The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1850-01-29 00:00:00

>UPPLY6' OF WATER TO "'LIVERPOOL MR. STEPHENSON'S IN'QUIRY. On Tuesday, the adjourned inquiry, before ' Robert Stephenson, Esq., M.P., the eminent engineer, into the general question of the water supply to Liverpool, was resumed at the Sessions'-house. There was aconsiderable attendance, and warm interest was manifested. Mr. STEPHESSON announced that he had received from the Water Committee all the documentary evidence on the subject, which he would read when he had an oppor tunity. That morning he would commence receiving, he would not callit the evidence, but the statements of parties anxious to communicate their views. He trusted that there would be no appearance of party spirit on the oc- casion. f 4 Mr. NEWLANDS was the first witness called upon. He spoke somewhat as follows:—As in our report, Mr. Simpson and I have arrived at conclusions greatly at variance with the theories of the geologists, it may be proper for me here to adduce the facts which led to these conclusions, and to our recommendation of the plan pro posed by us. Ido not set myself up in opposition to the science of the high names arranged on the no water side of the question. T admit their premises so far as they themselves base them on knowledge, and not on hypothe ses; but I demur to the deductions made from them because they are contrary to well-known facts. I con sider the views of the geologists, that the supply to the sandstone is derived from the atmosphere by direct ab sorption to be untenable, for these reasons: Ist. That much more is pumped from the wells daily than they could possibly receive on the most liberal of the hypotheses of the amount of rainfall and absorption over the whole surface. 2d. That the source of the water pumped from the wells, in the town, where, from paving and sewerage, there can be no absorption, cannot be thus accounted for. 4th. That the three facts of surface absorption, the exhaustion of one well by the pumping of another, and the net-work of faults filled with clayey matter, so much insisted on by geologists, cannot exist together. sth. The welling of the water over the surface in bore holes supposes a higher source of supply than the surface over which the water flows. The hypotheses of the geologists, therefore, not only do not explain the every-day pheno mena of the sandstone wells, but are, indeed, at variance with well-established known facts. Some of these facts I shall now state :-Ist. In any part of the sandstone district, water can be obtainad by sinking or boring. 2nd. Water is obtained near the surface by shallow sink ings, from what are called top springs, and from a greater depth from what are called bottom springs. 3d. The top springs are sometimes separated from the bottom springs by large intervals of dry rock. 4th. In all deep wells the mean water level varies in height above 'a given datum. sth. At Green-lane the water level is about 114 feet above the mean low-water mark. At Clock-house Bridge the water flows over the surface at 67 feet above the mean low-water mark, from a bore-hole 154 feet deep, and at another bore-hole, in the vicinity of the last, at 45 feet above the same datum. These three places are nearly at the same distance from the sea shore, and in a line nearly north and south. 6th. As the wells approach the sea shore, the water level becomes gradually lower, and in its immediate neighbourhood it is a little above mean low water-mark. sth. Speaking from my own experience, I cannot perceive that the deep wells are at aH affected by atmospheric changes. During a drought of more than thirteen weeks last spring, the wells continued to yield the same quantity of water, while, throughout the coun try, the storeage reservoirs dependent on surface drainage were nearly dried up. It may be supposed that these underground stores only took a longer time to be acted on by the drought; and, had the experiment ended here, this might have been a doubtful point ; but in the three months of summer which succeeded, and during which there was also much hot dry weather, more than the usual daily average quantity of water was pumped from the wells. In point of fact, the dip books scow that from April to September, the daily average quantity of water delivered into the pipes was nearly four and a quarter million gallons. From these facts, I conceive myself war ranted in drawing the following inferences, viz.. Ist. That every part of the sandstone rock in this district is sur charged with water to within a short distance of the sur face. 2d. That this water is not derived from the rain which falls on the surface of the district merely. 3d.— That, without venturing to decide from whence the supply comes, I may safely say that the source is remote, and that the quantity pumped from the wells of Liverpool and its neighbourhood represents an enormously large drain age area. 4th. As a corollary to the two last proposi tions, it may be stated that the water does not, except in the case of surface springs, proceed downwards from above, but rises upwards from below through the faults and fissures of the strata, and freely through the pores of the rock itself; and that it is not stagnant, but flows to the outlets in the wells and to the rivers and the ;;;, - tile waters of which are the cause of its being held up in the rock. sth. That the water is held up in the rock at ng as the distance various elevations, the from the outlet increases. 6th. That the interposition of clayey beds, denser and more impervious sandstone strata, and other obstructive media, causes wider discrepancy in the height of the water in the various wells than would be due to their contiguity to, or remoteness from, the outlets merely. 7th. I might be disposed to deduce, from the fact that certain salts being held in solution by water, another argument to show that its source is a remote one, as these salts are not contained in the ma terial through which the water would filtrate if it were derived from the surface absorption of this district merely. These, then, are some facts and inferences on which my belief is founded, that the sandstone contains an abundant supply of water for the wants of Liverpool for many years to come. But before leaving this part of the subject, I beg to test, by some facts and figures. a hypothesis ad vanced by several geologists, that the strata are saturated with a supply of water which has been accumulating for ages, and which bear no relation to the water supply. It is admitted that the rock immediately under the town, the surface of which has been for a long time paved, sewered, and built over, can receive no supply from the rain fall. Now, within the town, and distant from each other about half a mile, are three wells, Hotham-street, Bevington-busb, and Soho. The two first have been in existence for about fifty years, the last about half that time. These wells do not derive their water from the same source, because it is so different in quality in each, and the exhaustion of one by pumping does not affect the others. If the hypothesis referred to be correct, these wells, for nearly all the time they have been in existence, must, from the causes stated, have drawn their supply solely from the stores of water accumulated in the stone. Now, from direct experiment, I find that the most porous kind of the sandstone absorbs about one-sixth part of its bulk of water, or one gallon to a cubic foot. Each well has been then operating to exhaust an area of half a mile square, and about two hundred feet deep ; and on the low calculation of pumping three hundred thousand gal lons each day, all the water would have been pumped out in thirteen years. But I am happy to say the water is not pumped out yet, the three wells continuing to yield each more than 300,000,000 gallons per diem. The ex istence of the water under the condition being admitted, the next consideration is the means to be used for pro curing it. In the report presented by Mr. Simpson and myself a plan is proposed which has for its object the cen tralization of the works, in order to their economical working and management. It has been urged that the water could be more cheaply obtained by borings than by wells and tunnels, and it is perhaps necessary that I should give some reasons in addition to the centralisation of the works and economy of the management for pre ferring wells to borings. If the water is derivable from the pores of the stone, then it appears clear that the larger the porus surface exposed, the greater will be the quantity of the water obtained. The quantities will be, in fact, ceteris paribus, directly as the circumference of the wells and bores respectively. Thus, a six-inch bore hole will, in yielding power, be to a six. feet well, in round numbers, as 1 to 17. That is, one well of six feet diameter, carried to the same depth, will yield as much water as twelve bores of six inches. If, as some alive, there are underground reservoirs of water which require to be tapped tc yield immense supplies, then, I apprehend, a borehole must be regarded merely as a pipe which will deliver a certain quantity of water due to its diameter and the velocity of the current, and as with the same head the quantity delivered will be as the squares of the diameters of the pipes, the ratio of delivery of a six-inch bore to that of a six-feet will be as Ito 147, nearly. Hence, as the cost of sinking a well of the size mentioned does not exceed the cost of putting down a bore, and the wells are more favourable to the before mentioned centralisation of the works, and economy of working and management,— 'one I would give them the preference. on these groun But there is also another point ; the bore.holes are apt to become filled up, as has been the case at all the stations from time to time. In answer to questions by Mr. Stephenson, Mr. New lands stated that when he spoke of the pumping not affecting other wells, he meant merely the public wells. Generally speaking, there was little or no sympathy be tween the public wells of Liverpool. Mr. FAZACKERLY, who had been connected with the water-works of the town for seventeen years; Mr. Dux- CANSON, connected with the Bootle works; and Mr. M'GILL, of the Harrington works ; next made statements as to the abundant yield of their works. The latter said that during his connection with the works, he had noticed no change whatever in the quality of the water. He should say that the quantity of water raised at the works during the last twclve zualflis would be but a p prpximatioi toivield., He referred to aft the wells except Windsor. Mr. JOSEPH JONES, engine-driver at Copperas-hill works, and Mr. Joxic OWENS, of Water-street works were next examined ; and afterwards Mr. MORRIS EVANS, who has had the charge of the Soho- , ',lit years, gave eviden treet en g. Ine for to an abundant anti abiding supply DUNCAN, the deputy borough engineer, stated various particulars relative to the sinking of Green-lane well. He handed in evidence he had given before the par liamentary commissioners on the water question, and said he only wished to correct one thing. He had there esti mated the yield of the Green-lane well at 800 gallons per minute ; subsequent proceedings had proved that the yield was above that. Messrs. Kennedy and Macgregor had found that it was not SOO but 1,000. He thought now the truth was that the yield of that well was 900 gal lons oer minute. He had not given his attention to the quality of the water, but it was a very good drink. Mr. GAGE then entered into a very elaborate argument, by which he clearly showed, from numerous experiments which he had made, and from fluxional diagrams, pre pared from the official reports, that the water in the wells was abundant, however they might pump ; that the quality was good, and that an ample, sufficient, and continuous supply could be furnished at little cost. He confirmed the statement of Mr. Newlands, that the water in the wells was not produced by absorption from the fall on the surface. _ _ Mr. JAMES MACDONALD, formerly s u p er i n t en d ent o f the whole water-works i n this town, was next examined. He began by showing the great loss by fires, occasioned the former insufficient supply of water, and mentioned the various steps which had been taken by boring to pro cure an increase. The pipes in the lower parts of the town were, he said, very defective ; and unless some alteration of them took place, neither the supply from Bala Lake nor Rivington would be of any avail. Mr. Macdonald spoke strongly to the sufficiency of the home supply, and afterwards read a lengthy, and very carefully compiled statement in support of his views. Mr. JOHN LITTLE, well-sitiker, Mr. KENNEDY, who tested the wells along with Mr. Macgregor, Mr. MOSES OUSELEY, Mr. HENRY MANSFELD, and Mr. JAS. TAY LOR, gave evidence as to the capability of the local wells for affording a sufficient supply. Mr. JOHN GRANTHAM, the fourth scientific witness examined, was satisfied that the local supply was sufficient. He did not consider the tunnel proposed by Messrs. Simpson and Newlands necessary, but believed that the quantity of water really needful, which he thought was about two million gallons, in addition to the quantity yielded by the present public and private wells, might be obtained for £70,000 or £BO,OOO, by a plan which he ex plained. This plan was to close up the Hotham-street well, as not worth working ; to work the Windsor and Green-lane wells, each with two Cornish engines. He calculated on four million gallons (twice the present yield) from the Green-lane and Windsor wells; one million gallons from the united Bevington-bush.and Soho-street wells ; four hundred thousand from Hotham-street well; and six hundred thousand from Bodtle. Mr. SLATER, of the saw-mills in Seel-strreet, proved that he had two excellent wells, from which he threw away 100,000 gallons of water daily ; but he also .stated that he had to deepen one of these wells in the year 1846, and that one of them was now, taking shaft 28 yards, and bore 100 yards, nearly 400 feet in depth. Mr. SAMUEL GREENHOUGH, who has charge of a well near Mr. Slaters's well, further proved that when Mr. Slater bored his well, his employer's well had to be deepened likewise. WEDNESDAY, The inquiry was resumed this morning shortly after ten o'clock. The TOWN-CLERK stated that an application had been made by Mr. Lace to the Water Committee, that certain gentlemen should be examined, and the Water Commit tee had resolved that the application should be laid before Mr. Stephenson, and that he should be empowered to se lect such of the parties named as he might think fit, tak ing into consideration the evidence and the documents already before him, as having been given by some of the gentlemen named on former occasions. Mr. LACE requested the attendance and examination of the following gentlemen : Mr. Hawkesley ; Mr. Michael Scott; Messrs. Kennedy and Macgregor; Mr. Duncanson ; Mr. Gale, of Gorbals ; Mr. Leather, Leeds ; Mr. Rendel, Edinburgh ; Mr. Sterratt, Paisley ; Mr. Spencer, Liverpool; Dr. Thomson, Glasgow ; Dr. Buck land, London; Dr. Lyon Playfair ; Mr. Cunningham, Liverpool; Sir Henry de la Beche ; Profe'sor Ansted. Mr. STEPHENSON intimated that he considered it but fair to have Mr. Hawkesley present, and one or two other gentlemen, but be did not consider it necessary that Pro fessor Ansted and other gentlemen named should be re quested to come down. If the matter were left to him he would name two gentlemen on each side, and the court could adjourn for a few days. This was assented to, and the examination of witnesses proceeded with. Mr. JOHN CRUIKSHANK, of the Castle Brewery, Scot land-road, stated that for the last eighteen months he had some experience of two wells on his premises, which he found it was impossible to pump dry by an engine of ten horse power, working day and night for six weeks, in or der to get down the water. These wells were sunk forty five years ago. The depth of the well was 84 feet from the level of the street, and there were four borings at the bottom of the lodges. By increasing the bores he could double the amount of the supply. ROBERT BULLEN was next called. He stated that he was acquainted with the well of Mr. Bent, in Dale-street. There were two wells on the premises, and he had dipped one of them. He had never known these wells to be af fected by any of the adjoining wells since they were bored, about ten years ago. During the first two years that be was acquainted with the wells there was a lack of water, but they bored, and got sufficient. This water was used for all brewery purposes. THOMAS ROWLANDSON, the late Secretary to the Liverpool Licensed Victuallers' Association, was next called, and read a statement, in which he expressed an opinion that an adequate supply of water might be relied on from local sources. He entered into the question of the supply of water in the red sandstone rock in all its varied phases—disputing the geological opinions of Pro fessor Ansted and Dr. Buckland, and also expressing an entire disbelief as to the theories of a distant source of supply, and accumulated stores ; contending that the supply was obtained from percolation through the sur face, and that though the water on the surface might be foul, it became pure by the process of filtration. Mr. JOHN M'NIcoL gave evidence as to the increased supply of water which he had obtained by boring a well which was sunk in 1844 Mr. THOS. BARTON, Mr, H. G. IRELAND, Mr. THOS. CONNELL, and Mr. SAML. HOLT spoke to the adequate supply and the good quality of the water derived from the wells. Mr. S. HOLME was next called upon, and stated a few facts connected with the well on his own premises, sunk in December, 1839. After making some further state ments, Mr. Holme said he did not hesitate to say, from great experience, that there was a great quantity of water in the red sandstone rock, but the question was where they were to get the best and the cheapest supply ? He would then speak of a well at his own residence at Mosley hill, which was on the very apex of the hill, which was the highest point of land in Liverpool. The well was 144 feet deep, and he was obliged to pump it by a small engine to supply his house ; they could only pump it three times a week, and his neighbour's well had to be deepened within the last three weeks. This he attributed to the operations of the Windsor well; and, as a large owner of property in Liverpool, he protested against the principle, that any public company or corporation had a right to deprive any person of the water which was under his pre mises, and apply that water to public purposes, without making adequate compensation to the individual from whom the water was taken ; and Mr. Stephenson would hear him out in the assertion, that if they abandoned the Rivington plan and adopted the plan of Messrs. Simpson and Newlands, the Corporation would be called upon, under general clauses of the Waterworks Act, to give compensation to every individual whose water was taken from him. (Cries of " question.") Mr. Holme noticed the theories of Mr. Gage, and proceeded to argue that ex cessive pumping for all the purposes of the town would exhaust at one time or other the various wells, and leave them at the mercy of conflagrations. He next proceeded to show that the plan of Messrs. Simpson and Newlands would be more expensive to carry out than the Rivington Pike scheme. Mr. Holme was proceeding at considerable length into this question, and was about giving some estimates as to the cost of pumping, &c., when Mr. Ste phenson interposed, and said he had the estimates before him, and he would have to ascertain their accuracy. Mr. NEWLANDS complained that Mr. Gage and Mr. Holme had misquoted his report—compensation was provided for in the estimates. THOMAS GERMAN, engine-keeper at the Bootle water works, was next called, and detailed the progress of these works from the commencement, some forty years ago, until brought to their present state, when they had three engines, two of which worked day and night. The quan tity of water flowing from the borings and wells had not lessened, but the additional borings were made to meet the increased demand for water. Mr. Thomas BOLD stated that he had taken the trou ble to get a list of the wells in the neighbourhood of Green-lane, and be had got a list of 42 wells, out of which 18 had been dried twice, 24 were dried in 1846, and deepened, and of these 18 were dried again in 1849, and 15 deepened a second time. At the top of the hill the average depth of the wells was from 21 to 32 yards ; in the lower part of the village, the average was from le to 12. The whole of these wells were within a mile and a half of the Green-lane works. Some of these wells were never known to run dry before the Green-lane works were established. The oscillation was attributable to the different powers, be thought, at which they worked at Green-lane. Mr. STEPHENSON then intimated that he thought it would be desirable to have Mr. Scott and Mr. Hawksley called ; but he did not think it at all necessary to have the evidence of Professor Ansted and other gentlemen named. As Mr. Hawksley and Mr. Scott could not attend for a day or two, and as be had to go to London, he would adjourn the inquiry. Eventually, the inquiry was adjourned till Friday next, the Ist of February. Onteral ffifsrtllanv. --..........0,1.•...--. The fund for promoting female emigration has now reached nearly £20,000. The workhOuse of Kenmure was on fire last week, but the damage was not of any moment. A white blackbird was shot near Beningbrough last week. On Monday three boys were drowned in the river Wear, at Durham, through the breaking in of the ice. The " Enchanted Isle' of Mr. Brough has met with oat suceess at the Theatre Royal, Newcastle-on-Tyne. Lord Jeffreys, one of the judges of the Court of Sessions, died on Saturday evening Edinburgh. No fewer thin twelve individuals were found in the streets of London, overpowered by the intense cold, one night recently. The Brazilian merchants are highly indignant at the flagrant breach of trust committed by the West India Company, in respect of the Brazil mail contract. Mr. Sam. Jones Lloyd has, it is said, retired from the celebrated banking concern of which he has so long been the head. Ou Saturday morning week, the body of a man named Cuthbertson, was found dead in the snow near Lang holme, Dumfriesshire. About noon on Tuesday, five young men, confined in Loughborough House of Detention, contrived to make their escape. Three of them have been recaptured. The inhabitants of Worcester have determined to raise £l5OO to erect a monumental window in the cathedral to the memory of good Queen Adelaide. A vessel of large size and tonnage, which has just ar rived at London from Bombay, has brought the large quantity of 3136 bags of cotton of East India produce. Buchanan House, on the shores of Loch Lomond, the Scottish seat of the Duke of Montrose, was destroyed by fire on Tuesday. The loss is partly covered by insurance. The Shrewsbury Chronicle relates a fatal affray, which ensued from snowballing. The parties quarrelled, and two of them were stabbed. One, named Abel Hume, has died. The inquest stands adjourned. THE BOHEMIAN CHATTERER.—Two of these very rare birds--at least in this country—were shot on Saturday last, by Mr. Richard Buckley, Waterside, Greenfield, Saddlewortb. HI LiIiERPOOL STANDARD. A clerk in the Jedburgh Savings' Bank has just de camped with £5OO. He is supposed to have sailed for America by the same vessel which carried his brother delinquent from Aylesbury. Robberies have frequently been committed in London by individuals entering shops. throwing pepper in the eyes of the party behind the counter, and running off with money or whatever valuable had been previously fixed upon. The son of the Rev. F. Close is honourably mentioned in the Official despatch conveying to government an account of the gallant and successful attack made by H.M. ships Columbine and Fury on the Chinese pirates on the Bth of October. BLACK POACHERS.—A few days since, as the game keeper of W. J. Watts, Esq., of Teignmouth, was shoot ing, at Kingsteignton, two partridges flew across the road, and immediately afterwards two_crows. Each crow killed his bird, and the keeper picked them both up. The bullion . in both departments of the Bank of Eng land has increased from £16,814,043 to £16,816,330, being a difference of £2287. The paper in actual circula tion had increased from £20,241,909 to £20,513,864, being a difference of £271,955. It was stated by Mr. Portal, M.P., at the Basingstoke agricultural meeting, that the Bank of England, with its £17,000,000 of bullion, pays only £l5O per annum to the poor rates, a less sum than is paid by many tenant - farmers with holdings of from £4OO to £5OO a year. The dispute which has existed between the masters and men in the Staffordshire Potteries, by which twelve large factories were at a stand, has been happily adjusted. It was left to the arbitration of a gentleman unconnected with the trade, and his decision was in favour of the men. Mr. sheriff Nichol, of paletot celebrity, has forwarded a cheque for £525, to be appropriated as a prize to him who shall produce the best piece of woollen cloth, excel lent in every quality of texture and dye, at the great ex hibition in 1851. Two boys in London were playing with naptha last week, when it ignited and set the premises on fire. Both boys were dreadfully burned, the flesh being literally roasted on their bones. One died immediately ; the other lies in a hopeless state. On Saturday week, a heroine under sentence of trans portation made a furious attack on one of the warders of Milbank penitentiary. The warder was greatly injured, and would probably have been killed had not his cries for assistance been promptly responded t o . SINGULAR ACCIDENT.—LateIy, as some gentlemen were coursing a hare, at Whitleigh, near Plymouth, one of the greyhounds ran, in its rapid and eager course, against a thin iron fence which was between it and the game with such force that its breast-bone was broken, and death ensued a few minutes afterwards. There is much controversy on the question whether the passport system has been abolished in France, as asserted by the Times, or whether it still remains in full force. The Times and some of its correspondents maintain the affirmative. Many declare that the system in all its annoyances yet exists. A young commercial traveller from Leeds fell into the hands of sharpers at Nottingham the other day. Having failed in their endeavours to induce him to play at cards, they fell upon him, covered his mouth, and forcibly robbed him of two £lO bank notes, two sovereigns, and some silver. The rogues have not been apprehended. It appears from proceedings taken within the last few days at Birmingham, Sheffield, Leeds, and other places, that government are resolved to put a stop to those sys tematic swindles termed " Building Lotteries," which have been carried on for some time all over the country, in direct and open defiance of the law. A county meeting, convened by the high sheriff, wa s held on Saturday, at the Shire-hall, Bedford ; but, i n consequence of the conduct pursued by the Free-traders of preventing by clamour the Protectionist speakers being heard, the meeting had to be dissolved without any reso lutions being passed, or even an amendment proposed. THE RUSSIAN LOAN.—The banking-house of Messrs. Stone, Martin, and Co., was b es i ege d y es t er d ay b y parties who h ad to pay upon the Russian loan, and the amount which the firm passed through the clearing-house is stated at more than a million sterling. It should be borne in mind that the deposits were paid freely also on previous days.—Observer. SOMETHING NEW IN GAS -HARING.—We are informed that a Mr. Wilkinson, of Grimesthorpe, near Sheffield, has invented a gas-making apparatus, that will produce 9,000 cubic feet of gas from one ton of coals, and is so constructed that any steady labourer can manage it with as little trouble as trimming the oil-lamps required to give the same amount of light. Mr, Wilkinson says, that good gas may be obtained at less than 2s. per 1,000 cubic feet. HIGH FARMING.—Seven vessels, 85 tons burthen, have this week discharged their cargoes of Liverpool manure at Crossens, North Meols ; and as many more are shortly expected. High farming and judicious manage ments, aided by the counsel and advice of their generous landlord, Squire Scarisbrick, are here in full requisition amongst these industrious people to counteract the effect of the present low prices of farm produce.—Preston , Chronicle. SUICIDE OF A LADY OF FORTUNE.—Miss Harriet Carter Ambridge, aged 33, a lady of fortune residing at Notting-hill, destroyed herself, a few days since, in her bedroom. She was found suspended to the cornice of her bedstead, quite dead. It appeared by the evidence at the coroner's inquest, that on the morning of the day on which she committed the fatal act, she had seemed more cheerful than usual, though for some days before she had been in rather a desponding way. It may not be generally 11'norvi that by the Income Tax Act, 5 and 6 Victoria, every parish or township is liable to make good any loss occasioned to the revenue by the default or failure of the collector to pay over the moneys he has received. An instance of this kind has just occur red at Maryport, where a supplementary assessment has been made, levied, and collected upon the inhabitants in consequence of the collector having mis-appropriated some of the moneys received by him. I A very singular suicide has occurred in the Edinburgh nfirmary. A man of intemperate habits, suffering from an aneurism of the femoral artery, struck himself on the temples one night with a metal jug. A surgeon dressed the wound, and the patient afterwards quietly talked with the occupant next to his bed. Fluid being heard falling from his bed, a search was made, and the nurse discovered that the unfortunate man had perforated the aneurism with a pocket corkscrew which he had concealed in his bed. Ere medical aid could arrive be was in a dying state. FALL OF NEW BUILDINGS.—A portion of the exten sive erection for a model lodging-house for families in George-street, Bloomsbury, fell down on Thursday even ing, just before the men left their work. The building, which is four stories high, is raised on a series of arches, one of which on the top of the building having suddenly given way, the falling mass caused the arches immediately under it also to fall, burying three men, who were working in a lower apartment, under a mass of bricks and rubbish. They were found to have received severe injuries, one of them being of so frightful a nature that not the slighest hopes are entertained of his recovery. EMIGRATION TO CALIFORNIA.--The barque John Calvin, of London, sailed from Plymouth for San Fran cisco, California, on Tuesday. She is crammed full with an assorted cargo of general merchandise, and British manufactured goods, including several iron houses, canvas tents, &c. About 104 passengers go out in her, 40 of whom embarked on the Thames, and the remainder at Plymouth. They include merchants, mechanics, carpen ters, blacksmiths, coopers, &c. Sir Henry Huntley, for merly governor of Prince Edward Island, goes out in the John Calvin, with twenty or thirty miners, forming an expedition for the purpose of working mines in Upper California. RESCUE FROM THE GRAVE.—A remarkable instance of preservation from premature interment is mentioned by a valued and esteemed correspondent of ours in this day's paper. Of the fact there can be no doubt, for he himself was the medium of accidentally, or rather providentially defeating the common enemy of his prey before the time. The case was that of a farmer, in a quiet parish of the neighbouring county of Radnor, who, twenty-three years ago, was supposed by the old women attendants to be dead of typhus fever, and was being laid out for inter ment, when a physician came in and entreated a delay, which ended in the patient's complete recovery. Instead, therefore, of having been nearly a quarter of a century in the grave, our sturdy agriculturist was a few months ago walking about among his native hills in robust health. —Hereford Journal. PORiIIKERRY.-HORRIBLE OccußßENCE.—About 30 years ago, a watch-house was built by government for the preventive-service men ; and it was lately occupied by a man, his wife, and three children, aged six years, three years, and nine months, all very poor. The mother - left the house last Monday about one o'clock p.m., for the purpose of going to a neighbouring village, and locked the three children in the house, where there was a fire burning in the grate. She did not return till nearly six o'clock the same evening; and on reaching her habitation, she was horror struck to find it in flames ! The children were inside ! She says that she vainly endeavoured to open the door, and then ran to the nearest house for assistance—a distance of at least half a mile. When she returned, with others, the little headless and limbless trunks of the hapless innocents were falling through the upper floor to the ground. Heads and limbs had been consumed. — Bristol Journal. WOODEN BOILER.—Our attention has been drawn to the above novelty in mechanics, which, we are informed, is in operation in several parts of the United States. The boiler, which is morticed, is 6 ft. long, 2 ft. wide, and 2 ft. deep. A piece of iron piping, about 4 in. in diameter, is inserted in the box at one extremity, about 11 in. from the base : this, by means of an elbow, is continued within in. of the side, so that the interior circuit of the box is made : on the protruding end of the pipe, an elbow is fixed, from which the chimney appears somewhat above the top of the box. Corn cobs, placed in the entrance of the pipe, are used as fuel, and, from the great draught, the water is soon brought to a boiling heat, having free access to the pipes, which are placed on small supports of wood. It has been used in farming purposes for some period, and has been found to combine, at the same time, considerable utility with economy. INTERESTING TO NATURALISTS.—On Monday the fe male brown Russian bear presented the Royal Zoological Gardens of this city with cubs. The number has not yet been ascertained, as the mother savagely resents any in trusion upon her privacy, and seems much devoted to her progeny. This is the first instance, so far as we know, of the bear breeding in captivity. The history of this animal in the Zoological Gardens is interesting. On the voyage to this country the vessel was wrecked, and the crew with difficulty saved by the life-boat. In the hurry to save themselves poor bruin was left to the mercy of the waves. After the crew were warmed and refreshed the cries of the poor bear, which they distinctly heard on shore, attracted their attention. To their credit they begged the use of the life-boat, resolved to save their companion in distress ; on approaching the wreck they found the poor creature nearly exhausted, on the stump of the broken mast, and the waves dashing over her. On coming alongside she at once crawled into the boat, and was saved.—Glasgow Mail. THE GREAT EXHIBITION.—A public meeting was held at the Mansion-house, London, on Friday, to forward this important event. Among the speakers were Lord John Russell, Lord Robert Grosvenor, Earl Granville, Right Hon. H. Labouchere, Baron Rothschild, &c. The subscriptions already received amount to more than £lO,OOO. At the Carmarthenshire sessions, it was decided to re dace the salaries of the county officers ten per cent., but the county trumpeter is to be wholly dismi s s e d. Earl Cawdor suggested that the salary of the trumpeter might be saved, as that official was of no earthly use • and when the office was abolished, they might be safely left to " blow their own trumpets." The great chess match of one game between London and Amsterdam, for 100 guineas, has just terminated in favour of London—the Dutch resigning at their 50th move. Nearly two years have elapsed since the game was commenced. We understand that the two most active members of the London club conducting this match, were Messrs. F. Slous and Harrwitz. COUNTY EXPENDITURE.—A meeting of deputations from the poor-law guardians in the West Riding of York shire was held in the Railway Hotel, Normanton, on Wednesday, for the purpose of adopting ,measures to obtain the establishment of elective county expenditure. Deputations were presented from Halifax, Huddersfield, Rotherham, Bradford, Keighley, Wakefield, and Dews bury. A: few mornings since, the wife of a labouring man, at Kinnersly, Shropshire, went to fill the tea kettle to pre pare her husband's breakfast, when the covering of the well suddenly fell in. In her descent, she fortunately happened to lay hold of one of the stays of the pump tree, and thus remained banging by her hand until her cries aroused her husband, who instantly obtained a lad der, by means of which she was relieved from her perilous situation. A NAVAL RACE.—The Admiralty have determined to try, in a long run, the qualities of a pure sailing vessel against a steamer. The Indefatigable, new fifty-gun fri gate, and the Terrible, steam frigate, left Devonport together on Tuesday for Lisbon, and they are to make the best of their way to join Commodore Martin's squa dron in the Tagus, perfectly independent of each other. The steamer will not use her coals if she has a fair wind, but she is always to keep a forward course. A provincial paper mentions that a few days since a party of gentlemen, who were shooting in the preserves near Compton House, Berks, filled a large wheelbarrow with the game they had killed, and left it outside a plan tation, while they went to have a few more shots before going home to dinner. Shortly afterwards they returned to the spot, but were confounded by discovering that during their absence some one had stolen both the game and the wheelbarrow ; and nothing has since been heard of either. CHLOROFORM.--The women Higgins and Smith have been again examined and remanded for the atrocious chloroform robbery of Mr. Jewett. The prosecutor remains alarmingly ill. A witness swore that Higgins told her that a man named Gallagher, with whom she cohabited, had undergone an operation at the London Hospital, where they had given him some stuff to send him to sleep, and that he had contrived to bring some of it away with him from that institution. On Friday week the lady of the Rev. C. B. Leigh, rector of Goldhanger, near Cheltenham, was walking along the road when she met a cow with a calf, and a lit tle dog which Mrs. Leigh had with her barked at the calf, on which the cow, irritated thereby, ran at the dog which fled to its mistress for protection, and before it could be prevented the cow struck Mrs. Leigh, driving her with considerable force against a wall. She received such injuries that paralysis set in, and there is no hope of the recovery of the lady. On Sunday morning the smack Intrepid, of Barking, Essex, was wrecked on the Ship Wash, in a snow storm. About eight o'clock the crew of the smack Mary, in pass ing the shoal, observed the wreck, and a man clinging to her rigging, and with much danger and difficulty took him off. He proved to be master, (Walsh,) and was quite insensible, clinging with all the tenacity of a death grasp. Every effort was made to restore him, but ineffec tually, ss he died in a short time. The crew of the Intre pid (number as yet unknown) were all drowned. DRUNKENNESS IN' THE NAVY. The number of punishments for drunkenness in the navy during the three years 1846, 1847, and 1848, was no less than 1449 — equal to about 34,000 lashes. The total number of punishments for all other offences was 1514. What a blessing it would be to the service—what an achievement for humanity, if any remedial measures could be found for such bitter and revolting cause and effect ! Could not the Admiralty afford a larger allowance of bread, beef, and pork to the seamen, and less rum ?—United Service Gazette. THE BIRMINGHAM MAGISTRATES.—The deputation appointed to wait upon Government with respect to the recent appointment of magistrates on the nomination of Messrs. Geach and Thornton, bad an interview w ith L or d John Russell and Si r G eorge Grey in Downing-street, on Friday last. The Premier and Home Secretary declined to interfere, and questioned the power of town councils to nominate borough magistrates. They referred the de putation to the Lord Chancellor. After an interview of some length with the noble lord, the deputation were in duced to hope, if not believe, that the recent commission will be superseded. SINGULAR ACCIDENTS.—TWO fatal accidents of an unusual character have occurred in the neighbourhood of Romsey during the past fortnight, and on two adjoining farms. In both cases the men were leading horses with halters round their heads, and, in consequence of the se verity of the weather, had fastened the other end round their arms, and put their hands in their pockets to keep them warm ; when the horses, taking fright, started off, and the men, being unable to extricate themselves, were dragged along at a fe ar f u l ra t e f ar a l ong distance,before they could be stopped. The bodies were shockingly mu tilated, and both expired within a very short time. MURDER.—On Monday, a shocking murder was com mitted at Sutton-in-Ashfield, near Nottingham. The perpetrator of the crime, a man named John Berry, who is about fifty years of age, some eight or nine years ago separated from his wife, in consequence, it is said, of her dissolute habits, and went to live with a woman named ' Hallam, by whom he had one child, a girl. On Monday morning, about half-past eight o'clock, Berry returned to his residence after a short absence, and, having locked the door, proceeded up stairs to his daughter's room, taking with him a butcher's cleaver. With this weapon he attacked the poor child, and inflicted many wounds upon her head and neck. The neighbours, being alarmed by the shrieks of the unhappy victim, broke into the house and secured the murderer. A surgeon was called in, but the poor girl survived only a few minutes. SINGULAR ACCIDENT.—On F r id a y, as M r . James Mil ligan, hosier, was walking down Buccleuch-street, his foot slipped on the frozen pavement, and he lost his balance. One of his hands consequently came in contact with the iron railings in front of the houses, and the whole weight of his body being thrown in the same direction, the spike of one of the bars entered with great force between his little finger and a ring worn upon it. The ring, being a mrssive one, did not break, but was drawn out like a loop, and the portion o f th e finger to which it was at tached was torn off by the sudden wrench, and the tendon, to the extent of eight or nine inches. actually extracted and coiled round the bar. Mr. Milligan lifted off the off the part of the finger severed, and with great forti tude, though he must have suffered dreadfully, walked to the house of Dr. Blacklock, and get the wound dressed. A portion s pf the finger has since required amputation. —Dumfries Standard MYSTERIOUS DEATH OF A POLICEMAN.--011 Mon day night, policeman Stamford, of the Notts rural police force, left Cotgrave, a village about seven miles from Not tingham, in a cart, along with a prisoner, who had been apprehended on a charge of robbery, and . whom he w as directed to convey to the Nottingham police station. At eight o'clock in the evening, Mr. Thos. Smart, of the Trent Bridge, when proceeding on the Cotgrave road, ob served the policeman in the cart alone, with his head reclining on the seat. Mr. Smart, and a man who came up at the moment, supposing the policeman was asleep, endeavoured to arouse him, but were horrified to find that he was lifeless. The body was conveyed to the Trent Bridge Inn, and a surgeon was sent for, but his services were of no avail. There were no marks of violence on deceased's face, but the surgeon refused to examine the body until he received instructions from the coroner. The man who had been in deceased's custody has not been recaptured. CURIOUS OCCURRENCE AT A WEDDING.—A laughable occurrence lately took place in the parish church of a town in Somerset, not a hundred idles from Taunton. The bridegroom, with his sister, who was to perform the part of bridesmaid in the ceremony, arrived some little time before the bride and her friends. The clerk, on perceiving the bridegroom and his sister approaching, immediately told the clergyman, who asked of how many the party was composed, and was told only the happy couple, and consequently the clerk was told he must give away the bride, and the necessary preparations were im mediately commenced, the clerk standing by in readiness till his services should be required. The clergyman com menced reading the marriage service, and went on until asked for the ring, before the bridegroom was at all aware of the mistake. The clergyman and the young couple then withdrew to the vestry, there to laugh at the ludic rous error, and to wait until the bride and party arrived. It appears that both bridegroo,t4 and his sister were en tirely ignorant of the marriage riVoice, and considgred that the clergyman was only reading just to fill up the time ! CAPTURE OF HIGHWAYMEN.—For a considerable time past the neighbourhood of Bristol has been infested with a notorious gang of highwaymen, known to the police under the appellation of the " Hanham and Cock-road Gang." To such an extent have their depredations been carried, more especially in the rural districts of Brislington and Keynsham, that many of the farmers were unwilling to attend, as usual, the corn and other markets. A Mr. Thomas White, farmer, of Balcombe, was attacked the other day within a few hundred yards of a farm-house on the Freme-road, by two armed men, who demanded his money or his life ; they dragged him off his horse, and commenced rifling his pockets. Heshouted for assistance, upon which they stuffed his mouth full of dirt, and robbed him of all his loose cash"; his notes, which he had:placed in a private pocket, fortunately escaping their notice. Mr. Joseph Wyatt, farmer, of Wick, was attacked in a similar manner near Lansdowne, and robbed of his watch and all he had about him ; the highwaymen also cut his bridle-reins and stirrups to prevent his pursuing them. Mr. Wilkins,' of the Bell-inn, Chelwood, Somerset, was waylaid by five men at the bottom of Knowle-hill, who robbed him and then made off in the direction of Keyn sham. About an hour later the same evening, Mr. Bar row, a blacksmith and farrier, who carries on business at Keynsham, and, although he resisted till he was nearly throttled, the blood gushing from his mouth and nostrils, he was robbed of £5. Six of the gang named have been apprehended. One of them has turned approver, and some bludgeons have been f oun d b y the police at a spot indicated by him. The prisoners were remanded. ( SINGULAR OCCURRENCE BEFORE A CORONER.—An inquest was held before Mr. J. Parrot, one of the coro ners for Bucks, on the body of a female infant, of which the mother, Sarah Evans, the wife of a labourer, had been recently confined, and which, it was supposed, had died shortly after its birth. After the surgeon and the mothet's nurse had been examined, the jury returned a verdict to the effect that the child bad died from natural causes. The jury had not been long dismissed when it was discovered that they might have been saved all in quiry on the subject, for the infant was found to be alive, in good health, and likely to live longer than many of the jury who returned a verdict that it had " died from natu ral causes." DREADFUL SHIPWRECK AND Loss OP LlFE.—lnfor mation has been received of the loss of the transport Richard Dart, Captain Porter commander. The Richard Dart, in addition to the officers and crew of the vessel, had on board a detachment of the Royal Sappers and Miners (twenty-eight men), under the command of Lieut. Liddel, with Dr. and Mrs. Fitton and child, Dr. Gale, Mr. Kelly, four women (soldiers' wives), and nine chil dren. The ship left Gravesend on the sth of April for Auckland ; and about the 14th or 15th of June, when to the southward of the Cape of Good Hope, thick and rainy weather was experienced, which continued till the 19th. when she struck on the north side of Prince Ed ward's Island. THE BLASPHEMER'S DEATH.—On Sunday last, a married woman, residing in the Friars' Fields, named Sarah Morgan, was observed with an infant in her arms, near her own house, disputing with a woman named Eli zabeth Vohm. A quarrel of a very violent character, so far as words went, shortly afterwards ensued, and in reply to an observation made by the woman, Sarah Morgan exclaimed that she hoped that God Almighty would strike her blind, deaf, dumb, and stiff, if she did not revenge herself upon her in a particular manner. Almost directly she staggered, let her child fall from her arms to the ground, and would herself apparently have fallen but that her neighbours immediately assisted her into the house. From the moment that she was thus mysteri ously stricken to the hour of her death, on Wednesday morning, the only words she uttered, and just after she was borne in, were, " Lord, have mercy on my poor soul —have mercy on my children ! " and then her voice failed her, and she became dumb ; her sense of hearing was destroyed ; her eyes became glassy and sightless ; and in about sixty hours from the moment in which she was struck down, death placed his icy hand upon her, and she became a corpse.—Monmouth Merlin. SNOW STORM IN THE NORTH.—The winter, already set in here with so much severity, has been much more severely felt in the north. In Aberdeen, Banff, and Morayshires there have been very heavy falls of snow ; and the week before last, in many of the more exposed situations in these districts, the snow lay to the depth of 16 or 20 feet. In the beginning of the week some deten tion occurred on the Aberdeen railway, in consequence of the snow wreaths which covered and obstructed some portion of the. line. At the end of the week all the coaches north of Aberdeen were stopped, the roads being next to impassable. One of the Defiance coaches, after passing Keith, on its way southward, was fairly blocked up in the snow half-way between Keith and Huntly, and the passengers were obliged to pass the night in a small inn by the roadside, amusing themselves in the best way they could till the dawn of day brought them relief. On Friday week upwards of 100 men were at work near Keith, on the Great North-road, clearing away the snow. No accidents bad happened, but considerable inconveni ence was felt from the detention of the mails, which, when the coaches were stopped, were carried on horse back, and were generally 20 hours behind time. The mail between Aberdeen and Banff, a distance of 47 miles, was 30 hours on the road, and on Thursday week had to he carried part of the way by men, the road being, for a very considerable distance, quite impassable even by horses. EXPLOSION OF GUNPOWDER.—On Friday evening, the 18th instant, as David Williams and his haulier, from Newport, were taking a tram containing 30 cwt. of gun power up the Monmouthshire Railway and Canal Com pany's Line, to Brynmawr works adjoining, they thought they heard an engine coming down the incline by Aber beeg. Mr. Williams having gone to ascertain what it was, he saw two Crams coming down full speed. He ran back, calling out to his haulier to extricate the horse from the tram, which he did, when the next minute two trams loaded with iron rails came in violent contact with the tram containing the powder, and drove it back about twenty yards, when it exploded with a tremendous noise, scattering the tram in fragments in different directions, and breaking three of the wheels to pieces. Part of the axle was found about two hundred yards off, stuck in an upright position in the ground. No one was hurt. Mr. Williams' haulier's cap was burnt in two places on the crown, but he sustained no personal injury. It appears that at a little distance there were a few cottages, of which most of the windows were blown in, and one of the roofs lifted out of place. It is curious to observe that there were ten quarter barrels of gunpowder left unex ploded, but the bags they were wrapped in were all burnt. We are told that the two trams of iron came from Ebbw Vale, and ran down the incline ; by some accident the connecting iron by which they were fastened to a train having broken. The value of the powder and tram is I supposed to be nearly £54. JUVENILE DEPRAVITY.—At the Middlesex sessions on Tuesday, William Anderson, a sharp-looking boy, aged fourteen, was indicted for the following robbery. At about mid-day on the 10th instant, he entered the shop of Mr. Cooper, baker, Stepney, and asked Mrs. Cooper, who was serving behind the counter, for a half-pennyworth of bread, at the same time laying down a penny. As she was about to give him the difference, he threw a handful of pepper in her eyes, and jumping upon the counter, pro ceeded to help himself to the contents of the till, but, becoming alarmed, he retreated, having got but three pence into his possession. Mr. Cooper pursued, and, having overtaken him, he very coolly turned round, and presenting Mr. Cooper with the threepence, said, " It's only threepence, so its not worth running for, and I gives in ; but you wouldn't have nabbed me if it had been more." He was then handed over to a policeman. The boy was convicted. A police officer informed the Court that but two days before this transaction the prisoner was liberated from Ilford Gaol, where he had been imprisoned for highway robbery.—The Judge: For what ?—Police man : Highway robbery, my Lord. The prisoner and three others stopped a chaise on a turnpike-road, and one of them—not the prisoner —fired a pistol at the driver. They robbed the chaise, and made off.—The Learned Judge said this case presented a most extraordinary in stance of juvenile depravity. The best course that could be taken would be to send him to Parkhurst, but, unfor tunately, he had not the power to pass such a sentence as would have the effect of sending him there. The sentence was that he be kept to hard labour for six calendar months. MISERABLE FATE OF AN ARTEST.—A coroner's inquest was held at Walworth, on Wednesday, respecting the death of William Harris, aged 73 years, an artist, who died in a caravan. The jury proceeded to an old caravan, situated in the corner of a filthy place, called Davy's Cow yard, Upper Brandon-street, where they found the body of the deceased in a very emaciated state. The interior of the vehicle was quite unfit for the residence of a human being. Martha Harris stated that the deceased was her husband. He was an artist, and they bad been married 47 years. They formerly were in a large house at the west end of London ; but being reduced in circumstances, the deceased completed a collection of oil paintings, which he exhibited in the caravan at the various fairs round the country. They had lived in the same vehicle for the last thirty years ; but her husband for a considerable period had been unable to get about, and therefore their means of obtaining a livelihood had been stopped. The only money they got was by his painting sign-boards, window blinds, or anything he could get to do. He occasionally executed the paintings that were exhibited outside the shows, but the remuneration was very bad. On Sunday morning he was in the act of lighting the fire in the caravan during her absence, and when she returned he was lying on the floor of the vehicle. She obtained assistance, but he died in a few hours afterwards. The surgeon who attended him was of opinion that he died from an attack of apoplexy. Mr. Cooke, the summoning officer, said that when he visited the place on Sunday morning the only money the poor woman had was one penny. ELOPEMENT IN " Low" LIFE.-A great sensation has lately been excited in the village of Spittal, near Berwick upon-Tweed, by the unexpected and sudden elopement of two persons who have hitherto borne an unsullied character. For several years Mr. A— has been a Sunday-school teacher ; has conducted and addressed prayer and revival meetings, and during the present win ter has himself maintained a prayer meeting in different houses in the village. The female was also a Sunday school teacher, and a constant frequenter of religious assemblies. The " gay Lothario" has been married for many years, and is now in the prime of life. The woman is not yet thirty, and was unmarried. On Saturday week a medical gentleman declared the lady to be enciente, and on the following Monday Mr. A—, carrying with him the cash belonging to the firm with which he was connected, took his departure, accompanied by his Dul cinea, for Edinburgh : from thence they went to Glasgow and Liverpool, where he and the woman were entered as emigrants to America. Letters have since been received from the man, in which he announced his resolution of never visiting Spittal again, and of going to America. The ancient custom is still obierved in the villages of Tweedmouth and Spittal of slwwing the public contempt, or indignation, against any individuals by burning them in effigy. A figure, resembling the person, is constructed of cloth, wood, tar, and straw, and, late at night, is car ried in the principal streets, and is finally set on fire. On Monday evening week three effigies were thus constructed and consumed—those of the above parties and of another person who assisted in facilitating the elopement. A— wes represented with two faces ' one of which was looking at a prayer bo o k w hi c h h e held in his right hand, while the other, which was painted black, was grinning at Miss --. She, too, was represented as delivering religious tracts, which were clasped in her right hand. About eleven o'clock the effigies were brought out, and set on fire in the presence of hundreds of spectators. The relatives • V. of the three persons having obtained the assistance of the police, the figures, when half burned, were torn in pieces, and consumed in various parts of the village. The affair, altogether, has excited great attention. THE PREVAILING SYSTEM OF EMIGRATION.—At the present time there are no less than fourteen vessels in the London and St. Katherine,s Docks, bound for Australia, New Zealand, and Port Natal, for the most part with passengers. The gross tonnage of these fourteen vessels is 9182, and they are all advertised to sail in the present or during the next month. It is calculated that they will take away from this country not fewer than 1200 emi grants to the distant colonies mentioned. A few words on the manner in which these vessels are fitted up for the accommodation of passengers may not be uninteresting at the present time. Of course it is not necessary to mention the cabin passengers, as their comforts are attended to by a regular steward ; steerage or immediate passengers, as they are called, depend to a great extent upon their own Jan, At 29, P;SI andpsha exertion isps e cnigosen r7s f s o rieh r udae: t fe l l ot r e t health. nlditrfehoc.rbkt berths. The ho o hrs f e; clean line s s bAerlr o of the between-decks varies from six to S C:I , is made by laying planks along i th r e o b t e , a a n' tse!l . o ' p.kt, . cording to the size or build of the yel p , I t 1 ) ,n 1 tends the whole inside breadth of the II berths are fitted along the sides. Each bertlit; ! t1 two to six beds, one placed above anotherttha_ sleeping lengthways with the ship, and Or' Uri across, according to the capacity of the 0 4°1 0 ; 0. 1 0 . ,. length of the ship a table is placed abou t d 1)4 half broad, and securely fastened to the e r (1.) heavy weather. Along the sides of pas.se s g e t - , n 4 ir are spaces cut out at about every seven fee he eier, with strong glass panes, which can be 0 5 . for the purpose of ventilation. These P en i e r ' r tli s about six inches in diameter, and the quently so fitted that one pane serves as " e rbli cabins. Of course these small windows ar t he ' Ni t espdsecocoel top ipo in heavy rains, when it is impossible to ape! Once fairly at sea, intermediate passengerZ. into gangs of eight or twelve, and over , senger is placed whose office it is to 0 110 .' 0 4,1 ‘ , superintend generally, in the way of se el , to ' ,t)r proper amount of provisions is weighed oto(1, ettc and of course to look to the quality of the luoil be easily understood that the captain of s e e, .r, tons, even with two o ffi cers under him , . left :f in looking after the proper navigation of Pa d,' I much time to bestow upon the posseng' - duty of every one, th ere f ore , to look t ° s 1,, , ! those little comforts w hi c h a ll m ore or le a Ur passenger on board an e m i gran t ship shool be . mind to rough it in the best way be can; t e a ' p 4 1) meals, pend ed before theday expires . Bu t+ allotment of revisions toe 7 g e t af n wel e aww c ra e mhy s s sot a urr r ore y sto t cef o aml hsb h uue u nrir s g h tt ehharainrtcdsattnwhi is be en e e r t oaelwraeesiritanlhybo more le. rera : l isis,ee:o b ship than are absolutely necessary for h er the They must, therefore, bestir themselves ' ll o pi cleaning their b er th s , or th e i r ow n healthleof rt every one on board is endangered. The s cf !, is always advertised with the vessel, and it 1- I ,' e d .(b he g u e n r n l e o e o e k ss t a o ry th h e er s e ca t l o e and mentionrem remember ber O t n h l a y t l a e t t about one hal p f ri m ee o , re w t h h i a e n h o ev n e l r a y nd p . CoroP e t oV .41 brokers.lowered theopfriccoeuorfsea there eage mustto Abeusstoranilies,c!bnofoli B rut adifference of 25 per cent. on the c harges v oe assenger,: difference in • tain for himself. The voyage to Austriwa four to five months, according to the sailing' the ship, or the prevalence of favourable or winds. —I in ' 4I Q, Bon, on, Free] lter enown, 1 ropy , 1 1G reF, trp i n et °; .11i1 ly rkaw,J§, AlbmA for, j Gz A DISTRESSIN 41 G CASE OF SO ~ir We have read with pain, not unmingled r( b e • narrative of a suicide w hi c h appeare d in t j t o bf !l' the Manchester G uar di an on Saturday, g i s fi nt ii° J . strikingly the cruelty of under-paying ne rv ,..da!, ,t 44 with impo r t an t respons ibili t i es. On Wedno— t he , t last, a youth o f th e age o f n i neteen, filling of shopman to a watchmaker and jeweller in st d tir and who, for four years past, had been 01° I ll Cai on the premises, h av i ng i n hi s care, of courser :lar property of his empl o y er , was discovered t,erti himself from a nail in the shop. " For Se ' fts we are told, " he h a d b een in a despondi ng er neither his mother, his sister, nor his ernP lo n t , ' cover any cause f or hi s b e i ng so ." Our ' continues : , • " He bad more than once complained that spent too much money during a trip wh i c h be to i de ( to the Isle of Man; and he once told his eroP se. I feared he had not done his duty. That gentleroa,,9oo, endeavoured to rally the deceased, and had PrZ,,th! I increase of salary. On Tuesday evening last, pd p , cheer the deceased, his employer treated him 1 . the theatre, and as soon as the curtain droPPe, ;pal, turning to his sister, said, All's over now : ;ce 1 .11 another play.' His sister took but little no" e after she had bid him Good night,' at the shoe o p, 'All's over in this world.' Hi s s i ster repl ied,,,:, 1 0 It unless you mean to do something a t yoursell to i rejoined, Oh, no ! I have not cour age for tha t e p time nothing was seen of the deceased until hanging, as we have stated." •-• SI eP. 11VI' nat, does the reader imagine, was ti of conscientious young man, whose fear sosteeor iT pent too much of it in probably the only his life ? Just 3s. 6d. per week and his bnar"d ji `4 of this pittan c e we are i n f ormed that be b R Nt time allowed his mo th e i 2 s. per week; th°s w , self but ls. 6d. a week for clothing and othe r r e . Who can doubt wh a t was th e cause o f his roe, ~, `"t ponding state ? Wh o can d ou b t what svai.s.di which had made his lif e m i sera bl e, and ivu!tho' ended by self-destruction ? No one. It Wti e f ; be between his sense of honesty and his necess",, o l t his sense of duty to his employer and his sr r , r o , 'tto; for a necessitous mother. He had been rof 41 1 seems, an increase of salary. Perhaps had t ,l 4 been fulfilled,—had the poor boy's heart D e ed t 4 1 1 ,, , with a trifling accession to his means, inst;t/ to the theatre, a valuable life might have ,ko Had dishonesty, inst ea d o f suicide, been the, t ,d,Z 4 l - struggle, few would h ave p iti e d the employer 'tr. VARIETIES It is a curious fact th a t C o l er id ge once pr ei , Independent meeting-house in Taunton. fr The rallying cry of th e A ra b i n war 0 4 Tally ho ! doubtless, was b roug ht b y th e Ctil•6 ORIGIN OF BY HOOK OR CROOK.—Person . fuel wood in the Kin g ' s f ores t were only en, t ,, l ` It it of the dead wood or bra nc h es o f t ree s 'Pp' " with a cart, a hook, and a crook.—Notesa i tol l Some time since, a pe rson who paid a vis i i . t ,s' asylum in Cornwall, s a id t o one of the intr' fit knew, " Why, Richard, your head is getting g e t is only bloomi ng f or t h e next world," sve s. , reply. r oeld A NEW' CRIM E . —I MPORTANCE OF A `-' pe' return received from the chief constable of d iol l our parish authorities, which contains the Ato one of their police-offi cers , th e cr i me i s statr attempting to Marry his Wife, being alive. r ss' A PARISH CH URCH O CCUPIED BY DIES att only parish - Church in England occupied 11 rbell is at Morley, near Leeds ; where, previous t°; p t!! A there was a parochial church, which subseq u i C:, dependent upo n B a tl e y ; but, in the time ° to v i , First, it was conveyed by th e E ar l o f Suss o :,er.", tees of the Presbyt er i an c h urch, an d h a s n e 'fit' ° pi stored to the establishm en t. I t re t a i ns mach A ppe ; appearance, and now bel ongs to the le'" (,) Trimen's Church and Chapel Architecture. , SOYER'S RECEIPT FOR COOKING SALM° :4. ? prepare • but if he be not fresh en ough To I him, and proceed as follows :—Put your P ro water, using a pound of salt to every SIX 0 3 o ver„ let it be well covered with water, and set i t 13 t 9 rate fire ; when it begins to simmer, set it ° i t i t , the fire. If the fish weighs four pound s, e otJ half-an-hour—if eight pounds, three-quart ei le,v and so an in proportion ; dish it on a naP ic ' ref lobster or shrimp sauce in a boat. MAKING ICE.—Sir J. F. W. Herschel, 111 4 the system of making ice by the expansion of pressed air, (previously reduced to the orth°`) ture,) in a letter to the Athenmum, saY s i e trj steam-boiler, buried some 20 or 30 feet 5 10 o'l4 well rammed earth, and furnished with ° d oer; pump, (worked above ground,) and one c ot e :) , opening by a stop-cock through a rose int o t be 4f in all probability supply ice ad libitum fi ° o sl'' family in the country—th e con d ensa ti o n 100' pot over night." al P il STATISTICS OF THE J EWS .—A n 0- ffi c l 0 1 informs us that there are hardly more than was to 5,000,000 Jews in the whole world ; Whe y 'ell 41 if n dr u oo numbers idolatry), Christianity,bt lr e y3 r )0 s : foro4ooo from 20 0 38 00 , 0 0 0, 0 , 00 0 : 00 , 00 0 1, 0 , 500 0 000 00,00 a tt d ooo e : p o 0 050 0 00 0, -, o 00 ao : on, r o 0 od : 0 o h F m o;e. i t3 s i 15 .-- ,b13 . h. tisoetov Z Jews are thus distributed :—There are soin e „o _ Syria and Asiatic Turkey; 250,000 in Burop o q i l 600,000 in Morocco and North Africa; gl a boo / 0 ,1 in Eastern Asia ; 100,000 i n America; an", - ja :4 in Europe—viz., 13,000 i n E ng l an d ; 15 9 ', A tt 850 in Sweden and Norw a y ; 6000 in yen hl' • i c , in France : 52,000 in the Low Countries l .,e);p 4 Russia (more than one -fifth o f th e en tire f" it/ in Austria and it s d epen d enc i es ; 214,4 • 3n t a1tt, 175,000 in the Ge rman St a t es ; an d 4000 111 10 0 1 '0 A GHOST EXPLAINED AWAY.—In the ct let e e e i last century there was, in a town in the w e ic - ho,, ii a club consisting of twenty-four members, Ear tP 9 once in the week to hold special meetings , f / purpose of drinking punch and talking pe' e rob e il l ittj academy of Rubens, at Antwerp, each 113 ,,, eS A F: peculiar chair, and the president's was rn i .c7serf, the rest. One of the members had been ° oi l a dying state, and his chair remained, of c liq s The club being met on their usual night, , .,; tile, made concerning their friend, who liven 1 lli r 'li house; the answer was, that he could n° o , / ,?; the night. This mournful intelligence thr. t froSi i the conversation, and all efforts to turn ! e ht ;A subject were unavailing. About Ini d°l 7itelqii opened ; the hitherto absent member c o d, , himself in his own place, gazed wildly r a oo t t 'tl, l ', nothing ; at length he again rose, walked tlii them. It was not till after a long p aus e tb e " . o , pony recovered their speech, and of tours _O 4 whole conversation was on the dreadful eg e ne e d: they had just mitnessed. They sent to b e ea:,`, and found that at the very hour he had ,„- cP,;, 01 club their companion died. This story v4 O " - Al 4 ," t ? twenty-three respectable individuals wel . to st 1 ;,, its truth ; and what could be urged aga en tiol l e, l ; rolled on ; the story ceased to engage 09 11V3 at last forgotten, unless when occasi c a ' s ,Plj silence an unbeliever. One of the club w 00 5,c t ,4 titioner, and in the course of his practice hs biA; attend an old woman, who had been in t he w '' e rr ing the sick. She said she had one thin,g en be on her mind, and she wished to disburte vi ti , e ll,g "You remember," said she, "Mr' ----.' 8 r°'4 90 . ef• occasioned so mu c h t a lk t wen ty years,- lef to t he f his nurse; and o n th e n i g ht h e died, , time -110°Ff something that was wanted, at which , a n. 3 ~ high delirium. In l ess th a n a quarter f l ar esTl ~,, turned, and found that the patient ba u e d t l lOlO, and gone out. I was so much frighten ~t op t,e r ii power to stir; but very soon, too InY a :e lo ift entered the room shivering, and his teeth_ d d ied j f i cold, pulled off his clothes, lay down, it s dicte ffe r I could tsaid the old woman) have cri' k ueo'clo of the ghost, but I dared not; though to the had happened, that he must have elle ' himself." A, n ov r, p aw,. fron Ito tlsp, b r bela Flep'2ll' 3ias g ,;; 't, dC gavel lery, It ; !) , IT ta r ell u, n urc C with tl it t o Trie tI to ,ea'!'!l( 17 4 r v i.tli, I, it, d!s, a , ', lll b„':. 4 f A neo k ela qa ek et I!:ari iqornit: . rt 11 v, te, G m] we ev eb 444 'Ed ei t w~ ht Thec i "~y"~ p ~4aCYN~ ePa ,1 4 t ,"`kly 'th bttCeD Oact ~Kt t4 4 - eZ , t ab t • tkiiiPtiin b Ah t: °r 1) %1 114, 'XI 1 .41 I a .ro In• *h 9 l sib e_: so 11 4 , 1 ,1 , Z8 c4or,i ac arictin trom and 1 ren a. 4, , fro