The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1855-12-18 00:00:00

216 SUPP the effect so produced was called incoctilia ; and he remarks,—" That which was marvellous to behold in the decoration of vases and articles of Roman luxury, by them was used in the decoration of their horses, the yokes of their oxen, and in their various kinds of vehicles." I have seen in Scotland remains of Scan dinavian origin inlaid with the same material, proving its use by this race of people. Slightly varied in its ' composition, it was called at its earliest periodlincoctile ; lately it assumed the name, in Latin, of nigellum ; in Italian, niello. It was thus used. The subject intended to be delineated was first traced upon the surface of silver, and the groundwork cut with tools as in champ-leve enamel, leaving the figures raised in silver : this was frequently reversed, and the subject itself represented by the niello. In its composition, silver, lead, sulphur, &c., are combined; and it is one of the greatest difficulties of the process that in fusing, either the sulphur destroying the nature of the niello, or the silver reviving into a metallic state, covers the surface of the niello with small white spots. Another great evil frequently results from the heat necessary for its fusion, causing its combination with the silver in which it is worked, instead of forming the contrast intended. In a ruin at Rome, a silver casket of Roman workmanship was found, of about the date of the fourth or fifth century, covered with enrichments in niello, containing the requisites for the toilet of a Roman lady, and will prove the use of niello at this ' period. Chalices and other articles were continually enriched with it during the thirteenth, fourteenth, and fifteenth centuries. Associated as it is with many ages, expressing as it does in the decorative art, the higher or lower degree of the perception of beauty attained by people so differing in habits and manners, it loses none of its interest from the fact, that it was both the forerunner and origin of the art of printing from engraving. We are informed by Vasari that Maso Finiguerra, the goldsmith, of Florence, in taking impressions in black ink from incised lines intended to hold the niello, gave to the world the first production of an art (engraving), which has developed in the present day so much talent and skill, throwing within the reach of the many those beautiful emana tions of genius, otherwise confined to the collections of the rich alone.—The Builder. HOUSEHOLD ECONOMY. HARD BISCIIITS.—Warm half a pound of butter in as much skimmed milk as will make four pounds of flour into a very stiff paste. Beat it with a rolling. pin, and work it perfectly smooth. Roll it pretty thin, and stamp out your biscuits ; prick them full of holes and bake them, for which purpose six or eight minutes will be sufficient. APPLES A LA CREMONE.—Choose such apples as will look clear when dressed ; pare and cut into pieces the form of a brick, a sufficient quantity to weigh a pound and a half; strew over them a pound of good Lisbon sugar and several long strips of lemon-peel, and cover them close in a bowl. Next day put the apples piece by piece into a small preserving pan with the sugar, &c., and two large spoonfuls of strong cider. Simmer gently, and as the pieces of apple become clear take them out. When cold, build a wall with them on a small oval dish, and place the lemon-peel on the top ;' pour the syrup into the middle. Serve cream to eat with it. The peel of China orange cut very thin does as well as a lemon. STEWED PEARS.—Pare and halve or quarter large pears, according to their size ; throw them into water as the skin is taken off, before they are divided, to prevent their turning black. Pack them round a block-tin stewpan, and sprinkle as much sugar over them as will make them pretty sweet, and add lemon peel, a clove or two, and, some allspice cracked; just cover them with water, and put some of the red liquor as below. Cover them close, and stew three or four hours ; when tender, take them out, and pour the liquor from them. COLOURINGS TO STAIN JELLIES, ICES, AND CAKES RED.—Boil fifteen grains of cochineal in the finest powder, with a drachm and a half of cream of tartar, in half a pint of water, very slowly, half an hour. Add in boiling a bit of alum the size of a pea. Or, use beet-root sliced, and some liquor poured over. For white, use almonds finely powdered, with a little drop of water ; or use cream. For yellow, yolks of eggs or a bit of saffron steeped in the liquor and squeezed ; likewise the flower of the crocus, which has no taste. lEMENT TO THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. For green, pound spinach-leaves or beet-leaves, express the juice, and boil in a teacup in a saucepan of water to take off the rawness. PARTRIDGE PlE.—Four birds will make a good sized pie, but for a supper dish a brace will be sufficient. Take out the livers, chop them small with three or four sprigs of parsley, two eschalots, and a small quantity of powdered mace ; beat these up with two eggs, and add finely-grated bread-crumbs until you have formed a proper forcemeat. Fill the birds with this, and either lard them or wrap them in thin slices of the fat of dressed ham. Cover the bottom of the pie -dish with the forcemeat, and fill up the space between the birds with the same, cover with a light paste, ornament to your taste, and bake for forty minutes in a slow oven. PULLED TURKEY.—Take the skin off a cold turkey, and cut the meat into small bits ; put the bones and the meat of all but the legs into a stewpan, cover with veal-broth, add a spoonful of salt, half that quantity of Cayenne, the juice of a lemon and half of its peel shredded fine : let all simmer slowly until the meat is thoroughly warmed, then take it out, strain the gravy and add to it the yolks of two eggs and a teaspoonful of flour. Warm the meat in this sauce for five minutes when required for table. tions, and the trees planted as soon as po ssible. every opportunity of pushing forward pruni ng nailing. t o letto KITCHEN GARDEN.—Give air freely t e l cauliflower plants under glass ; indeed should merely be used to exclude frost , a n d rains, for they will do all the better in slcr i , li r' n t kept hard and stocky over the winter. wl done make a sowing of peas and beans ° fl e a tered dry ground, and do not spare the the di former, for it will be some time exposed,.; a • dations of mice, &c. In faN ourable loes°, t t l : sowing may be made if the first sowing ground. Take advantage of the first stal may occur, with the grornd in a rather bar' earth up closely any of the celery that nay grown the previous soiling, and be prepare d the ridges in case of severe frost. Dry answers very well for this purpose, but wh` be afforded, light straw or reed shutters are as being more easily applied, causing these are also useful in excluding wet. It time to be providing seed for the early 0 I s /.1 next season, and for this purpose we know 1/ equal to Cole's dwarf white. This is, as its .0 1 dicates, a dwarf variety, and cannot be IF ~ye large size, but where quality is preferred to give satisfaction, for it is very crisp, soon bla l the flavour is everything that could be tend to keeping up a regular succession 01 asparagus, and rhubarb, by introducing quantities at short intervals into heat.-- 1 Chronicle. FASIIIONS. ME materials adopted this winter for dry more varied and beautiful than those of any r season. The new poplins in particular .ru superior, both as regards texture and, bri f a " vo colour. Chequered patterns are most if a re poplin dresses, and the real clan tart an ' sse fashionable. Some of the new brocatelle dre s flounces in the Pompadour style, with O e • r i k in various colours. One of the novelties in silk just introduced consists of spots of black ve" ning up the skirt in a regular series, one ' other, and occupying a space of about thr width. These rows of spots are ranged . with stripes of moire antique, either black or Jet is very generally used in combination; trimmings usually employed for bonnets, 0 13 .1 dresses and cloaks. Silk dresses trimmed * O 7, have the flounces headed by a narrow ro t ye t dery in jet; and some of the new black c i e ,o I are ornamented at the edge with a medwt`t-the embroidered in sewing silk and jet. One 6 ' r est coiffures we have seen is composed of scarlet velvet, the long pendent stamens of jet. The leaves are composed of crape. mention that the practice of ornamenting bugles is again coming into fashion. Several Opera cloaks have just been reeeit Paris. They are, for the most part, coniPer and coloured silk ; for instance, pink or bl trimmed with swansdown. One, which ti' e modistes have named the Sultana, cons . A il' cashmere richly embroidered in a Taw" with coloured silk and gold. °TO, The novelties of the season comprise !et pretty jackets made entirely of plush. I _so, colours varying from very bright to very seu,i.es) and some are black. In shape these jackets 1,0 to those made of other materials. One orl, o ra the addition of a large collar or pelerine, to w fringe of the same colour as the plush. 0 113 tio , Of the dresses just completed for prom 0 P i p tume, one consists of black silk, with W e rr a ( • ornamented with a chequered pattern in 0 3 . 1 a 1 , 4 velvet. Another is of a dark grey silir , ,, 3l ,ss 5 f ,0 3 f trimming on the skirt. With the black it r- d e; „ 0 1 0 ';1 a cloak of black velvet, trimmed with fri ll p riiie,9i bonnet of grey straw trimmed with grn r # 4/ ribbon. A par-dessus of black velvet , a li o I) ° ,l' of green velvet trimmed with feathers a il , velvet, are worn with the grey dres s costume.—The Lady's Newspaper. ierTe dr, LIVERPOOL ,_., t ber, l- t9: Printed and Published every Tuesday Morning, DY„,,"..str: - , : ROBERT PEARSON THACKER, of No. 7, V er 'g 4 ' .. l°' STANDARD GENERAL PRINTING ofFlCceioDer GEORGE'S CRESCENT, Liverpool —Tuesday, Ve AG.RICULTU_k.E. IMPORTATION OF GIVANO.---According to an official document, there has been a large increase in the im portation of guano. In ten months ended the sth November last year, it was 170,667 tons, and in the same period ended the 31st October, this year, it was 235,723 tons. CI7LTIVATION OF LAND.---At a recent agricultural meeting, Lord Stanley mentioned that there are 77,000,000 of acres in the United Kingdom, of which 47,000,000 are cultivated well or badly, 15,000,000 cannot be cultivated, and are waste bynature,ls,ooo,ooo may be cultivated, but have not been reclaimed—that is to say, that of the entire soil of the country we cul tivate well or badly three-fifths. It is calculated that, by supplying to the fullest extent the resources of modern science, we might draw from the land three times the present amount of the sustenance which it yields. We feed say 20,000,000 persons with the pro duce of this country ; if the resources of the country were fully developed, it would be in our power to feed not 20,000,000, but 60,000,000. This states a most important fact which ought to be always present to our minds, and we should not cease our exertions till the possibility of feeding 60,000,000 persons by the growth of our own soil should have become a reality. HORTICULTURE. FLOWER GARDEN.—The weather is still compara tively favourable for executing alterations ; and where these are in hand they should be prosecuted with the greatest possible despatch, taking advantage of frosty mornings, &e., for wheeling. Planting, or the removal of large trees or shrubs, cannot be finished too soon ; for it is of the utmost importance that the plants should be afforded some chance of making fresh roots before the trying winds of March. See to even small plants being secured against the wind ; for these are often greatly injured by being blown about after planting, which a small stake and a few minutes' work would prevent. Get in a stoek of briars for budding upon next season. Let the roots be well trimmed, cutting back closely the strong ones ; for these, if left, will be of little use save to furnish an endless supply of suckers. As soon as alterations are completed, and the beds and borders are put into proper order for the winter, let a little fresh gravel be put upon the walks if necessary, in order to render them firm and dry for the winter. The stock of half-hardy plants in pots for next summer's decoration must be freely exposed to the air on every favourable opportunity, and every means used to pro tect them from damp. Very little water will be re quired for some time to come, and no more should be given than will suffice to keep the plants from flag ging. Keep the surface of the soil clean, and the plants perfectly free from insects. FRUIT.—If any transplanting or root pruning of fruit trees has yet to be done, let this be attended to without further loss of time, and see that those ex posed to the wind are securely staked before leaving them. Also get the ground prepared for fresh planta- (DECEMBER 18, 1 0 : , / 4 )-,c, i_E32,p,l„ 4,,,tPi ~„re possible. STUD I prunino• 'Ai Figs r' t ONI t o lettuce k GE ed the -• 14R - and throi• , if yea pring for b I play., If not air i, Itch. gug s on seed °f 111111,as the seea oi tittfg by ato the cl e P taenc ` alities a seotiiil is tlic°llgDt o'ri. Ro t dry aa),p °,1441, Rog I dry stao,o , M idlli:bar, aY hare° tett liti' • • iv ared 0 P jitter ,',o`l,;till'e' lry stable ~,,p 1.1",‘,i,c IT: where troble "13e4,.', i are .t or, 03 ''Zik b°" less 110;01:: ~,I)1,1 („ It r dclo; .N'ti4Vi"stn y era 15.0 tk!ramr, now o,leilv l r 4 ,11 1 ,r n as it 6 9' to° :\ ' ( be Fiflit ii 14,11', 4:11 to sL'e , •,ie,iNi * n blanch:s' ,kt' ‘ > 81) •.' • MU' AP ". ' " B WIS ,kt, on of srjo t tys b e hI • o otie i le MITI wag i iir• tt, Be ;.--Gara° ' 1\'1"-----C4°M k 4114E iltilige tha 'or dresSesA, qie4oNkiev, naryet btkis loci ,%2A1,1,E1 d bri ll out , 14.•; ai ;in favour t 1 and Ch i ,ns are hi, IsN. le dresses h • ,v, RA dowers br i _ iutrr s in silk all, - . Bch t , Lek velvet tile \ knS '(11 one abofsee# ill ttz., pr three le& i1141)14.-- 1114 ;ea al e ' 'N'tior Ick or eo. 03 . '4?'lliuc 0 fur !'Ni ng tation 110 - 04,,uu bs, an elioe Ikt'44 r e ed with P! , bror reties ree, roicitietele ol'4 11,1;49, tiltils3; k` 'e'v" 3tte, .4 ‘tiote i 3,100 P ret tr AE2I Of ae of the P• 0 c i R hi , ft Iv lof o e , rto Oki A is bein,V° old Illehbra r. We 'tit 4, ttrZ aPe• laee 0.1 t 4 it ltitig It'• •an ~iit Nktleiv: • • pv,, 4 e -rii t receirel,,if ti nrn aposed ()/ " a .., 'tt°,(4,9in' r blue, °; r ior i t 4 qieet 312 the r oli, tk,'1',),,h,,, •t 5 d . k a MO , t,lia larki.sl3 rot< 4it, he 4 tilt dinaui j 414 'rt" isS°l33, kt e li . e !' . 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