The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1849-01-16 00:00:00

1 IS4 9, 1001 L has in a rer J e ! the Green% enile fete, P 0 house, and it ye character.% with, a g entl e; of employ tad, it was Faction, Pu t t , Y manner. 3 about to ( I t ; lis wife hil l off, almost t , a in the l o t the shaft. A i Ft, and had 4 unate man, ';f t , hurt, and in a few 11() ; intmousg. nmendable Lnful exbibitn rkhouse-do ar f; 30 to 50 P" teps, b a ying t's f ere , rater t o too smut , but the tarr e - j, very little u; ow.creature::, tian land, lo T o le ratepayeL s .It, and in=l,4A ire paying -On Christil Beverley :r0.5,: Len it apPe 6- 1 to his f a ther the a fternli le St. Bern, to ceased useu_ rn W never kno~'°bc [led the doggy, that in con= t on he did ne of the icor l C; it was not O tis e iet go. 113 be Li adviser of t, ij the right 0% sated his life .r Jan. 16, 1849. C ORRESPONDENCE. 3IR. ROBERTSON GLADSTONE AND MAJOR GENERAL SIR W. NAPIER. -- `nom EDITOR OP THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. SlR,—in the London Times of the 6th instant there is Et letter signed " Robertson Gladstone, President of the Financial Reform Association," in which he attempts to disprove a charge made by Sir W. Napier, Major-Gene 21t,hColonel of the 27th Regiment, in the Times of the arisingtrutioefpafr:Doitinelicsivehmber, " of the Association, knowing the aitg o tp d e u f e al i s n e: ui o r r y., publishing in ignorance g Mr. Gladstone's letter, I was forcibly struck with the truth of Sir W. Napier's charge, for Mr. Glad :4)lle 'flakes assertions in that letter, relative to the truck ystem as a s re letting :Posed to truth as falsehood can be. lam picnoce,anrfsseiciintticteide, from the insinuation conveyed relative to con- Parts of Kilkenny and Tipperary, that he acquainted with such letting as he is with the taitenrilal Portcy of the Japan Islands. Now I wish to be Y onderstood that I do not for a moment enter truth4,t,,hidea that Mr. Gladstone would, knowing the merchants Publish the false ;—his high position amongst the of England —as honourable a class of men, I, a i' most honourable, with the single exception of ~,ngland's aristocracy, on ie face of the earth, forbid the thought . lished,--but the falsehood is not the less because pub and bY a gentleman of Mr. Gladstone's high standing for character ; for who that knows Mr. Gladstone would ~a 4 . 4 , ' . moment question his veracity when detailing . facts Does orweheicollf ttruhthy, themselves might not be acquainted the not his high character stamp his assertions with which therefore become pre-eminently re ga - nger3 aa when they are false ? But can there be any utteranceogi ve n why such a man could in any instance give theoretical to a falsehood ? Yes ; for when designing, ex perimentalists succeed in securing the sup- F ain ,of honest men, they by little and little instil the port ;roods into their minds by which they desire to sup elates t heir system, and when they have their honest asso theca fully indoctrinated into their opinions, they make ta the •--- A, • una,oe,,,. n u , outupiec . e of their false facts, thereby sending Ei c i; e "io ed to society that which, coming from . them teateT would be received with the utmost caution, and supposeith the greatest carefulness. But is it natural to his that Mr. Gladstone would give the sanction of Ye: lam e to the unproved assertions of his associates . suppose quite that because before he joined them I must frank ness by bY their special pleading, sophistry, apparent Wi th th a, or some other means, he became impressed th erefor e idea that their purpose was honest ; he . must, ta,:eassseer,jorneeseive and believe their assertions as fully and hi s a err edlY as he world have them receive and believe , ald he therefore becomes the godfather to a t stse tions of his wil - acsociates sto o u f TF for the assertions which I accuse Mr. Glad truth, vt'iviiig utterance to, without a knowledge of their that the — n a s aYs, evidently' for the purpose of showing ill at„„ - L ae aPiers of land in general, and Sir W. Napier l tr uck .., -41 ‘' a re a heartless set of men, " that . if the abourers`'stain exists at all, it is where taling is given to ,t lO refer h' a a l a o s w d. a,g,es at £l2 a load, while good wheat sells In answer to this assertion, I woold f armer inl „ t i ° the letter of " J. L.," a Somerset rentoig . ' If ti i published in the same Times as his own. Again . ti es ab e tru c k system exist at all, it is on certain proper to si r .(''....t Kilkenny and Tipperary, probably not unknown t bag ' Piee the field labourer is paid by le - a P i e i r a : ate a d era to ° Plant potatoes at £B, £lO, £l2, or £l4 calculate N ow, sir I never met a statement so grossly t ni;repLsent facts as this. I believe that istnitlreoguot:otedeicsitelth.tat the truck system is defined, by wages paid se aexorbitant price above the market value of I LA . NOW, sir what are the facts of this mon- Pot t n s tr —' system tif conacre letting of land to plant for a C e s .ou, which should be quoted at £6, £B, or £10, 1.e letti n . with much experience of the system of c e o r n a c acre heing''.eannot remember three instances of £l2 p lord , elv er , ? The occupier of the land has to land pa% d p i . e 8 rent, rates taxes manure the land, plou . g an vit t a ivir t e i.t Gladstone the Led, v . clich by a few figures will show syste kaiadstone designates one of the existing truck -.4:--- s. d. s. d. b_ ord , s vise s a rent 14 acre 2 0 0 Received for conacre 10 0 0 rlouthind taxes do. 010 0 Loss to occupier .... 3 5 0 _ f r _ l ß and ' preps'. 1‘...,ur seed ........ 0 15 0 guts of in 2s, anure, at ......... 10 0 0 £l3 5 0 £l3 5 0 leis Again th e the Irish farmer prepares about one-third of his °ti, and for potatoes, a part of which he lets to his l labourers, the small shopkeepers, tradesmen, and hi,: rs ,' ia the adjoining village or town ; a part he plants wired . ; and a part he has to dispose of in a manner that plainrather surprise Mr. Gladstone, and which I . will ex b • p ars Y and by. Now the field labourer in no instance IT4 nlore for his conacre than the shopkeeper or trades e briewttil° paysand if one part of the land to be let l a i s _ ter than an which is always the case, the field tr wouldask Mr. Gladstone where is the 7,,, er gets it. I hi g h' system h ere , where the great profits ? where the Gl ad l s ) rlce above the . market value of the article. But Mr. aball,;one, perhaps, cannot conceive why the occupier tr oa ,ll not have a profit_ on a conacre. Now, Sir, I will the t t e You with a further proof that he has not. After b o „ 'arvest is gathered in, the farmer allow . s . his field la eet„, ~ , nal y to pull the stubble remag after the_ ues s .' th is they take home and rot in their pig -sties and adjoiParls, mixing it with the sweepings of the road far tner u their cabins, and for this manure the has nottaeas that Part of his prearedland for which he wards landi o u ,, r d himself, without receiving one penny to knew a u m -- `, 8 rent, rates, taxes, or tillage; and I never l and on , i , I I parin g any trouble to get free and prepared From th."" l ea to put his manure and grow potatoes. Prov 'se facts which I challenge Mr. Gladstone to stem - bringi n g el l , will 's the instead of the conacre sy quotecht-e farmer large v profits, which the high price lead b. "3 7 Mr. Gladstone without explanation would n , b are saidsarteaders to believe, his two succeeding crops of cor i l he l as - t d With three years rent, rates, taxes, and tillage. i s the sett of truck system named by Mr. Gladstone Me a l s ofliament of wages in the above localiti m es e , a b l. y ,, two l thi u k iv, Potatoes and milk, and one of yellow thr op 1%, Gladstone displays very little of that philan lish .. Y wh ich is one of the high characteristics of the Eng- Ir islii ntie rnan, by exposing the poverty of the struggling cial alluer associates; is laourers to the sneers o . f his Finan aud R e a erra asso c i at ni bold to say that neither Mr. Gladstone nor his "°rtri es sold with their labourers (though their stri ek °us wealth is produced by them) as the poverty -14)3,4: Irish farmer does with his. In the one case, the Me re , r Is not known to the employer; he is left to the or e"r i the overseer or warehouseman, and perhaps a cot '1 of the truck system, not known to the employer May b e n xed at by him. In the other case, the labourer at th e said to be part of the employer's family , he sits str ufr ,saMe table, and partakes of the same fare; his er a ges to suPport his family are minutely kno a w g n ni t fi o ee h n i t s dweiber ; he cannot shut himself up /v otlo z _,,g',aud bar his door against the a in pp a ro m ach of his conle himir or children. No ; they ralways wel "Il cliit ; he divides his little means withh a them Lhis . culti„'"iculties make him feel and understand the di give ' I , v others • and out of his poverty he generously meh o,f_ es t ,,,, - •°,_w, sir,' I would ask Mr. Gladstone how or th e de a T i • ° K system he can discover . in conacre letting, 4 would between the Irish farmer and his . labourer ? lying " earnestly desire that he would inquire for him aild if he finds that he has been imposed on by en th ld e Izakea,sSertions of others, I think his good sense w L loctri.. uir ki at once withdraw from an association whose jk,ro,_4es.are supported by such means. -nich7'. sire few words . on the real question at issue, iti Is, when stri oed of the clouds with which the rnaaaocial Reformers would darken it, so simple that an n y °ll de lie r ssess hig an average share of common sense ca es kr. 6 - and it. Are the pay and emoluments (or profits,_ _ It ap doe Gland calls it) of colonels of regiments, which koeill'e)ars ot average more than £l,OOO a-year r , e o_ e Wa y, f I believe that the best and most philant f h ere fi n ri ght ?r,alr• Gladstone or any other person, to Wouidtgment of what a colonel's pay ought to be, lind s eto fancy themselves a colonel fora sh?rt time 1 thi h e t e fat would satisfy themselves in such a situation.' at 4,7,1, ,Mr. Gladstone did so, he would not be found malign - ~ e au o f an Association, one of whose objects is to seolir Government for their extraordinary and pro hesiohileral,,itY to colonels. Let us suppose Mr. Gladstone °l li ; 411 i afe again, and entering the army as a subaltern el le ce a s l v `tb a Pay which, after providing himself with the eonld a clethes in which an officer of the lowest rank of life "Pear, would not afford him the merest necessaries tor tw o _ or v support. Let us follow him for the next en lif e , w e Years, which, in the ordinary course of military l iavio Tild bring him very little addition to his pay 4 ou g ,.' e submit to a severe discipline, doing duty now the L,uPerate climate, next in the scorching climes of 1%4)111,7; or West Indies,' again in the frozen clim . e t. of .111bject'llzerica, at all prepared to defe . ndriis ;'..et us 8, their rights and property, from their . enemies. Just ~. so "pose that he now gets a company with a pay tet 'lluseufollow satae severe support himself with the greatest economy. whim for the next twenty years. having the hit t ,. „ utyto perform. Let us suppose him now, cel o r rl t e irr ( ty Years' active service, arriving at the rank of I° ltut lat \a \ ncl the officer that does so deems himself very eotra,--,,e): would Mr Gladstone's financial feelings be Porp' e " bY receiving the 'sum of £l,OOO a-year from the . ion cement ? But let us not forget that, along with his Putebaesrvice, he has to pay from £7,500 to £9,000 as 111,1 ste e ' ll '°neV for this rank, which sum I think . Mr. Drosp e flle would not like to put into business without °,7grieweeiyeitrtalueakin £l,OOO a-year. I think . you will , sir, that if Mr. Gladstone faithfully re heaiti7 the severe discipline and duty, exposure to un toooej s,ad differe t climes, i small pay and large purchase liot b;'',ltist the B ritish n officerhas to submit to, he would bleb. 'resident of %adstl,olledePend eng l in s t s he c ir s old age. But perhaps Mr. seas are lle a nd his associates think that colonels and offi i 4gre With aUseless set of men ; if they do, I for one cannot of vs _ tb_ . '" 4 I will not attempt to go into a detail troo;t7.1114113, benefits that England derives from her that tb' e ?tie will be quite enough for my purpose. I feel 4, er IY of laws of England secure the life, liberty, and pro __the wo`gar People. I.believe that in no other country b y , ho w „, sUch security can be found. I know that t-ero, ho wever such without power to force obedience to and w 4,1 e useless. In the ell r anised, well-disciplined that ell'officered y well-organised, i e ng g land, I see the power, traterailes her la w a s rm resp n ected, - and inasmuch as I am bcPeraueer those good and respected laws, I dread the 4111 Y r uck .1:11alist that would interfere with their support, 11 11; j. ellig the p a y of our officers or the strength of our lON. 'llaarY, 1849. tu t 9f a ...1114 " Se e7alloile, rlrt:tA L n i:e x r e p i o se or l a a n stweek, and was drowned. I ed walked to e vv, said an Hibernian journeyman, who he p latiter of out, " how he wouldn't take advantage of the '''' Ripe uP himself." ur readers ig, we cote ssage in the 'ith the t who cultic certain Erie the marry bitted, and co', nnised in Ifi. ri hat the heroic; ociate with tIL anaged to the-noble el baffled, in ;ely his -infer' Which is 11 ?en comple,:, iat a marri, yes that aPPe, ° a happy one. Tuesday, 1 1 ation. At tJ er, he evinc e he most bit!! ) to the wag!: duct was 0 o quite new arded his zu Li that vijle ssion which •eated so rati,` 'deed, his d: woman was )re. Her ev, d from puttiP igned her the Wyelo.llkg gaol exhib? when first _,, 5 ` the murtle, ng up his ol v P dest daught e ' ? of age. 3f..,r6; re progreS sl , is the inters SCOTLAS'n I'd was driven ally virenlaT o hi the hart rapes. Ab ° ,o or StoneWe I when. tilify Ay fell to 'rom their 13.`ii ltinued to.o, t ere the nig' and ere discover! showed he land. Ta )at was imp' r effected ta t shortly aft but atten,ci t , ws. The D' came asllo_l' lost her csP off the.ce_s, w - fio - s - till! ri - di e j a also strand, named Mr h pier, and 111 :{ him and sscert f this port t", vir of the 13 A 'sets were .0 sunk with , pened to be „ some of t he tales from °Ai: a, is situatea formerly boa;; noble ilia lb tion where popular e , Als of the °L., 3 ' imol was c°_,j'' eme n t head [me fair dan" happines r4oo urable Pe—_ n nominattc cress given, inclination., to the stiel ili ; A reply 1 ?,minine hanS to the in arrl ie Ld innuraerau'j y open stYl e , e o isfied, uponj, Drily arrange • new furniv,, everything:to i" that was .; to hold thf," pair aYee 'ave of abs Or e, %utioa of a a li imself itMea i ta- 135 ? nd in 'life, t ° ,.. 1 k. few days s c : r nijoymerit,3-1 ice : bouna. otter Was, ainm ent to g at last .fe were la PA in their Ila n !;, - ; 1, and listen c li s of the veP l . r of festivsi poiled, and bi sir arrival ..t,,„1 Ind for soy pc and all 7 pair until ° of the wisi'd t money sh o b he having 0 1 , It vi (3 , 4 4 s pockets Re an to persol l t V, r to explajo bo i ie " precer 4 0 marriage. 01- „ o t , re cleaned ; °O l reel he got v e j. been reless c ec " bride" ; ~;0 0 t she will -,f/ it presence' al° ak of the 5„ 0 1 1 - operate Z the world. ngth, h our stran d 0 ticular stinal as we, rf t' :ommencl, ta pt werful s Family 3 '''' l as procured Society. On the tenth of October last we first announced to our readers, in anticipation of all our contemporaries, the dis covery of a new El Dorado—a field of gold of almost illimitable productiveness in the territory recently wrested by the Americans from Mexico, viz., in Upper California. At first the intelligence was received in this country with considerable doubts of its correctness ; but week after week fresh and authoritative statements have poured upon us, and we have now every assurance that the discovery in question is " a great fact," calculated to ex ercise an important influence upon the destinies of man kind. By the last advices from America, we learn that from four to five thousand people were engaged in the success ful search for gold in California ; and from the preparations making throughout the Mexican territory, and in Europe as well, for proceeding to this rich territory, it is not tco much to presume that, before many months time trans pire, a hundred thousand people will be settled in the locality. It may be interesting to our readers to have the facts of this important event placed before them ; and we have, therefore, prepared the accompanying maps—the first giving the geographical position of the gold district, with a view to enable the reader to understand our de scription of the various routes by which it can be ap proached ; and the second, an enlarged chart of the region itself, taken from an Admiralty survey, showing the har bour of San Francisco and the principal points in which the gold has been found. The centre of this district thus far explored is at Sutter's Fort, a station of the Hudson's Bay Company, at the union of the American Pork with the Sacramento River and the Jaachim ; and the district itself covers an area of about 600 miles. New discoveries are, however, daily taking place ; and as the Mormons, who were the first to find the gold in the Sacramento, have moved to more distant diggings, it is to be presumed that considerable deposits exist elsewhere. We have been unable, upon a map of so small a scale, to mark all the points at which auriferous deposits have been found. Referring, however, to larger charts, and tracing the country northwards from San Francisco, the first point which we have laid down, it will be found that some 10 or 12 miles from it are some ancient gold workings. At latitude 35 degs., there appear to be several streams producing gold, which are south of Chintache Lake—it being observed that the tract producing gold is west of the great basin, and being in the rivulets or streams coming down from the mountain district, or the line of upland. Following on the course, northward and west of the lake, near to St. Miguel, gold appears also to have been ob tained ; we again proceed on to the Stanislaus river ; from thence to the Tula marshes, the American rivers, Sutter's Farm and the Feather river—the extreme point being about 70 miles north of St. Francisco, or within 35 miles from Port Bodega. It is supposed also to extend into Oregon. The country in which thus far the deposits of the pre cious metals have been ascertained to exist is situated in between 30 and 40 degrees of north latitude and 120 to 125 longitude ; and comprises an area of about 600 miles in length by about 150 in width. The ordinary route from England and from the eastern ports of the United States is round Cape Horn, and would occupy from 150 to 160 days. By this route most of the vessels now load ing in America and in England are at present proceeding. There is, however, another (shorter) route, by which numbers of the American emigrants are now going, viz., by way of the port of Chagres, on the east side of the Isthmus of Panama, at its narrowest and most southern point. From this port it will be necessary to make an overland passage of about sixty miles to the Pacific Ocean ; and the voyage from the Pacific side of the Isthmus extends over about thirty-five degrees of latitude, or about 2000 miles, and will occupy from 16 to 18 days. There are, however, serious drawbacks against this route. The port of Chagres is an unhealthy one ; and crowded though it is with emigrants anxious to be transported to the gold region, there is every certainty that difficulty will be found in securing shipping from the westward side. There is one mode of crossing the Isthmus which we have not yet heard mentioned, viz., by way of the Lakes of Nicaragua and St. Leon, the passage through which is navigable by boats, by which the adventurer will be brought within a few miles of the port of Realijo on the Pacific seaboard. The above routes may be thus com- _ pared : From England round Cape Horn Ditto to Chagres, say Across the Isthmus 6 „ Thence to San Francisco 16 „ 160 days 62 days, The certainty of a considerable detention by the latier route, combined with the unhealthiness of the climate, and the costliness of living in a small port unprovided with the supplies requirea to support and shelter a large additional population, render the longer route by way of Cape Horn much preferable. The present, too, is the commencement of the rainy season in California, during which the mining operations cannot be carried on ; and as this season extends over from three to five months, parties now taking the longer route will arrive in ample time to commence operations with the fine weather. The following paragraph from a contemporary fortifies our view as to the superior advantages of the longer route:— " Men are leaving their families to go to California, in the hope of returning in a year or so as rich as Croesus. The movement is like the impulse of a mania—a crusade I But ah I we have yet to learn the results—the fatal results, it is to be feared, to at least one-half of the gold seekers. It is proba ble that the greatest suffering will be encountered by those who are anxious to reach the gold region by the shortest route, and in the quickest time, namely, by Chagres, and across the isth mus of Panama. Chagres is about fourteen days' (by steam), twenty-two to thirty days' sailing, from New York or Philadel phia. Then fifty-two miles by land, across the Isthmus, in the most intense of tropical heats (say three or four days' journey by mules), and then 3,500 miles by sea, in the Pacific, to San Francisco. From San Francisco, five or six days inland to the Rio de ias Plumas (Feather River), a tributary of the Sacra mento. The difficulty by this route will be chiefly experienced at Panama, where there will not, cannot be for many months, vessels enough to convey the vast number of eager emigrants so soon expected there to assemble. Unless such adventurers are abundantly supplied with money, they will not be able to live in the hot desolations of the tropics, where life is but little valued, and where death is even less regarded. And they will It be able to go on, because they will not have means .nd even if they had, there will not be ships enough to carry them At our last accounts, 2,000 persons were at that place wailing a conveyance—a prey to pestilence, and to the ' hope deferred that maketh the heart sick.' The bones of many will whiten the sands of Panama." We extract the following particulars from a circular just issued by Messrs. J. and W. Robinson, who have chartered a vessel for San Francisco : " The Bay of San Francisco connected with the surrounding scenery is the most delightful place I have ever seen on the Western Coast of America. It presents a broad sheet of water of sufficient extent to float all the British navy without crowd ing; the circling grassy shores indented with convenient coves, and the whole surrounded by a verdant blooming country, pleasingly diversified with cultured fields and waving forests ; meadows clothed with the richest verdure in the gift of boun teous May; . pastures covered with grazing herds; hill and dale, mountain and valley, noble rivers and gurgling brooks. Man, enlightened civilised man, alone is wanting to complete the picture and give a soul, a divinity, to the whole. Were these beautiful regions, which have been so much libelled and are so little known, the property of the United States, our go vernment would never permit them to remain thus neglected. The Eastern and middle States would pour out their thousands of emigrants, until magnificent cities would rise on the shores of every inlet along the coast of New California, while the wil derness of the interior would be made to blossom like the rose. The soil of the surrounding country is very rich, deep, and fertile, and much of it is clothed with as fine ship-timber as grows in the United States, and generally of the saine kinds ; pine, spruce, and red cedar are found in abundance, and of a size sufficient for masts of the largest ships. At some distance in the interior are extensive plains luxuriantly covered with clover and various kinds of grasses, on which thousands of wild cattle and horses graze unmolested. Many animals that pro duce fur are found on the banks of the rivers, and a great va riety of fish resort to the bay in the spawning season. During the summer season the wind generally blows in the day time from north-north-west to west in the bay ; but never very strong. During the winter months it blows in the day time from south-west to south-south-east; but at night, within the bay, it is calm nineteen-twentiethsof the year. The town of San Francisco stands on a table land elevated about three hundred and fifty feet above the sea, on a peninsula five miles in width on the south side of the entrance to the bay, about two miles to the eastward of the outer entrance, and one-fourth of a mile from the shore. It is built in the same manner as Monterey, but much smaller; comprising only about one hundred and twenty houses and a church, with perhaps five hundred inha bitants (1825). The fort stands on a promontory on the south THE LIVERPOOL STANDAR% Vancouver CANADA . Newfoundland 'P e , A MERi e4 , '4, 0 ) , .0 -9':121-1- • *HALIFAX 110 CNIT ED STATES ).. 0 L.) W._ A 7 % il V. O S z, 1: 41 ° I. 4°1 ' 1 4)4 \ a'f:l l, › ° 1 : :: v, 64,. :Ot 4 ' (%. 1 e.CI Cuba* o *se s o 1 ." ' IT° 'E(... -I°ll3 R• Colunlbia ficient to command the passage were • the works kept in any kind of order." S. FRANCISCO NORTH PACIFIC SOUTH Bay of Pananaa-. Amongst the first to be engaged in the search, and the most successful, were parties of the Mormon followers of Joe Smith, who had been driven westward from their City of Nauvoo, to find on the other side of the Rocky Mountains, if not the realization of the prophecies of their fanatical prophet, at all events that of a dream wilder than any which they would have credited from his lips. The following extract from an official letter, addressed by Mr. Folsom, the American quarter-master general, resident at San Francisco, and dated Sept. 18, will con vey an idea of the abundance in which the mineral is found : " On the most southerly tributary of the American fork, 16 miles from the main stream, I saw where Messrs. Neiliy and Crowly . got, with six men in six days, 10i lbs of gold, avordu pois weight. In the bottom of a dry ravine of the same stream, Messrs. Daly and M'Cooms removed, with a party of Indians and white men, 17,000 dols. in two days, and within 200 yards of the main stream. From another dry ravine, within a few rods of the last-mentioned, it is said that 30,000 dols. were col lected in three days. Mr. C. S. Lyman, a clergyman, unac customed to labour, informs me that he got 50 dols. for about five hours' work each day. M. Vaca, a New Mexican, who resides about 30 miles from Sutter's, told me he, with four other men, got 171bs. of gold, avoirdupois weight, in seven days. I saw the gold. Major Cooper, late of Missouri, with two men and one boy, got 1000 dols. in two days. Mr. Sinclair, had been engaged in digging gold about five weeks, with a party of Indians, numbering about 40, sometimes more and some times less. He gave his Indians meat, sugar, coffee, flour, and rice, and they ate three times a day. They were mostly wild Indians, and worked altogether with pans. In five weeks, after paying all his Indians and the current expenses of the party, he had 17,000 dols., or upwards of 90 lbs., troy weight, of gold dust. The gold was shown. Mr. Norris and one companion took from a dry ravine, not far from those already mentioned, 3,000 dols. in two days, and the dirt was packed on horses more thrn 200 yards to the water. Mr. Aaron Angland got from his own labour, in 20 consecutive days after his arrival at the mines 2,200 dols. But I might go on stating facts like these until I should tire your patience." PACIFIC OCEAN "--.I3OSTO:g 4 4 , /*oz?k ich oiestozz ATLANTIC *8 ahxzaa OCEAN Cape Horn Francisco, Hay and Entrance. race constructed; but when the water was let on the wheel, the tail race was found to be too narrow to permit the water to escape with sufficient rapidity. Mr. Marshall, to save labour, let the water directly into the race with a strong current, so as to wash it wider and deeper. He effected his purpose, and a large bed of mud and gravel was carried to the foot of the race. Orie day Mr. Marshall, as he was walking down the race to this deposit of mud, observed some glittering particles at its upper edge; he gathered a few, examined them, and be came satisfied of their value. He theft went to the fort, told Captain Sutter of his discovery, and they agreed to keep it secret until a certain grist-mill of Sutter's was finished. • It, however, got out and spread like magic. Remarkable success attended the labours of the first explorers, and in a few weeks hundreds of men were drawn thither. At the time of my visit, but little more than three months from its first discovery, it was estimated that upwards of four thousand people were employed. The same officer, in a letter dated 20 days later thus des cribes the singular state of society which has been pro duced " All law, both civil and military, is at an end. the mines, _ and _ indeed most parts of the the feet. It is certain that ultimately an adventurous popu lation will find it in its native beds. Mr. Foljam says : "As no one, as yet, has found the gold in its native matrix, a question often suggests itself as to its origin. I believe, the coarse gold is found near the spots where it originally lay in its native bed, and that much of the fine gold has been swept down from the mountains by torrents of water. Almost all the rocks in Upper California are imperfectly organised, being soft and friable, and incapable of resisting the action of the weather. In the process of time the mountains have gradually crumbled away into fine dust, and the gold has been liberated. The coarse gold, from its massiveness and great specific gravity, was not removed from the mountain sides, whereas the fine gold was swept off to the plains below." Among coun- try out of 'the villages, no authority but that of the strongest exists ; and outrages of the most disgraceful nature are con stantly occurring, and the offenders go unpunished. There are now about 25 vessels in this port, and I believe there is not one of them that has a crew to go to sea. Frequently the sailors arm themselves, take the ships' boats and leave in the most open manner, defying both their officers and the civil magis trates. These things are disgraceful to the country and the flag ; and while vessels have to pay port charges, duties, &c., their owners ought to be protected. The tariff law of 1846 is now in California." "All sorts of labour is got at enormous rates of compensa tion. Common clerks and salesmen in the stores about town, often receive as high as 2500 dols. and their board. The clerk now in my office is a young boy, who, until a few weeks since, was a private of volunteers, and I am now paying him 1500 dols. per annum. This will not appear high when I tell you that I have just seen upon his table a wash bill, made out and paid at the rate of 8 dols. per dozen, and that almost every thing else is at corresponding prices. Unless something is done, I am unable to see how it is possible for officers, living upon the salaries granted by law to military men, to support themselves in this country. "For some time last summer (August and July), the officers at Monterey were entirely without servants, and the Governor (Colonel Mason) actually took his turn in cooking for his mess. Unless some prompt action is taken to pay both officers and men serving in this country in proportion to the unavoidable expenses to be incurred, the former will resign and the latter The following is an official statement of the quality of the gold:— " Mint of the United States, Philadelphia, December 11th, 1848.—Sir,—On the Bth instant we received, as I have already had the honour to inform you. the first deposit of gold from Ca lifornia. It was deposited by Mr. David Carter, who brought it from San Fancisco by the Isthmus route. It weighed 1804.54 ounces troy, of which 1423.80 was from the lower surface mines, and 380.19 from those at Feather River. On the 9th instant another deposit was sent by the Secretary of War, which weighed 228 ounces. The gold was of two sorts in external character, though apparently not different as to quality. The first, from the ' dry diggings,' was in grains, which averaged from one to two pennyweights ; the other variety, from the swamps or margins of the streams, being in small flat spangle s , of which, on an average, it would take six or seven to weigh one grain. Of these, by far the larger part of the deposits was composed. The gold was melted in six parcels, and the loss by melting, due to the earthy and oxidable matter, which disap pears in this operation, averaged about 21 per cent. of the original weight. The loss thus reported is moderate, and shows that the gold had been carefully washed. Assays of the melted gold were made with great care, and the results showed a variation in fineness from 892 to 897 thousandths—the average of the whole being 894. This is slightly below the standard fineness, which is 900. The average value per ounce of the bullion, before melting, is 18 dollars 5i cents. ; that of the same in bars;after melting, is 18 dollars 50 cents. The whole value of the gold in the two deposits was 36,492 dollars, besides a few ounces reserved in the native state for the Secretary of War, at his request.—Very respectfully, your faithful servant, R. M. Patterson, Director.—Hon. R. J. Walker, Secretary of the Treasury." The climate in the immediate neighbourhood of San Francisco, along by the seaboard, and in the valley of the Sacramento River, is described as beautiful. A corre spondent of the Californian, who had just returned to Fort Sacramento, from the gold region, thus describes it : —" Our trip after leaving your city, by way of Pueblo, San Jose, and the San Joachin River, we found very agreeable. Passing over a lovely country, with its valleys and hills covered with the richest verdure, intertwined with flowers of every hue, the country from the San Joachin River to this place is rich beyond comparison, and will admit of a dense population." Other accounts confirm this description ; and state that so fertile is the soil that, with anything like the present prices of provi sions, it is questionable whether or not more profit is to be derived from its cultivation than by gold digging itself. The plains west of the Californian mountains and the gold region are almost entirely overflowed with water during the winter months. In the summer some incon venience is felt from sultriness in the ravines and plains, which have produced some sickness amongst those who have worked in the heat of the day, without proper pro tection. will desert, and it will be impossible to maintain a military force in California. It cannot be expected that officers will devote their services to the government, at a rate of compen sation which will not enable them to employ a servant, to say nothing of 'living in such a manner as may become their sta tion; and it is utterly impossible to do it in California upon the salaries allowed by law." There are however darker shades in the picture, and indications that, whilst those most successfully engaged in getting gold are congratulating themselves upon their rapidly accumulating wealth, they are compelled to pay heavily for every article of necessity, and may shortly find themselves plunged into a social wilderness, in which nei ther wealth nor life will be safe from the attacks of law less marauders. The same writer, from whom we have quoted above, informs us that : "Sickness had broken out amongst the miners, and many have returned prostrated with, fevers, while others have come to avoid being so. There is now a large number of labourers !ICI C, Ull.l 'many vi 1.110111 ICI lAZU 11/ LI y lca met, 17 aal tu those who labour do so at exorbitant prices. The ordinary compensation for white labourers is from 6 dols. to 10 dols. per day. lam now paying these prices for men I am forced to employ for repairing the government lighter, and for dis charging the ship Huntress, now in this port. At the same time everything is high in proportion. Butter sells by the barrel at 1 dol. per lb., and hams at the same price; flour is 25 dols. per borrel, and pilot bread 40c. per lb. For the last three pairs of boots I have had I have paid, respectively, 18 dols., 14 dols., and 12 dols. Other things are at corresponding prices in this place, but at the mines everything is much higher. Flour and pork vary in the mines from 10 dols. to 260 dols. per barrel. Common shoes, worth in Boston about 75 cents per pair, sell at 8 dols. or even 12 dols. per pair. There is a kind of recklessness about these prices which would be sought after in vain in any other part of the world." and he continues : The spot selected ssthe central location for by the town of Sutterville, which is thus described by the "It is impossible to foretell what will be the ultimate result of this sudden developement of wealth. It is suf f iciently ob vious, however, that the country will be prematurely filled by a restless, exciteable, adventurous, and reckless population; and that extended agricultural or mechanical improvements are at an end for some years to come. Gambling and all sorts of thoughtless profusion begin to prevail. The present excitement will attract vast numbers of• the idle, vicious, and dissolute. Refugees from the the United States as well as other countries, will flock to California, among the better disposed population, and will find shelter among the almost inaccessible fastnesses of the mountains where such mines of wealth are now opened. These regions are of vast extent, and are remote from the regular settlements and the operation of the laws. In the soli tary recesses of the Sierra Nevada are little clusters of men with nothing but trees for their covering, and no protection but their own vigilance and strength. Many of these people are known to possess very large amounts of gold (sometimes as much as 20,000 dollars) wrapped in their blankets, where there is no eye to see and no agent to pursue the guilty. Is it strange, when the temptation is so great, that the robber and the assassin should be abroad in the mountains? Many robberies and some murders are known already to have occurred; but little attention is excited by these facts where all men are in the eager pursuit of wealth. No one can conjecture the ex tent of these outrages, for living witnesses are not at hand, and dead men tell no tales.' The strong and firm hand of govern ment must be promptly extended to save the country from the most revolting acts of violence." "About three miles from the fort, on the east bank of the Sacramento, the town of Suttersville is laid ont. The location is one of the best in the country, situated in the largest and most fertile district of California, and being the depot for the extensive gold, silver, platina, quicksilver, and iron mines. A hotel is now building for the accommodation of the travelline public, who are now to impose on the kind hospitalitle; of Capt. Sutter. A party of men who have been exploring a route to cross the Sierra Neveda mountains, have just returned and report that they have found a good waggon road on the declivity ridge between the American fork and the M'Cossamy rivers, the distance being much less than by the old route. The road will pass through the gold district, and enter the valley near the American fork.... A ferry is to be established at Suttersville, on the Sacra mento, and the road across the tularie improved soon, which will shorten the distance from this place to Sonoma and your city, about sixty miles." The mode in which the gold will be remitted is thus described : " A very intelligent officer of the navy, who has been recently over the entire gold region of California, for the purpose of ex amining the matter thoroughly, stated to-day that by the month of March we shall be receiving from California three millions per month in gold. This officer himself has a con siderable quantity of the gold, which has reached New Orleans, and other large amounts he knows to be on the way. The Mazatlan correspondent of Messrs. Howland and Aspinwall, writes that 3100,000 worth of gold has been received there, which has been assayed and proved to be 22 to 2.3 i carats fine, which is as near as may be pure gold, too pure for coining or mechanical purposes. This fact sets at rest the doubts about the genuineness of the metal. Under the circumstances, the establishment of the Pacific mail line of steam-ships, i n con nexion with the line hence to Chagres, is a most fortunate hap pening, as y S which gold can be sent ho me i n thi rty d ays, an d merchandise received in return. But for this connexion the communication with the States would only have taken place by the tedious, uncertain and unsafe routes of Cape Horn or the Plains to St. Louis. The gold will now come across the Isthmus of Panama, and by steam thence to New York." In addition to gold, it is found that the whole country is rich in other precious ores, especially quicksilver, which will be required for the smelting of the gold. One mine is now in. active operation, and producing from 5 to 700 ounces per day, the price on the spot being 81 80 cents per ounce . A quarry of very fine marble has also been opened.. One of the most serious difficulties which will be felt in trading to California will be that of keeping together the crews of the vessels- sent out. In. &letter from A. Ten The following is the account of the first discovery of the gold given by Col. Mason, in a report addressed to the American Government : "As we ascended the south branch of the American fork, the country became more broken and mountainous, and 25 miles below the lower washings the hills rise to about 1 2 000 feet above the level of the Sacramento plain. Here a species of pine oc curs, which led to the discovery of the gold. Captain Sutter, feeling the great want of lumber, contracted in September last with a Mr. Marshall to build a saw-mill at that place. It was erected in the course of the past winter and spring —a dam sad From all the accounts received it seems tolerably cer tain that we have not even yet arrived at a full appreciation of the quantity of gold existing in the country ; and that further exploration will develope it to us in almost unap preciable amount. Thus far we have only seen that por tion of it which has been washed down from the moun tains and deposited in ravines and the beds of streams. This is proved by the fact that the richest deposits have been found close to the surface ; and that the metal is not to be found, at all after digging, to the depth of twelve . THE CALIFORNIAN GOLD REGION. SKETCH OF ITS GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION, DESCRIPTION OF ITS CLIMATE, AND THE ROUTES BY WHICH IT IS ACCESSIBLE. • Capes) , From New York to Chagres (by steam) From Chagres to Panama, across tke Isthmus From Panama to San Francisco From New York to Chagres (by sailing vessel) " " The time of the voyage is as follows From New York to Chagres From Chagres to Panama From Panama to San Francisco Eyck, Esq., dated San Francisco, Sept. Ist, we find it stated : "A day or two ago the Flora, Captain Potter, of New Lon don, anchored in Whaleman's Harbour, on the opposite side of the bay. Yesterday, the captain, fearing he would lose all his men, weighed anchor, intending to go to sea. After getting under weigh, the crew finding the ship was heading out, refused to do duty, and the captain was forced to return and anchor here. Last night nine of the crew gagged the watch, lowered one of the boats, and rowed off. They have not been heard of sin ed, and are now probably half way to the gold region. The Flora is twenty-six months out, with only 750 bbls. of oil. Every vessel that comes in here is now sure to lose her crew, and this state of things must continue until the squadron ar rives, when, if the men-o'-war-men do not run off too, mer chant-men may retain their crews." The ready sale of cargoes as they arrive will, however, compensate for the losses thus experienced. We Quote the following statement from the same letter : "The whale ship Euphrates, of New Bedford, left here a few weeks since, for the United States, to touch on the coast of Chili to recruit. The Minerva, Captain Perry, of New Bed ford, has abandoned the whaling business, and is now on her way hence to Valparaiso for a cargo of merchandise. Although two large ships, four barks and eight or ten brigs and schooners have arrived here since my return from the mineral country about four weeks since, with large cargoes of merchandise, their entire invoices have been sold. Vessels are daily arriving from the islands and ports upon the coast, laden with goods and passengers, the latter destined for the gold washings." The following information as to the routes from Ame rica we quote from a pamphlet which has just been pub lished in New York. " The fare on the various routes is as follows : From New York to San Francisco (by steam, round the 12 to 15 days From New York to San Francisco (round the Capes) 130 7, " San Francisco is on the sea coast, twenty miles from Sutter's Fort, where the lower mine is situated, and about forty miles from the upper one. Gold, however, has been found plentifully on all the streams in the region indicated in our map, and even far higher up the valley of the Sacramento is supposed to exist in large quantities. "A specimen of the Californian gold has been assayed by the United States Mint in Philadelphia, and has been officially declared to be considerably purer than the gold of the Ameri can coinage, requiring about five per cent. alloy to fit it for being converted into legal currency. " In addition to the above route:NTa. Chagres, are two others, which it will he proper to indicate. The first of these is from Irr AeW YorK to Vera Cruz, and across Mexico (five days by the Diligencia) to Acapulco, on the Pacific. Here all the north ward bound vessels touch; and the route, were it not for the danger (or rather certainty) of being robbed on the road from Vera Cruz to Acapulco, would be preferable to any other. The other route to the Gold Mines is the overland route, by way of Independence and Santa Fe. Fi om Independence you follow the regular waggon and caravan track to Santa Fe; thence, in order to avoid the vast desert of the Rocky Moun tains, you make a long detour to the south, and strike the Pacific at San Diego. and thence work unwards to San Fran- "There, reader! If you have finished our little book, you are ready to go to California—and may God be with you!" The bulk of the passengers from the country, however, will, no doubt, proceed direct from British ports ; and it will be seen from our advertising columns that several of our most enterprising houses, Mr. J. T. Crook, Messrs. Hamden and Co. and Messrs. J. and W. Robinson, are preparing a succession of first class conveyances to St. Francisco. / caribbean s e , . % :t , 0" , q.....) I. * / ~... / ..... -. \ - s 4., ,±1 t'sy 0 Rio de / a Plata Rio Janeiro ."'"—"'"*."..".'*"..N.....N..... .rai so .-4 O o < 0 0 0 ~ Falk/ant/ Is. 4 1. cio Straits of Magellan J ~. ~ ~,, k. 0., .5,a cv. ~ ..,..:., .44 ,„, . 1. 4 ~,, Oyster Beds ..$' 112 5 ' 61 ° e, de Doi Castro 4.4 P )t * 1* T 1 it a 4 1,. I .i 4 ,. "1r "4 I.,Yerba Buena ~..---......, ~ )„ ji s 6 6/ / .7c . 4 4 9 4" Bahia de S. Pablo ------------.Fra ncisco s‘evve. a.e s. 11,1 ,0° . 7 7 .... y/ if NislCliff....„.l b ite C , ,---, ,I a,. . Table Hill. g , Bar ,` .......=:<,---..—.-.--.-----..--------- P 4, ..... .... / THE CHOLERA AT TOOTING. An awful visitation of cholera has occurred at the juvenile pauper asylum at Tooting, an establishment kept by a Mr. Drouet, for the reception at per head of pauper children from the various unions in the metropolis and the suburbs. As many as 1,400 children were found to be lo cated in a building totally insufficient for their accommo dation. Of this number 300 have been attacked with diar rhoea and cholera, and upwards of 100 fatally. The esta blishment has been visited and reported upon by medical men during the week, from whose representations itappears that the Poor-law Board had limited the numbers who should be received into Mr. Drouet's establishment, and Mr. D. had exceeded them, They ordered that not more than 350 should be in the boys' school-room, and Mr. Drouet had placed there 500. With regard to the girls it was the same. Several of the private domes tics of Mr. Drouet's establishment had been attacked, and one or two of the nurses had died.—Mr. Ber mingham stated at the St. Pancras 'Vestry that there was a great want of warmth in Mr. Drouet's establish ment. He (Dr. Bermingham) clothed as he was, felt, on passing through the wards at Tooting, a disagree able feeling of cold pervade his system • and as this cold was so evident to mature and well - clot hed persons, they might form some opinion of what the same atmosphere must be to poor, ill-clothed, and half-fed children from two to twelve or fourteen years of age. The great error of Mr. Drouet, he begged to say, arose from his igno rance, not to say indifference, in not havin g ma d e provi sion for the changes of the weather, with regard to those children placed under his care. He not only gave these poor children no change of clothing, although the ther- inometer might fall Twenty or thirty degree's in one day, but allowed them to go out into a cold, damp play ground, with heads and shoulders uncovered, in the coldest day in winter, in the same dress they would wear in the hottest day in summer. He had examined twenty chil dren personally, and he was perfectly shocked to see what he witnessed. Their little flannel petticoats were so gauzy and thin that you could liter a lly rea d th roug h them from age. With regard to the question of atmospheric poison being the cause of this outbreak, he believed that the poison was the exhalations from the children's own per sons, and that such poison, coupled with poor diet, in sufficient clothing, and the cold and dampness of the place, had caused the disease. In consequence of the order from the Medical Super intendent of the Board of Health, that no more bodies of the children should be interred in Tooting Churchyard, those which had died during Wednesday and Thursday were removed in hearses sent from the respective parishes to which the children belonged, to London for burial. Nearly, 1,000 children have been removed from the asylum. Meetings of the Boards of Guardians have been held in the various parishes from which children have been sent ; and very free strictures have been passed at them as to the isdifference displayed by Mr. Drouet towards the comforts, in clothing and diet, of the children com mitted to his charge. Iftrraturr. VARIETIES Of all the actions of a man's life his marriage least concerns other people, yet of all actions of his life it is most meddled with. VISITS OF ETIQUETTE.—Five of the Ministers of L ouis Philippe (says the Corsaire), have returned to Paris, and have all left their cards at the Elysec Nationale. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME. A writer, who sub scribes himself " A Physician," expresses, through the columns of the Times, the most lively indignation against the atrocity of giving alms to beggars. He says, "We fine drunkards for indulging in a brutal appetite : why should we not fine the creators of beggars for a pernici ous indulgence of the luxury of indiscriminate alms giving ?" What next ? A FANTASTIC ACCOMPLISHMENT.—A lady advertises in the London morning papers that she is ready to give a course of lectures on the use of the fan, being "-well skilled in an exercise so charming and fascinating in the society of the Continent, particularly of the court of Her charges are quite moderate, being only. five guineas for mal +. ed Feet in al operation of flirting a fan to that of fanning a 'flirl. — CHUZZLEWIT OUT-CRUZZLED. — Certain of Mons. Cabet's disciples, having emigrated to Louisiana, in search of Icaria, thus report progress :—" We were told that Icaria was a wonderful city, which utterly distanced Paris and Capua in luxury and sensual gratification. When we arrived, however, we only found a few huts, open to all the winds of heaven, and all the inclemencies of the weather. Thousands of acres of land were to have We found fifty square leagues of grount had planted—five hundred radishes. Such is Icaria After all—there's no place like home. AN EYE TO BUSINESS,—It is well known that 'no an nouncements of births, marriages, or deaths, appear in The Times unless their insertion is paid for : and doubt less there is good reason on the side of the proprietors of " the leading journal" for the adoption of such a regula- tion. At the same time, we suppose it is right for those who pay to make the most they can of what they pay for, and we infer that Mr. Rolfe, tailor, thought the same when he announced, under the head of " Births,'• in The Time of the 6th instant:—" On the 2nd inst., the wife of Mr. Francis Rolfe, of 35, Great Marlborough-street, tailor, of a daughter. This is the 13th child, all of which are living, and entirely dependent on parental exertions." GOOD REASON WHY THE RICH SHOULD TAKE CARE OF THE Poon.—ln all new epidemics, from the black death downwards, traced from the reign of Edward 111., and in the more expanded space of ancient history, deri ved from Grecian, Roman, and Arabian authorities, as well as from Chinese and Brahminical tradition, we learn that each new forces first commit their ravages on the lowest classes of society : but as contagious force gains ground so as to reach the upper classes, these last suffer the greatest mortality in proportion to the number of cases supplied by and occurring in such classes. This may not be manifest in a first visitation, but has always been verified in the sequel. Disease developed under epidemical force may prove mortal instantaneously, or at any time within three weeks, according to the type of the epidemic. The plague at Constantinople, in its se cond return in 558, commonly killed instantaneously, most of the attacked dying in a moment, as if in a strong apoplectic fit, or like as in a rupture of the heart. The sweating sickness, in 1517, commonly killed in three hours ; and the same epidemic disease revisiting this in 1528, for the fifth time (erroneously stated by Friend as the fourth time), proved mortal in the space of six hours. The black death killed within three days or five, from the first seizure. In the plague of Athens the dis temper commonly ran out to the seventh or ninth day, which were the most usual for mortality. In the plague of London, which continued at intervals for two years, although it occasionally killed instantaneously, the more fatal day was the second or third. From all which we gather that special epidemical poisons, like other special poisons, kill in modes, and within spaces of time, con formably to special laws.—From Dr. Collier's " Code of the Laws of Safety, 4c." ROME IMPERIAL, PAPAL, AND DEMOCRATIC. —TIIII beast on which Popery rides has been mentioned twice before, and with a remarkable difference each time. The first, as a dragon, or Satan in his proper character, with the crowns on the head, pointing out the first or Pagan state of the Roman empire; the second as a beast, with the crowns on the horns, pointing out the second or Papal state of the empire; and the third without crowns, either on heads or horns. pointing out the democratic form of that empire. On the beast, in this state, Popery rides, directing it for a season in its last work : and how awful is the description of the whore in this attitude! drunken with the blood of the saints, and the blood of the martyrs of Jesus!- We may yet have, from Popery and Democracy in union, a more fierce persecution than. the Church of Christ has yet endured ; one, as Cecil puts it, " general, bitter purifying, cementing."—From " Re marks on the Progress of Popery."—Rev. E. Bickersteth , on Rev. xrii. 3.—Published in 1836. WHAT SHOULD THE STATE DO WITH RELIGION I — The State, which acts wisely in the matter of religion, will do by it what it does by science, literature, medicine, sur gery, or any other of the liberal arts. Where it makes provision for them at all, it will make provision for the best modes of instruction, in the most approved systems. It will not make a provision for the Ptolemaic system of astronomy, for the benefit or encouragement of those by whom the Copernican is rejected. It will not establish schools of medicine, for the benefit of those who teach the rejection of Hervey's theory of the circulation of the blood. It will leave these "opiizionum commenta" to the natural fate that is sure to attend them,—that of becoming gradually extinguished by the progress of sound knowledge,—and all its care will be that the " naturce judicia" may be so established that error shall not prevail against them, and that their influence may be co-exten sive with their importance. if the popish religion be a living reality amongst the millions by whom it is professed in Ireland, it will not require a State endowment. If it be not, is it for a Protestant State to make it so ? Is it for a State, which protests against its system of error, to furnish the means of infusing into that system an increased vitality, and rescue it from the financial difficulties, arising not from the poverty, but the decreasing faith of its nominal adherents, and which threaten its extinction ? Such is the real practical question at issue between the advocates and the adversaries of a State Endowment for the Roman Catholic Priests.—Dublin University. PRODUCTIVENESS AND TRADE OF ENGLAND.—That "the sum raised in England by taxation has in a time not exceeding the length of two long lives, been multiplied thirty-fold," is indeed a most appalling announcement: yet there is some little consolation behind. During the same period, an extent of territory; equal to at least one fourth part of the entire area of England has been added to the productive land of the country; and its annual average crop of corn has risen from 10,000,01)0 of quarters to 30,000,000. The wealth yielded by the bowels of the earth has been multiplied almost beyond conception. Cornwall and Wales now produce annually in copper alone " twice as much as the annual produce of English mines of all descriptions in the 17th century." Salt for the use of the richer classes was then imported at con siderable expense from France ; for the poorer it was manufactured from brine-pits, by a process so deleterious and imperfect that the pulmonary complaints of our cli mate were attributed by physicians to this source. At present, our springs and mines not only supply our own immense demand, but send annually 700,000,0001b5. of ent salt to foreign countries. In 1685, the yield of iron was 10,000 tons; it is now more than 800,000. The yield of coal was less than 500,000 tons; it is now above 20,000,000.—As to that wealth represented by com merce and' manufactures, two examples must suffice— London and Liverpool. At the former port the shipping, then thought "incredibly great," scarcely reached 70,000 tons—a sum nearly equalled at present by the tonnage of the river steamers alone. The Customs amounted to £330,000 a year; they now exceed £10,000,000. At the port of Liverpool, the shipping was about 1400 tons— " less than the tonnage of a single modern Indiaman of the first class ; it now reaches half a million tons. The Customs were about £15,000, they now constantly reach "a sum thrice as great as the whole revenue of the English Crown in 1635."—Macaulay's History of England. THE " DOMESTIC INSTITUTIONS" OF AMERICA.—" shall never forget a scene which took place in the city of St. Louis, while I was in slavery. A man and his wife, both slaves, were brought from the country to the city for sale. They were taken to the rooms of Austin and Savage, auctioneers. Several slave speculators, who are always to be found at auctions wh ere s l aves are t o be sold, were present. The man was first put up, and sold to the highest bidder. The wife was next ordered to ascend the platform, I was present. She slowly obeyed the order. The auctioneer commenced, and soon several huMiresil dollars were bid. My eyes were intensely fixed on the face of the woman, whose cheeks were wet with tears. But a conversation between the slave and his new master attracted my attention. I drew near them to listen. The slave was begging his new master to purchase his wife. Said he, ' Master, if you will only buy Fanny, I know you will get the worth of your money; She is a good cook, a good washer, and her last mistress liked her very much. If you would only buy her how how happy I shall be I' The new master replied, that he did not want her, but if she sold cheap, she would purchase her. I watched the countenance of the man. while the different persons were bidding on his wife. When his new master bid on his wife, you could see his countenance change, and the tears start afresh. From this change of countenance, one could see the workings of the inmost soul. But this sus pense did not last long ; the wife was struck off to the highest bidder, who proved not to be the owner of her husband. As soon as they became aware that they were to be separated, they both burst into tears ; and as she descended from the auction stand, the husband, walking up to her and taking her by the hand, said, ' Well, Fanny, we are to part for ever on earth. You have been a good wife to me. I did all that 1 could to get my new master to buy you ; but he did not want you ; and all I have to say is, I hope you will try to meet me in heaven. I shall try to meet you there.' The wife made no reply ; but her sobs and cries told too well her own feelings. I saw the countenances of a number of whites who were present, and whose eyes were dim with tears at hearing the man bid his wife farewell." —Narrative of Wm, M. Brown s a fugitive Slave, published at Boston, 1848. THE UNION OF NORMAN AND SAXON.—It is remark able that the two greatest and most salutary social revo lutions which have taken place in England—that revolu tion which, in the 13th century, put an end to the tyranny of nation over nation, and that revolution which, a few generations later, put an end to the property of man in man—were imperceptibly effected. They struck contem porary observers with no surprise, and have received from historians a scanty measure of attention. They were brought about neither by legislative regulation nor by physical force. Moral causes noiselessly effaced first the distinction between Norman and Saxon, and then the dis tinction between master and slave. None can venture to fix the precise moment at which either distinctions ceased. Some faint traces of the old Norman feeling might per haps have been found late in the fourteenth century. Some faint traces of the institution of villenage were detected by the curious so late as the days of the Stuarts ; nor has that institution ever, to this hour, been abolished by statute. It would be molt unjust not to acknowledge that the chief agent in these two great deliverances was religion ; and it may perhaps be doubted whether a purer religion might not have been found a less efficient agent. The benevolent spirit of the christian morality is undoubt edly adverse to distinctions of caste. But to the Church. of Rome such distinctions are peculiarly odious, for they are incompatible with other distinctions which are essen tial to her system. She ascribes to every priest a myste rious dignity, which entitles him to the reverence of every layman ; and she does not consider any man as dis qualified, by reason of his nation or of his family, for the priesthood. Her doctrines respecting the sacerdotal cha racter, however erroneous they may be, have repeatedly mitiwatpd CAMP of tha urnref cmila non nfll;nf annialAr That superstition cannot be regarded as unmixedly nox ious which in regions cursed by the tyranny of race over race, creates an aristocracy altogether independent of the before the spiritual tribunal of the he;editary bondman. Popery appears in advantageous contrast to other form; of christianity. It is notorious that the antipathy be tween the European and African races is by no means so strong at Rio de Janeiro as at Washington.—Macaulay. THE YEAR OF REVOLUTIONS.—The year 1848 has been no exception to the maxims of Tacitus and Burke. Dreadful indeed in suffering, appalling in form, are the lessons which it has read to mankind ! Ten months have not elapsed, since, by a well-concerted urban tumult, se conded by the treachery of tile national guard, the throne of the B we alrea icades was Overturned in France—and what d& titioning for a continuation of the state of siege, as the only security against the tyranny of democracy : Berlin hailing with rapture the dissolution of the Assembly, and reappearance of the king in the capital : Milan restored to the sway of the Austrians : France seeking, in the quasi imperial crown of Prince Louis Napoleon, with 90,000 sol diers in its capital, a refuge from the insupportable evils of a democratic republic. The year 1848 has added another to the numerous proofs which history affords, that popular convulsion, from whatever cause arising, can terminate only in the rule of the sword ; but it has taught two other lessons of incalculable importance to the present and fu ture tranquillity of mankind. These are, that soldiers who in civil convulsions fraternise with the insurgents, and violate their oaths, are the worst enemies of the peo ple, for they inevitably induce a military despotism, which extinguishes all hopes of freedom. The other is, that the institution of a national guard is in troubled times of all others the most absurd; and that, to put arms into the hands of the people, when warmed by revolutionary pas sions, is only to light the torch of civil discord with your own hand, and hand over the country to anarchy, ruin, and slavery. Nor has the year been less fruitful of civil premonitions or lessons of the last importance to the fu ture tranquillity and prosperity of Great Britain. Nume rous popular delusions have been dispelled during that period. The dreams of Irish independence have been broken ; English Chartism has been crushed. The revo lutionists see that the people of Great Britain are not disposed to yield their property to the spoiler, their throats to the murierer, their homes to the incendiary. Free trade and a fettered currency have brought forth their natural fruits—national embarrassment, general suffering, popular misery. One half of the wealth of our manufac turing towns has been destroyed since the new system began. Two years of free trade and a contracted currency have undone nearly all that twenty years of protection. and a sufficient currency had done. The great mercan tile class have suffered so dreadfully under the effect of their own measures, that their power for good or for evil has been essentially abridged. The colossus which, for a quarter of a century, has bestrode the nation, has been. shaken by the earthquake which itself had prepared. kbroad and at home, in peace and in war, delusion has brought forth suffering. The year of revolutions has been the NINTH OF THERMIDOR, OF LIBERALPRINCI FIRS, for it has brought them tothe test of. eweerience. —Blackwood's Magazine.