The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1855-07-24 00:00:00

SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIVERPOOL STAN. FRUIT Biscuirs.—To the pulp of any scalded fruit put an equal weight of sugar sifted ; beat it two hours ; then put it into little white paper forms, dry in a cool oven, turn the next day, and in two or three days box them. To PRESERVE GOOSEBERRIES GREEN.—Take the goose berries in the same state as for bottling, making a slight open ing at the small end ; make some water scalding hot, put the gooseberries in it : take them off the fire, and cover them with common white paper ; let them stand in the same water two days ; then put them in your preserving pan, and cover them with clarified sugar ; let them stand four or five days ; then put them on the fire, and give them a gentle boil. The next day, drain them from the sugar, put them in your jar, boil the sugar over again a short time, adding as much as will cover them, and they are fit for immediate use. LAMBS' HEADS.—Extract the jaw-bones from a couple of unskinued lambs' heads, soak them in hot water for half-an hour, and then carefully scrape away the wool, rub them over with fresh lemon juice to render the meat white. Make a white sauce of half-a-pound of veal fat, or fine beef suet, an onion and a bunch of parsley chopped fine, a table-spoonful of flour, a spoonful of salt, and a cup of new milk, boiled till the fat is nearly transparent, then pour through a sieve. Stew the heads in this sauce for two hours, then cut the meat off the bones into small squares, and the tongues into slices, mix the brains with the sauce, add a table-spoonful of lemon juice, and a very small portion of powdered mace. Warm up again, and garnish with sippets of toasted bread. EFFECTS OF HEAT UPON MEAT. A well-cooked piece of meat should be full of its own juice or natural gravy. In roasting, therefore, it should be exposed to a quick fire, that the external surface may be made to contract at once, and the albumen to coagulate, before the juice has had time to escape from within. And so in boiling. When a piece of beef or mutton is plunged into boiling water, the outer part contracts, the albumen which is near the surface coagulates, and the internal juice is prevented either from escaping into the water by which it is surrounded, or from being diluted or weakened by the admission of water among it. When cut up, therefore, the meat yields much gravy, and is rich in flavour. Hence a beefsteak or a mutton-chop is done quickly,and over a quick fire, that the natural juices may be retained. On the other hand, if the meat be exposed to a slow fire its pores remain open, the juice continues to flow from within, as it has dried from the surface, and the flesh pines, and becomes dry, hard, and unsavoury. Or if it be put into cold or tepid water which is afterwards gradually brought to a boil, much of the albumen is extracted before it coa gulates, the natural juices for the most part flow out, and the meat is served in a nearly tasteless state. Hence to prepare good boiled meat, it should be put at once into water already brought to a boil. But to make beef-tea, mutton-broth, and other meat soups, the flesh should be put into cold water, and this afterwards very slowly warmed, and finally boiled. The advantage derived from simmering—a term not unfrequent in cookery books, depends very much upon the effects of slow boiling as above explained.—Professor Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life. 1,778, making a total of 2,083 large wasps, mostly Queens, during the last two months. During May they were mostly found on the gooseberry bushes, and during June upon the snowberry. My gardener killed about 40 or 50 upon a snowberry bush in my garden. I am of opinion that the swarms we had must have come from some foreign clime. I remember, when in Berkshire in the summer of 1794, that my Aunt Lisle's house and gardens and neighbourhood were covered with a large flight of that small insect called lady bird ; and we had no doubt then that they were wafted over by the wind from France. I hope our fruit may not be again destroyed as it was last year.—J. Lisle, LL. D., St. Fazan, Cardiff. HORTICULTURE. CONSERVATORY, &c.—During bright warm weather the beds and borders of this house must be liberally supplied with water ; any of the specimens or twiners upon which red spider may seem inclined to be troublesome should be well washed with the engine as often as may be necessary to thoroughly clean them. But things in flower must not be dashed over head with the engine, and all pot specimens in flower should be removed out of the way, and others spared as much as pos sible. Look over the pot specimens on the forenoons of bright hot days, in order to see that everything is well supplied with water at the root, for a day's neglect in watering at this season may tell seriously upon the beauty of the finest specimens. Remove decaying leaves and flowers immediately they are per ceptible, and endeavour to have a good supply of specimens in full beauty, so as to be able to replace any t hat are becoming shabby ; also keep pots, floors, and everything ab out this house scrupulously clean and neat. GREENHOUSE.—Many of the usual occupants of this house will do better in a sheltered situation out of doors while the weather continues fine than under glass, and such things as epacrises, the freer growing varieties of heaths, the hardier kinds of New Holland plants, and many other things should be removed to a sheltered shady situation out of doors, but where the glass can be removed at night, so as to afford the plants the benefit of the night dews, there will be nothing gained by removing any kind of plants to the open air ; and specimens that have not fairly started into growth after being cut back should be kept under glass until this is the case, dew ing them over-head with the syringe on the evenings of fine days, and using every means to keep the atmosphere about them moist until they get into free growth. Most hard wooded plants in frames will be benefited by exposure to the night dews, and the sashes should be thrown off late in the evening, replacing them in the morning, and shading against bright sunshine, and giving air freely back and front, or tilt ing the sashes at the side, which is the better practice, as it admits air freely without the plants being so much exposed to currents of drying air. Things in want of more pot-room should be shifted as soon as possible, so as to get them well established in their fresh pots before winter ; but in shifting hard-wooded plants in hot dry weather great care should be exercised to have the balls and soil in a properly moist state, and the plants must be carefully shaded, keeping the atmos phere as moist as possible for a few weeks after shifting. WAsps, &c.—Allow me to acquaint the gardening world that I have during May and June at a penny and a halfpenny got during May 305 wasps and in June the large number of FASHIONS. GREAT varieties of elegant out-door costumes are constantly appearing at the French Universal Exposition. Among the most admired of the dresses worn last week, we may mention one of pearl grey barege. It was trimmed with flounces, each bordered by two white bands or stripes woven in the barege, and these bands were figured with wreaths of roses in natural colours. The corsage, which was high and with a basque, was fastened in front by five rosettes of white ribbon figured with bouquets of roses ; and up each side of the front three stripes, similar to those on the flounces, passed from the point at the waist to the shoulders. Between these stripes the barege was gathered in transversal folds. The sleeves were trimmed with three deep frills looped up by rosettes of ribbon, and the frills, as well as the basque, was edged with a stripe corresponding with those on the flounces. The collar and under-sleeves were of guipure. The mantilla worn with this dress was of white guipure. It was of small size, descending only to the waist, and was trimmed by three rows of scolloped lace, fixed one above the other, on a fall of tulle. The body of the mantilla was edged round by a bouillonne with pink ribbon passed under it ; and upon the bouillonne rosettes of black velvet were placed at the distance of two or three inches apart. Each frill of lace was headed by bouillonne, and rosettes of velvet. The bonnet which completed this costume was of plain French chip, trimmed simply by a bow of white sarsenet ribbon with fringed ends. The under-trimming consisted of bouillonnes of blonde and sprigs of flowers of various colours. Though no material change in the form of bonnets has lately taken place, we may mention one or two of the most novel which have just appeared. One is composed of bouil lonnes of a crape of a bright dark-blue tint, with intermediate bands of straw guipure. Small loops of narrow black velvet ribbon are so disposed as to fall at intervals over the bands of straw guipure. On one side of the bonnet is placed a bouquet of monkshood formed of crape with foliage of black velvet. The inside trimming consists of bouillonnes of white blonde intermingled with light sprays of foliage in black velvet and buds of monkshood; the light blonde trimming has the effect of softening the bright blue of the flower buds, and on the whole, the under-trimming of this bonnet is very becoming. Among the bonnets most reinarkable for novelty is one com posed of black lace and cerise-colour velvet, and trimmed with poppies and blackberries. A bonnet of white crape has been trimmed with roses and black velvet; to the edge of this bonnet is attached a fall of black Chantilly lace. A very pretty and becoming bonnet is formed of bands of French chip and bouillonnes of blonde, trimmed with tufts of the large blue flowers, called the iris, or flag.— The Lady's News paper. SCIENCE AND ART. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF TEA.—The effects of tea as used among us are too familiarly known to require any detailed explanation. It exhilarates without sensibly in toxicating. It excites the brain to increased activity, and produces wakefulness : thence its usefulness to hard students, to those who have vigil to keep, and to persons who labour much with the head. It soothes, on the contrary, and stills the vascular system, and hence its use in inflammatory dis eases, and as a cure for headache. Green tea, when taken very strong, acts very powerfully on some constitutions, pro ducing nervous tremblings and other distressing symptoms, acting as a narcotic, and in inferior animals even producing paralysis. Its exciting effect upon the nerves makes it useful in counteracting the effects of opium and of fermented liquors, and the stupor sometimes induced by fever.—Professor Johnston's Chemistry of Common Life. THE BASIN or THE ATLANTIC OCEAN.—The basin of The Atlantic Ocean is a long trough, separating the old world from the new, and extending probably from pole to pole. This ocean furrow was probably scored in the solid crust of our planet by the Almighty hand, that there the waters, which he called seas, might be gathered together, so as to let the dry land appear, and fit the earth for the habitation of man. From the top of Chimbarazo to the bottom of the At lantic, at the deepest place yet reached by the plummet in the northern Atlantic, the distance iu a vertical line is nine miles. Could the waters of the Atlantic be drawn off so as to expose to view this great sea gash, which separates continents and extends from the Arctic to the Antarctic, it would present a scene the most rugged, grand, and imposing. The very ribs of the solid earth, with the foundations of the sea, would be brought to light, and we should have presented to us, at one view, in the empty cradle of the ocean, " a thousand fearful wrecks, with that fearful array of dead men's skulls, great anchors, heaps of pearl, and inestimable stones, which, in the poet's eye, lie scattered in the bottom of the sea, making it hideous with sights of ugly death." The deepest part of the North Atlantic is probably somewhere between the Bermudas and the Grand Banks, The waters of the Gulf of Mexico are ARD. [JU LY / held in a basin about a mile deep in tiTe de,e, e P egt ri is at the bottom of the sea, between CaPe able, , laud, and Cape Clear, in Ireland, a reina; o o is already known as the telegraphic P l3t l i e ~,,ti now engaged with the project of a subrnal ie 6 the Atlantic. It is proposed to car l l,' w foor plateau, from the eastern shores of Isl e bet t i western shores of Ireland. The great circisioof shore lines is 1,600 miles, and the see i ,„ o . 2 ( probably nowhere more than 10,00 0 feet u7,l9rt THE HABITABILITY OF TUB UNIVERS! 111 , A able to the existence of all animals ? 47 necessary ? When we consider the in n ~„1 11 r iiiti creatures on our own earth, some breath ;,e4 in it ; some with lungs, others without; gei l i ji geologists the former existence of such stith . , forms as those which have tenanted the e: v ii e jiv , periods, long before the creation of man; a g restorations of the ichthyosaurus, the e',,,Tt e ,0 0 14 the monstrous pterodactyl, how can we P''; i bst; i losophical principle, to limit what may e t 0 late forms assumed by animal life ? Why is,s n iter " o f moon, and the still greater moons of J I I O A j remain untenanted ? Is it merely baser PLI r 4 stand how animals can exist without air' i l i st r '' limit the power of the Creator : to den)? 10 . any other than air-breathing creatures' i which we have no warrant. The moo n The r d i i possess a very numerous population. ,„,voi_lc can be urged against them is, that we bPI , 8 r public, generally, expect too much fronl:p for 4i gigantic telescopes yet constructed. If "ao, 01 to „ moon do not require habitations as W.,eAd a y: not erect them ; if they do erect bud fhb . 1 chosen, for some reasons best known tO, O l oti them on that side of the moon's surface 04 A towards us. Consider the similar conet A to,i, own earth. if we turn a terrestrial s 0 1 51 1 7, 1 : 0 # 01 in one direction we shall scarcely ee._.14, 11 ' which cities could be built ; and, certaltiaillea . 1 , towns. If that side of the earth were t o st Or a distance, we might infer, from t he 4. ` l i c hl g surface, the inhabitability of a globe " ikr oifo or population of millions upon million!: _ „, 0 00 , sake of argument, that that side of tqle`-'boiv ably directed towards the earth, ace s that s trict which it is considered to be , ,, p virese e ' belief that the other side is the,. 71ing , hypothesis of the moon's surg t , s It can, au_ • founded upon philosophical:cannot exist the!, contended that human beings , opinion we coincide ; and wthe universe thrill beings exist nowhere else in • and to be his Id man's world, made Essays R ev 13 n , his future abode.— by the • 0 041, 0 1 TIE 11 GA-ST.IC JuicE --Within the retUdsof ue i lines the interior of thestomach, many r 1 ,50r,,,, WY; are situated. From these, through Iitr„OPAVA: in the stomach, a liquid flows, which is bn re r s att' believe, morel; the gastric juice. This liquid contains so7 e at) 0 of free acid, which renders it slightlY 410 .0 1 organic substance to which the name e f P10".10 This last substance is present in the , 16 7 be nO O minute proportion. Like the P tYalin nraeti °ll Pr' it exercises a poWerful and imports ~ _,. it o While the ptyalin changes the starch, Ilr eb il 4 wards partially into lactic acid, the P e P s t l ie ' lir free acid, reduces the fibrin of flesh to _lO curd of milk and the white of egg are also the gastric juice into soluble fornis• a ctio l lij stances it exercises a specially dissolvingoo, gluten of wheat, although a little flier% a s e l the same. Of this gastric juice as m uc h of °, supposed to be poured into the stoinar.oirieaw man every 24 hours. Thus, by the r en io 4 o ji of the saliva and the gastric juice -- ;.cb , 01, 4 1 warmth of the stomach—the fat, the s' o te.ds ~,,.+ the food,are all brought into a half fluid_ s bf r OV. r p' / / I of the food is in part changed and dissolWitik at The whole forms a greyish, gruel-like , 0 ! lie which has been called chyme. This eljit ko o),ll!'d the narrow outlet from the stoniach' l , s' upper part of the small intestines, Wrdeilltli 4 .-rtlie; twelve inches, has been called the (l A ll ' o° t oit 110 / $ 4 however, which enters the stomach Unai d ite'L'Ajt stomach itself, nor thus passes downs o ', l ll '' o r s i er t) , What we swallow in the liquid state - A, lrto ' soups, for example—requires no dissol e o n Oti' in the stomach. They pass on, thereforeyoV for the most part descend through th e , P of to t, denum in a comparatively short peri,eLgiltr . 7, , from the moment that our solid foot' I F.hro oF f t stomach, it begins also to be absorbed ' - „ r est / stomach itself. Minute blood-vessels %, li4 internal surface of the stomach, drink is . food through their thin walls, and c A i, j mingled with the general blood. Th ll4 ' r ' of. n o iJ of the food never reaches the pylorus, ; 0 0 t i r duodenum. Thus, also, the process e'l io, almost as soon as the food is introdue:it„l The strength is kept up by one part o ue ovr undergoing the necessary processes of c Professor Johnstone on CheinistrY• ' ) LIVERPOOL Printed and Published every Tuesday ) 1 1 g: ROBERT PEARSON TI-lACKER E _O I .rdY STANDARD GENERAL PRINTL:OOI GEORGII'S CRESCIINT, Liverpool —.l`" tt Sel ,A CL *ls iod • 0 4 , 1) i krker" 6 0 Ch4 ; f1t11424, L i* in kbkv kkt