The Sun. — London, England, 1840-11-20 00:00:00

EVEN EIMTION:_ EGYPT AND MEHEMET ALL Tne true way to consider the commercial, agricultu ral, and military greatness of Egypt, is to compare her mercantile marine with her naval armament, her armies with her agricultural population, and her revenues with the resources of her people. Now, the mercantile ship ping belonging to the port of Alexandria falls short of 2 0 ships exceeding 100 tons ; while the ships of war amount to 11 vessels of the line, 6 frigates, 5 corvettes, 4 schooners, 5 brigs, '2 cutters, 2 small steamers on the Nile, and one sea-going steam-ship. This naval power, enormous when compared with the mercantile marine, weighs heavily on the resources of the country. But the burden of the maintenance of the Turkish fleet presses still more heavily on them. That fleet, now lying useless in the harbour of Alexandria, consists of 24 vessels, 9 ships of the I;ne, 11 frigates, 1 corvette, and 3 brigs. The total number of Turkish sailors and soldiers,i.icluding 3,000 of the latter belong ing to this fleet, is 21,124 ; and to keep these men in subjection, the Nacha is compelled to pay them very punctually. But, with all his efforts to keep them quiet, it is impossible to reconcile them to their captivity. Numbers of them Live already taken refuge on board our ships ; some have fled into the desert, in the hope of getting back to Turkey, and have been carried back to Alexandria. _ _ _ The total number of men in the Egyptian marine is 20,000 ; so that the marine force now at the disposal ,nd at the cost of Mehemet Ali exceeds 40,000 men, :etween Turks and Egyptians. When I quitted Egypt in 1828, the battle of Nava rino had left the Pacha of Egypt two frigates. The arsenal was not then in existence, nor the palace, which is now contiguous to it. In the course of twelve years I find Mehemet Ali master of two fleets, consisting of sixty vessels of war, with a marine of 40,000 men, and an arsenal in which the greater number of his own ships have been built, and occupying a site which, twelve years ago, was a sandy beach. Poor diet for the miserable fellabs is all the military glory of Mehemet Ali. . . The army, according to the latest official returns of the Government, consists of 130,300 regular troops, distributed in Egypt, Syria. Candia, the Hedjaz, and Upper Nubia. National Guards of the chief cities of Egypt, 47,800 men ; and irregular troops in Arabia and Nubia, including the Bedouins, 41,678.—T0ta1, in round numbers, 9.20,000 men. This statement is greatly exaggerated, and recent events have diminished the number of the Pacha's troops, considerably. iThe exi;,Ygeration of the number of regular troops is normoUS ; the total number of Egyptian troops now in Syria does not exceed 23,000 men. The number of troops in Egypt, Arabi.►, and Nubia may he estimated at :JO,OOO ; the irregular troops, consisting of Albanians awl Bedouin Arabs, at the utmost may be estimated at 5,0 00 men, and the National Guards at =25,000 more Total of the effective military force of Mehemet Ali, .105,000 men. To which, if the Egyptian marine force . , be added, of 20,000 men, the joint amount would be 125,000 men. The Turkish marine Ido not take into account, bec Inge Mehemet Ali could not count on its I.lelity to him in any emergency. The above state ment is founded on the information of official persons deeply interested in ascertaining the real strength of the Pacha's army. Ia a coantry whose population hardly exceeds two millions, and where the females are to the males in the proportion of 13.5 to 100, where the scarcity of . . hinds to cultivate the soil is so great, and the repug nance of the people to abandon that soil so notorious, tic keeping op of an army of 125,000 men, and of a na%y of 30 vessels of war, with 20,000 marines, inde pendently of the Turkish fleet and force, cannot even tually prove otherwise than ruinous to the resources of it. 'Phis army is officered by Turks and Mamelukes ; its instructors arc French and Italians, chiefly the for. mer ; and Colonel SAves, now Soliman Pacha, formerly au aide-de-camp of Marshal Grouchy, has the title of a Boy, and the rank in it of a General of Division. Soliman Pacha is the person to whom Mehemet Ali committed the introduction of Europen tactics into his army, and he certainly deserves the highest credit for the manner in which he has acquitted himself of that t isk. In the year 182'2 this revolution in the military discipline of his army was commenced by Mehemet Ali. F,ve hundred of his young Mamelukes were placed at the disposal of Col. Selves, and with these the Colonel com menced the new system at Assouan. Five hundred more of the sons of the Pucha's chief officers of state, and the grandees of the large towns, were soon added to the number and these young men having been trained for officers, an army was sought for them to com mand. 'The unmanageable Albanian and Turkish sol diers of the Paeha it would have been useless to have attempted to select for this experiment. It was deter ..nined to ravage unfortunate Africa for recruits, The slave hunts were duly organised in Kordofan, and 30,000 negroes were dragged away in chains, and carried down to Manfalout to be made soldiers of atter the European fashion. Six yegitnents were formed of these negroes, and four of these were sent to the Morea to fight against the Greeks. I happened to he in the island of Candia when they arrived there from Egypt, in the latter part of the year 1824, on their way to the Mores. Here they were encamped for the winter months, and here about two-thirds of then miserably perished from the effects of cold and hardship, and the despair of ever see jog their own land again. They could not be said to die of any disease—they drooped and pined away, and many a black corpse has been thrown on the beach in the Bay 'of Soda while the army of Ibrahim Paella was encamped in that place. The rest of the negro troops, who were sent into Arabia and Sennaar, perished by thousands, and in a little time the skeleton of the regiment was all that re mained of 30,000 stolen men. The poor Arabs were now destined to replace the negroes ; this was the first time the fellahs were ever taken from their homes to be made soldiers of, and their repugnance to this service was not overcome, but was terrified into apparent sub mission by the courbash. This was the beginning of the greatest calamity that ever fell on them, and it has gone on augmenting their misery for upwards of fifteen years. The Syrian conscription amounted to about 36,000 ; but of those 17,000 only were distributed among the Egyptian forces in Syria, and the rest were sent to Egypt, and desertions to a large amount have reduced the num ber of the former. Far from deriving any pecuniary advantage from his conquests, every conquest of Me hemet Ali has proved burdensome to Egypt. This cer tanly does not arise from any want of inclination to avail himself of the resources of the country he has conquered, but from the effects of the excessive rapacity of his Government. The excess of expenditure over the revenues in Syria amounted in 1838 to 120,000 francs, and yet the taxes imposed on the people of Syria were enormous. In some districts the capitation tax amounted to 32 piastres a head, the toleration tax on Christians from 22 to 60 piastres a head, the house-tax from 13 to 500 piastres a house, the tax on a silk-loom 300 piastres, on an olive-tree 150 piastres, on a yoke of oxen from 30 to 50 piastres, on a mule 40 piastres, on a sheep 20 piastres, on other animals 10 piastres a head. And what with taxation, the aban- Illn-nent of cultivation, the effects of the conscrip tions, the constant requisitions of beasts of burden for the use of the army, and the excesses of the troops, the price of provisions was raised in many places 100 per cent., and on some articles of food 200 per cent. It is to be feared that Mehemet Alt's career will still be like that of the rapacious barons in former times, " whose life was but a battle and a march, never rest ing, but driven like the wind across the war-convulsed land." R. R. MADDEN. POLISH FRONTIER. Nov. 7.—The last two resolutions of the Govern ment in the Kingdom of Poland have caused a great sensation there. First, the numerous Jews make the most vehement complaints that for every individual liable to the conscription, who secretly withdraws, they are - henceforth to furnish two recruits. The aversion of these people to military service caused the number of dyserters every year to be very great, and their families being very poor, the authorities find no means to pre ar.:nt it. ',They. were, therefore, at length compelled to Lave recourse to this measure, and the local authorities are now jointly amenable for the deserters, which led to a system of reciprocal watchfulness, that in conse quence of the peculiarities of the Jewish character, often tzives occasion to the strangest scenes. Of much greater i m portance is the ordinance that every Count, Baron, & e . must . produce the . document s prov i ng hi s r i g ht to those titles ; in delauft - of which he is no longer to as. same them. Those who know how inclined some of the Polish Nobl es are to usurp the title of Count, will readily believe that such an ordi nance must be very unwelcome to many persons, and that it will considerably diminish the number of Polish th how ever, became necess ar y . r the German Ski v es ; le S a u rn eh f a ro l m aw h s a o s u , Counts at F. Rajewski. is said to have gai ned a dvantages Russia that General F Circassia, and th at considerable Treater part of Daghestanuhas been subdued by G t mountaineers, _ Fasi. Abcharia being los t by the their main forces are concentra ted in h~chelia, e la, Imerelia, and Ghurislau ; but they are confined to a circle which is gradually made narrower. We have nothing new from Odessa. No troops ha,l been embarked there ; but some had embarked at Sebastopol. Letters from Riga say that the fleet was quiet in the road, and it was thought that no order to pi t t to , sea would b e given till after the meeting of the French Chamber s . I t is believed here that the Russians are not quite pleased with the turn that the affairs of the East have taken, which renders their intervention un necessary. However, the Cabinet of St. Petersburgh has eno ug h diplomatic tact to put a good face on what cannot be helped. - ' honour to our Liberal townsmen ! Chelten ham bas secured to itself the credit of giving the only Li beral demonstration, with one exception, since the proro gation of Parliament. The dinner on Thursday must have been to the full as gratifying to Mr. Berkeley, and as sa tisfactory to those who gave it as we anticipated it would b e .— ch e lienham Examiner. BELGIUM. BRUSSELS, NOV. iB.—The average price of wheat last week was 19f. 48c., and that of Rya 1l f. 59e. ; the regitlations respecting import and export duty re main as before. The Chamber of Representatives was engaged yes terday in the discussion of the address drawn up in answer to the King's Speech ; which, after some debate, was voted unanimously. On Thursday, the 19th, there is to be a meeting at the English Library of the English residents at Brussels for the purpose of arranging measures for opening a subscription for the benefit of the unfortunate sufferers by the late inundations in the city of Lyons. The dis tinguished gentlemen, whose names we annex, have been the first to offer their support to this charitable rork. Sir G. Seymour, British Ambassador ; Lord Comber mere, Admiral Sir A. Gordon, Admiral Sir W. Mon tague, Colonel Floys, Colonel Nixon, Colonel Hales, Mr. Walker, Secretary to the English Legation, the Rev. Mr. Jenkins. Since November, 1836 we have bad no storm so vio lent as that which visited this city and the environs last night. Many houses in the city have suffered con siderably, and we learn that much damage has been done in the country. Numbers of large trees have been torn up by the roots. We learn from Menin that the French Government has given very rigorous orders respecting English and German travellers who pass the frontiers. Their pass ports are strictly examined. The great exports of forage to France have caused a rise in the price of hay in the most remote parts of Germany. DUTCH MAIL. AMSTERDAM, Nov. 17.—We learn that the prepara tions for the solemn ceremony of the 23th of this month, are proceeding with the greatest diligeoce both in the church and out of it. ARNIIEIM, Nov. 15.—We hear that horses continue to be purchased in these parts, and sent to France, for which, if approved, good prices are obtained, and as there is a sufficient number of horses to meet the de mand, the farmer profits by the opportunity to sell them to advantage.—Dutch Papers, Nov. 18. FRANKFORT, Nov. 15.—The Independent of Bros sets, of the 10th of this month, gives, under the head of Armaments in Germany, a letter, dated Frankfort, Bth November, which betrays the most complete ignorance of what is passing in Germany, in malevolence, in bad faith, in the writer of the letter ; the Conservative Jour nals must be on their guard against such articles, which are much more suited to the columns of the National. To all these exaggerated statements of the correspondent of the Independent, we have to reply," The Government of Germany have -had occasion to be convinced, in the present state of affairs, that there exists in the common country a national spirit strong enough to meet any event which might disturb the general peace ; hut these Governments have, at the same time, wisely re solved not to give their armaments in the western fron tier of Germany an extent and a character which might have rendered the position of the Conservative party in France more difficult, and paralyzed the efforts of the King of the French and his Government to pre serve peace."—Journal de Frankfort, Nov. 15. BERLIN, Nov. 13.—We are able to affirm, on the authority of private letters, to which full credit may be given, that the two brothers Grimm will comply with the invitation of the King of Prussia to come to Berlin. If these eminent men have perhaps hesitated to accept a situation in Berlin all difficulties are removed by the highly advantageous proposals which have been made to them both with respect to salary and the scientific du ties which they will have to fulfil.—Hanzbu rgh Borsenhalle , Nov. 14. SELGI AN l• UNDS—BRUSBELS, Nov. W. Actual Dent, 2, per Cent. Rothschild's Loan, 5 per Cent . I N . Loan of Thirty Millions, 4 per Cent. ETI I A (F4' , ) ,------ 3 per Cent. —Thirty.seven--- ~. 67 % Loan of City, 1332, 4 per Cent. 9O Society of Commerce, 4!.iper Cent llO Bank of Belgium, 5 per Cent... ......... National Society. — Exchange on London (short) —Brussels Papers, Nov. 18. AUSTRIAN FUNDS..—VIENNA, Nov. 10 Five per Cents. Metalliques - IOOX Four per Cents. Three per Cents. Bank Shares 1727 —.4lleenteine Zeituisg, Nov. 13 HAMBURG BORSENHALLE, Nov. 14. Bills. Money Austrian 5 per Cents. Bank Shares 1:01 Anelo.Russian Loan 107% 1074 Russian 5 per Cent. Ist series, Certificate Inscription, Ist Se'ios — Russian 5 per Cent. Hopa and Co. 3d and 4th Series 9712 97 Ditto in Certificates Dutch Actual Debt, 2V, per Cent —• 4', 4 K, Ditto S per Cent — - Polish Bonds New ticket Anglo.. Danish Loan, 3 per Cent. 73 7'% Norwegian Loan, 1554, 4 per C.nt. lOl Spanish. New 3 per Cent 5.....—....,....... PRUSSIAN FUNDS.—Beals', Nov. 14. Bills. Money, St, Schuld. Sch., 4 , • 9 per cent. ...... .......103% 1023 4 Prussian English Loan, 1830, 4 per cent. ii9 , /,‘ klictiange on London, three months ... 6 16% —Prussia's Slate Gazette, Nov. lb. TOTAL WRECK OF THE LORD NELSON, OF MILFORD. (From a Correspondent of the Liverpool courier.) The Lord Nelson, from Poole to Runcorn, being off the North Bank last night, and having made a signal for a pilot, but none having boarded her (supposed to have been in Hoylake), she struck upon the North Bank, and continuing to beat violently, one of the masts went by the board ; and the sea continuing to wash over her, made her a complete wreck. The men lashed themselves to the rigging of the other mast, and were exposed the whole night ; and the vessel parting (the decks having been washed from her), the crew expected every moment to be ingulfed in the tremendous seas, which were making complete breaches over her from stem to stern. They were providentially descried by the crew of a river boat, consisting of the owner and three men, belonging to Benja min Davies, of Liverpool ; and after repeated efforts at the imminent risk of their own lives, from the danger of the boat being stove, the crew of the vessel being also completely exhausted from the length of time they had bean exposed in the rigging, they succeeded in sav ing the whole of them—namely, the master and his son, three men and a boy. The boatmen having brought them into the river, were worn out with rowing, and the boat was taken in tow by the Egremont steamer, and they were landed at the Prince's pierhead almost powerless. They were taken at once to the under writers' room, to Mr . Court, the Secretary of the Mer chants' Sc.eiety for Shipwrecked Seamen, who referred 1 them to Messrs. Chapman and Willis, the agents for Lloyd's, who said they ought to have been attended to by the Humane Society ; and Mr. Willis recom mended them to be taken to the parish•office, and he immediately waited on Mr. Court for an expla nation, and came to the parish-office, where the men met with every attention, and were sent up in a coach to the workhouse, with a pressing note to the Governor to furnish them with dry clothes and whatever nourish ment and medical assistance they required, where they now remain. The master has been very much bruised, and was rendered almost senseless from the length of ime before he could be attended to, and his son, a boy thirteen, was very much swelled. The rest were not so much hurt, and may soon recruit under the careful nursing of Mr. Dowdall's assistants. The poor men have not saved an article of clothing ; they are, indeed, objects of compassion, and were kept in the state in which they were brought ashore for a long time, while bandied about for a place of refuge. The boatmen deserve great praise for their perse vering efforts, and for risking their lives to save their fellow-creatures, and I trust their services will not e go unrewarded. They also report a ship to be ashore near the Lord Nelson, name unknown. Boatmen's names :—Benjamin Davies, owner ; and John, Henry, and James Martindale. George's Pierhead, Nov. 17, 1840, 11 o'clock, p.m. Superintendent Forstall reports that the flag of dis tress at Bidston was observed by the undermentioned crew of the Liverpool lifeboat, at George's Pierhead, at two o'clock, p.m. of the 17th inst., when John Murphy, William Chatterton, Henry Chatterton, and William Lang, took the lifeboat from No. 1, Graving•dock, pro ceeded round the Rock of Cheshire, and outward ; where they found the ship Scotland, loaded with timber, from Quebec to Liverpool, dismasted, and without a human being on board. They succeeded in bringing her safe into Magazine-bank, thereby saving property to the amount of 5,0001. for whomsoever it may concern. It will be seen by an advertisement in this day's Chronicle that a requi'sition, numerously signed by the in habitants of Farringdon Without, to Sir James Duke, M. P,, that he would allow himself to be put in nomina tion for the vacant office of Alderman for that Ward, having been presented to that gentleman, he has complied with their wishes. The motives urged in the requisition are, d the exemplary manner in which he discharged the uties of the Shrievalty, his high standing and long con nection:Middlesex with the commercial interests of the City of Lon m whichent h ar e i d i, . 1 dun, his exp erience . as a Magistrate for the County of Ills important station as a Member of Parlia atshe independent consistency and ability with column, leads u s ° t discharged i that important trust. A report of a meeting the electors of the ward, in another e o n f tertain the most favourable anticipa tionshas the support of the of the sueeessss whose Sir James Duke. It is evident he most respectable and influential in habitants of the ward. nr—eawm daps ag o , Pt ( .7.ironi Gardel, celebrated cle. in the annals of the ballet, died a 82. He was born at Naneyysiang at the advanced a2, - c of of a ballet-master of Stanisletus, w o h rraine, and was the son Poland, became Duke of Lorraine . o on losing the Crown of Gardel wa., v • either as a dancer or first ballet -master, attached for the Academic Ro y ale or Grand Opera o f 4 years to Paris, at which theatre he mad e his debut in 1774. He esta blished , his re putation by several fine compositions, in the lofty st y le o f Noverre and D auberval, and was chiefly distin g ui, bed f or the adaptation of mytholrgical subjects to the stage. His ballets of Telemaque, Paris, Psyche, Achille a -5_ eyros Paul et Virginie , and La Daneomanic, had long placed him among the first and best choregraphes. THE SUN, LON FRIDAY. NOVEMBER 90 ‘s4.o. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Sir,—The reply of the " Iron Duke" to the memorial of his Peninsular subalterns, sustains and vindicates his reputation for sternness. The vastness and brilliancy of his triumphs are the theme of universal eulogy ; but to the fidelity and prowess of these brave Memorialists he owes the celebrity which he has secured. Yet when they are petitioners for a word of recommendation to the Horse Guards, from the chieftain under whose banner they fought, that word of recommendation is inexorably withheld. On the ingratitude and inhu manity of such a proceeding, I shall not enlarge. It illustrates the estimation in which that great Commander holds the men whose services and sufferings have con tributed to his aggrandizement, and fuinishes a some what untoward commentary on the rapturous declara tion of the poet— Oh there is not One dishonouring blot On the wreath that encircles my illellington' ,. name." A NORTH BRITON. [There is unfortunately too much truth in the above commentary. Go where you will, even the Duke's best friends shrug their shoulders at the bare mention of his heartless answer, which sounded cold and dreary as .4 The wolf's long howl from Oonolaska's shore."] IMPORT DUTIES. FOURTH ARTICLE. FuRN TuRE—M A HoGANY.—There is 110 branch of industry which these duties do not reach and cripple, but we were not before aware that they in terfered with the manufacturer of furniture. It ap pears, however, that there is a particularly fine ma hogany, found hi St. Domingo, concerning which this evidence is given : The difference in the duty on mahogany from St. Domingo and Jamaica is 11. a ton ; but with mahogany we arc peculiarly circumstanced ; we have a monopoly of the finer qualities in St. Domingo, but the heavy duty that is levied in this . country has very materially operated against the manufacturer of cabinet furniture in this country. The additional duty does not exclude the finer sorts of mahogany, because there is no other country that produces the m, but it lessens the consump tion. The high rate of duty has led to that wood being used less in this country than it otherwise woul:1 have been. It is chiefly . :u se d f or f urn iture. That high duty has deprived us enti re ly o f one b ranc h of trade, that is, the export of furniture ; you have now no such thing in this country ; formerly we had a most extensive export, and now we have an import of fur niture, but Hamburgh is the princip a l pl ace w h ere w e arc opposed most ; there is an extensive export from Hamhurgh. I have known importations made of fut niture into this country, furniture for private use, on terms that we could not compete with it at all. They bring the St. Domingo mahogany to H am h urg h i n fo reign ships, manufacture t, and export it here and else- where. Mr. VILLIERS.—A.nd the manufacture of it is thought to he superior to any in England ?—lt is. The high duty on St. Domingo mahogany in England, as compared with the duties of Harriburgh and other places, deprives England of that manufacture. The ex ports made from Haniburgh are to the colonies, South America, and the East Indies. The effect, in my opinion, of those prohibitive and high duties, judging, from o bservations and the returns, is a re duction of the exports of this country into Hayti. So our Legislature has ruined our trade, as if like superstition it were a great error, or like the Church a great nuisance. PLATE.—The generality of our readers who have visited the Continent are probably of opinion that the designs on most kinds of plate, whether of gold or silver, are very rude compared to the workmanship of Italy or France. Our backwardness in this par ticular branch of fine art is partly to be attributed to the high duty on foreign plate, which amounts to a prohibition. At least none can be brought in but such as the works of Benvenuto Cellini, of which the metal--valuable as it is, is the smallest part of the value ; or except it be smuggled, which appears to take place to some extent. We quote Mr. M'Gregor's evidence on this point : Plate, not battered, of gold, duty 3/. 16s. 9d. per ounce troy ; there is no revenue from it. None im ported in the last year. That high duty of 31. 16s. 9d. per cunce has been a complete prohibition of the article—except so far as smuggling goes. That duty gives to the smuggler a premium upon every pound of gold plate of about GIL Gold plate is smuggled, and silver plate also ; I was told by a gold and silversmith at Milan, that he contrived to send gold plate and silver plate to a house in London without any duty, except the premium to the smug gler. He came to me at Milan to ask if there was any probability of a reduction of duty upon plate ; I said, No, I do not think there ic. We made a change immediately previous to that by letting in plate without smashing it, and as the Austrian Court had just ratified the Tteaty, this manufacturer came to know whether we had made any reduction in the duty upon gold and silver plate ; I said No, and that I was afraid we should not for tome time. Well, he said, 4' If you come to me, 1 will show you boxes piled over boxes, that I wilt manage to send to London." He paid about 10 per cent. to the smugglers, and he paid something higher for insurance than he would otherwise have paid, and that was all it cost him for the risk of loss. By these prohibitory duties we have been prevented from obtaining valuable specimens of art of the most exquisite kind in plate, which would otherwise have been brought from the Continent. I would have pur chased myself articles of silver plate, but I kneW that I could not, without being either guilty of smuggling, or else paying a duty that was prohibitory. The next is plate of silver-gilt, 6s. 4d. duty per ounce, revenue 561 ; plate of silver, part gilt, 6s. an ounce duty, 38/. re venue ; silver ungilt, 4s. 6d., revenue 981. None of those articles would have been imported in the regular trade at those duties, except mere fancy articles. The remarks as to gold plate apply equally to silver plate, because 4s. 61, the rate of duty imposed on silver-gilt, gives a premium of from from 725. to 104 s. per 11). weight to the smuggler. Rational lawmakers ! thus to prohibit the im port of beautiful articles, and thus to encourage the smuggler 1 Of IRON we have alleady treated, in showing the inutility of protecting duties. We shall only add, that it is the united opinion of those most con versant with the trade, that the duties on the im port of iron night be taken off with great advan tage. Our Legislature, from some inscrutable pur pose, if it were ,tot to enable the landed gentlemen to buy razors cheap, has levied a duty of 10s. per 1001. on all cutlery exported, which is so far a bounty to the manufacturers of Germany and Bel gium to meet our manufacturers in the foreign market. Perhaps the duty, as it is so small, was levied on the statistical principle recommended by Mr. M‘Gregor of keeping accounts ; and if so, the statisticians will approve of it, whatever the manufacturers may say. METALS.---CONINIERCIAL TREATIES.--We only notice metals to quote the very sound opinion of Mr. J. D. Hume concernin g commercial trea ties and exports. We have always looked on com mercial treaties as sheer humbug. Are they in tended to secure to two countries mutually the market for the cheapest commodities of the kind they want ? If there be no treaties that object will be accomplished by unfettered commerce. If they are intended to prevent either one of two coun tries from obtaining commodities at as cheap a rate as it would obtain them without the trea ctbiojetmse,dmtoele a rriciney much it e a reprehensible iwielne;etd"e.o(i,csooufnatrri acss they n ea ys nuisance. gboeet no remove p W ro l hi i e the impediments they may be considered useful ; but they are themselves impediments, and when they have removed other impediments, ought them selves to be removed. Mr. J. D. Hume said— I think if there is any trade in this country that we ought to see put upon its sound footing, and which ought to be able to stand its own ground, it is the trade in metals. If, in consequence of the discovery of mines abroad, in peculiar situations, any of those metals can for a time be brought cheaper into this country, and of course into others than they can be raised in some of the inferior mines here, we ought to admit them, and take care that we preserve our trade in metals. We should admit the raw material, let it come from where it will, always remembering, that we cannot equally exclude that material from the manufac tories of our fiareign rivals. Mr. CHAPMAN—Is it your opinion that the trade of this country would flourish more without the intervention of commercial treaties with other nations ?-1 think that we should settle our commerce better by ourselves than by attempting to make arrangements with ether countries. W e make proposals to them ; they do not agree to th ose . We then after t h at f ee l a repugnance to doing that w hi ch stance to ha we ought perhaps in the first in stance done of our own accord ; and I go upon the principle th at i t is imposs i ble for us to import much, that we may articles to be s o in some form or ot h er, an d t h a t the making of the be quite sure that the export will follow exported will be an emp lo y ment in finitely more beneficial to this country than t hat which may be thus supe rse d e d . Cita tamax—Then you consider that the conditions which may be imp ose d , or t h e terms demanded by foreign nations, inte r f ere w i t h t hose sound principles upon which the com merce o f England ought' t o be carried on ?-1 think it i s unw i se to do that upon stipu lation, upon certain te rms , which upon a n y terms it w ould be better for y ou to d o yourselves. But my chief objections to treating are, first the risk of refusal, a nd the repugnance to act a f ter refusal ; and ne xt that in the case of compliance, the people of t he other coun try think that their Government has been duped into a bad bargain. M atES.—A very cur i ous spec imen of legislation is given under the head of , 6 Mines." In working the mines i n this country , t imber is a grea t article of consumpti on . They are forc ed to use it very much in supporting the roof of the mines, and in making the rods for their pumps. The mine owners have a drawback. The duty was found to be so heavy upon them, that the Legislature was obliged to allow a drawback. It extends to the mires of metal in the counties of Devon and Cornwall, and in Ireland. There is no drawback given to the mines in Staffordshire, DcThyshire, or in Scotland. I am aware of no commercial reason tor that distinction. The drawback is of a certain portion of the duty on timber of certain dimensions that they use, not ad tim ber, nor the whole duty. When the duty was low they paid it in common with other persons, but w hen the Legislature began to raise the duty to an enormous am ount, with a view to protective purpos es, then the mining interest stepped forwards and it was agreed that that excess should not he paid be them. I am not awa re what the nature qf the influence wa s b y which one party obtained exemption and. the other failed to obtain it. It is at present unequal ; one branch of the mining interest: have „a drawback and the other have none. It is an untquai regulatien. I cannot myself see why those particular mines should . be exempted front that duty. seeing that they are mines, for the most part, t which hove the highest protective duty upon the ir own productions. Mr. J. D. Hume is ignorant of the nature of the influence by which the Legislature was wrought on, but it certainly was not the public good. MOLASSES. —Some facts are mentioned under this article which almost rival the refusal of the land owners to allow corn to be ground in bond, lest the least particle of the produce* should be smuggled in to re lieve the hunger of the people. Molasses is consumed by the lower classes as a substitute for sugar. We know not why they should not consume the best refined sugar, from which, as we formerly men tioned, the slug poison has . been extracted ; but the inscrutable wisdom of Parliament-men prohibits that and drives the poor to use treacle. At the same time, so jealous is this wisdom, that it will not al low a single drop of the molasses to be consumed here. which is made from foreign-grown though free-labur sugar. From the evidence of Messrs. Moore and Sauneers and Mr. Porter, we copy the statement : The molasses produced in refining foreign sugar in bond in this country are exported. They arc not ad mitted to be consumed in this country upon any duty whatever. The duty upon molasses imported into this country. the produce of British possessions, is 9s. a cwt. Molasses are admitted to be imported at 235. 9d. from Holland and Belgium. You may import molasses from the Continent of Europe at 235. 9d. a cwt., but you are prohibited from comsuming in this country, even at that duty, the molasses produced by refining foreign sug ar in bond in London and ut Liverpool. It the mo lasses were permitted to be consumed in this country, treble or quadruple the quantity of sugar would be re fined in bond that they artrable to refine now, because, by allowing the molasses to be consumed here, they could dispose of them in this country, and now they do not know what to do with them ; they are obliged to ex port them, and the export is attended with considerable loss. A greater supply of molasses would be a relief to the poorer classes of people in this country, under the present high price of sugars. It is an article of food of very great consumption, particularly in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Mr. Moore has, in the last passage, hit on the true reason for the prohibition of molasses. It is food; it may be substituted for the produce, which, being consumed, swells the landlord's rent, and so the molasses must on no account come into consump tion. A gigantic and well-planned scheme of starvation, which goes into every branch of our imports, is established for the benefit of the land lords. Boys and girls must not have treacle and pinin-cake. Mr. Porter confirms the above : There is a trade carried on in some of the ports of this country, of refining foreign sugar in bond for expor tation. The refiners are obliged to export the treacle produced in the refining of those sugars. It may be imported from a foreign country at the duty of '23s. 9d. after being exported to that country. It would be at least some mitigation of the high price charged upon the poorer classes of society, if that treacle so produced were allowed to be entered for consumption. The ad mission of that treacle at the duty of 235. 9d., or at some lower rate, would increase the trade of refining sugar in bond for exportation. One of the great diffi culties under which the refiner of sugar in bond for ex portation has laboured is, that of finding a market for molasses, which is much more extensively used in this country by the poorer class, s than upon the continent of Europe, because sugar is much dearer here than there. The necessity for the exportation of molasses so pro duced is a serious obstacle to the extension of the trade of refining sugar in bond in this country. Again the truth is forced on us that the same law which starves the people, or limits their supply or food, injures or ruins a profitable trade, and de prives labour of employment ; yet corn-laws and molasses laws are all intended, as the law-maker says, when questioned why he committed such a combined act of folly and cruelty—to keep up wages, increase employment, and provide for the poor. CHURCH IN DANGER. TO THE EDITOR OP THE SUN. SIR,—I wish to make a few observations on the above heading—it is a theme, in fact, a watch word, by which the Reverends of the English Church are rallied; it is that which brings them together in shoals, to ful minate their thunders against Popery. Some persons speak of the thunders of the Vatican, but the thunders of the Vatican, in its brightest days, were not equal, I am confident, are not to be compared, to those of Exeter Hall : from that hall is vented forth all the abuse which bigots can muster against Catholicism. That ball continually resounds with the cry of " No Popery," and " Church in danger ;" the latter cry has oft been repeated, but I fear is at last too true. I think the Eng lish Church is indeed in danger, if I mly be allowed to judge from the present view that can be taken of it. It is not the attacks of Catholicism she has to fear— it is not the assaults of in3delity she need dread— it is the internal disputes between her professors ; it is the doctrines of Puscy, which arc being meal c3ted into her students of theology. She has to fear those doctrines which will, in time, blast her influence wherever it reigns ; those doctrines which fill her Uni versities with students and her pulpits with theologians she has to fear. In vain may Stowell and O'Sullivan vent their abuse ; in vain may MiGhee concoct more forgeries , in vain may Exeter Hall resound with the stentorian voice of The Chisholm ; the fabric is tottering, and, like the rnultipl:city of creeds which has preceded her, so she, like them, must sink into obscurity, being known only by name. As I before observed, the fabric is tottering, and ultimately must fall. I am, respectfully, your's, ANTIQUITAS. THE BURDEN OF THE FOOD TAXERS ESTIMATED IN MONEY. We are enabled, by the evidence of Jr. J. D. Hume and Mr. 111.‘Gregor, as published by order of the HOuse of Commons, to make an estimate of the amount which the food tax has cost the people of this kingdom since 1815, when our present system of corn aid provision laws first came into operation. These two high autho rities estimate that the food tax costs the nation, at present, upwards of fifty millions a year ; in other words, two pounds a head for each person. We have ascer tained the population, at the different periods, from the Government censuses ; and computing the tax at two pounds a head, we find that the total amount which the aorn and provision laws have cost the people, reaches the enormous sum of UPWARDS OF A THOUSAND MIL LIONS STERLING! We subjoin the process by which we have arrived at this astounding result 1815 to 1821. mean population 20 millions. 6 years. at 21. par bead, or 40 millions of pounds a year £240,000,000 1821 to 1831, population 23 millions. 10 years, 46 millions sterling each 460,000 000 1831 to 18.10, population 25 millions. 9 yeas, at 50 millions sterling each 450.000,000 Total, 25 years -e ,150,000,000 We shall in each succeeding number add two millions of pot.nds to the above for the amount which the food taxes cost the nation every fortnight of their (xi , tence. Let it always be remembered that our calculation is wholly founded upon the authority of Mr. J. D. Hume, who for forty-eight years filled the highest situations in the Government offices, and of his succes sor, Mr. M'Gregor.—Anti-Corn law Circular. MIRACULOUS PRESERVATION.—On Tlinrs day last a girl, six years of age, daughter of a shepherd, [war Loelibuy, Mull, was sent a message to a neighbour's house, about half a mile distant. Oe her return in the afternoon, missing the way home, the little innocent fol lowed a path in a contrary direction, and leading slung a moor. That evening and the following day the neighbours were incessant in their endeavours to trace her, but with out success. The whole district being alarmed, turned out on Saturday to the number of one hundred persons, when, under an Almighty direction, they were fortunate in dis covering the little wanderer in a bush of heather, alive, after being exposed for two nights rnd two love to the most boisterous weather, with rain and hail.—Ediriburylt Advertiser. EARTIIQUAKE.—A correspondent informs us that a shock of an earthquake was felt at Portstewart last Tuesday morning, between the hours of three and four o'clock. It was perceived by a number of families—the beds and windows vibrated for at least twenty seconds, and a sound as of heavy waggons passing over the ground was heard. Many who were startled from their slumbers jumped out of bed astonished by the phenomenon, and apprehensive for their safety. Some thought the shakirri , of their houses might be occasioned by the setting in of a storm ; others that it arose from the firing of guns at sea ; but on looking out of the windows the sea was calm, and everything around wore an air of tranquillity. The shock was hollowed in about twenty minutes, by a most vivid flash of sheet lightning, and almost at the same instant a terrific crash of thunder shook every house in the town. The influence of the earthquake was likewise felt at Cole raine and different parts of the coast, extending from Magilligan to the Giant's Causeway. We learn from the Scotch journals that a part of that country was recently visited by a similar phenomenon, which has been of pretty frequent occurrence of late.—Derry Paper. LIFE IN INDlA.—Living under canvass is, in India, so common an occurrence ' , that a man's tent gene rally presents all the comforts of a Bungalow ; the double walls keep off the glare of the sun, the ground, covered with a blue-and-red striped carpet, the camp-table and arm-chair, the bullock trunk bed, the fowling-piece and hog-spear lashed to the tent-pole, your dogs lazily extended on the bed. rug, give a tout ensemble of home and snugness which can scarcely be conceived.—Napiee.s Scenes and Sports. STATE OF THE NAV Y. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SlR,—The Times of the lt;tla ins. has bestowed some labour to prove that it has not acted an unpatriotic part in its persevering attempts to show that our navy is in a most inefficient state ; and has taken great um brage at the Devonport paper confuting its statements by a fair and candid statement of the British naval force in the Mediterranean. The undertaking to prove that it is not unpatriotic —that it has not been for a length of time past " de crying" and " undervaluing" the British Navy, is a Herculean task ; the proving a negative being unknown in logic. I am not now going to enlighten the Times, for " if ignorance is bliss, 'tis fully to be wise." It will suffice to say that this country never bad so large and efficient a fleet during peace. The efficiency of the ships, their officers, and crews, has been recently tested on the Syrian coast by deeds not to be excelled by the brilliant ones of last war. The " weak" and " meagre" peace establishment of our navy, as asserted by the Times, is quite overthrown by the Devonport 7'elegraph in plain figures. Again, the Times states, "We have not sailors or marines to man our ships." Never was there a time when men entered the navy more freely. Let the Timis compute the thousands of seamen now serving in and hourly entering the navy, all by a volun tary enlistment—no conscription—no forced service— no Lord Mayor's men—no foreigners—ail British sub jects. Let the Times remember the short space of time a first-rate (the Howe) was from her being ordered for sea and her arrival at Spithead. The ships recently commissioned at the various ports establish the effi ciency of our ships in " reserve," and the plentiful- i ness of the materiel for their equipment in all our dock yards. Unfortunately for the Times it is likewise in error, by saying that " our last disposable company of marines are embarked on board the Indus." The Times states " there is such a thiag as a Navy List published at stated intervals by authority.'" Does the Times forget that not very long since a mem• ber of the Admiralty Board stated in his place in Par liament that the Navy List in question was not pub lished by authority of the Admiralty. The Times has made the important discovery that, upon the name of the Royal Frederick being, previous to her launching, changed to that of the " Queen," the name of the Royal Frederick was not erased from the Navy List ; to this the Times clings with the greedi ness of a boa constrictor. Did the Times never, in it; juvenile days, read the fable of the mountain in labour ? But few rational people will envy the Times the si tuation it has taken up—that of caterer for the croakers, disaffected, and disappointed. However, in undertaking to administer food to vitiated tastes, the Times should not 'forget its position of the " leading Conservative Journal," by fallina into the views of so democratic a writer as Oliver Goldsmith : 'Till half a patriot, half a coward, grown, I fly from petty tyrants to the throne. The concluding exhortation of the Times is quite uncalled for. With a commercial marine comprising some hundreds of thousands of seamen ; with a power ful reserve of ships-of-war at the various ports ; with our dockyards well stored with the " materiel," ;and our fleet in commission in the highest state of effi ciency, Great Britain can, when circumstances may require it speedily bring her gigantic energies into action. Apologising for this intrusion on your columns, I remain your's, &c. PRO BONO PUBLICO, November 18, 1840. ACCIDENTS ON RAILWAYS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUIV. SIR-The railway murders (for it has become ab surd to term events "accidents," which the slightest care might prevent) become so alarming that the whole Press should instantly exert its full force to correct so monstrous an evil. These dreadful sacrifices are now of daily occurrence; not a copy of The Sun do I peruse which does not re cord one ; and it becomes necessary for a man to make his will before he ventures to enter a railway carriage. The very nature of a railway makes injury nearly im possible, if the most ordinary care be taken in the ma nagement. All that is necessary is to inclose the railway (so that nothing but the carriages could move on it), to forbid any train setting off till a certain (somewhat consider able) time has elapsed from the departure of the pre ceding train. To appoint officers to see that this regu lation is strictly obeyed ; and, above all, to punish the acting servants of the Company for every deviation most severely, and the Directors yet more sharply. If the latter had each to pay 100/. fur every " accident," none would happen after a short time, and care would be taken to have proper engineers, &c. All this should be done by legislation the moment Parliament assembles. Meanwhile, let juries lay on tremendous deodands. Your's, R. W. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Site—The numerous railway accidents having called forth much discussion, I take the liberty of offering, for the consideration of the public, the following plans or the securing of greater safety : I submit the propriety of there being established at the expense of Government an Initiation Railway,where candidates for the responsible office of drivers might learn at their own expense their profession ; the instruc tion of course to be conducted by a well tested Engi neer. And that there be a Board of Engineers ap pointed, who are to act as Examiners : at least two of whom, in conjunction with the instructor, should sign a certificate of capability of any person desirous of obtain ing a situation as driver, before he should be considered eligible. I propose also, that in all cases of accident, the Coroner of the district should be empowered to hold in quest of the damage done, whether loss of life ensues or not ; that he should be authorised to levy upon the Railway Proprietors when any accident occurred a fine according to his judgment, having a maximum and mi nimum amount fixed by Act of Parliament ; the said fine to be apportioned amongst the sufferers or their sur vivors in such proportion as he might deem right, allow ing an appeal to the Quarter Sessions, either by the proprietors or the sufferers, as to the propriety of the judgment of the Coroner. And further, it is desirable that Proprietors of Rail ways should establish a Society for giving rewards to drivers of good conduct, as is now extensively done by agriculturists to their servants. A line of initiation might be laid down at a very small expense, it not being necessary to have it of great length ; but I think it would be necessary to embrace the various circumstances that appertain to railways, such as level, inclination, declination, curve, &c. causing the engine to be driven under a variety of speed and burden. In these observations, I respectfully submit, is con tained much of what can be done by legislative, physi cal, and moral means, to secure the safety of her Ma jesty's subjects travelling by railway. 1 aro, Sir, your obedient servant. ROBERT CALON. Catton, Norwich, Nov. 19, 1840. DEATH OF MR. FITTON. (FROM A CORRESPONDENT.) Died on November 15, after a short sickness, Wil liam Fitton, Surgeon, of R oyton, near Oldham. Mr. i Fitton took an active part n the great national move ment in favour of a Reform in Parliament, from about the year 1812 to the carrying of that measure. He attended and spoke at most of the meetings hell in Manchester and its neighbourhood, and was considered a good and powerful speaker. Mr. Cobbett, in his Register repeatedly took notice of his speeches, espe cially of those addressed to " the Weaver-boys of Lancashire," in which he points out very clearly the superior powers of Mr. Fitton's mind, and the justness of his reasoning, as compare.' with the common-place stuff uttered in St. Stephen's. Mr. F.'s general good sense, with his suavity of manners, and known at tachment to liberty , gave him considerable influence (politically) in the borough o f Oldham ; in fact he was a leading man there , and his death is regarded as a great loss to the Liberal cause. It will perhaps not be saying too much to say that he was a devoted and ar dent friend of the liberty of man, and few private per sons ever devoted more time and talent to serve their country. SINGULARITY OF THE SEASON.—Mr. Smith, gardener, of Stoncgate, York, has in his garden, near the New Cattle Market, a raspberry bush, bearing fine ripe fruit, whi c h in colour, fragrance, and flavour, are equal to the p ro d uce o f summer. when this rich species of fruit is in its full perfection.— York Courant. CHURCH-R D TITHES. The prosecution of John Thorogood for a rate of ss. 6d., and the enormous amount of costs, 901., for the recovery of this sum, together with the com mitment of Mr. Baines of Leicester, under similar circumstances, have naturally excited a sttong feel ing among the numerous classes of Christiartis throughout the community. Many of the Dissen ters, and that respectable body the ocicty of Friends, begin to fear that the Church is re solved to revive those scenes of persecution which followed the laws made in the 7th and Sth years of William the Third for the more easy recovei y of tithes, Church-rates, &c. The bad spirit which ani mated the clergy in:the reign of George the Second, particularly towards Dissenters and Quakers, seems to have taken possession of the clergy of the present times. Witness their refusal to bury the bodies of those baptised out of the pale of the Church ; the contempt with which many of them speak of Wes leyans, and even the members of the Church of Scot land ; their violent attempts to regain that dominion over other classes of Christians, which, to a certain extent, they lost by the Catholic Emancipation Bill, the repeal of the Test and Corporation Acts, &c. ; and their urgent appeals to Parliament for more of the people's money to increase the wealth of the richest Church in the world. For these and other reasons the Dissenters have cause for alarm. About a hundred years ago, the Church, by means of the Act referred to, carried on a system of perse cution, which no doubt greatly increased the numbers of Dissenters, and made her hate ful even to many good Churchmen ; and the treat ment of the Quakers displayed a bitterness and a want of charity highly disgraceful to the Esta blishment. About 1735 a petition was presented to Parliament from that body, stating that these had been prosecuted under these Acts, in the Ex chequer and other Courts, not less than 1,100 of that people, of whom near three hundred were com mitted to prison, and several of them died pri soners. The supporters of the Church denied these facts, and called for proofs, which the Quakers soon supplied ; they collected 1,180 cases and published them in 1736, with the particulars of each case. Some of them are curious, and others exhibit a system of cruelty on the part of the Church absolutely revolting. We give the two following cases as specimens of the sufferings to which these harmless people were subjected for conscience sake : John Walton, of Shildon, Thomas Lackenby, of Bishop Aukland, Ralph Dixon, of Woodhouse Close house, Love-God Murwaite, of Bishop Aukland, widow, and John Dalton of the same, were prosecuted in the Ecclesiastical Court, at the suit of Thomas Sayer and William Slater, wardens, for a Church-rate (so called). The demands were, on Walton, two shillings and sixpence ; Lackenby, twopence-halfpenny ; Dixon, one farthing ; nn the Widow Murwait, fourpence ; and on Dalton, one farthing. They were all committed to Durham goal on a writ de excommunicato capiendo ; but several of their neighbours, troubled at their im prisonment for such trifles, paid the demands of the Court, and got them discharged. Thomas Binyon, senior, of Holcut, yeoman, was pro secuted in the Exchequer, for tithes, at the suit of the said Parson Hall. Thomas Binyon, aged about ninety-one years, blind and deaf, for a demand of 551. for eleven years tithes, was taken up by an attachment, and committed to Northampton gaol, on the 22d of November, 1702, where he was close confined. When he was brought first into the prison, he fainted away through age ant weakness, by his being removed five miles from home, so that they had much ado to recover him to life. Yet, notwithstanding his weak condition, the parson's attor ney brought a writ of habeas corpus, and a warrant to the gaoler, to remove him up to London, to appear the first day of the term. But the gaoler, knowing the weakness and incapacity of the poor old man, refused to carry him up on that writ, and made return of his lan- guishing condition. Nevertheless, the prosecutor again moved the Court, and obtained a second writ of habeas corpus, returnable before the last day of the term, for removing the said lanvishing aged man to the said Court, upon a penalty against the Sheriff, if not obeyed. After which three depositions were sent up of the prisoner's being about ninety-one years of age, and both blind and deaf ; for the most part keeping his bed, and not able to walk the length of his room. HER MAJESTY AND THE ROMAN CATHOLIC CLERGY. The following circular has been sent by Dr. Grif fiths, the titular Bishop of London, to all the clergy under his jurisdiction :-- " ltcv. dear Sir,—As the whole nation is anxiously looking forward to an event in which it is deeply inte rested, it behoves us to implore in fervent prayer the especial protection of Heaven upon our young Queen. The preservation of the life of our gracious Sovereign, the sanctification as well as the health of her promised offspring, and the future happiness of these realms, are blessings which cannot be too importunately demanded from the Giver of every gond gift. We therefore enjoin that the Collect, Secret, and Postcommunion, pro qua unque necessitate, be added to every mass said in your chapel, when the rubrics allow their insertion, until further notice ; when we hope to congratulate you on the success of your prayers. " Rev. dear Sir, your faithful servant in Christ, " yC THOMAS uRIFFITHS. " London, Nov. 14, 1840. " You can admonish your flock to join in the same pious supplication." MORTALITY in the METROPOLIS The following arc the results of " A Table of Mortality in the Metropolis, showing the Number of Deaths from all Causes Registered, in the week ending Saturday, the 14th November, 1840." The Table is issued from the Office of the Registrar-General:— Weekly Total. Average CAUSES OF MEATS. 1 838. Epidemic, Endemic, and Contagious Diseases 192 265 Diseases of the Brain, Nerves, and Senses 136 156 Diseases of the Lungs, and other Organs of Respiration Diseases of the Heat and Bloodvessels Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Digestion 76 57 Diseases of the Kidn,ls, &c. Childbed, Diseases of the Uterus, &c. Diseases of the Joints, Bones, and Muscles Diseases of the Skin, &c Diseases of Uncertain Seat Old Age, er Natural Decay 5l 79 Deaths by Violence, Privation, or Intemperance 25 26 Causes not specified Deaths from all causes BB5 - Average Weekly Deaths ... 1,013 ' Deaths in the Average Weekly Week. . Deaths, 1838. Western Districts ... 133 ...... 156 Nort4 Districts Central Districts lB5 ..... 208 East Districts 192 ...... 239 South Districts .. 226 238 Total BB5 1,013 It is stated that under the term Metropolis are' com prised the 32 districts herein mentioned, which include the City of London within and without the walls, the City and Liberties of Westminster, the out parishes within the bills of mortality--and the parishes of St. Marylebone ; St. Pancras ; Kensington; Fulham ; Hammersmith (Chapelry) ; St. Luke, Chelsea; Paddington; St. Mary, Stoke Newington ; St. Leonard, Bromley ; St. Mary-le bow ; Camberwell ; Greenwich ; St. Nicholas and St. Paul, Deptford; and Woolwich. The population as enu merated in 1831 was 1,494,890. Tho weekly average for 183$ was obtained by dividing the deaths registered in that year by 52. In comparing it with the weekly deaths in 1840, it must be borne in mind that the metropolis in creases nearly two per cent. annually ; and that, if the popul o ion had been the same in 1838 as in 1840, the deaths would have been 1-27th part more numerous. General Register-office, Nov. 19. 1840. UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE OxfoßD, Nov. 19.—A congregation was this day holden tor granting degrees, &c., when the following were conferred Masters of Arts—W. H. Ridley, Christ Church, grand compounder ; H. W. Phillott, Christ Church ; H. Downing, Trinity College. Bachelors of Arts—J. W. Empson, Brazennose Col lege, grand compounder ; W. Cartwright, Brazennose Co!leg , ; W. Radford, Exeter College ; W. Smith, Exeter College; A. Kent, Oriel College ; J. Welch, Queen's College. To-morrow will be the anniversary of Lord Ilawke's celebrated victory in 1759 THEATRICALS IN THE PROVINCES.—In re ference to a paragraph with the above heading copied from the Herald, a correspondent writes ;—The manager of the " Theatre Royal, Liverpool," may have sustained a very heavy loss—and very wisely have shut up his theatre ; "the York circuit" may bar e ly c o ver expenses; the Bath Theatre may be to let ; " the Cheltenham Theatre" re duced to ashes, must be a losing concern—that's certain ; the Gloucester may be to let ; Brighton may be wide awake and prefer starlight ; Mr. Bennett does, your cor respondent allows, make Coventry, &c., pay ; and the " Leicester" comp an y ma y b e removing to Manchester in a few days— an d w hy no t ? Ternan may, and lam glad of it, have formed a snug circuit for his company ; but so far from old Beverley merely munching his " bread and cheese" at Sunderland, Shields, Scarborough, Stockton, &c., he has had a very prosperous seaso n —keeps his car riage, and li v e s like a fighting cock. I f Mr. Barnett has had " great success at Oxford," being well supported by " the gownsmen," times must he altered, as the theatre was never opened except in the long vacation.— EN_ CURE,-Elton Hall, near Stockton-on-Teo, Nov. 13." ; EVENING EMTION. • • • Just ready, in Post Bvo., with upwards of. Fifty Characteristic llitntrat lows, THE COINIIC ENGLISH GRAMMAR. By the Author of " The Comic Latin Grainmar." Richard Bentley, New Burlington-street. _____ SIR T. DICK I..AIJDER.'S NEW WORK. Just ready, in 3 vols. post Bvo. with Engravings, by Mg, Illustrator of " Nicholas Nickleby," &c. LEGENDARY TALES OF THE HIGHLANDS. By SIR THOMAS DICK L AUDER. Bart., Author of " Highland Rambles," &C. Henry Colburn,Publistier, 13, Great Marlborough-street. . NOW READY AT ALL THE LIBRARIES, In 3 vols. post Bvo., E THREE PEERS•. A NOVEL. By LADY STEPNEY. Bichard Bentley, New Iturlington 11111 S MAJESTY the EMPEROR of ILA. AUSTRIA having AUTHORISED and GUA RANTEED several DISTRIBUTIONS of MONEY, DIVIDENDS, which (thonh they are NO LOTTERIES/ tffer many possibilities of obtaining LARGE FORTUNES. HEINE BROTHERS, at HAMBURGII, Are now SELLING BONDS for the said DISTIIII.3IJ TIONS Persons desirous to purchase for the next Distribution, map re eeive, PREVIOUS to giving any order, the PROS')ECTILS tnd PAR TICULARS, upon addressing WITHOUT D E ' LAY, a line to HEINE, BROTHERS, at HAMBURG'''. THE NEXT DISTRIBUTION, managed and guarante e" by the Austrian Government, contains TWENTY-FIVE THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED DIVIDENDS, Amounting to £954,888, The Dividends being £15,000 £6OO £7O 0 £37 10 7,500 300 50 0 37 0 3,800 200 42 0 36 0 1,800 150 4U 10 35 0 1,200 100 39 0 _____---s ---- - THEATRE ROYAL, COVENT GARDEN. ; .S 1 DER the MANAGEMENT of MADAME YESTR , ' THIS EVENING, NOV. 2J. Will be repeated, Beaumont and Fletcher's Comedy of THE SPANISH CURATE. Don Henrique, Mr. Cooper; Don Juan, Mr. Anderson; - Leandro, Mr. Chas. Mathews ; Lopez (the Curate), Mr . Farren ; Bartolus, Mr. Bartley ; Diegq, Mr. Keeley ; M ule rante, Madame Vestris ; Jacintha, Mrs. W. West. The Interval between the Play and the Afterpiece will be oci . cupied by A COMIC SCENE between Mr. CHARLES MATHE WS and Mr. KEELEY, entitled TWO IN THE MORNING. After which will be repeated the New Petite Comedy, entitled FASHIONABLE ARRIVALS. Sir Thomas Oldton, Mr. W. Farren ; Nix, Mr. Chas. ga. hews ; Captain Maitland, Mr. J. Vining; David Surenlo' Mr. Bartley ; Mrs Maitland, Madame Vo.tris; Mrs. 1 3 ° r° ' thy More, Mrs. Humby. On Saturday, The Midsumm r Night's Dream, with TWQ in the Morning, and Fashionable Arrivals. Dress Boxes, 7s. ; Second Price, 3s. 6d.; First and See? Circles, ss. ; Second Price, 25. 6d. ; Pit, 3s. ; Second PP'. 2'. ; Gallery, Is. I)oors to be opened at half-past Six--the performances to .tcynmence at Seven o'Clock. "clicets and plat es for the Boxc to be taken of Mr. Grollit ac the Box-office, from Ten till Four, where Season Tickcw may ne had upon application. Private Boxes to be had so'ely of Mr. And: t ws, boolfse ller .67, New Bond-street. ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE. UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF Mr. BIITIO . THIS EVENING, NOV. 2: 1 ,, The entertainments will commence with STOP HIM WHO CAN Vapid (a Dramatic Author), Mr. Balls ; Marianne, Ws' Beverley. After which a Burletta entitled TWO STRINGS TO YOUR BOW. a r . S. Don Octavio, Mr. St. John Horton ; Lazarillo, Roxby ; Donna Clara, Miss J. Mordaunt ; Donna Lei"' Miss Shearsrnith, To conclude with HOW TO RULE A WIFE! iv Duke Aranza, Mr. Butler ; Juliana, Mr. H. Bev er `i • Dress Boxes, 4s.—Olympian Boxes, 3s.—Pit, 2s Half-price—Dress Circle, 2s. ; Olympian Boxes, ls• Pit, Is. THEATRE ROYAL DRURY-LAN& Mr. ELIASON begs leave most respectfully to anEnovuEncri;tl4 the above Theatre is now OPEN EVERY with the Grand Musical Entertainments, entitled THE CONCERTS D'HIVER. • Leader, Mons. NADAUD—Conductor, Mons. MUSAIT' PROGRAMME FOR THIS EVENING, NOV..2v PART FIRST. Overture—Semiramide—Rossini. Valses—Les Fusoes Volantes—Strauss. Overture—Der Frieschutz—C. M. vor. Weber. New Quadrille—Rendezvous de Chasse—Musard. Grand Duo from Guillaume Tell—Dove Vai—.Tiombone it•l r and Ophielcide, by Herr Koenig and M. Po s p ere—R° Sole Violin by ?lons. De Loffre. Locke' celebrated Music in Macbeth. • PA RT SECOND. Grand Overture to a M.S. Opera, the compositicn of his Pi a . Highness Prince Albert. Fantasia Harp by Masterr Taylor. First Grand Fantasia from Les Hugenots—Sole Oboe, Barret, Solo, Cornet a Pistons, Herr Koenig. New Quadrille—L'Angleterre—Musard. Galop—La Vapeur—Musard. Prices of Admission :—To the Promenade, Is. ;- O" Circle, 2s. 6d. ; Upper Boxes, Is. 6d. Visitors to the Boxes have the privilege of passing to end from the Promenade. t 44 Mr. Eliason, in compliance with numerous applications, begs leave to announce that the Lower Gallery will ler the lu• air.- be opened at the admission of Is. to each person. Doors open at half-past Seven e'Cleck, to commence et Eight precisely. Private Boxes can only be procured of Mr. Mitchell, Roill Library, No. 33, Old Bond street, and at the Box-office of the Theatre. Prices, 10s. 6d., 1/. le., and 1/. 11s. 6d. nose . and Places in the Dress and Upper Circles may be secured 0 0 . Ipplication to Mr. Parsons, at the Box-office, daily, from 10 till Four o'Clock, and those in the Dress Circle will be Jae during the whole of the evening, if required. PRINCESS' THEATRE, OXFORD-STREET. , This splendid Theatre is OPEN EVERY EVENING 111' PROMENADE CONCERTS, Under the Direction of Mr. WILLY. THIS EVENING, NOV. 20.—PROGRAM 111E• Overtures—Chevy Chace, La Fiancee. strr Haensel's Fantasia, introducing Solos for the princiPa. - 11 ments. fields Selection from the Mountain Sylph, introducing the te nia Chorus, Farewell to the Mountain, and the Fortune- Scene. Trio—Two Violoncellos and Centra Bass—Corelli. Solo on the Trombone by Mr. Holt. Quadrilles—Torquato Tasso—Les Danois. Waltzes—Themis Strahlen, Iris. for Solo on the Flute, Mr. Carte. „bonY.„„d To conclude with Beethoven's Grand Battle SYmi pro us 1 "" xhich an addition has been made to the already ini °l- ccficient orchestra. 6i. Promenade, le.—Dress Circle, 2s.—Upper Bo%es,,: a s c i s t the Private Boxes, Is. and Ios. 6d. each, ma y bo Box-office, and of Mr. Mitchell, Old Bond-street. ROYAL SURREY THEATRE. • atO Unprecelented Novelty—Another New Piece—ContOt of of r" The Wreck of the Royal George"—Re-eng a gnai lv the Negro Alelodists, and Revival of " The LadYe bythe THIS EVENING, NOV. 20, Will be acted, a Caledonian Romance, entitled TO THE REIVER'S RANSOM; OR, GILDERO BONNY BOY. After which, THE WRECK OF THE ROYAL GEOR GE OR, THE SEAMAN'S CHEST. r epre Preceded by a Grand Pictorial and Scenic Inductian, fules • renting a Cruise round the Coast, and depicting the a v '' lamity, with the sinking of the Vessel, &c. Iral 4e4 To. be followed by the astonishing Negro Melodist , Smith, in a celebrated Extravaganza, tilled JIM ALONG JOSEY, In which he will introduce his " Long Island Brealc,'-'n°Wn! and also the Mississippi Melody, " Zip Coen: risCV In this part of the performance, the extra ,ripe ninny, Colman, will appear in the Old Kentuck ian Vine Twist. To onclude with THE LADYE OF LAMBYTHE ROYAL VICTORIA THEATRE. c idd Continued attraction of the Wizard of the Wave. •--- of the Ran-an Club. THIS EVENlNG success AND TO-MOR D ROW, Nov. '2 O a",filD TILE FEMALE BOATMEN'S SOCIETY ; OIL RAN-DAN CLUB. Characters by Messrs. Bender, Attwood, Miss Petti fer, l‘fr°' France, Mrs. Hicks, and all the Ladies of th e After which, OF THE WIZARD OF THE WAVE; OR, THE S-P THE AVENGER. To& e ltl C P ony Qy a A nd ßL ß nclude, 011 Friday, with In which 'Messrs. Howell, „a. To terminate, on Saturday. with THE DUMB MAN OF MANCHESTER ; 01' lanehard will aPP' The Dumb Man, Mr. Cony ; Edward, Mr. Blane hart l ;i i' , • ter, Mr. Attwood ; Patty, Miss Pettifer ; Jape, 11 — Montague ; Mrs. Wilton, Mrs. France. -' ROYAL SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDOS. Under her :Majesty's Immediate Patronage. ,kiL.I Th ishighly popular and interesting resort is OPEN v.- from Ten till Dusk. r ietl , The Menagerie, which is unequalled in the number, /1 e a- Ind beauty of the specimens it contains, occupies severannotoi - nous and elegant buildings comfortably heated, an d gr "bits *, with the nearest possible assimilation to the natural habits the animals. The most important additions recently r,e'hott, are the rare and beautiful black Leopard, le Mignon bay a pair of the scarce Curassows , called Cushe w Birds, the s i r of lois, the Bush Cow (the only specimen in Europe): confineP Cassowaries, the Monster Boa (the largest eve r seen la meet), &c. 'Cloa k ' The splendid collection of Carnivora are fe d at Four* colir ' n .t w hich time the ferocious attributes and amazing i l, ahl p rivers of these forest monarchs are displayed to the uttne vantage. Admission, One Shilling. .- ____---------- ----- Captain and the Hon. Mrs. Ryder Burton La left their house in Park-square, for the ir scat in K:ePietter DISTRESS IN EG YP T.—A n Alexandria ; oil y in the Augsburgh Gazette says, that the distress neat rise felt, and likely to be so, in Egypt from t h e unusa _ d ds of the Nile, which has destroyed much propertyre::o, much to the pressure felt from the state of political:. brel" It was thought not improbable that the plague mig, t wo out again it having been always remarked that to , b , years whee the inundations were highest the plague .. ', ire most intense. The l'aeha is said to be short uf selsr for the Government powder manufactories. d e l ft.,/ the I' TOMB OF NAPOLEON. ---A 1 . 19 W ; f or ° tomb of Napoleon has been presented to the Mi,n_ vo ile the Interi or . The Emperor is laid in nearly the ck. position as he must have been in immediately aft ert,ienying pired—the body being wrapped in a winding sliced:lest, the CO Part uncovered but the head, part of the roe ,_ in di, right arm, and the feet. It is extended on a ,f . L bal i n g eating the place of his exile. At a distance, al . . l „ r osielli risen front the remains, is the Imperial eagle, u.r . in his looks sadness and discouragement. i