The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1847-01-05 00:00:00

41IF 8 THE STANDARD AT THREEPENCE troduction of the habits of self dependence amongst the peasantry, and better cultivation of the soil by - the farming classes, we have the strange spectacle a puottc—somewhat al- of a people, just snatched by the public bounty ac( , but in heart the same from the consequences of a failing harvest, deserting —full of gratitude for past favors, and the land altogether, putting down no seed for fu good wishes for both friends and foes. Our ture crops, and thus preparing for a famine next publication, of this day, appears set in a complete year even more disastrous than the present. suit of new type ; and from this fact alone, . our The arti c l e from which we hav e quoted bears ." -,. doubt not, give us the credit of every indicati on a b ou t it o f b e i ng a feeler put forth f L .r e b ear upon our from some infl uen ti a l --1: .t.. C 4t the commer, unit of a New Year we appear b, tered in our outward face as of old, . portion of the , nservativ€ party; and may probably afford some clue to the STANDARD, course to be pursued in the approaching session. We shall make no apology therefore for stating in ..,,a up for th e re substance th e po li cy w hi c h i t recommends, and y parsimonious m a n a gemen t, giving an o th er b r i e f ex t ract. Th e Government is our present numb er it recommended to abandon a lt oge th er it s presen t We have already stated scheme of employing the poor under its own su t the talent and energy em - perintend ence , an d t o ex t en d it s a id f or the pro ial shall not be deteriorat e d ; motion of useful wor k s , an d th e emp l oyment o f it shall even be improved to the people by the landlords themselves, the same security being taken f or re p aymen t. Th e writer,. competition to which we are in addition, insists upon first endeavouring to re ening of th e P ar li amentary store the country to a state of t ranqu illity, by the ion, to introdu ce severa l new an d valuable Passing of an arms' bill, a real and efficient coer t'ires in the 4118 of the S TANDARD; an d , cion act, and the suppression of the Repeal sedition. - e out-done by an y o f our con- He deprecates, also, the con ti nue d ex i s t ence o f t h e the most liberal a rrangemen t s are evident influence which O'Connell po ssesses over , .ade. For the gra tif ica ti on o f t h ose rea- the Irish Government. Th e crown i ng reme d y, whom the dry detail s o f p o liti cs, or party however, he finds in a " ra ti ona l and. effective warfare delight no t, we - are lik ew i se preparing a poor law, formed not on ab s t r a c t th eor i es , b u t store of amusement, whi c h we t rust w ill b e rece i ved on a conscientious cons id era ti on o f th e com plicated circumstan ces o f th e coun t ry , an d th e very with favor. To th e f am il y c i rc l e generally, we pledge ourselves th a t no thi ng s h a ll ever induce us peculiar character of th e p eo pl e — rea l an d un d er served destitution must b e re li eve d, b u t th e most to admit into our colu mns a li ne at wh i ch the jealous care must be exercised that public charity cheek of virtue can blush, or from which the right does not become a bounty upon idleness, and, what minded searcher after truth may not derive in- certain to be the consequence of any such im must first return providence, an exte ns i ve con fi sca ti on o f property. " _. The writer thus points out hi s v i ews o f th e par past kind patronag e . Th e The alteration in its pri ce , ties, by whose aid th ese measures can b e carr i e d out : CONSIDERABLY MORE THAN DOUBLED ITS Th , e vi L ce o r r o d Lieutenant ' s overi su i b a n i iits i ioil , to Mr. O'Connell's CIRCULATION, and is now becoming,. as regards being‘ deferencealere,s most to the number, what it has long been as regards the other less avowable y influence s, mw and Mr. rabou respectability of its readers—DECIDEDLY unfortunate commentary on the expiration of the Arms THE BEST ADVERTISING MEDIUM IN Act, have deprived them, it is said, of that respect and LIVERPOOL. confidence which would be necessary to c o n d uc t th e Go- LIVER OOL PRICE THR PENCE, re not about to atti `ion in Of the q become :ot us to speak and st that i We purl attheoj that 2 may not b To our Advertising Friends u thanks for their STANDARD has, since t vernment of Ireland in much less Critical circumstances. --1 " . For our own parts, we have no distrust of the men, and complain only of the measures into which they have been co nspi- There is too much personal animosity displ a y e d i n th e letter racy, or may be seduced or for c ed by th e anti-English whose influences their masters i n Downing-street of "S." • to allow its appearance in our co l umns . seem ''An Inhabitant of Upp er P ar li ament - street " des i res us to to obey. " draw the attention of th e aut h or i t i es to the shameful con- We trust we have said nothing that can aggravate the dition of that street. o ur correspondent says he cannot get mischief. We trust the Tories will be the first to hail to his own door without wading ancle-deep in mud. We any good symptoms in the Government. It is the natural hop, to receive fewer s.milar complaints under the present policy and inclination of that party to support the Crown management of the hiqhways. in all that is proper, and indeed in all that is even toler --ho has histled at the Plough " should never write on able ; and this inclination becomes a duty when, on the ."" raper. Lord John Russell has not courar , e and one hand, there are great national interests at s t a k e , ^ , bminended by our correspondent he is fearful of making when, on the other, the only alternative of the existing vy possibility further decrease it. ministry seems to be the refuse of the l as t. W e h um b ly ouscriber "Ts very sanguine, but we are at a t rus t th a t th e C onservat i ve l ea d ers w i ll feel as we do, that iow to advise him. the first and pressing object is to feed Ireland ; the try much regret being unable to find the letter alluded to r if indeed it be not on a line w ith th e o th er —i s to next— d en , " A Burgess." We have, however, discussed the subject Asewhere ; but probably have not noticed thepoints to which life and property secure ; and then, in due course, must our correspondent wished attention to be directed. Had we follow some adequate measures for putting an end to the received the reminder earlier, we could h ave ma de a better disgraceful and dangerous farce of associations for the search for the previous communication. Repeal of the Union. These are the urgent objects. The = remedies for minor evils, and the consideration of all or ganic experiments, should be postponed till the great instant peril shall be averted—and we are far from saying = that this peril may not be of ultimate benefit in guiding and facilitating future legislation on those many and very important points in the condition of Ireland to which we becomes one of and everybody else have so often referred." TO COR iE.:TONDENTS, enough to take the step recu,... With an already deficient revenn any movement - • lentiful would 1 of an healthful activit: labou r of a eoui will be l'ouud a t THE eig ?Librrpool &tanbarb. TUESDAY MORNING, JANUARY 5, 1847 THAT great problem—lreland rapidly-increasing difficulty. The very measures which we devise to meet the most pressing wants THE public, by means of the press, is sufficiently of her people, to allay religious animosities, and to informed upon most matters which come before convert rampant disorder and outrage into systems- the legislature. But even that watchful organ tic industry and peace, seeni to recoil upon our cannot detect all the insidious attempts at encroach heads, and to produce results totally opposite to ment against liberty or property, contained in the those which were anticipated from them. In a shoal of obscure bills, introduced by obscure men, crisis of impending famine, her Majesty's present the ordinary fate of which is to be swamped un ministry recently held out to the distressed popula- read at the close of a session, or to be contume tion of that country the arm of relief. The land- liously kicked out, on their objects being detected lords of Ireland came forward to offer their coOpe- by the scrutinizing eye of Lord Shaftesbury in the ration, and to burthen their estates for the purpose House of Peers. Yet some of these efforts of of promptly affording employment. Presentments amateur statesmanship contain provisions of so for public works throughout the country were voted monstrous and sweeping a character, that the un with an unsparing prodigality ; and what is, never- prepared reader can only wonder that any branch theless, the present condition of the p eo pl e thus at- of the legislat ure cou ld so f ar enterta i n them as to tempted to be raised from the destitution, into order them to be printed. One of this class is now which they had been thrown by the failure of their before us, entitled " a Bill for the better manage principal food crop ? On every side we hear of vast ment and preservation of the ports, harbours, purchases of fire arms and other weapons of of- creeks, tidal waters, and navigable lakes and rivers fence. The very money we have given to snatch of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ire the peasantry from famine is expended in providing land," which is certainly one of the richest speci the means, of riot and disturbance. The small far- mens of impudence, and, at the same time, the mer, the . cotter, the halt, the lame, and the bli n d, grossest attempt to viol a t e th e r i g ht s o f property, which we ever had th e f or t une t o mee t w i t h . are being fed by the bounty of the landlords and ' the state ; whilst from the former they are with- Its history is curious. On a certain evening last holding rent, and the latter they seem preparing to session, Mr. Joseph Hum e h a d t o represent t h at river or creek in som e the navigation of some petty overthrow. __. There can be little doubt now, that the well meant efforts to meet the present crisis in Ireland have been ill devised, and have miscarried. The money spent upon useless and expensive public works has been thrown away ; and even the more recent and rational measure, conceded by the Lord- Lieutenant, of employing the people upon repro ductive works—drainage, &c.—has been converted into a serious burthen upon the landowners, by the expensive system of managing the disposal of the funds under the immediate superintendence of the Board of Works and its officials. obscure part of Scotland had been injured or en croached upon; and suggested that some Govern ment department should have devolved upon it a supervising power in such matters. The hint was not lost. It suggested the idea of a Commission— an idea dear to the heart of a Whig ; and accord ingly the present Bill, with a Commission, salaries, appointments, and travelling expenses, duly tacked to it, was " prepared and brought in by Mr. Ward and Admiral Dundas ;" and " ordered by the House of Commons to be printed 14th August, 1846." The title was a modest one. The House presumed that it related to Mr. Hume's little fish ing port, and other similar petty places, and it was read a first time, and, we believe, a second time, and adjourned over the session unnoticed. As, in all probability, it will be resumed in the coming session, we propose to let our readers know its real nature. Upon the whole subject of our policy toward that country, an able article entitled " State of Ireland " has just appeared in the Quarterly Re view, published yesterday, in which the proper course to have pursued in employing the people bly pointed out, whilst the anomalous h the Government has placed neasures adopted, is made apparent— , osition, In wh ;self by the It commences by reciting that in ancient times the jurisdiction of the crown extended over all the seas and shores of the kingdom, and that the Crown had also " the property of the soil in all navigable rivers which have the flux and reflux of the sea up to high water-mark of ordinary spring tides ;" but that " her Majesty's predecessors have, at different times, granted the land of many ports, harbours, creeks, shores, and rivers, to cor porations or lords ofluanors, or private individuals, or to the owners of land on the banks thereof." That many acts of Parliament have been passed, entrusting the navigation of such ports and rivers " to commissioners and others, with large powers for that purpose," who, it is asserted, have mis managed such powers; and that they can only be properly managed by a central board of commis sioners, to be called a "Br ' of C " Let the British Government be for a moment re garded in its new capacity. It has taken under its charge is .-- ;ery large number - of labourers, for whom it must find food and desires to find employment. It will naturally feel an earnest wish to effect its objects with the least pos sible detriment or disturbance to society at large. It will not abdicate its original functions as a Government, nor renounce its care for any description of citizens. It will not poison charity for the poor with spite towards the rich ; but will feel the better satisfied, and account its work better done, if it can so economise and direct it s resources that, while they minister to the wants of the chstity ....igment also the available possessions of t , 3se ..re not so. With such dispositions, the State t it unctionario- loyment estitute, they auo. when solicito for labour, would seek also the w to find emp _ s of rendering em- ployment most generally profitable. The process Of in quiry would probably be, first to ascertain the amount of labour unemployed, and then how it could be most wisely ..ionservators." It is therefo re propose d to b e enacted that " three fit persons, with adequate salaries,"—of course ! should be appointed, with four Government offi cers, as ex officio conservators, to form such board, with the following powers :—The board is to have all the authority and rights at any time formerly possessed " either at common law, or un der any act of Parliament," by the Lord High Ad miral. In other words, all dock acts and royal grants are to be virtually nullified. The board is to issue its " general and special orders, rules, and regulations, under itg common seal, directed to any .1137 of the commissioners, or other persons having the em- conservancy of any ports, harbours, &c., under acts imm , a ; of Parliament. charters. nr ntherwicp •" nnd fh. would commence with perhaps an invitation to all who could entertain labourers with advantage, to make them selves known ; and it surely could not, at least should not, .t if it were found possiNe to engage the thole unemployed population of Ireland in work; of re roductive rather than unproductive labour. The obliga ions between landlords, or farmers and the State, would hus become reciproCal. Both parties would see their in 3rest in the increased productiveness of the_soil ; the in increased ability to meet his aug- By this arrangement, too, the poor la- iffdens ontributed to raise the the whole of the opera- ders are to be promptly obeyed, or the said com missioners and others mulcted! They are to have arbitrary power to call for and examine deeds, charters, and witnesses upon oath ; and to allow such witnesses the parliamentary scale of expenses out of the funds of any dock estate they may choose to pounce upon. The whole kingdom is to be divided into districts, and each district is to have an engineer," whose duty it shall be to watch over and inspect all ports, &c., and to report the condition' thereof, and any improvements he may think necessary ;" and each such engineer —happy man !—is to be " part of the establishment of the said Board of Conservators." The board are to order " ' But,' it will be said, ' all the labour in the market ()mild not find this beneficial employment. Many land ords are so disposed, or so circumstanced, as to be un filling, or nimble, to take their part in the common en se.' This objection opens a large and important ion, which never seems to have been thought of, and which, Plough cannot enter into its details, we Irish labourers to xisted if there had been no failure of the potato Were they not to have worked for their livelihood ipposed that they were to ha ies of ind( por from potato to potato, as phrase It—enjoying the paradise described in one of own songs, and a striking sketch of the national jest of fun surveys and plans, and can " set out the boundaries of any port, ,harbour," &c., which boundaries " shall be the future limits thereof." They are to have " power to stop works likely to become obstructions," the board themselves and Lord High Admiral I- t' iges ;t - t under the sun Is to tit by the P. the peeple ma; p. still they mu, been ever so ming ,ne juL,, co pu. down buoys ; and punish any persons throwing ballast in any river or tidal water. One would imagine thit this was about sufficient to ask for at once. It is not so, however. It has in better sea• f we were to admit full employment occurred to the concocters of this precious bill that there are too many members of the various Dock and Harbour Committees throughout the kingdom; and such committees are therefore to meet " within one month after the passing of this act," and re duce themselves to twelve, of whom three shall be a quorum ! In future the Board itself will elect ve resource of the rail still we insist that this torecrto a lilary and useful work one-third of the whole. The reduced committees are to send minutes of all proceedings to the Board ; and no works or improvements " which may require any extraordinary expenditure of mo ney" are to be proceeded with, unless an order under the seal of the Board be first obtained. The Board can annul byelaws of the committees ; they have power to appoint a harbour-master and a receiver of dock-rates, and to " direct the man• us and natural principle ; ,sed state of Ireland would remainder. Thi s is andits application to the ( . have been, if not a perfect remedy, at least a most ben( ficial alleviation of a state of things of which we had h( fore had some experi ence , and which was novel and anomalous only in the unusual extent of the scarcity, and in the strange measures that were taken to meet it." In place of the results here pointed out—the in, THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. ner in which the said tolls shall be expended in tants, deficiency in the harvest, and disease in the potato the improveme n t o f th e sa id por t or h ar b our, not- crop. To-day we have to ob s e rve th e i n fl uence o f an equally, though less durable; pernicious and . .speculative withstanding any ac t, c h ar t er , l aw , or usage to t h e contrary" ! movement which has fo r some t ime b een in operation, and which has artificially. enhanced the value of cotton The 33d section repeals all existing dock acts or fully 3d. per lb. Speculators are, however, not alto charters which " are inconsistent with or contrary gether blameable for this ; they have been powerfully to the provisions o f thi s ac t ,and concludes by aided by th e o p era ti ons o f sp i nners and manufacturers, " informing the w or ld th a t th e ac t i tse lf may b e who, from past experience , ought to ha ve k nown b e tt er , , have called, for shortness, " The Harbour Conservancy and who, inste a d o f diminishing their continued to work full time n n til recently rod when uction the im- Act," and may be amended or repealed. We possibility of realizing prices correspondent with the ad could find a shorter and much better name for it. vance upon cotton has compelled them generally to adopt Our readers may perhaps be disposed to say, the only sensible alternative. So far there has been no that nothing so absurd and monstrous as this can susceptible diminution of supply; and producers are un be contemplated seriously by the legislature. It is questionably in a very awkward and profitless position." a measure the bare announcement of which, at some periods of our history, would have convulsed IN some of our previous articles upon the sub the kingdom to its centre. A Whig of the old ject of the proposed division of the magisterial school would have seen in its provisions an odious business of this borough, we have referred to the and a daring stretch of the prerogatives of the great increase of business likely to take place, so Crown; Yet it will have the support of the recre- soon as the provisions of the Sanatory Bill are ant Whigs of the present day; and, if we mistake fairly in operation. We believe that the extent of not, is the bantling of a Whig Cabinet. The names this increase is scarcely appreciated even by the of Mr. Ward, one of the Ministry, and of Admiral Council itself, and very certain that it is not so Dundas, a Lord of the Admiralty, as its sponsors, appreciated by the public. We shall endeavour stamp its parentage. here to make it plain to both ; and to show that without some arrangement of the magisterial duties, different from the present, and the appointment of some additional magistrate or magistrates, " learned in the law," it is utterly impossible that such busi ness can be got through satisfactorily, or at all. The Act in question imposes penalties upon parties for some forty or fifty offences, of which the bench has hitherto taken no cognizance; and many of these are of a character requiring a strict sifting of evidence for and against. Cases involv ing fines, which range from forty shillings to a hundred pounds, and in which the fine continues from day to day,. until the provisions of the Act are complied with, cannot be decided with the same dispatch as the bulk of those which come before the bench. Some of them are such as have hitherto been adjudicated upon at Quarter Sessions or Assizes ; and Many are of the class in which it has been found necessary to retain the first legal talent; to call hosts of professional wit nesses, and which has been considered worthy of the attention of special juries. We shall take the liberty of pointing out one or two of these. Clause 126 of the Act provides that all furnaces employed in the working of engines by steam, and all furnaces employed iti any mill, factory, dye house, brewery, bake-house, gas-works, &c., or in working the engines of steam-boats on the river, shall "in all cases where it is practicable," consume their own smoke; and inflicts the penalty of five pounds for every day on which any party uses a furnace not so constructed as to effect this, or who "shall carry on any trade or business which shall occasion any noxious or offensive effluvia, or otherwise annoy the neighbourhood or inhabitants, without using the best practicable means of prevent , ing or counteracting, such annoyance." Now here is a fertile source of long and tedious litigation before the magistrates. A steam-engine fails to eat up all its own black vapours ; and the question immediately arises, in the first instance whether, in the particular case it is practicable to con sume the smoke, and in the next instance, whether the means used are the best means. Engineers, like doctors, differ. Witnesses as to fact may also differ as to what may be fairly called smoke, as contemplated by the Act. There will arise ques tions as to what are " noxious or offensive efflu via." In Mr. Muspratt's case, tried at the Autumn Assizes, one set of witnesses deposed that the alleged noxious gases, generated by his chimney, , killed Sir John Gerard's Woods. Another set proved that the trees exposed to the action of the gases were greenest on the side nearest the chim ney, and were, therefore, not killed at all. A third set maintained that the gases did not come from the chimney; and eminent scientific evidence was adduced, to prove that the most efficacious means were used to precipitate the gas; and that none could escape from the chimney. Here would be a nice case for Mr. Rushton's one police court ! Yet it is certain similar cases, will be continually recur ring ; and they are precisely the sort of cases, which men are the most interested in rebutting. We have dozens of trades in this town, by the car rying on of which annoying, if not actually noxious effluvia are occasioned—for which premises have been erected at a great cost, in convenient local ities, and where scientific devices to suppress such effluvia may involve ruinous expense. In all such cases lengthy evidence, pro. and con., must be gone into ; and such evidence is precisely of the character which will call for the presence of a shrewd and practised lawyer upon the bench. Mere men of business, holding the office of magis trate-as a kind of amateur employment, will not be able to do justice where such complexity is certain to arise. Clause 133, in a similar way, provides that the escape of effluvia from soap-boilers or candle makers' yards, and other places, shall be punished by a fine, if certified to be a nuisance, provided, however, that it is not shown to the justices " that the best means, then known to be available for mitigating the injurious effects of such business, have been adopted." Here, moreover, the justices may " suspend their final determination, upon con dition that the person so complained against shall undertake to adopt, within a reasonable time, such means as the said justices shall find to be practica ble, and order to be carried into effect ' for the abatement of the nuisance. How are the justices to find out what means are practicable, without calling in scientific evidence ? Or will the offending parties fail to call rebutting evidence of the same description ? A few such cases every week would pretty fully occupy the time of our court. Yet a,whole host of similar inquiries, in which evidence is certain to be called on the part both of the Council and of defendants, must arise under the operation of the Act; and we submit that it will be most onerous to the public, if the witnesses in such cases are exposed to unnecessary loss of time, by having to come from remote quarters of the town to a central court, and to wait whilst the ordinary police and dock business is being gone through. We feel convinced that from this Sana tory Act alone will be created business sufficient for one court ; and when we consider that in most of the cases which are likely to arise—especially those of nuisances—the evidence on both sides will be that of residents in the neighbourhood of the nuisance, the only sensible and just course is to render the giving of such evidence as inexpensive and convenient as possible. This can only be done by appointing an aditional court or courts, to be held in different parts of the town. Before leaving the subject to the consideration of the Council at its next sitting, we have a word to offer with respect to one matter, which ought to weigh with them in arriviruy .4- a—• • THE annual Circulars, issued by our leading brokers at this season, concur in giving a some what gloomy picture of the prospects of our com mercial and industrious classes during the year upon which we have just entered, for which there are many combining causes. Of these, the most infludntial appear to be, the scarcity and increased cost of every description of food, both in Great Britain and in most foreign countries, by which the power of the people to consume our manufac tured fabrics must be seriously lessened ; and the short supply and advanced price of the most im portant of our raw materials —cotton. The state of Ireland, also, and the certainty that for the next twelve months, if not for a longer period, the ne cessities of that country must produce a vast drain upon the resources of Great Britain, are no unimportant considerations with parties competent to form an opinion. We propose to give here, in substance, the views of some of the parties, as put forth to their correspondents, in the circulars to which we have referred. The circular of Messrs. Richard Bateson and Sons is a very able one. These gentlemen remark upon the extreme fluctuation in the price of cotton, which has taken place since the commencement of the present year, as compared with that which was observed in 1845. In that year, the extreme fluc tuation in the price of middling American did not exceed Id. per Id.; and on the 31st of Decem ber it was within Id. per lb. of the lowest pe riod ever known. No change of any moment occurred until May, when prices advanced id. per lb., it being evident at that time that the pre ceding year's crop had been overrated. In the middle of September we had bad accounts of the growing crop, and up to the end of October prices had further advanced lid. per lb. In November the transactions were unimportant ; but in Decem ber the trade was very active-232,000 bales hav ing been sold in one week—and at the close of the year a further advance of id. had been established. To enable the non-commercial reader to trace the cause of these advances in the price of cotton, we give a few data from the statement published by the Associated Brokers. In 1845 the total imports into the United Kingdom were 1,856,860 bales, of which 1,650,826 bales were imported into Liverpool. In 1846, however, the imports into the United Kingdom were only 1,243,520, of which 1,134,244 bales were imported into Liverpool. Again, the stock of cotton in the United Kingdom at the end of 1845 was 1,055,270 bales, of which 885,480 were held in Liverpool. The stock in the kingdom in December, 1846, was reduced to 545,790 bales, of which 438,970 were in Liverpool. Yet with this diminished stock in hand, and the present crop in America not estimated to produce more than from 1,900,000 to 2,000,000 bales, we had in 1846 an average weekly consumption in the United Kingdom of 29,977 bales ; so that, assu ming that our imports this year are equal to those of the last—a circumstance by no means probable —we run the risk, with our present rate of con sumption, of exhausting those imports and our stocks in hand before the close of next year. No thing can save us from such a calamity as this would be to our working masses, but a limitation of the hours of labour. In confirmation of the justice of this apprehension, we may quote the fol lowing from an excellent circular of Messrs. Hay wood and M‘Viccar. Remarking upon the circum stance of the consumption of cotton exceeding the production, these gentlemen say : " This is supposed only just to have occurred for the first time since 1839 ; but if attention be paid to the statistics of the last two years, it will be found, that in 1844, though the stock held in Great Britain was increasing, if the consumption of Europe generally were taken intq account in that and the following year, there had not been so much cotton grown as had been consumed. Take, for instance, the American crop of 1844, which was 2,030,000 bales. Great Britain consumed in that year 1,128,000 bales, America 346,000 :bales, and the Continent 700,000 bales, thereby exceeding the growth by 144,000 bales. Again, the large crop of 1845, of 2,394,000 bales, was more than absorbed by the consumption of Great Britain, which was estimated at 1,288,000 bales, of America at 389,000 bales, and the Continent 750,000 bales, making a total of 2,427,000 bales. These facts were not sufficiently attended to at the time, because upon the Continent holders were in possession of little or no stock, whilst the increase of supply in Great Britain seemed to confirm the opinion that more cotton was grown than would be required or consumed." The prices of middling and fair Bowed cotton on the 31st December, 1845, were 31d. to 44d.; on the same date in 1846, they were 51d. to ad. — a rise of 2111. to 3d. per lb. Yet there are many concurring circumstances to prevent the article manufactured from this raw material advancing in anything like the same ratio. Amongst these we may mention, as the most important, the high price of food, which limits consumption, and the over-supply of goods in some of our foreign mar kets. It is not at all certain that the extreme price of cotton has as yet been attained; and until this is the case, manufacturing, must be unattended with any certainty of profit, and prices of goods be merely nominal. - Messrs - . Bateson and Sons remark upon this state of things as follows : It i 9 far from our wish to exaggerate the difficulties of our position, but we are convinced that the year 1847 will be attended with much anxiety to those engaged in mercantile pursuits, and we fear it will prove disastrous to many. We will enter into no prophecies or minute calculations as to the future range of prices ; the advance may probably not be materially checked until the import comes forward more freely. However, as in former years, the market will, to a great extent, be regulated by the demand for consumption ; and upon this important branch of the subject it is impossible at the present moment to offvr any satisfactory opinion, as the attempt might on ly mislead. We look for much fluctuation ; but it must b e . • awe ui mma, that the greater the advance, the id more serious will be the ultimate recoil. We antici .te, it is true, a short supply of cotton, as compared th the product of previous years. We have no fear it that the supply of the manufactured article will prove nily suffiriprit farm) ---1- _ • - an pa wi bit leavier both in this country and in foreigi j iniarkeg. It is evident to us that the production of cotton fabrics has for the present overtaken the consumption ; mid if, as in the previous part of the - year, with the advantages of much lower prices for the raw material, the spinning trade generally was unremunerative, it is not probable that it will be improved whilst those counteracting influences are in force which we have faintly and imperfectly endeavoured to trace." state ,;7. the amaaeincistorn. present" Jewell.le refe; to the In previous articles we have remarked upon the almost total want of the means of classifying pri soners in that establishment, and dividing the habitually-vile and criminal from the chance of fender. We were not aware, however, that the justice of our complaint was destined to be so soon and so awfully verified. A fortnight ago a poor wretch, upon the verge of dissolution, was taken to that bridewell, as the only availabl e u l aee o f gliplfm. Another valuable circular—that of Messrs. 1101- nshead, Tetley, and Co.—contains these remarks; " The question of supply remains to be considered, and L the first place it must be remarked, that we are left ith a, reduction in the stock in the country of 529,480 des, besides a reduction of 110,000 bales in France and i the continent, and this after a crop in the United States 2,100,000 bales. Now nearly all accounts agree that ie forthcoming crop will not exceed 2,000,000 bales, loch, as scarcely any of it h as yet arrived, will give us I import equal to wh a t we have received this year; but must be remarked, - th a t th e d e fi ciency in the crop w ill in the heavy bales from the Gulf, whereas last year it as in the light bales from the Atlantic States. No tubt, high prices will bring an increased supply from tdia, and indeed from all countries, so that we may ceive more cotton in 1847 t h an we did in 1846 ; still, we commence with sto c k s so l i ght, eq ual only to 21 eeks' consumption, it is c l ear that the supp l y w ill b e adequate, and the wo r ki ng of short time w ill no t b e a testion of price, but o ne of necessity." He was, we believe, as well treated as circumstances would allow ; but the only place in which he could be put for the night was a cell in which a drunken man was confined. It is clear that such things ought not to be ; and that an enlargement of this establishment must take place, if the courts are to continue to be held in this locality, and the present is to be a main bridewell. But can the' Council justify any serious outlay here, with the now ad mitted fact before them, that the question as to a division of the magisterial business and the es tablishment of district courts is only one of time ? In the face of thi s scarcity- of the raw material, it is abundantly certain that the manufacturing community have taken great pains to increase the difficulty of their position. It is well known that, during the past few years, a large increase has been going on i n th e produc i ng power in the manufacturing districts ; and no warning appears to be efficacious in inducing manufacturers volun tarily, or by the action of the law, to submit to a limitation of the exe rc i se o f t h at power. A circular by Messrs. M'Nair, Greenhow, and Co. contains a well merited rebuke to them upon this subject : " At the close of the last year we had occasion to notice the injury inflicted upon the trade of this district by reck less speculation in railway s , an d it s pa i n f u l meow, We understand that on Sunday two sermons will be preached in the Irish Presbyterian Church, Islington, by the - Rev. V. M. White ; after which, collections will be made for the starving Irish. The Observer says on the subject of the quarter's re venue, that " the Customs' duties will not exhibit the fall ing off which had been so confidently predicted, and that the excise will show no evidences of being influenced by the partial destitution which so unhappily prevails." _ SELECT VESTRY.—We believe the select Vestry have received a reply from the Secretary of State to their late memorial. The right hon. gentleman says that govern ment cannot adopt any measure to prevent the Irish emi grating to this country, and that no amount can be af fordedfrom the consolidated fund towards meeting the enormous outlay made by the parish for the relief of the Irish poor. EXAMINATION OF MASTERS AND MATES. —At a Board of Examiners, held on Tuesday last, Mr. James Stone, chief officer of the British and North American Royal Mail Steam-packet Hibernia, was examined and found duly qualified for a first-class extra certificate as master. Mr. John Johnson, a native of London, was also found duly qualified for a first-class certificate as mate, he being the first that has passed the board in this capacity. AIEETI :NG OF CHESHIRE ISTRATES, The magistrates of the county of Chester met yesterday, in the Castle of Chester, for the despatch of business. The principal subjects before them were the appointment of a chaplain to the Castle, and of several inferior officers. the consideration of the bill for the appointment of a sti pendiary chairman, and the laying of a county rate. The meeting was numerously attended. Mr. TRAF FORD TRAFFORD presided. The sum of £2,800 was voted for the rebuilding of a bridge in Dukenfield. The report of the visiting justices of Chester Castle stated that the Rev. H. S. Joseph had been temporarily appointed to the office of chaplain on the 6th ultimo, and that the discharge of Richardson, the late gate-porter, had afforded an opportunity of considering the propriety of appointing his successor as deputy-governor, at a salary cif £lOO per annum, being an addition of £3O, he giving security in the sum of £3OO for the safe custody of the debtors. Out of thirteen candidates, the visiting justices recommended James Baker for the appointment. The report concluded by stating that the discipline of the gdol was effectually maintained. The report of the Visiting Justices of Knutsford House of Correction was next read. It stated that alterations were in progress for the introduction of the separate system. Forty-four persons had been committed for dis orderly conduct in the Union Workhouses of Stockport and Macclesfield, all of whom had avowed they had so conducted themselves because they preferred the dietary of the prison to that of the workhouse. Something, the report added, should be done to prevent this abuse; and wrietphretsheanttatis object s in houldbe m view. Potatoes e to t e o s beingti t h e was H o l sll l B u s g e. g a e S s l e o t e e i l d e t:a h r a y t them in the prison dietary. American peas had been substituted f or A long discussion took place upon the part of the re port relating to the disorderly prisoners from the union workhouses.—Mr. JAMES NEWTON, of Stockport, stated that the prisoners sent from that town were tramps and wanderers, who applied for food each morning at the union workhouse. The condition on which breakfast was given to those vagrants was that they should work for two hours ; and when they refused to work, they were brought be fore the magistrates and committed as vagrants. Mr. CoRBErr thought the best plan with such char acters was to make them work two hours before receiving the breakfast, instead of giving them their breakfast first. The CnAinmAN - said that being in an union workhouse was, no doubt, imprisonment ; and the only question with these wayfarers and wanderers was which treated them best—the prison or the workhouse. He doubted the legality of committals under such circumstances, as the maintainance of prisoners so committed imposed a burden upon other townships to which they were not liable. Mr. WILLIAMS suggested that the diet in the gaol should be lowered to the scale of that in the union work houses. The evil would then cure itself. The CHAIRMAN said that was impossible. The gaol dietary was regulated by the Secretary of State, and the magistrates could not alter it. The treatment of prison ers in the gaols was excellent in many points. Each prisoner had a room to himself, a separate couch to sleep on, and books to read. In the union workhouse the treatment was not so good. Mr. DAINTRY, and several other magistrates, protested against the inference going abroad, that the dietary in the union workhouses was inferior to that in the house of cor rection.—Eventually a resolution was passed approving of the visiting justices report : and, with regard to the dis orderly paupers, the visiting justices were requested to communicate with the officers of the workhouses in ques tion, urging them to be cautious in taking in parties who thus become a charge upon the county, as the legality of their committments seemed doubtful. The court then proceeded to the appointment of Chap lain to the castle of Chester, in the pl ace o f th e R ev. W. G. Eaton. There were twelve candidates ; and this .number was reduced to two, the Rev. H. S. Joseph, and the Rev. E. Titley. Mr. CHARLES POTTS proposed, and Mr. WM. JACK SON seconded, the appointment of the Rev. H. S. Joseph. Mr. CORBETT proposed, and Sir E. WALKER seconded, the Rev. E. Titley. On a division the numbers were, for Mr. Joseph 21; for Mr. Titley 9. Mr. Joseph was then called in, and he returned thanks for the appointment. Mrs. Bennion was re-appointed matron ; and Elizabeth Jones, school-mistress. A committee was appointed to watch the progress of the bill for the establishment of the stipendiary chairman ship. Much jealousy was expressed of any claim that Government might make to nominate this officer. A county rate, of ls. 4d. in the pound, was then or dered, and the meeting separated. THE CUSTOMS REVENUE OF THE PORT OF LIVERPOOL Although, at the time we write, the Customs' year has not quite expired, being usually made up to the close of the sth January, (this day,) we have to congratulate our readers upon the fact that the port has made some pro gress towards making up for the decrease of revenue sus tained up to the sth January last year, occasioned by the alteration which took place in the tariff. The following are the receipts during the two years, April quarter July do October do 1845 £928,973 817,279 897,988 £793,427 944:496 1,016,383 858,806 January do 788,872 Totals .. Increase in present year £3,433,112 £3,613,112 £lBO,OOO It must no borne in mind, that this result is only up to the Ist instant. In all probability the total increase on the year will be found nearly £200,000 ; and this, let it be borne in mind, has accrued, although in July the Sugar Duties were materially reduced, and the great bulk of the corn and flour introduced into consumption during this year have paid nearly nominal duties. The whole case speaks volumes in proof of the progressing state of the port of Liverpool ; and we confidently expect that the publication of the Dock accounts will show a large in crease of business done. WORKING OF THE ALBERT DOCK AND WAREHOUSES The Albert Dock during the last fortnight has presented. a lively scene, and the following account of vessels dis charged will exhibit the great advantage of the system to both shipowner and importer, in the expeditious manner in which the goods can be brought to sale, and the vessel at liberty to take outward cargo. The Waterloo, (983 tons register,) from New York, is an instance of extraordinary' dispatch. She entered the dock and commenced working on the 18th ult., and in less than four and a half days was finally discharged, t b o e sid stiffe s h e n her,a vn g had na a d w asufficientremoved ou outward cargo to her loading ut boardo b n er that packagesms ,c i d . d a a n y d o e2f n le,oooe t a 2: u d eslha u eel l kss t ,otf T anw h a e hwe c ,a a tr r ,e g s o wi , aas c , o l p o i dt s , t wor i p n nrdl g bayev io o lipx f vsueie fi tosr 7 neo o osdn o ; shore, but b tao u l t laoc, t c h oe e udn w ti t cb o yb le e r o eh f vaeu i n t su , eed e , x w c a e ni p tdh t aho a u b tus o w u e t edi 2s gohing, finally within that period. -- From the 22nd ult. to the 2nd inst., (ten working days,) the under-mentioned fifteen vessels have commenced discharge, and all but the last six (in course of working) have been completed. It will also be seen, that as stores, the warehouses are coming more and more into favour, as from the ware housing entries and other sources we are enabled to append a rough estimate of the weight of goods ordered to be housed. Considering the veil* limited space—only two stacks, and a portion of the west stack recently opened, the quantity of work got through promises well for the •,, _ _ of the dock Jan. 5, 1847. LATEST INTELLIGENCE. (BY EXPRESS.) IMPORTANT FROM PORTUGAL. We have received letters from Lisbon of the 29th ult., which contain an account of the defeat of the insurgents at Torres Vedras, under Count Bomfim , on the 22d, and their subsequent submission. The loss on the Queen's side is estimated at 386 (including 38 officers) in killed, wounded, and missing ; that on the side of the insurgents is said to have been much less, they having fought behind walls and barricades._ The insurgents struggled most determinedly, but when three companies of the 2nd Infantry, who had the charge of Fort Pores— the key of the position—werit over to the enemy, the , castle was immediately surrendered. In consequence of - the gallant resistance of the vanquished, they were allowed to march out with some of the honours of war. The pri soners have arrived at Lisbon, and are now in safe custody on board the Diana frigate. RISE IN THE PRICE OF BEER.—In consequence of the increasing price of barley, the principal brewers of Lon don held a meeting on Friday, at which it was resolved to raise the price of beer ss. per barrel, or 15s. per butt. The price of beer was immediately raised in many parts of the metrop o li s on Saturday id. per pot, an d a rise to the same extent on porter and ale became general yester day. LONDON CORN MARKET. At this day's market there was a better supply of English Wheat, which sold at 3s. to 4s. per qr. over the currency of this day week. The business in foreign was not so extensive, but greatly checked by the extravagant rates demanded; a similar improvement, however, was realised. No Indian Corn on sale either here, or floating, with bills of lading in hand. For future shipment 3s. to 4s. more money has been offered. The supply of Barley is inadequate to the demand ; and the brewers having raised the price of beer, gave a further impetus to the trade; this article and Malt are ss. dearer ; and Flour is ss. per sack. Beans and Peas held Is. to 2s. bigher. The Oat buyers continue to act so much on the reserve, that the sales are limited, and very slow, at 6d. to Is. per quarter advance on foreign. Irish almost neglected, and few can afford to pay the prices generally asked. YESTERDAY SMITHFIELD CATTLE MARKET.—YESTERDAY, The Beef trade was in a very depressed state, at a decline in the currencies obtained on this day se'nnight, of 2d. per 81b., the extreme fi gu re for the best sorts not exceeding 4s. 4d. per 81b., while at the conclusion of business a clearance was not effected. From Lincolnshire, Leicestershire, and Northamptonshire, we received about 1400 short-horns ; from Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex. and Cambridgeshire, 300 Herefords, Scots, and short-horns; from the west and midland districts, 700 Herefords, runts, De vons, &c. ; and from other parts of England, 800 of various breeds. The numbers of Sheep were considerably on the increase, and of excellent quality. The supply of that description of stock exceeding the wants of the butchers, the Mutton trade was un usually dull, at an abatement in value of from 2d. to, in some instances, 4d. per 81b. With Calves we were scantily supplied ; yet the Veal trade was in a sluggish state, at our quotations. Prime small Porkers moved off steadily, other kinds of Pigs slowly, at low rates. MONEY MARKET.—YESTERDAY. There is very little business in public securities, but Consols remain stationary at 93j 94 for the opening. There has been a further advance in prices in Mark-lane this morning, establish_ ing a rise of five shillings to six shillings per quarter on Wheat since last Monday. Everybody seems to consider that public securities must decline, and that the prices are only supported by the speculative operations. Reduced Three per Cents. have been done at 94 and 94k, and the Three-and-a-Quarter per Cents. at 951 and Exchequer-bills are 7 11, India Bonds 21 pm., and Bank Stock has been last sold at 206. Foreign securities have been almost entirely neglected. The only prices recorded are, Mexican bonds at 25 for account, Belgian Two-and-a-Half per Cents. at 52k, and Equador There has been less business in railway shares than on Satur day, but no material difference has occurred in prices. 3 available. And n;W,tiatthe;;t7e;a;efr;n;eci upon n. equitable basis, we say heartily to those in authority, Tons Weight Whence 1 discharge. Register Warehoused Fatima, 'Calcutta Aurora, uharleston, Panthea, Calcutta, Airey, Calcutta, Windsor. Para, ' Tay, Africa, Ganges, Calcutta, Elizth. Wood, Barbadoes, 38 * I tt 1.56 Theresa Jane,lhivanham, 11 48 3780 379 I wuaw , GIJ Anglesea, Rio Janeiro, 2 ti' Benin, Africa, g , f, Ed. Bowstead, New Orleans '4 Sandbach, Demerara, 4'' 206 360 440 435 Thus, within ten days, a total register tonnage of 6060 tons have entered the dock, of which 3780 have discharged, and warehoused .2813 tons of merchandise. With respect to the time occupied, we must, in fairness, state, that as yet the western stack is not in thorough working order, the machinery, &c., being deficient. and been very difficult ones LIVERPOOL CHARITABLE SOCIETY.. —W e are not sur prised to hear of the very depressed, nay, exhausted state of the funds of this very useful society, at this severe sea son of the year; particularly, when we look at the alarm ing inundation of the Irish poor. While it is our duty. as far as in us lies, to at' ' ' - minister to the necessities o the starving thousands in Ireland and Scotland, it is our bounden duty, and that in a paramount degree, to relieve the pressing demands of our own people : and, therefore, we are glad to hear that the claims of this society are to be advocated, at St. Mark's church, to-morrow, (Wednes day,) evening, by the Rev. Mr. Pollock ; and we doubt not that his eloquent advocacy will be prevailing. As an encouragement to ms onma utcours, we are happy to have it in our power to announce, that on Sunday morning last the liberal sum of £BO was collected for this society, in St. Andrew's church Renshaw-street, after a powerful and affectionate appeal from the beloved pastor of that congregation, of which no notice had been p rev i ously given. This is truly a good beginning of the new year: and, with the distress that stares us in the face on all sides, we would venture to say to ministers and people of all denominations,—go and do likewise. GOVERNMENT SCHEME OF EDUCATION. We noticed last week a speech delivered by Lord Mor peth, at a meeting in York, from which we inferred that the present ministry had in contemplation the introduction of some comprehensive scheme of education for the masses of the people, although its precise, or even probable, charac ter was difficult to be discovered, from the reserved man ner in which his lordship spoke. We have since heard, on what we consider to be good authority, that a plan has been submitted to them by Mr. J. Bramley-Moore, the chairman of the Liverpool Dock Committee, which has been received with great consideration, and which pos sesses the merit—a difficult one to be attained in treating on so important a subject—of meeting the views of reli gionists of several and very conflicting opinions, to whom it has been shown, whilst this is to be effected without sacrificing teaching in the vital truths of religion, or pros trating the authority of the Established Church, to pro pitiate dissent. By one eminent dignitary of the Estab lishment, whose name, if we could mention it, would satisfy our fellow-townsmen that no surrender of the principle of religious education is contemplated under the plan, it was received, we understand, with unqualified approbation. We trust most sincerely that this may be the plan which Government proposes to introduce ; and that to ra of m ha le vis y:lo so ore, in adiedclictationtyti:thehiesmosttleinercecolaif which in the gratitude of his fellow-townsmen, will be awarded the Mr. creui B t in the present awakened feeling of the public upon the necessity of enlightening and christianising the m asseo of our population, can alone interfere to prevent a large and liberal educational.measure being carried out by tho Legislature. The whole of the cabinet ministers are expected in town on Thursday. . It is said that'Lord Robert Grosvenor will come for. ward as a candidate for Middlesex, in the place of the venerable Mr. Byng, who retires. The Earl of Elgin, Governor General of the Canadas, left London yesterday for Liverpool, from which port he will take his departure to-day for the scene of his future labours. The Daily News of Saturday anticipated its contempo raries in the receipt of the Overland Mails front China. Several of the other daily papers copied in second editions the intelligence from the Daily News SOUTH CHESHIRE AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.—The executive body of this association meet on Friday next, at Crewe, for the special purpose of considering the pro priety of petitioning parliament for a repeal of the malt tax. The motion to this effect will be opposed by a sec tion of the committee. CAMBRIDGE, JANUARY 2.—THE HULSEAN PRIZE : T T B h .A is ., priz of e ( , £100,) has h ,s as c ju o s il t e b g e e e . n_aw H a u rd L e s d EA to N A L . M. Moore, 8.11., L ECTURER :, The Rev. Dr. - C. Wordsworth, of Trinity College, and canon of Westminster, has been elected for ensuing and academical year. The Earl and Countess of Ellesmere entertained at dinner on Saturday evening the Duchess of Sutherland, the Earl of Clare, Captain Eastwick, and a select circle: The noble earl is expected to leave town on Tuesday, on a visit to the Earl and Countess De Grey, at Wrest Park, Beds, from which he proceeds to Woburn Abbey. The youthful members of the family leave town on Tuesday' for Ratchford, the family seat in Surrey. —. 7 , MEMORIAL TO THE COUNCIL FOR A . REFORM OF Tlllt POLICE COURT.—This memorial, of which we gave a coPY in n nd our last, t h i ll y d s u ig ri n n e g d t . he l w t w eek, b li e e e s ni o usual places ; and we beg to remind our fellow townsmen m r signature at who feel an interest in this important subject, that it will be presented to the Council on Wednesday, (to-morrow,) when, in all probability, - a decision will be come to. N G signature can be attached to the memorial after this even ing, as it must be in the hands of the Mayor early to morrow morning. __ CASE 0g DESTITUTION.-Yesterday, about noon, a crowd H of persons gathered round a f ema l e , o ppo s it e th e -cyr the other tour years old,) w 110 had dropped down from exhaustion, arising from want of food. A gentleman pre sent -------- Drocurc a Or her children were taken into a house in Lawton-street, wh ere some warm ale was administered to her. The same gentleman, and others, subscribed a le was 'air way of re- The value of the money was given to her in food. cozery Last night, she and her children were sent to sleep at the Night Asylum. It appeared that she had come from Ire land in hopes of finding employment in a particular fac tory, but did not know where to find it. She stated that she had slept in a stable in Wooltun on the previous night. ItELIEF OF THE TOOF. - IJUFMF,,,, , the melancholy and very prevalent distress in the winter of 1842, several. benevolent gentlemen belonging to Castle-street Ward formed themselves into a committee for the relief of the .kumerous poor in the ward, and c0110,.,--, - - ••••••••• , V.U,LVU a large sum ol money, ,the greater portion of which was distributed as the necessity required. There was, however, an unex pected balance of £169, which has been lying in the bank ever since. On Saturday, however, in consequence of the present unexampled distress, the committee was sum moned to consider the best mode of distributing the sum. remaining, and we believe it was determined to give £5O to the District Provident Society, to be given to the resi dent poor of the ward ; £5O to the Strangers' Friend Society ; and the remainder was divided amongst several influential and c h ar it a bl e gentlemen, to be distributed in the ward accor di ng to their discretion. 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Booth, Booksellers, Warring ton; Clarke, Pilot-office, Preston; and Wright and Den, Herald-office, Birmingham. Terms of. Subscription for this paper :—On credit* one year, 15e. ; if paid in advance, 135.. Tick Upper Ews, square Saturd Box( Door precise GB' NO m MENT CHARI JOH! this occ exc e t day Ev Misses MUSIC it stoat, We A,l 1,614tpr 11 Jd i , mence 8 The C CONCE to be m. exceptel Mo rious or being e, highest begs to England TOmy the moss To re r TURES to partiE gaged : kirtllig O'cloek. An eai Attent Six to N The PORT' AT il. affi th ft - Om REPC 1 NO street, IV Engrave every ono price of t lower tha Those 'Leis to tl names to Reposi, TAME and t THURSD) Dancin! Old 8w LEADE EFFIC 69, Hun WINE HE I y PAN ELS, wit Bates, viz Par( Deliveri; 19, Lords And from 2, Conce 19, Lord 14 13er Otfi c tO3, Ricl S)3, ma 6, Elliot- WATERLI ICROSBY, SEAPORT WALTON OLD SWA Parcels 316 TO of IN MAT On STR, will a of M On writtf LIFE of thi PR: