The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1855-07-17 00:00:00

40 procure a hundred others without any compensation whatever. What it is to the interest of the country to possess, it is just that the country sluiuld pay for; and' the offer of premiums, even if larger than are now generally offered, but which would be by no means excessive for really good sets of drawings, is quite beside the question—so long as all drawings are held possession of—the competitors in general going unrewarded. If the unsuccessful drawings were returned, their authors would have—as the pernicious system of competition runs— no cause of complaint. As it is, the profession should note that a new phase of the encroachment upon the just " hire " of which labour is "worthy," has commenced.— The Builder. IMPORTANCE of REGIMEN IN DISEASE.—In the treat ment of diseases, regimen—that is, the regulation of the vari ous functions of the body, as affected by rest or exercise, by temperature, by air, by mental excitement er quietude, &c., has always been considered as of great importance. The ten dency of modern medical practice is to set a higher value upon it than ever. " The regulation of the diet alone (forming one Single subsidiary department of the general doctrine of the re gimen) is, indeed, sometimes in itself sufficient to arrest the action and progress of disease. In the first day of a catarrh, for instance, simple abstinence from fluids generally effects a rapid and speedy cure ; a proper vegetable diet is sufficient in most instances to remove the most aggravated cases of scorbu tus ; the inculcation of a due animal diet forms, in the same way, the sheet anchor of the physician in the treatment of dia betes ; and there are few cases of constipation or of dyspepsia, however chronic or obstinate, that cannot be ultimately recti fied by dietetic means alone, and without the aid of medicine." —Dr. Simpson. WORKS IN CLAY.—Why do we not now do more with clay than is done ? Many houses were erected in England about the time of Henry VIII. which display coats of arms,Capitals, cornices, and parapets, of burnt earth, and were allowed to remain, these have endured well. Fronts of great durability and elegance might be produced readily in this material. As to colour, white, buff, yellow, blue, and red may be obtained ; and if a glazing were applied, they could be washed clean without difficulty. Some idea of what could be done with moulded bricks may be gained from the entrance to the station for the Woking Cemetery, in the Westminster-road, a very good piece of brickwork, though wanting in free art. The improvement effected in tiles—thanks to Mr. Minton especially —is very great, and will, doubtless, lead gradually to an ex tended use of them. This species of decoration was anciently held in high esteem, and regarded as a mark of wealth in the possessors, whence, says Mr. Marryat, in his volume on Pottery, arose.* old Spanish proverb, He will never have a house idOined with;glazed"tiles rriunca hitreoasa thit'is;• he will never ,thrive; be erichinan:;-‘ MAY-BLossom PERFUME.—Alfthiarts'orthe chemist are inadequate to produce so-exquisite - an. odour as • that derived from the natural flowers. The most beautiful perfumes are not obtained by distillation, as is generally supposed, but by a much more simple process, called maceration. The flowers being gathered are put into sweet oil; after macerating for twelve or twenty-four hours the oil is pressed out of the flowers, and poured on to fresh-gathered blossoms. This process is repdated at least twelve times, and often thirty times : it then partakes of the perfume of the flowers used in the operation. To extract the spirit out of the oil, it is also necessary to shake it in a bottle with an equal bulk of rectified spirits of wine. After standing for a few hours the spirit rises to the surface of the oil, and can then be poured off; however, before this is done, the oil and spirit must be shaken together repeatedly for several days, otherwise all the odour will not be extracted from the oil. When the spirit is finally poured off it will have all the fragrance of the flower used. In this way may be obtained the delicious odour.of the hawthorn or May-blossom. SALTPETRE ON WILLS.—Mr. C. H. Smith, in a communi cation to the "Commissioners on the Fine Arts," says : The mineral substances chiefly used in building, consist of lime, sand, and different-kinds of stone, neither of which con tain any saline or deliquescent matter as an integral part of their composition. No trace of salt or alkali is mentioned in the analyses of various stones that were examined with refe rence to the selection for building the new Houses of Parlia ment. Bricks are made of clay, which consists principally of alumina and silica, but generally containing some portion of lime, in the state of carbonate or sulphate ; carbonate of magnega ; iron in the state of oxide, or combined with sul phur ; and common culinary salt ; these various materials, when exposed to a red heat, act chemically on each other ; the magnesia most probably will combine with the sulphuric acid, which it obtains partly from the iron pyrites mixed with the clay, and partly from the fuel, if coal is used. It is this sul phate of magnesia (common Epsom salt) which is occasionally found to cover the surface of newly-built walls with an efflo rescence like hoar frost. Under ordinary circumstances it is scarcely possible to' get rid of the various saline or deliques cent substances that have once been admitted into the walls of a building. The only way to abate the evil is to brush off the crystals, dry, whenever they appear in the most flourish ing condition.—The Builder. INGENIOUS CLocK.—ln our recent visits to many of our large manufacturing and other establishments where watch men are employed during the night as security against fire, we have been reminded of an ingenious clock which we once, saw in a large cotton factory at Cincinnati, which performed the remarkable feat of reporting in the morning every half hour the watchman may have devoted to sleep during the pre vious night, instead, of looking after the interests of his employer. It was new to us, and perhaps may be so to some of our readers. The building was five storey s hi g h , an d t h e clock was in the lower storey. Around its face, just outside the figure, is a circle of pins jutting out from the dial, and capable, by means of reeChinery, of being drawn in even with SUPPLEMENT TO THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. the dial. Outside of these is an index which points to each of these pins consecutively every half hour. At the expiration of each half hour the index, owing to the broadness of the head of the pin, requires five minutes to pass over, thus allow ing the watchman that amount of time to remove the pin, which duty is made obligatory upon him. To effect this, so ingenious and complicated is the machinery, he has first to ascend to the fifth storey, then pull a wire, which prepares the machinery for the next move, and then descend to the third storey, and there pull another wire, connected likewise with the machinery below, which removes the pin from the face of the clock in the first storey ! This must be done at the time pointed out by the index before alluded to, or else the pin cannot be pushed in until the index has traversed the whole circle, and returned to the same point again, which would be some time during the next day. Consequently, if the watch man is neglectful, the dial in the morning will point out each half hour of his delinquency during the night ! It will be perceived also, if we have made ourselves intelligible, that he will be compelled to go over the whole building once every half hour.—St. Louis Republican. by their chromule being co) degrees. When leaves are, and part with it by day; bi colour, they cease to part w , to absorb it at night. Hei aire, that oxygenation takes discharges the blue and lea , red ; for in all cases, red is change their hue. It is an caused by alkaline matter, present, and that in what mule is only in an imperfect of which, De Candolle poin colour with that of blanched proportion of white flowers countries ; and, third, the . which are at first white beco . Cab. HOUSEHOLD • J oo '' -- sO f roe c „ fu a t i l e .# GLAZING FOR TARTS.—MiX s" et 5" 9 0 1 of 0 ' thick paste-like cream, and brush.,o 4 6 1 0 RICE RISCDITS.—Sift seven ou"„ice,ro , A half-a-pound of the best ground to 9' Oil , so, seven ounces of flour, and mil 11 ' A ci' d r#r are sufficient for this quantity. i5— ,,,,, i fo:;rt"# u CREAM CHURNING.—It has 34, r t yfr ly fitable by Bs. in the £7, or £5 1 0 . 0 61 4 , o.l''' to churn from cream alone, and biii,e Oiy' churn the milk and cream, and s ee r Y AA ,,,,1) , TEE TIPTREE GA.THERING. — Z a ttIoII nual agricultural gathering for ' t ollo , ~' there will be, as usual, a large al e ,art y „ 41 0;i; tical men to inspect the crops, an c ,of, 0/ the owner of the hall. , flo at'a ol h , 6 8 , 0 1 CINNAMON BISCUITS.—HaIf a r as .10'. ' of lump sugar, finely sifted, one 1 3° 01 4 worth of powdered cinnamon. Tb i e or/ IP/ glass of brandy, or rum, then rolled ree t li t i quick oven. Is of t r ll c li il t p l 'i LEMON DROPS.—Grate the Pee ea $' e l: . a large piece cf refined sugar, til_ a s'„it„ 4 01 plate, add a teaspoonful of flour, ~..",',yiroo ii, I, tj light paste with the white of an e'rlfe,a °CIO; and put the drops into a moderatesoos 00,4 1 VEAL, POTTED.—Pound the re,ave''',oos mace, pppercorns,„„two or threeo!fe4te i press it well into...p . 0t5, Q .tb e ...„ 11 40,01 0 r dto !Alterriaqlaiers - of, pothlded : br p h'ioa o , ot . o f; , foiml,fine comPOund fOi!",tbg.l. ll ZeigaP e t l/3 4 e,,,,r ' BEEF -RiSsciLEs.-'—' Miriee , an u , 0 ice / 0 0 1: 1 ; 4 it with mushroom or walnut ea t C 01 6 4 0? very thin paste ; roll it out in `" 0 0 `;1 'te P square ; enclose in each piece s°:af e r l 'l tJ way as for puffs, cutting each 11 0 ge t dripping of a very light breio l ' Ift'il P O I rolled out too. thin. ....- y r-Au b e coif' et,' ;$ i',.,d falli EXTRAORDINARY DAIRY ifs' ~.;,, , if; 0 / Crick, has in his possession a 0 ,311 dttbs.:A of Pembroke breed which has 1" e " ~clo',l i t, , day, and 141-lbs. of butter iO 4O la a 4 fro g days 171b5., and the next se n t 1 0 tr ee! 05 t o month. The cow has been k/a r be r e 6 " ° ,44• 0 1; 9 r e ed x p te cn n h t le , Er N i v r)i i ec t s h n; forty fruit and t' Ail t t l of 9- pAr t ' e e ERE reduce iß S . half l a I' : - e l t i1 0 13133f ; 11 e: 0 1 ' 11° 06 1-' place a layer of fruit on the be t o tl 4 t 1 40 - 0 ; with a layer of sugar, and s° ( t ) i l ea T . c lf 4 0 11 Let this stand for three days , v Vel a tir .. „o. 4 , up half-a-dozen times over a 1 1 1 9 0 ;15 , l i f t D0117e0', 4 the syrup, and spread thou t u sed sr o sore e ~ I' a quick oven, turning them e lt pe d ' t piti f i moisture. The syrup can b e veg e o t t,I l to : pudding making at the time . r best ig 11 o litt GREEN PEAS are one of el/ dol t ,' O D . ,4 1 j but the usual way of SerVillt u se 0 0,0" rd who wish to retain their to cic coa tail, prr e 01( most economical ; for theY og etabl i e rg; s, d r , together with many other ieting t ge e 001 , the state of fecula for completing ill I l e e i g 9. far more easy of digestion vy . t , a la _ te oa, . peaitself. By boiling then? but bir a re Y j better part of the pea is lost ~ t ial itle.o to j v or meat, all the nourishing 4 co ngers 4i i they form a dish that is mo st , S JO, #7, a wasted habit of body, Gra fiat: iv iiii i ", f isig e How TO BURN CO AL D ing, fror au je v: 0 0 1 if on coal buying and bur. ~,k a o .. t i l e _,0,„, great rills' n.featei,, t he t: t wi lowing :—" The —the b - lie(' Viy coal, as if it were wood. coal is aPP is , cliegoo` t i the heat. If too Innen , b , fire_ _ co l .. o t o , Barfly imperfect, because o ; its of ti_!!,,,iiedtbe ~,6 and, the elem atop' if 'ply/ destroyed, , . , cone y ~.a s , ~,, t , . it, pass off to the c r nl__ . liruer:, a roal, P o i, gases through the ,? .. L.', e w ill P','!•,', o aarhatotor but moderate, a red tat" iv L 1 : 4 ll ! secured.stov e, by f coal, - - - a iw wOhneichtonenotire,eat.haeurdefo_r,t,:r: spa will often secure nic:ro ~V„e o rdinT,, two tons secured 111 monstratea. which can easily be de tt ti zn, Printed and TH Pubßilled y ROBERT PE ii " OKO 0 ST ANDARD G ENE RA a GEORGE'S try 111 relfo' o *whined Iciii.ert) green, theY3l4o gl but just oo' vith this g n u k nice has bee:ciiifl Ivesce, %%f, It4tilti the Preceded da(oteilo uppos ed ,or pe,,u_iir ;l q are c.sou" ogis ct conditio!:escoot, ty., 41 1 1 ints tiolt;:i plants ;Ago., tot pp vory-pc. rsWeill-1011°va, 1 4 1)1 ecOxne , )' *4l T. nCO 0. \ P HORTICULTURE. FLOWER GARDEN—Go over the beds frequently, keeping the young shoots of verbenas, &c., nicely regulated and peg ged down until the beds are fairly covered, after which, unless where the soil is very strong, or where it may be desirable to keep the masses as low as possible, the shoots of most varieties may be allowed to grow at liberty. Where the soil is of rather poor nature, and the progress of the plants not satisfactory, a few waterings with manure water would be useful in the way of inducing more rapid growth ; but this should not be given too strong nor too freely, otherwise it may do more harm than good, and in most cases such things make more wood than is desirable, nevertheless we have found manure water judiciously applied useful in giving backward plants a start. Keep the surface soil free, open, and clear of weeds by occasional stir rings, and should the weather be such as to render watering necessary, do not let the plants feel the want of moisture at the root. See that dahlias and hollyhocks are tied as they ad vance in growth, and keep these thoroughly supplied with water at the root, giving manure water where the ground was not well prepared. Look over roses and dip any shoots found to be infested with green-fly in tobacco-water. Also keep these well supplied with water at the root, which will greatly im prove the flowers, as well as prolong the beauty of the plants, for.the flowers ,soon fade in bright hot weather when. the,. plants are allowed to get dry..‘at tbeliot. r Too much Manure.' water,can , ha i rdly.be, given'lliese,lespeciall4theitittpililblolim! ind milts, and nothing Better repays any':attentichiwhitlith - e - i may'require, for if kept • in -vigoroui- healtli , many;of.th'esoitsl will bloom almost continually until stopped by frost, but if al lowed to suffer through dryness at the root they will bloom but sparingly in autumn. Watch varieties subject to mildew, and apply sulphur immediately the enemy is perceived, but if the plants are kept in' vigour by a liberal allowance of manure water there is little danger of mildew being troublesome. KITCHEN GARDEN.—Get Brussells sprouts, savoys, broccoli, and all kinds of winter greens planted out as speedily as ground can be obtained ; and where this cannot be done at present to the usual extent (owing to the backwardness of the season, and early crops not being ready for clearing off), see that the plants are either pricked out, or sufficiently thinned to allow of their growing dwarf and strong ; and if a goodly portion of old mushroom bed dung were mixed with the soil before pricking out, the roots would run into this, so that the plants might be removed with balls, and would hardly feel the shift. Also get leeks planted on strong, deep, heavily manured land, and attend to these, and all other newly planted things with water until they get fairly established. Give the aspara gus plenty of manure water from the stable or farm-yard tank, in order to strengthen the roots after cutting and induce strong growth. On dry, friable soils a good dressing of salt may be applied with advantage : but this should not be given on strong tenacious soils, as it keeps the ground wet and heavy in winter, and decays the roots. Proceed with the planting out of celery as fast as ground can be spared, and see that the whole is liberally supplied with water. Some persons defer the soiling up of celery as long as it can be done, considering that there is less danger of its being eaten by slugs ; but if these pests are at all troublesome, they should be treated to a dose of quick lime every morning for a week or so, strewing it thickly along the trenches and about the plants, which will clear the ground of them, and then there will be no danger in adding a little soil occasionally to assist in retaining the moisture, and afford more space for the roots. Attend to the staking of late peas, and keep the ground thoroughly moist about advancing crops, and if the weather continues hot and dry, it will be advisable to mulch the ground along the sides of the line, first giving the soil a thorough soaking of water. See to keeping up a succession of French beans, also salad of all kinds, making a sowing of parsley for winter use.— Gardeners' Chronicle. CAUSE OF COLOURING IN PLANTS.—There is, perhaps, no subject of more interest than the cause of colouring in plants, it is one upon which till lately no very definite notions were possessed ; but it has at length attracted the attention of the skilful vegetable chemists of Geneva, and the phenomena relat ing,to it are daily becoming more and more intelligible. It appears that the opinion long since expressed by Lamarck, that when leaves and fruit acquire their autumnal colouring they are in a morbid condition, and that flowers are, from their birth, in a state analogous to that of leaves in decay, is very near the truth. Taking the green colour so prevalent, and so frequently exclusive in vegetation, as the fundamental colour of plants, it appears that deviations from it are chiefly caused