The Sun. — London, England, 1847-01-01 00:00:00

THE USES OF FItOST TO THE , FARMER. We extract from Bell's Weekly Messenger the follow ing article, written by Cuthbert W. Johnson, Esq., F.R. S. : " The effect of the low temperature of whiter is useful to the farmer in several ways. As, however, the good which the frost produces is not so generally understood, or its power so commonly assisted as is desirable, let us at this period of snow and ice address ourselves to the subject. The farmer of the heavy adhesive clay soils, which are reckiced to a sufficient degree of fineness only by the most laborious exertions, is the man to whose soils the frost affords the most valuable assistance. .The iva e te i r n co a nta lo in w ed in these clays, during its conversion into i temperature of the atmosphere, expands with c a force which nothing can resist. As, therefore, the ice pervades every particle of soil, its expansion, as a natural consequence, reduces very completely the clay into a very finely divided state. The farmers of such soils, therefore, are much befriended by a hard winter, like that with which we are now visited, since the frost readily accomplishes that pulverisation of the soil which the plough and the clod-crusher can only very imper fectly and laboriously imitate. The action of frost on many varieties of such soils, it may be here remarked, is most materially aided by the land being deeply ploughed, and laid up in higher ridges than are commonly thought nece-sary. By this plan, the frost penetra'es deeper into the earth, and thus not only is the soil more thoroughly and deep'y pulverised, but the de struction of grubs and other insect vermin is rendered much more extensive and effectual. Many of these, it hr ell known to the entomologist, retire deeper into the soil as winter approaches, and remain torpid during the intense cold of the season, in places, beyond the ordi nary depth to which the frost extends. It is, therefore, very desirable, that the usual effect of a very low tem perature should be facilitated as much as possible. The action of frost upon even fish is well known, those in stagnant fish ponds being peculiarly liable to be de• stroyed in severe winter. This arises from two causes— first, because, when the pond is completely encrusted with ice, a supply of the atmospheric air, so essential to the existence of fish, is intercepted; and secondly, be cause not only is the absorption of the air by the water prevented, but the escape of the carburetted and sulphu retted hydrogen gases, always more or less copiously generated in stagnant waters abounding with organic matters, is entirely stopped ; and as these gases are ex ceedingly noxious to fish, this also conduces to their de struction. The gardener, therefore, knowing these things, is careful to have openings in the ice daily re newed, through which the gases of the pond can escape, and those of the atmosphere have access to the water. There is no soil, perhaps, upon which the frost ope rates more rapidly and completely than upon those com posed of chalk. Chalk, when nearly saturated, we fine by our own experiments, contains about 23 or 24 parts of water ; and we can hence readily see how it is that when such a large proportion of water is converted into ice, it thus by its expansion so rapidly and effectually pulverises the chalk spread over the land. It is to this levelling effect of the frost that we may, perhaps, attri bute the peculiarly rounded smooth surface commonly possessed by the downs of chalk formations. These facts explain, too, why it is that the farmers who have the most successfully practised the excellent system of chalking, marling, or claying light lands, have remarked that this operation never succeeds so well as when the earth is spread over the land, and allowed to remain on the surface exposed to a winter's frost. The essential condition, in fact, to the successful permanent addition to the soil of such dressings is, that the adhesive earths should be so finely divided as to be intimately combined with the lighter and more sandy and gravely soil. If this object is not effected—if the marl or clay is not thus al lowed to remain exposed to the action of the frost, and is ploughed in in lumps, but little geed is derived from their employment. The farmer then tells you that it does no good to the land, that it remains uncombined with the staple of the soil, and that " it sinks down" into the land. This, therefore, is another instance of the success of earthly dressings being sometimes entirely prevented by the mere neglect of a due attention to the mode and period of the year at which this most valuable operation is best performed; and it is to this source that many er roneous statements, and much injury to the more general adoption of one of most certain modes of per manently improving light lands, are owing. The owner of such soils will do well to consider with attention these important facts. The expense of marling or claying, if these earths are conveniently situated, is much less than is commonly believed. Mr. F. W. Overman, of Moulden, in Norfolk, (who uses about 40 loads, of 40 bushels each, per acre, on his sands and gravels) remarks:—" Land will not always show the benefit it derives from clay in the first crop, which is the reason it is condemned by some persons; others dread the expense, which after all is but little. A man to carry on his business well, and to be always in season, must have a sufficient force of horses; this will enable him to clay his land. He will always find men ready to fill and spread at 3d. per load, costing the small sum of 10s. per acre for the permanent improvement of his land." And he adds—" To sum up the benefits of clay to land in various ways, it is by cor recting the acidity (the clay in Mr. Overman's land is, in fact, a marl—that is, a mixture of clay, chalk, and sand) and giving solidity; by stiffening the straw, and increasing the quantity and quality of the corn; by pre ventingmildew, which this farm was always subject to, but which since I have clayed it it has not been; by preventing the turnips from being diseased by graping, and adding that to the soil which the clover likes, more particularly the white or Dutch clover." (Jour. Roy. Agric. Soc., vol. iii., p. 235.) The correctness of the view of the theory of claying and marling which we have taken is also supported by the observations of Mr. Chas. Burness, of Woborn. lie tells us (ibid, p. 233)—" My system has been to put the clay on the clover leys as early as the crop is off, and then to get it broken in pieces as much as possible before it is ploughed its for wheat. I also lay it on the turnip fellows early in the winter, so that it may have the chance of the winter and spring frosts to get well pulverised before it is ploughed down. This I prefer to claying on clover leys. In January,lß4l, I flayed some land, which was going to be a turnip fallow the following summer, and in the month of April, when I began to harrow and plough the land, the clay broke down, and slacked like lime, and worked in with the soil. I did not see much difference that summer in the turnip crop, as the other part of the field was sown at a diffe rent time, and I was not able to tell the difference ; but this year (1842) the barley looks much stronger and stiffer in the straw, and stands much more upright than on the land which was not clayed. The quantity per acre is generally fifty loads ; if more than this is ap plied, I should recommend it to be done at twice, as in my opinion more at once would do harm, Nearly all the light soil on the farm of the Duke of Bedford at this place has been clayed, and a great deal of it twice, and in every instance we have found its beneficial effects. The clay may be dug from the pit at any time when most convenient to the farmer, and if turned over once or twice will aaix much better with the soil, but will be attended with more expense. My plan has been generally to dig and cart the clay on the field at once." The good effect of thus exposing marl during the winter on the surface of the land has in fact long been remarked. Arthur Young, in speaking of the marling of the land at Houghton, the seat of Lord Orford, remarked (Annals of Agric., vol. xii., p. 51), " In marl ing or clay* he has found that the longer it is kept on the surface of a layer the better; the method he prefers is to spread it on a ley of one or two years old (the latter best), and to leave it for a year.' The period during a hard frost is therefore that in which the operation of marling is with most advantage accomplished, for not only, as we have already seen, is the intimate mixture of the clay or other adhesive earths by its action then more rapidly accelerated, but the labour of the horses in draw ing it on to the land is very materially reduced. The ex tent of this reduction of labour to the farmer's teams, from having this work performed when the surface of the frozen ground is level and hard, is not very generally understood. The results of some careful experiments made some time since may therefore be usefully intro duced in this paper. The following little table, then, shows the average force, in pounds, required to draw a light four-wheeled cart, weighing, with its load, 1,000 lb. over the surface of different descriptions of ways : Force required to Stove Description of Road. the Carriage. Turnpike road, hard and dry 'rho same when dirty Hard compact loam Ordinary bya road Turnpike road newly gravelled Loose sandy road " These facts may be useful, too, in other ways to the farmer than that for which they are hero adduced, since he may hence very reasonably conclude, that the wear and tear of conveying heavy manures of all kinds, espe cially those brought from a distance, is much better ac complished during the period when the roads are ren dered hard by the frost, than at . any other period of the year. Tho action of a low temperature upon vegetation is very interesting, and to this action of frost upon plants I hope to be able, on another occasion, to direct the far mer's attention." INTERESTING DISCOVERY.—In levelling some ground last week at Bec-Helloun (Seine Inferieure), there was found a leaden box containing some bones, and bearing the following inscription engraved on the lead " Ossa illustrissirna D. D. Marliiidle Imp-ratricit infra majore altare rorerta 2 mart : 1684, in eodem loco collecata Eode ruense et anno." Matilda was daughter of Henry I , King of England and Duke of Normandy. She was the widow of Henry Emperor of Germany, and mother of Henry 11., King of England and Duk e o f Normandy. She died Roue in 1167, and was buri e d i n the church at of the priory of Notre Dame, where h er tomb born the following epitaph : " Ortu magna Tiro major, see maxima Part u Hie jacet Henrici filia sponsa Parens," According to the chronicles of the Abbey of Bee Helloun her remains were removed to th at abbey, and buried near the altar.—Puris Paper. COMFORT TO SECOND-CLASS PASSENGERS PORITID DEN.—The directors of the Eastern Union Railway have I ately placed on their lino second-class carriages of a greatly improved construction, and in which the comfort oft he passengers has been studied, in a manner worthy of imitation. They are inclosed with glass, and the seat 3 are of stuffed leather, and they altogether approximate much nearer to the English elysium—comfortable—than those in general use. But, unfortunately, the Eastern % Union authority extends only 17 miles of the 65 between 47: Ipswielr toil London ; and, on Tuesday, a peremptory order from the magnates of Shoreditch was received at 7, the Colchester station, that the new Eastern Union c - second-class carriages should not; be suffered to proceed beyond Colchester. The passengers were accordingly 5,,,,„ obliged to resign their warm seats in tho Ipswich car s.riages, and locate themselves in the Eastern Cuunties \ i4......, Railway tumbrils for the remainder of the journey. The 4: comfortable Second-class carriages will, therefore, for the resent, be only available fur the local traffic between Colchester, 'peach, and bury. Ipswich journal. ~~i I:+_ CANADA COMPANY. The general half-yearly meeting of this company was held yesterday, at the offices, in St. Helen's-place, at one o'clock, C. Frankes, - Esq., the Governor, in the chair. The CHAIRMAN made a statement to the effect that the total quantity of land sold was 14,976 acres, includ ing Crown re: erves of 7,797 acres, and grants in the Huron tract of 779 acres. In the leases were com prised tracts of Crown reserves of 15,299 acres, and in the Huron district 13,932 acres, making together 29,239 acres. The return for the lands sold amounted to 10,5571. ; the town lots sold were ten, while 63 lots were leased in the country. The receipts in Canada to the 23d November, of the present year, were 31,3441. cur rency, while to the same period last year they only amounted to 26,507 L, showing an increase of 4,8371. The amount of bills received over due, including in terest, is about 160,0001., the necessity for using which was not at present at all apparent. It was, therefore, his duty simply to make a statement of the dividend on which the directors had agreed ; that was 6 per cent. per annum on the paid-up capital of the company of 321. 10s. per share, to be due on the 10th January nest. After a few observations, this was agreed to without dissent. Mr. ROBERTSON inquired whether there was any in tention, as held out at the last meeting, of reducing the ,xpenses in Canada. The GOVERNOR replied that the whole of those ex penses were but 6,5001. a year, and the servants of the company, so far from beiNg overpaid, were underpaid for their services. The directors were anxious to re duce the expense as much as possible. but in common justice they could not reduce it in this particular. A SHAREHOLDER inquired what progress had been made in the railway? The GOVERNOR replied that the railway in Canada, llke all other railways, was at present quiescent. The object of the company was to form a railway communi cation between Lake Ontario and Lake Huron, and there was little doubt but that it would be ultimately constituted; but there was a railway at the present time in progress which would connect the city of Qu,bec with Portland, and which would prove of great advantage to Canada. As an evidence of the prosperity of the colo nists of the company he might observe, that a sum amounting to 7,1301. 18s. 9d. had been remitted by six teen settlers; the number of emigrants during the year ,vas 32,166, showing an increase of 7,142 over the last year. To another inquiry, The GOVERNOR replied that the railway was not abandoned. The meeting was then dissolved. FLANDERS MAIL. ANTWERP, DEC. 26.—The two English steamers Trau3it and Gazette, laden with twist, intended for Ger many, have, for the first time, taken their places at the quay Napoleon, between the north musesir of the basin and Fort St. Lawrence. We were well satisfied at seeing these steamers so well placed, they landed their heavy bales with great ease, as well as at the best port in the world. The qusy is very extensive, and only wants the pave ment to be completed. Two more landing places would be desirable, then three steamers might easily be placed there—the railway station being but a short distance from the quay—the goods might be immediately placed upon the waggons. TheHamburgh Journal mentioned an instance of com mercial probity which deserves to be recorded. Some years ago, the house of Schlesinger and Co., of Ham burgh, became bankrupt, leaving debt to the amount of 150,000 dollars ; two of the partners went abroad, and no more was heard of them. One set up a manufactory at Bradford in England, the other went to Modena, where he established a commercial house. The third partner re mained at Hamburgh, and became a broker. The affair was forgotten, when a few days ago the creditors were summoned and paid the whole of their claims. The manufacturer at Bradford had returned to Hamburgh, and in concert with the broker, who had likewise been prosperous in his business, he paid two .thirds of the debt, and there is no doubt that the third partner will follow this noble example. BRUSSELS, DEC. 28.—We hare just received the me lancholy news that Mr. Constantine Rodenbacb, Charge d'Affaires of Belgium in Greece, died at Athens on the sth of Dec., at nine o'clock in the morning, at the age of 55, in consequence of an apoplectic stroke. Their Majesties the King and Queen are to leave Paris on Wednesday morning, and to arrive at Laachen on the evening of the same day. The Moniteur publishes a law, dated December 26, proroguing till the 31st December, 1847, the law of the 18th June, 1842, which authorises the Government to modify the regulations for the importation of goods in transit, either direct or through the entrepot. The Alloniteur promulgates the law, dated December 24, by which the contingent of the army for 1847 is fixed for the maximum of 10,000 men, who are placed at the disposal of the Government ; and also the law for grant ing provisionally the credit of five millions to the War Department for 1847. It likewise promulgates the law for fixing the budget of the Minister of Finance for 1847, at 12,892,020. It is believed that the King will be obliged very shortly to set out again for England.—Brussels Papers, Dec. 29. FEMALE CURIOSITY. A naval officer, who lately came to reside in Edin burgh, having engaged a large mansion on a short lease, despatched his butler to receive his furniture, and have the house put in order. The butler engaged a young woman, residing in th e ne i g hb our h oo d , to clean out th e rooms and arrange part of the furniture ; and he assisted her himself to carry up a large chest of rather singular appearance. This gigantic box his master had purchased as a curiosity ; but, unlike that described in the song of the " Mistletoe Bough," it did not shut, but opened with a spring attached to the lock, which being touched, the lid flew open, and a tall brawny Highlandman, in full costume, stood erect, and struck eut his right arm, in which Was a wooden sword, 'The gentleman purchami it u a piece of' curious mechanism, and was wont to emus* his children with it. "That's a heavy chest," said the woman, as they placed it on the floor. " Yes," answered the butler, who was a wag of the first water, There's something heavy in it, certainly ; but there's something mysterious about it also, for although the key hangs at the end of it, not one of us is allowed to open it." " Did you ever see the inside of it ? " replied she, walking round it. "Never," said he. "It's as much as any of our place is worth even to speak about it." So saying, the knight of the corkscrew looked first at the woman, then at the chest on the floor, and then retired slowly down stairs, whistling, to work, on the ground fiat. The girl proceeded to put things to rights in the room ,• but every time she passed the chest she thought it looked the more odd. " Frailty, thy name is woman !" She rapped on the lid with her knuckles--it had a curious, hollow sound—very! And none of the servants had dared to open it! What on earth could it contain? Well, it was none of her business; so she went diligently to work for five minutes, at the end of which time she saw herself standing, with her arms akimbo, gazing on the chest. "It can do no harm to look into it," thought she; so she quietly took the key from the nail and applied it to the lock. Of course she heard footsteps on the stairs —as every one will do when afraid of detection in the commission of some act they wish to keep secret. Again she regained confidence, and returned to the chest ; she stooped, and turned the key. Up flew the lid; and the wooden Highlandman, kilt, and philabeg, sprung on his legs with more than human agility, and fetched the petrified girl a sharp wh:,ek across the shoulders with the flat of his " Andrea Ferrara." A prolonged shriek, ending in a moan of de spair, indicated that the poor woman had sought relief in a swoon. In the course of a few minutes the woman rose on her elbow, looking wildly round the room, till het eyes caught the Highlandman bending over her. Seeing nothing but destruction awaiting her, two springs took her to the door ; down stairs she went, nor did she slacken her pace till she' found herself standing in the house of a lady in the neighbourhood. The poor woman did not recover from het fright for several days. A 0 P--- N iCEAN _ ENNT POSTAGE.—It iS now some what extensively known that in America and on the continent, schemes have been proposed, the object of which is to bring letters from any inland town to anj town on the sea -coast (or the charge of ono penny. Now suppose this was carried, which it is sure ultimately to be, is it not an imperative duty incumbent on the Eng lish nation to introduce throughout the whole world an " Ocean Penny Postage ?" Thus, suppose a friend in tho far west or America wishes to write to a friend in Newcastle on-Tyne, England. He puts himself in pos session of three penny stamped envelopes. On the first he writes the following. address :—James Green, book seller, Newcastle-on-lyre ; that is enclosed in another, addressed James Green, England ; and that in another addressed James Green, England, to be sent perlfirst mail from Boston. Now here for three postage stamps the letter will be conveyed from the centre of America to Newcastle-on-Tyne, England, and will also be prepaid. The first envelope to be taken off at Boston, the second at Liverpool, and the latter enclosed in the third, wculd reach the owner in Newcastle. No other nation on the face of the earth is capable of doing this ; some por tion of her immense navy might be profitably employed for this purpose, and thus be the means not only of en riching herself, but of scattering the blessings of civili sation throughout the whole world. We pay sixpence for the carriage of 64 lbs, of wheat from America to England, and can we not, when we take into account the immense increase there will be in correspondence con sequent on such a plan, carry letters from nation to nation letters weighing only half an ounce, for one penny.— Essex Herald. anecdoteoccurred inappropoiate to the season " COME AND TRY MY related to village of B—. A worthy the other day within 100 mileso h r a s b o ita o n f t th th e e p re re o t f ty is l p it o t s le in . sessed of a better half, whose personal proportions are on a s ca l e o f magn i tu d e ver y superior to those of her spo use . Of this superiority the la d y made too great use tor the c om f ort at home of her meek an— (lquiet partner, who was thus driven to seek more peaceful society in the comfortable parlour of the neighbouring tavern . here he met many hearty good fellows, and on the event ful evening of our story mine host's excellent cheer so f Lr overcome his natural shyness, that in the plenitude of his valour he invited a boon companion to " come horn( with me and try my tap," an offer, of course. too good to be rejected at the time when " stout October" may be looked fir ; and home accordingly they went. Ar rived at the house, " knock," says our hero, and his friend knocked ; the door promptly flew open, and the astonished guest was instantly saluted with a tremendous whack on the head from the doubled fist of the lady or the house. " There ! how do you like my tap ? that's what I get every night !" laughed out the successful practical joker. We regret to hear that the unfortunate Victim has taken so strong a dislike to our friend'::, " tap," that he cannot even bear to hear of it.--Lancas ter Gazette. Lord John Russell arrived at his residence, Chorley. wood, yesterday, front Wyburil Abbey, Bedfordshire, NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. ROYAL GEOGRAPHICAL SO CIETY. MONDAY, DECEMBER 28. Lord , Colchester President in the chair. FATAL ACCIDENT AT BLACKWALL.—Yesterday, Mr. Baker held an inquest at the Shoulder of Mutton and Pig, Blaekwall, on the body of Richard Webber, aged 56 years, a cooper, residing at Blackwall-stairs, who was killed by the falling of a wall on Wednesday morning last. Alfred Green, a waterman, stated that he was standing near Ashton's wharf, plying for hire, when the deceased passed with his hands in his pockets. On his arriving outside the wall of the wharf, it sud denly gave way and crushed the deceased under the ruins. Witness immediately cleared the rubbish away from the &ceased, who was found to be quite dead. A large quantity of sand had been placed by Mr. Lungley, the proprietor of the wharf, against the wall, a few days previously, and there was no doubt that the weight caused the wall to fall in. Verdict, " Accidental death." DurrEs or PROPERTY.—The Earl of Shannon , mploys at present 400 labourers upon his estate at Castlernartyr. li e h as purc h ase d a stoc k of Indian meal, which is retailed to them at a shilling a stone less than cost price. His Lordship has also caused to be dis tributed among his tenantry, to the number nearly of 500, two stone of fl our each, and a piece of beef for a Christmas dinner. At the same time Lady Shannon devotes her attention to providing clothing for the poor, and otherwise attending to their domestic comfort.— OM Examiner. IRE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY ENE PORTSMOUTH, DEC. 3l.—The Semarang, 26, survey ing vessel, Captain Sir Edward Belcher, arrived at Spit• head late last night, from the East India station, whereon she has been engaged surveying during the last four years. Commander Graham Ogle, late of the Royalist, came home acting as first lieutenant of the Semarang, and will succeed Commander Brown as commander of the St. Vincent shortly. Sir Charles Ogle commences his series of grand enter tainments at the Admiralty House. on the evening of the Bth of January. The Comet steam-vessel, Lieutenant Commander John ston, was at Westport, Ireland, on the 28th instant, on which day her marines and seamen were ordered to be landed to protect the stores from a reported descent of the population. The 26th being St. Stephen's day, many " parishes" were expected to make a demonstration in the town and on the Government stores at Westport quay. A troop of cavalry from Castlebar were on the qui vice as well as the military in barracks, but happily all passed off quiety. " Paddy is much grieved," rays our informant, "because some of the merchants here will not lower the price of the Indian meal." The Rhadamanthus steam transport, Master Comman der Aylen, sailed yesterday with a cargo of Indian meal for Clitden Manninhay, Galway; and Belmullet, Mayo; half her cargo to be discharged at each place, to which she is to proceed direct, and afterwards return to Ply mouth for further orders. The Vengeance, 84, was paid advance yesterday. The Scourge steam bomb-vessel, Commander Caffin, was hauled alongside the dockyard yesterday to reship her mortar, &c. Lieutenant John Denis De Vitri (1781) died on the 29th inst., at Lancaster, in his 90th year. This gallant veteran's commission, as lieutenant, bears date the 3d of March, 1781; thus he had been nearly 66 years in that rank when he died. He commanded the Biter gun brie, and was wounded in the expedition to Ostend in 1798. Ile was the oldest lieutenant upon the list, and was on the pay of 7a. per diem. Lieutenant Robert John Hibbs (1796 !) now becomes the senior lieutenant on the Navy List. PLymotrrn, DEC.3o.—AdEniral Sir Samuel Pym struck his flag as Admiral Superintendent of her Majesty's Dockyard, on Monday evening, on board her Majesty's ship Caledonia, 120, Captain Manby H. Dixon; and Ad miral Sir John Louis, as Admiral PS m's successor, yes terday morning hoisted his flag, white, at the mizen, with the accustomed salute. Admiral Pym is gone to the eastward. On taking his departure he was greeted by an assembly of all the of ficers of the dockyard. 11 , T Majesty's frigate Thetis, 36, recently commis sioned at this port by Captain Codrington, was towed yesterday by the Confiance steam tug from Barn Pool to the Sound, where she saluted the flag of Port-Admiral Sir John West. Iler salute was acknowledged by her Majesty's ship Queen, 120, Captain Sir Henry J. Leeke, The Thetis sailed this morning. Mr. J.,lt. Lysaght was elected a member of the so ciety. The paper read was the first portion of a very elabo rate " Essay on the Nile," by Dr. Beke. The obscurity which has so long hung over the sources of the Nile, is now in a great measure dissipated by the trouble which Dr. Beke has taken to clear up the am biguities of conflicting statements, and to re-establish facts long misunderstood. A careful sifting of the writings of both ancient and modern travellers, in regard to the sources of the Nile, together with his own intimate acquaintance with the country, watered by a great num ber of the primitive tributaries of the great river, have enabled him to unravel the entanglement which obscured the subject, and to present us with a statement so clear and satisfactory, as to leave little for further investiga tors but a corroboration of his views. It is impossible for us to go into all the details of this interesting paper, and we must therefore content our selves with a brief notice of the main points. The doctor first ascends the Tikkasie, the Astaboras of Ptolemy, and minutely describes its various affluents ; after which, coining back to the Nile, he ascends it to the junction of the Blue and White Rivers. Going up the Bahr el Azrek or Blue River, he comes to a spot where M. Cailliand speaks of the Hessenn as coming from the south-east, which Dr. Beke proves to be the Abii of Abyssinia ; and he at the same time shows that the river described by M. Russegger as the upper course of the Bahr el Azrek is, in fact the Dedb6sa, s ri.er which was first made kn o wn by D r . Beke, and which he now identifies with the Takiii described by De Barros as the great western arm of the Nile ; under which name the Portuguese understood the Blue River, since the White River, or Bahr el Abiadh, was entirely unknown to them. After describing all the affluents of the Abai on both sides, Dr. Beke notices a river, which has, of late years, appeared in the maps, under the name of Habahia, and which has been supposed by:some geographers to be either the upper course of the Kilimaney (Quiliman4) or of the Bahr el Abiadh, but which Dr. Beke shows clearly to have no separate existence; it being, in fact, nothing but the Abai of Abyssinia, called by the Genges Abbaya. Dr. Beke next discusses the subject of the Maleg, a river which was crossed by Fernandes in 1613, on his way to Enarea, and shows that the route taken by the Je-uit Missionary has been altogether misunderstood by Bruce. Leving the Abai, the doctor next takes up the Dildh4.3a, and enumerates its tributaries on both sides, as he had done with the other two great rivers, the Takkazie and the Abai. Having thus exhausted the hydrographic basin of the Blue River, the author, before commencing the particular investigation of the course of the White River, enters into a compari son of the two great arms of the Nile, the White and Blue Rivers, and after minutely examining the evidence both ancient and modern on the subject, concluded in these words :—" Thus, whether we consider the relative magnitudes of the two rivers, the directions of their re spective beds, or the volume of their waters ; whether we regard the opinions of the ancient geographers, or those of modern travellers, or of natives acquainted with both streams —for the evidence of such as only know one is, of course, inadmissible—the result is the same. In all and every of these points of view, the Bahr el Abiadh, or White River, is the principal stream, and the Bahr el Azrek, the subordinate or affluent." This valuable paper will be concluded at the next evening meeting. AFFRAY WITH POACHERS.—On the night of Thurs day last, the gamekeepers and watchers at Ockeridge Wood, in the parish of Holt, the property of Lord Ward, hearing the report of a gun in the wood, went towards the bottom of it, with a view of meeting the poachers coming out. The gamekeeper's son (Mr. D. Rawlings) moved off in another direction, but, not finding the poachers, he went to the other side of the wood, and heard another shot in a cover about a quarter of a mile from Ockeridge Wood; after some considerable search, he traced the parties in a direction towards the road ; two men soon afterwards go t over a st i le, and as they came up opposite to where he was hid, he observed that one of them had a gun and a bludgeon ; this man he immediately collared, and a struggle took place for the pos session of the gun. Rawlings was forced down on the ground, but he would not loose the gun, and, succeeding in regaining his feet, he renewed the fight, in which he defended himself with his stick. The poachers at length got him down again, and jumped on his stomach, but once more gaining his feet, and making liberal use of his stick, both the poachers ran away. Rawlings gave chase to the one whom he supposed carried some gam-, and when they came to a brook w hien the poacher could not leap, the latter dropped three pheasants, and pulling off his jacket, managed to outrun the keeper, and got away. Rawlings knew this man to be James Roberts, a labourer, of Gritnley, and the other, whom he knew by sight, but not by name, proved to be Thomas Milton, son of a schoolmaster, also residing at Grimley; and on the following day (Christmas-day) Rawlings, in company with a policeman, went to the house in which Roberts lived, who, in the course of conversation, con fessed all the transactions in which he and Milton had been engaged on the previous night. Information was yesterday laid by Mr. Rawlings, before F. D. Hastings, F. E. Williams, and J. G. Watkins, Esqs., at the county petty sessions, who granted a warrant to apprehend the parties on the charge of night poaching.— Worcester Journal of yesterday. EXPLOSION OF FIRE DAMP.—THREE MEN KILLED. —lt is our painful duty to record another of those fearful accidents which so frequently spread misery and death amongst our mining population. It appears that on the morning of Saturday, the 12th instant, the miners employed at the Shankrey Muir limestone pit (belong ing to Messrs. A. and J. Baird, of Bedley Lime Works), went down to the pit at the usual time. In consequence, however, of their entertaining a suspicion that fire damp bud accumulated in the workings, they delayed pro,::eed ing to their work until the arrival of the overseer, who came down the shank about eight o'clock. On finding the workmen congregated at the pit bottom, and learn ing the cause, he taunted them with cowardice, and told them to follow him; upon which he and several of the workmen, with naked lamps, proceeded into the sus pected workings, the consequence of which was a terrific explosion, which destroyed the lives of the overseer and two of his companions, severely scorched other three, and by its force tore a part of the pit-head frame from its fastenings, and threw it to a considerable dis tance. It is said that the pit had not previously been much disturbed by fire damp, but, on the day before the accident, part of the workings had blasted, by which a man was burned, which gave rise to the fears of the workmen.—Airdrie Advertiser. NEW ZEALAND The following is an extract from a private letter:— "NELSON, APRIL 2C,, 1846. " I have not written to you very lately because the subjects of most interest to us here have been principally furnished by your Parliamentary debates, which showed a much better acquaintance with our circumstances and a warmer interest in our affairs than we had ever looked for. Neither did I think it worth while to send you any account of the doings in the north, at Auckland, or the Bay of Islands, for our acquaintance with them was gained through the newspapers only, and very often more than two months after the event, when, from the frequent communications with Sydney, it was probable the news was already half way home. But within the last few weeks we hava had a visit from our new Governor Captain Grey, and a communication from the directors of the New Zealand Company; and we have been as much pleased with the Governor as dissatisfied with the manner in which the company seems disposed to treat us and our claims upon it. Beginning, as in duty bound, with the higher powers, I, for one, and I believe the feel ing is pretty general, am heartily glad that Government did not entertain the idea of making up a little kingdom for the New Zealand Company. When the British empire becomes too great for its rulers to manage, let them acknowledge it, and, as Cromwell said," give place to better men ;" and such an arrangement would have looked very much like a confession of incapacity. I must own too that I do not see why, because I am a few thousand miles off, I should give up my privileges as an Englishman, or be turned over to any such delegated authorities. Not, however, that lam at all enamoured of our Colonial-office ; but then I see that they can be and are called to account when they go wrong, and how ever strongly they may be defended in public, we reap the benefit of the discussion in various ways, even up to a complete change of men, measures, and general policy. In this case, not before it was wanted, though I believe nothing short of the thorough-going way in which Capt. Fitzroy attempted to carry out the theory of ruling the New Zealanders by moral influence, without physical force, would have convinced the good people at home of its impracticability. According to the old routine, we ought now to have a trial of the opposite met h o d , v i z., physical force without moral influence; but I hope better things from our present Governor. We have no in dications as yet of the policy he intends pursuing ; but I think he will have to modify his Australian plans very considerably before they will be adapted to New Zea land. He has for the present put an end to the war in the north by granting the insurgent chiefs easy condi tions, which they will very likely not observe. He has also, by bringing an imposing force down to Wellington, expelled the intruders from the Hutt Valley ; but between these or any such acts, by which he puts a stop to or punishes positive aggressions, and a systematic determination to subject the Maoris to British law, there is a very wide and serious difference. I expect they will require one or two much severer lessons than any they have yet had before they will be impressed with such a respect for our power as will be sufficient to keep them quiet, even supposing no interference to be attempted with them generally ; but if it is determined to treat them at once as British subjects, under British laws, to do this with any success would, in the opinion of many of the Auckland people required the force now here to be trebled at least ; and then the question would naturally arise whether the object in view were worth attaining at such an expense, or even whether the employment of such means for such an end were advisable or justifiable at all ; especially, when, as it seems to me, you might attain the same end by a very different conduct. The fact is, the Government of this country was begun under false impressions. From looking at a New Zealander, as another term for an irreclaimable cannibal, we went at once to the opposite extreme ; and from the accounts which came home of them, thought, as our subjects were ready made, all that we had to do was to find a gover • nor. We have now learnt that truth, as usual, lies some where between these two opinions. The natives are, no doubt an improving and improvable race, with much to like and even admire in their character ; teachable and intelligent ; but then I must be allowed to doubt, or even to deny, that Christianity has done more for them in twenty years than it has for ourselves in many centu ries ; without, on that account, being set down as an enemy either to the natives or their missionary teachers. We have been in too great a hurry for results, and for gotten that men were not things, to be moulded and fashioned at our will into the form we might think best ler them ; and that not by deg rees , by little and little, l b e u n t v i a n l g l a t the o n o c o e l . 0 n i H s t o s w t o e v fi e n r d , o o u u r t G h o o w . e r a t; really n n the e s m s a i d r s y t t of h the e i n w a e t l i f v a e re p , o placed i o h n f w s e h l f o 4 , O h O e s miles on g ca o m re e rn o i u n t i was found out, had no ideas of being governed by him, and who have since proved it by actions more and more une quivocal. Their idea of what you have talked so much about, and we hear so little now, the treaty of Waitangi, was, that they gave us permission to settle among them, which, to do them justice, they are as anxious for as ever, and that the Queen's sovereignty was a shadow, whilst they kept the reality, a definition which, at the time, was thought a good one. Are we then now to con vince them that our's is the correct interpretation by bullets and bayonets ? I suppose it would be done if there were anything to be gained by it ; but here I see no other result than an expenditure of some 200,0001. or 300,0001. per annum ; and that would be rather an odd conclusion after deciding a few years ago that New Zea land was not worth colonising at all. If not, and the old policy is given up, there remains but one plan, viz.:—To govern the settlers well first, leaving the subjection and civilisation of the natives to follow as a natural and ine vitable consequence. With a compact and inexpensive government in Cook's Straits, the natives might be safely left to the care of the missionaries, with a threat of put ting a stop to all intercourse with them if they misbe haved themselves. This, with the offer of support and protection to those tribes that were peaceably disposed, and willing to conform to such regulations as the Gover nor might dictate, wo u ld, I b el i eve, offer the fairest chance of bringing them all under our authority in the only way they are worth having at all, that is with their own free consent, given from a conviction of the advan tages they would themselves derive from it. There would be a clamour among the Auckland people, and some few cases requiring compensation ; but the mer chants there are branches of Sydney houses, attracted by the expenditure of Government and the troops, as well as the native trade, which is considerable. They have all along considered themselves dependent on the good will of the Maoris, and the old settlers declared they were much better off before the Governor came among them. The good land in the north is also fully occupied already by the natives, whilst here we have an extensive and va luable field for colonisation without an inhabitant. Many other reasons for such tt chang e occur t o me ; b u t what I have said will be sufficient to show you how com pletely I look on the value of your investment here, or those of any New Zealand land proprietors, as de pendant on the line of policy adopted by Government ; or whether our rule is to be forced upon the natives, or be gradually introduced among them. In the one case, with our beautiful climate, fertile soil, and great natural advantages, I see nothing to prev ent our b ecoming a very flourishin g community ; in the other, your investments must lie dormant to the next generation. You may, perhaps, thi n k m y own position he re h as g i ven me *lilts on this questi on ; but, it s?, it is a bias without a cause ; since all the effect I can discern from such a change on my own interests would be to raise the price of my tea and sugar ; and as to personal security, we Nelsonians consider the doings in the Northern Island much as the residents at Boulogne would an outbreak at Edinburgh or Glasgow. Our settlement is going on quietly, stea dily, and well, although terribly out of humour with the Company for attempting to evade its obligations towards us ; a line of conduct, which, if persevered in, will pro dnce an appeal from the colonists to Parliament or the Court of Chancery. Ido not go into the particulars, as I send you two or three numbers of our last local news paper, which will give you the whole quarrel, and per haps amuse you besides. A RESIDENT AT NELSON. CURIOUS DISCOVERY AT MELTON.—It had always been remarked that the crops upon a particular spot in a fit ld situate in Melton, upon the confines of Ufford, a part of the estate of Mrs. Barker, of Ipswich, were more ein INl la Juxuriaritthan havingelsewhere beeu rg ; and c t Mrec t h e a htewchica Wickham market, upon th e grea t result, d ou bl e crops, & c., to b e derived fro m th e use o f hi s f a v our i te remedy for un f ru i t f u l soils, attenti on was more par ti cu l ar l y di rected to th i s li tt l e t k m h p a ion m of deepdraining, . oasis, and a few weeks back the labourers, after pulling some fine carrots, commence(' digging, with a view of examining the subsoil. They had not dug far before they found a considerable quantity of broken tiles, of an un usual size and thickness. One of them was submitted to the inspection of Mr. D. E. Davy, and afterwards of Mr. W. Whincopp, who immediately pronounced it to be of Roman manufacture ; and it was therefore re solved that the spot should be more fully examined, which was done on Friday week. A cutting was made about twenty feet wide and ten broad, and at the depth of about six feet a large quantity of plain tiles, twelve inches by nine inches in size, and three-quarters of an inch in thi c k ness, regularly laid over each other, were discovered, and some fragments with the edges inverted. At one corner of the cutting was found a large quantity of brick earth, moulded into the form of tiles, ready for burning, with layers of sand between each, sufficiently indicating the character of th e place—a tegularium, or place for making tiles. A stre ng pavement of carburetted earth formed a bottom, on which it is probable, as ashes were lying near, the tiles were burned. Some of them are in the possession of Mr. Whincopp, Woodbridge, and it is, we believe, intended to enlarge the cutting, when, possibly, something more valuable may be discovered. — Ipswich Journal. TILE NEW OFFICIAL RtSIDENCE OF THE HON COLONEL PHIPPS, PRIVAT% SECRETARY TO PRINCE ALBERT.—The Store Tower, or Wardrobe Tower (and sometimes called the " Bibl e T ower " ), but, in real i ty, Henry the Third's Tower, which is in the lower ward of Windsor Castle, and nearly opposite the Deanery, the residence for many years, until lately, of Lady Barring ton, will be the new official residence of the 'Hon. Col. Phipps, the recently -appointed Private Secretary to his Royal Highness the Prince Consort. This Tower will continue to be occupied by hir. Turnbull, Clerk of the Works at Windsor Castle (in the department of the Woods and Forests), until the Architect's Tower, which is now undergoing considerable alterations, by the addi tion of an extra story, is put into a habitable state for the occupancy of that official, when he will remove from his present residence, which will then be taken posses sion of by Colonel Phipps. Lady Barrington, who left Windsor Castle last summer, is now residing at Hamp ton Court Palace, where apartments were assigned to her ladyship by command of her Majesty. Mr. Anson, who will retain his appointment in Prince Albert's house hold, as Treasurer to his Royal Highness, will reside in the Norman Tower, formerly the official residence of Lady Mary Fox, the late Housekeeper of the State apart ments at the Castle. Dispatches were sent off last evening from the Colonial office, for the Governors of New South Wales and New Zealand. IN G, JA wr Y 1, 1847. BANK RETURNS. (From the Lost don Gazette of Tuesday.) An Account, pursuant , to the Act seventh and eighth Victoria, cap. 32, of the Average Amount of Bank Notes, of the seve cal Banks of Issue in England and .Wales, in Circulati on during the Week ending Satur day, the 12th day of Dec., 1846 : Average .PRIVATE BANKS. Amount. Abingdon 13aLZk, Abingdon—Rnapp and Co 23,686 Andover Bank, Ai adover—Heath and Co 14,094 Ashford Bank, As hford—Jemmitt and Pomfret 10,831 Aylshaes Bank, A .ylsham—R. and E. Copeman 5,145 Aylesbury Old Bank, Aylesbury—Rickford and Hunt Baldock Bank su, td Baldock and Biggleswade Bank, Baldock— -Wells. Hogg, and Lindsell... 35,538 Barnstaple Bank, .Barnstaple—DTake and Co. 12,690 Basingstoke and o,3ihare. Bank, Basingstoke-- Cole, Seymour, and Co. Bedtoid Bank, Bedford—T. Barnard Bedford and Bedfordshire Bank, Bedford— Trapp, Halfhead, and Co. Bevvdley Bank, Bewdley—Nichols, Baker, and Crane Bicester and Oxfordshire Bank and Oxford Bank, Biceiiter—Tubb, Wootten, and C0._... 26,343 Birmingham Bank, Birmingham—Attwoods, Spooner, and Co Birmingham and Warwickshire Bank, Birming ham--Lew is, Moilliett, and Co .... 16.929 Blandford Bank, Blandford—Bastard and Oak. 7,984 Boston Bank., Boston—Garfit and Co . 67,791 Boston Bank, Boston—Gee and Co 12,476 Bridgwater Bank, Bridgwater—E. &J. Sealey 7,496 Bristol Bank, Bristol—Miles, Harford, and Co. 38,597 Broseley and Bridgnorth, and Bridgnorth and Broseley Batik, Broseley—Messrs. Pritchard 24,158 Buckingham Bank, Buckingham—Bartlett, Parrott, and Co. Thiry and Suffolk Bank, Sudbury Bank, Market Bank, Bury--Oakes, Bevan, and Co 80,740 Bant.ury Bank, Banbury—Gillett and Tawney 43,100 Banbury Old Bank, Banbury—Messrs. Cobb 51,255 Bat:. City Bank, .Bath—Moger and Son Bedeordshire Leighton Buzzard Bank, Leighton Buzzard—Bassett and Grant 36,272 Birmingham Bank, Birmingham—Taylor and Lloyds Bradford Old Bank, Bradford, Yorkshire—H _ . and A. Harris Brecon Old Bank, Brecon—Wilkins and Co 67,586 Bridport Bank, Bridport—S. and W. E. Gundry 22,972 Brighton Union Bank, Brighton—Hall, West, and Borrer Burlington and Driffield Bank, Burlington— Harding, Smith, and Co Bury St. Edmunds Bank, Bury St. Edmunds— J. Worlledge and Co. 2,823 Bromsgrove Bank and Stourbridge and Broms grove Bank, Bromsgrove—Rufford, Biggs, and Co. 16,526 Cambridge Bank, Cambridge—Mortlock and Sons Cambridge and Cambridgeshire Bank, Cam bridge—Messrs. Forsters Canterbury Bank, Canterbury—Hammond and Co. Carmarthen Bank, Carmarthen—Morris and Sons Chertsey Bank, Chertsey—Messrs. La Coste Colchester Bank, Colchester—Round, Green, and Co. 20,658 Colchester and Essex Bank, Witham and Essex Bank, and Hadleigh Bank, Suffolk, Colchester —Mills, Bawtree, and Co Cornish Bank, Truro—Tweedy and Co Coventry Bank, Coventry—Little and Wood cock City Bank, Exeter—Milford and Co 20,322 Craven Bank, Settle—Birkbecks and Co. Christchurch Bank, Christchurch—Tice, Welsh, and Co Cardiff Bank, Cardiff—Towgood and Co 7,020 Chepstow Old Bank, Chepstow Bank, Mon mouth Old Bank, Monmcuth Bank, Brecon Bank, and Ross and Herefordshire Bank, Chepstow—Bromage, Snead, and Co. Derby Bank, Derby—Messrs. Evans Derby Bank, Derby—Smith and Co. Derby Old Bank and Scarsdale and High Peak Bank, Derby—Crompton, Newton, and Co 25,887 Devizes and Wiltshire Bank, Devizes—Hughes, Locke, and Co 18,643 Diss Bank, Diss—Oakes, Fincham, and Co 10,060 Doncaster Bank, Doncaster—Leatham, Tew, and Co. Doncaster Bank and Retford Bank, Doncaster— Cook and Co. Dover Union Bank, Dover—Latham, and Co — Darlington Bank, Durham Bank, and Stockton on-Tees Bank, Darlington—Backhouse, and Co 75,585 Devonport Bank, Devonport—Hodge and Nor- _ man Dorchester Old Bank and Dorsetshire Bank, Dorchester—Williams and Co. East Cornwall Bank, Liskeard—Robins, Foster, and Co. 104,128 East Riding Bank, Beverley—Bower, Hutton, and Co. Essex Bank and Bishops Stortford Bank, Chelmsford—Walford, and Co. 57,235 Exeter Bank, Exeter—Sanders and Co 29,878 Fakenham Bank, Fakenham—Gurneys, Birk beck, and Co. Farringdon Bank and Bank of Wantage, Far ringdon—Barnes and Medley 8,423 Farnham Bank, Farnham—Messrs. Knight 12,545 Faversham Bank, Faversham—Hilton and Co 5,968 Godalming Bank, Godalming—Mellersh and Keen V Grantham Bank, Grantham—Kew•ney and King 18,979 Guildford Bank, Guildford—Messrs. Haydon 12,907 Grantham Bank, Grantham—Hardy and Co 29,994 Hastings Old Bank, Hastings—Smith, Hilder, and Co. 33,549 Hereford City and County Bank, Hereford— Matthews and Co. Hertfordshire Bank and Ware Bank, Ware— S. Adams and Co. Hull Bank and Kingston-upon-Hull Bank, Hull —Smith, Brothers, and Co. Huntingdon Town and County Bank, Hunting don—Rust and Veasey Harwich Bank, Harwich—Cox, Cobbold, and Co 5,588 Hemel Hempstead Bank, Hemel Hempstead— Smith, and Whittingstall . . 23,476 lloniton Bank, Honiton—Flood and Co. 13,946 Hertfordshire, Hitchen Bank, Hitchen—Sharples and Co. 37,569 Hereford. Ross, and Archenfield Bank, and Ross and Archenfield Bank, Hereford—Morgan, Hoskins, and Co 24,348 Ipswich Bank, Ipswich—Bacon and Co. Ipswich and Needham Market Bank, Suffolk, Hadleigh Bank, Manningtree and Mistley Bank, and Woodbridge Bank, Ipswich— Alexanders and Co. Kentish Bank, Maidstone—Mercer, Randall, and Mercer Kington and Radnorshire Bank, Kington—J lfavies and Co v Knighton Bank, Knighton—J. Davies and Co 7,401 Knaresborough Old Bank and Ripon-Old Bank, Knaresborough—Terry and Co 20,265 Kendal Bank, Kendal—Wakefield, Crewdson, _ and Co. Kettering Bank, Kettering-0 otch and Sons 8,774 Lane End Staffordshire Bank, Lane End—C llarycy and Son Leeds Bank, Leeds—Beckett and Co 49,615 Leeds Union Bank, Leeds—W.Williams, Brown, and C.). 34,591 Leek and Staffordshire Bank, and Leek and Congleton Bank,Leek—Fowler,G aunt, and Co. 1,076 Leicester Bank, Leicester—Pagets and Kirby 30,636 Lewes Old Bank, Lewes—Molineux and Co 38,035 Lichfield Bank, Lichfield—Palmer and Green 16,630 Lincoln Bank, Lincoln—• Smith and Co 86,406 Llandovery Bank and Llandilo Bank, Llando very—David Jones and Co. Loughborough Bank, Loughborough—Middle tons and Cradock Lymington Bank, Lymington—C. and S. St. Barbo Lynn Regis and Lincolnshire Bank, Lynn Regis —Gurneys and Co. 40,368 Lynn Regis and Norfolk Bank, Lynn Regis— Massey and Co. Macclesfield Bank, Macclesfield—Brocklehurst and Co 10,895 Manningtree Bank, Man ningtree—Nunn and Co 6,945 Marlborough Bank, Marlborough and Wilts Old Bank, Marlborough Old Bank, Marl borough Old Bank and Hungerford Bank, and Hungerford Bank, Marlborough—Tanner and Pinckney 14,181 Marlborough and North Wiltshire New Bank, Marlborough—Ward, Merriman, and Hillier 10,496 Merionethshire Bank, Dolgelly—Jones and Williams Miners' Bank, Truro—Willyums and Co 17,428 Monmouthshire Agricultural and Commercial Bank, Abergavenny—Baileys and Co 27,034 Monmouth Old Bank, Monmouth Bank, Brecon Bank, Chepstow Bank, Chepstow Old Bank, and Ross and Herefordshire Bank, Monmouth —Bromage and Snead. 16,163 Monmouthshire Newport Old Bank, Newport —W. Williams and Sons 8,378 Newark Bank, Newark—Godfreys and Hutton 28,298 Newark and Sleaford Bank, and Sleaford and Newark Bank, Newark—Handley, Peacock, and Co Newbury Bank, Newbury—Bunny and Slocock 33,196 Newmarket Bank, Newmarket—Eaton, Ham mond, and Son 19,665 Norfolk and Suffolk Bank, Diss—Taylor and Dyson 2,931 Norwich Crown Bank, Norwich—Harveys and lludsons 47,714 Norwich and Norfolk Bank, Norwich—Gur neys and Co 69,360 Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Bank, Not tingham—Hart, Fellows, and Co 10,427 Nuneaton Bank, Nuneaton—Craddcock and Co 4,954 Naval Bank, Plymouth—Harris, Mudge, and Co 23,856 New Sarum Bank, Sarum—Hetley, Everett, and Co Nottingham Bank, Nottingham—Smith and Co 27,563 Oswestry Bank and Oswestry Old Bank, Os westry—Croxon and Co 16,239 Oxford Bank, Oxford—J. and R. Morrell 13,648 Oxford Old Bank, Oxford—Robinson, Parsons, and Thompson Old Bank Tonbridge, Tonbridge and Tonbridge Well.. Cld Bank, Tonbridge and Tonbridge Wells and Sevenoaks Bank, Tonbridge— Seedling and 59T15.,. ........... HUM 105....,04atar 11,454 Oxfordshire Wit ne y Bank Witney-Williams, Average Atrwnt Clinch, and Co 11,696 Pease's Old Bank, Hull, the Hull Old Bank and Beverley Bank, Hull-Pease and Co 45,123 Penzance Bank, Penzance-Batten and Co 11,149 ?ezerborough Bank and Oundle Bank, Peter borough-Messrs. Yorke Peterborough Bank, Peterborough-Simpson, White, and Simpson 9,871 Pembrokeshire Bank, Haverfordwest-J. and W. Walters Penzance Union Bank, Falmouth Bank, and Truro Bank, Penzance-Rickets, Enthoven, and Co Reading Bank, Reading-Simonds and Co 35,494 Reading Bank, Reading-Stephens,Blandy, and Co 37,510 Richmond Bank, Richmond-Stapleton and Co 6,395 Ringwood and Poole Bank, and Town and County of Poole Bank, Ringwood-Ledgard and Sons Rochdale Bank, Rochdale-Clement, Royds, and Co 3,850 Rochester, Chatham, and Strood Bank, Roches ter-Day and Nicholson 9,275 Romsey and Hampshire Bank, Romsey-Foot ner and Son Royston Bank, Royston-Fordham and Sons 17,168 Rugby Bank, Rugby-Butlin and Son 11,485 Rye Bank, Rye-Curteis, Pomfret, and Co 21,697 Reigate and Darking Bank, and Reigate, Croy don, and Darking Bank, Reigate-Nash and Co 12,180 Ross Old Bank, Herefordshire, Ross-Pritchard and Ailaway 4,355 Saffron Walden and North Essex Bank, Saffron Walden-Messrs. Gibson Salop Bank, Shrewsbury-Burton, Lloyd, and Co 17,141 Scarb- rough Old Bank, 'Scarborough-Woodall am Co 23,729 Shrewsbury and Markel. Drayton Bank, Shrews- • bury-Adams, Maths, and Co 9,662 Shrewsbury Old Batik, and Shrewsbury and Ludlow Bank, Shrewsbury-Rocke, Eytons, and Co Sittingbourne and Milton Bank, Sittingbourne -Valiance and Son 2,911 Southampton Town and County Bank, South ampton-Maddignn and Son Southwell Bank, Suuthwell-Wylde and Co. St. Alban's Bank, St. Alban's-J. S. Story 2,978 Salisbury Bank, Salisbury-Messrs. Brodie 20,679 Shaftesbury Bank ; Shaftesbury-Brodie and King 8,252 Southampton and Hampshire Bank, Southamp ton-Atherly and Fall Stone Bank, Stone-W. Moore 5,989 Stourbridge Bank, Stourbridge Rufford, Wragg, and Co 15,489 Stafford Old Bank, Stafford-Stevenson and Co 12,988 Stamford and Rutland Bank, Stamford-Eaton, Cayley, and Co. . , Stourbridge Old Bank, Stourbridge-Bate and Robins Shrewsbury and Welshpool Bank, Shrewsbury -Beck, Downward, and Co. 25,287 St. Alban's and Herts Bank, St. Alban's-Gib son and Stuart 2,265 Taunton Bank, Taunton-Messrs. Badcock 27,901 Tavistock Bank, Tavistock-Gill, Rundle, and Co 12,068 Thornbury Bank, Thornbury-Rolph, Yates, and .„,,,'"`Parslow a 8,060 Tiverton and Devonshire Bank, Tiverton-Duns ford and Barne Thrapston and Kettering Bank, Northampton shire, Thrapston-Yorke and Eland 11,383 Tring Bank and Chesham Bank, Tring-But cher and Son Towcester Old Bank, Towcester-J. and S Percival Union Bank, Cornwall, Helston-Vivian and Co. 16,390 Uxbridge Old Bank, Uxbridge-Hull, Smith, and Co. 21,312 Wallingford Bank, Wallingford-Wells and Co. 8,596 Warwick and Warwickshire Bank, Warwick- Kelynge, Greenway, and Co. 26,625 Wellington Somerset Bank, Wellington-Fox, Brothers West Riding Bank, Wakefield, and Pontefract Bank, Wakefield-Leatham, Tew, and Co. Whitby Old Bank, Whitby-Simpson, Chap man, and Co 14,479 Winchester, Alresford, and Alton Bank, Win- Ntchester-Bulpett and Co. Winchester and Hampshire Bank, Winchester -Wickham and Co 5,375 Weymouth Old Bank and Dorchester Bank, Weymouth-Elliott and Pearse Wirkesworth and Ashbourne Derbyshire Bank, Wirkesworth-Arkwright and Co. Wisbech and Lincolnshire Bank, Wisbech- Gurney and Co. Wiveliscombe Bank, Wiveliscombe-P. and W Hancock Wolverhampton Bank, Wolverhampton-Good ricke and Holyoake. Worcester Bank, Worcester-Farley, Lavender, and Co. 12,536 Worcester Old Bank and Tewkesbury Old Bank, Worcester-Berwick, Lechmere, and Co 80,178 Worcestershire Bank, Kidderminster-Farley and Turner Whitby Bank, Whitby-Frankland and Wil- kinson - Walsall Old Bank, Walsall—CharlesFoster and Sons Warminster and Wiltshire Bank, Warminster-- Everett and Co. Wrexham Bank, Wrexham—J. and S. Kenrick 2,110 Wolverhampton Bank, Wolverhampton— Messrs. Fryer Yarmouth and Suffolk Bank, and Halesworth and Suffolk Bank, Yarmouth—Gurney, Birkbeck, and Co. . 54,967 Yarmouth, Norfolk, and Suffolk Bank, Great Yarmouth—Sir E. K. Lacon, Bart., and Co 13,654 Yeovil Old Bank, Yeovil—E. and J. Batten York Bank, York—Swann, Clouzh, and Co 44,815 JOINT-STOCK BANKS. Bank of Westmoreland, Kendal Barnsley Banking Company, Barnsley Bradford Banking Company, Bradford 48,447 Bilston District Banking Company, Wolver hampton Bank of Whitehaven, Whitehaven - 30,504 Bradford Commercial Banking Company, Brad ford Burton, Uttoxeter, and Staffordshire Union Banking Company, Burton-upon-Trent Chesterfield and North Derbyshire Banking Company, Chesterfield .. 9,375 Cumberland Union Banking Company, Work- ington Cheltenham and Gloucestershire Banking Com pany, Cheltenham Coventry and Warwickshire Banking Company, Coventry Coventry Union Banking Company, Coventry 13,971 County of Gloucester Banking Company, Chel tenham Carlisle and Cumberland Banking Company Carlisle Carlisle City and District Bank, Carlisle 19,226 Dudley and West Bromwich Banking Company, Dudley Derby and Derbyshire Banking Company, Derby 20,395 Darlington District Joint-Stock Banking Com pany, Darlington 22,318 td East Of England Bank, Norwich Gloucestershire Banking Company, Gloucester 147,483 Halifax Joint-Stock Bank, Halifax 17,555 Huddersfield Banking Company, Huddersfield 35,257 Hull Banking Company, Hull Halifax Commercial Banking Company, Halifax 12,041 Halifax and Huddersfield Union Banking Com pany, Halifax Helston Banking Company, Helston 1,405 Herefordshire Banking Company, Hereford 22,158 Knaresborough and Claro Banking Company, Knaresborough 25,265 Kingsbridge Joint-Stock Bank, Kingsbridge 4,027 Lancaster Banking Company, Lancaster 56,587 Leeds Banking Company, Leeds Leicestershire Banking Company, Leicester Lincoln and Lindsey Banking Company, Lincoln 49,121 Leamingtoa Priors and Warwickshire Banking Company, Leamington Priors I 12,657 Leeds and West Riding Banking Company, Leeds Leeds Commercial Bankinf , Company, Leeds 1,464 Ludlow and Tenbury Bank, Ludlow 9,314 Moore and Robinson's Nottinghamshire Bank ing Company, Nottingham 27,302 Nottingham and Nottinghamshire Banking Company, Nottingham Newcastle, shields, and Sunderland Union Joint- Stock Banking Company, Newcastle 73885 National Provincial Bank of England, Birming ham, Head-office, 112, Bishopsgat e - s t reet, London North Wilt!. Banking Company, Melksham ..... 58,725 Northamptonshire Union Bank, Northampton.. 81,673 Northamptonshire Banking Company, North- ampton - - 22,820 North and South Wales Bank, Liverpool 56,860 Pares's Leic2st( rshire Banking Company, Lei cester . Saddleworth Banking Company, Saddleworth 2,235 Sheffield Bankittg Company, Sheffield 35,700 Stamford, Spalding, and Boston Banking Com pany, Starmbrd Stuckey's Banking Company, Bristol Somerset shire Bank, and Somersetshire Bank, Lang port 324,484 Shropshire Banking Company, Shiffnall Stourbridge and Kidderminster Banking Com pany, Stourbridge Sheffield and lisilumshire Banking Company, Sheffield Sheffield and Rotherham Joint• Stock Banking Company, SLellicid Swaledale and Wensleydale Banking Company, Richmond ... Stockton and Durham County Banking Com pany, 5t0ckt0n...,.., Storey and Thomas's Banking Company, Shaftesbury 9,264 Sheffield and Retferd Bank, Sheffield ... Suffolk Bankint: Company, Ipswich Wolverhampton ao.l Staffordshire Banking Com pany, Wolverhampton 35,011 Wakefield and Barosley Union Bank, Wakefield 12,116 Whitehaven Joint Stock Banking Company, Whitehaven . 29,266 Warwick and Le. + Joir_gton Banking Company, Leamington 35 013 West of Englai.J 144 South Wales District 13ank,Briuol.. . ........ 78,2b8 Amount. Wilts alid Dor se t Banking Company, Salisbury 64,468 West Riding Union Banking Company, Hud dersfield Whitchurch and Ellesmere Banking Company, Whitchurch Worcester City and County Banking Company, Worcester.. . York Union Banking Company, York 65,102 York City and County Banking Company, York 88,841 Yorkshire Banking Company, Leeds P. DEANS, Registrar e f Bank Returns. Stamps and Taxes, December 26, 1846. 7,431 W(NICS by it+)LiElti' .1, i LTLVER WELL, A 1 , ,). One Shilling each, by nest One aud Aliments ON SINGLE and'MARItIED (An Original Medical History.' CONTENTS: Analysis of the Affections—Early Conventional Restraint—.hits direction—Marital Anticipations and Realities—Laws of Paternity- Maternal Influenre—Pheapmena. of Gestation—On Infelleitonaan' Infertile Unions—lncongruous Alliances—Lath Marriages— Loy Matches—Curiosities of Twenty-three Years' Medical Experts &c.' 2. On CHASTITY and its INFRINGEMENTS (An Essay for 1846.) " Of human ills and frailties I discourse, Those taught by nature, and by art acquir'd. Of grief's conceal'd, and disappointments keen, Whim young and gentle, the matured and sage, The lonely and the mated—all sustain. In kindly spirit, heroin counsel's giv'n, How health, how hope, how happiness to gain." 3. WHAT to EAT, DRINIC, arid AVOID With Diet Tables for all Complaints. Contents :—How to ensure perfect digestion, tranquil feeling good night's rest, a clear head, and a contented mind. By an servanee of the instructions herein container" the feeble, the veusly delica e, even to the most shattered constitution, mayacquitr the greatest amount of physical happiness, and reach is health full period of life allotted to man. " How we should live—what eat, what drink, what shin, To reach in health full threescore years and ten." These interesting little volumes, although bearing upon subjects e very delicate import, as their titles imply, will be found of immea• surable and general utility, for they tell of matters every living crea• tore able ti understani ought to know, but which information in these enlightened times, except that quality promulgated through questionab e hanrrels, is at a very terrible discount. In the exposition hereby offered of the till now hidden truths 1 nature, c t hunsan disappointments and their ways of relief, it is not contended that every reader shall become his or her own physician any more than their own lawyer, 7. - t:t it is insisted upon that we sheuld know the simple principles of. our own organization, the law whereby our existence and the issue thereof in their several healthy states depend, the duties that are expected of us in our individna capacities in the family circle, and the terms on which the health and happiness of the present and future race of mankind have to rely. By such knowledge, and which is herein faithfully Imparted health will be found to be in our own keeping, and happines within the attainment if all ; by the availment hereof in nalfilling our duty to ourselves, we secure the like advantages on our offspring to follow, and finally by the cultivation of our faculties, which is in consistent with degenerate health, the mind as well as the body may be exalted to the summit of perfection, as best becomes the kighes of God's creations. The author's justification for this seeming eulogy et his own writ ings, and the avowal of their integrity of purpose, must be measured by their perusal—his accredited qualifications guarantee that the topics broached involve his legitsmate study and rotund To be had of =lierwood, 23, Paternoster-row; Csrvalk 147. Fleet-street; Hannay, 63, Oxford. street ; Mann, 39, Cornhill; at direct from the Author, 10, Argyle -place, Regent-street (leading t Great Marlborough-street), who may be advised personally en them• matters daily till Three, and in the Evenings from Seven till Nine. • A POPULAR TREATISE on the HEALTH, LIFE, and VIGOUR of the BODILY FUNCTIONS. NINETEENTH EDITION price 2s. 6d. ; Free by Pest (in a Seale Envelope) 3s. 6d., THE SILENT FRIEND. A Medical Work on the loss of the reproductive powers, with means of restora tion. The baneful effects of Indulgence, neglected Strictures, Se condary Symptoms, &c., are fully pointed out. Illustrated by En gravings ; followed by observations on Marriage. By R. and L. PERRY and Co., Consulting Surgeons, London. Published by the Authors, and may be had at their residence. Sold by Strange, No. 21, Paternoster-row; Gordon, 146, Leadenhall street ; Purkis, Compton-street, Soho ; Hannay and Co., 63, Oxford. street, and 37, Ro3 al Exchange , and all booksellers. Part I. of this Work is particularly addressed to those who are prevented from forming a Matrimonial Alliance, through fear of cer tain disqualifications, and will beround an available introduction to the means of perfect and secret resteration to manhood. Part 11. treats perspicuousl3 upon those forms of diseases, either in their primary or, secondary state, arising from infection, showing how numbers who neglect to obtain competent medical aid, entail upon themselves years of misery and suffering. The CORDIAL BALM OF SYRIACUM is exclusively directed to the cure of nervous and sexual debility, irregularity, weakness, bar renuess, loss of appetite, indigestion, consumptive habits, and debili ties arising from venereal excesses, &c. Price I Is. and 335. per bot tle. The Five-pound cases may be had as usual. The CONCENTRATED DETERSIVE ESSENCE. An anti syphilitic remedy for searching out and purifying the blood from ve• nereal contamination, scurvy, blotches en the head, face, and body ulcerations, and those painful affections arising from improper treat ment, secondarysymptoms, and all eruptions of the skin. r 11s and 335. per bottle. • PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS, price 2e. ed., 48. id., and l le. per box, are the most effectual remedy for strictures, ia. flarnmation, irritation of the bladder, er.o., without hindrance to business. Consultation fee, if by Letter, IL A minute detail of cue is Ira cessary. Messrs. Perry are in daily attendance at their residence / 19, Bernars-street, Oxford-street, London, from eleven till two. aRa five till eight; and on Sundays from eleven till twelve. ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH AND MATURITY. WITH TWENTY-FIVE COLOURED ENGRAVINGS. Just publlshed, Twentieth Thousand, In a sealed envelope, pried 2s. 6d. or post paid, to any address, f or 3 5 . 6d . I n P ostage Stamps , direct from the Author's residence. ELF- PRESERVATION: A Medical Treatise L 7 on the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Maturity illuerated with Twenty-five Coloured Plates en the Anatomy Physiol MY, and Diseases of the Urinary and Reproductive Organ" , explaining their various structures, uses, and functions, and showing the injuries that are produced in them, by solitary habits, and etil. exc.sses. With Practical Observations on the Treatment of Noryott Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and other diseases 0 the Urethra. By SAMUEL LA'MERT, 'di. LING SURGEON, 9, Bedford-street, Bedford-square, London; Matriculated Member of the Uni vers i ty et Edinburh, Honorer/ Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate Apothecaries' Hall, London, &c., &e. CONTENTS OF THE TREATISE. CHAPTER 1. On the Philosophy of Marriage, with its Hindrance( and° bligations, and on Infelicitous an 4 Unproductive Unions.—• CHAPTER 2. On the Anatomy and Physiology of the Generative Organs, their functions, structures, and secretions, proving that great Mental and Physical Power are dependant upon their healthy action —CHAPTER. 3. On Solitary Habits; their various effects on the Animal Economy; the concealed cause of Debility of the functions of the Stomach, Lungs, and Brain, and general weakness of the Mental Faculties. CHAPTER 4. On the Secret Disorders of Tawas and Maturity, and the Treatment of Nervous and Local Weakness. Mental Debility, and Premature Decay.—CrierTitas 5 and 6. 01 the Disorder: arising from indiscnminato Excess, Gonnerhcel Gleet, Strictures, and other Diseases of the Urethra. KEVIEWS OY TUX WORK. "The author of this singular and talented work is a legally quail fled medical man, who has evidently had considerable experience sl the trr Itment of the various disorders arising frem the lollies auP frailties of early indiscretion. The engravings are an Invaluable ad (titian, by demonstrating the consequences of excesses, which mumt act as a salutary warning to youth and maturity, and by its peruts many questions may be satisfactorily replied to, that admit t no ap peal, even to the most confidential friend."—Era. Published by the Author, and may be had at his residence; OS from Kent and Richards, 52, Paternoster-row; Hannay and Co., 63. Oxford-street, Starle, Tichbome-street, Quadrant; (lonian, 146, Leadenhall-street, London; Newton, 16, Church-street, Liverpool and by all Booksellers. At - Home for Consultation daily, from Nine till Two, and from Five till Eight ; and all letters immediately replied to, if containing the fee of H., for advice, &c.-9 BEDFORD-STREET BEDFORD SQUARE. LONDON [ADTERTISEMENT.]—COUGH., COLDS, A STHMAS, AND WHEEZINGS ON THE CHEST CURED BY HOLLOWAY'S Pmts.—When no other medicine will afford the least relief in coughs and colds, Holloway's Pills will almost immediately effect a cure in any case, however desperate ; and what is more extraordinary, asthmas and wheezings, even of several years' standing, may be completely got rid of by following the directions which accompany each box of this celebrated medicine. Many who are nearly at death's door, not being able to lay down in their beds, fearing to he choked with phlegm, have had, by their means, asthmatic complaints so effec tually eradicated, that not the least symptoms remained.—Sold by all druggists, and at Professor Holloway's, 244, Strand, London. BIRTHS. On the 27th Oct., the lady of Captain Archibald Park, 29th Regiment Bengal, Native Infantry, of a son. On the 20th ult., at Sherborne, Dorset, the lady of James Edward Bradshaw, Esq., of a son. On the 20th ult., at Hurdcott, 'Wilts, the lady of the Rev. Charles R. Davy, of a daughter. On the 28th ult., at Crescent-place, Mornington•crescent, the wife of Frederick L. Slous, Esq., of a son, still-loran. On the 29th ult., in Clarges-street, Mrs. Robert Philli. more, of a daughter. On the 29th ult., Mrs. William Parry, York-grove, Peck. ham, of a son. On the 29th ult., in Leadenhall•street, Mrs. William Hawes, of a son. On t'he 30th ult., at the Grove, Highgate, the wife of F. Smith, Esq., of a son. On the 30th ult., at Streatham, the wife of Robert Field, Esq., of a son. On the 24th ult., in Grosvenor-square, Mrs. Brougham, of a daughter. On the 25th ult, at Calchully House, Inverness-shire, the lady of William James Snodgrass, Esq., of a son. On the 25th ult., at Miserden Rectory, Gloucestershire, Mrs. Yarnton Mills, of a daughter. At the Rectory, Compton-Martin, Somerset, the lady of thu Rev. W. H. Cartwright, of a son. MARRIED. On the 28th ult., at St. James's, Holloway, John Baines, Esq , of Park -road, Holloway, to Jane Ann, eldest daughter of the late H. Hayward, Esq., of Chobbam, Surrey. DIED. On the l Gth ult., at Chatham, Captain Josiah Eyles Deere, 94th Regiment. Oa the 24th ult., Elizabeth, the wife of Mr. John Harnett, of Coppice. row, Clerkenwell. On the 26th ult., at Lower Garthmyl, Montgomeryshire, Edward Johnes, Esq., 11LD., aged 74. On the 28th ult. at Shirley, Hants, Willi am F re d er i c k Jekyll, Esq., late Lieutenant in her Majesty's 6th Foot. On the 28th ult., John Withers Clark, Esq., of Preshute, near Marlborough, Wilts, aged 54. On the 29th ult., at Lancaster, John Denis De Vitre, Esq., Lieutenant R.N., aged 90. On the 29th ult., at St. Peter's, Bedford, J; Rawlins, Esq. On the 29th ult., in Bedford-lane, Clapham, Thomas Stephenson, Esq , aged 72. OIONTIILY MILITARY OBITUARY. Generals. —Sir Martin Hunter, G.C.8., and G.C.H., Gover nor of Stirling; Michell J. Granby Clay. Lieut .Generals.—Dickenson, Royal Artillery; Shortall, late Royal Irish Artillery. Major-Generals.—Wahab, East India Company's service; Trewman, ditto. ' Colonels.—Grogan, half-pay, Corsican Rangers; J. F. Wade, C. 13., late of G renad i er Guar d s; T. H . Hastings Davies, late of 6th D ragoon Guards; Craig, h a lf- pay, 10 0t h Foot. Lieut,-Colonels.—Elwin, late of 44th Foot; Brooke Fir man; Stone, half-pay, 58th Foot; Hornsby, Royal Artil lery; Swaly, Royal Marines.Majors.—Trent, Royal Horse Guards; Troupe, East India Company' s service ; pi n t o , dit to. Captains. —Deere 94th Foot; Pipo n , R oya l E ng i neers, drowned i n Restigouche River, New Brunswick; Andrew Fraser, l a t e 7 th Veteran B atta li on (Fort Maj.) Inverness; Bowyer, h a lf- pay, 20th Dragoons; G regory, half-pay, 56th Foot ; D . 0. Stewart, half-pay, 2d Garrison Battalion ; Mal sen late Royal Artillery Drivers; Blagrave, ditto; John Morgan, late of Royal Marines; Sir Edw. Dodsworth, Bart., half-pay, 105th Foot. Lieutenants.— Firebrace, 21st Foot; Spa rrow , 31 st F oo t, on pas sage to Europe; Maher, 61st Foot ; R o b er t son , 80th Foot ; L ew i n , , Royal Marines; Da v i s , h a lf -pay 16th F oot; Brook e half-pay' 51st Foot; Liardet, Unattached; Reeves, late 2d Veteran Battalion ; Bremner, .ditto ; M'Arthur, ditto; Spinks, late 3d ditto; Appuhn, half-pay, 3d Line German Legill ; James Willis, late Royal Artillery Drivers. Ensign.—Thorne, 4th Foot, Ramptee. Quartermaster.—MacdonalC, Ceylon Regiment. Miseellancous.—Assistant Commander General Davidson, half-pay; Surgeon Hamilton, half-pay 46th Foot; Dr. Thompson, halt-pay Staff Surgeon ; Assistant-Surgeon Macready, 31st Foot; Assis ant-Surgeon Turnbull, 94th Foot, at sea; Veterinary Surgeon Robertson, 7th Hussars. --- Lon' , tun: Urinted and Published by AIUItDO YOUNG, of lie. 112, strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, No. 112, Strand, in the Pnoinet of the Savoy, in puny J, 1141. unary County of Kiddlegoz, Friday, Ja• Ai; or tl craft ilikre tape Th ta tc ."........ , rh of thl low(/' Deep: V 1 'al ti: 0.14 tear ore re tbat t uer ,:rll; , Clop obtai n Dee S' -~_ .--......... ikS4 ....... le ,_. A. ni Paying By 1 eCure bete either • Which ' ro. II Nervy ?ranch Sir Wa Thorns John E John C George Joha L Lewis I A. W. 1 Samuel N' This nil re kali, oil 'chime ale, ni I erects Assn 4tes. u __The "MI ens fob •ft eaol , ~ 1 4 0,100( The becem N Nett of Iriv due on next. erne, Zlover T: