The Sun. — London, England, 1840-04-21 00:00:00

EVENING EDITION. (Continued from The Sun of Yesterday.) THE ARMY. The promotion to the rank of Field-Marshal is a matter of special arrangement and favour, but except in the instance of the Duke of Wellington and the - members or connexions of the Royal Family, that rank has been conferred occasionally upon a few of the senior Generals. The offer of service in the cases where it is held to be a sufficient qualification for promotion by brevet is so fully recognised as giving an undeniable claim to ad vancement, that Lord Fitzroy Somerset stated, that even if it were known the officer could not serve, and were bedridden, he would nevertheless get his promotion, and the consequence is admitted to be, that in almost every brevet several officers are promoted to the rank of Major-General who are unfit to do any active duty in that capacity. As a preliminary to the consideration of this system of promoting General Officers, with reference to its effects upon the efficiency of the service, it may neces sary to trace briefly the origin of the present mode of making General Officers. The commission books of the War Office havo been examined to ascertain when the rank of General was first conferred by commission. These hooks are pro -1 bably defective ; but the first record found therein is in June and J u l y 168 5, w h en James 11. made two Major- Generals and five Brigadiers. In March and April 1689, William 111. made Brigadiers. In the same year the Duke of Schomberg, one of those transferred from foreign service, wes made General of all the forces, but this was for special employment. On 18th June 1689, the Earl of Craven was made Lieut.-General of all the forces ; and on 4th July 1689, Count de Solms was Bade General of foot. Three Lieut.-Generals were made in 1690 and 1691, six Lieut.-Generals in 1694, and seven in 1696. The peacu of Ryswick followed in 1697, and a ge neral reduction 'of the army was the consequence. In March 1701-2, John, Earl of Marlborough, was m•Al , a Captain-General and Commander-in-Chief ; and in June, 1702, Prince George of Denmark was made Generalissimo of all the Forces. The rank of General was then assigned to a particular arm of the service. The officer was named General of horse, or General of foot, or for a special service. As an instance of the latter, the following may be stated : On the 13th of January, 1715, Thomas Whetham was made general and Commander-in-Chief in Scot land, in the absence of the Duke of Argyll and Lord Stair ; and on the 23d March, in the same year, al though holding the rank of General in Scotland by an earlier commission, the same General Whetham was made Major-Genera!, subsequently a Lieut.-General, and finally a General of foot. In October,l73s, George 11. introduced the rank of Field-Marshal into the service. He created two, the Earl of Orkney, and the Duke of Argyll and Greenwich. This is the first approach to the General promotions of the present time that can be traced ; for, on the same occasion, there were made two Generals (one of horse, the other of foot), 10 Lieut.-Generals, 24 Major-Ge neral*, and 89 Brigadier-Generals. In 1739 the two Generals of 1735 were made Field-Marshals. The appropriation of the Generals to horse or foot continued till the reign of George 111. O n the 4th March, 1761, the r an k o f Genera was given to the eight senior lieut.-Generals, without any subjoined dis• unction of service, as had previously been the case. Since that time the several ranks of General Officers as they emist at present have been maintained ; but there has never been any defined limit to the numbers. In the interval of peace between 1783 and 1793, the aggregate numbers of Gene ra l Officers in each y ear were as 10110 W :--- 1783...189 1 17,44...ze5 I 1785...150 1786..372 I 1787...179 1788...168 I 1789...19U I 17110...171 1791...189.1 1792...157 When the French war broke out in 1793 there was a general promotion, mere or less extensive, in every year during its progress to 1803, a respite in 1804, a general promotion in 1805, again in 1808, 1809, 1810, 1811, 1812, 1813, and 1814. There was then a respite of five v: ars. A general promotion was made in 1819, another in 1821, again in each of the years 1825, 1830, 1837, a-rd 1838. It is obvious that the rapid succession of general brevets, made from the commencement of the war in 1793, placed young men in a position to fill important eornmz;nds. A series of quest i ons addressed to Lord Fitzroy So merset wiii illustrate this. The Lieul-Co:omds of 1793 were made Colonels in 1796, and Major-Generals in 1802. But it was not the raid succession of Brevets only which pl:ced so many young men in the rank of Gene ral Officer. Other causes operated to produce this important resu't. Previously to the Duke of York's assuming, the com mand of the Army, there was no defined term of ser vice r, qured from an officer before he could he ad vanced to the several ranks, and there was no prohibi tion to the appointment of persons to conimiss o the Army at ages when it was imr,osr • dhle th ey could , perform service. His Royal Highness introduced important change s into the Army en both these points. He established regulations exacting . a certain period of service in .i rank before promotion tr, a superior, and fixing each years as the minimum of service . for a Captain, and six years as the minimum . of service before an officer could attain the rank of Field-Officer, and in practice these terms were much extended. With regard to the practice of giving commissions to children, some explanation appears to be necessary. It has generally been supposed that the appointment of absolute infants and young children to the Army was an abuse, dating from the period when Lord Amherst Was in command of the Army, or from times shortly anterior to that command. It is proper, therefore, to show, from the War Office Records, that this abuse (for such it undoubtedly was) was positively sanctioned by a regulation from the Crown, dated 29th May, 1705. In that regulation, Queen Anne, after stating that the appointment of children to commi ss i ons was very prej u di c i a l to the service, w plhat for th e f uture no porson tha as t is eased to d ec l are, •i that serve of age sufficient to serve shah be admitted into any of her Mjesty's Itroops, except the children of officers who have, been slain, or suffered extremely in the service, in which case the merits of the father may make it reasonable to show that mark of her Majesty's royal favour to the son." Her Majesty further declared her pleasure that, of those who were thus qualified," there shall not be at nay one time above two in a regiment ;" and when any regotHect was . ordered on service, these children were to be removed into other regiments left at home, their places being taken by officers from those regiments. As a proof of the full ' re-oo.nitio n o f t hi s system, and of the mode in which it was ' earr ied int o effect, th e f o i _ lowing is the copy of a letterfrom the S Cretary-at- GENERAL REPORT OF COMMIS SIONERS FOR INQUIRY INTO NAVAL AND MILITARY PROMOTION AND RE TIREMENT. We proceed to the examination of the third and last system of promotion, which is that by brevet, the object of which is to confer higher rank upon an individual than he possesses by his commission in his regiment ; a n d as there may be some advantage in recording the informa ltion we have acquired on this subject from the books of the War Office, we shall sketch briefly the progress of \ the system, as applicable to the creation of General / Officer's rank. With regard to the word " brevet,”as applied to the Army, distinguished from regimental promotion, it may be well to note that the first entry of a grant of brevet rank to be found in the books of the War Office occurs in 1692. It was a Commission granted by William who was then in Flanders, dated Brussels, May 10, 1692, conferring a brevet upon Francis Hawley, to command as Colonel of Dragoons ; and in the same year Lieut. Baron Spaar had a brevet to command c Captain, and William Seymour end Henry Withers had brevets to command as Colonels. This mode of promotion derives additional importance from the fact that it has been applied within the last :30 years as the means of noting and rewarding distin guished field-service. It is stated in the Memorandum from the Horse Guards that, with the exception of brevets for field service, brevet promotion is regulated by seniority, and that the brevet ranks are. Major, Lieut.-Colonel,Colonel,Major- General, Lieut.- General, General, and Field-Marshal ; but it is also shown that the qualifications to obtain the several steps of seniority brevet are different in several ranks. The qualification for the first rank, that of Major, is that the Captain, whose date of commission as such would bring him within the proposed promotion, must be upon full pay regimentally, or if upon half-pay, that he must be in a staff or garrison appointment. For the three next superior ranks of Lieut.-Colonel, Colonel, and Major-General, actual employment on ser vice is not requisite. The Major is promoted to be a Lieut.-Colonel, the Lieut.-Colonel to be a Colonel, and the Colonel to be a Major-General, if, not being on full pay, he had merely tendered an offer of his services, except indeed, he should have received the difference on retiring to half-pay, which would be a positive disquali fication for further promotion. Actual service in one brevet rank would secure the officer upon half-pay the next step of brevet rank with out an offer of service ; but no further brevet promo tion would be granted without an offer of service after the first advancement ; that is to say, a Major, a Lieut.-Colonel, and a Colonel, who had served as such, would, if they subsequently retired upon half-pay with out taking a difference, be promoted to be Lieutenant- Colonel, Colonel, and Major-General, respectively ; but the two former would obtain no further brevet, unless they should make an offer of service after the first promotion. The Major-Generals to be Lieut.-Generals, and the Lieut.-Generals to be Generals, are the seniors of their respective ranks without reference to service or offers of service. THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY, APRIL 21, 1840 pay of the last regimental commissions, which in the case of the Lieutenant-Colonels of Household Cavalry exceeds the 1 - ss, a day, or a minimum rate of 1001. It must be admitted that this state of things cannot riegain occur, and that it will be impossible, under the ?) resent regulations of the service, to have General Of= i cers of the age stated by Lord Fitzroy Somerset ; but, ail the other hand, there is a perfect assurance that every ommission on the regimental establishments is conferred fipon an individual who must do personal duty therein, and that the probability of obtaining General Officers ith suitable qualifications is more apparent from an et ficient regimental force, than it could have been in one iv here a large number of commissions were held by chil d: -en, or were nominally filled by officers in their rapid rogress to higher ranks. It is, however, our duty to apprise your Majesty that it is precisely in regard to this part of the present sys m that we desi re t o qua lif y our commen d a tions of it, we intimated in the commencement of our Report r pon the Army. During peace no changes may be re ,/ aired, as the ordinary course of promotion will probe y supply a sufficient number of competent Generals ir all the duties of command at home and abroad ; and ;:rt . is certain that the grant of Brigadiers or local rank night at all times make a large number of Regimental Commanding Officers, perfectly available to command brieades in a campaign. We do not apprehend any in ,efficieacy, therefore, under any circumstances, but it might certainly bo necessary if a war, equal in magni tude 07 importance to the last, should again occur, either to make a very large promotion, or to revise, and :perhaps to reduce or consolidate, some of the Brevet .ranks which intervene between the regimental and the :brigade command. Under the precedents established at the commence tnent of the war in 1793, a rapid succession of Brevets evould undoubtedly advance many officers fully qualified in age and health for the most active duties of field ser- I ice ; but it is to be remembered that there was then no s pecial pay for General Officers who merely continued t o receive their former half-pay or full-pay, whereas, since 1814, there has been a rate of pay specially allot ted to Unattached Generals, the minimum of which is aow 4001. a-year ; and promotions on the scale adopted during the progress of the war would, therefore, entail a greater charge upon the public than resulted from Stn war promotions. This, however, is a question, the consideration of hich may be well deferred. We are perfectly satisfied tli at the system of Army promotion is sufficiently elastic to be expanded to meet every emergency, and till the Ea tent of the necessity shat have become apparent, no cl:ange nor extraordinary acceleration of advancement i s required. Quoting from the evidence of Lord Fitzroy Somer s et, we have shown that an officer, although positively iieefficient for service, may obtain, while on half-pay, the rank and the pay of a General Officer ; but, while the s.x me brevet advances a number of other officers per fiitly efficient for all duties, we do not see any greater cc actical disadvantage in this circumstance than would r rsult from the inefficiency occurring, as it must in the c ourse of nature, after the promotion, Sir Edward Blakeney, indeed, stated it to be his o pinion that the position of the General Officer was one ot. responsibility, requiring bodily activity and energy ; wed such qualifications are undoubtedly necessary for a neral in active employment. But it must be remem le.ll.ed that in whatever degree the officer might possess ti rose requisites when advanced to the rank, the pro giross of time must infallibly destroy them ; and it is ire.vitable that the General Officers' list must always stain a very large number of officers, whose course ma ly have been distinguished by the most varied and meritorious service, and who hold that rank, long after tie t.. 3, have ceased to present a shadow of efficiency, as a :reward and an honour they have earned by gallantry in ; the field, or arduous and responsible colonial duties. iles the rank of General Officer, therefore, cannot neces si wily imply constant efficiency, we do not see that, as lc nig as a sufficient number of officers qualified for duty a re to be found among those advanced to the rank of G;eneral, any ill can result to the service from the ad v encement of some who are not effective, but who have e. Tamed that distinction by good previous service. On the contrary, we are disposed to regard with p eculiar favour the case of an officer who may have h eon worn out in a long course of regimental duty, and c, empelled in consequence to retire upon half-pay efter 3 0 or 40 years' uninterrupted service ; and we consider ti at it would be hard, on account of an efficien c y so c( ,sitracted, to deprive him of the distinction of General O f jeer's rank, and the pecuniary advantage of the pay assigned to that rank, they being perhaps the ultimate rev .-ard he will obtain for having passed the best years of leis life in the military service of the public. Indeed, t hi : position of this class of officers was so strikingly cx . ,plified in an instance brought under our examination, t hest we shall hereafter venture to make a special rc co. emendation for an increased provision for a select u mber of Lieutenant-Colonels in the interval between t , ir retirement and subsequent promotion to the rank General Officer, Upon full consideration, therefore, we are not dis : I p 'sad to suggest any change in the present system of p o >motion to the rank of General Officer. The position of the General Officer after he is ad , vat iced to that rank may be briefly stated. The ultimate and most valuable rewards which the Cle neral Officers of the Army can obtain are the Colo -11,1,/ cies of regiments, the pay and emoluments of which w :,... re regulated in accordance with the resolutions of a Co rnmittee of the House of Commons in 1833, and are ccti mated a 4; the following annual rates : ;3rt :nadier Guards £3,000 per annum. Col idstream and Scots Fusilter Guards 2,000 ... Fir asehold Cavalry l,BOO Fill ;t Dragoon G uar d s Ot ber Cavalry 1,350 . ... Infantry of the Line 'rhere are at present 133 of these appointments, viz. : 3: Foot Guards. 3 Household Cavalry. 1 First Dragoon Guards. 22 Other Cavalry. 104 Regiments of Infantry (including 2d battalion 60th Foot; 2 battalions of Rifle Brigade; and 2 West India Regiments). It; is admitted that the appointment of a General Off, :er to b Colonel of a regiment is given as a re war et ; and that he is not a duty officer necessarily. T,he General Officers who are not Colonel of regi meacts, but who have established their title to the ad van +.-age s of that r a nk, receive unattached pay. 'rais first granted from 25th June, 1814, in three rate, viz.: General... £1 18 0 a-day Lieutenant -General 1 12 6 ... Major-General ...... were fficers removed from th e F oot G uar d s specially provided for at the following rates, ac cor Gizards, vo ding t z t . :h— -e commission s t h ey h eld in the Foot i Lieutenant.. Colonel ............ XBOO per annum. First M a j or , Ist Regiment Other Majors .................. 90 0 .. ....... 7 00 Senior Captains Other Captains ............... ... 550 erseosoubsequently con iris:4olc, an d t h ere was These rates of unattached ***** the t e sus ••• sid:ered to be fixed at t oo hi 2 cement they generflellr,ltterom the great p s o e , , 3 3 i s e i on reason o f b rteovfeetaar advancement expense attending any creation of Genera! Officers. To obviate this, the two higher rate s o f 1/. I/. 12s. Gd. a.day were prospectively abolished in and 818, and fixed one uniform rate of I/. si. a day was as the rate for all ranks of Generals not being Colonels of rev-iments ; bnt this allowance was limited t o an esta .. bli:ihment of 120 only. Those receiving higher rates of unattached pay under the warrant of 1814 will not bet deprived of that advantage, but, as vacancies occur in the establishment of 120, an officer is selected from the I/. ss. a.day from those Generals receiving lower rat es o f pay. The Guards' Generals are allowed— Lieutenant-Colonel £6OO a year. Maj or ***** . £sso ... Captain., ......................... £4OO ... Ober unatia - cl ......... .. General ... . offi - e . e - r . s . receive the full- SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS. FROM TILE DAILY PAPERS OF lEsTnanay. (Front the Globe.) The" High Church party"generally have lately been putting forward claims, and hinting at latent but inde feasible rights, in a manner that cannot but draw at tention, though it may not excite alarm. We believe that the great body of the clergy, and even a large ma jority of the Episcopal bench, disapprove and discounte nance these assumptions, which come with a bad grace from those who are foremost in calling in the civil power to aid d io n t . h p e m in ih of ec c l es i as ti ca l d ues , an d i n getting sleliTring Church Extension by a ddi t i ona l x The advocate s advocates o f t h e l ast measure pla i nly t a up say that it has become necessary because the Church was robbed by Henry VIII., and hint at the resump tion of lay impropriati ons and abbey lands. To such persons it is no answer that these were the property of the Romish Church, for we believe that however odious Popery may be when it shows itself in the form of a priest at forty pounds a year on the voluntary system, and a con , gregation of barefooted Irish, a return to the doctrine would not be greatly resisted if made a sine qua non to the possession of the endowments. But the people of England are attached to the Church for its utili-y—they support it for their own benefit, and utterly repudiate the notion that it exists for the purpose of putting money into snap. a v good deep the pockets and power into th e hands of any set of men, however holy, without d eman di ng f rom them an examples.equivale equivalent in tit. pubic o have no e preceptsgoodreve a re n n d ee fr abstractions, and will not cu eourage s i necul i sts, or risk the immediate dismemberment of the empire, to provide pastors for flocks which may arise at some indefinitely remote period. The Post talks of the Whig-Radicals wishing to throw the Church down. Perhaps there was never less said or done with such an intent than at the present time. The Church is let alone, and will be so, while it cuntinnes to discharge its duties. We do not treat as recognised leaders of the Church, the M'Ghees, and M'Neiles. Were the clergy generally to resemble them, the Church would be swept away before the end of the Session. (From the Standard.) The Examiner of yesterday has the following para graph : a year. The pay as Colonel of a regiment, or the unattached pay, is issued to the General Officer, whether he is in the discharge of a General Officer's duties or not. If he should he galled into employment by being placed on the Staff, he receives in addition to either the emoluments as Colonel of a regiment, or the unat tached pay, special pay for such employment, under the denomination of Staff-pay, at the following rates : General Officer, Commanding-in-Chief, or commissioned as Commander of the Forces on any particular station (North America the only instance at present) If a Field-Marshal £l6 8 9 a day. If below that rank General 5 13 /0 ... Lieutenant-General 3 15 10 ... Major -General 1 17 11 ... And also allowances for forage, lodging, and, in some rastances, table-money. Besides the provision thus made in unattached pay, in appointments to regiments, and in staff-pay for Gene ral Officers of the Army, there is a sum set apart as rewards for distinguished service, granted in lieu of gar rison appointments which were abolished in 1833. This sum of 18,000/. a year has been hitherto granted to un attached General Officers, in annuities varying from 400/. to 175/., without reference to the particular rank as General Officer which the individual might hold. It is proper to note here that there is no regulation which limits these rewards to the rank of General °ill. car, but they have, up to the present time, been so ap plied. We consider, however, Field-Officers and others to be equally eligible. Although, therefore, the minimum scale of pay for unemployed General Officers has been fixed at a very moderate rate-400/. a year—we consider that the ad vantages resulting Irons employment, and the !Tweeds in Colonelcics of regiments, or in those annuities spe cially granted for distinguished service, offer a fair com pensation to this class of officers. Having examined the system of promotion to the rank of General Officer, we direct our inquiries to the question of Brevet advancement in the inferior ranks. In the Ordnance corps, and in the Marines, the rank of Colonel is a regimental commission, open to the Lieutenant-Colonels in the ordinary course of succession by seniority, from which commission the officer is removed upon his attaining the rank of General Officer. In the Army, on the other hand, ac cording to the practice of the service, the Regimental Colonel is now a General Officer, although there is no positive regulation enacting this, and the only mode of advancement to Colonel's rank in the Army, except in a few cases in the Household Troops, where certain Feld-Officers have the rank ef Colonel, is by seniority on the occasion of General Brevet promotions, or by selection to be Aide-de-Camp to the Sovereign. During the course of our examination of the witnesses from the Army, the question of extending the brevet promotion for distinguished conduct in the field io the rank of Colonel came under consideration. Upon this point, and with reference to the subject of promotion to the rank of Colonel generally, the Duke of Wellington desires to record his observations, which he wishes to be considered as evidence tendered to the Commission. We therefore place his memorandum is our Report. MEMORANDUM. It appears to me that we have not distinguished in this discussion the practice of the service from the regulation. The practice of the Army service has been, from a very early period of time, to appoint the senior Officers of the Array ; in other words, the General Officers, to fill the offices of Colonel of each of the several re giments. ' The reason for this was obvious. The public al lowed only the expense of the effective establishment of the Army. In time of peace nothing was allowed for unemployed General Officers. The practice has continued of naming General Offi cers to be Colonels of the several regiments, notwith standing that the cause for it has increased in some de , gree ; but there is no regulation to prevent a Lieute nant-Colonel of a regiment, or on the half-pay, from being appointed a Colonel of a regiment. In point of fact, there are many instances of Lieutenant-Colonels of regiments, or on half-pay, having raised regiments, and having been appointed Colonels thereof ; and there are some of Lieutenant-Colonels having been appointed Colonels of regiments already in the service. I think that a consideration of the reasons for which permission was originally given to the Command General of an Army to recommend, for promotion by brevet officers, who should have distinguished themselves in action, will show the reason for which the rank of Co lonel was not and ought not to be included. At the period of the Union with Ireland, an essential alteration was made in the organization of the command of the Army. The whole Army was thenceforth considered as one, and under the exclusive command of the General Commanding-in-Chief at the Horse Guards, and in re lation with the Sovereign, particularly in regard to the promotion of officers. Previous to that period, the Army in Ireland bad been considered as a separate one, under the command of its Commander-in-Chief, who, under the superin tendence of the Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, exercised the patronage thereof. In the same manner, the Cons. manner in-Chief in North America, the Commander in-Chief in the West Indies, on the Continent or Europe, or wherever employed, exercised each the patronage of the Array under their command respec tively, up to the commission of Lieutenant-Colonel, as such commissions fell vacant. The Commandi ng -G enera l o f the Army in the Peninsula, having to conduct a more arduous service than had been conducted in modern times, complained 's eT H eS o n s i i nt-li ti gl7 tal n , that he had not, as others his predecessors employed on other former services had, the means of rewardin by ACCIDENT AT THE THEATRE.-- :; E - Y promotion those distinguished by their talents, zeal, At eight o'clock on Saturday last an th i e n q b u o e ( s i t v (, was f G ar u in y er. George Selwood, constable and gallantry. The mode of reward by the grant of Dace, before a ik g f e r d . P si a x y ty n , e, a at m the Surrey Theatre, h deposed that on the evening of last Thurs. brevet promotion to a certain number of officers thus a d o ay it • s o i n x weeks he was to a t l h ar e m s ed ot b ?; a noise on th 7, gallery stairs, distinguished was proposed and adopted ; and it was foun o d n d l e i c f 7.sed h lyin g there, the Commander-in-Chief at the Horse Guards, and not the General Officer commanding on the spot, whey with his p left leg proceeding under hi e m on the first occasion, suggested the number of ea c h ness di sco v ere d that his leg was broken in two ing pl i a m ce u s i' ' v 'D l e t : rank, and the numbers of the whole to be recommended. ceased was immediately taken to the above hospital, and in his The Command e rs-i n -Chi e f o f th e severa l arm i es em- transit thither he stated that w hil st descending the stairs he ployed out o f G reat B r i ta i n never b a d the power of slipped and fell, but he compl a i ne d o f no one . Mr. Davies, appointing Colones of regiment Lieutenan- chioduesnetr b a surgeon, said fra detuerceeaosf both edn• b a 3 admitted shortly after the ac ts, or Colonels t o b e C o l one l s . Th e G eneral Commanding set, and he went on well until Wednesdayc:neof the hst left le It er lt s. eas . the Army in th e P en i nsu l a never could have had the !asset in, of which he died on Saturday morning. The 3 'lies ease of whi c h h e di e d was t h e consequence of the injury done pretension that su c h p ower s h ou ld b e con f erre d upon him. Such power had never been held by any of his to the leg. Verdict—" Accidental death." predecessors in command wherever employed. MIRACULOUS TENACITY OF LIFE IN AN It must he observed that the grant of the rank of INFANT.—We have to relate the particulars of a circumstance, Colonel, whether by brevet or by commission of Celonel so singular and so apparently incredible, that but for the of a re g i ment , opens to the grantee the door to com- most positive and sati s f ac t or y p roo f o f i ts truth , we should hesitate to publish a narrat i ve w hi c h cannot b ut be regarded mand, and to all the honours and emoluments of the as most marvellous. Yesterday week, ahmt noon, an infant profession. son of Sir. John Pomfret, farmer and cheescmonger, of It appears to me that it is not fit that this power Fishwick, near t hi s town , on l y one year and nine months old, should b e h e ld or exerc i sed by any officer, excepting strayed from home, and the anxio us parents , thanking it the one placed might h ave wandered into the t own , h a d i t warne d b y the grant of such a favour. near the S overe i gn to a d v i se upon the bellman, an d a l t h oug h every other means was taken during - the night to find the little inßoeent all attempts were fruitless. Seeing how liable to abuse the power of granting On the following morning, after a 'sleepless night, the discon .s. late father despairingly searched some time in the fields, nearto brevet promotion far service is, up to the rank of Lieu his dwelling, and at length observed, in a ditch, at lostsom e c d h i i s l t d rne fu e il h t a w l e f n i t mm h ersed gah i f n tter m hat u t , a ,a n s c a l nfi, w r a t ter, his long tenant-Colonel included, I consider that it should be understood that the rule is, that the power of .recorr mendation should not be exercised till the Sovereign head was reclined on its it o s ur r s i wonderfulmissed Its to should hav e cons id ere d t h e report o f the service per. relate, thoughthoughonly twenty- one mont h s o ld, and thought pro. -formed, and should h ave s i gn ifi e d or d ers t h at o ffi cers bably lieving been i n t h e di tc h a ll n i ght, it still lived. should he recomm en d e d b y t h e G enera l C ommand i ng When taken up it was fast asleep, and th e l ower extremities were paralysed, from the effect s o f l ong exposure to wet and on the spot for prom o ti on by b revet . cold. The lather lost no time in conveying the child home, to By this mode of proceeding the recommendation can comfort the remainder of the family, and to receive all the kind be checked by the authority of the Sovereign, efforts that were ready to be bestowed towards its restoration. (TO EE CONTINUED.) Shortly afterwards it asked for food, of which it eagerly par __ ...+,Ol/ took. It then began gradually to recover its health an d sp i r i ts , The Crown has cause d t h e f urn i ture an d b ooks an d w e are g l a d t o a dd th a t i t is now, to all appearance, per of George Glennie, thin late manaeing; director of the Unien fectly restored. To attempt to describe the parents' emotions ';vst elevenhs h e o a t trains anitn' night h n Annuity Company, to he valued b; the Sheriff, under the ex- on recovering their lost one, after its being in such serious and t k r,a , na s n e d l f d rto o liu m ,e I tent in aid issued by the Court of Exchequer for the non-pay- protracted jeopardy, would he a vain task. So singular and rnent of the advertisement duty for the Garden,tr's Gazette hair-breadth a preservation of life has, and court Gazvtte, of which he was formerly a joint pro- occurred.--Preston Chronicle. prietor. The goods were valued at 1501., and the V. together GOOD FRIDAY AT GREEN WICII.---Th e ra il. with the books, were declared forfeited to the Cnirn. The creditors under the bankruptcy had been induced to believe that eightw a way c o o , T l p o a c n k y i n hadth the a m complete the books would have been given up to them. number ofpassengers exceeded 13,00 0 . The money taken on NAPOLEON'S MEMORIALS OF DECEASED this occasion amounted g to nearly liltd. The steam-boats, be- Sevens.—Fle spared nothing that could do honour to the tween twelve o'clock and sixwere crammed nearly to suffoca mnipnlgetteintlilara‘frteert memory of deceased savans. From Osterode, still covered b y tion. The coaches benefited the great influx of visitors. the dust of battle, he ordered the statue of D'Alembert to be k placed in the hall of the Institute. He caused a mausoleum to A Correspondent of the Lancet records a be elevated to Voltaire, an d anot h er to Rousseau. The busts of rat h er amusing, and certainly a singular occurrence, under the Tronchet and Portalis, by whom the first draft of the Code somewhat Hibernian title of twins born in different months. Napoleon was drawn up, were placed in the hall of the Council On the evenin g of the 31st of last menth, he was summoned of State. At Cambray, a monument was erected to the ashes to the wife o f a tradesman i n S ome rs-town, who was delivered of Fenelon.— Opinions of Nap o l eon. by Prince Louis, ' of a child at a little after eleven, and which was consequently TOUGH, BUT TRUE.—OId Mr ,, of , born in iNlarch. Parturition proceeded; the was disehovetrheed Istto be a twin case, and about one o cluck in , t w e r m o o ld rn o i f ng Worcester county, used sometimes to be absent on a missiona,' - nuts. i' The of April, another boy entered this strap, ._ tour. Once on a time, havini,rjust returned from one of those respectively on the spot, quaintly enoug'e, nurse christened them , excursions, Le Lund his congregation quite drowsy, and, wish- by the names of the months in which they were born. in n to wake them up, he broke off in the midst of his sermon, and began to tell them what wonderful things he had seen in BARPARITY AND SUPERSTITION.--It will York State; among other wanders, he said h e h a d s een mon . scarcely be believed that the following disgusting act of super strous great mosquitoes—so large that many of them would stition and cruelty could be practised in the nineteenth cen weigh a pound ! The people were by this time wide awake. tury, and in a city like Norwich ; but such is unfortunately the " Yes,' continued Parson 111., " and, mor eo v er , th ey are often f act . Chil dren who are sickly are taken to a wom an living i n known to climb trees and bark !" The next - d a y one o f the St. Lawrence, to be cut for a supposed disease called the 1 deacons called upon him, t e lling him th a t many of see brethren n spi nnege ;" the woman performs her operation on a Monday were much scand a li se d a t the big stories he told the slay before, morning only, and charges threepence. On the first visit the " What stories ?" says Parson M. " Why, Sir, volt said that woman cuts the lobe of the right ear with a pair of scissors, mosquitoes in York State were so large th a t many o f t h em arid with the blood m a k es t h e sign of the cross upon thec.hild' s would weigh a potted!" " Well," rejoined the Mi n i s t er , 44 I f o r e h ea d. On the secon d M on d a y s he does the saute with tee i do really thi n k th a t a great many of them would weih e, , left ear, and in some instances it is deemed necessary to subject pound." " B u t," con ti nues th e Deacon, you also ma id that I the little sufferers to nine opera ti o ns of this ridiculous P.4,We11, eere they w ou ld c li m b up nn trees an d b ar k . 4 , Well, Sir," says mony. We hope, after this exposure, that parents teot. wiil not j Parson M., " as t o th eir c li m bi ng up on t rees , I h ave seen again subject their infants to such barbarous tree In —No - them do th a t—h av ' nt you , D eacon ?" " 0 yes ." " Well, fo lk Chronicle. how could they climb on the trees and not on the bark ?" The THE INCENDIARISH IN ST. THONIAS.—It Deacon was, of course,nonplussed. will he remembered that three men, named Dorton, Radley, DEVICE OF GRATTAN TO WAKE HIM- and Richardson, underwent two private examinations before SELF.—Grattan, the celebrated Irish b a rrister, was indefatiga- the County Magistrates, on a charge of being concerned in 'h e biy industrious. He was so anxi ous no t t o l o se a moment in late fire, at St. Th omas . F rom what has transpired it ap sleep, which, in his opi n i on , ou g ht t o be devoted to study, that Pear"' that Darton, who is a man of bad character belonging he co • to Sr. Thomas contrived a singular apparatus to rouse him regularly at day. , to Plympton, induced the two other men to go . _break. A small barrel filled with water was placed over a I with him on the night of the fire. They had been strolling basin, which stood on a shelf immediately above his Pillow , and l about the ci ty , having neglected to return to Newton in the the cock of it was sufficiently turned to fill the basin by dare vehicle by which they had come to Exeter. While leaving the . light ;so that if he didnotthen the • II 1 On city, and before they gor near the field, he asked them if they rite water owec up his per Son and bedding. did' not smell fire, and repeated the question several times Cov • afterwards. He also gave the alarm of fire at the Guildhall. cnt-garden Market on S d atur ay presented 1 great attraction s from the . I He has been committed for trial.— Western Times. and the rare exhibition very arge display of flowering plants A NONAGENARIAN PEE it .—Lord Kenmore, of fruits, and in the afternoon presented I the appearance nide. - who is one of the restored peers of Scotland, entered some Actongst the novelties in fruit were some cherriee, but months ago the 91st year of his age, and must be nearly at the strawberries v were •vet ple n tif u l, some s car l et , bein g 9d. p e r same advanced period of life with our g allant and highly esti ez. and upwards, whilst Beane'. • se e dl ings , t h e b es t e l th e ear ly mated Lord Lynedoch, who is, too, yet comparatively vigorous. forced varieties, were 2s. 6d. per oz. i —Perth Advertiser. " It appears by returns sufficiently authentic, that in 1811 the persons employed in agriculture in 1000 were 352, to 648 in manufactures and trade ; and that in 1831 the former were 281 only to 719 of the latter ; so that at that ratio of decrease of the one and increase of the other, in 1861 we shall have only 175 out of every 1000 employed in agriculture, and 825 in trade and manufactures. Another cogent proof of the justice of the Corn-laws We know not what are the Examiner's sufficiently authentic returns, and we are not immediately con cerned to know what the state of things may he in 1861 ; but we see very clearly that the argu ment of the Examiner, admitting its premises, proves a marvellous improvement in the profits ;of manufactures, without any corresponding improve ment in the profits of agriculture, a result of which we think the friends of the manufacturers and the enemies of the agriculturists ought to be the last to complain. Without, however, looking forward 21 years as to what may be, and what of course must rest in conjecture, let us look back only nine years. In the population return for 1831, we find the following en tries, among others, for the whole United Kingdom Engaged in agriculture 110 in manufactures Do in retail trade, handicrafts, &c 1,466,394 Here, then, we have the persons engaged in agri culture as s : x to one of the persons engaged in manu factures, and, dividing the retail traders and handi craftsmen between them in these proportions, as is plainly fair, we have, to use round numbers, three millions and a half engaged in agriculture, or dependent upon agriculturists, for about seven hundred and fifty thou sand engaged in manufactures or dependent up..n ma nufacturers. There is not much danger of this pro portion being reversed in 1861, except indeed by a re peal of the Corn-laws, and even that would only ex tinguish the agriculturists without increasing, but greatly diminishing, the manufactures. (From the Courier.) One of the consequences of the pretended amendment of the Poor-laws is, for instance, the attempted re vival of the Income Tax, although that was so ob noxious that even the necessities of the State, arising from a general war, could not render it palatable. By the Bill now before the House, the Poor-law Commis sioriers will be entitled to levy a tax upon the property which, fluctuating in value, as it necessarily must be, a tradesman devotes to his peculiar avocations. The tax on stock in trade must surely open the eyes of our mer chants and manufacturers to the tyranny of the Whig system. At the mere resolution of an arbitrary hue sum in imperio, the books of the banker and merchant may be inspected by the agents of the Whig Commis sioners, and what is, perhaps, worse, but most assuredly , quite as bad, the delicate processes of the manufactur ing chemist, and the calico printer and dyer, may be laid open to the examination and knowledge of persons whom, except upon compulsion of this kind, they would refuse to trust. This is an evil which, we presume, it is sufficient merely to mention, in order to call attention to the iniquity and impolicy of the Whig measure, We do not go into the particular enactments at pre sent ; if the principle of the Bill be conceded we do not see how we can well refuse the surrender of its minor requisitions. The Bill takes away the discretion which was wisely vested in local authorities to consider and adjudicate upon the cases of persons which from their intimate knowledge of the circumstances they are duly qualified to judge of, and places it in the hands of men whose only qualification is that they are the obsequious servants of the Melbourne Administration, which has bad the modesty to place itself in competition with tha of a Burleigh. RIGHT OF MUSIC.AL COMPOSERS IN FRANCE. (Abridged from the Gazette des Tribunaux.) DE BIZEIOT V. LEMOINE AND CO. The Cour Royale of Paris was occupied on the Gth, 13th, and 14th of April, with an appeal in this cause, which was highly interesting to the . musical world, many of the music-publishers attend • ing the Court. The case was as follows :—Madame Lemoine, music-publisher, Rue Vivienne, having published under the name of M. de Beriot " 12 Italian melodies arranged for the violin, with piano accom paniment," and advertised the publication in La France Musicale, M. de Beriot positively repudi ated the work in a letter addressed to that paper, and his protestation was followed by a summons before the Tribunal of Commerce, in order that all the copies and the plates bearing his name might be suppressed, and that he might receive 20,000 f. damages. The Tribunal referred to M. Be:hoz, who stated, in his written opinion, that it appeared to him impossible that the work in question was really by M. de Beriot, as it was impossible that an artist of such high standing, great as his negligence might be, could allow such fooleries (ridicules niaiseries) to come from his pen. He said, that if the English publisher, who brought out the " rhapsody " in 1836, had really received from M. de Beriot the right of using his name, he should produce a written autho rity, at the same time expressing it as his belief that even if M. de Beriot had been unfortunate enough to write the work,. and moreover thought it worthy of publication, he would not have given the property gratis to an Eng lish publisher with the certainty of injuring his friend M. Troupenas, who had always had the first publication of his works, and that at a very high price. Hence, although he acquitted Madame Le moine of any sinister purpose, from the fact that the melodies had already been printed at London and Bonn, he considered that after the formal declara tion of M. de Beriot it was perfectly just that Ma. dame Lemoine should be required to destroy all the plates and copies which bore the name of M. de Beriot. The Tribunal, taking into consideration the right of an author to repudiate all works falsely published in his name, the circumstance that Le moine and Co. could not prove that de Beriot was the composer, but that, on the contrary, a distin guished authority had decided that the work was unworthy of him, the declaration of M. de Beriot in La France Musicale, and the spirit of the na tional jurisprudence, according to which France would not deny to foreign composers the right of repudiating works falsely published in their name, decreed the suppression of the copies and plate,s, and damages to the amount of 10,000 f. and costs. Against this decision of the Tribunal of Coin merce Madame Lemoine appealed to the Cour • Royale. The counsel for Madame Lemoine contended, that the question was really between the publishers, and that Troupenas, not de Beriot, had been the real plaintiff, that foreign composers had not an exclu sive right of property, though they had of disown ing works that did not belong to them, and thought it would be hard to compel the publisher to produce a written acknowledgment by the author. Reca pitulating the facts of the case, he said, that while de Beriot was in London with Madame Malibran the twelve melodies under his name were published by the English house Cocks and Co., and that there had been two other editions at Bonn and Mentz, M. de Beriot offering no opposition, nor even when a fourth edition appeared at Brussels, where he resided. It was not until the publication of the work in Paris, that de Beriot, or rather his usual publisher, Troupenas, took it it into his head to go to law. After arguing the difficulty of denying the fact of authorship from the value of the composition, the counsel produced an affidavit by Robert Cocks, of the English firm, Cocks and Co., in which the deponent swore that in 1835 he published twelve airs, arranged for the flute, with piano accompaniment by William Forde ; that de Beriot being asked by deponent whether the airs could be arranged for the violin, not only answered in the affirmative, but offered to undertake the ar rangement ; and that . in July, 1836, he furnished the, deponent. an arrangement. The_ tebtaiself !ferr Beriat' said that the whole question was, whether he ,had really made the arrangement. - He contended that the mourn ful circumstances. attending the death of his wife, Madame Malibran, were sufficient to prevent him from noticing the publication in London ; that in Belgium the work was but 'little 'circulated ; but that at Paris he felt the injury severely, chiefly be cause " in taste and heart he was a Frenchman." He then pointed out certain stratagems of Madame Lemoine, such as printing in very tiny letters the words " Arranges par," under the word " Melo dies," so as to convey an impression that the me lodies were actually composed by de Beriot him self. Not only had de Beriot not made the ar rangement, but he had never authorised the publi cation by Cocks and Co. The counsel then read a letter by de Beriot, in, which he thus explained the affair in England :—" Mr. Cocks showed me one day twelve Italian melodies already engraved for the flute, with a piano accompaniment, and ' asked me if the flute part could be made playable (jolcalle) for the violin. I cast my eves over it, and, without attaching the slightest importance to what I was doing, answered, Yes.' I then made a few observations. Oh,' said he, do me the favour of writing them ;' with which request I was polite enough to comply, never imagining that Mr. Cocks would make use of my laisser-aller •to circulate' a work with the passport of my name. Besides, I never authorised Mr. Cocks to publish these melodies under my patronage, of which you will be convinced when I tell you that I have never tried them on the violin or piano ; that I do not recollect in what key they are ; that I could not quote a single phrase ; and that they might be played in my pre sence without my recognising them in the slightest degree." The Court, taking into consideration that it was proved, andj had even been admitted by de Beriot 'himself, that he had made the arrangement, that the arrangement so made in London at the request of Cock - s and Co., was evidently for the purpose of publication, and that therefore de Beriot might be considered as having authorized such publica tion, that the work had been published in London, Bonn, Mentz, and Brussels, without that Madame Lemoine had therefore a right to con sider the silence of de Beriot as equal to an acknow ledgment ; that she had been at great expense in pro curing evidence from England, and that therefore she ought to be indemnified, annulled the decree of the Tribunal of Commerce, ordered the restitution to Madame Lemoine of the sums she had paid in execution, and sentenced de Beriot to pay 3, 0001. damages, besides costs EFFECTS OF JEA LOUSY.---At the Hull Police office, en Monday. two young females of respectability, named sitlary Anne. and Lydia Hewson, were charged with throwing oil of vitriol over the clothes of Mrs. Louisa Cherry the wife of Mr. Septimns Cherry, of Prospect-street. From the evi dence of Mrs. Cherry it appeared that Miss Lydia Hewson had once received the attentions of Mr. Cherry, who had afterwards married her (the complainant) ; this fact had raised the anger and jealousy of the defendants, who had hit upon the expedient of throwing the vitriol over her in revenge, her bonnet, cape, cap, and gown, were quite burnt through, and her neck eas also burned, but she would not press the latter charge. The young ladies made no defence, and the magistrate, after expa tiating up{ n the bad feeling they had shown, and upon the leniency of the complainant in not pressing the charge !of assault, sent enced them to pay the full value of the articles damaged and costs, or to be imprisoned in the House of Correction for three months each.— Hull paper. THE CONDEMNED PRISONER IN FLINT Gwor..—No order has been received for the execution of Ed ward Jones, the unhappy man, who at the late Flintshire As sizes, was convicted of and condemned to death for the murder of David Evans, the gamekeeper. A petition to the Queen has .been originated, praying for a commutation of sentence : and it has received the signatures of several highly respectable parties at Northop. It was to be transmitted to the Hon. E. M. L. Mostrn, in London, in order that it may be presented is the M arqu i s of Normanby ' without delay.— Shrewsbury Chronicle. W ls a a r r-o t ifi o ce th b e co P ks ayzaster-General, extracted from the " WHITEHALL, 28 TH S EPTEMBER , 1711.—Sir, Her Majesty having been pleased to grant to Fitton Mir:- shull, a child, a commission of Ensign in Brigadier Stanwix's regiment of foot, in order for the support of his mother and family, in consideration of the loss of his ; father and uncle, who died in the service, and has like. wise given him a furlough to be absent from his duty until further order : I am therefore to signify to you her Majesty's pleasure, that you pay unto the agent of that regiment his subsistence from the time he was last paid, to be by him paid over to the mother of the said Ensign Minshull, and continue it from time to time, as it small grow due, that the said pay may be applied to the pur pose intended by her Majesty.—l am, &c.. (Signed) " C. GRANVILLE. " Mr. Brydges." This irregularity of admitting children to commissions, certainly much changed from the system sanctioned by Queen Anne, continued until the period when the Duke of York was appointed Commander-in-Chief. The ap pointments to commissions which took place under his re commendation were of persons of proper and suitable ages, with exceptions perhaps ; but in all cases the young mien appointed by him, whether of 16 years of age or not, proceeded to do duty with their regiments. Indeed, his Royal Highness carried this principle so fully out, that in the year 1796, and subsequent years, he actually superseded many officers who were children or boys at school. For the future conduct of military affairs, there can be no doubt that the regulations introduced by the Duke of York will have generally the best effect, as far as the ,etriciency of regiments is concerned, in securing proper oificers for the duties of Field-Officer, by prescribing a certain term of previous service, and by putting an end to abuses which had prevailed in the grant of commis sions. But even these recognised and sanctioned irre gill arities of admitting children, or of rapid promotion to Fie ld-Officer's rank, were not unproductive of some ad var stages to the public, as may be seen in the evidence of Lord Fitzroy Somerset, who states that in the last campaigns of the Peninsular War, there was not, with tw o exceptions, any General Officer above the age of 40 ye ars. GREECE. f It is of great importance to Russia that Greece should remain a small and dependent state, as, while its political and religious connection with the Christian subjects of Turkey render it a powerful instrument to weaken the Ottoman empire, its own feebleness com pels it to seek for foreign support. In order to in duce Greece to look solely to Russia for this sup port, it was necessary that King Otho should be involved in a quarrel with the British Government. Step by step Russia, aided by the Bavarian and Aus trian ministers at Athens, and by the. Bavarian coun cillors who surround the King, pushed matters so far that in the month of May last the Greek Court circu lated a printed manifesto, complaining of the conduct of Great Britain' • and every Court of Europe. King Otho, by this document, waived the usual forms of diplomacy. which required that he should carry his cause before the conferences of the three allied powers, who arc his virtual Suzerain, and canvassed the demo cracy of Sovereigns for their voices in his favour. By this ill-judged proceeding lie authorised Great Britain to submit her reclamations for justice to her own sub jects, and her demands for the fulfilment of the consti tutional pledges of the Bavarian house to the Greek nation to the votes of the people of England and Greece. While Russia was thus victorious at the Bavarian Court of Athens, the condition of Turkey suddenly rendered the affairs of the East so complicated, that the Autocrat ben in to fear he had proceeded too openly in opposition to the feelings o the Greek people. As he could not gain credence in Greece by pretending to support the political rights of the nation, he hoped to succeed by affecting zeal for the national religion. A curious struggle took place between the Russian and English Ministers at Athens, but, as the Greek nation had a voice in this matter, Russia was defeated. Angry at the failure, and alarmed at the late hatli schtriff, which turned the attention of the Greeks in Turkey from foreign protection to internal improvements, the diplomacy of Russia ventured to adopt the Phil-orthodox Society as a political agent. Tnis society is an association for uniting an orthodox monarchy in Greece. The Courts of the Patriarch of Constantinople and of the King of Greece were filled with proselytes of this association. Greece was selected for the scene of action of the society, though its branches were extended far through out Turkey. The present year favoured these intri gues, as many prophecies are current that 1840 is to produce great changes in Greece and at Constanti nople. The Russian legation at Athens assisted in printing and circulating these prophecies. Count George Capo d'lstrias and the celebrated General Niketas were placed at the head. of the desperadoes who were to commence the commotion ; their names gave weight among the people, the military, and the bigoted party, while their weak characters left the direction of the as sociation in the hands of those who kept behind the scenes. The avowed object of the conspirators was to excite a popular insurrection, to compel King Otho to change his religion ; the tacit understanding was, that his throne was to be placed under Russian protection by a Greek counter pi.-.rt of the treaty of Unkiar Skelessi. Supporters of the plan were found in the Greek Ministry, and in the Household of King Otho. The conspiracy was dis discovered, and an admirable account of it was pub lished in the Universal Gazette of Augsburg, January 20, drawn up, we believe, by a personal friend of the King. The singular conduct of King Otho at this crisis has made a deep impression in the European Cabinets. We believe his life to be in danger, and he declares that he now appreciates the sincerity and truth of Sir Edmund Lyon's admonitions ; yet be only enrages the conspira tors by a few dismissals from office, without destroying the conspiracy. Before he takes one step to secure his position in the country, he 'waits for advice from King Louis of Bavaria and Prince Metternich. The King of Bavaria, for some years, has occupied a front seat in the Russian mob of sovareigns ; Prince Metternich, w i t h a ll hi s talents, labours under symptoms of consti tutional antipathy : so that both think that Russian protection ought to be preferred to constitution a l liberty. Under these circumstances England, having raised her warning voice in vain, can now only take care that her honour remains unsullied ; and this, we must ob serve, is as much the concern of the English people as of the Cabinet. The steps to be taken are simple. King Otho must summon a national assembly, in order that England may redeem the pledge that she gave to the Greeks in favour of their definitive Coustituticn. A national assembly must also grant equitalile security for the loan of 1825, and for the payment of the interest and sinking fund of the loan of 1832. Great Britain may than demand from Greece a receipt in full of all demands for tke Bavarian dynasty, and our Cabinet will be authorised to enforce without delay the recta, mations o f B r i t i s h an d lonian subjects wh o h ave b een impri sone d, outraged, and defrauded, and even to pea the G ree k G overnment to recal and aP';', og i se for its insolent and false manifesto of the 10t!', of Mar. But should the constitutional plcdges of the confer.. ences of Londo.l remain unredeemed, th; , loan of 1824 unacknowledged, that of 1832 unpalif, the manifesto un cam_ielled, and the Greek Court fun of Bavarian officers paid f rom our arrears of interest, and op en l y a d vocating Russian protection,—then we leave our countrymen to choose the epithet foreinalera will annex to the name of Britain, (From the Morning Herold. ) AN IMPORTANT SECTION OF THE EASTERN QUESTION. At this particular moment, many circumstances, but especialiy the fact of a secret political association under Russian direction having been discovered in Greece, make the future policy of that country a subject of some interest as connected with the duration of peace in the East. As things stand, it will be no apology for neglecting to examine the conduct of the Kraig of Greece, that our Cabinet has to plead the supe rior, or more immediate importance of the affairs of Turkey and Egypt, in the solution of what statesmen (by way of embracing a very compleatA series of political combinations and national antipathies in a single phrase) term the Eastern Question, That ques tion is, indeed, the great international problem of our day with the Cabinets of Europe, and tor arriving at the solution of its difficulties a knowledge of the exact relations betwen Greece and Russia is an important element. The Greek revolution commenced in 1821, and the share Count Capo d'lstrias and the Russian Cabinet took in the secret society which excited the rising, as well as the manner in which Russia attempted to smotherit, when it became apparent that the struggle was one for national independence, are now portions of history. At the Congress of Verona, the Greeks. could not obtain a hearing, yet early in 1824 the Russian Cabinet pro posed that Greece should be separated from Turkey - , and divided into several principalities. Tins would have rendered the country immediately dependent on Russia, who controlled and protected tile Greek Church terougn the Patriarch, who then enjoyed a civil as well as rub glens jurisdiction over the Greeks. Tne proposal com pletely opened the eyes of Great Britain to the neces sity of preventing Greece from becoming an instrument in the hands of Russia for destroying the o.toinaa em pire at her own time end pleasure. A long series of negotiations between England, Rus sia, and p ranee followed, which terminated in the se lection of Prince Otho of Bavaria to reign in Greece In 1832, a national assembly was sitting, whose duty it was to prepare the definitive constitution of Greece, in order that the nation might receive the coronation oath of the selected Sovereign. By the intrigues of the allied powers, as revealed in the pulehearions of Professor Thiersch, of Munich, the King of Bavaria's agent, and Mr. Parish, the English Secre tary of leg,dien, this national assembly was suddenly and illegally dispersed. The real document by which Prince Otho is constituted King of Greece is a ticket of admission to the throne, signed " Talleyrand, Palmer ston, Lieven, Matuszewic," requesting the Greeks to aid him in giving the State a definitive Constitution, and in securing the observance of the laws. In 1833, Prince Otho arrived in Greece, attended by a regency composed, according to the promise of the King of Bavaria, of men " professing constitu tional principles." The liberty of the press and the virtual independence of the Hellenic Cnurch were already established. The existence of the Order, the most valuable gift that the presence of Otho confers on Greece, and to the continuance of which he owes his maintenance on the throne, is due entirely to the moral influence that a knowledge of the phytical force of the allies exercises over the minds of the Greeks, and would equally avail Count George Capo d' Istrias the Phil-orthodox Viceroy, if de facto President, as Prince Otho of Bavaria, the de facto King. But we only wish to examine the cannection of Great Britain with King Otho's actual position. Our Govern ment stood pledged to give Greece a constitutional Z.-,0-vereiga, vereiga, and to secure his observance of the laws. Now the King imposed on the country has made himself a despot, and united in his person all the legislative as well as the executive powers of the Government ; while our Minister at Athens has been compelled to make nume rous official reclamations against his systematic violations of the laws of Greece. Still, England has but coldly supported the constitutional cause, indeed only so far as to alarm King Otho, and induce him to throw himself into the arms of Russia. The adminis tration of the country is placed in the hands of the despotic party, and Russia has ventured to preach in the highest circles the necessity of establishing the censorship of the press, and of re-uniting the Hellenic Church under the Patriarch of Constantinople, in order, as the Russian Cabinet argues, by extinguishing the constitutional and national spirit, to consolidate the Bavarian dynasty. EVENING _EDITION 1 - IAMBUIiGH MAIL. „ tAiPENIIAGEN, APRIL I.—The Admiral has re ceived direct llis .to draw up a complete plan for the whole of the Naval Atiministrai ion. The bases of the plan are laid dow-n, and it is expressly ordered that the ordinary expenses are not to exceed one million rix dollars, and the King would he glad if further retrenchments could be made. It may, therefore, be advisable for the pre sent to suspend, as far as possible, the building of large men-of-war. The ships, however, are to be kept in a serviceable cond;tioe, and provided with everything ne cessary ; and the fleet is to he increased by two or more armed steam-boats. The officers and men to be kept in constant practice, and for that purpose voyages are to be nude to the Mediterranean and the trans-atlantic coasts. No actual reduction of the navy is intended. BERLIN, APRIL 12.—T0-day, about noon, his Ma jesty, for the first time since his illness, took an airing in a closed carriage. Several of our Ambassadors to Foreign Courts are expected here in a few days. If we may believe.report Baron Von Billow will not remain long at Loneoll, and two of her changes in the diplomatic body are spoken of. HANOVER, APRIL 13.—Counsellor Wehner, brother to M. H. Wehner, landowner of Gottingen, has been elected Deputy to the Second Chamber for the tosses in Hoya. By this election the Cabinet ohtainsa sure vote. STOCKHOLM, APRIL 7.—A very important ordi nance, and one which is a great step towards a more liberal commercial system, has lately been published, by which the export duty on fine corn is reduced by one halt. BERLIN, APRIL 14.—NeWs has just. been received from St. Petersburg of the happy delivery of the Duchess of Leuchtenburg of a Princess, to the g reat. joy o f the Royal Family. This news was communicated from Pe tersburg by telegraph to Warsaw, and thence to Berlin, in the short time of less than three days. . The King i S going to send one of his Aides-de-Camp to the Imperial Court. I3ELGI AN I. UNDS—BitutivELS, APRIL 18. Actual Debt, 2!.i per Cent. Rothschild's Loan, 5 per Cant 1(2% Loan of Thirty Millions, 4 per Cent l) ,i — ----. 3 per Cent. 7 4 ,4 Loan of ('itv, 1832, 4 per Cent 04% Society of Comm....lce, 454 per Cent llO Bank of Belgium, 5 per Cent 137 National S. - 4eiety. . — Exchange on London (short) Brussels Papers, April 11. AUSTRIAN FUNDS.-..VIENNA, APRIL 10 ' five per Cents. Motalliques • pr.% Fem per Cents. Three per Cents. B.Inl: Shares 18.310 —Allgemeine Zeiaing, April 15 WAGES OF AGRICULTURE. THE CAB-AGE.--I confess I am fond of ali . open carriage for town or country. A tilbury or dens° preferable to the ca b i n t h e morning; there is a closenessa n d. ~. confinement in a cab f ar from pleasant ; it is a sedan c h a ir" upon wheels. It i s va i n, however, to stem the current of PO P ' opinion ; cabs will have their day. Mr. Brown, the sa g: r dii baker, sports hi s c a b an d mounts a tiger ; and I have b een h as an especi a l f avour , d r i ves hi s friend Dobbs, the grocer , down. to his orie n t a l v ill a at B ow of a Sunday. Now Dobbs keeps a' von hos shay, an d rails against the modern innovation of and has b een h ear d to exclaim that it makes him " sit elicit ot , like a bear in a bathing tub." This elegant simile with his description of a drive taken by his friend. Vstkin s ' the 3 , 1 •ih r tallow chandler. Poor Dobbs takes sad liberties wig English ; he exasperates his h's, turns hie or's mirattni-• it and wicey wersey. The interesting narrative ma , c lid e b te d.,. cated to a groom of a friend of mine (to whom I was 0 Wet-. for it) by Brown, the sugar-baker's boy, who listened t _ alt kins's history, while the worthy citizen: were cabbing it fro . the Minories to the classic region of Bow. I. give it verizi• is on spar' tim :—" Last Vensday vas a reek that Villiam Vatkins and his rife vent fr..un Vitechapel in a von os shay all over vickernne vire work, and wen they got to the corner of Vest-street, Mme. Vatkins said, vy Villiam, you've left the vhip behind; and' away they vent back to Vitechapel for to fetch the chip, anal he vhipp'd and hipp 'd, but ahe coul do he couldn't the' os out of a valk, v and it vas vet vcather, d and the rind s tied;v but nether it vas the vistling of the rind or the vet nether, won't say, but von it, nos, and it risked William's vi g off into' ; mug of whit e vi ne w h ey varm. Vell, says Villi am , 1 yonder in the name o' yonder ye shall have next."—Sportsman. THE WAR IN A I tAGON.--4n the action which recently took place between the Queen's troops under Zar bane and the C ar li ste, and in which the latter were totally deteited , 300 men, soo ner t h an surrender themselves to the Queenis troops, as a S aragossa l etter in the Phare states, threw th em' selves over a prec i p i ce, and were found dead or dreadfully m u tilated at the bottom. Espartero's headquarters are at Agin - , viva, and he ha s or d ere d t h e f ort i fications of Monroyo r repaired. The small place of Zercuda has fallen into the him' _ of ‘.spartero. PATENT LEVER WA TCHE S ' . With silver double-bottom cases With silver hunting cases This celebrated construction (tLa most accurate on Wilk:- a watch can be made) is now offez-A, with the latest improve' meets i. e. the detached escaper, -nt, jewelled in four Wei , capped, hand to mark the seconds, hard enamel dial, and main taMing power to continue going w1..:1e winding up, at the above piece. A printed warranty is given, with fixed terms, en which the Watches will always receive any attention needed. T. COX SVORY, Watchmake r , Sil ver and Goldsmith, G 47,, Cornhill (Seven do' - 1 from Graceehurch-street) London. N.B.—Seco:ld-hand Watches ;archased in exchange- Vo ,il f I SUPE RIOR LONDON -MADE WATCHES -A. , —A. 13. SAVORY and SONS, Watemakers, No. 9, Cc ll2 " hill, London (opposite the Bank of England), submit for el: lection a very large STOCK of Highly-finished London-mad e WATCHEs, the whole of which being manufactured under their their own inspection, on their own premises, they can afford sell at least 254 per cent. below the usual trade price for an ar ticle of the same quality. A pr,nted warranty is given with each Watch. PRICES MOUNTED IN SILVER CASES. Fine Vertical Watches, jewelled, with double b acked engi ne - turne d cases, warranted ....... £ 4 4 - Patent detached Lever Watches, jewelled in four ii holes, mai n t a i n i ng power, with seconds hands, and double-backed eases, warranted ............ .... 6 I Either of the above in silver hunting cases, 10s. 6d. ex''' . ~. A large va r i e t y o f second-hand Silver Watches, which ha ve been carefull y exam i ned, and can be warranted at £2 2s- eac h" GOLD CASES, SIZE FOR LADIES. 1 Fine Vertical Watches, jewell e d, in engine-turnedgold case, and g o ld di als, warratued '.'. $ 1S 62 Fine Vertical Watches, jewelled, wltli double-backed a engine -tu rne d go l d cases and gold dials, warrantedt 12 15 ' Patent, detached Lever Watches, jewelled in fear% holes with double-backed gold cases and gold divas, 14 14 0 warranted ... GOLD CASES, SIZE FOR GEN T''...EMEN. Patent detached Lever Watche!., jewelled is four holes, seconds, and double-back:d gold cases, war rantedp 1414 Patent detached Lever Watches, capped, jewelled in six holes, seconds, double-backed gold cases and enamel dials, w arrante d Patent detached Lever Watches, canned, jewelled in six holes, seconds, double -backed . gold cases and o o gall di a l s , warranted 1 Either oi th e Gentlemen's IVatche> may be had in gold hunting cases, for 3/. 3s. each extra. ~.....1L., ?m,..22L., ,_.„?_..,.........,,.. B. Second_hmd Watches purchased in exchange' 1: —,------ 11 111 7 7- 7 u. E On a On the 17th inst., the lady ofJohn Steel e , Esq., su r - e ' Reigate, Surrey, of a son. On a son. the 17th i nst . , the wife of " )r. Greig, Leytonstone, O f i. On the 19th inst., at Stratford green, Essex, the wife of Edward Joh n M organ, Esq., of a son. O n th e I9th inst., at Langley place, East India road, M rs- Alfred Blyth, of a son. On the 19th inst., the l a d y of the Rev. W. Valentine, 31 . A " Chaplain of the London Hospital, of a daughter. re, th e On the 19th i rst., in t,reen-street, Grosvenor-square, lady of the liev. Philip Seholtielcl, of a son. „ r On the 19. h i nst., at 13 owhill-terrace, Brixton, -"'"' George Anton, of a son. On East er d ay, the - wife of L ew i s Vulliaray, Esq., o fS avilie row, of a son. ( it h rk i , rA o s f t. a ' in a O di n h t e h u e l 2 d t a h u e gh la t t e ly r. of .1. F., Kensington, Esq., of D I f% .1) At sea, on the IP'i!, o f Jan ' ' d• on I''' . board the Sala 111, . oi , ) passage f r rn I''.;tia, ' after a short illness Christian, 0 ... 4 0 ' 7.,lackenzie, Esq , Commander of that s hip.. „,... ".." .e' 15th inst., at West Bromvrich, Staffordshire' Dir. I"' . id Paterson, Surgeon. Indus, i On the 26th of January, at Carap Sukker, on the en' s I Lieutenant Hugh Halkett, of o. l e 2d Regiment (Que Ito•.•als), Aide-de-Camp to Major-“prieral Willshite. „,, lOn the 4th inst., at Sussex -terrace, Old Brompton, . I r, • Frances Louisa Griffi,h, relict of the late Rev. John Griffitut eic., the bel cm i M.A., Fellow of Christ Chtv.ch Collegiate, Manchester, _ n and great-great-great-granclemughter of the celebrated Evely t 1 the author of " Sylva." On the 15th inst.., Mr. Davis, of Mason-hill, Kent, aged 72. On the 18th inst., Mrs. Riddiford, of London-street, Totten ham-court-road, aged 76. On the 1611 inst., Mr. Thomas Wilkinson, of PiccadillY,- and Crouch-end, Hornsey, aged 54. On the 16th inst., at Newark- upon-Trent Elizabeth, eldest daughter of the late Jeremiah 's - uttosts, Esq., ries p Bromley, colnshire. On the 16th inst., Afartlia Fuller, youngest daughter of Mr! John Hanbury, of Roe-h ta d , Miefieldo Yorkshire, and grand daughter of the late R;. chard Langton', Esq., Lombar d -street ' banker. 1 STEAM FERRY ACROSS THE THAMES.—OiI Monday, the 30th nit., Mr. Creed's new Steam Ferry-boat of 15-horse power, commenced her career between Tilbury Fort and Gravesend. The steamer tows large boats across the river i these boats are fitted with benches at the sides for pas seriger;, and there are other boats for horses and carriage s , The averagc time for crossing is four minutes, and fully an swers every expecta .on.—Kentish Mercury. THE FORCE OF CONSCIENCE.—Yesterday ( Thursday) a stranger in this town, who said his name was Thomas Ward, stopped one of our police in the street, and told him that in June last he (Ward) lodged at Cranford, near Ket tering, and stole from a fellow-lodger, named John Smith, g silk handkerchief, a pair of half boots. and a pair of kersey, l mere leggin gs , Th e off i cer took h i m to t h e Police Off ice, 1 and although Mr. Barnes repeatedly cautioned him not to ac- ! UNCOAINION SUICIDE.—On Friday, Mrs euse himself, still he ' persisted. "If you are determined to criminate }ourself," said Mr. J•arnes " I shall take down your Wilkinson Mitchell sho , t f he s rself with a pistol, whilst ona visit to Mrs. immediately. statement, and it will be given in evidence against you." "Be The exact , ' Spring-garden, and died almost but our it so," replied the man, '' for lam determined to unbosom my readers.cause of this rash act has not transpired,. indi- "---------- •....-....=,......__-•!•. .--I'•s'''--•''- of will recollect some months since this unhappy Ill‘r , mind." The statement was accordingly prepared, Ward signed vid , ,al fired • that in not kn9win,ss it to London i Printed a' 1d Published by MITRDO VO . the a pistol at her husband sport, cl in it, and a copy has been transmitted to the authorities ball having No. 11 0 St r and. . T/ . Se t a. (iffio • No. 112. S - tran • ' et be loaded, and Mr. Mitchell died on the spot, a Kettering.—Nottin g h om Review. eta . i county o 1 Midd' esex._Tuesday, .A.pri I 21, I, V passed through his heart.—Hull Packet. PHYLAX. a The Chelmsford Chronicle, whilst boasting that I f wages of agricultu ra l l a b ourers i n most of the I fistriets . Essex are 123. a-week, and in some 133. is at the s' t t o3l time com, cited to admit that in some cases they arc also as low as 7s. Th e Ch ron i c l e ' s phrase is, " that isolate, cases may be found where the labourer receives onlf 7° ' or Bs. ; but " (of course) " these men are habitually id's, or extremely inefficient." No doubt, the number of t he ,.., " idle and inefficient " is great— _ perhaps a moiety r more, or even a majority. On this subject, wages, the following letter, a ddressed to the Wiltshire Independent, conveys some useful in' formation, showing, amongst other beauties of the Coro' laws, in wh a t d egree t h e actua l cultivator of the soi l i s be nefited by breeches-pocket legislation : " Sir, my attention has been directed to a paragr 3 l 3 l' which denies that the wages of able-bodied labourers , ill the county of Wilts, are so low as ss. per week for single, . and 9s. for m arr i e d men. The Editor says he is author ised to make the denial ; but I am at a loss to conjecture upon what authority he does so. lam most intimately, acquainted with nearly all the villages in the vicinity t ' Devizes ; and without fear of contradiction, I assert, tbag there are few (if any) farmers, who give more than 93- pe t week to able-b o di e d marr i e d l a b ourers, and 6s. or 6s a week to able-bodied single labourers ; the latter son, times receive as low as ss_ per week. It is very unjust t infer from the speech of Mr. Villiers on the Corn-laws , in the House of Commons, that he wished it to be u nder " stood that as. per week was the wages generally paid t 9 able-bodied lab ourers i n t hi s country; he was only spea k ing of extreme cases; and, I am sot ry to add, that toe.' arc not so uncommon as many suppose."