The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1847-01-05 00:00:00

THE STANDARD AT THREEPENCE troduction of the habits of self dependence amongst , the peasantry, and better cultivation of the soil by the farming classes, we have the strange spectacle of a people, just snatched by the public bounty from the consequences of a failing harvest, deserting the land altogether, putting down no seed for fu ture crops, and thus preparing for a famine next year even more disastrous than the present. The article from which we have quoted bears every indication about it of being a feeler put forth from some influential portion of the Conservative party; and may probably afford some clue to the course to be pursued in the approaching session. We shall make no apology therefore for stating in substance the policy which it recommends, and giving another brief extract. The Government is recommended to abandon altogether its present scheme of employing the poor under its own su perintendence, and to extend its aid for the pro motion of useful works, and the employment of and , the people by the landlords themselves, the same • /e u 6 security being tak en f or repayment. The writer, web,, in addition, i ns i s t s upon first endeavouring to re at the opening of the Parliamentary store the country to a state of tranquillity, by the to introduc e severa l new and valuable Passing of an arms' bill, a rea l an d e ffi c i ent coer ,ures in the c o l umns o f t h e S TANDARD ; and cion act, and the s u pp ress i on o f t h e R epea l se di t i on. that we may not b e ou l-d one b y any of our con- He deprecates, also, th e con ti nue d ex i s t ence o f t h e temporaries, the most liberal arrangements are evident influence which O'Connell possesses over being mad e . F or the gratification of thos e rea - the Irish Gove rnmen t. Th e crowning remedy, ders, who m th e d ry d eta il s of politics, or party however, he find s i n a " rational and effective warfare d e li g ht no t , we are likewise preparing a poor law, formed not on abstra . ct theories, but store of amus emen t, w hi c h we trust will be received on a conscientious consideratimi of the corn with favor. To the family circle generally, we plicated circumstances of the country, and the very Peculiar character of th e peopl e — rea l an d unde to admit i n t o our co l umns a li ne at which the destitution pledge ou rse l ves th at noth i ng shall ever induce us served destr • tion must be relieved, b u t th e mos t jea care must be exercised that u charit cheek of virt ue can bl us h , or f rom w hi c h the right wdoeslous not become a bounty up struction. on idlene p ss blic , and, what minded sea rc h er a ft er t ru th may not derive in- is certain to be the co nsequence o f any suc h im providence, an extensive confiscation of property." The writer thus points out his views of the par ties, by whose aid these measures can be carried At the commencement of a New Year we appear be fore our kind friends—the public—somewhat al tered in our outward face, but in heart the same as of old,—full of gratitude for past favors, and of good wishes for both friends and foes. Our publication, of this day, appears set in a complete suit of new type; and from this fact alone, our friends will, we doubt not, give us the credit of acknowledging that, although we bear upon our imprint, THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD, PRICE THREEPENCE, we are not about to attempt making up for the re duction in our price by parsimonious management. Of the quality of matter in our present number it becomes not us to speak. We have already stated it to be our wish that the talent and energy em ployed upon the journal shall not be deteriorated ; we trust that it shall even be improved to enable us to meet the competition to which we are now exposed To our Advertising Friends we must first return thanks for their past kind patronage. The STANDARD has, since the alteration in its price, out CONSIDERABLY MORE THAN DOUBLED ITS it The Lord Lieutenant's submission to Mr. O'Connell'_ CIRCULATION, and is now becoming, as regards being ' viceroy over him,' with his known deference to the number, what it has long been as regards the other less avowable influences, and Mr. Labouchere's most respectability of its readers — DECIDEDLY unfortunate commentary on the expiration of the Arms THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM IN Act, have deprived them, it is said, of that respect and LIVERPOOL. confidence which would be necessary to conduct the Go vernment of Ireland in much less critical circumstances. For our own parts, we have no distrust of the men, and complain only of the measures into which they have been or may be seduced or forced by the anti-English conspi- There is too much personal animosity displayed in the letter racy, whose influences their masters in Downing-street of "S." to allow its appearance in our columns. seem to obey. "An Inhabitant of Upper P ar li amen t -street " des i res us to draw the attention of the au th or i t i es to t h e. ~ ... 7- shameful con- w e trust we have said nothing that can aggravate the dition of that street. Our cor res p on d en t says h e cannot `Ye mischief. We trust the Tories will be the first to hail to his own door without w a di ng anc l e- d eep i n mud. Ye any good symptoms in the Government. It is the natural hope to receive fewer similar complaints under the present policy and inclination of that party to support the Crown management of the highways, in all that is proper, and indeed in all that is even toler " One who has Whistled at the Plough " should never write on able ; and this inclination becomes a duty when, on the both sides of the paper. Lord John Russell has not courage one hand, there are great national interests at stake, and enough to take the step recommended by . our correspondent. With an already deficient revenue, he is fearful of maki i?g , when, on the other, the only alternative of the existing any movement which could by possibility further decrease it. ministry seems to be the refuse of the last. We humbly "A Constant Subscriber" is very sanguine, but we are at a trust that the Conservative leaders will feel as we do, that loss how to advise him. the first and pressing object is to feed Ireland We very much regret being unable to find the letter alluded to ; the next — _if by " A Burgess." 'W e have, however, discussed the subject indeed it be not on a li ne w ith th e ot h er —i s to render elsewhere ; but probably have not noticed thepoints to which life and property secure ; and then, in due course, must our correspondent wished attention to be directed. Had we follow some adequate measures for putting an end to the received the reminder earlier, we could have made a better disgraceful and dangerous farce of associations for the search for the previous communication. • Repeal of the Union. These are the urgent objects. The ...--=., remedies for minor evils, and the consideration of all or ganic experiments, should be postponed till the great instant peril shall be averted—and we are far from saying that this peril may not be of ultimate benefit in guiding and facilitating future legislation on those many and very important points in the condition of Ireland to which we and everybody else have so often referred." TO CORRESPONDENTS tat EibErpooi g§tanbatt. TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 5, 1847 THAT great problem—lreland—becomes one of rapidly-increasing difficulty. The very measures which we devise to meet the most pressing wants of her people, to allay religious animosities, and to convert rampant disorder and outrage into systema tic industry and peace, seem to recoil upon our heads, and to produce results totally opposite to those which were anticipated from them. In a crisis of impending famine, her Majesty's present ministry recently held out to the distressed popula tion of that country the'arm of relief. The land lords of Ireland came forward to offer their coope ration, and to burthen their estates for the purpose of promptly affording employment. Presentments for public works throughout the country were voted with an unsparing prodigality ; and what is, never theless, the present condition of the people thus at tempted to be raised from the destitution, into which they had been thrown by the failure of their principal food crop ? On every side we hear of vast purchases of fire arms and other weapons of of fence. The very money we have given to snatch the peasantry from famine is expended in providing the means of riot and disturbance. The small far the cotter, the halt, the lame, and the blind, are being fed by the bounty of the landlords and the state ; whilst from the former they are with holding rent, and the latter they seem preparing to overthrow. THE public, by means of the press, is sufficiently informed upon most matters which come before the legislature. But even that watchful organ cannot detect all the insidious attempts at encroach ment against liberty or property, contained in the shoal of obscure, bills, introduced by obscure men, the ordinary fate of which is to be swamped un read at the close of a session,, or to be contume liously kicked out, on their objects being detected by the scrutinizing eye_ of Lord Shaftesb ur y i n th e House of Peers. Yet some of these efforts of amateur statesmanship contain provisions of so monstrous and sweeping a character, that the un prepared reader can only wonder that any branch of the legislature could so far entertain them as to order them to be printed. One of this class is now before us, entitled " a Bill for the better manage ment and preservation of the ports, harbours, creeks, tidal waters, and navigable lakes and rivers of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire land," which is certainly one of the richest speci mens of impudence, and, at the same time, the grossest attempt to violate the rights of property, which we ever had the fortune to meet with. Its history is curious. On a certain evening last session, Mr. Joseph Hume had to represent that the navigation of some petty river or creek in some obscure part of Scotland had been injured or en croached upon; and suggested that some Govern ment department should have devolved upon it a supervising power in such matters. The hint was not lost. It suggested the idea of a Commission— an idea dear to the heart of a Whig ; and accord ingly the present Bill, with a Commission, salaries, appointments, and travelling expenses, duly tacked to it, was " prepared and brought in by Mr. Ward and Admiral Dundas ;" and " ordered by the 'House of Commons to be printed 14th August, 1846." The title was a modest one. The House presumed that it related to Mr. Hume's little fish ing port, and other similar petty places, and it was read a first time, and, we believe, a second time, and adjourned over the session unnoticed. As, in all probability, it will be resumed in the coming session, we propose to let our readers know its real nature. There can be little doubt now, that the well meant efforts to meet the present crisis in Ireland Lave been ill devised, and have miscarried. The money spent upon useless and expensive public works has been thrown away ; and even the more recent and rational measure, conceded by the Lord- Lieutenant, of employing the people upon repro ductive works—drainage, &c.—has been converted into a serious burthen upon the landowners, by the expensive system of managing the disposal of the funds under the immediate superintendence of the Board of Works and its officials. Upon the; whole subject of our policy toward that county, an able article entitled " State of Ireland " has just appeared in the Quarterly Re view, published yesterday, in which the proper course to have pursued in employing the people is most ably pointed out, whilst the anomalous Vositiou, in which, the Government has placed itself by the measures adopted, is made apparent— It commences by reciting that in ancient times the jurisdiction of the crown extended over all the seas and shores of the kingdom, and that the Crown had also " the property of the soil in all navigable rivers which have the flux and reflux of the sea up to high wat er - mar k o f ordinary- spring tides ;" but that " her Majesty's predecessors have, at different times, granted the land of many ports, harbours, creeks, shores, and rivers, to cor porations or lords of manors, or private individuals, or to the owners of land on the banks thereof." That many acts of Parliament have been passed, entrusting the navigation of such ports and rivers " to commissioners and others, with large powers for that purpose," who, it is asserted, have mis managed'such powers; and that they can only be properly managed by a central board of commis sioners, to be called a " Board of Conservators." It is therefore proposed to be enacted that " three fit persons, with adequate salaries,"—of course ! should be appointed, - with four Government offi cers, as ex officio conservators, to form such board, with the following powers :—The board is to have all the authority and rights at any time formerly possessed " either at common law, or un der any act of Parliament," by the Lord High Ad miral. In other words, all dock acts and royal grants are to be virtually nullified. The board is to issue its " general and special orders, rules, and regulations, under its common seal, directed to any of the commissioners, or other persons having the F ports, harbours, &c., under act rters, or otherwise " Let the British Government be for a moment re garded in its new capacity. It has taken under its charge a very large number of labourers, for whom it must find food and desires to find employment. It will naturally feel an earnest wish to effect its objects with the least pos glible detriment or disturbance to society at large. It will not abdicate its original functions as a Government, nor renounce its care for any description of citizens. It will not poison charity for the poor with spite towards the rich ; but will feel the better satisfied, and account its work better done, if it can so economise and direct its resources that, while they minister to the wants of the destitute, they augment also the available possessions of those who are not so. With such dispositions, the State or its functionaries, when solicitous to find employment for labour, would seek also the means of rendering em ployment most generally profitable. The process of in quiry would probably be, first to ascertain the amount of tabour unemployed, and then how it could be most wisely distributed. The second or rather simultaneous inquiry would commence with perhaps an invitation to all who Could entertain labourers with advantage, to make them ; known ; and it surely could not, at least should not, Ater of regret if it were found possible to engage the unemployed population of Ireland in works of re ictive rather than unproductive labour. The obliga s between landlo-A or farmers and the State, woiild thus become reciprocal. Both parties would see their in terest in the increased prOdgctiveness of the soil ; the Government, in improved security to be repaid its out jay—the landowner, in increased ability to meet his aug rnented burdens. By thi rrangement, too, the poor la _ vould themselves have contributed to raise the — nl for their support, and the whole of the opera- I have been conducted smoothly and effectually ordinary and understood relation between the em- )f Parliament, c and the or- 'tom the State the cash with which he paid his be promptly obeyed, or the said com missioners and others mulcted ! They are to have arbitrary power to call for and examine deeds, charters, and witnesses upon oath ; and to allow such witnesses the parliamentary scale of expenses out of the funds of any dock estate they may choose to pounce upon. The whole kingdom is to be divided into districts, and each district is to have an engineer," whose duty it shall be to watch over and inspect all ports, &c., and to report the condition thereof, and any improvements he may think -- " and each such engineer —happy part of the establishment of the tiers are ti it will be said, all the labour in the market find this beneficial employment. Many land ) disposed, or so circumstanced, as to be un ble, to take their part in the common en objection opens a large and important .ems to have been thought of, h never necessary ; —is to be man ! said Board of Conservators." The board are to order surveys and plans, and can " set out the boundaries of any port, harbour," &c., which boundaries " shall be the future limits thereof." They are to have " power to stop works likely to become obstructions," the board themselves and the Lord High Admiral being the judges ; to put down buoys ; and punish any persons throwing ballast in any river or tidal water. One would imagine that this was about sufficient to ask for at once. It is not so, however. It has occurred to the concocters of this precious bill that there are too many members of the various Dock and Harbour Committees throughout the kingdom . ; and such committees are therefore to meet "within one month after the passing of this act," and re duce themselves to twelve, of whom three shall be a quorum ! In future the Board itself will elect one-third of the whole. The reduced committees are to send minutes of all proceedings to the Board ; and no works or improvements " which may require any extraordinary expenditure of mo ney" are to be" proceeded with, unless an order under the seal of the Board be first obtained. The Board can annul byelaws of the committees ; they have power to appoint a harbour-master and a receiver of dock-rates, and to " direct the man- be. m: wholt Lourer Trowed. Workmen. " ' But, COUR iOl jai ter qt g, or 1111 which, though we cannot enter into its details, we How were the Irish labourers to mutt al e existed' if there had been no failttre of the potato ? Were they not to have worked for their livelihood ? , osed that they were to have slept, as it were, in of indolent torpor from potato to potato, as ijoying the paradise described in one of id a striking sketch of the national oharact The finest of fun thqe'sunder the sun Is to sit by the fire till the praties is dor indolent as the people may be, and inadequate as the work they do, still they must, had potatoes been ever so plentiful, have done some work. Why, then, were they not employed on that same work, or work of the same kind and greater extent, and paid such a rate of wages as would have been, under the increased price of every species of food, equivalent to their usual earnings in better sea sons ? But, if we were to admit that fell employment could not be found"for the people in their ordinary occu pations--though we do not see why: it should not be so, • if the new and extensive resource of the rail en into account—yet still we insist that this course should have been adopted and carried as far as it would go. Good is done by the wholesome absorption of even a portion of any troublesome excrescence—the part Which remains unaffected can be more easily restored to a healthful activity. Employ a half, or two-thirds, of the I . _ajour of a country in ordinary and useful works, and it w ill be fou n d a matter of less difficulty to provide for the remainder. This is the obvious and natural principle ; and its VOicatkon to the depressed state of Ireland would Lave been, if not a p er f ec t remedy, at least a most bene ficial alleviation of a state of things of which we had be fore had some experience, and which was novel and anomalous only in the unusual extent of the scarcity, and in the strange measures that were taken to meet it. " in place of the results here pointed out—the in. THE LIVER ner in which' the said tolls Shall be expended in the improvement of the said port or harbour, not withstanding any act, charter, law, or usage to the contrary" ! The 33d section repeals all existing dock acts or charters which " are inconsistent with or contrary to the provisions of this act" ; and concludes by informing the world that the act itself may be called, for shortness, " The Harbour Conservancy Act," and may be amended or repealed. We could find a shorter and much better name for it. Our readers may perhaps be disposed to say, that nothing so absurd and monstrous as this can be contemplated seriously by the legislature. It is a measure the bare announcement of which, at some periods of our history, would have convulsed the kingdom to its centre. A Whig of the old school would have seen in its provisions an odious and a daring stretch of the prerogatives of the Crown. Yet it will have the, support of the recre ant Whigs of the present day ; and, if we mistake not, is the bantling of a Whig Cabinet. The names of Mr. Ward, one of the Ministry, and of Admiral Dundas, a Lord of the Admiralty, as its sponsors, stamp its parentage. THE annual Circulars, issued by our leading brokers at this season, concur in giving a some what gloomy picture of the prospects of our com mercial and industrious classes during tip year upon which we have just entered, f or w hi c h there are many combining causes. Of these, the most influential appear to be, the scarcity and increased cost of every description of food, both in Great Britain and in most foreign countries, by which the power of the people to consume our manufac tured fabrics must be seriously lessened; and the short supply and advanced price of the most im portant of our raw materials—cotton. The state of Ireland, also, and the certainty that for the next twelve months, if not for a longer period, the ne cessities of that country must produce a vast drain upon the resources of Great Britain, are no unimportant considerations with parties competent to form an opinion. We propose to give here, in substance, the views of some of the parties, as put forth to their correspondents, in the circulars to which we have referred. The circular of Messrs. Richard Bateson and Sons is a very able one. These gentlemen remark upon the extreme fluctuation in the price of cotton, which has taken place since the commencement of the present year, as compared with that which was observed in 1845. In that year, the extreme fluc tuation in the price of middling American did not exceed id. per Id.; and on the 31st of Decem ber it was within id. per lb. of the lowest pe riod ever known. No change of any moment occurred until May, when prices advanced id. per lb., it being evident at that time that the pre ceding year's crop had been overrated. In the middle of September we had bad accounts of the growing crop, and up to the end of October prices had further advanced ad. per lb. In November the transactions were unimportant ; but in Decem ber the trade was very active-232,000 bales hav ing been sold in one week—and at the close of the year a further advance of 1 d. had been established. To enable the non-commercial reader to trace the cause of these advances in the price of cotton, we give a few data from the statement published by the Associated Brokers. In 1845 the total imports into the United Kingdom were 1,856,860 bales, of which 1,650,826 bales were imported into Liverpool. In 1846, however, the imports into the United Kingdom were only 1,243,520, of which 1,134,244 bales were imported into Liverpool. Again, the stock of cotton in the United Kingdom at the end of 1845 was 1,055,270 bales, of which 885,480 were held in Liverpool. The stock in the kingdom in /December, 1846, was reduced to 545,790 bales, of which 438,970 were in Liverpool. Yet with this diminished stock in htuid, and the present crop in America not estimated to produce more than from 1,900,000 to 2,000,000 bales, we had in 1846 an average weekly consumption in the United Kingdom of 29,977 bales; so that, assu ming that our imports this year are equal to those of the last—a circumstance by no means probable —we run the risk, with our present rate of con sumption, of exhausting those imports and our stocks in hand before the close of next year. No thing can save us from such a calamity as this would be to our working masses, but a limitation of the hours of labour. In, confirmation of the justice of this apprehension, we may quote the fol lowing from an excellent circular of Messrs. Hay wood and M`Viccar. Remarking upon the circum stance of the consumption of cotton exceeding the production, these gentlemen say : " This is supposed only just to have occurred for the first time since 1839; but if attention be paid to the statistics of the last two years, it will be found, that in 1844, though the stock held in Great Britain was increasing, if the consumption of Europe generally were taken into account in that and the following year, there had not been so much cotton grown as had been consumed. Take, for instance, the American crop of 1844, which was 2,030,000 bales. Great Britain consumed in that year 1,128,000 bales, America 346,000 :bales, and the Continent 700,000 bales, thereby exceeding the growth by 144,000 bales. Again, the large crop of 1845, of 2,394,000 bales, was more than absorbed by the consumption of Great Britain, which was estimated at 1,288,000 bales, of America at 389,000 bales, and the Continent 750,000 b a l es , making a total of 2,427,000 bales. These facts were not sufficiently attended to at the time, because upon the Continent holders were in possession of little or no stock, whilst the increase of supply in Great Britain seemed to confirm the opinion that more cotton was grown than would be required or consumed." The prices of middling and fair Bowed cotton on the 31st December, 1845, were 3+€l. to 41d.; on the same date in 1846, they were 51d. to 71d.-- a rise of 20. to 3d. per lb. Yet there are many concurring circumstances to prevent the article manufactured from this raw material advancing in anything like the same ratio. Amongst these we may mention, as the most important, the high price of food, which limits consumption, and the over-supply of goods in some of our foreign mar kets. It is not at all certain that the extreme price of cotton has as yet been attained ; and until this is the case, manufacturing must be unattended with any certainty of profit, and prices of goods be merely nominal. Messrs. Bateson and Sons remark upon this state of things as follows: " It is far from our wish to exaggerate the difficulties of our position, but we are convinced that the year 1847 will be attended with much anxiety to those engaged in mercantile pursuits, and we fear it will prove disastrous to many. We will enter into no prophecies or minute calculations as to the future range of prices ; the advance may probably not be materially checked until the import comes forward more freely. However, as in former years, the market will, to a great extent, be regulated by the demand for consumption ; and upon this important branch of the subject it is impossible at the present moment to offer any satisfactory opinion, as the attempt might only mislead. We look for much fluctuation ; but it must be borne in mind, that the greater the advance, the heavier and more serious will be the ultimate recoil. We antici pate, it is true, a short supply of cotton, as compared with the product of previous years. We have no fear but that the supply of the manufactured article will prove amply sufficient, large stocks of goods and yarn being held both in this country and in foreign markets. It is evident to us that the production of cotton fabrics . la 13 f ' Fos t he present ertaheu the cons”lpon; , 1111( 1 , as). . • previous part of the year, with the advantages of much lower prices for the raw material, the spinning trade generally was unremunerative, it is not probable that it will be improved whilst those counteracting influences are in force which we have faintly and imperfectly to trace." perfectly endeavoured Another valuable circular—that of Messrs. Hol linshead, Tetley, and Co.—contains these remarks : " The question of supply remains to be considered, and in the first place it must be remarked, that we are left with a reduction in the stock in the country of 529,480 bales, besides a reduction of 1 10,000 bales in France and on the continent, and this after a crop in the United States of 2,100,000 bales. Now nearly all accounts agree that the forthcoming crop will not exceed 2,000,000 bales, which, as scarcely any of it has yet arrived, will give us be an ea nsi i n m n nat p th o eb r import ehheer heavy ipvaia remarked, light ebtktoans cales ll ;Is t oa wti bring nhmt have it a ed v at n e hGnfieu r e ci linAef c c: e itr i wel ae v yah e ns d etieirnd t ee h a st i shs s utel pa sa y ptce States. supply pe a ; f r ow b rN u imilo t tl indeed f rom all countries, so that we m a y d I n o d u i b a t : a h n i d g h receive more cotton i n 18 47 than we 'did in 1846 ; still, as we commence with stocks so light, equal only to 21 weeks' consumption, it is clear that the supply will be inadequate, and the working of short time will not be a question of price, but one of necessity." In the face of this scarcity of the raw material, it is abundantly certain that the manufacturing community have taken great pains to increase the difficulty of their position. It is well known that, during the past few years, a large increase has been going on in the producing power in the manufacturing districts ; and no warning appears to be efficacious in inducing manufacturers volun tarily, e nof f i t h h e at la p N e v ;ve t r o . su A bm eir it euiar to a aerlimitationllAy:t oh me ritedre by o f close rebuket h theoe of exercisethe as by Messrs. M'Nair, Greenhow, and Co. jet contains e: a v to l t year them we had upon this b occasion to notice painful the concord, d in u raii pon l„ t a h y e a, tra: l l i e d o i f ti this4istrict by reck lessinsipurpeculam' tflioictet‘ POOL STANDARD. ' tants, deficiency in the harvest, and disease in the potato crop. To-day we have to observe the influence of an equally, though less durable, pernicious and speculative movement which has for some time been in operation, and which has artificially enhanced the value of cotton fully 3d. per lb. Speculators are, however, not alto gether blameable for this ; they have been powerfully aided by the operations of spinners and manufacturers, who, from past experience, ought to have known better, and who, instead of diminishing their production, have continued to work full time nntil recently, when the im possibility of realizing prices correspondent with the ad vance upon cotton has compelled them generally to adopt the only sensible alternative. So far there has been no susceptible diminution of supply ; and producers are un questionably in a very awkward and profitless position." IN some of our previous articles upon the sub ject of the proposed division of the magisterial business of this borough, we have referred to the great increase of business likely to take place, so soon as the provisions of the Sanatory Bill are fairly in operation. We believe that the extent of this increase is scarcely appreciated even by the Council itself, and very certain that it is. not so appreciated by the public. We shall endeavour here to make it plain to both ; and to show that without some arrangement of the magisterial duties, different from the present, and the appointment . of some additional magistrate or magistrates, " learned in the law," it is utterly impossible that such busi ness can be got through satisfactorily, or at all. The Act in question imposes penalties upon parties for some forty or fifty offences, of which the bench has hitherto taken no cognizance; and many of these are of a character requiring a strict sifting of evidence for and against. Cases involv ing fines, which range from forty shillings to a hundred pounds, and in which the fine continues from day to day, until the provisions of the Act are complied with, cannot be decided with the same dispatch as the bulk of those which come before the bench. Some of them are such as have hitherto been adjudicated upon at Quarter Sessions or Assizes; and many are of the class in which it has been found necessary to retain the first legal talent; to call hosts of professional wit nesses, and which has been considered worthy of the attention of special juries. We shall take the liberty employed Clauseof li pointing n26 hoefwthe"oAti rci o gt n p e orf o oe r vni t dg w ei n o s et o sh f ab t ty h a e su s t e e fur: m n , furnaces all furnaces employed in any mill, factory, dye house, brewery, bake-house, gas-works, &c., or in working the engines of steam-boats on the river, shall "in all cases where it is practicable," consume their own smoke; and inflicts the penalty of five pounds for every day on which any party uses a furnace not so constructed as to effect this, or who " shall carry on any trade or business which shall occasion any noxious or offensive effluvia, or otherwise annoy the neighbourhood or inhabitants, without using the best practicable means of prevent !ng or counteracting such annoyance." Now here is a fertile source of long and tedious litigation before the magistrates. A steam-engine fails to eat up all its own black vapours ; and the question immediately arises, in the first instance whether, in the particular case it is practicable to con sume the smoke, and in the next instance, whether the means used are the best means. Engineers, like doctors, differ. Witnesses as to fact may also differ as to what may be fairly called smoke, as contemplated by the Act. There will arise ques tions as to what are " noxious or offensive efflu via." In Mr. MuS'pratt's case, tried at the Autumn Assizes, one set of witnesses deposed that the alleged noxious gases, generated by his chimney, killed Sir John Gerard's Woods. Another set proved that the trees exposed to the action of the gases were greenest on the side nearest the chim ney, and were, therefore, not killed at all. A third set maintained that the gases did not come from the chimney; and eminent scientific evidence was adduced, to prove that the most efficacious means were used to precipitate the gas; and that none could escape from the chimney. Here would be a nice case for Mr. Rushton's one police court ! Yet it is certain similar cases will be continually recur ring ; and they are precisely the sort of cases, which men are the most interested in rebutting. We have dozens of trades in this town, by the car rying on of which annoying, if not actually noxious effluvia are occasioned—for which premises have been erected at a great cost, in convenient local ities, and where scientific devices to suppress such effluvia may involve ruinous expense. In all such cases lengthy evidence, pro. and con., must be gone into; and such evidence is precisely of the character which will call for the presence of a shrewd and practised lawyer upon the bench. Mere men of business, holding the office of magis trate as a kind of amateur employment, will not be able to do justice where such complexity is certain to arise Clause 133, in a similar way, provides that the escape of effluvia from soap-boilers or candle makers' yards, and other places, shall be punished by a fine, if certified to be a nuisance, provided, however, that it is not shown to the justices " that the best means, then known to be available for mitigating the injurious effects of such business, have been adopted." Here, moreover, the justices may " suspend their final determination, upon con dition that the person so complained against shall undertake to adopt, within a reasonable time, such means as the said justices shall find to be practica ble, and order to be carried into effect ' for the abatement of the nuisance. How are the justices to find out what means are practicable, without calling in scientific evidence ? Or will the offending parties fail to call rebutting evidence of the same description ? A few such cases every week would pretty ftilly occupy the time of our court. Yet a whole host of similar inquiries, in which evidence is certain to be called on the part both of the Council and of defendants, must arise under the operation of the Act; and we submit that it will be most onerous to the public, if the witnesses in such cases are exposed to unnecessary loss of time, by having to come from remote quarters of the town to a central court, and to wait whilst the ordinary police and dock business is being gone through. We feel convinced that from this Sana- tory Act alone will be created business sufficient for one court ; and when we consider that in most of the cases which are likely to arise—especially those of nuisances—the evidence oWoth sides will be that of residents in the neishWourhood of the nuisance, the only sensible and just course is to render the diving of such evidence as inexpensive and convenient as possible. This can only be , done by appointing an aditional court or courts, to be held in different parts of the town. Before leaving the subject to the consideration of the Council at its next sitting, we have a word to offer with respect to one matter, which ought to weigh with them in arriving at a decision. We refer to the present state of the main bridewell. In previous articles we have remarked upon'the almost total want of the means of classifying illi- soners in that establishment, and dividing the habitually-vile and criminal from the chance of fender. We were not aware, however, that the justice of our complaint Tram dcmtined. to be so soon iind so awfully verified. A fortnight ago a poor wretch, upon the verge of dissolution, was taken to that bridewell, as the only available place of sl He was, we believe, as well treated as circumstances would allow ; but the only place in which he could be put for the night was a cell in which a drunken man was confined. It is clear .that such things ought not to be : and vaawv au cOltirg COMM Or Inis establishment must take place, if the courts are to continue to be held in this locality, and the present is to be a main bridewell. But can the Council justify any serious outlay here, with the now ad mitted fact before them, that the question as to a division of the magisterial business and the es tablishment of district courts is only one of time ? We understand that on Sunday two sermons will be preached in the Irish Presbyterian Church, Islington, by the Rev. V. M. White ; after which, collections will be made for the starving Irish. The Observer says on the subject of the quarter's re venue, that " the Customs' duties will not exhibit the fall ing off which had been so confidently predicted, and that the excise will show no evidences of being influenced by the partial destitution which so unhappily prevails." SELECT VESTRY.—We believe the Select Vestry have received a reply from the Secretary of State to their late memorial. The right hon. gentleman says that govern ment cannot adopt any measure to prevent the Irish emi grating to this country, and that no amount can be af forded from the consolidated fund towards meeting the enormous outlay made by the parish for the relief of the Irish poor. EXAMINATION OF MASTERS AND MATES. —At a Board of Examiners, held on Tuesday last, Mr. James Stone, chief officer of the British an d N ort h A mer i can Royal! Mail Steam-packet Hibernia, was examined and found duly qualified for a first-class extra certificate as master. Mr. John Johnson, a native of London, was also found duly qualified for a first-class certificate as mate, he being the first that has passed the board in this capacity. MEETING OF CHESHIRE MAGISTRATES. The magistrates of the county of Chester met yesterday, in the Castle of Chester, for the despatch of business. L The principal subjects before them were the appointment of a chaplain to the Castle, and of several inferior officers. the consideration of the bill for the appointment of a sti pendiary chairman, and the laying of a county rate. The meeting was numerously attended. Mr. TRAF FORD TRAFFORD presided. The sum of £2,800 was voted for the rebuilding of a bridge in Dukenfield. The report of the visiting justices of Chester Castle stated that the Rev. H. S. Joseph had been temporarily appointed to the office of chaplain on the 6th ultimo, and that the discharge of Richardson, the late gate-porter, had afforded an opportunity of considering the propriety of appointing his successor as deputy-gove rnor , at a salary of £lOO per annum, bei ng an a ddi t i on of £30, , he giving security in the sum of £3OO for the safe custody of the debtors. Out of thirteen candidates, the visiting justices recommended Jamei Baker for the appointment. The report concluded by stating that the discipline of the gaol was effectually maintained. The report of the Visiting Justices of Knutsford House of Correction was next read. It stated that alterations were in progress for the introduction of the separate system. Forty-four persons had been committed for dis orderly conduct in the Union Workhouses of Stockport and Macclesfield, all of whom had avowed they had so conducted themselves because they preferred the dietary of the prison to that of the workhouse. Something, the report added, should be done to prevent this abuse ; and io n s should view. Potatoes e mad e t objectre n he pe antt a a s t had been substituted for s A long discussion took place upon the part of the re port insi Home Secretary suggested prison sletoceardde t:ahAr dietary. e we tl a . port relating to the disorderly prisoners from the union workhouses.—Mr. JAMES NEWTON, of Stockport, stated that the prisoners sent from that town were tramps and wanderers, who applied for food each morning at the union workhouse. The condition on which breakfast was given to those vagrants was that they should work for two hours ; and when they refused to work, they were brought be fore the magistrates and committed as vagrants. Mr. Conn Err thought the best plan with such char acters was to make them work two hours before receiving the breakfast, instead of giving them their breakfast first. The CHAIRMAN said that being in an union workhouse was, no doubt, imprisonment ; and the only question with these wayfarers and wanderers was which treated them best—the prison or the workhouse. He doubted the legality of committals under such circumstances, as the maintainance of prisoners so committed imposed a burden upon other townships to which they were not liable. should Mr be WI LLIAMS hat in the union ere ds to s suggested s s t ca e d l e t o h f a t the diet in the gaol work houses. The evil would then cure itself. The CHAIRMAN said that was impossible. The gaol dietary was regulated by the Secretary of State, and the magistrates could not alter it. The treatment of prison ers in the gaols was excellent in many points. Each prisoner had a room to himself, a separate couch to sleep on, and books to read. In the union workhouse the treatment was not so good. Mr. DAINTRY, and several other magistrates, protested against the inference going abroad, that the dietary in the union workhouses was inferior to that in the house of cor rection.—Eventually a resolution was p a s se d a pp rov i ng o f the visiting justi ce s report : and, with regard to the dis orderly paupers, the visiting justices were requested to communicate with the officers of the workhouses in ques tion, urging them to be cautious in taking in parties who thus become a charge upon the county, as the legality of their committments seemed doubtful. The court then proceeded to the appointment of Chap lain to the castle of Chester, in the place o f th e R ev. W. G. Eaton. There were twelve candidates ; and this number was reduced to two, the Rev. H. S. Joseph, and the Rev. E. Titley. _ _ Mr. CHARLES Porrs proposed, and Mr. Wm. JACK sox seconded, the appointment of the Rev. H. S. Joseph. Mr. CORBETT proposed, and Sir E. WALKER seconded, the Rev. E. Titley. On a division the numbers were, for Mr. Joseph 21; for Mr. Title" 9. Mr. Joseph was then called in, and he returned thanks for the appointment. Mrs. Bennion was re-appointed matron ; and Elizabeth Jones, school-mistress. A committee was appointed to watch the progress of the bill for the establishment of the stipendiary chairman ship. Much jealousy was expressed of any claim that Government might make to nominate this officer. A county rate, of Is. 4d. in the pound, was then or dered, and the meeting separated. THE CUSTOMS REVENUE OF THE PORT OF LIVERPOOL, Although, at the time we write, the Customs' year has not quite expired, being usually made up to the close of the sth January, (this day,) we have to congratulate our readers upon the fact that the port has made some pro gress towards making up for the decrease of revenue sus tained up to the sth January last year, occasioned by the alteration which took place In the tariff. The following are the receipts during the two years, April quarter 1845 £928,973 817,279 897,988 July -do October do 1846 £793,427 944,496 1,016,383 January 788,872 858,806 Totals .... £3,433,112 £3,613,112 Increase in present year .... £lBO,OOO It must oe borne in mind, that this result is only up to the Ist instant. In all probability the total increase on the year will be found nearly £200,000 ; and this, let it be borne in mind, has accrued, although in July the Sugar Duties were materially reduced, and the great bulk of the corn and flour introduced into consumption during this year have paid nearly nominal duties. The whole case speaks volumes in proof of the progressing state of the port of Liverpool ; and we confidently expect that the publication of the Dock accounts will show a large in crease of business done. WORKING OF THE ALBERT DOCK AND WAREHOUSES. The Albert Dock during the last fortnight has presented a lively scene, and the following account of vessels dis charged will exhibit the great advantage of the system to both shipowner and importer, in the expeditious manner in which the goods can be brought to sale, and the vessel at liberty to take outward cargo. The Waterloo, (983 tons register,) from New York, is an instance of extraordinary dispatch. She entered the dock and commenced working on the 18th ult., and in consistingo lar d d i loading gprobv provisions, i6 h o7lloo a s at less than having a v ifonugr had a nd sufficient a half daeynstwwam cargo o ly p u d t i discharged, besides mid-dayto a packages k t i a ff g e e n s oe h fn e r, cotton, thea nd2 3wasclocks, lult.ek s removed t T al h lo e w t 7 o ro gh s oe iti &c., and 21,000 bushels of wheat, was not only put on shore, but the whole of it, except about 2500 boxes of cheese, allowed to be housed without weighing, finally carried to account by revenue, and housed or delivered within that period. From the 22nd ult. to the 2nd inst., (ten working days,) the under-mentioned fifteen vessels have commenced discharge, and all but the last six (in course of working) have been completed. It will also be seen, that as stores, the warehouses are coming more and more into favour, as from the ware housing entries and other sources we are enabled to append a rough estimate of the weight of goods ordered to be housed. theof thevery s i p d o e i r t g n and Co a n .w li e m st it s e t d ack spa r c e e—o cent n ly ly o tw pen o e s d t , ac t ic h s e quantity of work got through promises well for the facilities that will be afforded when the entire of the dock is available. And now, that the rates are framed upon an equitable basis, we say heartily t o those in authority, persevere and prosper ! Ts W eight ister Wonarehoused Jan. 5, 1847. LATEST INTELLIGENCE. (BY EXPRESS.) IMPORTANT FROM PORTUGAL. We have received letters from Lisbon of the 29th ult.,. which contain an account of the defeat of the insurgents at Torres Vedras, under Count Bomfim, on the 22d, and their subsequent submission. The loss on the Queen's side is estimated at 386 (including 38 officers) in killed, wounded, and missing ; that on the side of the insurgents is said to have been much less, they having fought behind walls and barricades. The insurgents struggled most determinedly, but when three companies of the 2nd Infantry, who had the charge of Fort Forca— the key of the position--went over to the enemy, the castle was immediately surrendered. In consequence of the gallant resistance of the vanquished, they were allowed to march out with some of the honours of war. The pri soners have arrived at Lisbon, and are now in safe custody on board the Diana frigate. RISE IN THE PRICE OF BEER.—In consequence of the increasing price of barley, the principal brewers of Lon don held a meeting on Friday, at which it was resolved to raise the price of beer ss. per barrel, or 15s. per butt. The price of beer was immediately raised in many parts of the metropolis on Saturday Id. per pot, and . a rise to the same extent on porter and ale became general yester day. LONDON CORN MARKET.—YESTERDAY. At this day's market there was a better supply of English Wheat, which sold at 38. to 45. per qr. over the currency of this day week. The business in foreign was not so extensive, but greatly checked by the extravagant rates demanded; similar improvement, however, was realised. No Indian Corn on sale either here, or floating, with bills of lading in hand. For future shipment 3s. to 4s. more money has been offered. The supply of Barley is , inadequate to the demand; and the brewers having raised the price of beer, gave a further impetus to the trade; this article and Malt are ss. dearer; and Flour is ssi)er sackat buyers and ue Peas held Is. to 2s. higher. The O contin to. act so much on the reserve, that the sales are limited, and very slow, at 6d. to Is. per quarter advance on foreign. Irish almost neglected, and few can afford to pay the prices generally asked. SMITHFIELD CATTLE MA RKET.—YESTERDAY: • The Beef trade was in a very depressed state, at a decline is the currencies obtained on this day se'nnight, of 2d. per 81b., the extreme figure for the best sort s no t exceed i ng 4s. 4d. per 81b., while at the conclusion of business a clearance was not effected. From Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Northamptonshire, we received about 1400 short-horns ; from Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, and Cambridgeshire, 300 Herefords, Scots, and short-horns; from the west and midland districts, 700 Herefords, runts, De vons, &c. ; and from other parts of England, 800 of various breeds. The numbers of Sheep were considerably on the increase, and of excellent quality. The supply of that description of stock exceeding the wants of the butchers, the Mutton trade was un usually dull, at an abatement in value of from 2d. 'to, in some instances, 4d. per BTh. With Calves we were scantily supplied; yet the Veal trade was in a sluggish state, at our quotations. Prime small Porkers moved off steadily, other kinds of Pigs slowly, at low rates. MONEY MARKET.—YESTERDAY. There is very little business in public' securities, but Consols ' remain stationary at 93A 94 for the opening. There has been a further advance in prices in Mark-lane this morning, establish ing a rise of five shillings to six shillings per quarter on Wheat since last Monday. Everybody seems to consider that public securities must decline, and that the prices are only supported by the speculative operation& Reduced Three per Cents. have been done at 94 and 94k, and the Three-and-a-Quarter per Cents, at 95k and Exchequer-bills are 7 11, India Bonds 21 pm., and Bank Stock has been last sold at 206._ Foreign securities have been almost entirely neglected. The only prices recorded are, Mexican bonds at 25 for account, Belgian Two-and-a-Half per Cents. at 52i, and Equador There has been less business in railway shares than on Satur day, but no material difference has occurred in prices. Tonnagt i dis H ch ou ar r: e. Whence in Re, Trey, Calcutta, Windsor. Para, Tay, Africa, E G l a i n zt g h e, "Wood, C it a a l r cu ba t d ta o; r• I Crishma, Mauritius; Theres 4 Janejtilarpmham, 11 45 Ann, Anglesea, Benin, Bahia, Rio Janeiro, 5 "1 4 : Africa, Sandbac Thus, within ten days, a total register tonnage of 6060 tons have entered the dock, of which 3780 have discharged, and warehoused 2813 tons of merchandise. With respect to the time occupied, we must, in fairness, state, that as yet the western stack is not in thorough working order, the machinery, &c., being deficient, and T.. been very difficult ones LIVERPOOL CHARITABLE SOCIETY ►e very depresses 384 44 3!U i 304 1 -J7 456 705 35A 245 3780 379 460 206 360 [, nay, ex —We are not sur- iaustei _ , .. - Of the funds of this very useful society, at this severe sea son of the year ; particularly, when we look at the alarm ing inundation of the Irish poor. While it is our duty, as far as in us lies, to administer to the necessities of the starving thousands in Ireland and Scotland, it is our bounden duty, and that in a paramount degree, to relieve the pressing demands of our own people : and, therefore, we are glad to hear that the claims of this society are to be advocated, at St. Mark's church, to-morrow, (Wednes day,) evening, by the Rev. Mr. Pollock ; and we doubt not that his eloquent advocacy will be prevailing. As an encouragement to his kind labours, we are happy to h ave it in our power to announce, that on Sunday mo rn i ng last the liberal sum of £BO was collected for this soc i ety, in St. church , whic tit eo s na noticesh a ow ministers had- s tr e been e aftert a p owerful , an and affectionate appeal from the beloved pastor of that congregation, previously di)eop leof given. This is truly a good beginni ng o f the new year : w Andrew'swo of h n o y t would e and, with the distress that sta res us i n the face on all sides, ldventure all denominations,—go and do likewise, GOVERNMENT SCHEME OF EDUCATION. We noticed last week a speech delivered by Lord Mor peth, at a meeting in York, from which we inferred that the present ministry had in contemplation the introduction of some comprehensive scheme of education for the masses of the people, although its precise, or even probable, charac ter was difficult to be discovered, from the reserved man ner in which his lordship spoke. We have since heard, on what we consider to be good authority, that a plan has been submitted to them by Mr. J. Bramley-Moore, the chairman of the Liverpool Dock Committee, which has been received with great consideration, and which pos sesses the merit—a difficult one to be attained in treating on so important a subject—of meeting the views of reli gionists of several and very conflicting opinions, to whom it has been shown, whilst this is to be effected without sacrificing teaching in the vital truths of religion, or pros trating the authority of the Established Church, to pro pitiate dissent. By one eminent dignitary of the Estab lishment, whose name, if we could mention it, would satisfy our fellow-townsmen that no surrender of the principle of religious education is contemplated under the plan, it was received, we understand, with unqualified approbation. We trust most sincerely that this may be the plan which Government proposes to introduce ; and that to Mr. Bramley-Moore, in addition to his oth er c l a i ms t o the gratitud e o f his fellow-townsmen, will be awarded the credit of having solved a difficulty, the existence of which in the present awakened feelin g of the .p.Llic upon necessity of enlightening and christianising the masses of oaalone measure inte r f b e e i r n e g t c o a r pre ri r e e d v eouutt abylagthe and liberal tir pP a t o d n u , c a can ti o n Legislature. The whole of the cabinet ministers are expected in town on Thursday. It is said tliat Lord Robert Grosvenor will come for ward as a candidate for Middlesex, in the place of the venerable Mr. Byng, who retires. The Earl of Elgin, Governor General of the Canada.% left London yesterday for Liverpool, from which port he will lab tak s e his departure to-day f or th e scene o f his future our. The Daily News of Saturday anticipated its contempo raries in the receipt of the Overland Mails from China. Several of the other daily papers copied in second editions the intelligence from the Daily News. SOUTH CHESHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The executive body of this association meet on Friday next, at Crewe, for the special purpose of considering the pro priety of petitioning parliament for a repeal of the malt tax. The motion to this effect will be opposed by a sec tion of the committee. CAMBRIDGE, JANUARY 2.—THE HULSEAN PRIZE : B Th .A is ., pr o iz f e s(f.lo.loo,l)mh,sas College.-- e b g ee e .n—awarded HULSEANto A. lk E The Rev. Dr. C. Wordsworth, of Trinity College, and canon of Westminster, h as b een e l ected for the ensuing and academical year. reTMußoEoßre:, The Earl and Countess of Ellesmere entertained at dinner on Saturday evening the Duchess of Sutherland, the Earl of Clare, Captain Eastwick, and a select circle. The noble earl is expected to leave town on Tuesday, on . a visit to the Earl and Countess De Grey, at Wrest Park, Beds, from which he proceeds to Woburn Abbey. The youthful members of the family leave town on Tuesday for Hatchford, the family seat in Surrey. MEMORIAL TO THE COUNCIL von. A REFORM OF fit° POLICE COURT.—This memorial, of which we ga, a copY in our last, has, during the week, been most numerously and influentially signed. It still lies for signature at the usual places ; and we beg to remind our fellow townsmen who feel an interest in this important subject, that it will be presented to th e C ounc il on Wednesday, '(to-morrow,) when, in all probability, a decision will be come to. No signature can be attached to the memorial after this even ing, as it must be in the hands of the Mayor early to- morrow morning. CASE OF DESTITVTION. - Yesterday, about noon, a crowd of persons gathered round a f ema l e , oppos it e th e Waterloo Hotel, with two children, (one an infant and the other four years old,) who had dropped down from exhaustion, arising from want of food. A gentleman pre sent procured the assistance of a woman who was nassing. and the sufferer and h er children were taken intO'Whouse in Lawton-street, where some warm ale was administered to her. The same gentleman, and others, subscribed'a small sum each. and - she was left in a fair way of re.. Night Asylum geared that she had come from land in hopes of finding employment in a particular fac tory, hut did not know where to find it. She stated that she had slept in a stable in Woolton on the previous night. RELIEF OF THE Poon.—During the melancholy and very prevalent distress in the winter of 1842, several oenevoient gentlemen belonging- to Castle-street Ward formed themselves into a committee for the relief of the numerous poor in the ward, and collected a large sum of money, the greater portion of which was distributed as - .ying in unex- ever since. On Saturday, however, in' consequence of the present unexampled distress, the committee was sum moned to consider the best mode of distributing the sum remaining, and we believe it was determined to give £5O to the District Provident Society, to be given to the resi dent poor of the ward ; £5O to the Strangers' Friend' Society ; and the remainder was divided amongst several, influential and charitable gentlemen, to be distributed in the ward according to their discretion. LIVERPOOL: TUESDAY, JANUARY 5, 1846 EVERY D punLTSITED -TUES D i Cll MORNING; LEONARD ADDISON, of 14 , Great Orford-street. BY JOSIIUA FLETCHER LACE, of 53, Grove street, and At NO. 4 , ,S T . CRESCENT, LIVERPOOL. Orders for Ad vert i semen ts received by M essrs. Newton an d Relnell, Chancery -lan e ; Ch ar l es B ar ker, Co., Warwick-square; Barker and White Fleet-street; Deacon, Walbrook ; Birchin-lane ; Joseph lhomas, 1, Finch-lane, Cornhill ,• Mun dell Hammond, 27, Lombard-street; Mitchell, 8, R e d Lion court, Fleet-street; Lewis and Lowe 3, Castle-court, Corn hill ; at the London Commercial Cof f ee-Mouse Mincing-lane; at the Jerusalem Coffee-house, Conffiill ; Chapter Coffee house, Paternoster-row; North and South American Coffee house, Threadneedle-street ; Parsons; 9, Ave-Maria-lane , London; Johnston and Co., Eden Quay, Dublin; Wheeler, Exchange-street, and C. H. Lewis, Market-street, Manches ter; Haddock, and J. and W. Booth, Booksellers, Warring' ton; Clarke, Pilot-office, Preston; and Wright and pai n, Herald-office, Birmingham. 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