person he (deceased) had lodged .with in the same street. That person returned with her, and they went into the parlour to the deceased. lie • was still in the same posture. Witness asked him to go home to get a sleep. He raised himself up and began to talk very wildly. He talked of knocking witness down, and arose front his seat, speaking very incoherently. At length he laid his bead upon the table and never spoke snore. The other female went away with the bottle, and the deceased began to groan loudly. The female above mentioned, at length arrived with a person from the druggist's. After this, a surgeon front the Dispensary (Mr. Gamy) arrived with a stomach-pump which he applied. He was then carried erten the house of witness. Witness believed him to be insane. Edward Jardin, an as sistant with Mr. Withers, druggist, Byrom street, stated, that on Taursila.y last, the deceased, who appeared to be perfectly composed and sensible, called at the shop and purchased an ounce of laudanum. He asked for, and received every neces sary information as to the quantity which it would be safe to take. Benjamin Rowland, an apprentice with Mr. Neale, oruggist. Scotland-place, stated, that on Saturday morniug last the deceased called at th e s h op. and asked for s i x-pennyworth of latidandm, saying. that it Was for a Witness, at first. demurr e d person in the cmiutry. to sellin g this quantity, but the de s ceased explained that tttvaq for a person who was in the habit of taking it, and who was obliged to parchase it iu large quan tities (rout being in town only on market days. Witness sold him an ounce of laudanum. Wm. Gattv 4 House Surgeon at the North Dispensary, stated, that on Saturday last. in conse quence of a message, he went to Mr. Jones'. in'l'hurlow-sheet, and took with hint a stomach-pump. lie found the deceased in a state of stupor, lying on the floor. He hail hint raised up, an d t h e stomach-pump was applied. A quantity of reddish coloured fluid was brought up, part of which was put into the b o ttl e 'produced. Witness had him taken home, and gave di rections to the people of the house to keep him iu constant nio tion. Witness called again about two o'clock, and found him still in a state of stupor. He used a cold effusion by pouring could water (rims a height upon his head. It produced no effect. He (witness) Caen gave directions that he should be kept mo viug, and called again about five o'clock, and found him still in the same state. Witness used flagellation with a birch rod and with a cane, which seemed to restore hint slightly to sensibility. Witness had him removed to bed, and applied mustard plaster over his chest and to one leg. Witness called again at half past eight, and. found. him, to all appearance, dying. Some medicine was ordered, but before it could be procured he died. Witness had analysed the liquid that came from the stomach, but found very little trace of laudanum in it. It was chiefly spirits, probably runt. Witness had examined the body, and found the vessels of the brain very much distended with black, fluid blood, and Some serum in the ventricles more than usual. The 'lungs were very much congested, and the blood in the heart and large vessels very dark and fluid. The stomach was per fectly empty in consequence of the pump having been applied. Witness was of opinion that the deceased died from taking lau danum in too large a quantity. it must have been taken so long before the stomach-pump was applied as to have been absorbed into the system, and that circumstance would account for the liquid emitted from the stomach not being tainted with it. Ann Erdly stated that the deceased bad lodged with her about five )ears. .Ile was a butcher, and shout 30 years of age. Since the commencement of this year witness had observed him to be very different in his manner from what he had ever been before. During the preceding week he had been dreadfully violent in his temper. Witness thought that something was the matter with him, and that he was not quite right in his head. The Jury found that the deceased had destroyed himself during a teitipitra - ry fit of insanity. LOND3N GAZE I'L'.-TUESDAY, JAN. 33. PARTNERSHIPS DISSOLVED. W. Martin and T. Blythe. Liverpool, wine-dealers—O. Broadbent and H. Dearnaly. Hyde. Cheshire, joiners—W. Crew. W. Ho%own, and C.' Rowley, Macclesfield, silk-dreaaers—J P. Kelley. R. W. Kel ley. G. Elliot, and .1. Vl..hster, Glas ,, ow. Manchester. and Constanti nople—l. Worthington and W. Worthington, Manchester,commission ageni—J. Potter, J. Ackers, J. nanl s , and J. Ashton, Hincllvy. Lan cashire, miners ; as far as regards J. Potter and J. Ackers. INSOLVENTS. Jan. 27—John Hcilry Russell, Bruton-street, London. tailor. Jan. 211—Ilenry Wilmot Sealy, City-road, London. upholsterer. S a muel Elphiek Rosemary -lane. L on d on, v i ctua ll er. Robert Davis, Isle of Wight, merchant. BANKRITPTS. Christopher Hayes. jun., Liverpool, chi p-huilder, to surrender Feb. 9, March 13, at one, at the Claret, lot, Rooms, Liverpool. Solicitors, Messrs. Norris and Allen. B artlett's-buildings, Holborn, London; and M. Toulmin. Liverpool. Robert Archer, .A.rund,..4.z!reet. Strand. Conlon, wine-merchant. - Edward Curtis, Newman's - row, Lincoln's In n -fi e ld s, L on d o u,tallor. Samuel Skinner, Grecoham, Berkshi re , b rewer. Elizabeth Clegg. ‘vaithhml. Lancashire, cotto n - sp i nner. George Haines, Kiiahy. Northamptonshire. ,meet. Cecil Evans. Spout-lane, Shropshire. corn-factor. William Fowler, Aston, Warwickshire, brickmaker. DIVIDENDS. Feb. 2q, D. Barrett, Dean-street. Fetter-lane. London. grocer—Feb st. ii„li.,, s.place, London, merchant—Feb. 20 1. 2:3, N. Tuffnell and S. Tnifuell. r?rk-street, Middlesex Ho ' spital. Lon don. tallow-chandlerg—Feb. 2?.NN ClarnALThold, St. Alltnn's, innkeeper —eh. 20 E. Burn, Sheppard, Lower Groivenor-street. Grosvenor-squNre. London wine merehant—Feh. 21, IL Henderson, Totienham•court-road. London, hosier—Feb. 20, R. Andrew and A. Andrew, As?non-under-Lyne cotton-spinners . Feb. 21, J. [Lanka. . Fruston, hooltyrller—Feb. 22, M. Fowler, Lymington. Hampshire, wine-merchant—Feb. 21 . E . worthy. Stddleworth. cotton-minufacturers—Feh 17. J. 11 : , ug h ton Blarklaurn, entton-spinner—Feb. ~3. T , Coney, Sculth orpe, Norfolk , miller—Feb. ;.:3, K. Jones, jun. Newtown. Montgomeryshire, d raper —Feb. 2-3, G. Armitazo and .1.T01 , 1 , mson, Oldham, timber -merchants —Feb. 2S, W. E. Freeman, Manchester, draper. CENT! F.' CA'I:EB .1,,-,n to the contrary, on or b efore tl.e To be granted, unless ea 0 , 0. b__ • 20th day of February H. Whitworth and S. Hr nolinl, Lever Flanks. Lancashire, ca:ien. printets-7 , . ll'ulgoti, Manchester, calico - printer—T. Parinill, Clark's place. Hi .I,..street. Islitwtou, ii , ten-draper—J. Fox. Ilarton-upoti ilumber. Li•.,.los'flr... grocer—D. JBlnes..D3rtford, Kent. banker— J. Ward. NA oolwirli. bLitiker -.G. Hardesty, Sheflield, table !;nift•- mlnufacturer--C. Fricker, Bri•ibton. .2..meer—C. Turner, Leamington Priors, Warwicia.hire. loaLtinz house-keeper. MEETINGS OF CREDITORS. FRP lr tin , . ll' , J 3 5. Leonard Albin, (proof) Clarendon Rooms, 11 5. Rohert Graves . ...... . ... .... .. Di tto I 7. B. Buchanan and D. Laird, (proof Lowndes and Robinson's, l 3 A. William Franklin Mr. Holden's, 1 8. Abraham W. Collard 9. Samuel Burke, ;2d) Ditto 1 9. JOllll Macclouzal Radcliffe and Co.'a 1 kw ~ ' ' i '~~ LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. LECTURES ON CUEUISTRY. On Wednesday evening Dr. Kane delivered his seventh lec ture to is numerous audience. We may effect the analysis of muriatic acid by putting in contact with the liquid solution any substance which has a powerful affinity for chlorine, in which case the chlorine will be withdrawn from the acid cud the hydrogen will be set free, the result being that the muriatic acid gas is decoin. , secl, —one of its elements passing to the metallic body - , and the other being liberated may be collected iu an Isolated state. For instance if we pour - upon a small quantity of tiu small quantity of muriatic acid, a very violent action takes place, and we shall find upon applying a taper that hydrogen is liberated. Now by means of this simple experiment we se parate muriatic acid into hydrogen and chlorine, the latter of which combines with the zinc. The chlorine forms with' the zinc a compound soluble in water and which can be crystalli zed. Consequently by taking a given quantity of liquid inurtatic acid and zinc, by weighing the chlorid,..ofzine ' anti hydrogen, we shall find the numbers in which hyd e o ge u an d chlorine unite to form muriatic acid. An analysis producing still more remarkable re sults can be made by 'beaus of ail apparatus consisting of a flask containing a quantity of common salt, into which (the salt having been previously melted and broken Into large lumps to prevent the violence of the action) a quantity of dilute sulphuric acid is introduced ; a rapid decomposition of the salt ensues and muriatic acid being evolved is. conducted by means of a tube into a vessel containing sulphuric acid. Being by . this means deprived of its moisture, the dry gas is conducted into a tube containing a quantity of the metal sodium which it passes over. The heat of a spirit lamp being being applied to the surface of the tube beneath the sodium, the chlorine of the muriatic acid combines with the sodium so energetically as to produce coinbus tion, and hydrogen is entitled from the other end of the tube. By this process a white powder is formed from the union of the chlorine with the sodium which is nothing else but common salt, (chloride of sodium). It is evident that it will only be necessary to weigh the original substances and the products, to arrive at the actual numbers. It is a fact well worthy - of attention that the bodies which which most resemble each other in their nature ate most con stantly aseociated 'with 'each other in nature ; thus we find chlorine, iodine, and bromine, associated together as well as manganese and iron. lodine is a substance of intense interest, as its discovery shews the great importance of observing with ac curacy all the phenomena whicri occur in the arts, even in the progress of abstract science. lodine was nut discovered by any chemist, but by a manufacturer, and under the circumstances in which it is formed, it could only be discovered by - a manu facturer. It exists only in nature iu soda alkalieS, and even iu these in very minute quantities. It is one of those substances which diffused originally through an immense mass of water is by the means in which this water is used in the arts gradually concentrated into the shape in which it is obtained. M. Cour tois observing that the iron pans iu which he boiled up his kelp for the purpose of soap-making was corroded to a great exteut by a substance which he could not find accounted for or described. in any work un chemistry, took some of the substance to Guy Lustre who decided it to be a new substance. We owe the ge neral illustrations of the priuciples of lodine to Gay Lusac, as well as to Sim Humphrey Davy, but we must not forget that the discovery of lodine was made by Courtois the soap manufac turer, of Paris, and that it could not have been discovered but in the operations of such a manufactory as that which he con ducted. 'l' he generality of sea water contains iodine, as it also does a great:quantity of chloride of sodium or common salt. lodine exists in sea water under the form of ioaide of magnesia, but its quantity is so exceedingly minute that it would be im possible by ordinary analysis to detect iodine without having 'first concentrated the sea water to an extraordinary extent. This concentration is carried on to a great extent by the aquatic plants which exist in the water, and when the plants are col lected and burnt to ashes ' we find they give to us the salts which previously exist e d in water, partly pure and partly decomposed, which we use in the arts and commerce.— The production of the iodine may be simply illustrated.. We shall, not, however, have recourse to the complex method of obtaining it as hi the arts, but will suppose that from the mass of kelp the real iodine constituent has been eliminated, and that we have only to decompose this substance to set the iodine free. If we pour into a retort liven some iodide of potassium, a quan tity of sulphuric acid, and apply heat, we get a very interesting action. Altera short time a substance will distil over into a re tort which condenses in a solid state. The reaction which takes place is simple. One equivalent of the oxygen of the sulphuric acid unites with the potassium to form potash, and both sul phurous acid and iodine is set free. The iodine of magnesia is used in commerce, in order to produce the iodine. The purple colour of the substance, procured it the name of iodine, from the Greek. When iodine is heated it at first melts, and after-• wards is conv er t e d i n t o va pour. By a reduction of the temper ature the iodine again solidifies, and is deposited in octahedral crystals. lodine is remarkable as being the only one of the non-metallic bodies possessing a metallic lustre. It is sparingly soluble in water which it colours a pale brown. It is much Inure soluble in spirits of wine, and the tincture of iodine is a most • important medicinal agent. One of the must important uses of it • is, iu cases of glandular swelling in the neck, to which the in habitants of some parts of Derbyshire anti the neighbourhood of the Alps are subject. Burnt sponge was fouud to be an ex cellent remedy in these cases; and after the discovery of iodine it occurred to the medical men at Geneva, that sponge being a sea plant might contain iodine. This being found to be the fact, led to the employment of iodine in these cases, for which sponge was considered a specific, and we now count iodine amongst our most valuable medicines. It is a substance most easily recognised. It has a remarkable action un starch, with which it forms a purplish blue compuuud, called iodide of starch. An ext ellent sympathetic iuk for secret correspond ence may thus he formed. Thus, if certain characters be traced with a solution at starch on paper, when dry, the characters will be invisible, but upon brushing them over with a solution of iodine, they immediately show themselves of a blue colour. By employing a weak alkali the writing again becomes iu const•queuce of the iodine leaving the starch to combine with the alkali, but by neutralizing the alkali whir an acid the iodine will again unite with the starch, and the writing will reappear. if we allow a little of the blue iodide of starch to boil over a spirit lamp, the colour will risappear, but upon the cooling of the compound it will again reappear, though not so deep a colour. The rationale of this is yet a mystery, but is supposed to be owing to some species of decomposition. -lodine - enters into a number of combinatiuns with the metals, but it does not unite with them so powerfully as chlorine, and, consequently, we cannot under ordinary circumstances obtain the ,combina lions, except by indirect methods. It' we take a solution of corrosive sublimate, and add to it a solution of iodide of potas sium, we obtain a red precipitate of au exceedingly brilliaut line, indeed, it is one of the most beautiful reds which we know of for surpassing vermillion. This substance is a combination of iodine with quicksilver, caned iodide of mercury. ln making this experiment it is requisite to be cautious in adding the iodide of potassium, for, if it he used in excess, the purple again disappears, being immedi a t e ly re-dissolved. When the iodide of potassium is added to a solution of lead. a precipitate is formed of a rich canary 'colour. The iodide of mercury and th, iodide of lead are excellent . tests for iodine in a e s r tate t i combination, and starch is an excellent test for it where it free. If we mix a little of the iodide of potassium with starch there will be no chang,e of colour, because the iuditts has a weaker affinity for the starch than it has for the potassium; lint if a stnallquantity of au acid be added, the alkali unites with in, leaving the iodine free to unite with the starch, which it does, and produces the blue colour. By these means we are enabled to prove the presence of iodine without the possibility of a shadow of doubt lodine unites with nitrogen, uild comes highly explosive. The iodide of nitrogen is a brown powder, sod if it be struck slightly with a stick, it detonates with a loud noise. . . Bromine is generally associated with iodine, but it exists in still smaller quantities. It was discovered by Balard, the cele brated manufacturing chemist of Montpelier. It is remarkable as occupying au intermediate position uetween iodine and chlo rine. We have seek., that chlorine is gaseous, and that iodine is solid. Now Bromine is a deep red liquid. Not only in its liquid state, but in every other property, does bromine stand exactly half way between chlorine and iodine. The odour of bromine is far worse than that of chlorine, from which circum stance it has derived its name. Biondue evaporates so fast, that it cannot be kept in the liquid state, unless the bottles in which it is contained are immersed in water. The instant a drop of bromine falls upon potassium, an energetic combination takes place, accompanied by flame and a loud explosion. In deed this substance ranks only interior to chlorine in its com bination with the metals. . _ . A substance which possesses some interest in a scientific point of view, but which has not yet proved of such practical import ance, is fluorine. There has long been known in this country a mineral called fluor or Derbyshire spar. It consists of lime combined with a peculiar acid. After Sir Humphrey Davy had suggested the theory now generally adopted respecting the nature of chlorine, he proposed to admit fluorine as a separate element. Float eof lime is easily decomposed. This is done by pouring sulphuric acid into a vessel coutaining powdered 'loath of lime. The sulphuric acid unites with the lime, and fluorine is expelled, but as fluorine unites with the silicon of glass vessels, turning out the oxygen, it is impossible to collect it pure by such means; but the Rev. Mr. Knox of Dublin, has succeeded is obtaining it pure in vessels of fluor spar constiucted in a pecu liar manner. All he has been able, however, to determine re specting it is, that it is gaseous and colourless. Indeed we, as vet, know very little more about its properties or combination, except the fluoride or hydrogen and its actioulupou glass. - - One of the most extensively distrinuteitsUbstances in nature is that of which sand, quartz rock, and lock crystal, are com posed. These locks, as well as the flints, !build in such abund ance in some parts of the country, are found to consist of a sub stance which has recently been discovered to be au acid, called silica, or silicon, combined with oxygen. Silica consims of our half its weight of oxygen united to the base, and possesses very powerful affinity fur alkalies or bases. When silica has once been formed, it is insoluble in water, and the way, therefore, in which we form its combinations is, by welting silica with its bases. Common clay is one of the most remarkable of the sill cates,—:it is a combination of silica with alumina or pure clay. By combining silica with au alkali and inciting it with an in tense heat we obtain glass. The glass indite at Prague stands heat much better than that made in this country, being a double silicate of potash and lime. Tbe glass made in England con tains iron or lead and is melted at a low heat. The lead is used to give the glass a lustrous appearance as well as to enable the workmen to cut it more easily. By means of !Woric acid we may etch engravings on glass, indeed some attempts were made to take impressions from it as front a copperplate, but ti le g l ass was. so liable to be broken that the thing was abandoued. • Phosphorus is a substance almost peculiar to the animal kingdom. There are not in nature more than half a dozen minerals containing phosphorus, and therefore lye must look upon it as b e ing a n /went of the animal kingdom. We meet with phosphorus in different parts of the animal econ , nny, es ii) two, namely, the softest and the ,hardest of all the tissues. We find it iu the brain as well as iu the b u ttes. But although all the brain contains it, the outside of the brain eon. tains it in the greater abundance, and some natural philosophers consider that the energy of the mind depends upon the amount of pbusphorus which this portion of the (train contains. I n or del to obtain phosphorus a simple process is necessary, we have recourse to the bones in which phosphorus is couthined with oxy zen in the form of phosphoric acid. There are in nature two ex tensivo tribes of animals, which are characterised by the organization of their skeletons. One of these classes have the skeleton in the inside and the other has them on the outside. Those animals, such as the crab, lobster, etc., which - base their skeletons on the outside, have no phosphorus, but it exists in those which have internal skeletons. If we take a bone and burn it, there remains a whitish substance which is phosphoric acid united with lime. If we add to this phosphate of lim e some sulphuric acid. a great quantity of phosphoric acid is set free, this being tal;xed with ellareoat and healed, phosphorus distils over. Care must he taken in making this experiment. as there is considerable danger, shun.d the retort bleak. Phosphorus unites with o xygen iu several ploportiens. When it is burned with a brilliant flame in atmospheric air, there is turned I.llos plunk acid. If, however, we iimit the supply of oxygen, and provide an excess of phosphorus, we shall tied our acid to lie formed containing less oxygen. The reimposition of oxide of Phosphorus is not perfectly known, becatise it is wait:tilt to get it free from excess of phosphorus. If some phosphorus lie placed a t the b o ttom of a glass containing hot wa j W, it will melt, and if a stream of oxygen be urged upon it wh tit remains at the bottom of the vessel, by means of a finetube, it will inflame with considerable energy of combustion. A brick•red powder LtYmtpooL sTANDARD. is fortnA by this combust on of she phosphorus, is !rich is not easily melted. This powder is 1111.fe inflammable than phos phorus itself, and is used in the ineparation of phosphorus lire boxes. Phosphoric acid is formed by pouring a quantity of ,aqua fortis on some phosphorus. The phosphorus oxidyzos itself at the expense of the aqua fortis, and we obtain phosphoric acid. Hypophosphoric acid is procured by the action of phos phorus on a solution containing a base. If phosphorus be placed in a retort containing a sutution of potash, it d ecom p os es the wafer, and bypophosphoric acid is formed, or that combina tion of phosphorus containing the least quantity of oxygen, arid phosphuretted 11);drogeo is at the same time given off in a gaseous form. rhis gas possesses the property of taking fire the instant it comes into contact with atmospheric air. The reason of this is, that the phosphorus, presenting a large sheet of sulfate to the action of the air the more readily it combines with it. We are able to prepare this gas in a variety of me thods, but when prepared by some of them it does not take tire so speedily us by others. It is considered one of the most re markable instances of what Berzelius calls isomerism. 'the peculiar acid which exists in sour apples, as well as in the berries or the mountain ash, is found to be similarly composed to citric acid. It is now established that chemical substances of diff erent origin can have tho same composition. Professor Gra ham has brought forward some evidence toshew that the inflam mability of this gas is owing to foreign matters which can he communicated to it in a partial manner. The phosphuretted hydrogen is colourless, being precisely similar to atmospheric air in appearance. It emits a remarkable odour resembling garlic. It is heavier than atmospheric air, somewhat in the proportion of 12 to 10. Phosphorus unites with chlorine iu three proportions, but in a practical point of view the combina [ions are of little importance. On Saturday Dr. Kane concluded his excellennt course. Carbon i 3 very extensively distributed through nature, and is remarkable for the variety of forms in which it presents itself. It is met with in all the three kingdoms of nature, but there is every reason to believe that the extent of its distribution in these kingdoms is not altogether so great as might at first be con ceived, and that in point of fact its existence is strictly limited to two of the kingdo ms o f nature, an d t h at i ts ex i stence i n the mineral department is owing to the accidental circumstance of the destruction of the living beings of which it had formed a part. We find carbon constituting a considerable portion of the whole mass of the fluids in the vegetable kingdom. In the animal kingdom we find at least one half of the solid consti tuents of the animal to be carbon. In the vegetable we find a still greater proportion. In fact the skeleton which in the ani mal kingdom is composed of a different substance; consists in the vegetable kingdom of carbon, in a state of almost complete purity. In the animal kingdom not only does carbon subsist in the softer matters but in the harder portions of all animals. i n ' the bony skeletons of the higher animals it exists in very minute quantities, but in the Lower animais provided with external skeletons, the phosphoi us of the higher animals is replaced by carbon. In the mineral kin , _oloin we find carbon very exten sively distributed ind ee d. In almost all countries we find large mountainous mus. , es consisting of lime and carbonic acid—the carbonic acid containing about one third of its weight of car bon. The various earbonifetous rocks of this kingdom contain about one sixth of their whole weight of carbon. On this lie count we should be at first led to imagine that carbon exists more generally in the mineral than in the animal and vegetable kingdoms, but a more minute analysis leads us to different re sults, and we are almost inclined to argue that carbon ham no real existence in the mineral kingdom, but that its presence owing lo the decomposition of the animal and vegetable remains which have been deposited in it at former remote periods. I n fact we have been able to trace these remains through their different stages or decomposition, anti according to the pressure and temperature to which it has been subjected, we timid the shapes and constitution of the rocks of which they form a-con sid-.Table portion. We are thus obliged to consider carbon as an element exclusively of organic origin. These are one or two apparent exceptions to their law, afforded by some of the metallic bodies with which carbonic acid is found united, but these are rare specimens, and occur in the enormous masses of mountain limestone, from which they may have obtained their carbonic acid. _ We are enabled to obtain carbon by the burniug of bones or wood in close vessels, when we obtain what is called ivory or bone black and charcoal. In addition to these black masses of pure carbon we are iu possession of one other form of it of ex ceeding, interest—the diamond. The diamond. the hardest and most costly of all our gents, is chemically identical with char coal. It is carbon in the purest form in which we are enabled to obtain it. The diamond was at one time considered as car bon perfectly mineral:zed. It is crystalline, the form of its crystals being octahedral, as those of common alum. We have obtained some facts lately with respect to the diamond, which are interesting, as affording us traces of its origin. If we take barley sugar, when quite fresh, it is opaque, but after a few days it becomes translucent, and appears like sugar candy. From an amorphous mass it becomes crystalline. We fre quently meet with diamonds with cavities in the diamond as if something had been in them. Sir David Brewster found from the appearances of these cavities that the diamond indst have beeu originally in a soft state ann then subjected to pressure, and that like amber it has taken upon itself the crystalline structure. It is considered to have been the exudation of some tree, like the cherry tree of our climes, and that the diamond has been the formation of many ages quite independent of any • original mineral nature. Carbon enters into combination oxygen in combustion more readily where its particles are less closely bound together, thus coal will born much qui c k er ' than pluitibago, and plum than the diamond. Yet the products of alt three are carbonic acid. If lime wa ter be passed into a jar containing carbonic acid gas, it will immediately be found to present a milky appearance, iusoluble carbonate of lime having been formed. Carbonic acid is generated, not merely by the direct combination of burn ing carbon with oxygen, but when carbon is burned with atmos pheric air, as we every day see it in a multiplicity of instances. Animals, likewise, its respiring, generate carbonic acid gas. This may be easily shown, by respiring through a tube dipped in lime water, when the milkiness caused by carbonate of lime will be perceived. Carbonic acid gas is readily obtained, by adding a little acid to chalk, whiting, &e and then collecting the gas over a pnumatic trough. Carbonic arid is one and a half times as heavy as atmospheric air, to which it is similar in appearance. It will not support combustion, a burning taper being immediately extinguished upon being plunged into it. Th e action of carbonic acid on an animal is fatal. Not only is it found that the animal is killed front the absence of oxygen, but that the carbonic acid exercises a positively poisonous influence on the animal, and, although a certain quantity of oxygen may be present, the animal will still be killed. Instead of ex ercising a neutral influence like nitrogen, it is fatal when mixed in the same proportion as nitrogen with oxygen. An experi ment was tried by Professes Rowland°, at Turin, which is. well worth noticing in this part of the subject. A tortoise is capa ble of living under circustances in which a warm blooded ani mal would be instantly killed. Professor Rowland° took a tor toise, and opened it at the part where the windpipe diverges into a pair of lungs. Ile made an incision into one of these lungs, and urged in a stream of carbonic acid gas, leaving the other open to the atmospheric air. By this means, the tortoise was breathing atmospheric air in one lung, and carbonic acid in the other, Now, a tortoise can live right well with one lung tied up, but the carbonic acid killed him, although he went ou breathing oxygen with the other lung. In this way the poison ous properties of carbonic acid is aruved. In lerineuta , ion carbonic acid is generated iu prodigious quantities. The vinous fermenta ion takes place in all those liquors which con tain alcohiol. The general theory of the process is that by , malting, s u gar i s pro d uce d, a nd by fermentation that sugar is converted into spirit. Carbonic acid accumulates in the vessels to which the liquors are made, and many persons are killed by their imprudence in venturing into these vessels. Carbonic acid is particularly liable to accumulate in consequence of its great density. Dr. Kane illustrated this in an elegant manner, by means of a lair of counterpoised bags attached to a fine balance: Into one of these bags he poured carbonic acid nut of the jars in whiCh it was contaieed, when the bag instantly descended with great rapidity. He also introduced into a jar a metal rod, having two lighted tapers affixed, the one at the bottom of the jar, and the other at its middle; he then intro duced carbonic acid gas into the bottom of the jar, the conse quence of which was, that the lower taper was extinguished, and its a short time, when the gas bad risen to a sufficient height in the vessel, the other was also put out. Carbonic acid is given out very frequently from the surface of the earth, par ticularly in countries of volcanic origin. This we find takes place very frequently at the bottom of old wells, where, from its density the gas occupies the lower surface, and frequently on some individual being sent in to clean the well, fatal conse quences ensue. Tbe proper precaution to be taken in such eases is, first to let down a candle„ when if it be extinguished, it is not probable that an individual would live in it. The r car bonic acid at the bottom of a well may be removed, by throw ing a little slacked lime and water down, when the carbonic acid will unite with the lime, and render it safe to descend into tbe well, The burning of charcoal in close rooms, has fre quently led to suffication. One of the most promising chetnists that. France has produced, destroyed himself by this means, at the commencement of the present century. He was the son of the celebrated Berthollet. Having determined to commit suicide, he lighted a charcoal tire in his room, and sat down at a table and wrote an account of the feelings which aecompanied the progress of suffication by carbonic acid gas. His writing gra dually because less, and less intelligible, until at length it ap peared, the pen fell from his hand. An instance lately occurred of five individuals being suffocated in London, with this gas. A charcoal fire had been lighted iu the room before they went to bed, and the prebabilify was, that there was 'nu chim ney in the room. Four of these unfortunates were found dead in bed, without the least symptoms of their having died in pain. The fifth appeared to have struggled a little. If there be a free passage up the chimney, there is little or no danger, hut where there is no vent death is inevitable. There are places in the earth where carbonic acid is met with under peculiar cir cumstanees. One of the most singular is the Grotto del cane, near Naples. The bottom of this cave is lined a couple of feet deep with csrbonie acid gas, but above the air is pure, an that whilst a maim can breathe in safety, a dog is suffocated. From the circumstance Of the guides taking a dog with them, to show this fact to travellers, the grotto has obtained its name of the Dog's grotto Another of the most extraordinary instances of the emission of carb o nic acid from volcanic smilers is exhibited on the island of Java, where there is an extinct crater of consi derable height; the volcano itself having for a long period been silent. From the bottom of the internal cone there issues car bonic acid, so that it presents the appearance of an enormous cup or goblet of carbonic acid. Within this crater exists the most luxuriant vegetation ever seems in tropical regions. Some European deserters were traced to this mountain, and were ►pur sued by a number of soldiers, stationed i n th e island. When the troops got to the top of the volcano, they beheld the richest verdure they had ever beheld, but the bottom of the cone was lined with t h e carcases of birds and beasts of prey, as well as of the very deserters they were in quest of. The natives were aware of the properties of thus volcano, and gave to the cone the name of the vale of death, for no individual could descend a few yards without meeting with instant death. C ar b on i c ac i d is absorbed by water, in its escape from mountains, and this water. meeting with lime, dissolves it. If this solution of carbonate of lime be • exposed to the air, the excess of c,trimitic acid is abstracted, and the carbonate of lime is deposited in the form of stalactites. In this manner casts are obtained, coated with carbonate of lime, by placing them in waters containing the solution. One of the most elegant modes of analyzing, carbonic acid is to pass a Sfream of it over the metal potassium, when if heat he applied to the tube containing the metal, a brilliant decomposition will ensue, the oxygen of the earbonic acid will mate with the po tassiurn to form potash, and the carbon will be deposited iu black Mass. Carbonic oxide is a substance of no considerable importance. It tnay readily be obtained by in ki ng i n a retort a quantity of oxalic acid with oil of vitriol. It is always generated, whenever an imperfect combustion of carbon takes place. Thus, if we put carbonic acid through a heated iron tube containing carbon, the carbonic acid will take up as mod' more carbon. and be- come converted into carbonic oxide. Oxalic acid is composed of water, carbonic oxide and car;oinic .61. The oil of vitriol unites with the water, and sets the ca , ,es free. B passing them tirrough the W a t er . the c:irbonie avi:i is absiirbeit, and thus cat bob oxide is obtained in a pure htato. Carbonic oxide is much lighter than atmospheric air, it is inflammable, and burns with a blue flame. Oxalic acid exists in a great variety of plants, chiefly in the sorrel description, in .connection .nth notash.or lime forming au oxalate of potash or lime.. We can likewise produce it artificially day heating starch or sugar with nitric acid, and in this way great quantities of it are mann- ) . 444 ) ,. factured for I to. Iglrposes of the arts. Oxalic acid is recognized very ea,ily by Ihe lona of its en stal, and its acid properties. It is the strongest of the vegetable acids. Its crystals are not un like-those or epsoin salts, for which it has been frequently taken, its properties are very interesting on this account to the medical chemist. If we take the blue infusion of red cabbage, and add to it a very .small quantity of the solution of oxalic acid, it is turned into a very deep red. The redness which is produced is not the same in shade as that produced by the mineral acids; in fact the different acids produce different reds. The oxalic acid unites with bases, and in consequence is readily recognised. Thus lime is one of the best tests fur oxalic acid, forming with it a white rrecipitate. Carbon unites with nitrogen, and forms two compounds, one of which is of very considerable interest., It was discovered by Gay Lusac and another French chemist, and is one which may be considered as one of paramount interest iu chemistry, and, indeed, as one of the most important substances to show us what chemistry really is. This body is cyanogen, (or blue former,) so called - because it is one of the ingredients in Prussian blue.. In order to generate it we may have recourse to an exceedingly simple process. It must be collected over quicksilver. We take a combination of carb o n, nitrogen, and quicksilver, and expose it to heat, when the compound will be decomposed. The cat hou and nitrogen will be given off under the form of a colourless gas, and the quicksilver will be sublimed. Cyanogen is of such importance in chemistry, because it is a compound body. We can decompose it and analyze it; but yet it siini hates the properties Of a simple substance. A remarkable pro perty of cyanogen is the colour of its flame, as it burns with a purple violet-coloured flame, in which it is not resembled by the flame of any other sub s t a n ce . I n order to show the extent to which this body simulates a simple substance iu its action, we can heat it with potassium. Tne cyanogen will unite the potas sium without suffering any decomposition. The potassium will burn in cyanogen just us it would in oxygen or chlorine. The product of its combination with potassium is cyanide of potas sium. Cyanogen is the base o; Prtisic acid and of a number of other bodies of considerable importauce in the arts and manu factures. Carbon unites with hydrogen in an immense number of differ ent proportions. There is no class of bodies so comprehensive in its history as the carbonates of hydrogen; in fact we fiud that the whole base of vegetable and animal chemistry resolves , itself into the system of carbon and hydrogen. Of the carbon ' ates of hydrogen there is one, practically speaking, of great importance. It is a gas which was d;scoveted . iti Holland, and to which its discoverers. gave the name of olefiant, or oil-making gas. To make this a very simple process is sufficient. If we take some spirits of wine, and put, it into a retort, and then add to it some oil of vitriol, a very violent, action takes place, the mixture beco mes h o t an d r e d, and, after a short time, black. By applying heat oletiant gas is distilled over, and may be . col lected over, water. The c aeirl'must be added in excess or we shall obtain different products. Oleflaut gas is thus ob tained by virtue of a very interesting chemical action. Spirits of wine do not contain (defiant gas by virtue 'of its natural properties, but its parts are broken up by the sulphuric acid. It is perfectly colourless and invisible, it does not exert any act ion on vegetaltlevolours, and it is not absorbed by water. Olefiant gas is inflammable, and it burns with an intensely brilliant flame. The brilliancy of coal a nd o il gas i s occas i one d . by the quantity of (defiant gas which they contain. This brilliancy at ises front the quantity of carbon which enters into combustion owing to the intense heat of the hydrogen. On observing the flame of a gas burner, it will be seen that for a slight distance from the orifice, at which the gas issues, there is a pale blue flame ; this is owing to the non-combustion of the carbon, which is not ignited until it has passed beyond that portion of the flame. Dr. Kane illustrated this by burning the gas as it passed through a piece of isolated wire gauze, and explained thereby the con struction of the Davy lamp. 'Chlorine combines with olefiant gas under very remarkable circumstances. Chlorine unites with the hydrogen, and the carbon is set free, consequently when a jar of the mixed gases are inflamed the carbon is pre cipitated in a dense black cloud. Chlorine unites silently with this gas, and produces a remarkably oily fluid, called the oil of the Dutch chemists iu consequence of their having discovered it. It is a weak acid, of which chlorine is the oxide. Olefiant gas burns perfectly when mixed with its own volume of oxygen, it is then totally converted into water and carbon. A tremen dous explosion is the consequence, of a much more violent nature than that which ensues from the combination of oxygen with hydrogen. This results from the olefiant, gas containing within itself' thrice its own volume of hydrogen, as well as a quantity of carbon, by which we have, as in gunpowder, the ingredients of explosion in a much larger proportion. At the termination of the lecture, Dr. i(ane addressed the members to the fallowing 'effect, in a speech the eloquence of which was only'equalled by the unaffected modesty with which it was delivered : " We have thus brought to a termination our researches into the elements of nonmetallic chemistry, in which we have had the pleasure of being engaged; and I cannot, after trespassing upon your patience, this evening, to so unreasonable au hour, take leave of you without expressing my gratitude for the pa tience and attention with which you have received and listened to my lectures. I deem myself very highly indebted to the Directors of the Institution for the excellent arrangements which they have placed at my disposal, without which I should not have been enabled to have brought forward the different subjects I have introduced in au order suited to the importance or interest which chemistry ought to posSess. I deem myself bound, iu common justice, to express my deep sense of the in valuable assistance which I have received from a gentleman , who, I am glad to find, is recognised and received, in this town, as a well informed chemist, a gentleman whose practical ac quaintance with science has rendered every hour I have passed in his society one of the greatest pleasure. This 1 owe to Mr. Wilson, and I cannot take toy leave of the scientific circles of Liverpool without expressing the feelings of astonishment which occurred to me on finding, that a gentleman's° well acquainted with every department of chemistry was to be found here. Be fore concluding, I must beg leave to address a feW words to the junior classes, which I am glad to find are so numerous, and ' which, by their attendance at these lectures, testify their in terest in scientific pursuits. The science which is available in life is not the science of the lecture, In ininging forward, in a lecture of this description, the elements of chemical science, it is-our duty to present them in as interesting and popular a' manner as possible. Iu order to do this, we are obliged to crowd together a number of brilliant experiments, which, to one unacquainted with science, would appear to be the most nleasiug part of it. This, I would beg to state, is not the ease. I trust that there are many of the juniors here in when' these • and the other lectures which may be delivered here, will excite the desire of studying science; and I venture to predict to them, that, after a little time, le mysteries of science. when properly understood,—when entered upon with enthusiasm, — will present beauteous points of interest far surpassing those which we are enabled to bring forward in lectures, such as will well repay their trouble, and that the tune which they may de vote to what, at present. may appear to them to he dry principles of chemical theory, will be f ound not to be mispent, but directed to the pursuit of what must throw deeply into the shade all that they have previously i learned. Science the inure it is stu died, the more beautiful t will become. In every department of the arts, the accomplished chemist must become the friend, time benefactor, the teacher of all by whom he is surrounded. Iletthe student, in Liverpool, contemplate what Liverpool and Manchester must become. You are here in the metropolis of science in the British Empire. You must here practice prac tical science ; you have bete the development of the vital wealth of the nation depending upon the applications of science to the arts. If these applications are worked out, you must be prosperous; if they are not well worked out here, they will be elsewhere; and, if so, it must lead to the downfal of the trade and commerce of the country. We look forward, then, to young students, in institutions similar to the one in which I have now the honor of speaking, for improvements in practical chemistry. Having mentioned this point of interest, I beg to repeat, that the further students in chemistry may advance in these studies, the less they will find them to be of that abstruse character which they may now appear to them to be, and the more im portant and interesting they will become. I should apologize for the necessarily imperfect manner in which many of the topics to which t have alluded have been discussed. Vor this I could plead, first, the limited time at in disposal; secondly, the necessarily popular manner iu which I had to discuss the subject, which rendered it at times exceedingly difficult to speak up to the present state of the science ; and, thirdly, I limit put in a plea • somewhat personal, that hitherto nay lilac tice being confined to the teaching of classes, I had not directed my attention specially to those departments of the science which it was necessary to bring forward in a popular course. I am certain, therefore, that many circumstances have occurred to show, not, I trust, lack of information on my part, but lack oftact in introducing the requisite illustrations. ' I trust, how ever, that the causes to which I allude will be my apology." The Doctor then retired, amidst the most enthusiastic plau dits. On Wednesday evening Dr. Epps, of metropolitan cele brity, commenced a course of popular lectures on physiology. Thi, is a subject but rarely made the theme of a popular course of lectures ; and, therefore, we trust, that from its novelty, im portance, and the well known ability of the lecturer, it wilt draw as numerous audiences as those which have attended Dr. Kane. STATE OF TRADE. MANCHESTER. —There is very little change to notice in the Manchester market. Owi-ug to the stoppage,of tae canals very little business has been done tor the last fortnight, especially in vain, which has been sold at rather lower pOces. For power loom printing cloths there WiS'a !Otte motelnquiry on Monday and '1 uesday ; but the demand was by no Means general, nor can it be expected to become so until we have a change of weather. RPCHDA LE FLANNEL M A RKET.—There was but a dull market on Monday, though perhaps more goods were sold than on the previous Monday. Prices have rather given way, and many have been bought for one or t►cu shillings a couple below the previous rates. There has been little doing in the, wool market, hut the last week's prices haVe been maintained. PA DI AM.—We learn from these'districts that within the last fortnight the cotton trade has been generally very dull. Hand loom weaving has been very much depressed, and considerable distress exists among the operatives. Potatoes, a staple article of food, have rather advanced in prke.—Manchester Guardian. ~= S~ A THE CHASE. The Cheshire Hounds will meet to-morrow, the 3d instant, at A ppleion-ha ; Monday, the sth. at Withiugron - hall; Tuesday, the 6th, at Manley-m ill; Wednesday, the 71h, at Turin; Thursday, the Bth, at Duddon-heath ; Saturday, the 10th, at Booth's Obelisk.—At half past ten o'clock. Mr. Lecche's Hounds: will meet this day, the 2d instant, at Peuley-hall; Monday, the sth, at Handley.; Wednesday, the 7th, at Peuirebychan ; Friday, the 9th, at Overton -bridge ; Monday, the 12th, at Wynnstay.—At half-past ten o'clock. • The North Shropshire Hounds will meet to-morrow, the 3d instant, at Stoke-heath; Tuesday, the 6th, at High lircall.— At a quarter before eleven. The Ludlow Hounds will meet this day, the 2d instant, at M ilsm u -w ou d ; Tuesday, the 6th, at Famtiee; Thursday, the Bth, at MiddletOn-gorse; Tuesday, the 13(h, at Uric? ou-eotn moo ; Thursday, the 15th, at Pedlar's rust; Saturday, the 17th, at Onibury-bridge.—At ten o'clock. Sir Thomas Boughey's Houno will meet this day, the 2.1 instant, at Chet wy ml.—At half-past ten. Mr. Lynch, of the Chancery bar, has obtained the vacant mastership. Mr. Lynch is the first Catholic gentl eman who has held a similar office since the Reformation; and his r evere d father-in-law, the late Mr. Charles Butler, was the first Eng lish Catholic who obtained a silk guts n under the emancipation act. Mr. Lynch gives up considerable practice, and of course vacates his seat for Galway, but will be eligible for re-election. ELGIN DISMICT OF BURGHS.—lntimation was reveived here on Wednesday morning,, that Sir Andrew Leith flay, M.P., had been appointed Governor of 13erinuda, which will occasion a vticaney in parliament for time Elgin District of Burghs. A requisition was immediately got up in fay..or of the Hon. Fox Mau" and Which, in the course of a few hours, obtained the signatures of 110 electors of Banff and I\lacduff. This is ga ll and wormwood to the tortes, who have long threatened to bring forward the Master of Grant, to contest the representation of these burghs with the liberals. The electors of the sister burghs of Elgin, Peterhead, luverury. and Kintore, are lull of en thusiasm iu the cause of Mr. Maule.—Atterdern Herald. F E L:lt TARP ..2, 1538 ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE, GREAT CIIARLOTTE-STREET, LIVERPOOL. VIII IS Present FRIDAY, and TO-MORROW, (Saturday,) the 2d and 3d instant, Two JUVE.NILL; NIGHTS, the Performances will be so arranged as to conclude by Eleven o'clock. THE FOUR PAIR OF LOVERS, OR, THE HUMOURS OF DARBY AND JOAN. In the course of the Ballet will be introduced the celebrated Pas de Deux, from Masaniello, by Master and Miss Ginnett; and a Comic Medley, tly the infan► Hercules; Comic Pas de Deux, Masters C. and G. Rivers; Finale by the whole of the Characters. After which the laughable interlude of the ACTRESS OF ALL WORK. RYAN'S SCENES IN THE CIRCLE. English Fox Hunter. Jack the Giaut Killer. Bacchus the God of Wine. Diana, the Goddess of the Chase. Mr. Ryan will introduce a new Equestrian Battle Scene, called the Flight of the Saracens. A novel and pleasing Burletta Scene, called the Cockney Sportsman; or, the Ist of September. During the evening the Chtarini Family will appear on the Tight Rope. To conclude with the Burletta called MORE BLUNDERS THAN ONE. Prices of admission—Dress Boxes, 3s. ; Pit, 25.; Lowet Gallery, Is.; Upper Gallery, Gd. Children, half price, from the commencement, to the Boxes and Pit only. Second Pried at Half-past Eight o'clock : Boxes, Is. fid. ; Pit, Is.; Galleries, 6d.—Bax Office open every day from Eleven till Three o'clock, when Mr. "ALE will be in attendance. Doors open- at Sik o'clock, and the Performance begins at half-past. Private Boxes may be had nightly for Parties, at 21s. and 425. - Instructions in the Art of . Riding Given. Riding Master, Mr. Ginnett. Terms may be known on application at the Amphitheatre. Proprietor, Mr. BATES.: .. . Stage Manager, Mr. NEVILLE. TO CORRESPONDENTS. Several communications masked for insertion are unavoidsAbly postponed. The interesting extract from the Hampshire Advertiser in our next. A correspondent has forwarded to us for insertion a letter, con taining one hundred and forty-eight pages of manusciint, which would occupy shout twelve coil:ous of our paper. We really have not had time to peruse it ; we cannot therefoae, offer any opinion upon its merits : but as it is quite out of the question that we should publish it, the writer, if he sets any value upon the manuscript, bad better apply at the office for its return. '"tie tiberpool ,‘,L-.tanbarb. FRIDAY "11011-V LNG, FEBRUARY 2, 1838. Kr The Publication of the STA/DA RD commenced this morn- lug at 6 o'clock. BOMBAY.—By the overland communication, we have intelligence from Bombay to the 30th Nov. The trade was, rapidly improving. There was a good demand for all descriptions of piece goods, and prices were fully as high as they had been in the spring. The sales reported. were 60 per cent. less in extent than at the same period , of the preceding year, and it was calculated that there was not more than a fortnight's consumption of any sort on hand. The improved accounts received from Eng land to the 14th October had had the effect of raising the price of cotton 8 to 10 rupees per candy. No vessel had left for this port from the date of our last advices to the 30th November, and only two, the Mermaid anti Portsea, fur London. There were several vessels then loading both for London and Liverpool, expected to sail in all December.—Price of Cotton 110 to 125 rupees.-- The exchange Is. 1 lid to 2s. NEWS FROM CANADA.—By the Roscoe, which arrived here yesterday, we have received files of New York pa pers from the 2d to the Bth ultimo, inclusive. From the subjoined extracts it appears that no move tnent of a decisive character had taken place in either province of Canada, since the date of the last advices. The rumoured attack upon Navy Island turns out to be a sheer fabrication. So far from Sir F. B. Head hav ing met with a repulse from the rebels, he was not even. in the vicinity of the alleged scene of action. We are glad to perceive that there is a visible altera tion in the tone of the New York papers in reference to the encouragement afforded to the insurgents by the ci tizens of the United States. All the respectable jour nals strongly deprecate any thing like interference on on the part of the citizens, urging the necessity of pre serving the amicable relations which have so long sub sisted between the United States and Great Britain. Prudence, self-interest, and treaty stipulations undoubt edly conspire to render imperative an observance,of strict neutrality. We learn with regret that a partial collision had ta ken place between the lo)alists and certain parties who had embarked from the Iruntier towns of the states, which issued in the destruction of the Caroline steamer. We feel confident, however, that no difficulty will arise from the circumstance, which will, we have no doubt, admit of a satisfactory explanation. Indeed, even upon the admission of the republican papei from which we have extracted the account, it appears that the (so called) outrage was the isolated work of a small party—vo lunteers—and undertaken, as well as committed, without the knowledge of the commander on the Canadian side,- or any other responsible person;" and that neither Sir F. B. Head nor Col. M'Nabb had any cognizance of the affair. The eloquent and appropriate address of Sir F. 8.. Head to the Legislative Council and the House of As seu►bly of Upper Canada will be perused with consider able interest: It is a document of great importance, as affording an exemplification of the policy which Sir Francis pursued towards the disaffected. The tribute which he pays to the hpyalty and devotion of the volun teers, who so promptly responded to his appeal, is ex tremely affecting.' The proclamation of the President of the United States will also be perused with interest, as affording a conclusive proof of the determination of the executive to deprive the rebels of any further reinforcements from the States. Mackenzie and his followers will have to fight the battle themselves. Of the result there can be no further doubt. With respect to Luwer Canada we believe it may be safely said that there is nut a man in arms against the government at present. We subjoin such extracts as are of importance. (From the Courier and Inquirer, of Jan. 3.) The affair of the Navy Island is assutring a very serious as spect. The position of the insurgents is undoubtedly strong; their number is daily increasing, and their supply of arms, am munition, and all the sinews of war, receive daily augmentation. There is no doubt that the state of feeiing along our frontier threatens to implicate us in most uufuituuate dif f iculties with England. A rumour was in circulation yesterday, that the British minister had demanded his passports. This we can. hardly believe to be true; but if our government do not cad out some volunteer corps, enforce obedience to the laws, anti compel our citizens to respect our neutrality, we should not be surprised it Mr. Fox should feel it incumsent upon him to close his mission. It is the duty of the federal government to make use of all the means in its power to compel obedience to our treaty stipulations and our national obligations. On this sub ject, at least, there can be no difference of opinion between all tight minded men. . (From the Ccmmercial Advertiser, Jan. 3.) FROM THE PRONTItitt. We gave little enntidence yesterday to the magniloquent ac counts brought by the Buffalo and Rochester papers of the 28th„ of the action, as they chose to call it, at Navy Island, on the 27th. Our opinion is proved to be correct by the subjcined P. S. in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser. of the 29th : " ToNAWANna, 12 o'clock.—l have just understood, and be lieve it to be true, that a few guns were fired at a battery about to be erected on the Canada shore, and that a boat from the Canada shore has been all around Navy Island, keeping close to the shore of Grand Island, and, I believe has been complete ly around it. A f ew guns were fired at the ' boat without effect. 'that is all the war there is, and out a man from Canada on Grand Island." It would be amusing, if it were not so mortifying to the feel ings of every good citizen, to bear of the tremendous hubbub into which the patriotic inhabitants of Buffalo were thrown, by the (false) report, that some of the Canadian militia had lauded on Grand Island—contrasting, as we must, their effeivestence at this report, with the very honorable and honest part they have taken in the invasion of the British territory, by the Navy Island marauders. The whole population was up iu a moment —a meeting was callettand held instanter—the sheriff was re quired to summon the military strength of the county, which, by the way, cannot be great, as the militia have sent all their Arms and ammunition to Navy Island, and every body was in a &use of patriotic enthusiasm to match against the hold inva der. And two of the deputy marshalls, just appointed to pre vent violations of neutrality on our side, were among the fore most in the bustle! A happy selection of deputies Mr. Garrow has made. _ -- The fact of the matter is, that a few Tuscaroras, from our own s h ore, b a d gone to their usual fishing ground near the north end of Grand Island, where the current is less rapid than at any other place in the river. This was the dreadful invasion that threw the patriotic citizens of Buffalo into such a flurry. - These worthy gentlemen - have been quite successful in acting out the ancient fable of the honest lawyer, as set forth in the American spelling-book; they find au immense difference be tween the ox goring the bull and the bull goring the ox. • ( From the BI yi.do C tn. Adv. Dee.3oth.) STEAMISOAT CAROLINE SCENT! TWENTY-TWO LIVES LOST !!! 8, A. m.—Gapt. Keeler, of the schooner Agues Barton, and F. Emmons, of this Lily, have just brtrught news by express from Schlosser, of au attack made this morning upon the steam boat Caroline, lying at that place, which resulted in the destruo tion of the hoar, and the DEATH Of TWENTY-TWO of her crew —only 12 escaping! It is stated that the attack was made about r o'clock, by five boats of armed loyalists, cantaining -. lrtim l(k) to 150 men, who guarded the gangways, rind critd • uo quarter !'