The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-12-16 00:00:00

DEC. 16, 1536, A s a compliment—no burlesquing. But whether the chairman sang the health of Mr. Jones, and, if sr.', we should be delighted to know to what tune, and whether the company received it in full chorus, and " roared . upon him like fat bulls of ,Basan," and whether Mr. Jones acknowledged the toast singing, and to the same tune, or with variations—all these are still with us irresoluble difficulties. We have heard of worthless fellows drum med out of regiments; but we never called such cere mony musical honours. It even gave rise to a doubt in our minds whether Mr. Vice-president Jones had not been grievously ill-used ; and w e on this occasion should have thought so, if we had not read some words in reply, in which, though we could discover little sense, there was no anger, but which we are.surprised to find are not put into metre. We think they would equal some of the happiest bursts of the improvisatore of Italy or Spain. We have heard of a military-stricken clown, who "sowed wheat to the tune of the Belleisle march," and also of Horne Tooke's offering to sing or whistle a tune, we really forget which, before a court of justice, in order that the judge and jury might determine whether there was treason in it ; but we have never yet had the " felicitas curiosa" of witnessing a health drunk with " musical honours." It must be a fine thing. A shrewd friend, to whom we showed the report, says confidently that it was nothing but a company of butchers, that had taken with them the emblems of their trade—" marrow bones and cleavers"—which, so far north as Liverpool, may very properly be called musical instruments; but, as he is something of a wag, we distrust his opinion, and think he only meant they were constitution butchers. But the subject has taken full possession of us, and we have framed to our mind how graceful and spirited it will sound in a report of a public dinner, that Mr. Uni tarian Councillor A. proposed the health of Mr. Roman CatholiC Councillor B. to the tune of "Mary in Heaven," (of Burns,) which Mr. Roman Catholic Councillor B. handsomely acknowledged, like a dying swan, and, in return, begged to propose the health of Mr. Unitarian Councillor A. to the tune of "There is but one, and a fig for him!" We are sorry that we have been obliged to condense the report of the very interesting meeting of the Literary and Scientific Institution. We are happy to find that this truly valuable society continues to rise in importance. Its excellent constitution, and the zeal, prudence, and consistency manifested in the conduct of its affairs, enti iie it to our warmest approbation and our most energetic support. RODNEY-STREET WARD CONSERVATIVE ASSOCIATION. We are glad to perceive that the members of this asso ciation have passed a resolution expressive of their un qualified approbation of the straightforward and uncom promising conduct of James Heyworth, Esq., in his conflict with the servile majority in the Town Council. We trust that other wards will follow the example. The extended space allotted to our remarks on other And most important topics, precludes the possibility of our reviewing at length the subject so ably and conclusively handled in the letter of the Rev. Hugh M'Neile, which appears in our columns to-day. However, the discussion Of this subject could not be left in better hands; and we bust that the cogency of the rev. gentleman's reasonings, and the force of his illustrations, will carry conviction into the mind of every sincere and unprejudiced inquirer after truth, and dissipate those lingering doubts which the confident assertions of certain of our liberal Town Councillors were calculated to excite. THE THEATRE. , A rather novel entertainment has, during the last week, been drawing good houses—the engagement of a company of Bedouin Arab tumblers. This entertainment consists of a number of extraordinary tumbling feats. We cannot admire (and have before expressed the same opinion) that policy which goes to the lowering of intellectual attainments to the level of mere physical feats, and which is, consequently, degrading to the ge neral character and acceptation of the stage, however much such a proceeding may make heavy the treasury-box, The no velty of the Arab tumblers has succeeded in attracting good houses, and, as tumblers, their feats are certainly extraordinary. There is a degree of activity and strength combined in their performances which we have never seen equalled. We have seen much stronger men, and men as active, but never such a Combination of strength and activity. Their performance, however extraordinary, is still but the entertainment of the Circus, and not that "feast of reason and flow of soul" which ought to be the main attraction at the Theatre-royal. The " le - - t titimAte. drama— 4nts not, howpower, been entirely u...luuked. A number of standard plays have, during the week, been re presented. . On 'Monday night Tobin's comedy of the " Honey Moon" was. played, and on Tuesday Shakspeare's tragedy " Macbeth." Mr. Stuart playing as Macbeth, and Mrs. Stanley as Lady Macbeth. • Stuart this evening did not perform with his usual energy, and the play appeard to go off tamely. Mrs. Stanley played better than usual. On We dnes d a y night Sheridan Knowles's fine 04 - of " William Tell," was performed to a very good house, and last night Shakspeare's tragedy of " C . oriolanus." Mr. Stuart took the character of Caius Marcius Coriolattus," Mrs. Stanley Volumnia, Miss Faucit Virgilia, and Mr. Howard Tubas Aufidius. The proud and intemperate cha racter of Guilts Marcius Coreolanus, was most ably sustained by Stuart; his elocution of some passages was all we could wish. His deliveiy of the passage descriptive of the fickleness of the multitude— the people," was in a style which did justice to the truth of the sentiment. " With every minute yOu do change a mind ; .And call him noble that was now your hate, Him vile that was your garland." and again— " Are these your herd ? Must these have voices that can yield them now, 'And straight disclaim their tongues ?" Mrs. Stanley acted the majority of her part, some of it was a representation. Unless an actor can work himself into the state of minds or near it, which he would represent, vain is the attempt to act it. It is like a daubed sign-pOst of the " King's-head ;" it is a bead to be sure, but not such a one as nature ever made : it wants proportion, and light, and shade, and truth of colour. Mr. Howard played tolerably. Miss Faucit's was almost a► walking part : but she played that which she had to do judiciously. Mr. Baker, the head of the citizens, also played well. The house was a very fair one. LOCAL NEWS. • Tint THEATRE.—The French company commence their en agement at our Theatre-royal on Monday next. We under stand that Miss Adelaide O'Bryan, " the English Taglioni," as she has been styled, and Signor Saxoni, who have been delight ing the frequenters of the Dublin theatre with their excellent dancing, are also engaged, and will make their delitit on the same evening, in conjunction with the French company. . „ EXTRAORDINARY OCCURRENCE —A very strong glare of lights was perceived to illuminate the Town-hall last evening. The phenomenon was occasioned by the Ma) or giving a dinner! credat Juticeus? Pipes, tobacco, . and pots of ale were much asked for in their respective markets during the whole of yesterday. - - - • • - - . THADY BRADY. —This jeu d'esprit, which, in a strain of characteristic Irish humour, sets forth to the life what may fairly tie supposed to result, in innumerable instances, from the adop tion of the National System of Education, of which it is hard to say whether it be more iniquitous or preposterous, is the produc tion, we understand, of a young clergyman in Dublin of the name of Irwin. COUNTY REGISTRATION.—The register of voters for the en suing year was last week delivered up by the clerk of the peace, to the sheriff. The total number in the northern division is 9,906; and in the southern,',l7X4. As compared with the last year, there is a decrease in the northern division of 37, and in the southern of 226. MACINTOSH'S CLEANED.—.We.beg to refer our readers to Mr. Lloyds advertisement, his mode of cleaning the waterproof cloaks is most excellent and by the process used by him they are rendered equal to new. Mr. Russell, whose advertisement appears in anothercolumn. Met with a very flattering reception in his new character of a tnonodramatist on Monday evening last, at theTemplars' Flail, and gave, with excellent etreet, "Two Volumes" of "Recollec tions of Things what may or may not have Happened." We cannot speak teo highly of the talent of this gentleman ; and those who have the satisfaction of witnessing him will not think our enconium undeserved. It would occupy too much space to particularize each clever feature in Mr. IL's amusing enter tainment, and, we should strongly recommend our readers to jndge for themselves on Monday evening next. ARRIVALS FROM AMERICA.—The following is a list of pas- Sengers by the St. Andrew, W. C. Thompson, from New York, in :16 days:—Moncure Robinson, Philadelphia; Mr. Elliat, Charleston ; Messrs. Buchanan, Ewing, Hall, Cocker, and Smith, Canada ; Mr. Hughes, London; Mr. Powers, lady, two children, and servant, Ireland; Lieut. Hayes, 15th Regiment, Canada; Mr. Hamblin, Bowery Theatre, New York; Mr. Mullett, England; Mr. Rankin, Nova Scotia; Mr. Morewood, New York. • TRIBUTE. OF RESPECT TO THE MEMORY OF A CLERGYMAN OF, THE CHURCH OF ENGLAND.—We are much gratified to find that the congregation of St. Michael's Church, Pitt-street, have erected a most chaste and elegant marble monument, with in the altar, to the memory of their late much-loved and Itmented minister, the Rev. Henry Berry. In times like the present, when clergymen of the Established Church are assailed with obloquy by the LIBERAL press of the day, as inattentive to the spiritual. welfare of their flocks, as well as to the scriptural education of their , ; poorer brethren, we earnestly recommend our readers and.the public to visit the above church and satisfy themselves of the fe'elings which must exist in that populous ,tlistrict towards the,establishment, and that it does not require the.aid of a wealthy congregation to testify their esteem for de parted worth. During his short ministry among them, he secured their love and affection by his zeal for their temporal and eternal happiness, and by promoting and carrying into fnll operation daily scheols for the education of the rising genera tion, in which schools the.children are taught to fear God and honour the king. We .understand the monument was erected by our townsman, Mr. ..Spcnce, Browhlow-hill. The design !" . " 1 w ,, rktnauship reflects the highest credit upon him, and .jtistifies the reni.krk that, with proper management, the town of l o iv ernoo l need.r6Clook beyond their own neighbouthood for taleOl'ed atlista LIVERPOOL POLICE. ILLICIT DISTILLING.—Ou Tuesday, at the Police-office, a cadaverous and miserable-looking young man, named Franter, was brought up, charged with working an illicit still. Mr. James Boys, an excise officer, deposed that from informa tion he had received, he went on the Sunday, accompanied by Ainsworth the police officer, to a house in Harrison-street, and in a room there he found the prisoner, and in another room a still in full work, with a mug underneath in the receipt of the spirit. There were other mugs about containing small portions of whisky, as if it had been drunk as manufactured, which he understood was the case. Only the prisoner was found on the premisei, and it was impossible but that he must have known that the manufacture was going on. There was a tub contain ing thirty gallons of wash, and all the apparatus for distilling. Ainsworth deposed, that the prisoner had told him that an old man bad left the still at the house on Saturday night. The pri soner said he had been bad of a fever for eight weeks, and he knew nothing whatever of the distillery. Mr. Hall said, it only remained for him to adjudge the fine under the act of parlia ment; he was bound to commit him if the case was proved. He was of opinion that the case was proved, and he adjudged that he should pay the fine of £3O, and in default be committed for three mouths. " A HOSTILE MESS AGE."—On Tuesday, at the Police-office an Irishwoman. possessing the usual characteristics of Erin's fair sisterhood, as seen in the classic purlieus of Ben Jonson street, named Sarah Ratcliffe, was placed before the ma gistrates, Messrs. Hall and Birch, charged with sending a hostile message of rather a novel, and of certainly a very un pleasant character, to one of the police. Policeman Andrew Connolly deposed, that that morning, about one o'clock, he found the prisoner at the bar making a terrible noise in Lean del-street, over which she appeared to have undisputed sway, none daring to oppose or attempt to quieten her. He went to her and desired her to be quiet and go home, at which she was very wroth, and running into .her house, came out armed with a weapon with which he was not accustomed to contend, and from which he had not " the cunning of fence" to protect him self. The weapon was none other than what the witness de scribed (lowering his voice to a most bashful whisper) as the chamber utensil, the "contints" of which she " shove ' on to him with unerring aim, saying, " tak that ' avick machree, as me Christmas box." He accordingly took her into custody, as such unsavoury " boxes" were highly unpleasant to the sensitive noses of his Majesty's servants, and exceedingly derogatory "to the dignity of the cloth." Mr. Hall inquired if he was much worse ? The Bridewell keeper : " Oh, your wor ship, he was in a very dirty state." (A laugh.) Mr. Hall (to prisoner)—" 'Well, what - do you say?" Prisoner: "Oh no; 6 nothin' ov the kind, your wurshup ; I never seed the gintle man. It isn't myself 'ud do what'ud not become a leddy ; was it likely, your hauner, I'd empty dhe po on any wan, and send the curse o' dhe cows on a giutleman's coat ?" Notwithstand ing the "'eddy's" protestations that she had not made such a hole in her manners. Mr. Hall fined her ss. and costs, or-in default to be committed seven days. Talc" EFFICIENT" POLICE.—On Wednesday, at the Police office, a respectably-dressed- female, named Catherine. Wright, having the appearance of a servant, was placed before the ma gistrates. Messrs. Hall add Birch, on a charge of havinq a a quantity of cotton stockings in her possession the night befo - re, for which she could not satisfactorily account. Police man John Dowling, No. 239, deposed that he was about leav ing his beat the night before, and showing to another officer his beat, when he saw the prisoner with a white bundle under her arm, walking up Bevington-street ; he shouted after her, " What have you got there ?" when she turned into an entry to get away. He followed her, and found a bundle of cotton stockings upon her, marked. She (lid not answer for their possession, as he thought, satisfactorily, and he accordingly took her to Bridewell. The prisoner, on being asked what she had to say, said the stockings were hers, and she was carrying them home. A very respectably dressed young woman and an ,elderly woman, the one the sister and the other the mother of the prisoner, here stepped forward. The sister said that she had given the stockings to her sister, who was carrying them home. She herself lived with a family in Chatham-place, where she had lived for the last twelve years, and her sister had told the policeman that she (witness) had given the stockings to her, and offered to bring him to her master's house to corroborate her statement, but he had refused. Mr. Hall.—" Did she do that?" Policeman.—" Yes; but it was too far out of my beat, so I took her to Bridewell." Mr. Hall.—" Discharge the pri soner." The mother of the prisoner here applied to know if she could have no redress for her daughter being kept in Bride well on such a charge? The magistrates made no reply, and the policeman laughed aloud. The next case was called on, and the applicant was. thrust unceremoniously down to make room for the witnesses in the next case. The probability is that, the friends of this poor girl being poor, this wanton exercise of authority and breach of law in confining a respectable young woman in Bridewell all night, amongst the vilest wretches that infest the town, because the reference she gave as to her right to the property she was carrying was tooj'ar from the policeman's beat, will go unpunished; but a more barefaced infringement on the liberty of the subject we never heard of; and the police man who committed it received no reprimand from the Magis trates. A FORTUNATE OWNER.—On Wednesday, at the Police office, an ill-looking fellow, a porter, named Edward Connolly, was placed before the magistrates charged with offering a watch to pledge which had been stolen about twelve month before. A pawnbroker deposed that the prisoner had brought the watch to pledge the night before. On referring to the books, he found that the watch answered the description of one that had been stolen about twelve mouths ago, and he ac cordingly detained the prisoner and gave him in custody. A respectable-looking female, apparently a mechanic's wife, de posed that the watch was her husband's, and that he had lost it about twelve mouths ago. He went late one Saturday night to get shaved, and left his watch at the barber's shop; there were other three men in and it was supposed one of them had taken it. When be got home he found he had left his watch, and on going to the barber's it was gone. Her husband was then at work at Manchester. Mr. Hall said he supposed her husband had told her that tale, as she had called him to account about the watch. He could not put the prisoner on his trial for such an offence, committed at that distance of time. The judge would stop the trial at even two months from the com mission of the offence. The mere circumstance of the watch being found in his possession was nothing. He might have come honestly by the watch. He must leave her husband to settle the matter with the prisoner by an action ; he could make no order about the watch, and must discharge the prisoner. The watch was worth about £3. CAUTION TO HACKNEY COACHAIEN.—On Wednesday, at the Police-office, James Roon, the driver of coach 174, and John Heaney, the driver of coach 57, were summoned before the magistrates on a charge of driving furiously down Parker street, after the mail. A gentleman named Preston stated that ou Saturday, about six o'clocke in the evening, he was driving his gig up Parker-street, and he met the north mail about half way up; immediately after it, comming at full speed, were three cars, two of which, driven by the defendants, were foremost and abreast. He saw it was almost impossible to avoid coining in contact with them, and with a great deal of difficulty he suc ceeded in pulling his horse and gig on the parapet, and the car nearest him contrived to pull up just before it run against his gig. If he had not pulled his horse on the parapet it must have been killed, and his gig would have been upset if the car had not been stopped as it was. The cars filled the whole street, and it was impossible to get past them. He supposed they were striving which could get first to obtain a fare from the passengers of the mail. He - brought the case forwards as a public duty; he thought it one in which the magistrates ought to interfere. The defendants, of course, denied that they were either driving fast or coming abreast. Mr. Hall said he had fined car drivers so repeatedly for this offence that it appeared to him to have no effect. He was not in the habit of imposing heavy . fines, but this seemed to be a case which called for the infliction of a heavy penalty. He should fine Roon, who was on the wrong side of the street, 20s. and costs; and Heaney 15s. and costs. UNWHOLESOME MEAT.—Yesterday, at the Police-office, Bernard Murphy, who keeps a stand at 'St. John's Market, was summoned before the magistrates charged by Holden, the market inspector, with having exposed for sale, on Saturday night last, 108 lbs. of measled pork, unfit fur human food. He was tined 7s. and costs. Catherine Evans, the keeper of a stand in St. John's Market, was summoned for exposing 45 lbs. of measled pork for sale on Saturday night last, unfit for food. As she had previously borne a good character the Lice was remitted, and she was ordered to pay the costs. Wm. Ri s ky, the keeper of a stand in St. John's Market, was fined ss. and costs for exposing for sale 83 lbs. of measled pork. Patrick Banner, the keeper of a shop in Standish-street, was fined 2s. 6d. and costs for exposing 3'2 lbs. of measled pork for sale on Saturday night. " THE SATISFACTION OF A GENTLEBIAN."—Yesterday, at the Police-office, a gentleman named Geo. H. Kemp was summoned before the magistrates, Messrs. Hall and Birch, by a gentleman named Bird, on a charge of having sent him a challenge and otherwise threatened him. The challenge was said to have originated out of a love affair. Both parties, we understand, had been paying their best attentions to a voting lady, and, the complainant being the more lucky ',Qatari°, the defendant vented his disappointment in sending the other a challenge, which formed the subject of the present complaint, the defen dant alleging that he was put in bodily fear thereby. Mr. John Bird, the complainant, stated that on Sunday night, about eleven o'clock, lie left a house in Northumberland-street, where he had been. He had got but a little way from it, whe❑ Mr. Kemp came up, and said he " wanted to speak" with him. He (complainant) replied he did not wish to have anything to say to him. He was aware that he had been threatening him. About three months before, defendant met him and threatened to horsewhip him. He in consequence thought it best to go home again, and he returned to the house in Northumberland street, and gave a loud knock at the door. The defendant then came up to him and said " stop till 1 lay a horsewhip about your back," and 'called him " a coward." The lady of the house then came to• the door and called a policeman, and the defendant ran away down the street. Next morning he re ceived a note from the defendant, (complainant here handed a note to the magistrates,) and he understood that he had been laying in wait for him since. He was afraid of injury, and could not walk the streets in safety. _ Mr. Hall (to defendant.)—" What do you say to this ? Is that your note ?" Defendant.—" Yes, it is." Mr. Hall.—" How came you to send such a one?" Defendant.—l received a summons last evening. I imme diately consulted a mutual friend, wishing to settle the matter out of court, and I have only received the answer this morning, and in consequent I am quite unprepared to say anything. If I could get the case deferred until to-morrow, I shmild be pre pared with my defence. Mr. Hall.—" What defence could you have then more than you have now ?" Complainant.—" I must have protection; I went over the water last night. I durst not sleep in town." Defendant.—" I never intended to injure the young man at all." Mr. Hall.—" You ask him to give you satisfaction ?" • Defendant.—lf I Went into a vindication of my whole con duct I could show you— Mr. Hall.—" I am not going into the, whole of the transac tion. This note, after the above demand, says, If not I shall be obliged to brand you as a coward in every -public place in which I may see you.' You then give your address and where You may be found at such an hour. It then goes on, `lf you have the soul and spirit of a man and a gentleman, you will give me immediate satisfaction as a gentleman.' Are you prepared with bail?" - Defendant.—" No, I am not." Mr. Hall.—" Cannot you send for any respectable person to bail von? We cannot allow this to pass. This gentleman bay called on us for protection, and he must have it at our hands." Complainant.—" It is a great annoyance to the family." Mr. You must find hail; yourself in £lOO, and two respectable sureties of £5O each. (To complainant.)—That is your object I belizve." Complainant'.--"It is, Sir." • . The complainant then left the court, and the defendant re mained in custody until his bail should arrive. The epistle commenced, " I do not -mean to , dispute your charming prize. with you ;" and then went on - ". I neither intended to cut or murder; you as you seemed so_ mach to apprehend last evening, I merely wished for an explanation from you as to the cause of Y.our ire,-.admissien to Mr, ,This, I conceive, yolk can /./not but give me,'as you must be aware that I answered you a similar question on a similar occasion. It not, of course you Cannot object, if you have the s.,yi ... and spirit of a m an and a gentleman, to give me satisfaction in another way. Should you feel inclined to do neither, I shall be under the necessity of branding you as a coward in any public place in which I may meet you, which I shall assuredly do.—l am yours, &c., " G. H. Kahle." A POPULAR COURSE ON CHEMISTRY, AT.THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. LECTURE VIII . _ On Saturday evening Mr. Hemming continued. Water exists naturally in three separate states. It exists in the solid at the arctic and antarctic regions, in the liquid be tween the temperatures of 32 and 212, and in the vaporous at all temperatures. It is erroneously supposed that water will not vaporize under 212 de g rees : ice itself will do so. Steam is the vapour of water at 212 degrees ; but vapour is the term applied when vaporization takei place at lower temperatures. ['here are various causes which regulate vaporization, amongst these temperature, the motion of the air, and its dryness, are the principal. , The amount of evaporation, as stated in the preced ing lecture, which takes place daily, is so prodigious that had we not sufficient data for the fact, it would appear incredible. We find the quantity of vapour held in solution by the atmo sphere to be variable; under some circumstances, as when the Harmattan blows, it is almost dry. Under high temperatures there is a larger quantity of vapour contained.in the atmosphere, and this often when we think it is the dryest. Thus, on a hot day, there is a very great quantity, of vapour contained in it. A very large quantity of vapour is precipitated in the form of hail, rain, and snow; but a very great quantity is silently returned to the earth in the form of dew. There have been two theories to account for the formation of rain, both of which are ingenious, and both of them exceedingly probable. ' It has been ascertained that the capacity of the atmosphere for retaining moisture increases with its temperature according to a certain ratio. Thus, at a temperature of 30 degrees , if we will suppose the air capable of holding 2 grains of water in solution, at a temperature of 60, it will hold 4 times that quantity, or 8 grains; and, as we increase the heat, we shall increase the quantity, by the square of the increase; if 90 degrees, it will hold 9 times i, or 18 grains, and so on. It is very important that such is the case, or the action of the air upon the ocean would cause the vapour to ascend visibly, as steam from boiling water, whereas, on account of this increased capacity for holding water iu estate of solution, it is capable of holding the prodigious quantities evaporating at high temperatures during the day, and in the evening we find it again falling as a mist or dew upon the sur faceof the earth. Dr. Hutton imagines that when two clouds of different temperatures meet, there is an interchange of calo ric; and as the mean temperature thereby produced will not hold the same quantity of vapour in solution, that the superfluity is precipitated in the form of rain, snow, or hail. The other theory is the electric theory, in which it is mentioned that the aqueous particles of the clouds exist in different states of elec tricity with regard to each other, and that when a cloud posi tively charged with electricity approaches one negatively charged an interchange of electricity will take place, and rain be pre cipitated. We find that electricity does tend to precipitate water, for if a sponge be soaked in water, and well squeezed, we can cause it to give out more water by the application of elec tiicity. In the same manner, if we take a syphon of such a mi nute diameter that the water will only issue from it drop by drop, and connect it with an electrical machine, the water will flow in a continuous stream. Each of these theories may be correct — there is nothing to militate against either of them. We have only lately been acquainted with the theory of dew, and we are indebted for it to Dr. Wells. It was known that dew was only precipitated when it was most wanted—on a cloudless night, when the plant seems most to require it; but no correct notions were entertained with respect to the cause of this phenomena. Dr. Wells found that the earth is wanner at night on the surface than a few feet above it. This is accounted for by the earth giving back again at night the heat which it received from the sun during the day. This heat, if there be no clouds to inter cept it, will pass off into space. On this account it is found that if a thermometer is placed on the ground on a cloudless night it may stand in our climate from 10 to 15 degrees higher than it will at six feet from the ground. The consequence of this is, that the vapour contained in the atmosphere on the surface of the earth will be precipitated upon its arrival amongst a colder stratum of air, and fall down in the form of dew. Dr. Wells was led to this by several experiments; for example, lie placed small portions of cotton wool upon sticks, at certain altitudes. If the night was cloudless the wool was found to have increased in weight; but in every case, if he covered the wool with a pent house or a handkerchief, there was little or no clew precipitated. This is the reason why we have no preciaitation on cloudy nights, because the heat that is given off by the earth is received by the clouds, end returned back again, by which the deposition of dew is prevented. Dr. Wells candidly acknow ledged that in the pride of his heart he had laughed at persons who covered their plants at night, little supposing that by this means the radiation of the heat of the earth around the plants was prevented. We have now to consider the boiling points of water under different circumstances. It is found that whatever degree of heat we apply to water, that is, whenever it is exposed to the atmosphere, we cannot compel it to assume a higher tempera ture than 212 degrees. At that heat it begins to boil. This is our usual exposition of the boiling point of water; but it is an incorrect one, for at the bottom of some of the London brewers' boilers, in which the liquor is 30 feet high, the temperature is 250 degrees in consequence of the pressure of the column of water, which is equal to another atmosphere. It is a fact that moue but the great brewhouses of London can brew porter of much better quality than the smaller ones. The probability is, that this superiority is owing to the depth of their boilers, as by that means they may be aisle to extract a certain quantity of matter which cannot be extracted at lower temperatures. If we boil w der in vacuo, we shall find that the tempereture of the boiling water will be only 88 degrees instead of 212; and we find that, as we ascend a mountain, the water boils at a lower temperature as the atmosphere becomes rarer. Saussure boiled water at the top of Mont Blanc at 187 degrees. Dr. Wollaston constructed an instrument on this principle for inea , suring elevations, by indicating the temperature of boiling water, on which a degree was divided into a thousand parts. We find that, if water boils at 212 degrees on the surface of the earth, it will boil at one degree less 550 feet high. Dr. Wollaston found, by means of this instrument, that there was an appreciable dif ference between water boiling on the floor and water boiling in the same vessel on a table. The variation of temperature was very visible between the water boiled in the cellar of a house_ and in the garret. The height of St. Paul's Cathedral was ac ascended in a balloon for the purpose of colitrasting the indica tions of altitude furnished by that instrument. with those of a barometer. He kept the water boiling all the time he was in the air by means of sulphuric acid and water. On his return, lie gave the indications of the barometer to a friend of hi s to calculate the different elevations, whilst he himself calculated those of Dr. Woilaston's instrument. When they met to corn , pare their calculations, there was only a difference of six feet between them, although the balloon had ascended two miles in ; height. This will show that we may measure altitude with as much precision by means of a boiling liquid as by mean s o f a column of mercury. We say that water boils at 212; but in reality it seldom boils at that temperature. Much depend s u p on the slate of the atmosphere, the vessel in which the water is boiled, and the pdrity of the water, and from these causes there is a difference of several degrees in the boiling point. The heat which is imparted to water after it has reached the boiling point is carried off by the steam in a latent form; and it has been calculated that it requires 1000 degrees of heat to convert water into steam. 'Phis latent heat becomes free again as the steam is converted into water. If this quantity of heat were not car ried away with the vapour, the inevitable consequence would be, that the instant water reached the boiling temperature, the whole mass would be carried away simultaneously, and pr o du ce a terrible explosion. Ice also absorbs latent heat in its con version into water to the amount of 140 degrees. The si mp l es t mode of proving this is to mix a pound weight of water at 32 degrees with another pound at 172 degrees, when the water w ill be found of a mean temperature; but if a pound weight o f water at 172 be mixed with a pound of pounded ice, the temperature will be reduced ta32 degrees. We are indebted to Dr. Black for our knowledge of this property of ice. Ile was led to enter tain the idea that such was the case by noticing that the surface of his pond was covered with ice a lthou g h the tem perature of portion tra ° t I d this by heat., and e the air had been at 40 degrees for se veral days p revio usly. He immersed a thermometer in the pon d, and hound that it re mained stationary at 32 degrees until the whole of the ice con tained in the pond was dissolved. In the same man ner , when expandswatel. is i n o v i converted toefd its into bulk.ie ice, gives Mr. Hemming ou t a i freezing some water in a bottle, when it cracked in every direc tion. According to some experiments made by the Florentine academicians, it was found that this expansion takes pl ace w i th a force of 27 1 tons on the square inch. The disinte u r ation of rocks is owing to this circumstance. The rain w hich has en tered their pores in the autumn freezes, an d the ex p ansi on winch takes place tears the strongest rocks asunder. R a pid evapora tion, by taking away the caloric from the water, produces ice. Mr. 'lemming beautifully illustrated this by means of Dr. Wollaston's eryophorus, the principle of which he explained. When water is heated in a boiler, the fire should always be applied to the lower surface, as water is with difficulty heated from above. Mr. Hemming illustrated this by means of a glass tube containing water, at the bottom and top of which were pieces of lard. He applied heat to the middle of the tube, when the upper portion of lard melted, and the water boiled, but th e lard at the bottom of the water remained in the solid slate. This arises from the bad conducting powers of water. This may likewise be illustrated by colouring some water and heat ing it, when it will be found that the heated water may be poured upon cold water without mixing with it. The densities of fresh and sea water are very different; hence persons swim with more ease in the latter than in the former. The water of the Dead Sea is so remarkably buoyant that a person may float in it with his head and shoulders out of the water without any exertion. This difference of density is owing to th e saline matter which sea water contains in solution. Mr. Hemmin g , illustrated this by causing a bottle to rise from the bott om of a glass jar by adding salt to the water. LEcTuns IX On Wednesday evening Mr. Hemming continued. We have now to consider the various distinguishing properties of those bodies called metals. These are a numerous and im portant class of substances, amounting so far as at present known, to forty-two, in number. Some of these, it is true, have not. vet been reduced from their earthly state, as for instance, Yttrium, Thorium, and Zircorium, but we are led from several circumstances to suppose, that they possess a metallic base. We find on decomposition, that they combine with mercury, from which they cannot be however, separated in the metallic state. We have another proof that they are metals, which is this, if we throw the amalgam into water, hydrogen gas will arise. It appears in this instance that the bases of these bodies are like those of the alkalies, because they combine with the oxygen, and release the hydrogen of water. Some have never been discovered in the separate state. Gold, silver, mercury, , copper. tin, iron, and lead were known to the ancients in early times. The iron and copper known at these periods were not, however, similar to those which we are now acquainted with. The iron was in that state which we call cast iron, and the cop per was alloyed with zinc, silver, tin, or other metals. At that period the tools, and the spears, and other warlike weapons, were not formed of iron or steel, but of copper, and some alloy like our bell metal or gun metal. In the remains of Hercu laneum and Pompeii, various implements ,are daily found con taining a certain alloy which renders them durable, hard, and sharp. We find the term brass used in scripture, but it refers to this alloy, for, copper is one of the most difficult metals to reduce to a state,of purity. In like manner iron is difficult to reduce, it is easy to convert iron ore into cast iron, but not into wrought iron. We are, therefore, sure that the ancients were not acquainted with pure copper, or with wrought iron. Iron was first used in a wrought state, in the reign of King Solomon, the mode of so manufacturing it having been discoved by some Phoenician workmen. At that time Daedalus cud Cadmus in vented the gimlet, and saw, and lathe, which enabled Minos to build a.fleet, and reign tiiumphant as king of the seas. It is remarkable that the majority of the ancient metals are found in their native state, gold and silver especially; mercury is found in such a state as by distillhtion to he easily separated from the ore, which contains it. In like manner copper is found in a native state" Lead is not found in the native state, but chiefly as a so;pheret. The seven metals known to the ancients were distinguished by the different symbols a pplied to the seven ptiknets.. ; Thus gold was typified as the sun, bye circle ; silver, as the moon, L.' a crescent ; copper was t:k pitita by a circle with a cross underneath, the emblem of the looking glass of Venus. 7vleriniry was represented by a caduceus like - figure, consisting of a cross, a circle and half a circle one over another, emble matical of Mercury. Iron was represented by the shield and dart, used to represent Mars. Tin was typified by a figure in tended to represent the lightening of Jupiter, and lead by a symbol emblematical of the scythe of Saturn. All the remain ing metals have been discovered within the last two or three centuries. The metals all possess certain general properties, viz , lustre, opacity, combustibility, and fusibility ; they reflect light and heat, and are conductors of elect icily and heat; many of them have the properties of malleability and ductility. Before no tieing these properties more at large it may be useful to say a few words of them as they exist in the mineral state. The use ful metals are seldom found in their metallic state near the sur face of the earth. They generally abound in mountainous and hilly . countries, and here - the previous remark will not apply, for by sinking a shaft near the base of mountains we arrive some times quickly at the solid ore. This is found in veins contain ing the matrix of the ore, which matrix performs a very im portant part in reducing the ore to the solid state. This de scription will not apply to all the metals, as some of them are obtained without this difficulty. The ore is reduced, in most cases, to a coarse powder, and then it is placed on an inclined surface, and partly separated from the matrix by washing, which, being lighter than the metal, is carried away with the water. After this the ore is roasted in order to drive off as much as pos sible of the arsenic and sulphur, for most of the metallic ores contain a quantity of these substances. In the course of this roasting or torrefaction the ore imbibes a portion of oxygen, which we then have to separate from the metal by fusian. An intense heat is applied, and carbonaceous matter introduced to unite with the oxygen, by which means we obtain the metal in a separate state, and the lime or other earthy material floats on the surface of the metal, and prevents oxidation from taking place, which would otherwise be the case were the metal ex posed to the action of the atmosphere. The metals when found in the state of minerals always bear a name indicative of their composition. Thus, when we say a metal is found in its native state, it is considered a native metal. Gold is always found in its native state, and is called native gold. But we sometimes have metals combined with others, they are then called native alloys ; if they are combined with mercury they are called amalgams; if combined with sulphur, sulithurets ; if with iron, carburets ; if with phosphorus, phosphurets ; and so on. The first of the metallic properties is their lustre. All of them possess a certain degree of lustre , and this lustre, unlike the lustre of many substances we are acquainted with, is not superficial, but it pervades the whole muss. if we take a metal and break it, or cut it, we shall find the lustre is uniform throughout the whole mass. We are acquainted with many substances besides the metals which exhibit a lustre, hvt very few except the metals possess an internal lustre. The lustre of a metal may be increased by artificial means,i and polishing. Nickel and cobalt have the least lustre of all the metals. The lustre cf a metal is very soon lost by exposure to the atmos phere. Sometimes the metal loses its lustre on exposure to the atmosphere by combining with oxygen; this is the case with iron, especially in damp weather. cold: and silver soon loose their lustre by exposure, and become what' is called tarnished. Now, this tarnish is found to be owing to the action of sulphuretted hydrogen with the metal.,- Mr. 7-lemming here exhibited a leaf of silver which displayed the same hue as cop per in consequence of being exposed in his laboratory to the flumes of sulphuretted hydrogen gas. In countries where there are many silver images of saints, especially in the Netherlands, flakes of sulphuret of silver are continually dropping on the floors of the churches. Platinum is not acted upon by either of these agents, and we may expose it to a fire or to an acid with out any change. It is difficult to work, and so expensive, that its use is limited. It has beets stated that these ores may be re duced to their natural states by a simple process; but it is stated in the 4th chapter of Genesis, that " Tubal Cain was an in structor of every artificer in brass and iron." We find that in very early times they found the art of purifying and refining gold, and also the art of dissolving gold in water. We have an example of this in Exodus. During the temporary absence of Moses, Aaron was prevailed upon by the Israelites to form them a golden calf out of the ornaments which they brought with them out of Egypt. When Moses returned he was indignant at their conduct, "And he took the calf which they had made, and burnt it in the fire, and ground it to powder, and strewed it upon the water, and made the children of Israel drink of it." This passage of scripture has given rise to much controversy amongst the learned. We know that gold may be exposed to the most intense heat for a length of time, without undergoing any sensible diminution of weight. Geld has been bailed by exposure to the Tschii:nhausen burning lens, but it has merely been converted into vapour. It was conjectured by some that Moses accomplished the dissolution of the gold by miraculous inteyposition. Stahl, the Swedish chemist, wrote a work to l i show that there was no need of miraculous interposition to ef fect this phenomenon. .Moses was skilled in all the learning of the Egyptians, and there is no doubt that he was acquainted with sulphur, and also with the alkali uatron, for in those coun tries this substance abounds If we heat gold with natron and sulphur we form a mixture which may be reduced to powder, and dissolved in water. Indeed, so perfectly dissolved is the gold, that it will pass through a filtering paper. There is no doubt, therefore, that this was the manner in which Moses dissolved gold when he compelled the Israelites to drink of it. Gold is very frequently combined with silver, as well as other metals. It is easy to separate gold and silver from other metals, but the same process will not separate the gold and silver from one another. It appears that this was known in early periods, and that the method usually employed to separate these metals was merely to melt them with sulphur, when the sulphur com bined with the silver, but not with the gold. If the quantity of silver be very small, we cannot separate it until we add more silver to the mass, when the sulphur will not only combine with the silver we have added but also with whatavas in the gold be fore. This mode of refining gold was known as early as 600 years before Christ. Isaiah, in his beautiful and peculiar lan guage, says, " Behold I have refined thee, but not with silver; I have chosen thee in the furnace of affliction." Gold is the me tal here alluded to, as there is no other nietal which can be re fined with silver. Metals lose their lustre by exposure to the atmosphere, the more so if exposed in a molten state. Lead thus exposed for twenty-four hours becomes coated with a film of oxide, and is converted into red lead. The-next of the general properties of the metals appears to be capacity. There appears to be no general exception to this pro perty. We are acquainted with a great variety of substances which are impervious to light in the mass, but not in a state of fine division; thus if a shaving were cut from a board it would allow the light to pass throught it. A sheet of paper will do the same. We can divide metals to a state of division 'Much more g minute tnan any other suostance; accoruin o some, a teat of gold can be fabricated 1-360-000th part of an inch iii thickness, and yet they will not allow the light to pass through them. If we hold a leaf of gold near the candle, we see a greenish ray of light, but this is no proof of transparency, fur it is possible that the laminae of the gold may be separated from one another by ,the beating they have undergone, and the rays of light may not pass through the gold, but between its particles. Silver may be reduced to 1-100,0;.)0th part of an inch in thickness. and yet it will exclude light. The metals are transparent, however, in a state of solution. The next of the general properties is combustibility. All the metals are combustible if we apply sufficient heat to them. Many require au intense degree of heat to effect this. Platina requires the greatest heat that a chemist can produce—either by means of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, or from the voltaic battery. It is remarkable that metals, otherwise refractory, will sponta neously take fire when immersed in chlorine gas. Mr. Hem ming then exhibited the combustion of plaints, iron, copper, and lead, by means of the oxyhydrogen blow-pipe, as well as the ignition and dissipation - of gold, silver, and copper leaf, and tin foil, by means of the voltaic battery, remarking, en peasant, that the power of the voltaic battery is greatly increased if a little sulphate of copper be added to the acid and water in which the plates of copper and zinc are immersed. The metals we then have seen are all combustible. The next property which they possess is fusibility, which they undergo at various heats. Many of them, when in a state of fusion, combine with oxygen. • The next of the general properties of metals is their power of conveying heat and electricity. These they possess in different degrees. With respect to heat, seine are bad conductors of it : platinum is one of the worst. It is a difficult matter to ascertain which is the best conductor of electricity, because the progress of electricity is so instantaneous; nevertheless there is reason to 'relive that some of them are better than others. Malleability and ductility are not possessed by all metals. Malleable metals are rolled into sheets by passing them between rollers with diminishing spaces between them. When a metal is required to be made thinner than can be accomplished by this process, it is beaten , out with heavy hammers to the required size. . The term ductility is used_ to describe the capability of a metal for being drawn into wire. Most of those metals which are malleable are ductile; amongst these are gold, silver, pla tina, and copper, and iron to a certain extent. Tin and lead can be brought into a state of leaf; but neither of these bodies is capa ble of being draWn into fine wire. Ductility depends upon the tenacity or strength of the metal. • The metal is drawn into wire by passing a rod of considerable thickness through aper tures continually diminishing in size,'until the wire becomes of the required diameter. In this•process- the metals become brit tle, and would be so if not annealed by heating them, to restore the properties of the wire. But we may, by a very ingenious process, obtain platinumavire 1-39,000 th of an inch in diameter. The mode of doing this was discovered by Dr. Wollaston. Gold and platinum cannot be dissolved except by means of nitro muriatic acid, whilst the other' metals are all soluble in nitric acid. Dr. Wollaston therefore enclosed a fine platinum wire in the centre of a rod of silver, and drew the united wires to as fine a state as possible. He then dissolved the silver in nitric acid, when the platinum wire remained of the abovementioned thick ness. Platinum was discovered by Don Antonio Ulloa, in 1735, and was first brought to England by Mr. Charles Wood, in 1741. It is found in South America, at Choco, and Santafe, and also at St. Domingo, and the Brazils. It has since been found in the Georgian mountains. Indeed, so abundantly is it fou in the : Russian dominions, that it is used for coin. It is foili in the state of grains containing a great variety of fore _ matter, such as lead, antimony, bismouth, &c., and also iridium, palladium, osmium, and rhodium. In order to separate these, a difficult process is to be resorted to, which Mr. Flemming minutely explained. Platinum is the heaviest of metals, being 21 times heavier than water. It is the most durable and un changeable of all metals we are acquainted with, as it is not liable to be affected by fire, water, or acid. We require the greatest heat of a wind furnace to melt it. It is invaluable to the la boratory in the manufactory of articles which are exposed to an intense heat, as well as for its bad conducting power, and its little expansibility by heat. The ends of the voltic wires are tipped with platinum, otherwise oxygen would combine with them. In a spongy state it is heated to redness by hydrogen gas, which it inflames. It has been used of late years for the purpose of concentrating acids, as no simple acid will act upon it. The expense of a moderate boiler composed of it will amount to between £BOO and £lOOO, although it is merely used as a thin lining or casing of an iron boiler. The expense arises from the heavy weight of the metal, and its great value, its price being 355. per ounce. Notwithstanding its expense, such is its durability that it is much cheaper than lead or glass boilers, and has this advantage, that it will always be worth nearly as much as what it cost. I'o-morrow evening Mr, Hemming will resume the subject of metallurgy. FLOUR FROM FROZEN POTATOES.—In our paper of Jo h ns t on ' we published a very remarkable statement by Mr. , factor to the Earl of Glasgow, that potatoes which have been • frosted to such a degree as even to resemble pulp, will-still yield by proper treatment, farina of a perfectly pure an d pleasant kind. A gen tl em an in our own neighbourhood having 01-!tierved this paragraph in our journal last Friday, determined instantly to try the e xperiment. Having gone to a field where the pota• toes bad b ee n raised and the land harrowed previous to the se vere frosts in the end of October, be there picked up a numb er of potatoes that had been left on th e surface as useless,. and had lain bleaching throug h all the rain s and frosts we since have had.' None of them were so fresh and firm that he could not have crushed them into a jelly with his hand. Very well; he Put them through the usual process of flour or starch making; and the result was, as in Mr. Johnson's recorded case, a farina perf ec tly wholesome and good. A parcel •of the potato flour, thus obt a in e d by him, he broug ht. to our Herald office, on Wed nesday, and, as we supped on it that same evening, we can bear ample tes.itoony to its excellence.. - We trust that none who see this corrobative statement will.barto.toolish as to throw away their frozon iotatoes.—Dumfries Herald, LITERARY, SCIENTIFIC, AND COMMERCIAL INSTITUTION. The second anneal meeting of the friends of this. institution was held on Tuesday evening last, at the Music-hall, in Bold street, Mr. Charles Horsfall, president of the society, in the chair. The report, which appeared to give much-satisfaction, stated that the number of members who had subscribed during the last half year amounted to 591, namely, 3 honorary mem bers, 9 life subscribers, 6 donors of various sums of £5 and up wards, constituting members; 576 half-yearly subscribers. The language classes still continued to be numerously attend ed, particularly that of the French. The committee regretted that the nature of Mr. Black's engagements prevented his valuable services from being secured to the institution, at the same time the inconvenience had beets to a great degree ob viated by the appointment of Mr. Hubert, whose exertions to promote the improvement of his pupils had given the highest satisfaction both to the committee and to the members generally. The Spanish language class still continued under the tabe superintendence of M. Vidal. The drawing class continued to auswer the most sanguine expectations of its original pro moters. The committee felt that it would he unnecessary to speak in terms of praise of the recognised talents of the pro fessor, Mr. George Pickering,. the rapid improvement of his pupils in this interesting and elegant accomplishment, and the unabated attendance at the class-room, being sufficieat proofs of the ability of the teacher and the popular nature of the study. The library had been increased by 800 volumes, 20-1 of which had been presented by the friends and members of the institu tion. Mr. William Potter had presented the magnificent do rktion of a complete series of the Annual liegister, comprising in the_whole 76 splendidly-bound volumes. T wen ty-nine vols. had also been presented by John Eden, Esq., and :10 by James Parker, Esq. The whole number of volumes in the library was now 2,006. The adoption of the report was then moved by Mr. GEORGE Hour, seconded by Mr. Wil LIAMs, and unanimuuslY carried. Mr. HENRY LAWRENCE, after drawing attention to the utility of the institution, as affording an advantageous opprtuuity for improvement to the young men of the town, during their un occupied time, concluded by proposing a resolution to the effect that institutions of this nature were calculated to advance the moral and intellectual character of the members, which was seconded by Mr. ATKINSON, the secretary to the institution, and unanimously adopted. Mr. J. C. EWART proposed a vote of thanks to the Patrons and Vice-Patrons of the institution, which was ably seconded by Mr. DOWDALL, and unanimously adopted. A vote of thanks to the President and lionorasy Officers of the institution, on the motion of Mr. RATCLIFFE, seconded by Mr. CHEESEBOISOUGH, was then unanimously carried. Mr. JAMES LEWIN proposed a vote of thanks to Dr. Jeffrey, president of the discussion class, of whose services he spoke in warm terms. Mr. J. E. GLADSTONE, in an eloquent speech, seconded the resolution, which was unanimously carried. The thanks of the meeting to the Managing Committee were then moved by Mr. CHAPMAN and seconded by Mr. GAW THORPE, and carried. Mr. C. TINLING moved a vote of thanks to the donors to the institution, which was seconded by Mr. D. I.EDSt , ai and carried_ Mr. R. E. LEWIN expatiated cm the merits of several philo sophical and literary authors of the present day, and concluded with proposing that they be added to the list of the members of the institute, which was seconded by Mr. STEEL and carried. A vote of thanks was then proposed to the Chairman by Mr. Collet, and after he had returned thanks the meeting separated. EXAMINATION OF THE PUPILS OF THE ROYAL INSTITUTION. Yesterday the annual examination of the pupils of this In stitution was held in the Theatre of the Royal Institution. The following are the pieces recited by the different pupils. Master B ROOK u.s....Battle of the Angels Ifilton. „ Fit ECK LETON .. Retrospect-of School Days.. Gray. Odd on Eton. F LKTCH ER Changing Quarters W. M. Prized. „ SW A INSON Defeuce of Milo, Cicero. „ BANNEU..Siege of Corinth... Lord Byron. „ BA H a.. Socrates appeals t. his Judges l'lol3. s, RusisToN—Orestes Killed in a Chariot Race Mins lated from. Sop/lodes. 9, PICK ERING..Dido's Suicido Dryden's Virgil. „ Gitoom—Ditto Virgil. „ Runs cr..Medea's Soliloquy Euripides. „ B. BisaNckEß—The Immuring of Constance.... Scott. The manner in which the various pieces were delivered, was highly creditable, and spoke much for the care and attention bestowed upon the tuition of the pupils by the Rev. Mr. Iliff the master, and his assistants. The Theatre was exceedingly crowded by the friends and relations of the young orators, who appeared highly delighted with their juvenile efforts. The fol lowing is a list of the prizes which were awarded after the reci• tations. by the Rev. Rector Brooks :—For Classical Compo sition, the President's prize, Master Swainson. The Master's prize, Muster Groom. For Mathematics—The President's prize. Master Swainson ; the Master's prize, Masters Fletcher and Groom, equal. General Prizes—Masters Ramsay, Glad stone, A. Robertson, and Aspinall. The President's report read after the recitation spoke in very gratifying terms of the progress of the institution, and of its increasing utility. The new buildings connected with this institution, which are very commodious, and rendered now necessary from the increase of the members, will be opened after the vacation. TO THE EDITOR OF THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. Sin,—Observing your leading article on the Currency, permit me to inform you of one or two circumstances for your consideration. The institutes of all joint stock banks give the shareholders the advantage of credits to the extent of the se veral sums paid upon shares. The paid up capital being com monly invested in Government stock, it follows that all such banks of issue have not only a return for the capital so invest ed, but the shareholders the use of a duplicate capital gratis, except what is caused for office expenses. The richest landlord in the kingdom cannot get the like privilege but by being a si milar associate in the original shares of a bank. To this and to the mode in which they have allowed the corn trade to be carried on, is imputable the growing difficulties of the landed interest; and it is obvious that henceforth trade cannot be car ried on with general success so long as this inequality in the va lue of the paper currency remains unremedied. The associated thus are the only gainers. No competition can withstand this of thinits_either here t. 'plain and palpable, and every motive calls tor its speedy adop tion. The humble depositors in savings banks are relatively losers to the extent of one million per annum on their capital a sixteen millions. It holds out a bribe to pauperism, this ano malous state of currency ! The one party may be said to draw dividends for a capital which has been abstracted. The savings bank depositor, when he draws, ceases to receive any further interest. Besides, he is perhaps paid in notes of his employer's bank; and it is well known that power as well as credit is often employed to suborn opposition of interests. This should not be. £500,000 is lost thus to a pot tion of the humbler classes, by the want of a principle of credit for savings banks, and £500,000 by the use of notes of antagonist interests. Hence you have a clue to the increase of poverty among the lowly even in this christiau age. There is nothing to hinder any fraternity to institute a bank; but what is to become of the fug end of society, or of those who begin business, between the last and the next-to-be hank in ilka place? Let deposit banks he separated from (discount adventurers) commercial banks—let Government institute deposit banks ge nerally—and, as money is merely the representative of pi oper ty, let a paper currency be issued corresponding to the said de posits, and let all ranks whatsoever have the optional rule, of depositors becoming surety for advances to whom they pleased upon lieu of their deposits. You may depend upon it this must be the case, if an overrul ing Providence has decreed the emancipation of the nation, and the extension of the kingdom of righteousness and peace on earth. This currency would prove in every nation a regent circula tion, perfect in every sense of the term..--I am; &c. Limon News Rooms, CREDO. 36, George-street, Edinburgh, Dec. 10, 1836. AGENTS FOR EMIGRATION.—The Home Secretary has sanc tioned t)te appointment of the following officers to be govern- • ment agents for emigration :—Liverpool, Lieut. Low, U.N.; Bristol, Lieutenant Henry, R.N.; Dublin, Lieutenant Hod der, R.N.; Cork, Lieutenant Shuttleworth, R.N.; Belfast, Lieutenant Lynch, R.N.; Limerick, Lieutenant Forest, R.N.; Greenock, Lieutenant Hemans, R.N.; London Agent, General Colonial-office, Mr. J. D. Pinnock. —Minister ial print. GLIF.AT NORTH OF ENGLAND RAILWAY COMPANY.—This company, has given notice of their intention to apply to parlia ment in the ensuing session for powers to extend their line froM the river Tees, through Northallerton, Thirsk, and Easiugwood, to the York and North Midland Railway, at Hob Moor, near York—to construct a bridge across the river Ouse, at York—to form a branch front a point in the present line to the city of Durham, and for other important objects. - -• MIDDLESEX REGISTRATION.—The annual meeting of the Middlesex registration committee was held at its looms on Thursday last, December 8, Colonel Clitherow in the chair. The report read by the secretary was of the most g ratifying de scription. It stated that of the objections taken in the courts of the revising barristers, during the sittings of the present year, the conservatives had sustained 416 out of 742, or nearly four-sevenths; while the radicals had only supported 248 out of 709, or about five fourteenths. Besides which, the objections taken by the overseers were, in a majority of cases, beneficial to the conservative interest, increasing the gain on objections to at least 200 votes. Of the new claims admitted, the commit tee could calculate on a considerable majority; as far as yet ascertained, probably to the extent of from 150 to 200. On the whole, the advantage gained to the present year might be thus summed up :—At the end of the registration of 1835, the con servative majority, on the a scertained votes, was 1,544; at the present time that majority amounted to 2,161. Still, there re mained a considerable body of registered voters whose senti ments were not yet ascertained. In December, 1835, a calcu lation, which supposed a very large proportion of these to be.of radical opinions, still left the conservatives a majority of 536. A similar calculation, made at the present moment, would leave the conservatives a majority of 1,179, even supposing all the unknown voters to poll, and in a very great proportion on the radical side.— Times. DISTRESSING AND REVOLTING CIRCUMSTANCE.—The parish Church of Logie, in the county of Ross, has again income vacant, and under circumstances of the most painful and awful description. On the sth of November last Miss K., sister of the minister of the pariah, who resided in the manse and super intended the domestic establishment, was suddenly taken ill while playing the pianoforte. Her brother was absent, assisting to dispense the sacrament in another place, but aid was imme diately procured. The young lady's illness • continued to in crease, and at len g th ( to t h e gr i e f an d as tonishment of those present, who never once suspected her condition,) she was de livered of a child. Sh e ma d e no preparatiotifor ; t he event, and she refused to give any information as to the paternity of the infant. About ten days passed over, when the minister disap peared, leaving his church and flock. No person knew whither he had gone, but in a short time the Moderator of the Presby tery received a letter from him, written from Aberdeen, acknow ledging an incestuous connexion, and 'resigning his living. The effect of such intelligence on the virtuous and religious inhabi tants of that district we shall not attempt to describe. The un fortunate female who had participated in the unnatural guilt of her brother was pursued to the west coast, whither she had fled, was apprehended, and brought last week to Dingwall. Fruits the latter place she was conveyed in a chaise, accompanied by an officer and female attendant, to Tain ; but while the tmin left the vehicle for a few moments to wait upon the sherd with an account of her apprehension, or receive fresh in structions, the offender and her attendant alighted from the c haise and es 7 caped. We know not whether they have bee n closely pars b u t we sincerely trust that they will elude det ection, and oedthu s prevent a trial which would he fraught hbn uch sorrow ! ne m ver to cnired shame, and disgrace. A similar case, perhawitps, before in the annals of-the Church of Scotland, so long and so justly famed for its purity and vigilance, and we can only trust ourselves to repeat the words of the., a postle, " Let him that staudeth take heed lest he fall."—lnverness Courier. • MELANCHOLY SHIPWRECK. SEVENTY-SIX PER AnsiS DizovrNitD. , (From the'New York Daily Exprest, November 235) ,fs We mentioned, iu the express of yesterday, the shipwreck the ship Bristol, Captain Mlioun, from Liverpool, 'on Far Rockaway. We have new to state, that this has been the 'nose appalling disaster that has occurred en our , eoaat . since the shipwreck of the British sloop of war at Sumba:ninon,. Lonst Island, during the war, Ave believe in 1813, when WS persons perished. The loss of the Bristol is Most neart-tending.. ' Th e ship is off Sandy Hoek, at 9 p.m. on Sunday night, with her lanterns out as a signaller a pilot, at which time the . gale had just commenced. No pilots, however, were out, and the ship had to stand off; at *a' quarter before four, a.m. on Monday morning, the ship struck on Far Rockaway, and, distressing to relate, at day-light, although - within half a mile of the share, no relief could he afforded to the distressed passengers and crew who were clinging to the shrouds. All day they remained in this situation, the surf being so high that none - could approach her. At about eleven o'clOck, p.m. the sea abated and boats went to her relief, and succeeded in taking off the captain and a portion off the crew, and some of the caoin and steerage pas sengers. We are, however, distressed to state, that two sea men, the cook and steward, with a Mr. Donnelly, two Meisrs: Carltons, cabin passengers, tend about sixty steerage passen gers perished. All were rescued that remained on the wreck when the boats reached her ; but during thii day the ship went to pieces, and yesterday morning the stern-posi only was left. In connexion with this loss of life, the American calls public attention to the fact, that it was occasioned by the negligence of the pilots, who, on account of the Monopoly they enjoy, are 'not attentive to the performance of their duties. " here was, (sayi the American,) a ship within five miles of her port, and makiug every exertion to procure a pilot, and yet. no pilot was to be had, and the gale coining on, caught her so much in shore that it watt impossible to claw off, and the result was, her destruction, and that of many human lives , we fear:" (From the Daily!Exprers of Noe. 24.) We are at length enabled to state, with some degree of cer tainty, the number of lives lost and saved on' board the Bristol. So far as we can learn, forty persons only are saved and more than sixty lost. Several bodies came on shore, and were buried yesterday and during the night previous. The spars and upper decks are entirely gone, and the beach is strewed with fragments. The heavy part of the cargo keeps the buttons of the ship stationary on the outer bar: efforts will be made to recover part df the iron, copper, &c. A few packages of dry goods and crates, and 20 puncheons of whiskey had washed ashore, and would be sent round to the city. The American, of last evening, gives'us the following particu lars of the disaster. The pirates alluded to upon the shores of Rockaway deserve a worse fate than that which hiss befallen the unfortunate beings who have lost their lives and their all: " Among the passengers lust was Mr. Donnelly, the son-in; law of the late Michael Hogan, of this city, and he (lied a victim to his own philanthropy. Mrs. Hogan and, two daughters, her nurse and children, were saved, and, with other women and children, landed by the first boat. Twice the heats returned to the wreck, acid twice Mr. Donnelly yielded his place to others. In the third attempt to go off, the boats were swamped, and the crew became discouraged, and would not go back. Meantime the storm increased, and Mr. Donnelly, with the two Mr. Carl- . tons took to the foremast, where the crew and many of the steerage passengers had sought temporary sarc•:y. Unhappily this mast seen went by the board, and, of about 20 persons on it, one only, Mr. Briscoe a cabin passenger, was saved, and be catching a{ the bowsprit rigging, from whenee he was taken by the boats. The captain and other cabin and steerage passengers were on the mizenmast, and when that fell, he and others lashed themselves to the taffrail, where fur four hours the sea bro's:e over them. " Some twenty of the steerage passengers, principally women and children, perished almost immediately atter the ship struck- Even before they could leave their berths the ship bilged, filled; and all below were drowned. Not a groan was heard to denote the catastrophe, so awfully sudden was it. " And to those dhow the waves and the mercy of God had' spared, what was the conduct of their brother man? Their persons, their trunks, were searched and robbed by the fiends that gathered around the wreck. One hapless being, thrown' senseless hut yet alive, on the shore, and haying about him his all (ten soveteigns) was plundered of them ! " Among other things, Mrs Donnelly was robbed of a value: able case of jewellery, some of which were publicly paraded, as we are told, by an individual who can be traced." ONE OF THE SUFFERERS.—Yesterday afternoon, one of the unfortunate passengers of the ship Biistol was picked up on Long Island, almost in a state of nudity. He was taken to the Alms-house, where it was found be was both deaf and dumb.' He hid four sovereigns and some English silver coin in his possession. INVITATION TO SIR ROBERT PEEL. The Right lion. Sir Robert Peel, Bart., M.P. Edinburgh,lst December. Stn,—The announcement of your intentii7n 'to come to Scot land, for the purpose of being installed as Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow, induces us to hope that you may be prevailed on to visit this metropolis, so as to, enable the inha bitants of this part of the kingdom to testify, in a public manner, their admiration of your character, talents, and conduct as a statesman. We therefore: respectfully request that you will .do us the honour to accept of a public dinner in this city, on such day during your stay iu Scotland as you may please to name. We have the honour to be, sir, Your most obedient servants. SIR ROBERT PEEL'S ANSWER. Drayton Manor, Dec. 6, 1836. ' My Lord and Gentlemen,—lt is with extreme reluctance that 1 respectfully: decline an invitation, which, as a testimony of public esteem and confidence, is peculiarly gratifying to my feelings, and which is presented to me in a manner best calcu lated to enhance the value of the compliment which it 'conveys. But after the meeting which I have promised to attend at, Glasgow, there will remain only a very short interval between: my return from the North and the opening of Parliament, and on account of my long absence from home during the present 'year, I could not now curtail that interval without great incon venience. • Upon this ground I have already declined more than one proposal of a similar nature to that which you have done me the honour of conveying, assigning reasons which would be •t- invt:te uon,-even trom the city of Edinburgh. . • I request that you will assure those on whose behalf you have made this communication that I am in -the highest degree. sensible of their kindness and proud of their favourable opinion,- and that it is with great pain to my own feelings that 1 forego the opportunity of meeting them in Edinburgh and of express. ing to them in person my grateful and respectful acknowledg ments. _ . 1 feel greatly indebted to you, my lord and gentlemen, for the. additional honour you have conferred upon me by personally urging my acceptance of the invitation of which you are the bearers, and am, With the highest esteem, Your faithful and obedient servant, • . ROBERT PEEL. Right 116 n. Lord Ramsay, Sze. COSERVATIVE TRILINIPEI AT BRIDGEWATER. (Front a Correspondent of the Times.) The election of four persons to fill up vacancies in the town council, occasioned by the resignation of that nriniber of coun cillors, was held on Saturday last. The result has just been declared. Four Conservatives Were at the head of the poll, but; ' in consequence of a quibble raised on two voting papers , two Radicals are declared to be tchirned by aniajority of one each ! A rapacious gang, headed by Independents, Quakers. and So-' ciuians, who have lately grasped some of the charitable fund:t . of the church, made every possible exertion to ota iutain ascendancy, originally procured by corruption, and upheld by the basest trickery and fraud ; but these sor did j obbers have been at length JO fir defeated by the returning go od sen s e of the burgesses. • Twelve months since the conservatives. of Bridgetrater, al though possessing the greater part of the property of the parish,' h were unable to return even one man to the tewn council; they ave now an admitted majority for four p ersons in lieu of t hat number of councillors who had resigned, and they had a decided Majority at - the late election for six persons to supply the place of six who went out by notation. If in this part of the kingdom, which has obtained so disgraceful a notoriety from the conduct practised are tiseii co , m m p t l il e e te m ly ? open to the infamous Other towns might have been equally disturbed by violence of some of its repr esentatives, such a chan g e ha s been effected . in the short spa ce of twelve mouths, what ma y not be expected' whenfrauds the which ey, es ha o y f e t he been pe o a nd tumult, but we believe nn, other pact of the kingdom has been disgraced by such a display of knavery as has been ex-• hibited at Bridgewater by the-•llisseuting supporters of that honest young legislator John Temple Leader. But the days of their' fraud and plunder are numbered.-- Let them look to the result of the election for town-councillors; there can be no• mistake in this matter. The bubble - is bursting. The reign of knaves and - fanatics; of bubblemougers, share-jobbers, and church-plunderers is virtually:.at au end ; but whether these cor morants can be made to disgorge their plunder is matter for future considerati on. I t i s enough fur the present, that after having insulted and cheated their townsmen, they have now been defeated, not merely on an election fur two or three councillots,. but for an election of ten consecutively, as the quibble by which they claim two of these does not alter the real majority. MARCH OF INTELLECT.—As a proof of the rcat sa:zacity of the new corporations, and their freedom from-all vulgar preju dices,, the Bath corporation have taken into their . viiiploy a man in the service of a Mr. Hancock, to•.vo councillor, who' pretends to find water by the diVining-ri, - for the purpose of availing themselves of is supernatural Bath Chru nicle. Portsn LOYALTY.—At a Roman Catholic dinner given to the titular Bishop of Cork the first toast given- was, ''The father of the Christian world, the representative i 4. the majesty of God, ' the centre of peace and unity . on earth, the great effectual pro- meter of religion and civilization on earth—the Pope." Ano- ' ther Catholic Bishop provised, , !“.The king, the first servantof people."—Cumberland l'ae!,•re,. chapel at the AwFut. II Y POCRISY.—A Thomas Warre n° Kidderminster as a Methodist preacher, named vile miscreant, who had a Walker,. and who was committed to• Worcester gaol as a_rol and vagabond, for deserting his wife and family, atrd he ahg a young. girl, a class-teacher in his chapel,- With handcuffed, sconded, has been recognized as a -deserter 7 h i e -t, :i l M o naent of foot, -and was On Tuesday mar;!li ,iin where he will under an escort, to join his regiment at Dot cleser'tiou.— Worees be tried by a regimental court-martial, fo • ter Journal. , ‘ l ' lle 46th regi e 'coned at Egham Park The following singulur circu ms t ta - u - r Wl ' illsi Colonel Salwey was on the evening of 'Tuesday lalusimur,rs who were employed in SAGACITY OF A- DOG, AND PRRILOUS SITUATION OF A DEER. e e l down ( . 1ii , , 1 , 1 by . the violence of 1 v was excited liN the earnest at the late hurricane, his curios ~ . _ hint in I ~ te•terner to lead lin in i w direction of a tempts of a fayoute the extremity of the Park. On direct biggh iron-spiked gate at , perceived . mute of. t suspended T . i a ril e ig d the in ( g li r r o e t e n t r i c ig of w trin e li ei : , "on to the spot. ne e lee le his atte e ti which,upon a nearer approach, proved to be from the spikes. , . . s Hi • Majesty's Swinley deer,•,strugghei, violently, but one of s' • ' ineffectually, to obtain its i. . . the time he had reached the gate the wretched animal had become perfectly fixed and motionless, the legs being firmly twisted within the bars, and the head impaled on one of the sharp iron spears, which in conse quence of the whole weight of the body restint4 upon it, had caused ' a dreadful wound and laceration of the threat. The snuggles of . the animal were truly distressing; it was, however, speedily con- ' yeyed to a stable, the v ound carefully dressed, and evens precau tion taken to save its, life, This ill-fated deer had eforded much amos,,merrt to a numerous field of sportsmen on the previous day, .having been t urne d out at the Magpies on Hounslow-he4th, front •wtience it hid run •in the direction of Staines, where it swam -the•tiverl),o escaped. Ou the following day it was discovered quietly grLiiing iu the fields near Runnymede; but being as- , sailed by a number-of dogs, escaped into Eghaut-park, and in • endeavouring to clear the lofty tron gate met With this cruel disaster.—Wmchur Express. 1A .y'•'