The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1836-12-30 00:00:00

Vamp. thong!! the word " peaceful" was foisted in afterwards;) and, finally, the learned gentleman's grave assurance to the credulous beings whom he imposed upon, that Mr. Richard Shei I, another ,lack • the-Giant-Killer, had com mitted such havock on tory nerves in the House of Coiumons as to make Sir Robert Peel and Lord Stanley quail in his presence, and rather sit still a whole evening thin expo S e. thernstdves to the terrors oligastig,atrun i'rom that dealer in artifices! 0111 oh! on COME HOME. (BY AN AMERICAN LADY.) Conie home ! Would.i could send my spirit o'er the &Pp: Would I could win. , ' it, like a bird, to thee, To commune with thy thoughts, to fill thy sleep With these uriwearying words of melody. Brother, come home! Come home!— Come to the hearts that love thee. to the eves That beam in brightness hnt to gl idden thine; Come, where fond thou g hts, like boniest incense rise, Where cherish'd memory rears her altar's shrine. lisother, come home ! The property of the Church (says a correspondent of the Weekly ?Dispatch, aradical 'patier) is the property of the people at large ; it would be unjust to put it on a footing..with the endowments of the Dissenting Chapels, which are held, in trust, for spec:fic purposes. It is to all intents and purposes, -National Property. It is not in his character or a religionist that a man has a claim on the Church. and its Revenues; it is as a member of the community. The Church of England is the property of every Englishman. Our o pi n i o n, th e n, i s , that, in the .present stir about Church-rates, this consideration ap pears to be lost sight of.. Dissenters deem an Established Church a grievance ; but surely there is no grievance 'to have our country studded with beautiful edifices—it is no grievanCe that a portion of the "fair face of nature", has been kept out of the rent-rolls of our aristocracy. The venerable piles are ours, the endowments are ours, and the tithes are only so much deducted from. the land lords' rents. These are not grievances. Would it be nefit the people &the churches were left to moulder into ruins, like the abbeys, priories, and. monasteries of the 16th century? Would it be beneficial even that the vo itintary principle should collect the ruins and build con , vewicles with them ? We think not.. Here is a vast ac cumulatien of national Wealth ; here are temples in which we may worship. our God, and learn our duty to our neighbour. ,The. whole is : ours. Why should we giveit up? Do we think that the wealth is inignitously disposed of, or that the buildings are desecrated ? If so, we should not. renounc , . our property, but complain ofits abuse. 1 1 ,:e Whigs did intent to abolish Church-rates, , by substituting f o r them, in s o m e s h a pe or o th er , a gr ant out of the national revenue, be a stop would have been put to all refusal of ,Church:rates. The right of vestrymen to limit their amount would have been, in ef fect, centralized in the Chancellor of the Exchequer. A salutary parochial control world have been condensed into the aye or no of a parliamentary committee, and evert' soul in the kingdom would have become a compul sors'ehurch rate paver, without the privilege of asking, "by w h at compulsion ?" We, are glad to observe that this intention to humbug us is referred to at Church-rate meetings, and denbunced. We much fear that the Go vernment-ofthis country will turn the present &mute against Church-rates into a pretext for extending their atrocious centralizing and comtnissionership system.— That system is already a greater grievance than the Church rates. We declare that we would rather pay an annual rate of threepence in the pound, than have the secular affairs of the churCh managed by one of their odious bureaux of centralization. One feels almo.,t as much reluctance to give up a little parochial power, or local interest of any kind, as one would to drop a bonne .bouche if a parcel of hungry Curs -were yelping about: one's legs. Let not the Church Warden - complain that they cannot discharge their duties for Want of Church rates ; .for most assuredly; if they do, their Churchwar, denslups' will be pounced upon by, a. ravenous pack of commissioners, and the people will have as much control over the Church, after that, as the raven in the fable had over the cheese which had been wheedled out of its mouth. This feeling against Church-rates then requires Much modification. It ought to be more political and less religiens—it ought to :refer more to men's rights, as Members of the community, and less to their conscienti ou s scruples as sectarians—it ought to be directed more to the restoration, or, at all events, application of the funds of the Church to their legitimate purposes, and less to the prevention of an impost which is never oner ous except to consciences acutely tender. Come home ! Come to the hearth-stone of thy earliest days, Come to the ark, like the o'er-wearied dove, Come with the sunlight of thy heart's warm rays, Come to the fireside circle of thy love. Brother, come home! Come home! It is not home without thee—the lone cent Is still Unclaimed, where thou wert wont to be; In Pvery echo of returning feet. Li vain we list for what should herald thee. Brother, come home ! Come home ! We've nursed. for thee, the sunny buds of Spring— Watebed every gem a full-blown flow'ret rear ; saw o'er their bloom the chilly Winter bring its icy garlands, and thou art not here. Brother, come borne ! Come home!. Would I epuld send my spirit-o'er the deep, Would I could wing it, like a bird, to thee, To commune with thy thoughts, to .fill thy sleep With these unwearying of melody. larottit.r, come CONTEMPORARY PRESS. Ministers have begun to try what looking big as long they can will de for a preliminary. to the opening 'of' the campaign in the H ouse ' o f C ommons . . T heir last Stinlay school lesson concludes with these words We have"niore than _ordinary pleasure in stating, that in the approaching session there wilt be the most perfect union alma [g the" reformers of all classes, and consequently a d - etermined opposh ion to their enemies, the Tories;" and, by a previous pasaage, it appears that " the common enemy must assuredly be defeated in his - efforts to dis unite Reformers f or the purpose of triumphing over the eauo to which all Reforme rs are a t tac h e d." . N ow, l et the public think for one moment to what extremities these poor devils must have been:driven before they could have attempted to palm upon the,. people of England such ne fariOus nonsense - as is comprehended in the above few lines.. . We are assured of "the most perfect union" among . the - R4ortners of all classes. Very well. Do- the:Whig ministers call themselves " Reformers.?" If so, we mast infer from their manifesto one of two things . --either that for the sake of this "perfect union" they, the ministers, haye_vvholly abandoned their opposition to the ballot, tiOusehold suffrage, an elective peerage, short parlia ments,. With one or two other trifling modifications of the monarchy, and will co-operate with their revolutionary fellows in realizing all such"reforms;" or that-the Ra dicals, to wit Sir W. Molesworth. Mr. Grote; Mr. Joseph Hume, and the Irk!) faction of O'Connell, Woulfe,Shell, and Co.', have a g reed to make, a burnt-offering-of the said balLt, &c., and help ministers to maintain the constitiz tidn orparliariaent under its existing form. -Which of these sacrificeri, we beg to ask the framer Of the mani festo, is it, of Which he wishes to insinuate the truth ? Has the MelbOurne rump reversed the law of nature, and given precedence to the tail, which now and then so se verely lashes it ?, or is the_tail to be contented with hang ing'in the wake of the rump, and backing its declared re si-stance to all organic change iu the . constitution ? One or other of these questions must be answered in the itflirrnatiVe, or the assertion of a "perfect union" between the parties is a fl.mgrant falsehood, inasmuch as no one of the measures we have alluded to is of a nature to admit of neutrality or compromise. A man who deems the bat- Tot to be utterly degrading and ruinous cannot unite with him w.ho considers it an essential and paramount good : po with the peerage, universal suffrage, and the rest of them,- To place the politician who condemns such ex traYagancies in the same class with the politician who lOtidly applauds and eagerly calls upon his countrymen, Ws:Sir Witham Molesworth does, to "agitate" for them, .describing both by the common name of " Reformers;" is-a -childish absurdity or a gross and impudent fraud. ,These can be nothing " common " b etween suc h men, so far as public principle is conc e r n e d . : Th ere m a y, i ndeed, Itif 'Seale common scheme or plut fur a selfish purpose, in which the nation has neither share nor sympathy—a con iittiracy for place—a conspi rac y. f or p atronage an d pion !ler. But is it for " Reform e r s " t o me ddl e w i t h suc h abominations ?'l If the Whigs,' on the other hand, still pretend that their system ofreforin presupposes the main- Aenance of the church, and'state; and monarchy, while, as js notorious, both. English and Ilish Radicals denounce All three as grievances fit only to be swept away before fthe march of mind,ewe submit that it is not with the 'latter' body we are to attribute to the Whigs any com blt-hathe designating political alliance or pa r t ners hip, bit 'Manifestlywith Sir Robert Peel and the Coe seryatives, who are, one and all, solemnly pledged ,before the country to as much reform, that is, as -much beneficial change, as may be consistent with the --""maintenance of chutch, and state, and InonarchY." I When the Whigs, therefore, assure us of a perfect union ibetween • " Reformers," is not the more natural con struction of the phrase, that they mean to express their _readiness for a co-operation with those who acknowledge -the same general limits to the reform principle which -they do, rather than with the party Who spurn at all such limits ? We nevertheless challenge either the revolu 'tionary radicals or the Whigs, if the union between :,"fiefortners" be meant to signify that those two factions are the uniting powers--we challenge one or both of • them to get rid of the alternative, the conditions of which we sat out with explaining, unless upon -the highly cre ditable supposition, that One or other faction, though still adhering to its own doctrines and despising those of its vvotthy ally, is to support by its votes the policy which . it reprobates, and act directly in the teeth of its declared -opinions. For a union produced by such a desertion of principle the country, we imagine, is far from unprepared, nor is there a great deal of difficulty in conjectnring from 'le Lich side the sale of conscience is most likely to pro- Ce'ed. Why should the Radicals make a sacrifice of their lOng-cherished assault upon tfie constitution? We be lieve that with many of them the scheme is one of fierce -and reckless fanaticism, rather than of selfish profite and what would they gain by its 'surrender to the Whigs `Nothing tinder heaven but the remote chance that, at finiu6 distant period, and tinder some` possible change of circumstance not to be traced upon any , existing map, Alley may he able to bring round the official Whigs, and , the Conservative opposition in both Houses, to tolerate ' , these revolutionary chimeras. There is another consi •.deration also which we - know has influence with many'of ~ t he more long-sighted Radicals.: it is, that the sins of the Whig rump government 'fall in a large proportion upon the heads of the revolutionary party, awl entail . i.upon, them immeasurable disgrace and scandal. It. is past all doubt that there never has been recorded on the page of English history an Administration so selfish or corrupt as this. Never was the public revenue so lavish e d i n b r ib es un d er t h e name of salaries—never was j obbery carried to such a shameless pitch —never was. the actual amount of patronage so wasted on despi cable took —never was ingenuity so ransacked for the ntultiplietti ion of offices before unheard of, that fresh swarms of hungry minions might ha stimulated in their daily task of picking and perverting all the 10641 and subcirdinate institutions of the country to the uses of faction. Why, time myriads of new plac - emen, appointed to work out time insidious designs of the.". no patronage" I.Cabinet, trill frighten Europe when they contr. to be unt kennelled by Rome old fas4oned fr:end of ecOnotev and inStice in the Hthis4. or CmomOns! And well know the a Radicals how keenly the e y e s of a ll E ng l an d are f astened )n theste-ntistloings. They well know that a club or clique more rapacious than the ten or dozen families who - :fortn the etat major of the Whigs never existed On this `''lamb, and never preyed, upon a nation. We shall have tlieifi paraded before the people of England. Each Illftbsehold of aristocratic Whiggery is a sink of insati- Able greediness 'and corru p t i on, as we ll as a h aunt of ex : ectialve and morbid arrogance. One day * in their former ~ character, that of which alone the people. need have cog : nizariee, they shall be unrelentingly exposed. But do -thee flatter themselves that the Radicals ore not aware of this ? Do they dream that the Radicals are not aware how odious it mak e s Whi ggery to the whole English nation,? And why should not the Radicals feel indig- The settlement ef the great question between the Northern nant at being made sharers in Inc unpopularity of those and Central Bank and' the Bank of England has produced a whom they have kept in office, without being sliarerS to temporary calm in the city, The affairs of the former it is now any deCent amount in the spoil ? It ia not then for the, fully understood pass immediately into the hands of agents tip . Radicals to give way, or to yield one inch of their utopia pointed by the Bank of England; who are to realize the assets, of. democracy, for which they would get nothing in ex- pay e the ts public an ,v a next r ethen left, business timeßank, atid ' last ny, ofiaallitpe ve eLsouninda change. It is the Whigs who will sell thei r consciences, ru n t not otherwise. fund s ise, Now that the bustle and excitement orthe and put the price into their pockets. Their sole notion 1 whole affair has in part died away, and 'the generosity of the of-government is their individual gain. 1 Bank haii °Waited its proper tribute, peopl e ar e b eg i nn i ng to . - In the Mean whil e , s ee h o w the humb ug t e ll s i n I re l and, cons id er b ow far the prudence of-the directors in the transac where time genius of whiggerr is little known, .bvimi seen pionis entitled tothe saute ptaise. A the affair has through the mediu m o f O'C onne ll' s an d ot h er pap i st re beet[ publish e d to-day, the authority for whi c h on i nterna l evidence al one ma y be safely pronotuiced to he that of the Bank' presentations. Mr. Woulf e , one -of that faction which parlour, which has very much contributed to give this turn to -- -reviles the people of England as an alien race, but will the current opinions on the subjeet.' It IS admitted in this ac count that the Bank have been grossly deceived .in the repre " not submit to he called aliens frt: ths in return—this se a nti . .tian made to them of the situation or the iNiirtheriz and learned personage has heen niaking a speech at Cashel,. . ;i a r i t a ir d s ti vi tey o covequrily load with .• Wlierein he bedaubs the Alulgra ye government with cum. t l j, e n to them , r . m ) t 6 repro ‘ ac roaches bedaubs t t rlye been acc i eSat . )EV ,t the ose :.P t l'iwnts taken at seco n d hand frill') his master, for he r knee . lets 01 It 101 cnnsentec to mat.e so la rg e an advance bql)py r I. • • and e .itton between it the " Irish people, , asi',4oo,‘?(/0,• its it me us ;-ipp'ears by own' confession. ..•• • ineanin thereby the rebel association and Its adjunoltS• cc rtain'y 's:; ) , very lilltle for their prodei.ce iu the manaizeutent Ifl relailoo" is i t t p• •1 . ' tti,tri7iffaira, and has astonished eiter.Y . Mali of business under claw yo " . „ e ugh. clew roe, and a , i ,,,, 6 ;au s t,eme o i l if 111,1' 411,h? •.Thwidi !o ct w ..„, „s, that electioneering , frnsit n , ever read more trash than in Its "BOntil loch love of truth, and i nt „ n t l t and the . tee t e,. common sense, eto(l . ,'Mf r ia;termi' nitres '. - ri a t i it*mlliht,littflf 440;(0) ae,,eiits ; . 't hat •'"itireo discernible thanio.,Y !!!' the speaker, are in n6:thing' its ri'EI,(SMOW ..hii.„(•,,l,l,,lp.R.l:epresentation and abuse of t'lihiClit£9(lo,tX/0 erni...iiS!'c'd of debts doe. to the'hatik by its CastoMe`ik ;Cud 4:190.(X111 hank-notee and cash" in ()n the siik•eqm pt iiviiry to which the O'Connell tittered, when boast e d second ap'liCation for'assitince' it.vras astert - ititied ihat'the bodies normal agitatio,,tnen_aking Co'rporate deposits, instead of £240,000, were E 700,000, and that the ad. agitation, the report of his speech dia ( r e "ceful vauces made by, the bank to its customers, instead of £9j)(l,out), wa s not say that, £ 1,300,000, while thecash and notes in possession was not more PROSPECTS OF THE WHIG-RADICAL MINISTRY. (From the British Monitor.) The rump of the Grey administration are at length preparing fora change, just as crvig mayors pack ,up their odds and•ends, as the end of theTr year of glory ap proaches. The party is splitting in all directions , the disgraceful coalition . of R oman C at h o li c , DisSenter,Uni tarian, Deist, and Infidel, is first dissolving ; comment is unnecessary ; the following choice scraps are signs of the times:— - . ( From the True Sun.) •‘ They: (the Tories), wait for ministers to increase their unpopn ,larity . to which they have subjected themselves: and know . well enough that such increased unpopularity is coining, ,Tliey wait for'the ganrene in the Reform Act to do its work in the dimunition of many constituencies already too small for independence : and in the cor ruption of others, already too corrupt: and they know well enough that the favourable opportunity for their machinations is coming." Mighty fine compliment for the Tories,' who we sup pose will feel it deeply, but, nevertheless, it prepares, •" The People" for the fall. But it seems Mr. D. W. 'Harvey, the indefatigable editor, is subject to such at taCkS himself, witness another ministerial print which ac cc ants for the hostility thus. . ( From the Satirist.) wIYTOL" HARVEY'S REASONS FUR EJECTING FROM OFFICRITHE PRIISENT MINISTERS. First,—BeeaUse they have shown an utter disregard of the interests of the country, and a most ignorant contempt for talent and patriot-. ism, by refusing to appoint me one of the charity commissioners. Secondly,—Because they refused to pass an act of Parliament com. polling the benchers to admit me to the bar although I had given abundant evidence of my ample qualifications to advocate the chi canery of special pleading. Thirdly,—Because they have permitted all my speeches in Parlia ment to fall dead-born on the floor of the House, •without expressing the least pain at my withering satire, or pleasure at my unexampled panegyrics. Fourthly,—Because they refused to repeal all the enactments which render it illegal, and provide a punishment for those attorneys who may in their discretiou deem it advantageous and desirable to' retain possession of the papers of their clients, or of any other property unto them belonging, for any length of time, as the said attorneys may think tit and proper. . Fifthly,—Because if the Whigs were ejected from office, a new mi nistry would be sure to come in, and then there would be a chance of my getting/a good place, as a fitting reward for my unprecedented and d6interetted exertions in behalf Of this unhappy kingdom. Without admiring,Mr. Harvey's politics or principles, we are• ready to admit one fact, namely—that if talent could have Secured him a place, he would have had it long 'since; there is no denying that he possesses as muchias the whole ministry put together. Tiin.liollow heattedness of Lord Brougham, another patriot, is thus described. (Flom the Dispatch.) "In the parish of Little Laver, a part of the atrocious Ongar (hun ger) " Union," are two helpless widows, one aged 76, the other up wards of 70. They have not yet been Bastiled for the Whig crime of living longer than they are able to work ; but what do our readers think is the munificent weekly allowance made from the " Union" to these poor old creatures by the despicable agents of the despicable ? Why, just twelve pence a-piece ! Not twopence-farthing day for food, house-rent. fire and clothing ; while, to mend the mar tt.r. both the aged victims need medical aid, and one is bed-ridden. Read ads • Lard Brougham ; then gn and draw your quarter's pensicni, and perpetrate another speech ab ou t th e philosophy of abolishing all compulsory relief fur poor paupers." 77te Champion, too, anothor of " the people's jour nals,!! thus attacks O'Connell : nd when Mr. O'Connell is moved to swagger and h t illy "„i n, le t him recollect that the people of England are now mu c h more on , the defensive against both the Whig Ministry and himself, th an they are on the offensive in conjartiou with him and them. The p eo pl e are en gaged in inquiries and diseumsions concerning the workin g o f the "amended" poor. law, which he and the Whigi praise to the skies, because„,ii4s,a,partial,rflieal of the English poor-lame, and which, he in "Itzt;ny' to say. works well !" They are also engiged in arraying themselves'ag:i hist the projected Whig rural police scheme, of which not one word sit disapprobation hos escaped his lips a large and impor tant part of the people are consulting' and preparing for an appeal to parliament in behalf of the factory slares in the north of England ; and, in all these, the people dr?rul the and him. They have reason. The Whigs and he work together with marvellous harmony, both as to the poor-laws anfl as to the factory slavery ; and he may bully and call names till doomsday, hut he never will see the people follow the advice of a man whose speeches are convincing no one (here,) while the absurdities and inspertinences and falsehoods contained in them,. are irritating and disgusting every body ,who has the patience to wade throuzh them. • THE NORTHERN 'AND CENTRAL BANK AND THE BANK OF ENGLAND. THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. than £lOO,OOO. Of the advances to customers, a great portion are believed to be on the security of its own shares, the rtcovery of which is not to be calm:hit-A on. it is admitted in this account that the discrepancy struck the directors whim) existed between the statement given and the evidence of the London agent be fore the joint-stock bank committee, vet with these and other causes of suspicion, on mere verbal information, they consented to advance had* a million, and have in consequence become en tangled farther with the concern to the extent of es much more at least. The directors, therefore, now standin.this dilemma with the' sound end reflecting men of business in the city—that they were either imprudent beyond ail Conception in the trans action, or that, they had motives for this transaction which are nut yet fully apparent. The plea of generosity and a desire to protect the public wilt not avail them to the 'extent which they imagine; and they very well know, that if the winding-up, as it is not unlikely to do, should leave them with a very' large defi cit, the assigning of such a motive would bc'very coldly received at the next court. of proprietors. Any man who is aware of the nature ofpublic bodies will say, that they, never are nor can be actuated by any such motives. The directors appear them selves to he already sensible of the consequences that may attend 'this step; they betray fears that, having established the prece dent in assisting this - bank, they will be compelled to go on; and they declaim loudly, at the same time, against the general rottenness of the joint-stock bank system. the propping up of which they now apprehend must fall upon them. In fact, it is evident that they are now convinced that, being placed between a choice of evils, they have selected the worse of the two. The disclosures which will be made of the management of the North ern Bank In the comae of the inquiry which has just begun are Very eagerly looked for. .It.is.now said that the managers, in the interval between the first and Second application to . the Bank of England, have sold four of the branches. This of itself Was an infraCtion of the original contract; that a falling con cern should find purchasets is, however, by no means new •in banking affairs.—Times. A POPULAR COURSE OF CHEMISTRY, AT THE MECHANICS' INSTITUTION. LECTURE XII. On Saturday evening Hemming delivered the last of his interesting lectures, at the conclusion of which he was - greeted with the warmest applause by his numerous audience. We have- to consider in this lecture the two metals. copper end lead,' for the production of which 'England is highly and justly celebrated. 'Copper has been found no where in a state of greater purity than in Great Britain, in the counties of Corn wall and A tiglesea ; vet .200 years ago copper pyrites, from which the greatest portion of the metal is now obtained, was throWn away by , the miners in their search after tin, for the art of reducing it to metallic copper does not appear to have been knowo. ind'eed,•copper and iron, as previously stated, are the most difficult of all the metals to reduce to the metallic state. It will be remembered that it has been mentioned, that in for mer times, before 'the art of reducing iron was kn own , a ll weapons and implements were made of an alloy of impure copper and tin. More that' '2OO years ago tin was exported to Rome for the purpose of manufacturing this alloy. Indeed, so great was the export, that it is supposed that island acquired its appellation of Britain from this circumstance—" Brach tan," meaning the laud of tin. In South America large masses of copper are found looking like meteoric iron, which are supposed of meteoric origin. end contain nickel. Indeed, masses of iron have been found in the ground which lead us to suppose that they have been deposited there in a fluid state, as the prints of cattle feet are found plainly marked upon their lower surfaces. Copper is found in all parts of the world, but no where more abundant than in Cornwall and Anglesea. It is found in small quantities in • the Isle of Man, and an island near Guernsey. Altnest'all the copper ore found in Cornwall is sent to Swausea to be reduced, fur this 'reason, it will take three tons of coals to reduce one ton of copper.. It- is therefore more economical tp export one ten of copper to Swansea, than it would be to import three tons-of coal to Ceruwall. Different portiers of a . copper mine are let Out- by the proprietors to certain s itoliyiduals, and they engage to get the ore at so much per cent. upon the value of the metallic ore.• This takes place periodically, perhaps weekly, monthly, or so on, The miner 'then provides his own men .to procure i:. The first step is to bore the •rock, and then to ram the hole full of gunpowder. This being done, a small piece of touch paper is insertsd; prepared by immersing paper in a solution of saltpetre, and carefully drying it. When one end of this paper is ignited, the fire slowly traverses to the other end, hail meeting with the gunpowder, it produces an ex plosion. This show - ignition of the touch , mice enables the miner to escape from the danger before this explosion takes place. But it Must be acknowledged that this is a vulgar and unscientific process of blasting, as the .fire sometimes travels faster than the miner anticipates, and endangers ,his • life. A better mode is frequently adopted e : a small hollow r o p e covere d with tar is filled with wet povrder, which burns like a boy's and as a foot of this will burn in a minute, tne millet is enabled to escape with certainty. The miner .extracts the ore loosened by the explosion el the gunpciwder by Means of a pickaxe, and brings it to the surface of the •earthin baskets or buckets, which are hoisted up by machinery. The use is then beaten into smallpieces, after this it is reduced to the state of coarse powder, as most of . the metalliC ores. This is still done in some parts, by means of stainpers or by ham mers; but in Cornwall they have three pairs of steel or case-hardened e rollers. revolving in contrary directions, one pair, placed above the other. The Ore, is iu. the first place passed ,between the first pair, and in passing through be comes crushed and reduced in size ; it then passes between the second pair of rollers, and is still . further reduced in size; the third pair of rollers are placed still closer together, so that the ore in passing between them is reduced to. time state of a coarse powder. The next 'process is that of washing, to seoarate sili emits and earthy matter, some of which ere.eiseful tore certain extentenreduciog the ore. These siliceous particles areeriepa rated orean inclined plane by allowing a stream of water to pass slowly, over the ore. ,These inipuritiee are much lighter than the powdered metal, and, therefore, are washed away, while the ;heavier metal remains, and is removed from time to ',time. §otneliines the process of jigging has been reshrtect to. It coo srists in placing the powdered ore in sieves, and shaking it ,in :them :beneath the surface of the water.• By this means the heavier particles of metal either pass through the meshes of the wire or rest upon them whilst the lighter siliCeous matter is scraped off the surface of the copper ore and removed. This operation used to be performed by women, who stood up to their knees in water in seasonable weather, whilst engaged in it. There is a. much better mode than this ,now adopted in Cornwall. A large tank is so contrived, that by the action of a plunger the water alternately rises and falls through large sieves in the corner . of the tank, by which me a n s th e h eav i er particles of metal ar e enabled to gravitate as in the former in stance, and the - lighter ones to rise to the surface. The differ ent samples of ore are then collected together end assayed. The miner has one portiori, and Lie owner of the mine another, out of which the miner pays a certain percentage for the cost•of the candlee,)the gunpowder, and other mining requisites. The ore is sent to Swansea to be reduced, and here comes the most diffi cult part of the whole, which makes it a wonder that copper was not reduced to a state of purity in former times. The copper' is first roasted to deprive it ()fits arsenic and sulphur. This opera tion of roasting is commonly performed in a reverberatory fur nace, and in most cases the arsenic and sulphur are deposited upon the surrounding couutry, which it quickly renders infer tile. In some places, however, the fumes ofsulphur and arsenic are condeused in a chamber. The sulphur thus obtained is sometimes used in the manufacture of sulphuric acid. After this process of roasting, the process of reduction commences. It is mixed with large . quantities of coal, and heated intensely in a reverberatory furnace. It is brought to a state of fusion, when the silica contained in the ore combines with oxide of iron and forms silicate of iron. This combines with various oilier impurities in the ore and floats upon the top of the melted metal. The upper portion of the furnace is' then tapped, and the melted slag is run out into moulds, and it forms a very good inatettal for building, far superior to any stone or brick we are acquainted with. The metal is then run out into water, where it is granulated into irregular _grains.. These are, then taken out of the tank of water and 'submitted to a similar process of fusion, from which the slag is again separated. This process is repeated several times—sometimes eight, until the iron and silictiere almost entirely separated. • After this, whew the work man considers that-it• is sufficiently pure, it is cast into pigs, which 'ere broken and roasted, and then it is ready to be refined. Then begins the process of refining the copper; small quanti ties of iron• And sm a ll quantit ies o f su lph ur an d o f oxygen being still combined with it. To separate these it is brought into a state of fusion with charcoal, and kept covered with charcoal. Atter a time a small sample of it is taken out by a ladle fur the purpose of enabling the workman to judge if it is suffi ciently purified. If this breaks when cold with a silky frac ture, and is somewhat soft, it is considered good. If it is pretty ductile it is fit for the last operation called polling, the rationale of which we are not to this day able to account for. This is performed by introducing into the. molten metal a• birch Pole, and continually stirring it about. This excite. consider s able effervesence, and of course a short time the external portion of the birch pole becomes coated with charcoal. Whether the potaesinin is liberated and converted into an alloy with the metal or not we de not know. The copper. is not tnalleable without the polling, and if it be pulled too much it again be comes brittle, and is again obliged to be heated with ch arcoa l, and then polled again. Wheu the copper is thus refined it is cast into moulds or cakes as required. In Anglesea the copper pyrites centeins se miich sulphur that when ignited in a pow tiered • state it has continued burning for six mouths at a time. In this island a vein richer than any in the world was fuund,imeasuring 70 feet in thickness, out of which 20,000 tons of copper have been raised in one-year. There is this advan tage attending the chemical coinhination of copper and sulphur that they will continue burning together for a long time ; even if placed in vacuum or in au atmosphere of carbonic gas, `which will only admit of the burning of that remarkable. metal, potaseSurn. Is is said that In AitgleeeaethlS ilperetieu hAsebeetiel carried tom for six months together: and the copper thereffire his been in a much better state fur the subsequent procAses of re duction and purification. When thus reduced, copper is a metal of a brilliant red co lour, and the brilliancy of the culour is improved by plunging it when hot non water. It loses its brilliancy wholly by ex. posure to the atmosphere in eonsequenne of combining with ox ygen and carbonic acid. forming on its surface,a crust of car bonate of copper. If we heat the copper to redness in atmos pheric air, the surface of it will be covered with pure oxide of copper; when thus reduced to the metallic state copper is a vert malleable and ductile metal. It May he reduced to leaves, tle• l-100,000"ot au inch in thickness. kis a difficult metal to melt, and also to burn it. .It will melt. at 2,000 degrees, or burn by a current of oxygen gas. All the salts of copper, if we cen burn them, •will exhibit a green flame. If for example we take a lit- Ile of the nitrate of copper, and pour it upon a sponge slipped in alcohol the flame will appear of a green colour. Indeed. in the analysis of ores wo may consider thet copper is present when this peculiar flame is observed, for there are very few of the metals that will present a similar appearance. We appear to have two oxides of copper, respecting which there is touch dif ficulty. The protoxide may be got by heating copper to redness and plunging it into cold water, when the scales which will fall off will be the protoxide. We may also make it by dissolving It was supposed to copper in nitric acid, precipitating by an alkali, and heating the er and two of precipitate to redness. It appears to be combined with one • equivalent n o n f i c i o n p n p o e f r o a n n e d e o g n u e i va o l f en o t x o y i g t e o n i . v klings, in. boiling oxy gen, but this is mot found• to he a peroxide, but a protoxide. ful :in attraction for. There is an oxide differing-from this compound which may be k ''' ' )l ti P e " iirotoxiil e is valu itthad e withbys ü b g e: r t beating ( t i l t l i e i yeg o s,s x iel i ,'powerful j ( oxygen that it is impossib le to,expose it to the atinesphere with nut the combines able because it. forms the base of all the' salts of - eirese.r. The most valuable of the salts of copper are the sulphate and the nitrate. .The sulphate is found in very great abundance in some mines; being caused by the action of the air and w ater ,utrilluolthtehe"a"i'rPael'oll"'iittee'r. If these pyrites toe exp ose d to the the mu Iphur emn bi,,, with the ox. yeen.of thei and the water, forming eulphuric acid amid th e celiner with the °Nygr g, ,en forminopper, when,, the sol i phliiie apt 4 dissolves the o kid,,of copper, at,' limns selpheret cooper which remains-id kolution.; • Many itt• our (111UVS, especi alit' in island ofo 4.oll,tiettet , o,• Con to ; ies sulphatieel (-tippet ieseitekrfeisilUtion. the weter at 0.4 bettem ,of thesmio Pt: bein g deeellyTidirs'ired troll The ne e 'sod value if. this ,seeiniabeappeaes Alteriseefsieen (11.; t :eve t pd 4y, ;ate dent, in the mines of Wicklnw, the- •eator,fistue,wie re , a ,„ formerly pumped sway as valueless. It nappened by acc id ent that an Irish tabourer left hie Spade in a paddle of w ater . an d found to his great astowshinent, on his return, that the iron spade was covered with a film of copper. The Irish inan, - whPn he saw this metainorphesis, thought that the faries had turoeo his spade into gold. 'This excited attention, and it was found that any piece of bright iron thrown flit 0 the water would attract copper. After this, pieces of scrap iron were thrown into the aster to precipitate the etyper, and it is said that the copper obtained by lois mode, exceeded in value that extracted from the ore. Saphate and nitrate Of copper are employed in the compasition of many of our. pigments. There is a remarkable I peculiarity about nitrate of copper, winch appaars capable of a simple and satisfactory explanation. If we take pure nitrate of copper reduced to powder, and fold it up in tin Aid, no action willtake place. but if water be previously sprinkled upon it, a singular effect will be produced. The water will in a few minutes boil, and minute sparks of fire will be ejected froth . , the extremity -of the coil. Our tests for the • detection of copper are very fewin number, but very satisfactory. They are solu tions of Ferro-cyanuret of potassium, which gives a rich churn late precipitate, and of ammonia, which yeilds a blue precipi late. Either of these will indicate very minute quantities of copper in solution. • We have many very valuable alloys of copper, perhaps the best known are brass, bell metal, and gun metal. It will be remembered that it was stated in a former lecture, in eary times the' alloy called brass was not the brass of modern times, but it was an impure copper, alloyed with tin, which formed a very durable and hard alloy. In the scriptures, brass is described as being exceedingly hard, aonorous, and durable. Now copper is by means sonorous, having very little elasticity, nor is it hard or comparatively durable. Brass in modern times is made of an alloy of pure copper, and pure Zinc. It is true that in Rome, brass was made by an admixture of impure copper,' with the, earth called cadmium, which we call calamine, an impure ore of zinc. In this country brass is sometimes made by mixing the impure ore of zinc with pure copper and charcoal. Bell metal contains tin, and zinc mixed with copper. Gun metal is called brass, but Wass' is too brittle for such a purpose. It is an admixture of copper and tin in the proportion of 9 parts of copper to 1 of tin. Copper utensils, for•doinestic parposps, are dangerous, when acids are introduced nto them, to prevent this, it is usual to tiu the interior surface Of such vessels. The operation , of tinning is very simple. The copper is rubbed' over with a solution of muriate am- . znonia, (sal-ammoniac) after which it is. heated and rubbed over with pitch. The utensil is then brought to the temperature of melting tin, and rubbed over with block tin, when the tin ad heres to the copper, and the pit c h ren d ers it of an uniform thick ness. Now, although this coating of tin is exceedingly super ficial, it is sufficient to prevent any action of the acid upon the copper. . _ Lead, as well as copper; is found in most parts of the world. Lead and copper are found mineraiivd with almost every other mineralizing agent. Lead has seldom or ever been found in its native metallic state. It is generally found as a suiphuret of lead—a compound, as its name impaes, of lead and sulphur. Now we have perh ips as valuable lead mines in Great Britain as in any part of the world, and the mode of reducing the mineral in this country is equal to any known. The ore is reduced to the state of powder, and washed in- the usual manner, and then roasted, to drive 'Off fhe arsenic and the Sulphur. Lime and carbonaceous matter are contained in the furnace with the sul phuret of lead, and assist its fusion. The sulphur unites with the lime, forming sulphate of lime, and the oxygen with the carbon, forming carbonic acid ; whilst the pure metal sinks to the bottom, and is run into moulds in the form of pigs and thick sheets. Lead is one of the softest of all metals; it is softerthan all of them, with the exception of the newly.aiscovered bases to the alkalies and earths. It-is a very malleable, but not a very ductile one. In this it differs from copper, which is very ductile as welt as malleable. It melts attbe temperature 0f590 degrees. lt,has much metallic lustre, but this is soon lost by its conabin iag with the sulphuretted hydrogen of the atmosphere. It is said that in England alone we reduce about 48,000 tons of lead. annually. By exposure to heat, two oxides of lead may be formed. Some persons suppose that we have three oxides. By exposing melted lead to the action of the atmosphere it 'will be covered almost immediately with a blue film. '[his blue filtn, if. iaked off; forms the protoxide or massicot of commerce. This is made in.largequantities, in the reduction of the galena ores, when it is wished to extract the silver front the lead. In ,{his case the silver is extracted by heating it inteusely, until all the lead is converted into what is'called - dross, or the protoxide. In this way, the operation is continued of raking off the oxidatirin until we have nothing left but a button of silver. This mode of re ducing lead is mentioned by Jeremiah and Ezekiel. In one part of Ezekiel he says " The House of Israel is to me become dross; for they are brass, and tin, and lead, in the midst of the furnace; they are even the dross of silver." Jeremiah says . , "'The bellows are burnt, the lead - is consumed of the fire, the founder melteth in vain, for the wicked are tint plucked - away. Reprobate silver shall men call them, becatise the Lord has rejected them." Now these minute descriptions of the process indicate very clearly that they adopted the same process of se parating the silver trim tha lead that we now practise. If we expose the protoxide to heat- for 48 hours - longer, we get the red lead of commerce. According to Some his not a peroxide of lead, but merely a mixture of theprotoxide and per aide of lead, for if we dissolve souse of it in nitric acid, we•shall haYe a blackish substance, which is protoxide of lead. - We h a ve prot oxide of lead in a state of solution,-and peroxide of lead precipi tates. According to some chemists, this is a sesquioxide of lead, and, according to others,,merely A mixture of the protoxide and peroxide of-lead.- Now we may easily separate the oxygen from the protoxide of lead, or from the peroxide, by heating it with a carbonacemis substance to combine with' the oxygen. If we heat a. little of either, on a piece of charcoal, by means of the blowpipe, we may reduce them to the -metallic state again. Nitric acid will dissolve lead very readily; it mixed with four times its weight or. water. We then have the nitrate of lead, but it is less commonly employed than theacetate of lead (sugar of lead.) 'The acetate of lead is made by diSsolving lead in acetic or pyroligneoua- acid. It is very extensively used in the dyeiug and colourin g processes. We have. 'a sub-acetate of lead, called Gourd's Extract, which is emplOyed in Medicine. Sugar- of lead fs used as a styptic, and applied externally to weunds, bruises, Stc. It was formerly supposed that sugar of lead was a deadly poison ; and, as we know that wine-mereliants . Use it very often in the adulteration of wines,,it became ari tin-' portant question to ascertain all•the ,- facts :connected' with its poisonous- attributes. According to some recent experiments, it does not appearto be poisonousif not taken into the stomach as a carbonate, or with something which will make a carbonate of lead.- But as, when a solution of sugar of lead is allowed to stand exposed to the atmosphere, a film of carbonate of lead will be formed on its surface, so in like manner the carbonic acrid of the stomach will convert a portion of it into a carbonate of lead, which is a deadly poison. If, however, the acetate of lead be administeied to animals combined with vinegar, it may he taken with' impunity. The animals appear to be little or not at all affected by it. The chlorides of lead are of very little use , the patent yellow pigment being now superseded-by chrome yellow. Sulphuric acid acts very feebly on lead; but when concentrated and in a boiling state, it will rapidly act upon it; yet it appears a little singular that this acid will abstract lead from any of its combinations. If we add a solution oflead to water, it will be come rather turbid; but if we add sulphuric acid, a dense white precipitate of sulphate of lead will be formed. As Collateral tests of the presence of lead, hydriodate of potass, chromate of pot ass, and sulphuretted kydrogen are frequently used. The two former give precipitates .of a yellow colour, and tile lattir of a black. Indeed, so delicate a test is suipkureited hydrogen, that if a piece of paper be dipped into a solution of lead, and exposed I to the fumes of the sulphuretted hydrogen, the paper will be turned to a deep black colour. it has been used as a sympa thetic ink for this reason. T here is only one o bj ect i on to its use—the intolerable smell of sulphuretted hydiogen. We may also precipitate lead by means a. a more oxydable metal;' thus, if a piece of zinc he suspended in a strong solution of lead, what. is called a zinc tree will he formed, which in reality is nothing more than the precipitatien of the lead 'by the zinc. In order to give the tree a good appearance, the solution .of lead Should be filtered before the zinc is introduced. The usgs of metallic lead are too well known to require enumeration. It was used by the Romans in the state of sheets to sheathe the bottom 4 of their ships. Sir Humphrey Davy introduced some nxidable metal for the purpose of protecting the copper with which we now sheathe our ships against the action of sea water. The cop per was protected, but the ship came home very foul in conse quence of the barnacles and sea-weed which attached to its bottom, by which the sailing of the vessel was much retarded. It is found, however, that, it the copper be partially protected, this effect of the adherence of the barnacles and sea-weed will not. take place. Indeed an alloy of copper and zinc has been made for this purpose. Sheets of lead are manufactured by pth ting thick plates,of lead between powerful toilers. The art of rolling pipes has been much improved of late years. Formerly all pipes were soldered up ; subsequently the lead was cast into a larger pipe, three feet long.-and drawn out into finer pipes. The melted lead is now forced through a hole provided with a sort of triblef into a pipe of any required length ; and no further operation is necessary. We now find that the lead pipe coated with finis exceedingly valuable, and it is now beginning to be extensively employed, notwithstanding the prejudice of the plumbers against it on account of its durability.. , Mr. Hemming then concluded by thanking the audience for the patience and attention with which they had heard him. He feared that his course had not been so interesting as a course on elementary chemistry might have been, In terminating this course of delightful lectures, the, reports of whirl] our readers will have read with pleasure. not Withstan ding the absence of the interesting experintents with which they - .were illustiated by the talented lecturer, we think it an appro priate occasion to recommend to mil of our operative friends as may be desirous of following up, the instructive science of chemistry, an eaeellent little work upon the subject pulished -by Dr. acid of Edinburgh, at. the low price of one shillin g and . fourpence, which is one of the best elementary treatises we have met . with. It nut} be had of Mr. Clay, chemist, Bold sti eet, as well as the various chemical materials required to per form an infinite number of cheinicel experiments. -To B tt,i) PEi;f;J.k.:---e" French brandy, _dissolved with sul phate7iifigipPer:" slys a'.New York paler. " applied once a day will make your hail grow." To this a Philadelphia paper adds, " and if the hair should grow too abundantly, take a quart of . French brandy a day, with a little sugar and nutmeg, audit will come off again. Thus. brandy for your baldness and brandy for abundant hair."- . ---Americaa paper. • The assertion of Sir Humphrey Davy that no species of plan t will vegetate downwards, has lately been contradicted by - an ex periment made by Messrs. LoCkl;trt and Co., florists, Cheap sick, in a Narcissus, the bulb of which is placed in a large glass vase filled With water. 'lie Narcissus is' now on the point of coining into flower downwards, a large pod of bloom and seve ral long leaves being already visible in the water. DISCOVERY OF .AN ISLAND.—The Geographical. Society has received the following communication from Captain Derienrs, concerning the discovery of an island :--7" December .27, 1835, having .entered into the dangerous clus.ter of the Society isle , observed the isle of Gambier, and being on my way to flood's isle, at ten o'clock, a.m., when still on the south of that isle, and making way towards the west, the sailor on the look-out cried 'Land on. the larboard bJw!' at which I was astonished, as none of .my maps noted any land in that direction, at least . at that distance. I steered towards it, and at two o'clock was within two miles. !I-:observed that it was a low•island, about twelve miles in extent, rather woody in the middle, with its south and north-west extremities bordered with cocoa trees. I was not able to discover any traces of inhabitants, or any vessels on its coasts. Its position is .21. deg. 39. min. south lalitude.at its most northern point; the longitude of the middle 138 deg. Umin. west;. we do not think it-bears any name."—Phare.de Dieppe. . . • LERCHES.—A French physician prescribed the application.of fetches to a patient, and soon afterwards visited the sick.mahrs domicile, when the following colloqu , ;• took - place with hiS•wife '" Well, my good woman, how is yruir husband to-day ?" " Bet ter, no doubt." "I thought so," continued M. le Docie ur , ".the leeches have cured him! Wouderfril effect they have! You got the leeches af course." " ves, Monsieur le Doc tear, they did him a deal of good, thoiigh he could not take them all." "Take them all. • Why. my good woman,. bow did von apply them ?" "Oh. I managed •llieely , " said the wife, goiTe contented with herself. 6- For variety's sake, I boiled one-halt, and wade a fry of the other. The first he got down very welt, but the s,roncrmade hint very sick,. .But what lie took WilS (pits euolot , h," C onri, me d She. Wremg some h orror in the doctor's countenance, " for be was better the next dav, and to-day he is quite '' tlh ! " said the doctor.' with a swpiblitslti:kil that s sta , .icient:4.lkurdhity Tho wowsu That she v, so next lime; :Jl4l ao,,ht leSs, if ever fate thi•oss a score of unfortun:“e Ireyhe into her power again, she will make a i:oultice of them. NEW FABLE OF THE WOLF AND THE LAMB, (From the Speech of Dr. ettuke, at the Be Festival.) The gentry remind use of the well-kown fable of the shep. herds, the bops, lee wide and the sheep. Ouce on a time—When you call discover yourselves—a goodly flock of sheep and lambs were grazing in a meadow ; they beiengea to careful seepherds, who tended theta by day, and by wateutul s, who guar ded them by night. In a neighb o urin g mounta i n triere liveu a park 01 gaunt and hungry wolves, and they used to approach the shee t ,, and look at them till their, teeth watered, and louget:t to be picking their bones. .(Hear.) liut . their lunging was ail in vain. dome were killed by &he shepherus, and others worried by the dogs, and not a pick of mutton could be gut in all Wulf land, whether fat love or money. (Hear, hear.) .At last, one old politic Wolf, with a very long tail—(hear, and a laugh) resolved, fur the love he bate to Wolf-laud and himself—(hear, hear)—to attempt a conciliation with the sheep. lie, accord• ingly, put on a look as innocent,as any lamb, and whispered, in a voice as sweet as any Miss in her teens, and addressing himself to one of. theta in Irish. (Hear, and a laugh.) I •tot got to tell you-he was an Irish wo lf, 40 3 therefore, entitled to use his native tongue. Welt; as I told you, addressing himself to her in Irish, " Allah Sacuarnha Peetish," says he, come to put the cumehither upon you, and settle a perpetual league, defensive and offensive, between you and our family. The flock, I should have told you, belonged tolarmer Williams—(hear, hear)—and he was accustomed to mark their sides with three orange. streaks—(immense cheering) -,--to distinguish them from his neighbour Peter's, who usually tied a ribbon around the necks of his flock. (Hear, hear.) Well, the poor sheep seeing the wolf look so innocent, and hearing it whisper so low, could not, in civility, refuse to hold a palaver through the rails of the fold.. ." Cashla Machree" 7 - : (4. laugh) —says the wolf, theree nothing on earth I wish so much as intercourse between our families: and to prove my sincerity, I am ready to go .down on iny knees and pray for your co-operation ,in some Important projects for our common benefit. And what may these projects he? say. 4 the sheep. Why, then, says the wolf, do but consider the dogs; they are ravenous, noisy animals; . they. eat half yeur meat, and won't allow you your natural rest through the night with their barking. illas/ra—(a laugh)—meny's .the time 11' wished their noisy throats were cut. (Great cheering and laughter.) Then, as for the shepherds, see bow they drive you out and close you in, so that we can seldom get time to en joy, a dish of discourse with one ituother—a laugh)—then ' they confine you in what field they think .proper, without rhyme or reason ; and, after All their • insults and injustices, they sheer your fleece and make eoats of it. Agrah, let me feel your wool. Put a good judge of these things. I was.bred in soy youth to the fleecing business, and now, jewel, the fleecing bu 7 siness is bread (kat to me. (Hear, hear, and a laugh.) But surely, replied the sheep, your family have done, and are still disposed to do, injulies to ours. Don't you say a sheep must never bleat, but howl; and is it not one of your laws, that none of our family should be allowed to live above a twelvemonth ? Ay, ay, that, agrah, says the wolf, was the law in the old times; and the law, I must acknowledge, can never. change; but the wolves themselves are-changed altogether entirely. (Hear, and a laugh.) But have you not still very dangerous tusks and talons? added.the sheep. Look now, said the wolf, open ing his mouth from ear to ear; look into mylitouth and you will see I have been with the dentist, and he has extracted my dog-tusks, and filed my whole mouth as smooth and flat as the grinders of a horse in his seventh year. Put in your pretty lit tle foot now and feel how smooth they are—(a laugh)- 7 and as for the nails that yeti have heard so much about, why they're as small and as harmless as the toes of a Itobin Redbreast! (Hear, hear, and a laugh.) Your words, replied the sheep, are very fair, but still I'm afraid to trust you. Oh! I can soon set tle- that point, said the-wolf, for as you doubt my honest word, I'll give you ins' book oath. (Hear, nide laugh.) .That's quite a new view of the matter, added the sheep, su let me hear what you will swear. Then, said the wolf, , . " I do swear that T will , to the utmost of my power, defend the settlement of property in this.' meadow;' es by law (' of this sheepfold established. I sdleninly dis Claim, disavow, and ab jure any intention of. subverting the established right of entry to the lamb's paddock.' And 1 swear that I will never use any privilege 1 am, or may be posSessed of, to weaken the kin's health,' or disturb their' paternal and maternal' govern ment." And then, said he, laving his paw upon his breast,," all this, in the common and ordinary acceptation of the words, withbitt equivocation or mental res,rvatiou—all this I sWear upon the honour of a wolf." (Hear, hear, and loud laughter) Upon this compact it is recorded, in the annals of Sheep-land, the shepherds were turned off, and the dogs were muzzled, the sh ee p were alloWed one meal a-day, the wolVes appropriated—(hear) —the remainder to the purposes of the general and conjoint education of the two familiei; but before the end of the year the lambs were all devoured, not in breach of any part itf the contract,, for the wolves observed it to the letter; by order of the chief physician, who discovered that lamb's flesh was the most nourishing food for the stomach of a famished wolf! CONSUMPTION OF ANIMAL FOOD IN O N SAT BRITAIN.—'I he change that has taken place during the last half century, in the consumption of butcher's meat, is still more extraordinary than that which has taken place its the consumption of corn.. The quantity made use of has been wond er fully in c r ea s e d, and its quality signally improved. From 1740 to about 1750, the popu lation of the metropolis fluctuated very little; amounting, during the whole of that 'period, to about 670,000 nr.,675,000. Now, during the ten y'ea's ending with 1730, there were,,at an average about 74,000 head of cattle, and about 570,000 head of sheep sold Annually in Smithfield market. Its 1831 the population had increased to 1,472,000, or in the ratio ahout 218 per Cent: - and at air average of the three years ending with 1831, 156,041 head of cattle, and 1,238.000 head of:Sheep were annually sold at -Smithfield ; being an increase of 212 per cent: on the cattle, and of 217 per cent. on the sheep, - as compared with the Putn •bers sold in 1740 —5O. It consequently appeals that the number of cattle and sheep consumed iu Londou has increased, since 1740, about in the same proportion as the population. The weight of the animals, has, ,however, a good deal more than doubled in the interval. In the earlier part of bit century the gross weight of the cattle sold at Smithfield did 'not, at an average, exceed 3701b5.; and, that of the sheep did not exceed 281b5.; wheieas, at present, the average weight of the cattle is estimated at about 8001bs., and that of the sheep at about 801b4. Hence, on the most moderate computation, it may ,be affirmed that the consumption ;of butcher's meat in the metropolis, as compared with the population, is twice as great it thii menient as in 1740 or 1750. * • The demand for hatcher's 'meat in Scotland has increased in the most extraordinary Manner. So late as 1763, the slaughter of bullocks fur the supply of the pith lie market was a thing wholly unknown even, in Glaigow, thotigh the city had then a population of nearly 30.000 ! Pre viously to 1775, or perhaps later, it was customary in Edin burgh, Plasgow, and the principal Scotch towns, for familieS 'to purchase, in .November, what would now be reckoned a small miserable, half fed cow or OK, the salted carcase of which was the only butcher's meat they tasted throughout the year. In the smaller towns and country districts this practice prevailed till the present century. but it is now almost everywhere aban doned. The consumption of butcher's meat in Glasgow, As compared with the population, does not at present • differ mate rially from that of the metropolis. We do not, indeed, believe that the command of the people of any country over food and all sorts of conveniences ever increased. in any equal period, half so rapidly as that of the people of Scotland has done since 1770.—M Culloch's Statistical Account of the British Empire. PRICES OF SHARES. LIVERPOOL DEC. 29 1836. Last Prices This day RAILWAYS, B:6'. Per Share. Per Share. Bolton and Leigh £lon paidX 61 0 0 ....£ Bolton and Preston 3 .... 6 5 0 .... Birmingham and. Gloucester .l ~..,. , 0 5 it .... 9 5 0, • Ditto and Derby 5• • • 717 6 .... Birkenheadand Chester 2 ~.. 2 5 0 ... Cheltenham :md Tring 5 .:-.. 3 2 6 .... Dublin and Drogheda. 5 3 0 0 .... Dublin and Kilkenny 2 lOs 1 10 0 .... Eastern Counties ..... .. Edinburgh and Glasgow told) ... • 2 ~.. 4 7 6 .... Ditto . ditto (new) Ditto" ' Leith and Newhaven 3 .... . 3 0 0 ..... Glasgow, Paisley, and Greenock , 1 .... • 2 .0 0 .... Grand Junetion .. . , 7a .... 158 0..0 .... 150 0 o Great Western Grand Connectinn (Worcester).— ' 2 1.09 2 10 0 .... KenyOn and' Leigh.... .. ...... 100 .... 120 0 0 .... Liverpool and Marcliester 100 .... 219 o 0 .... Ditto , quarter-shares ' 25 .... 52 .19 0 .... Ditto half shares ... 46 0 0 .... London and Birmingham 7O .... 140 -0 0 .... 140 10 0 Ditto. and Southampton 3O •• • • 21 0 0 .... Ditto & Bright-in (Stephenson's) 5 .... 57 6 .... Leeds and Manchester ' 's •••• 'l2 o 0 .... Leicester and Swannington '• 'go .... 68 0 0 .... Manchester, Bolton, & Bury 4 ' 4 •• • • 67 10 0 .... Manchester. & Cheshire Junction :5 .... 60 0 .... Manchester South Union.... 2 . 4 2 6 .... Midland Counties sa- • • • 3 5 0 .... North Midland lO •••• 14 5 0 .... 14 15 0 North Union , 7 ° ••••' 59 10 .... Newcastle and Carlisle 100 • 101 0 o .... .Ditto quarter shares South Eastern 2•• • . 3 0 0 .... St. Helen's and Runcorn Gap.. lOO .... 35 0 4 . . Warrington and Newton.. lOO .... 179 0 0 .... Ulster ' 3 •• - • 215 0 .... Hull and Selby 5 ... 4 5 0 .... South Eastern & Brighton... . • BANKS. Bank of Liv0rp001...... ~ . . ..£ 10 paid !+5 7 6 .... Commercial of Liverpool 10 ~.. 20 7 6 .... Liverpool Union Royal of Liverpool ....250•.... 250 0 0 .... Northern and Central ... .1 i .... 7 7 6 ... 617 6 Tradesman's 5 4 17 6 .... • 'United Trades' ili , to lO .... 10 15 0 .... North and South Wales.. 5,..... 4 41 , 1 • • . • --- 05, Manchester ... ..".. -10 l3 15 0 ..• ..• . • 111 'ellesti- &L' pool' DS'et 15 ."... ~. 21 570 ....' ' South Latcashire 5 .... 411 0 .... Borough Bank 's . TO' 16.. .. Com nier , •ial Bank of England 5 . 55 0 .... East of England..., 7 lOs 8 10 0 .... , = '' GAS; WATER WORKS; &c. Exchange Buildings . • -£lOO paid 171 0 0 .... 173 0 3 L'pool'& Harrington Water W ork s 200 .... 472 1 s 0 •• • • Bootle Ditto Stock . .. . 3 2 6 d 6 •• • • , . . Liverpool Goal (Ass Company.. Stock L'nool New Gas & Coke Co,. ..XlOO .... 195 0 " .... , Ditto New Shares - 70 . 153 0 0 .... . 1 ASSURANCE COMPANIES. Liverpool Marine' Assurance C0..£25 paid - 'l7 15 0 .... Ocean Assiirlince Company. .. 10 Liverpool Fire and Life' Assurance 2 10s 2 17 6 .... Maneliester Assurance Company. 111 .... • .• •• 'DOCKS. FERRIES, NEW COMPANIES. Sac Harrington Dock £3O paid 20 0 0 .... Anderton .Carrying Company .lO .... 10 2 6 .... Woodside Ferry l7 lOs 26 10 0.. .. Bock Ferry l5 .... 9 15 0 . Nfonk's Ferry Egremont Fern% Steam "lug Company .. 3 .... 2 10 0 .... Apothecaries' Compa i ,y 2 .... 2 5 0 .... • London Canutchouc Company 2 .... 210 0 .... LIVI:RPOOL INFIRMARY ItEPORT, From the nd of Decemtier, to the 2911 t, DecenOir, 1838. lIPICIT 1 RM.! D. A DMITTTID. In-patients g ured . ... . ....... . I% I In-patients Relieved and at owtt requost .. 8 1 Out-patielits I N r l r r e l g e n O la t r it-patients , ....... •,, Casual during tI. P. :11 - I.fi '• • - Dead .- , , 3 1 I t i t h e r m l ; a ti s ii t , l i i - , e t et t. S h D o , ; s '... ~.. . .. .. 2104 Consulting . Surgeon„ Mr. rorslaw. House Visitors—Mr. Lawrence and Mr. Sly. Cintplain, the Rev. R. Davies.—House Surgeon, Mr. J. Asheroft. LOCK HOSPITAL. Admittod l5 1 In the Hospital ...... 47 I Diehargeil 9 LIVIHWOOL TIDE TABLE. /My, lfrn.:i Ern. IL I 11. M. F. T. TtiPsd,r 128 1 I ' l 114 6J St John W , (loekday..2B r 2 5 i 223 14 1 Innocents' Day 29 245 3 6 'l3 6 Length of night 16h 34 m rnda, 3 ; 3 :2 9 353 12 11 S in , Perigee Ilh ion B. , torilnw. 31 419 448 12 7 silvester F ;INi) V, Jan 1 5 2 , 1 553 12 6 Circumcision Monday 2 627 J 7 1 12 11 Saturn in conj with Moon DEc. , 36, 1836 Imports. EG ) Rapid, (77 fd. (tefilloy. fin Alexatutria. EL:vpt, with 39.:t hales ba4s st•t•d, I box t•onts unkn, Order—t: Dk BR HUH AMERICA. 545) Rtistind, fm with 435 pg pine and 24 ps oak timl,4l, 24, c 27 staves, Gibbs, Brig4it and co—B llk EU HOPE. ---•• btatella. (210) Ritchie, fm St Petersburg, with 253 casks tallow. 6 bales kina.lass. I case maccaroni, 1 case manna.croop, 1 case bullock's bingo..., 1 bale buck wbeat, 9 ankers cranberries, I atiker honey. lI Hill-3, casks tallow, 100 ps lathwo6.l, 9 kegs caviar, 1 box manna eroop, l l ankers cranberries ; 1 box telescopes recd, Order-3 hells cut eleAn ht , mo, Nleitinan send Engell ton oakum, 3 tons uld rope, Camp bell and Crawford—K Dk • - • .71-bipping inicUtgencr. TUESDAY, DEC. 27.—N00n, Wiroi . N. E.—Frost. The Dublin Mail not arrived—Yesterday's Mai] did not arrive till II at night. ',Ai tan—The Eleanor Laidinan, for' taictittk. , -Sir. Cherlr." Fori,es. Leslie. for Bahia—Ranger, Ainler, t'or the Matititius &Born- . bay—Mary Ann. Carrick. for Gibraltar Sz Valparaiso—J mikes Lemon,' Lawton, for New Orleans. The Canton. from Jamaica, is at anchor near the I't, buoy', With' her windlass broken, and in want of an anchor and cable. The Traveller, 11I•Clear, for St Lucia, has put back from Itoylaki.• The Hope, Swan, for Barbados, has put back. The Antigua Packet. M• Knight. for Demerara, sailed this morning from the N,E. buoy, where she has been at anchor since Friday. The Fame, of Whitehaven, and the Sarah. are on shore on the roan' at Sandy Cove. The Rover, of Wexford, is sunk in the harbour of Kingston. The Brilliant Fier. from Quebec, at Limerick, 13th inst. In lat. 46, long. 34, fell in with the puckers, from Quebec to London, water logged, and took off, the second mate and six seamen—the captain and 11 men washed overboard on the 11th inst. DunLIN. Dec.. 25.—The Males, It nodal). frOM LiverPOol to leve castle, parted fromher anchors yesterday in Kingston Harbour, and drifti.d iin the rocks and sunk, & it is feared will go to pieces—severs casks of palm oil have floated out of her. WEDNESDAY, Me. 28.—Noon, Wind N.E.—Moderate. (High Water 2h 23m p.M. ARRIVED—The Etna, Emerson. from Dohlin—Queen of the Isle. Gill, from Isleman—Vermm, Mather, from Glasgow. The Canton, Gibson, sailed lust night from the N.E. Buoy, for Jamaica. The Win wick, hence, at Newfoundland. The Balfour, Bee, hence, at Rio de Janeiro. ' The Lady Jane, Rudolph ; and Rapid, hence, at Dublin. The Cassiopea, , from St Petersburg, at ditto. The Delta, , hence, at Limerick. The Quinten Leitch, Mackie, for Philadolphia, with loss of head, cutwater. &c. and Julio, White, for New'Orleans, h ave p o t back. • Part of the cargo of the Heyes, for Barbados, has been washed on shore near Abergele; also two boats, one marked " Cessnock, of Li verpool," and the other " Medium, Of Liverpool." THURSDAY, Dn. 29.—N00n, Wind N.E.—Froity. (High Water 3h Gm p. m.) SAILED—The William, Tait. for Africa—Bally, Orfeur, for Smyrna and Constantinople—Ellen Jenkinson, Irving, for Leghorn—Cicely. Gutheridge, for Newfoundland—Mac on , Osborne, for Savannah— Arethusa, White, for Barbados—Yeoman, Mitchinson, for Demerara. The .Ainicitia; Walter ; and Cecilia, Bay, hence, at Copenhagen. Hortensia, Reed, hence, at Singapore. Rapid, hence for the Cape of Good Hope, landed her pilot Off Waterford on Monday, sailed from Liverpool on Sunday. The Ide, Phillips, hence, at Malta, and sailed 17th November for Alexandria. The Smyrna, Cornish, hence, at Malta, and sailed 21st November for Smyrna. • The Jlitio, Cork, hence, at Malta. The Jabez, Tindall, sailed from Malta for this port, Bth Dec. The Emma, M ain, from Loudon, at Plymouth, with pumps choked, bound for this port. . The Renown, —, hence for Africa, was spoken 19th instant; fit 1at..47 21, long. 7 28, The Leven, Saphire, Williams, and Mary Patriek. henee,.at Dublin • The Hibernia, (teamer) fr om D u bli n, is on shore on Burbo. The Thomas Tucker, Moor e , f or Antigit, haS Put back, after tieing OD shore on Inylake, and discharging the greater part of her cargo. The Annabella, Anttrather, frern the Mauritius off Penzance, sailed 9th Oct., and from Cape of Good Hope Ist Nov. The Sarah, Sadler, from Siam, at London. • The Jessie. --, from Quebec for this port, was spoken ! out sixteen days., . The Ingleborough, Ricket, from Bombay, at Singapore, and sailed 19th August for China. Part of the stern of a vessel beautifully carved and gilt, supposed.to belong to a steamer, was washed on shore near Graystones, 27th inst, on one side is carved an anvil and hammer, on the other tongs, with a scroll of, palm leaves, Hem., Dee. 27.—1 t has heenhlowing very heavy from the eastivard for the last three days, and several vessels are on shore in the neigh bourhoOd. The Frederick Wilhelinina, from Memel for Liverpool, is stranded at Grimsby, and must discharge —cargo supposed to be di niaged. - The It oehdale, Tucker, from Wismar, for Liverpool, is also on shore near Grimsby. fOaruts. LIVERPOOL COTTON MARKET. Deb. 29. There eontinuea to he agoOd and steady demand from the trade, the sales on Wednesday were 3,500 bags, and the business to-day is 000. The market h& closed with much firmness, and full prices are readily to be obtained for all descriptions. . . LIVERPOOL CORN VVHSAT, 4f 701 b. s d a d Englishred,crp ,836 9 5 41 9 11 Do. old . 9 5.. 9 11 'Do. ntw white 9lO 10 5 Do. old 9. 10 10.5 Scotch, white:- 8 6 .. 9 4 -Do. , red • 0 .. 0 0 Mali red, crop 1836 7 0 Rll ,Do. old 7 6 .. 8 11 Do. white 1836 7 6.. 9 2 Do. old ' 8 0.. 9 2 • Dantaig; Do, white Stettin, red 0 0 .. 0 0 Do. w hite.. Conigsherg, red 0 0.. 0 0 Do. white Riga& Petersburg 0 0.. U 0 Odessa Russian, hard 0 0 .. 0 0 Canada. red 0 0 .. 0 0 Do. white 0 0 .. 0 0 Bonded Wheat RYE, imp. qr. English -and Foreign, free 36 0 4? 0 Do. in bond BAILEY, ctft im v. fir English, Malting,..46 0 .. 50 0 Do. Grinding.6olb 4 4 .. 4 7 Irish, Malting, do. '5 "6 .. 5 9 Do. Grinding, do. '4 9 .. 5 0 Foreign,' d. p. do. 0 0 .. 0 0 Do. in pond 0 Q.. 0 0 OATS, 4D' 45 English. crop 1836 3 3 .. 3 5 Do. old ...... 3 8 4 0 Scotch. Sze new 3 3 .. 3 5 Do. old 3 10 .. 4 2 LIVERPOOL AGRICUL'r s. d. a. d. Hwy, old 1 4el 641201 b New Hay 1 3 1 fi Clover-I-Tay.— 1 2 1 5 Straw, Wheat 0 .9 0 91 --- Straw, 0 9. 0 9} -- Green Clover 0 0• 0 . 0 -- I URAL MARKET, Dn. 28. s. d. s. d: Potatoes 2 6V3 24r 901 b Cattle Potatoes 2 3 2 •5 Turnips 3B 040 0 per ton Carrots 4B 055 0 - Manglewurzle32 035 . . 8 0 10 6 -- AN ACCOUNT OF CATTLE, Imported into Liverpool, from the 21st to the 28th instant. • FROM IRELAND. • Cows. Sheep. Pigs. Horses. Mules. Calves. Lambs. 811 1210 2683 3Y 9 Previously. 31797 100722 222129 3111 217 1918 21037 EXCHANGE, Dic. 29. OATS, 4r 45111.0836 a .1 . d Irish, n. kiludried 3 4 , 3 8 Do. old do. 3. 8 3 10 Do. prime, 421 b 38j .. 3 0 Do. do. old 311 .. -4%1 Foreign, free' A 0 .. .0 0 Do. in bond 2 9 3 6 4* imp. qr , English, OA* 46 •0.. 50 0 - Foreign, white 4B 0 .. 53 0 linatis, lir imp. qr English, new .49 0 .. 54 0 Do. Pigeon, old 51 55 0 Foreign, tree 5l 0 53 0 Do. in 39 0 .. 46 0 Irish, Tiek,e.'new '44 0 ~ 47 0 Do. old 49 0 .. 51 0 ,1%1 ALT, 4ir imp. qr... English INDIAN CORN, lm. to% Red White .. . FLoull, V 2801 b. English; fine Irish; 2ds new Do. fine American. sweet, per Jul:free 0 0.. 0 0 Do. in bond ..; 26 0 28 0 Do. sour, free 2B 0 31 0 Do. in bond Vanadian, free Do.. in b0nd...... 0 0 U OATMRAL. 41 , 2401 b. English, new 34 0 .. 35 ' Irish, new . . 3B 9 .. 44 9 Dci. old' • ' 33 0.. 34 0 BRAN, 4P 2411 b 1 5 T COASTWISE. • Cows. Slieep. Pigs. norsrs. Calves. LamlA. 2 1331 93 6 Prevh)usty... ..... 3601 54(67 7224,, 127, , 409 114 BIRTH. • . . . . . . At Hugh Crawford's, Overmuir, in Scotland, on the 23d ult., Mrs. Clement, of a son ; and what is strange, in that house there are three wives, three mothers, two grandmothers, and a great-gr an d mo th e r two fathers, a grandfather, and a great-grandfather t a grandson and a grand-daughter, a grandson-in-law, a sister, and a brother—all taking food - at the same table, and living under the same roof. • MARRIED. . . . . • • On Wednesiav, the 21st instant, at Preston, Mr. Peter Watson, it? Miss Martha Ibilotson Fielding, sister to the Rey. J. Fielding. Same day at Manchester, Mr. James Smith, of this town, to Miss Mary Ann Gilchrist, of Manchester. On Thursday, the 22d instant, at St. Peter's Church, Mr. Alexander Hamilton It idAiock. of. New York, chief mate of the Thomas Dicka son. to Mary Anne M!Lanaghan. • . _ .. , ... . , . . s ame d a y, at Bolton, Mr. Joh n H oy l e, o f Tyldesley,. to M ary. youngest daughter of Richard Edwards, Esq., of Mere-hill, Little Bolton. Same day, at Eastham Church, Joh n , eldest son of Thoinais Hethorn. Esq.. Burton, Westmorland, to Emma, daughter of the late William Slack, Esq., Ardwick-place, Manchester. . , • On Moudaw last, at St. Mark's Church; Mr. Henry Spente.. Of this tow, to MiSS Jane 'Crompton, eldest daughter of Mr. Wm. Crompton. of Chapel-lane, Ormskirk. ' . , , Same day, at St. Peter's Church, Mr. Lancelot Jackson, to Miss Nixon, late of Lancaster., ' On Tuesday last, at HerefOrd, Mr. John Clarke, cof the firm of Clarke & C 0.,, wholesale tea-dealers,,of this town, to Mary, younge 3 t daughter of the late Mr. John Pickering, of that city. DIED . [ On Sunday, the 18111 inst Ant, in Nrisilell-street, ked 23, Walter. only son of Captain William Smith, Overgamg, Lower. Ifki,icham. On Moiday.tho 19th inst.,.Elizabeth,Wifeof Mr. Henry Stephen son, whitesinith, Mary Ann-street. Same, day, in Edinburgh, Sir M. Shaw Stewart, Bart., in the 59th year of his age.• • . . • , . , Same day, in Bold-square, Chester, in' her .63d year,. Mrs. Reece. mother of the Rev. Richard Reece, of the Wesleyan connexion. 010i.snottliuurpsid,ear3 Stanhope-street, instant, youngest ton o!' Richard Oh' Friday last, aged 38 years, William Brade, Es q ., o f N ew F er rY. Cheshire, late of Litherland. • .•...ig,, , ~; On Sat u rday last; aged 48, .L.J. Huhs, Great Georgefsquare . Same day, at the house of her son; in• Clayton-square. aged V. Esther, relict of the late Mr, Jonah Ward, of this town. d a y ; Mr: Samuel Pennington . . aged 81. formerly keeper a the Baths for 21 years. On Sunday last, Miss Clare, Lansdowne-place, Everton, Un Thesday last, at her residence, Mo.s-street, MTS.. Molyneu' c ' eldest daughter of the late Johu Smallwood, Esq. Same day, after a 'shell but severe illness, .aged 21; John Lock e ' only son of Mr.' John Edwards,. Postoffice-place. and late, of Bristol. Same afty,_of dropsy, at his house. Brongham4terrace, aged 44,Y"?; TheinPSeff, Esq., of t h e fi rm o f Thompson Anderson and Co., athi ttown: kentleman v er y highly respected and esteemed by a numerous circle of friends. 1 • Same day, aged 2 years and months , Elizabeth , • only daughter of •Mr. John Wilson, flour-dealer. Byrom-street- rof Yesterday, at th e h ouse o f his moth,-r, Mile-end, in the 33d ye a his age, Th omas, s econd son of the late Mr.Thornas Clare, were l as u qC tins • t. rE PO : FRIDAY. ko DECEMBER 30. 1836. ecoriT AND VtitiLISHED • ' 7l EVERY TUESDAY , . AND FRIDAY MORN[r" BY RICHARD PATTISsON• (Of Hope Cottage,: Seacomhe, Cheshire.) 4,' NoRTIL, eltsEseKNT, CASTLE-STlteel, vgnroo , " d Orders and ,Ailvertieetneuts are received hp Messrs. New/too an Co., Warwick-suare ; Barker,-Fleet.-street; Deacon, Walbroolc. Reynell, Chaneery-lane; Lawson & Barker, Birchin-lane' JoseP" Thomas, 1, Fineh-lane, Corithill: Munden Hammond, 87, 14 7_ bard•street ; Mitchell, 8, Red Lion-eourt, Fleet-street ; Oar e and Lewis, '4, Crown-court,i Threadneedle-street ; Mr. Thors', Ilextall, it, Aldermanbury,± at Garraway's; at the London Com: ynereial Cutke-nouse, Mincing-lane; at the Jerusalem Cof.ee. house, Cortiltill; Chapter Coffee-house, Fater-noster . r nw ; Nurth and South American Coffee-house, rireadneedle-stre. Loudon; by Messrs. Johnston and Co. ; and Mr. John Lee, 2 t " 14 Newspaper and Advertisement Agency Office, henry- s treet. , Dublin; Mr. Id' Phun. Ulasgow;. Wheeler, Exchange-3r/, and Mr. Lewis, Market-street, Manchester; Mr. Ma ile r' 8 ;r, seller, Warrington • Mr. Clarke, Pilot-office, Preston and _ p , Coope, 83, Umou-street, Birmingham. 15, ( -~. P