The Sun. — London, England, 1857-09-14 00:00:00

THE BENGAL ARMY. In the uninterrupted discussion of the discipline and go - feral state of the Bengal Army to which its mat'ily 1113 given occasion frequent allusion has be e n mah by Indian officers to the opinions of ti-metal Jacob, the distinguished officer whose ser vices in ,Slinde first made himlKnown to the public at low , >, and who is now left in chief command not only of the admirable corps of cavalry which is called after him, but of the division which still ra inains in Pefsia. to insure the evacuation of Herat. The opinions c .-1 General Jacob were embodied in a p am phlet publishedsome years since, and now not ,easily obtained in .Englan.d. We believe that we Xll afford useful information for the intelligent di scuss ion of the Indian question by republishing t hi s p a mphlet, which, , with the suppression only of a fm— passages respecting the bygone controversy with .3ir C. Napier, is to follows " Let u 4 inquire what really are the defects and wants of the ...native army of Bengal, and the best methods of remedy 'In?: and supplying them. Let the officers of the Bengal army apply themselves fairly and honestly to the task of , 'eform, where reform is really needed, and let them not latter themselves, as too often is the case, that they hav e remedied a defect when they have only con cea'ed it, or denied its existence ; of l sores must be laid opsn with an unsparing hand, and the caustic be freely applied, before' they can be properly healed ; let not the patient chink th * surgeon an enemy because he gives pain. " For myself, .1 shall endeavour to write exactly as if I were myself an' officer of the Bengal army ; my judg ment may be erron •eons and my opinions unsound, but my motives are undo, sLtedly good : they are the wish hon estly to servo my hoe'. masters and my country, and to benefit, in my humble capacity, the service to which I am proud to belong. I have served altogether 23 years, have never been abet m t from my duty, and have long commanded a native c, wps of high repute. During the course of my service I hay,ve seen a good deal of the Ben gal army, and, have convt. 'r.aed much with its officers. " With the opportanit,'W and experience abovemen tinned, my observations anul opinions may be useless and unsound, bat they cannot ju'atly be deemed presumptu ous or hasty. " The most serious faults wilting in and peculiar to the Benzal army appear to me ,to be as follows " 1. The absence of the high.fest moral tone and of a simple and 'rigorous Anglo.Sa xlims honesty in dealing with Asiatics on the part of Engh's h officers of the army of Thogal. 2. The want of power placed' in the hands of regi menial commanding officers ; the - want of confidence reposed in, and support afforded to' Ahem, by the Com mander-tn-Chief and by Government. " 3. The most pernicious system of drawing pay by companies direct from the divisional paymaster, instead of by rci.;inient?, which again tends to bring regiMental eninivaialers in contempt, and to reduccs their power and usefulness. " . 4. The most defective system of commanding offs. cen' meAiiekr. "5. The entire absence of a proper confidence between the offic rs and the native soldiers, " G. The most pernicious practice of attending to the caste of native soldiers, thereby frequently excluding fro , n oar ranks the best material for soldiers and enlisting the very worst. "7. The very bad and fatally injurious system of pro motion existing with respect to native officers and sol " 8 The entire absence of a proper discipline through out the native part of the Bengal army. "Ample proof of the first-mentioned fault is found in proceedings towards mutineers—in the late orders to the Berigel army regarding Courts of Request, &o.—in dis• cloeuree which have been made regarding gambling af fair., banking transactions, &c., too notorious to require detailing, and too extensive and numerous to be attribut able tie causes affecting individuals only. These proofs are public and patent to all men. "Tee defect being admitted, where shall we look for the cause and the remedy? One cause appears to me to consist in the lowering of the English character by in isibly adcpting Asiatic habits, manners, and feelings, the A riglo.Sexon becoming partly merged in the Hinder). This is xtensively the case in the army of Bengal. " Pnen the moment a young officer sets foot in the Bengal presidency he is perpetually reminded that every English idea and habit is the sure mark-of a griffin (that is, of a fool). He must not go out in the sunshine ; he must travel in a palki, instead of on horseback; he must be punkaed and Wined, and God knows what else; he must have a kbansamaun, a kidmatgar, a sinter bearer and bearers, and a host of other servants, one for his pipe, another for his umbrella, another for his bottle, another for his chair, &e., all to do the work of one man, and which work would be done by one man in the case of a Deniably griffin. Ry all theca people the youth is called Ghureeb purwar ' " khoodabund,' &c.. " This state of aff a i rs bewilders the new comer, till, resigciee himself to his fate, he becomes accustomed to it, and gradually loses part of the manliness of the Anglo-Saxon character. With the external luxurious and lazy habits of Hindostan he imperceptibly adopts some of Oriental morality. " An )ttier cause is the difficulty existing in obtaining furlough to Europe, which, if removed, would effect a wonderful improvement in the tone of Indian society ; this cause, although of great importance, is, of course, not in collar to Bengal, but common to all India. "Tee remedy is evident—let it be the fashion to be English. It is a fallacy to suppose that the climate ceetpela to be otherwise. There aro faults enough I sup pose in the European society of the Western Presidency, but assuredly it i 3 ten times more English than that of Bengal, yet the climate is no better than that of the latter. " Let the griffin have no more than two body servants at most ; let him have no one in his service who will not do suns work as his master bids him do ; if the Hindoos ohj:ct to such service, there are plenty of Mussulaaans ready, willing, and able to take their places, and with no more prejudices than a Christian. " Let the young man never enter a palki, but go about on the back of his pony; let him not fear the sun ; it may tan his cheeks, but it will not hurt him. "It is your effirninate gentlefolk, who live in dark houses, artificially cooled with a dozen Hindooe at work with fans and flappers to beat the lies off them, who suffer by exposure, not the hardy young Englishman, wh e it not intemperate, soon becomes acclimatised, and the mere readily so the less he regards the sunshine, which is healthy enough in moderation ; experto crede. " Lot him, in short, while studying the character of the natives of India as deeply as possible, and making ites - 1 completely acquainted with their habits, thoughts, fey l , ngs, modes of expression, &a., endeavour himself by all means in his power to remain a thoroughly English gentleman. As he succeeds in doing so he will assuredly succ.:ed in commanding the respect and regard of every naive around him. All our power in India rests on this. We may lay it down as an absolute certainty that the mil ions of natives which a handful of Englishmen govern in this vast continent will not consent to bo go verned by a handful of their equals. Our power con sists in our being essentially different from them, and in their belief in our moral superiority only. The only thing which can endanger the existence of this power is the destruction or weakening of that belief. "Tee state of the body will often affect the mind ; habits and manners will act on and be reacted on by by morals and religion. " Let us, then, be English in all things, to the utmost of our power, internally and externally, in religion and iu morels, in habits and in feelings, allowing absolute freedom of opinion and fair play to all men, and all will be well. " Time second evil is notorious, it has been frequently remarked on, its existence is everywhere acknowledged, and its effects are lamentable. Tne commanding officer of a regiment in the Bengal army is almost powerless for good, he is allowed to do nothing, his men are almost taught to despise him, and in many instances of late years the Sepoys have been allowed and encouraged to ferward written complaints against their commanders (Frees to army head-quarter. What can be worse than this ? It is utterly destructive of all military discipline and eolilierlike pride. "The third and fourth mentioned evils are closely connected with the second. In the Bengal army the practice prevails of each commander of' a company drawing pay for that company himself separatley, direct from the divisional paymaster ; so that the peen. niary transactions of the regiment are carried on in a great measure independently of the comtnanding offi cer, aid often without his knowledge, as, for ex a•aplu, has appeared in some late disclosures regard ng banking transactions, wherein the officers command ng companies appear to have made arrangements with divisional paymasters for the recovery by regular instal ments of payments on account of various banking trans actioue without the commanding officers of the regiments kaoeing anything of the matter. - All these also tend to reduoo the useful power of regimental commandants and mak them be despised. , 3 1\s/ tth re gar d t o messes t h e e t of affeira is very &eerie reei.neets no mess exists ; the maintaining not only not made compulsory, hut even where ob,l6,,sc..u:aintitincd it i s o pti ona l w i t h o ffi cers w h et h er with tleewooridtt or not ; suc h a s t ate o f a ff a i rs i s f raug h t neeptences—it breaks a regiment up into eeparate It parties,also lessens and gives rise to all manner of ez o ne the power and good influence of the•eemreanding in an extraordinary degree. It takes away much of the support which a commander q c I y and impercTtpibrblyper pride e s from all well-disposed effie ere , who have their b noble profes eiere. and it enables others who may ill-disposed to wet :t Ti.ischief unperceived, until it a s y effects becam e ap peree „ in the bad state of the reelmeidee hands ;, of ttl the ai y Tfi e reme dy for a'l these evils is in the hi Genteel der-in-Chief and of Gov ernment ; pr . coal. mender of a regiment be systematically and a ei euppo,ited in the exercise of his legitimate ei powers ; let there }:owes be a 3 ample at . possible every l regarding regimental affairs, let a'l turn, centre, and rest on him ; and with these full powers make him responsibl e that all goes on well. If it do not, displace him from hi s coeiinaud. Let there be a reeimental paymaster to whom the company officers send their muster rolls, and whose duty it, is to draw the pay of the regiment, under the ante , e i'y of the regimental commander. i• Let the mess be a public institution, to belong to is ciernpuleory on all officere. Let the commandieg ? f tl?ere be held responsible that it be con-hinted with due red pror er regard to economy, cemfort, and propriety, and gine them full power to enforce such a state of things. The' eis nothing new in these rules ; they exist with the lite d pieat effects in the other armies of India, and would /ee. ecrelly advantageous to that of Bengal. " The fifth evil is notorious, and is plainly proved by mon deserting their officers in the field, by frequent mu tinies, Ace., where nothing has been known by the officers of what was going on until it resulted in open resistance This defect has lately been to some extent remedied. THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY FNF,NING D SEF rEMBER 14, 10 5 7 to authority. 'The causes of this are various, part de pending on what has been mentioned above, but chiefly on the abominable system of recognising caste in our tanks, and on the absurd system of promotion, whereby the native officers are absolutely uselesr. "The remedies are, of course, as described with respect to those causes. "The sixth evil is of a very grave and important na ture. The effect of enlisting men of a certain caste, or creed, to the exclusion of others in the Indian army, is to subject that army to the control, not of the Government and tho Articles of War, but to that of Brahmins and Goseins, Moollahs and Fukheers. By this system, a man is not to be chosen on account of his fitness to be a sol dier, his willingness and strength, docility an d c3ura g e, bat because he is a twice born worshipper of Vishnoo. Whatever his other qualifications, if a man think that a stone with a patch of red paint on it is not to be wor shipped as the Creator, still more if he have bees a shoe maker, &c., he is not to be admitted into the ranks of the Bengal army, for fear of offending the lazy and inso lent Brahmins. The consequences are ruinous to dis cipline. By reason of this a native soldier in Bengal is far more afraid of an offence against caste than of an offence against the Articles of War, and by this means a degree cf power rests with the private soldier which is entirely incompatible with all healthy rule. " Treachery, mutiny, villany of all kinds, may be car ried on among the private soldiers, unknown to the offi cers, to any extent, where the men are of one caste of Hindoos, and where the rules of caste are more regarded than those of military discipline. To such an extent does this evil exist that I have known a Bengal commanding oilier express his regret at being compelled to discharge an excellent Sepoy because the other men had discovered him to be of inferior caste, and had demanded his dis missal. To a Bombay officer such a state of affairs ap pears incredible ; it amounts to open mutiny ; but it is the normal state of the Bengal army at present. It is curious that, though the Bengal Sepoys have contrived to have it believed that their religion is concerned in this business of caste, in our ranks nothing is further from the truth. In conjunction with the system of promo tlbn which prevails this attention to caste keeps all real power in the hands of the private soldiers ; and, as they think, saves them from much trouble and annoyance ; but when they assert that this evil is a necessary conse quence of their religion the Bengal Sepoys state the con trary to truth. " This is positively proved by that which takes place in the army of Bombay, wherein hundreds and thousands of men from Hindostan, from the same villages, of the same caste, and even of the same families, brothers by the same fathers and mothers as the fine gentlemen of the Bengal army, are seen in the ranks, shoulder to shoulder, nay, even sleeping in the same tent with the Maharatta, the Dher, and the Purwarree, without scruple or thought of objection. The one prides himself on being a Hindoo, the other on being a soldier. Which pride is the best for our purpose ? This system of re garding caste is the original cause of many other evils in the Bengal army ; and much of what has been said regarding the adoption of Asiatic manners tells again heavily here.* , The Bombay Sepoy, whatever faults he may have, has one great excellence, which is, that he looks on the European soldier as his model in all things pertaining to soldiership, and endeavours to imitate him. Like the European soldier, the Native Sepoy of Bombay will tarn his hand to any labour which he may be ordered to execute. "If the Imes require cleaning, &c., a working party of Sepoys is ordered out as a matter of course, with pickaxe and powrab, and the work is well done. The technical term working party' is as familiar in the mouth of a Bombay Sepoy as ' shoulder arms.' Nay, I have known more than once the men of a Bombay re giment to volunteer for such work as budding their offi cers' houses, mess-room, &c., and to do the work well, too—making the bricks, mixing the mud, &c., entirely by themselve3. This would not be credited by the greater part of the Bengal army, and to such a state of helplessness has the recognition of caste in the ranks brought the Bengal Sepoy that a regiment of native ca valry, as I have repeatedly witnessed, is unable to picket, unsaddle, or groom its horses until the arrival of its syees and grasscutters, sometimes, as I have seen, for several hours after the arrival of the regiment at its ground. In a Bombay regiment, before that time had elapsed, the h r4es would have been picketed, groomed, fed, and wa tered, stables would have been over, the tents pitched, and the men have had their breakfast. To such an in credible extent has this helplessness been carried ani re cognised by authority that a Bengal sentry cannot think of striking the gong at his own quarter-guard, and men called Gunta Pandays' are actualy maintained and paid for by Government, to do this duty for them. It is the khansamaum, kittnutgar, hookah -burdar, 4tc , over again. The remedy is obvious ; never allow any reference to caste when enlisting men. If others now in the service object, let them be told that Government does not care one pin whether its Sepoys be Hindoos or Mussulmans, or Brahmins, or Pirwarees, so long as they be good soldiers, and that if they do not like the rules of the service they may leave it. If they still ob ject, or make any difficulty about the matter, discharge them on the spot. There are millions of better men ready to occupy their places , : Let also the use of intrenching tools be part of the drill of the Sepoy, as much as is the musket exercise, and when he has learn this let him be occasionally employed in working parties, &c., to pre• vent his forgetting it again. This trifle would be found to possess much more importance than at first sight ap pears to attach to it. " The seventh evil, the bad system of promotion, is the worst of all ; its effects are crushingly ruinous. In Bengal army the promotion of natives is made to depend on seniority only, so that if a man keep clear of actual crime, and lives long enough, he must become a com missioned officer, however unfit fur the offi2e. " Under this system, the private sol ier feels himself entirely independent of his officers—he knows that they neither hasten nor retard his advance in the service. He has nothing to do bat to live and get through his duties with listless stupidity, and with the least possible trouble to himself. No exertion on his part can help him—no talent, courage, fidelity, nor good conduct is of any avail. Confidence and pride in each other between men and officers cannot exist. There is no real co-operation —for, the one being powerless to aid, the other becomes careless of offending. This is the effect on the private soldier. The system is equally, if not more baneful as respects the native officers, commissioned and noncom missioned. The whole of the native commissioned offi cars are entirely useless, the amount of their pay is a dead loss to the State, every one of them is unfit for service by reason of imbecility prcduced by old age, or where in rare instances the man may not be altogether in his second childhood he is entirely useless from having been educated in a bad school. All should have been pensioned long ago ; but, alas, if the present system of promotion be continued, the getting rid of these poor old gentlemen, who cut such painfully ridicu lona figures in the Bengal regiments, would be of no use whatever, for the non-commissioned officers who would have to be promoted in their places are but little better ; even the very naiques (corporals) are almost too old for service. How very different is the state of affairs under a proper system of promotion by merit alone ! "It gives the commanding officers of regiments and companies a good deal more trouble certainly in making promotions ; but how are they repaid ? If they really and honestly do their best to choose the men for pro motion without partiality, favour, or affection, but by merit and fitness alone, it is soon found that every man in the regiment (at least all who are fit to be in our ranks) exerts himself to aid his officers. A degree of vigour and activity amounting to a new life is infused into every part of the regiment. The men, seeing all the prizes of the service within their reach, exert them selves to obtain them. They can only obtain their end by becoming soldiers, by learning their duty, and per forming it to the satisfaction of their superiors. "The native officers, being chosen with regard alone to their qualifications and their fitness to hold commis sions, are alike proud of the distinction they have acquired by their appointments, and able to perform their duties. They are not enfe3bled by age, and the consciousness that their respectability and success in life depend on their own conduct makes them exert them selves willingly and zealously in maintaining the discip line and reputation of the service in which they acquire honour. The ill effects of the one system and the excellencies of the other appear to me so self-evident and have been both proved on so large a scale that I should consider it to be insulting to the understanding of my readers were I to enlarge on it. " With such a system of promotion, the good and the bad, the clever and the foolish, the brave and the timid the energetic and the imbecile, are nearly on a par. The officers are powerless for good, and the men, keeping j eat clear of open violence, have their • own way in all things. It is astonishing, and says much for the good ness of the raw material of the Bengal army, that under such arrangementsthe whole fabric has not entirely falien to pieces. The thing is rotten throughout, and discipline there is none ; but it is wonderful that even the out ward semblance of an army has been still maintained under such deplorable mismanagement. " The eighth evil, the want of discipline, is the necessary consequence of what has been already described. In speaking of want of discipline Id o no t only mean that which is shown by serious mutinies and misconduct on ext:oardinary occasions, but also as evinced in the ordinary every-day routine of duty in the Bengal army; this is such as to be almost incredible to an officer of the Royal army, or in the other armies of India. The first thing done by a Bengal Sepoy when he mounts guard is to strip himself of arms, accoutrements, and clothing ; the muskets are piled. and a sentry is posted, who remains, generally (not al ways), properly accoutred, &c. ; all the others, he'll:l -ing non-commissioned officers, disarm and strip; it there be any water near they go and dabble in it after the fashion of all Islindostanees, otherwise they cover them selves with sheets and go to sleep, quite naked, with the , xeeption of a lungootee. When the sentry thinks that he has been on long enough, he bawls out for some one to relieve him ; a'ter a while up gets a Sepoy (rem be neath his sheet, and after a few yawns and etretclies puts on his clothes and ace eitreinents, but does not take his goes t the h ls musket ;.- that would be too much trouble and endanger relievedmusket man u t re e t a tii!g• the whole pile ; he then goes to the sentry, nei n him, an (1 and strips occupies like the his others.place ;away q e attends with the relief; he remains fastasleep under under his sheet seen in hundre ßow, this state of things I have mysele ds Bombay officer thatOf be eases. It is so astonishing to a e r nnot help remarking on it ; yet I have been aseer that this is the-regular' by numerous B_ngal officers way of moun ti ng guard It should be borne in mind, al so , that in the Bengal four men are allowed to a sent ry , i nst e ad of threaswith prejudices, ct towards the L o * The fact is that when, without giv English officer shows by his hab itual colding offence, the Sopoys that ho feels their caste, marks of inferiority , wh ich excite only hi. pity to be the Sepoys endeavour t o kee p such caste Prejudice: regret,icci as much 33 possible out of s i g ht, will never allow th'enTi, interfere with duty, and wi ll never willin gly obtrude them on notice at all. the other armies, so -t. + a Sepoy with them is on sen try only six hours : '!er during his tour of 24 hours, instead of eight, as u ;;;', "But it is by no uncommon in the Bengal army to relieve a guard • —o:week, and even at longer intervals, when the stabs =ike.ffairs above mentioned must take place, even if it.*:eze not so on other occa sions. This was the case wheretlie.Bombay and Bengal troops met at Pesbawur, and considerable grumbling aud complaining took place when Sir H. Dundas insisted on the guards being relieved daily. To the mind of any practical soldier no further proof is necessary on this subject—want of discipline. Ho must at once see that where guards are relieved weekly, where the sentries relieve each other as they please, and where the whole guard strips naked therm can be no discipline whatever. It is useless to ask whether a man can read and write when you find that he does not know a letter of Lis al phabet. If it were necessary, however, I could adduce abundance of other facts to the same purport. The re medy is apparent from what has been said before. Such are some of the reforms peculiarly required by Bengal. But there are many others, equally requisite, with re gard to the native Indian army generally ; for instance, with respect to the regimental orderly room. " The commanding officer of every regiment should, every day of his life, hold his orderly room in some con venient public place, where the commanding officer, his staff, and all the European officers not otherwise engaged should assemble. Here all regimental business should be transacted in public; every man in the regiment bhould have an opportunity every day of seeing his com manding officer. " Everything being done with perfect openness in the presence of all the English officers, many common sources of discontent and of grievance, real or imaginary, would to removed. Every officer would be habitually well ac quainted with everything relating to the regiment, and would be undergoing a course of education calculated better than any other to fit him for command in his turn. While the habitual daily presence of all the English officers around their commanding officer would afford him the best possible support in doing right, and impose the most effective check on wrong, a very ordinary mor tal might, under such an arrangement, be safely trusted with absolute powers, while no officer's qualifications could ever be for a moment doubtful. Where everything is open to the public, common sense has the fairest chance of prevailing, and ' regulation' need be but little intruded. "Officers need be troubled as little as possible with form, dress, ceremony, and matters of etiquette at their daily orderly room; and the inconvenience of daily at tendance would speedily be overcome by an increasing feeling of interest in all regimental affairs, and all irksomeness would be removed by the grant of leave of absence when required for auy rational purpose. " The arrangements here contemplated appears to me to be of the very highest importance to the welfare of the native army of India; and I may observe that I have myself practised what I here teach for 15 years together with the happiest effect. " I will now conclude with a few observations on the late order concerning passing in the native languages, by which, with the best possible intentions, our hon. masters have done such an amount of injustice to their servants that if the order be really and strictly carried into effect the greatest injury to the army and to our Indian empire must ensue. "In the first place, the Hon. Court of Directors pro claim that the only post in their service for which a knowledge of the native language is not a necessary qua lification is the command of their regular native soldier?: officers who do not pass are to remain with their regi ments. Secondly, An officer by natural talent and study, may be a first-rate engineer, or peradventure an astro nomer, but nature may have denied him the peculiar talent of acquiring language, and he has in consequence wither passed in Hindostanee, Mahratta, nor Persian. Government requires an engineer or an astronomer ; by the order of the Hon, Court they must appoint, not the man who is well acquainted with astronomy and physi col science, but some one whose leisure has been occu pied, and whose mind has been unproved, by the study of the indecent and obscene stories and of the childish fables of which the Hindostanee literature, consists, but who knows not a vernier from a mural qaadrant, nor. Jupiter from Venue. Nature has given us all, even the best of us, but very limited faculties ; some excel in one respect, some in another, each may'do excellently well if placed in that position for which his natural talents and abilities are suited ; but to attempt to force all men to be linguists is no more reasonable than to compel them to be all of one size of body ; what between stretching and compressing, the whole human race might be de stroyed, but no uniformity of size would be produced. It is quite as unreasonable to say that a man 'is unfit for staff employ because he has not the gift of tongues, as it would be to say so because he was no musician ; a want of an organ of language is probably quite as common as the defect of the organ of tune. But does either defi ciency imply that the man is fit to command the native infantry soldiers of the Indian army and fit for nothing elbe ? Has any Government on earth such an amours' of talent at its disposal that it can afford to press all into one mould without fatal injury to efficiency ? " I have served my hon. masters long, and at least zealously. They have-told me that I have done them good service, and they have given me high praise. I have never been absent frlm my duty, and have al ways performed it to the full satisfaction of my superiors. I am tolerably acquainted with the natives of India, in intimate association with whom I have passed the best part of my life. But, on the other hand, I have not passed in any language and cannot read even the Bagh-o-Bahar. Wherefore lam vir tually told by my hon. masters that as I have been so long in their service they will not now positive y turn me out, as incapable, from the place I I have held with so much undeserved praise from them during the last ten years; but my lieutenants, who have hitherto, I flatter myself, held me in some considerably respect and esteem, and whom I have endeavoured to confirm in what seem to me to be soldier-like ideas, are now told that to prevent my bad example affecting them, to prevent their becoming such au imbecile as their commander, in spite of his thinking them the best men in the army to be his lieutenants, and his never having had a fault to find with one of them, and in spite of all their zealous and gallant services, and their honourable wounds, they are now told, I say, they shall ull be turned out of their appointments if they do not immediately pass an examination in the Hindostanee language. Tuat is to say that seven years' honest exertion, and brilliant service in the field, including a most honourable share in hard-fought and important battles and siege', with frequent commenilation in public despatches, &c., alto ther imply, in the opinion of our hon. masters, a degree of merit and capacity not to be compared to that acquired by the study of filthy Hindostanee stories. " Let the Hon. Court at once rescind an order which will defeat the object contemplated in it ; which has dis gusted or will disgust many of their best, most tried, and most valued servants ; which will make contempt and ill-feeling take the place of honest pride and generous zeal ; and which cannot but deeply injure their army and India ia general. " I have had abundant opportunity of judging of this matter, and I solemnly assure my honourable masters that it is notorious that their officers who have passed in the language are not only not the most able of their servants, but that they have as a body (there are bril liant exceptions of course) less knowledge of that lan guage for practical purposes than the unpassed ; that is if language be intended to facilitate the communication of ideas between man and man, and not for concealing thoughts. This may appear paradoxical, bat a little consideration soon shows that it must be s ;. While the young man has been studying books, the other has been studying men. I have on hundreds of occasions seen a youthful genius who had passed in the language, en- Vraly at a loss to understand the express!, as used by a common peasant, and quite incapable of maintaining a conversation with him, while one of the unpassed who could not read a word in a Hindostanee book, but had been accustomed to associate with the people, would talk with the man with perfect fluency. A knowledge of the people of India, of their thoughts habits, feelings, beliefs, desires, wants, &c., is learnt, not from Hindo stanee books, but from intercourse with the people themselves. And my honourable masters may well be lieve me, when I tell them that such knowledge is of far more importance to their service and to India than the most intimate acquaintance with all the Hindostanee books ever written. "Another subject of vital importance to India, not only to the army, but to all the services, and to the whole people of the country, natives as well as Euro peans, is the furlough regulations, "The existing rules are not adapted to the present state of things, they belong to days long gone by, when a period of 12 months or more was necessary to receive from England an answer to a letter from Bombay. "Moreover, the present rules regarding leave of ab sence are exceedingly unfair in another respect. Their tendency iu every way is to favour the least valuable servants of Government.--those who are continually suffering from real or imaginary sickness, and on that account continually absent from their duty. "It is an undoubted physiological fact, that hard working, energetic men, who continually exercise them selves in bodily and mental occupation, suffer the hest from ill health. They have no time to be sic's. Autho rities are agreed on this point. For example, Copland (Med. Lect„ page 562) says : " ' When the mental energies are depressed by grief, anxiety, disappointment, fear, &c., the powers of life are less able to oppose the debilitating causes of disease which invade them from without, and of which nature all the exciting causes of fivers, particularly those which are specific or contagious and miasmal, generally par take in a most marked manner. On the other hand, when the mind is elevated by success, by hope, by con fidence, and the other exciting passions. the depressing causes make little or no impression upon the constitu tion, and individuals thus circumstanced almost always escape from diseases, which readily invade the fearful, the dejected, and the disappointed.' "Again, Copland, Med, Diet , p. 920, paragraph 118; `Confidence, continued mental occupation, and moderate excitement, are especially efficacious in resist ing the causes of most fevers. " ' There is a moral courage sometimes posses; ed by persons, the weakest perhaps in respect of physical power, that enables them to resist infectious and epi demic influences more successfully t han the most robust, who are not thus mentally endowed.' "On the other hand, it is certain that a large portion of the sickness which causes so many officers to be absent from their duty in India is produced by feebleness of character, by idleness, laziness, listlessness, or lan gour. " Now, I would not for a moment wish to lessen the indulgencies granted by a beneficent Government to such of its faithful servants as might have the misfortune to be suffering from ill health. I would leave the rules regarding leave of absence on sick certificates as they are, but assuredly I would so order matters that long continued, honest, unremitting, and valuable labour should be deemed to constitute at least as good a title t I the favour of a furlough in England as the want of health alone. " Moreover, if such furlough were obtainable at moderate intervals, and with greater facilities than at present, the number of sick certificates would assuredly be immensely decreased. "It is probable that after a while they would almost wholly disappear. " The evil done, both to England send to India, by the present furlough regulations, is incalculable. "A large proportion of the Indian officers who can now return to England is composed of those worn out in the service—of the aged, the feeble, the sickly, the discontented, the idle, and the lazy ; while the energetic, the active-minded, the able, the zealous, and the strong, are compelled for the most part to remain at. their work iii India, without any intermission, without a day of real rest, until their failing vigour qualify them also for the indulgence of a visit t 3 their native land. "In English society, by reason of this state of affairs, India is not fairly represented. " The real working men of India, the soldiers, the magistrates, the statesmen, all those men of clear heads, strong minds, and active habits, by whose practised intelligence and honourable labours our Indian empire is held together, have little connexion with, or infiaence on, the English public. They are very rarely seen in England. "From this cause it proceeds that in the imagination of the people of England the idea of an Indian officer, military or civil, is always connected with those of rice and vrry, and diseased livers. " Mom this case chiefly results the deplorable ignor anoe regarding Indian affairs which prevails even among i educated gentlefolk in England. " How easily might all these evils be rectified. " Let us have recourse to a principle as old as the history of man—the institution of the Sabbath. This at once satisfies all our wants and meets every difficulty in every single point, while no objection whatever can be brought against it save by those who would wish, if possible, still to retain a dark ♦eil between India and England for their own supposed private advantage, but to the grievous injury of both countries. " My proposal is to give every officer, civil or military, every seventh year to himself, if he wished to avail him self of the indulgence, to allow him, during that period, to go wherever it might please him to go, whether in India or any other part of the world, to allow him during that year to receive his foil Indian allowances, to retain his staff appointment if be held one, but during his absence not to receive the staff salary, which should go to the officer who might officiate until his return. If an officer shou'd wish to remain in India, even in the very camp in which he was serving, and there to enjoy his sabbathical year, he should be allowed to do so. The year should be his own to employ as he pleased. " If an officer chose to allow his Sabbath to pass by, and to wait till he had served 12 years, be should be allowed two years rest on furlough ; after 18 years' un interrupted work, three years should be allowed, and so on. " The consequences of this arrangement would be great and numerous, and all of them good—good for the Government, good for the people, and good for the ser vices. The amount of vigour infused into Indian society by this means would be almost incredible. Hope, look ing forward to the enjoyment of the sabbath, would sti mulate even the lazy and the idle to work hard during the six years of labour. " Tue continual return to England and reflux into India of the tide of Europeans would be to the body moral and politic, exactly what the circulation of the blood is to the animal body. England would be our lungs, the old blood would be there aerated, and new life, health, and strength thereby sent flowing vigorously to every corner and extremity of our empire. Energy and health would take the place of langour and disease. " The outcry for more Europeans would be at an end, for those now in the service would be found willing and able cheerfully to do well double the amount of work which is now thought to tax their powers too highly. " There would be a far more equal distribution of the emoluments of etch appointments by reason of the num ber of officiating men. Thera would also be a far greater number of men well acquainted with and ready efficiently to perform the duties of such appointments, to the great advantage of the service, which now ofcan suffers from the inexperience of new incumbents. "Society in the two countries would become one, and all manner of blessings would indirectly follow. "Let any man of sound common sense, and a tolerable knowledge of the subject think over the matter, and he must be convinced at once of the truth of the conclusions set forth above. " The doctrine is founded on the laws of nature, and its truth wit be the more apparent the more those laws are studied. "JOHN JACOB." HORRIBLE MURDER OF A LADY IN LEIGH WOODS, NEAR CLIFTON, • BRISTOL, SATURDAY. Great sensation was created in this city and Clif ton last evening by a report that a murder had been committed, apparently under very atrocious cir cumstances, in that romantic spot, Nightingale Valley, Leigh Woods, near Clifton. On inquiry we learn that about seven o'clock last evening, as a gamekeeper, in the employ of W. Miles, Esq., M.P. was passing along the north side of Nightin gale Valley, near the rabbit warren, he was hor rified by discovering the body of a female lying on the ground, with her arms extended, and her face covered with blood, quite dead. The keeper raised an &arm, and on examining the body it was found that her throat was cut from ear to earand. the head nearly severed from the trunk. There is also a wound on the right side of the head, apparently caused by a bidlot, +l - inrigh fhie nan be only aeoor tained by a post mortem examination. Thera were no other marks of violence on the body, and no in strument of death was found near it. The deceased female appears to be about 30 years of age ; she is of diminutive stature, rather handsome, and is dressed in a grey alpaca gown, frilled round the neck and down the front, with kid boots, and two skirts, one grey and the other white. She had no bonnet. At present the deceased lady is unknown, and there can be no doubt but that she has been cruelly murdered. The gamekeeper states that ho passed the spot on Thursday afternoon in going his round , ., and from this, as well as from th e f res hness of the wounds, the crime was apparently perpetrated in the course of yesterday. Since her death some of the flesh of the throat has been torn away, it is supposed by rats. " The body has been removed to the New Inn, at Rownham Ferry, and information of the melan choly occurrence has been forwarded to the county coroner, B. Fry, Esq., who will forthwith hold an inquest. The body of the unfortunate lady may probably be identified inthec hourasvee takenthisof place day, but n i o o D at present the deceased ihseuennknp ro wn lnge . d summer Leih Nv s o e o v d e la and c -ni havec parties u o ri n ng se t m h e e occalons until midnight, and poisons have taken refreshment at the cottages in the wood, and then strolled away to Nightingale Valley, and in many cases the females have left their shawls and bonnets at the cottages. This may possibly furnish a clue to the identification of the body, and explain the fact that the deceased was without a bonnet. The crime has been commit'ed in the county of Somer set, beyond the jurisdiction of this city, but the city police are on the alert. A married woman is missing, having eloped with a ticket-of-leave man, with a sum of money in her possession, but the husband believes, from the description given to him of the dress and body of the deceased, that she is not his wife. Ho will, however, be permitted to see the corpse this morning. THE RECENT FEARFUL COLLISION IN TEE CLIANNEL. We reported in The Sun of Saturday the colli sion in the Channel between the steamers Sophie and William Witt. The chief mate of the Sophie has since made the subjoined report of the disaster : "Left Rotterdam at 5 a.m., 10th, wind from the W.S. W., fine, and proceeded safely until about 1.15 a.m. of the 11th, when off Dungeness, distant about six miles, the light bearing N.N.W., wind N.W., thick, with rain, and steering W., exhibiting the usual steamboat lights, all of which were burning. Mr. Eos (the chief mate) was on the fore part of the ship, and saw a steamboat approaching towards them on" the port bow about a cable's length of them, when he hailed her, and ran aft to the pilot, who put the helm hard a-port, but before the So phie could get clear she was struck by the steamer betvie eu the foie bulkhead and the foremast. The Sophie making making much water, they endea voured t clear the boats. They succeeded in lewering the starboard boat, but in doing so stove her. - Four men got into it, and attempted to stop the leak. In the meantime others were engaged in clearing the other boats, but failed in getting them clear, and in about sminutes the Sophie went down. Mr. Ees, who was in the boat, hailed the strange steamer to save the crew, which she did, and picked up seven persons and took them on board. The steamer proved to be the William Hutt, from Havre for Shields. The master of the E .'ophie was J. V on K napen . Th e pil o t , G eorge Barry, belongi ng to Bristol, the ship's carpenter, steward, four seamen, one fireman, the captain's wire, one male passenger, and the late engineer's wife, were drowned. The William Hutt brought the survivors, consisting of the in ite, chief engi neer, and nine seamen, as far as the South Fore land, and then put them on board a Dover pilot boat, which landed them at Dover at 7 a.m." The William Hutt sustained serious damage to her stem, and her foro compartment was reported to be full of water: • Very foitunately she was light ; had she b een l oa d e d, th e p ro bability is that she would have gone down with the Sophie. The names of the survivors arc John Sambrook, chief engineer ; M organ , second engineer; stoker ; Rox, se aman ; Vincent, stoker ; Breahen, seaman ; Hargen, seaman ; Van Nauten, seaman ; Kraao, seaman ; and Pajewski, seaman. The late engineer's wife who was drowned was on her way to Bristol, to endeavour to obtain the release of her huslyind, who is in pi icon with the old crew on some charge of smuggling. None of the bodies have as yet been washed ashore. POLICE INTELLIGENCE.—Sept. 12. ---- 4 BOW STREET.—Mr. Henry Smart, picture dealer, 10A, Tichborn.e-street, and Mr. T. Closs, also a picture dealer, Charlotte-street, Blackfriars, appeared before Mr. Jardine to answer a summons, charging them with havin2, conspired to defraud Mr. H. Fitzpatrick, of Sheffield, of 1301., by sell ing him a landscape painting, purporting to be the original production of the eminent artist John Lin nell, well knowing the same to be a " c)py " only. Mr. Metcalfe, instructed by Mr. G. D. Webb, of Carey-street, appeared for the prosecution ; Mr. Abrahams defended Smart ; and Mr. Austin de feuded Closs. After a statement of the case by the learned counsel, who explained that the present transaction occurred after his client had seen the original pic ture at Mr. Smart's shop, and refused to give 2001. for it, the following witnesses were examined. F. W. Adams, of King-street, Covent-garden, deposed that he was a picture dealer, and knew the prosecutor as a customer. On 24th July last the de fendant Closs (also a customer) called upon him and said he had a picture by Linnell, which Mr. Fitz patrick wanted to purchase. Witness said, "Is it the one Mr. Fitzpatrick saw at Smart's ?'' and he replied "Yes," adding that he did not want his name mentioned in the matter. He requested wit ness to say that a gentleman had brought the pic ture to him (Adams), and that it was for sale. Witness said, "Is there anything wrong about it ? because if it is only a copy, or thew is anything not right, I would not do such a thing for 501., Mr. F. being a customer of mine." He assured witness that the picture was a genuine Linnell. The picture was sent round, screwed up in a case, and Mr. Fitzpatrick was conferred with on the subject, witness telling him that the gentleman (meaning Closs) was anxi ous to sell it, being very short of money. Closs had ' told him to say this, and also to refer Mr. Fitz patrick to Mr. Smart if he expressed any doubt about thepicture. Witness had several conversations with the prosecutor, and was eventually authorised to purchase the picture for 130/., telling him "the gentlemen" represented that he should be a loser of 40/. by the transaction. Witness agreed with Closs to give him 1201., so that he (witness) had 10/. for his own trouble iu the matter. Mr. Fitz patrick requested a warranty that the picture was genuine, but witness told him that the gentleman did not wish his name to appear in the matter, and there was no doubt about the genuineness of the picture. Witness said this, believing that Closs would not deceive him iu the matter. Mr. Fitz patrick paid witness the amount, giving him a cheque for 25/., and three acceptances (at two, three, and four months) for 151., 40/., and 50/. respectively. Witness gave the checque and. the two latter bills to Closs, keeping the 151. for his own commission ; although he was now prepared to give it up to Mr. Fitzpatrick. By the Court—Closs told me that Smart had seen the picture and guaranteed that it was genuine. I did not either tell Closs or Mr. Fitzpatrick that I had got 10/. on the transaction. Closs agreed to sell it for 120/., and Mr. Fitzpatrick agreed to give 130/. Mr. Jardine—That seems very like a fraud, to me. You represented that you gave 130/. for what only cost you 1201. Witness—Not so. I obtained the picture for Mr. Fitzpatrick at the price he agreed to give for it. It is usual in the trade to take a commission upon a purchase, and I have often got 10/. upon a picture of 10/. value. Cross-examined—l am not a judge of Linnell's pictures, having only seen them at sales. No in voice was given nor any receipt for the bills. 1 believe the picture to be genuine, owing to what Closs said. Mr. Fitzpatrick, of Angel-street, Sheffield, corroborated this evidence, and said that he first saw Mr. Smart about the picture on the 21st or 22d of July. At that time a person was in the shop, whom he now believed to be Closs. He showed witness the original picture of Linnell's and asked 2001. for it, which witness declined to give. The picture which Adams afterwards gave him (from Closs) was in the same frame and box that he had seen the original painting in. After buying it of Adams he took it to Smart, and said to him, "fs that the picture you showed me in your house the other day ?" He replied, " Yes, there can be no doubt about it." Smart said, " I sold it to a gentleman. How did you come by it so quickly ?" I told him it had been left for me to look at, and I asked how it was that the owner did not come fdrward with his name ? Smart replied, " Perhaps he wants to raise the wind, and don't wish it to be known." He told me he gave Mr. Linnell 1751. for it. I asked him to give me a war ranty. He replied, " I cannot give you one, but I will give one to the gentleman who bought the pic ture of me." I thought the picture was the same. By the Court—l would not give 151. or 51. for the copy. Mr. Metcalfe—Don't hurt the feelings of the artist. Cross-examined—l considered the copy like the original certainly. I am not a judge of Linnell's pictures. I sold the copy to a gentleman at Shef field for lbUt. ; but when I discovered the fraud, I told him of it. He has never paid me the money. I had no receipt fur the cheque and bills paid to Adams, being in great haste to save my train for Sheffield. I cannot swear it, -but I believe the frame of the copy to be the same that I had seen on the original, at Mr. Smart's shop. Mr. John Linnell, of Redhill, the veteran artist, examined (both the pictures were produced in court)—He identified the original, and said that he should have known the other to be a copy, upside down. He painted the original for Mr. Grant, and sold it in February last to him for 175/. Had known his family for fifty years. Cross- examined—T he colours are well imitated in the copy. I consider the signature in the copy, " John Linnell," to be a forgery. Mr. James Lloyd, of Gracechurch-street, deposed that ho purchased the original of Mr. Closs (defen dant) on the 14th July last. Closs said he bought it of Smart. He sold it again afterwards. Here the investigation, having occupied several hours, was adjourned to next week. WORSHIP-STREET.—Mary Ann Villiers, the wife of a retired publican, reiiding in Mansfield street, Kingsland-road, was charged with feloniously cutting and wounding her husband, with intent to murder him. On entering the witness box the complainant, who appeared with hii face nearly covered with ad hesive plaister, and presented a most ghastly spec tacle, said—lt is not my intention to proceed with this case, as I have reason to believe that the in juries T have sustained were accidentally inflicted by my wife, and I hope you will allow me to abandon the prosecution. _ . . The magistrate peremptorily refused to accede to the request in a case of such a serious nature, and having inquired if there was any other evidence, Sergeant Townsend, No. 23, stated that in con sequence of information ho had received, he pro ceeded on the previous evening to the residence of the prosecutor, whom he found seated in the par lour with the blood gushing down from two fright ful wounds in the face. Witness asked him how he had received the injuries, and before he had time to reply, the prisoner, who was standing near him, stepped boldly forward and exclaimed—" It was done . by me, but I meant to cut his throat, and now you may lock me up." The prisoner was immediately taken into custody, and on her way to the station-house, she declared that it was her set tled determination to murder her husband, and assigned as her motive fur such vindictiveness that he had boastfully acknowledged the fact of his hav ing formed au improper intimacy with her sister. Police-constable, N 370, gave corroborative evi dence, and added that the prisoner lrtd attacked her husband with the carving-knife produced, which had been since handed to him by the land lady, stained with blood, as it now appeared. Mrs. Jane Jones, the wife of a builder in Mans field-street, stated that the prosecutor and his wife had occupied apartments in her house for several months, during which period they had lived on very unhappy terms together, and const:quently quar relled from morning to night. On the previous evening she heard an unusually violent commotion in their apartment, on entering which she observed the prosecutor in the mang:ed and bleeding condi ti ni described by the officer. The prisoner, who was standing over him in a menacing attitude, coolly avowed that she had inflicted the wounds in his face while attempting to cut, his throat, at the same time pointaig to a large kuife on the table, the blade of which was stained with fresh blood. Wit ness instantly secured th e weapon, w ith w hi c h she hastenedinto the street, and gave information to the police. The wanes; added that the prosecutPr had formerly been in affluent circumstances, but was of such profuse and extravagant habits that he had expended no less than 5,0001. within the last three yeare Alr. G. H. C owar d , th e di v i s i ona l surgeon o f police, having deposed to the serious nature of the wounds, one of which had completely cut through the cheek to the extent of four inches. The prisoner, who exhibited throughout the most reckless indifference, as remanded for depositions. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHAPLAINS FOR INDIA.--We are informed that two Roman cattualic clergymen have volunteered their services as chaplains to the army.in India, namely the Rev. Mr. Kyne, of St. Peters-chapel, Clorken-well ; and the Rev. Edward Lescher, one of the priests attached to the Chapel of the Holy Family, Saf fron-hill. They have been already armed with the neces.ary spiritual " faculties" from Cardinal Wise and will leave London for their destination in the East with as little delay as possible. I ) .R _ICE'S 0 SD A .1; From, the Official List, FUBLISIIED EVERY TUESDAY AND FRIDAY EVENINU LONDON, FRIDAY, SEPT. 11, 1857. CANALS. Names of Companies. Ashtn Birmingham Coventry.. Derby .. • • • • GrandJimetn Do., 6 pr. Ct.! Grand 'Jnioti [tenet & AVE , Lecds&Livrp Leicester.... Leicstr Loughborogh Macclesfield. Neath •• •• 0xf0rd...... Dividend per , ~...2 All - 1111M . 93 71. r. 40 4/. 100 W. 100 61. 15s. 100 21. pr. et., 10 6:. pr 100 7s. 6d 40 63. 100 252. 100 5/. 83 11.55. 143 701 . 100 21. 103. 'OO 161. ,100 Name of Company. Berlin East London Do. 4 per Cent. Pref. Do. 5 per Cent. I'ref. Grand Jonetion •• Do. New •• •• •• Lambeth ..... . • • • • .. New laver Company.. Southwark & Vauxhall West Middlesex • • Do. D 0....... Name of Company. flungerford .... • • .... Southwark ...... • • .. Ditto New of 7% p.c. Waterloo ..... ........ Ditto Old Ann. of 81. Ditto Nw ditto of 71. Vauxhall Name of Company Commercial .......... Do. Preference East and West India.. Grand Surry D. & Canal Do: Load Notes .... Do. 5 per cent. Pref. London ••• • St. Katharine ........ ,?outhampton ........ Victoria •• •••••• •• • • Ditto New • • •• • • •• British Provincial .... Brighton •• •• •• •• •• City of London ...... Ertuitab1e............ European .... ....... Great Central ........ Imperial ...• ........ Ditto New Names of 'j Companies. Price. Peak Forest. Regem t's • • • • Stftrd &Won 'Stoarbridge.. Severn and 1 Wye Rail. Warwick & Birming. Warwick & j 1 Napton.. iWorcstr & Birming. j Wilts & Brks 5/. per cnt. St. per cnt. 4/. per cent. M. per cent. 41. per cnt. Ditto Debentures Do. Continental I st Cap. Do. Do. 2d Cap. Do. Do. 3d Cap. Do. Do. 4th Cup. Independent •• London Paul. Preferen. Phoenix . •• .. •• •• •• Rateliff.• •• • •• .• •• Surrey Consumers United General Westminster Chartered Ditto, New .... •• • • Western A. DUO B .. Name of Company. 51. per cnt. IV. per cent. lOs per cent.) 1/. 12s. Od. 11. Bs. Od. 28s. DOCKS, Dividend . per Annum. 51. pr cent. 61. pr tent. 41. per cent. 51. pr cent. 4%1. per cnt. 4 per cent. 51. Os per c. LT AND CO Dividend per Annum. Amount of Share. £ s. d. 10 0 0 Stock. 25 0 0 25 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 71. per cent. 51. per cent. 21. per cent. 21. 61. per cent. Si. per cent. 10/. per cent 31. ss. 41. 15s. V. 10s. 100 0 0 61 0 0 5 1 8 Amount of Share. X s. A. 25 0 0 iOO 0 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 60 0 0 40 0 0 70 10 3 Amount Share. s. d. Stock. Stock. Stock. 100 0 0 100 0 0 25 0 0 stock. Stock. 50 0 0 20 0 0 20 0 0 COMP. Amount of Share. 61. per cent. 5 1 A . per cat. 5/. 8/. - ner cent. 163 0(.1 per sh. .7.per cont. Albion .... •• •• •• Alliana Bri:. and For. s. d. 20 0 0 20 0 0 150 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 Stock 50 0 0 60 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 40 0 0 25 0 0 GO 0 0 20 0 0 10 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 71. per c. It. 14s. Get. 51. p.c. & Us. X s. d. 500 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 1 0 0 50 0 J 100 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 (00 0 0 5 0 0 Stock. Dividend per Annum. 57. Os. 17s. Ditto Marine ....... Athenaeum. .......... Atlas .. krgus Life ..........• nritish Commercial .. Church of England .. City of London .. •• .. Clericl.Med.& Gen. Life County Crown .... ...• .... • • Eagle .. Equity and Law...... European Life Family Endowment •• General..." •• •• .• •• •• Globe • •• • • • • •• Gresham Life . 281. 121. les 1/. 16s. Do. Do.. ... Guardian . • • • • • • • • • • • Imperial Fire......... Imperial Life ..... Indemnity Marine.... Law Fire .......... •. Law Lite... •• • • Legal and General Life London London & Prov. Law Marine. • • .... ••• • • • Med. Invlid Br, Gen. Life Minerva •• .. . • .. • • Monarch . • • • • • • • • • .• New Equitable Pelican .• • • • • • • • • •• •• Phcenix Professional Life ...... Provident Life........ Rock Life • • .. Royal Exchange ...... Sun Fire 15s. Oil. & bs 41. per cent. 71. 10s. 71. 10s. Si. S pr ct.& bs. I/. per share li. 18s. ss. 5 1 4 per cent. 11. 41. per cent. 6 per cent. ul. per cent. 51. per cent t2l. per cent 10s. 7s. Od. Paid. Z s. d. 100 all raid. Z s. d Paid. 20 0 0 100 0 0 500 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 50 0 0 4 00 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 5 0 0 10 0 0 £ s. d. Stock. Prico. too 0 0 (00 0 0 EF;tl O . 50 " 0 0 20 0 0 14 0 0 'IE S. Paid. '143. it. p7ct. & bs. 2s & 2s bons 214. pe.e sh. 4s. psr share £ s. d. all Price 18s.& bs. 1 1 4 per cent 51. per cent. 51. per cent. 1 6 4 per cent 51 p. ct. 51. per cent. 51. per cent. - 12% per c. 78. sp.c.&bs 6;Q p.c & bs Ditto Life ..... United Kingdom .. •• Universal Life . • • ..... Victoria Life ..... .• . 1/. 14s. 4/. & bonus. 5/. & bonus. 5/. & bonus. TINT-S TOCK Dividend per Name of Company. 160 0 0 all 12 10 G 100 0 0 42 15 0 41 0 0 43 10 0 41 0 0 52 0 0 16 0 0 all A.ustralasia• • • • • • • • • • • Brum of Egypt Bank of London British North American ('h. Bk. lud. Aust & Ch, City Colonial Commercial of London Eng. Scot. & Aust. Ch Lond. Char. Bk. of Aus 10 0 0 all 4 0 0 Price. Annum. 10/. per cent. 51. per cent. 9 per cent. 41. per cent. Si. per cent. 11. p. e. & bs. 4'. per cent. 51. per cent. 1 1 6 5 0 1100 0 0 5 0 0 Stock. Do. New .. • • • ... London and County .. Lon. & Eastn 131,11. g. C. London Joint-Stock ... Londn and Westmin3tr Nat. Provincial of Eng. Ditto. New .. •• •• •• Ditto ditto Natio%T.l Bank New oath Wales .. • • Oriental Bank Corpora. Ottoman Bank Frovineial of Ireland Ditto, New.• • .. • • • • lonian., South Australia • • -• Union of Australia Amount of Share. Price, Paid. Ditto .............. Union of Hainburg • • .. Union of L0nd0n...... Unity Mutual .. .. • • • • Western Bank or Londn ket. per cent. 66. per cent., 28 per cent. tB'. per cent. 16pc. &bs Z s. d. 50 0 0 11 0 0 25 0 0 10834 il.per cent.l 20'. per tent.l 101. per cent. ct.&bs. 81. per cent. 5/. per cent. 101. per cent. 21/. per cent. 151. per cent.l s. d. 40 0 0 25 0 0 100 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 1 20 0 0 20 0 0 1 50 0 0 100 0 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 20 0 0 20 0 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 25 0 0 20 0 0 100 0 0 10 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 25 0 0 all 5 15 0 25 0 0 5 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 0 10 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 5 0 0 all 4 0 0 47 5 0 50 0 0 20 0 0 30 0 0 2 10 0 13 0 0 2 10 0 12 10 0 2 0. 0 12 11 0 2 0 0 20 0 0 2 0 0 4 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 15 0 0 50 0 0 100 0 0 100 0 0 0 10 0 10 0 0 0 10 0 Price. 5 10 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 Price, Price. _ i - LIST OF SCOTTISH COMPANIES' PRICES. Dividend Amount Name of Company. per of Paid. Price. Annum. Share. ----- - - £ s. d. £ . s. d. Bank of Scotland .. •. 71. per cent. 100 C 0 100 0 0 19310 s British Linen Company 81. per cent. 100 0 0 100 0 0 2191 0 Caledonian Bank .. •.. 81. per cent. 10 0 0 210 031 IGs City of Glasgow Bank 5/. per cent. 10 0 0 10 0 0 13/10s Clydesdale Bank •• .. 5%/. p cent. 20 0 0 10 0 0 13/ 12s Commercial Bank .. 71. per cent. 500 0 0 100 0 0 242/0- Eastern Bank.. •• •... 61. per cent. 25 0 0 10 0 0 141 5s Edinb. & Glasgow.... 3%1.p cent. 5 0 5 0 0 41 Bs National Bank •• •• .. 6% per cent. 100 0 0 100 0 0 193 i Os NorthofSeotland Bank 51. per cent. 20 0 0 210 051 lOs Royalßarik of Scotl. .. 51. per cent. 100 0 0 100 0 0 1381)s Union Bank of Scot. .. 81. per cent. 100 0 0 50 0 0 1051 0 Western Ba.nk•• .:.... 71. per cent. 50 0 0 50 0 0 78 158 Alliance Fire and Life., 8%1.pr cent. 100 0 0 11 0 0 17112 s British Guarantee ... 41. per cent. 10 0 0 2 0 0 11 78 Caledonian Fire Insur . 10t.per cent. 100 0 0 10 0 0 24110 s City of Glasgow Lite.. 61. per cent. 25 0 0 2 0 041 4s Colonial Life ......... 51. per cent. 50 0 0 3 0 0 61 4s Edinburteh Life Insur. 61. per cent. 100 0 0 15 0 0 281 Is Eng. & Scot, Law Life 51. per cent. 50 0 0 3 5 041 Gs Llfe Assoc. of Scotland 61. per cont. 40 0 0 3 0 06/ 15s National Fire and Life 6/. per cent. 10 0 0 1 4 021 Ps North British Insur... 71. per cent. 200 0 0 20 0 0 36/121 Northern Assurance Co. 20 0 0 1 0 01/ 14s Scottish Provincial .... - 50 0 0 2 0 021 19s Scottish Union Insrnc. 7%1. prcent. 20 0 0 1 0 0 11 16s Standard Life .. •... •• 51. per cent. 50 0 0 7 0 0 24/ Os MISCELLANEOUS. Dividend ' Amount ' Name of Company. per of Paid. Price. Annum. Share. ---- -- Z s. d. £ s. d. Acadian Charcoal Iron .. 10 0 0 2 0 0 - African Steam Ship .. .. 20 0 0 10 0 0 - Assam tea •• .• ••.. •• l• rcr cent. 50 0 0 20 0 0 - Auction Mart.• •..... 11.ilper cent 50 0 0 - - Australian Aviculturl - 25 0 0 19 0 0 - Australian Trust •• .. 81. pr cent. 100 0 0 25 0 0 21% Australian Royal Mail - 10 0 0 all - Anglo-Mexican Mint.. 11. 103. 10 0 0 all - British Arnorican Land 5/. per cent 50 0 0 40 0 0 - Canada ......... •• .. 4/. per cent 100 0 0 32 10 0 138 Do. 5 per cent Bonds 5/. pet cent Stock 100 0 0 - Ditto, 5 per cent bds 51. per cent. Stock 100 0 0 I):tte, 6 per cent. .. 61, per cent. Stock 100 0 0 - Ditto, Gp c. bds 1874 41. per cent. Stock 100 0 0 - Ditto, 6p c. bds 1876 61. per cent. Stock 100 0 0 -- Crystal Palace .• .... 2/. per cent. 5 0 0 all 1% Ditto Preference.... 71 pr. cent. 5 0 - 0 5 0 0 4 Crys. Palace of France - 4 0 0 all - city Navigation Bonds 3%!. per cent - - - Electric Telegraph .. 61. per cent. Stock. 100 0 C 105 Eng.&Ans. Cop. Smelt. - 5 0 0 all 1 % Eug.&lris. Bag - . T. Co, - 50 0 0 all - Equitable iteversiemy slper cent. 100 0 0 130 0 0 - Ditto New ........ - 50 0 0 22 10 0 - Gen. Revers. & Invest. 5!. p c and 11 100 0 0 100 0 0 - Gen. I. Sc. Col. (Lim.) - 25 0 0 all - Gen.fateamNavigation 10/. per ct. & 15 0 0 14 0 0 - London Gen. Omnibus 12!. per cent 40 , 0 all 371. Hudson's Fay........ 5/. per cent. Stock I- t oc k - Hungerford .......... 2e 58. 100 0 0 all - Lon. Ne. &Na. Mauso. - 10 0 0 all - London Reversionary 51, per cent. 15 0 4 ' all - all % s Mex. &S. American - 10 0 0 Nat. Discount Comp.. - 25 0 0 5 0 0 - - N.S.W. Gov.sp.c. Deb. 5!. per cent. - 100 0 0 Nor. Bri. Australasian 6d. 1 0 0 all - - North of Europe, Stm. Si. per cent. 20 0 0 17 10 0 Prices Patent Cand. Co - 2 0 0 all 23l Peel River.Land&M 50 0 0 in. - 50 0 all 1.% all Gtl Pen. & Oriental Steam 71. per cent . ... - 50 0 0 10 0 0 1,1 Ditto New • Reve:sioeary Int. Soc. - Ditto New .. • • .... /lie& Pr ceet. lao 0 0 20 0 0 - Royal Mail Steam.... t 1. 5. share. 100 0 0 60 0 0 - 1% /. pr cent 100 0 0 all Scottish Aus. Invest. 15 /. pe r cent. 10 0 all _ South Australian Land 7!. per cent. 25 0 0 all 32 7%.• pr cent. 20 0 0 5 0 0 - Trust and Loan Comp. lOs. 100 0 0 ee 10 0 _ VAR Diemen's Land :. I)o Gov. 6 per ct. ir ds 6 p er cent. -. ... 41,GG1 39,620 38,71 1 39, 641 40,: 30 40,00 S -,- 38,794 - 37,051 TESTIMONIAL TO THE TOWN CLERK OF M ANCH ESTER • —A meeting was held in the Mayor's parlour, Town-11a% Manchester, on Thursday, to secure the means of Pre senting a suitable testimonial to th e t own c l er k for 1 3 1 services in connexion with the Mersey Conservancy an d Docks Act. A sum o! 2,0001. was put down by th,! gentlemen present as th e commencement o f t h e SD' ser:ption. [ADVERTISEMENT.]—HoIIoway's Ointment and rin e incontrovertible remedies for Bad Legs.—Mr. Shares chemist of Salford, reports, in a communication to Pro' fessor Haloway, that Mrs. Holmes, of Albert-street/ Salford, suffered from a bad leg for upwards of three years, during which period she could wear neither 13 13 ° e nor boot—in fact, suffered extreme torture. Sbe wa g at length induced to try Holloway's Ointment and Pill' , and in the brief space of tour weeks, the wounds in her leg were completely cured, and she can now walk aDY reasonable distance.—Sold by all medicine vendors throughout the world; at Professor Holloway's Estab lishments, 244,- Strand, London, and $O, Maiden' lane, New York; by A. Stamps, Constantinople; A' Guidicy, Smyrna ; and E. Muir, Malta, B IRTIIS. OF A SON. On the 10th inst., at Kirkby Mallory, the llon. Russell. On the 11th inst,, at 14, Dorset-square, the wife of Cowly, Esq. OF A DAUGHTER . On the 11th inst., at 24, Porehester-square, the wife of William Bevan, Eq. On the 11th inst., at North Lodge, Muswell Bill, Dire' Henry Smith. MARRIED. On the 12th inst., at St. George's, Bloomsbury, Geo. Dickson, Esq., of Woburn-place, to Marianne, on ly da,uP e ter of th 3 late Edward Jones, Esq., of Queen's-terra ce. Wool w ich On the 12th inst., at the parish church, Bushey, ifertt Holbert Alfred, fourth son of the late William Halo:now); of Kennington , to Alice Matilda rniugest daughter 0' John Towne, Esq., Commander of Bushey-heath. DIED. On the llth inst., at the Vicarag , h Vicarage Benet - Oen, Kon l,tlie R e v. Daniel Boys, M.A., upwards of 51 years vicar of that parish, aged ;.1. On the 11th inst., at Ryde, Isle of Wight, Thomas 1 , 3 ,i Hearn, Esq., solicitor, s on o f th e l a t e W . H earn , EA - Newport, aged 3 9 . On the 11th inst., at High Wickham, Hastings, Lance lot Middleton, Esq., aged i u. 1,, Jo On the 12th inst. Idrs. Sarah Forster, of Spool:la inl3 Neu bury, age d 62 . . both On the 10th i ns t., at Hillingdon, Charlotte Eliz a s Mary, youngest daughter of the late Major-General Jaroe Grant, aged 26. °r On the 9th inst., at Lowestoft, by a fall from the P i e d Charles S. J. Haw tayne, Vice-Admiral of the Recd. ag 75. -- • LONDON : Printed and Published by I‘I6ICDO )10 UN( of No, 112, Strand, Printer, at Tits Sv.n Mice; 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the S'avoy, in the c oulltY o bliddlesca, Monday, Soptembor 14, 18T. GAS-LIGII' Name of Company. WATER-WORKS. Dividend per Annum. BRIDGE Dividend . per Aniium. FRANCE COMPANIES. Dividend per Annum. Amount of Share. 20 0 0 1100 0 0 :ANKS. Paid. Z 8. d. all 18 15 0 50 0 0 all 6 0 0 50 0 0 25 0 0 20 0 0 20 '6 0 50 0 0 10 0 0 20 0 0 35 0 0 10 0 0 5 0 0 22 10 0 15 0 0 25 0 0 2 10 0 3 0 0 10 0 0 50 0 0 50 0 0 Miles opened, 1857. eclittry Markets. - DALKEITH GRAIN MARKET—SEPT. 10. Qrs. Best. Current. Infeliot 273 Wheat Gls 03. 290 Oats 32s 0(3 29s 9d - Gd 419 Barley 42s 03 36s OW ........ 25, Od 22 Peas & beans 503 03 ,_ 41s 2d 253 03 lIADDINGTON GRAIN MARKET—SEPT. 11. WHEAT. I BARLEY I OATS. 1 BS: S. first 63s Od 42s Od 34s Gd 1 52s Od Second 46s 5d j 37s 3d j 30s 10d j 501 2 3 lird 3ss Od I 323 Gd I 2Gs Od i 49 Od Total quantity of wheat in market, 403 qrs., 3l) so!d barley p, 412 qrs., 412 sold oats ~; 303 qrs., 292 sold beans II 12 qrs., 9 sold AVERAGES PER IMPERIAL QUARTER. Wheat, 2/. 8 3 5-12ths I Barley, —V. 17 3 10.12 tbs Oats, ... If. 10 10 0-12ths I Beans, 2/. 10 2 8-12t1.0 PP , ABERDEEN—SEPT. 11. Potato oats Common oats 2 21 s s 6 0 (I d t: 2 2 4 5: 0 0 401bs per bushdl (1 d 1 Bere COs Od to 318 Ckl 1531bs ~ Barley _ 30s Od to 31s Od . . ..._ .... Whoa, red (spring)363 Od to 40s Od 621bs „ white .......36s Od to 503 Oct _ . _ _ j Oatmeal IJa Od to 20s Od per boll. Flour 438 Od to 44s Od per sack. PROVISION MARKET. Beef, per lb 6d to 9d I Butter, p lb. is id to is 23 nutton, per lb. 5d to 81 Eggs, p doz. Os Od to Os 10d Lamb, do., Os 6d to Os 9d i Hens, p pair 3s 6d to 03 Od Veal, per lb ... 5d to Os 81 Chickens,do.2s 6d to Os 01 Pork, perlb...os Od to Os Od Ducks, do., is Gd to 01 Salmon, per lb .........ls 2d Ducklings,dols Gd to 2s 0 1 Grouse, per brace.....os to Os Turkeys, each Os Od to 0 C 1 Tallow, p stone, Os to 11s 01 Potatoes, pr pock, Od —to 81 Rabbits, each Od to Od. Butter for exportation (present cure) per cwt. 101 s to 1084 Eggs, wholesale price, per dozon . 7 ; 1 3d to RETAIL PRICES. Flour,l4lb 0s Od to 2s Gd Barley flour,l4lb.Os to 2s 2cl Oatmeal Os Od to 2s 'd „ dust, ..... Os to Os ICd Beremeal ....Os Od to 28 Od per lb 2d to 2 Peasemeal... Od. to 2s 4d Ski ' s, 7d Cheese, per imperial stone, 4s. Od. to 4s Gd 4-lb. loaf...Sd. 2-Ib. 10af...4d. DUBLIN, SEPT. 11. There was an increased supply of new grain at mar • ket to-day, especially of wheat. At the opening of tLo market an advance of GI to is was demanded, and iu a few cases realised for wheat, but prices subsequently re ceded to those of Tuesday. Barley Gd dearer; oats and rape3eed at about last day's prices. Indian corn movts off slowly at a small advance. White wheat, 33s Od to 3Gs Od ; red ditto, 32s Od to 33s Gd; ditto new, 325; barley, malting, ISs Gd to 21s Od ; grind ing, —s to —s ; oath, old, 15s 6d to 18s; ditto, new, 14s 9d to 16s Oi ; oatmeal, 14s Gd to 16s; bere, new, 15.3 to 160 3d ; rapes° , d, 2Ss Od to 30s Od per brl ; bakers' flour, 190 Od to 24s Od per cwt ; Indian corn, 35s Od to 37s Od per 480 lbs. LOCAL SHARE MARKETS. LIVERPOOL, SEPT. 12. STOCK EXCHANGE.—The transactions in this market have been quiet, and prices are merely nominal at the full rates of yesterday. Eastern Counties, 11$ ox d—North British, 12—Caledonian, 414—North Eastern, Berwick, 231 x d—Lancashire and Yorkshire, 100t.g—Alidlan d, 82 -2 4—She'fields, 42—Grand Trunk of Canada, 12?, —South Eastern, 21 1. —Great Western of Canada, 21i London and North-Westerns, 99/ ex eliv.—Birkenhea (l . Lancashire, and Chc3hire, 66.1. MANCHESTER, SEPT. 12. STOCK EXCHANGE. The market was rather inactive to-day, and very little business doing at former prices ; —Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln, 42—Ditto new 31 per ant., 65—Dovers, 21 3 - 16--Great Luxembourg, 7 Blackburns, pref., 22 11-16--Eastern Counties, 11a Groat Western, 55:1--Lando i and North Westerns, 9 9 g --East Lancashire, 961 --Grand Trunk of Canada, 12t; --- Leeds, IC9I-Sheffield Pref., 1181—East Anglian, 20i. BIRMINGHAM, SEPT. 12. STOCK EXCHANGE. The market has been steady to day, and prices about the same. Midlands, 81i 8 2— :, —London and North Western, 100 +—Shrewsbury an d Elerefords, B,l—Eastern Counties, 11+ 111 —Shropshire Unions, 49i—Great Western ' Birmingham Guarante ed Stock, 70—Birmingham and Derbys, 55—North Staffords , t to 4i dis. RAILWAY TRAFFIC .RETURNS. TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK. NAME OF RAILWAY. BRITISH. Aberdeen •• •• •• •• •• •• Belfast s and Ballymena Belfast and County Down • • • ....• Birkenhead, Lancashire, and Cheshire Bolton, Blackburn, and West York • • • • Bristol and Exeter .• • • • • .. Caledonian. ..... ....... ............ Chester and Holyhead • • • • • • Cork, Blackrock, and Passage Cork and Bandon .. • • • • .. • • Dublin and Belfast.' unction ........ Dublin and Drogheda•... ......... Dublin and Kingstown;• • •• • • Dundee and Arbroath •• • • •• Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen Junction Dundalk and Enniskillen • ... • • • • .• •• East East Lancashire • • ................ Eastern Counties and N0rf01k...... Eastern Union .................. Edinburgh and Glasgow •••••• • • • • • Edinburgh, Perth, and Dundee.• Exeter and Crediton .. • • Furness Railway • .• • ... Glasgow, and South-Western. ..• Great Northern...... Great Southern and Western (Ireland) Great Western .• . • •••.• • • • • • •• • • •• Irish South Eastern •• •• •......... Lancaster and Carlisle.• • . ........ Lancashire and Yorkshire.... Leeds Northern .. • • .... • ... • Liverpool, Crosby, and Southport.... London and North Western . • . London and 81ackwa11.............. Landon, Brighton, and South Coast.. London and South Western. •• •••••• Londonderry and Enniskillen Manchester, Buxton, and Matlock, &c. Manchester, She ffield,and Lincolnshire Manchester and South Junction...•.. Maryport and Carlisle • • • • • • • • Midland Great Western (Irish) Monklands • • • • • • • • •• • • • • •- •• • • • • • • Newcastle and North British .... • • North Staffordshire .• • • • • ••• • • North-Western .................... Scottish Central . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Scottish Midland .. •.•••••• • • • . • . . Shrewsbury and Birmingham ••• • .. Shrewsbury and Chester . • . • • • • • • • • • Shropshire Union .................. South Devon . • • • • . • .. •. • • • • • • • • • • • • South Eastern . • .. • • • • South Wales South York., Doncaster, and Goole .. Taff Vale •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Ulster • Waterford Pnd Limerick . • .......... West Cornwall ....... Whitehaven Junction ............... York and Newcastle, and Berwick & York and North Midland & Leeds.. FOREIGN. Dutch Rhenish .. ...• ...... • • .• Lyons and Mediterranean Monterean and Troyes .• .• .-. • • .. Namur and Liege Northern of France Orleans and Central ..... ........ Paris and Lyons .... •••• • • • • ...... Paris and Rouen. • • •••••••• • • • • •• Paris and Strasburgh .......... Rouen and ...... • • West and North-West of France .... Receipts. 1857. 1856 1,143 305 2,5 6 ! 925 7,486 13,72 0 1,115 291 262 1,294 1.57 1 2,49 6 673 1,099 412 779 7,439 23,535 6,227 , 3,78 7 207 1,44 7,511 23,1 18 7,331 31,898 32 6 7 304 26,102 €3 1 4 . C via Tem Passelyleti WeYinoull Further PanY's Oft Cr I'.l Warwick A train sy 7.45 z .m., or on Mot Per handl) amingt. and 7 8 . f oGR !9th, at 6 Pan e w exam Ca.; nos: HEAP StOU I r•J 7 r sth g er , tar We) n dap, 19t1i Fares i llages, 8 A Rrna] IND Eu ran ces Otte as a tIoRt principle . security. ... The T %t►t yea TILE special a A' Fick et, 27th of ( PII AKE hRITIS SED .1, The s and fror Passage Passengi The I the pa I N kr, ernhatk Z.For 1) G -T- WEOld ceive street ; luNort 4011 al Thom , Thorns All Ch 26% 117 198► 9444 ...6% 40U, 16% 183 X 283 203% 465 25 90 286 16k 637 514 183 ~ ,i, 289 17314 _9% b 67 177 b 2 78% 149 233 301% 171 IOgN 12 1 h 682 1,295 331 3,241 1,014 7,583 14,678 7,453 319 293 1,3,3 1,683 2,495 .186 1,081 778 7,410 25,115 6,413 3,583 239 1,351 7,825 2'4,137 6,822 32,543 274 7,684 27,878 71,808 1,575 13,369 18,494 754 11,339 1,478 1,011 34,326 4,233 3,920 5,726 8,681 1,198 3,456 4,261 21,853 70,3 33 1,842 19,1 95 18,695724 10,3 89 80 5 1,1 16 32,3 98 3,815 3,842 5,488 7,206 1,02 1 3,428 3, 591 26,63 S 15, M n~ CONT ancirr the 1, ready for ;1j la Del Inontt ko3 al Linen Sheet Pat No. I o'cloc Thi ICo tc of tre vided he s: 1v and 1 and Pens issue -t, the] the ad or or Nil( the, Lay