The Sun. — London, England, 1857-03-19 00:00:00

iNEIV ' 41111111111111111‘.44. ,-0 -, .- 0 1 4 -1 :3 - A-'\ 1 • xterw . =and oil ctivu. Here al h 0 - A : _sr nil - 1. f 4, WI) - * • 4 7"qt', , ti , 4s, • at ji *. ar. : : 4 „,,e, not ' •4' 4ittnief ibestr >o:ts - . 7 7 1 ) 44' •- la •• ' 4 tiAll fr / 5 •tdirtil=e—tn-a Lirrta no't; t ) df Hely Fad I.vll - t x.. .erAtio , , 11 , 441 11 nif *°'; Tt\ s, - . U cs ! t, to up alVi that cke i , . • tho tnertsures adopted by tilt - ) Punta:, I Allitil'aird,tx ^if ger, "`= bear tharki of " • ilat MONT BLANC IS OPEN TO-NIGHT. , is roz ay, 3 ! wisTloul ' icaeo)n, and progroE4 that they, t have alreqd,y produced happy results ; iu short, that thoru. l is not a iirtgle dirtail of • intereet to the well-being eithc'i moral or orator LI of the populations which has escaped the attention of the government, or which has not been treated in a - favourable manner. L. W. S. WOODIN'S OLIO of ODDITIES, with New Costumes and v irious Novelties, Focal and Cha racteristic„ every evening (except Saturday) at Eight. A MORg -4 PER FORMANCE every SATURDAY, at Three. Privat e Boxes a nd StallB may be secured, without extra charge, at the Bo x-office, :(1 1 -4 " 1 "al l, King 'William-street, Charing-cross. The hall has entirely redecorated. LON DON, THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 19, 1857. (No. 20,202.) [PRICE, 41-1: STAMPED s r; IF GENERAL TOM THUMB performs Daily at g .„ " . PRINCE OF WALES BAZAAR, 209, Regent - str eet, from 8 4 Twit Twelve to T w o, Half-past Three to Five, and ha lf- P ast ban " t° Nine o'clock, introducing, among numerous New Songs, and Imitations," Villiklns" and “Robbin Around.,, p a has l'Peared Three Times before her Majesty. Admission, Is. and 2s. vernment, war against Austria, is their programme. They say that they are a numerous body, and aro ready to act, but they never keep their word. Directed by the committee of London and Geneva, their watchword for the present is accounts, when the matter is to verify the exact application of the regulations established beforehand by the budget, its decisions have the force of law. Every year the state ac counts, and 'all the projects which whether nearly or re motely are connected with finance, are placed before it by the Ministers. For the first time in the history of the Pon tifical States, we have seen the howl depositaries of power compelled to give an account of their doings to the represen tatives of the nation. For the first time, the public ac counts have been properly published at the commencement of the time of their application, and consequently subjected to the control of the nation itself. Municipal organisation bas been, at the same time, the object of a complete reform. Local interests occupy much of the attention of the Italian mind, and are the object of marked predilection. It would be difficult to respond more completely to this want than has been the case in the new organisation. • The most highly taxed inhabitants of the commune, to gether with those who have acquired high degrees in the university, form together an electoral body, which have the direct nomination of the municipal councillors. The latter in their turn prepare, by the mode of election, a list of candidates, from which the Government chooses the members of the provincial council. The latter, in the same way, make a list of persons from which the Holy Father selects members of the Consulta of State. fur Finance. A groat latitude both in the creation and expenditure of re sources is loft both to the communal and to the provincial councils. PUBLICATIONS. REPO hT FROM THE FRENCH EN ra Y AT ROME TO THE I?Elvell MINISTER FOR FOREIGN AFFAIRS. GORDON CUMMING, the LION HUNTER, til e or will Rive his new and popular ENTERTAINNIF.NT, descrip every. his EXPLOIT-% and ADVENTURF.S in SOUTH AFRICA 110,z venI nR', except Saturday, at R. MORNING REPRESF;NTA peo every s x . r ",„ at 3 o'clock. The Lion llunter s Bush entertainment. t brnli the great Kalahari Desert, will appear incidental to the ad ,,nment. Plano by Mr. ',Tarries Wilson. Area, Is ; reserved four * a .; stalls (which may be taken daily between eleven and at the Museum), 35.-232, Piccadilly. NEW NOVEL BY THE AUTHOR OF " EMILIA WYNDHAM. " Just ready, in 3 vols., rip E ROSE OF AS HURST. AL By the Author of "Emilia Wyndham," " Two Old Men's Tales," tic. Hurst and Blackett, Fublishers, successors to Henry Cclburn. [Tli is extraordinary document bas been communi cated to us (Daily News) by an individual on whose truthfulness and honour we have the most implicit reliance. We are assured that it has been obtained in such a way as to preclude the possibility of any d( ception or mystification. Some numerical refer ences will be observed in the document. They indi cate passages to which answers were to have been appended in the form of notes. These notes were to have been forwarded to us by a private hand, as it would obviously have been unsafe to trust tr) the French post-office for their conveyance. Unfortu nately they have not yet reached us; and the near approach of the dissolution of Parliament appears to render the immediate publication of the re port imperative. The notes shall be published as soon as we receive them. Some comments of our own on this astonishing document will be found in our second " leader" of this day. We think it will be universally admitted to be, in its way, unsur passed in the annals of diplomacy.] quiet and inaction until tke return of their chiefs by means of an amnesty, and the departure of the foreign troops gives them an opportunity of operating with a chance of success (14). This section extends to a certain portion of the middle class. This class, and the higher classes in ge _ THE NEW NOVEL, THE SECOND WIFE, Is new ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols. " The plot is well worked out, and there arc in the book passages of great power."—Herald. Hurst and Blaekett, Publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough-street. neral, are tormented with the desire of taking a part in public affairs. The example of Piedmont is turning their heads. A constitution a r Anglaise is in their eyes marvellously a•iapted both to the manners and wants of the country. They desire for themselves and for their country a great _ARGYLL ROOMS.-LATIRENT'S CASINO, R oen ... G reat Windmill-street, St. James's. — The above elegant Liam now open every evening for the winter swop, with li on r c : , a celebrated Orchestra. Principal Cornet-a -piston, M. fashi on nrt • The Proprietor begs to inform the public that this recess,. able place of resort has been entirely redecorated during the sitn o n . /)° ",_, r s open at half-past eight, commence at nine. Admis- NEW VOLUME.-CONTINRATION OF ALISON'S HISTORY ROYAL SURREY GARDENS. A GRAND CLASSICAL CONCERT, in aid Tau / 41 1 1e Funds of the EARLY CLOSING Y Eyening, the 19th inst. See Placards,A IceSSOCIATION , . JOHN LILWALL, Hon. Sec. OF EUROPE. This, day is pollshed, Vol. VI. of JL.E HISTORY OF EUROPE, from the Fall of Napoleon to the Acces.ion of Louis Napoleon. By Sir ARCHIBALD ALISON, Bart., D.C. L. Vols. I. to V. may be had, in decoy Svo., uniform with the Library Edition of the " History of Europe from the French Revolution to the Battle of Waterloo." Price 15s. each. William Blackwood and Sons, Edinburgh and London. THE EDINBURGH REVIEW, No. CCXIV., will be published on Thursday, April 2d and therefore ADVERTISEMENTS intended for insertion are regnested to be forwarded to the Publishers immediately. Advertisements cannot be received later than Thurs d ay next; Bills received until Saturday, 28th inst. London: Longman, and Co., 39, Paternoster-row. (Copy.) ROME, MAY 14, 1856. ROYAL SURREY GARDENS. • THE EARLY CLOSING ASSOCIATION r and , w ill five a GRAND CLASSICAL CONCERT, In aid of its . 4 8 c at th e Music Hall, Royal Surrey Gardens, THURSDAY Even antlrete 19th Inst., at 8 o'clock. (Doors open at 6.30.) M. Jullien's -....,,,, splendid Orchestra, with the following distinguished artistes : Tie7Dolby Miss Arabella Goddard, ani MISS LOUISA Vinning. et3* Is. , 25., and 3s. each, to be bad at M. Alnico's, 214, Re rent -at reet ; the Offices of the Association, 3 5 , Ludgate-hill, &C., Sec. umber limited. JOHN LILWALL, Hon. See. r 0 rBE SOLD, for 221., cost 50 guineas, a GEN nold TLEMAN'S GOLD POCKET C HRONOMETER, by At, of the finest possible construction a n d finish, modern in style andwi guaranteed perfect in condition. It h as ei g ht jewels, ename ea 86 0. May be seen at Wales and 31`Cu loch's, 32, Ludgate .....2t. near st. Paul's. SECURE INVESTMENTS. —Messrs. R. nORLEY and Co., 48, Threadneedle-street, Sworn Stock, Share, Ind ilfinina Brokers, will be happy to forward a list of carefully selected th-rities, paying good di vide o ds, to those who may favour them with r business, and to advise them on the safest mode of investing their capital. Business transacted in the English Funds at 1-16th Per cent.. and in all Stocks, Railway and Mining Shares, on the most r easonable terms. A se l e cted list of dividend-paying (from 12 to 20 Per cent.) and progressive mines to be had personally or per letter. BANK OF DEPOSIT, N•. 3, PALL-MALL EAST, LONDON. Established A.D. 1844. Parties desirous of INVESTING MONEY are requested to examine the plan of the Bank of Deposit. Prospectuses and Forms for Opening Accounts sent free on appli cation. PETER MORRISON, Managing Director. INSTITUTED IN THE REIN OF QUEEN ANNE, A.D 1714. UNION ASSURANCE SOCIETY, FIRE, LIFE, AND ANNUITIES. OFFICES -81. eOrrihill, and 70, Baker-street, London ; College-green, Dublin ; Gronengen-street, Hamburg ; Bristol, Liverpool, and Manchester. The Premises in Cornhill being now rebuilt, the business will in Mut', be carried on therein. The Receipts for Fire Policies falling due at Ladyday are now :7 4 aY at the Head Offices in London, and at the respective Agencies the country. WM. B. LEWIX, Secretary. SALE OF OLD STORES AT CHATHAM. ADMIRALTY, SOMERSET-PLACE, 17th March, 1857. THE Commissioners for Executing the Office of . Lord High Admiral of the United K in g dom of Great Britain A tau Ireland, do Hereby Give Notice, that on TUESDAY. the 28th A Driinext.at 11 o'clock in the forenoon, the Captain Superintendent ob 74 i or Put uP to sale, in her Majesty's Doc k Yard at Chatham, several OLD STORES ; jtat i , s ting of old Rope leablelaid and havrserlaid), Shakings, Canvass 3.rungs Lead Ashes, ()chain, Hemp Tyers and Rakings, &e., B;e., all ..ns in Me said Yard. rersons vrishing for to view the Lots must apply to t he Su p erintendent notes of admission for that purpose. VArd Catalogues and Conditions of Sale may be ha d here and at the SALT and Co.'s EAST INDIA PALE and N- 7 BURTON ALES. BRE/mt.-BURTON-ON-TRENT. STONES : LONDON.. • • •••••••• LIVERPOOL .. • ........ •• MANCHESTER .. • • 37, Rrown-street. SHEFFIELD l2, George-street. BIRMINGHAM ..• Old Court-house, High-street. BRISTOL.. .• •• DUBLIN ll, Temple-lane. EDINBURGH GLASGOW St. Vincent -place. rtott These Ales, in Casks of Eighteen Gallons and upwards,' and in le,•obtalned from all respectable Bottlers. JOZEATJ'S COPAHINE, or SACCHARATED CAPSULES, approved of by the French College of Physicians, snceessiblly administered In the Paris and London Hospitals, and acknowledged by them to be the best remedy for a certain disorder. (See " Lancet" of Nov. 6, 1852.) A copy will be forwarded on appli cation.—Price per 100, 4s. 6d. ; 50, 2s. 9d. To be had of the inventor, GAIMIEL JOZEAU, sole French chemist, 49, Haymarket, London, sold all the principal chemists. CANCER HOSPITAL, London and West Brompton.—Fleeretsulr's Office. 167, Piccadilly. — This Institu tion has been established exclusively for the treatmnt of the r afflicted with cancerous diseases. Out-door patients to attend at 167, Piccadilly, on Tuesdays, at 2 o'clock. In-door patients are admitted at the Brompton Establishment, for one month, and for a longer period If recommended by the medical officers. The number of par sons under treatment as in or out-door patients have averaged for the last three years about 400 cases each year. Since the foundation of this Hospital in 1851, 1,799 poor persons, suffering under every form of this dreadful malady, have received the benefits of this Charity. A Weekly Board manage its affairs, and every informa tion connected with the Institution may be obtained on application to the Secretary. Contributions to enable the Committee to continue this great work of benevolence are urgently solicited, and may be Paid to William Loxham Farrar, Esq., the Treasurer, 66, Lincoln's ; Messrs. Coutts and Co. , Strand ; and at the Secretary's unice.s, IC, Piccadilly. By order. W. J. COCKERILL Secretary. OYAL FREE HOSPITAL, Gray's-inn-road. Patron—The QUEEN. —Founded 1828. __ Th 6 sick poor are admitted on their own application alone; no re commendation is required. During the past month the following number received the benefits Of this Charity either as out or in-door patients, on their personal 6 PPlication Week ending 7th February ...... 2,095 Ditto 14th February .. •• .. 2,351 Ditto 21st February ... •.. 2,650 Ditto 28th February .... 2,890 Total in February 9,986 Cr 'which 3,379 were new cases, the remainder (still under treat ment) having been admitted previously. The clergy of all denominations have unlimited access to the Patients. Henry expenses are Inevitably incurred in affording Buell exten sive relief. The. Committee, therefore, earnestly entreat the aid of the public. The management of the Hospital is in the hands of 30 Governors, Yearly elected from the general list of subscribers, at the Annual General Meeting in January. A Board is held every Thursday, at 4 o'clock (Rev. J. B. Owen, Chairman), to conduct the business, when any subscriber may attend, if so disposed, the Board being at all times desirous of receiving suggestions or giving explanation. The Hospital is not endowed, but is wholly dependent on volun tary contributions and legacies, which are received by the Treasurer, John Ilasterman, Esq., M.P., Nicholas-lane ; also by Messrs. Coutts and Co.; Drummond and Co.; Berries and Co.; Ransom and Co. ; Preecott, Gr and and Co. ; Smith, Payn and Co.; Glyn Jones Loyd and Co.; Barclay and Co.; Den ! son and Co. ; Williams, Deacon, and Co. ; Overend, Gurney, and Co. ; Nisbet and Co., Ber hens-street ; Masterman and Co. ; and at the Hospital. Clothing for the destitute patients will he thankfully received. By order. J. B. OWEN, M.A.. Chairman. ON PHYSICAL DISQUALIFICATIONS, GENERATIVE INCAPACITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE. New and improved Edition, enlarged to 196 p a g es, illustrated by 100 Anatomical Coloured Engravings on Steel, just published, price, flee by poet, Is., THE SILENT FRIEND : A Medical Work on the physical exhaustion and decay of the frame, fl'om the effects of solitary indulgence, infection, and the injurious conse quences from the use of Mercury ; with observations on the obliga tions of marriage, and directions for obviating certain disqualifica tions. By R. and L. PFRRY and CO., Surgeons. Sold by J. Allen, 2 0. Warwick-lane. Paternoster-row; Sanger. 160, Oxford-street; and Gordon. 146, Leadenhall.strect, London. The CORDIAL BALM of SYRIACCM is employed to renovate the Impaired powers of life. Its action is purely balsamic ; its power in reinvigorating the frame in all cases of nervous and sexual 4e bllityZobstinate Sleets, impotency, barrenness, and debilities arising from venereal excesses, has been demonstrated by its unvarying success in thousands of cases. Price I is. per bottle, or four quan tities in one for 335., which saves lls. The CONCENTRATED DETERSIVE ESSENCE, an anti-syphi litic remedy, for purifying the system, and is recommended for any of the varied forms of secondary symptoms, such as eruptions on the skin, blotches on the head and face, enlargements of the throat, tonsils, and uvula ; threatened destruction of the nose, palate, &c. Its action is purely detersive. and its beneficial influence on the system is undeniable. Price I is. and 335. per bottle, also a saving Of I Is. PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS constitute an effec tual remedy in all cases of gonorrhma, gleet, stricture, and diseases of the urinary organs. Price 2s. 9d.. 4s. 6d , ani 1 Is. per box. Sold by Barclay and Sons, Farringdon-street ; Darby and Gosden, 140, Leadenhall-street ; W. Sutton and Co., 10, Bow-churchyard ; W. Edwards, 67, St. Paul's -churchyard ; J. Sanger, 150. Oxford street; Hannay and Dietrichsen, 63, Oxford-street; Butler and Ilarding, 4, Cheapside ; Front and Harsant, 229, Strand ; and all in 2dleine vendors throughout the United Kingdom. compyefistthead--- NOR AN Y N ERVOUS, BILIOUS, AND NO MORE PILLS DYBP"sIA9 N TTON, AND DEBILITY. OIL CONS'TIPATION, INDIGESTION, OTHER MEDICINE , miA, CousUMP mar „RESTOR LIVER COMPLAINTS, COUGH, ..• . HEAL I Li D U BARRY'S ARABI ~,,. laints and their ING REVALENTA s the above flatulency, disten es its delicious cost in other remedies, and cure aches, consequences, such as hemorrhoidal --,, nervous •-- at nd ears, Paiii. Mon, sehjity, heartburn, in the held a erup -rhoidalC hysteria. neuralgia, deafness, noises AaffFe7tio e shoulders, erysipelas,, scrofula, the pit of the stomach and between the oalpitation of the heart of the blood .gancy, &s, spleen, Lions of the skin, impurities and p overty .i ness during dropsy, rheumatism, gout, nausea and sic blushing , sifter eating, or at sea ; low spirits, involuntary - general debility, inquietude sleeplessness, stdy, loss of me paralysis, tremors, dislike to society, 'Witness for ustion, melan mory, delusions, vertigo, blood to the head, esha spasms, epileptic choly, groundless fear, wr etchedness. It is, as it never best food for infants and invalids generally, -- with a turns acid on the weakest stomach, nor interferes dinner, good liberal diet, but imparts a healthy relish for lunch and Moreover, the and restores the faculty of digestion and nervous and muscular energy.. to the most enfeebled. Supported by t estimonials from the celebrat ed Professor of Chemistry Dr Andrew Ure, Dr. Shorland, Dr .Har- Vey, Dr Campbell, Dr. Gattiker, Dr. Wurzer, Dr. Ingram, L ard Stuart de Decies, the Dowager Countess of castlestuart, and 50,000 other well-known individuals, whose health has been restored bY this useful and economical diet, after all other means had been tried in vain for many years, and all hopes of reeevery abandoned. Analysis by the celebrated Professor of Chemistry Andrew Ure A.D., F.R.S., Ste., &c. " London, 24, Bloomsbury -square. " I hereby certify, that having examined Du tarry's Revalenta Arabica I find it to be a pure vegetable Farina, perfectly whole (lndiges- some, easily digestible, likely to promote a healtisy action of the atomach and bowels, and thereby to counteract dyspepsia Hn), constipation, and their nervous consequences. ANDREW Ulm, M.D., F.R.8., &c., Analytical Chemist." Ukase by the Emperor of Russia, Russian Consulate General, London, Dee. 2,184. The Consul-General has bee n or d ered to inform Messrs. Ba7rry, Du Barry and Co., that the Revalenta Arabica they had sent to his Majesty the Emperor, has, by imperial Permission, been forwarded to the minister of the Imperial Palace, Suitably packed for all climates, and with full instructions. In canisters, Ilb 2s Od ; 21b 4s 6d ; slb lls , 121 b 22s ; super refined quality, Ilb 6s ; lb lls ; 51b 25s ; 101 b 335. The 101 b and 121 b eanis t era are mrwarded carriage free, on receipt of Post-016es order. Barry Du Barry and Co . 77, Regent-street, London; Fortniun, Mason, and Co., purveyors to her Majesty, 182, Piccadilly ; also at 50, Graceebureh•street ; 330 and 451, Strand; 4, Cheapside ; 68, Coruhill ; 49, I l lshopsgate-street ; 55. Charing-cross ; 54, Upper Bager-ptreet ; 63 and 150, Oaford-street, Price Three Pence. QAVINGS BANKS, their History, Laws, Inycstment, Management, Interest, Defalcations, Responsibility of Government, Trustees and Officials, Past Progress, and rresent Results; with Remedial Suggestions. By the Rey. J. BEAUMONT lIA.WKINS, B.A. London Longman, Brown, and Co. • Second Edition, Revised, octavo, 1 0s. 6 d., BACON'S ESSAYS, with Annotations by RICHARD WHITELY, D.D., Archbishop of Dublin. London : John W. Parker and son, West Strand. Two volumes, post Svo., 165., THE WEDDING GUESTS ; or, the Happiness of Life. By MARY C. HUME, Author of " The Brides maid," " Count Stephen," and other Poems. John W. Parker and Son, West Strand. Second Edition, 7s. 6d., KATE COVENTRY, an Autobiography. By G. J. WHYTE MELVILLE. By the same anther, DIGBY GRAND. Two Vol.. 18s. GENERAL BOLT vCE. Two Vols. 15s. London: John W. Parker and Son, West Strand. N.w ready, price Sixpence, CONSIDERATIONS on the CHINESE COALITION. By RICHARD WILDMAN, Esq., Recorder of Nottingham, and Author of "Institutes of Internationrl Law." James Ridgway, Piccadilly, and all booksellers. THE BADDINGTON PEERAGE : being his Lordship's Life; a story of the Best and the Worst Society by GEORGE A.UGUSTUS S&LA, author of " A Journey Due North," in Dicker,s's"Houschold Words," will be commenced in the" ILLUS TRATED TIMES" on Saturday next, and will be continued weekly until completed. The "Baddington Peerage" will be Illustrated by INDISPENSABLE to every letter writer in the 1. kingdom. Splendid IN stal District Map of London - size 2 feet 3 inches by 3 feet—to be issued to subscribers of the " Illus trated Times "on Saturday next. In this Map the names of all the streets are distinctly shown, and the Divisions of the New Postal Districts clearly defined. Although than exact counterpa. not only as regards size but in roint of minute flr , sh, of the map prepared for the use of the London and Pros incial Post-office, and which is s ld to the public at 55., it will be issued with the " ILLUSTRATED TIMES" at the price of an ordinary number of the pape , , namely, 21d., the price of the Newspaper and the Mip being 5d., or 7d. Ramped. Immediate orders should be given to the a;ents. Office, 148, Fleet-street, E.C. Now ready, price 2d., Part I. of FEIST'S RACING RECORD, containing a complete CALENDAR of SPORT, from the Ist of January to the day of publication. Edited by ALBERT FEIST, Editor of the Turf Department of the " Sunday Times," and Reporter of Sporting Intelligence to the London daily papers, &c. Printed and published, on the Ist of each month, by William Wright, Sporting Printer and Publisher, Fuivrood•rents, Holborn. Just published, price 2d., or post free 3d., the 102 d Edition of THE NATURAL REGENERATOR of the DIGESTIVE ORGANS, the STOMACH, LIVER, NE RYES, LUNGS, &c., without Medicine, Galvanism, Electrizity, inconve nience, and expense, by an easy, natural, pleasant, end infallible remedy, which saves fifty times its cost in other means of cure. Supported by testitnonirls from the celebrated Professor of Che mistry, Dr. Andrew lire; Dr. Shorland ; Dr. Illt , yey ; Dr. Camp bell; Dr. Gattiker ; Dr. Wurzer ; Dr. Ingram; Lord Stuart de Decies ; the Dowager Countess of Castle-Stuart ; Major-Gen. Thome King, and many other respectable persons, whose health has been restored by it, after all other means of cure had failed. London: Barry Du Barry and Co.. 77. Regent-street. The Third Edition. Just Published, price 55., by post, free, ss. 6d ON TRUE as FALSE SPERMATORRHU!A, with the View of distinguishing the Imaginary from the Real Sufferers under this disease, and Correcting of wide-spread Errors in relation to their Treatment and Cure. Translated from the German of Dr. PICKFORD. "Dr. Pickford is known to English readers by his frequent practi cal contributions to German medical literature. This is the first time, he informs es, that he has addressed himself to the non-modi sal reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shall detect any other equally flagrant evil which it may be in his pawer to cor rect."—London Medical Gazette. " The tribe of ' Quiet Sympathisers,' and 'Medical Friends; are mercilessly exposed; and if this book could find its way into the hands of those whs suffer from the com plaint of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would be saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of ie;s importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize— much money ......Thls volume is wollqualified to put an end to the empirical system of treating Spermatorrheca, and to place the treat ment upon a more rational and phy siolo g ical basis. It is, therefore, :ikely to do much gon: ood."—Medical Circular. ond H. Balliere, 219. Regent-street. GENERAL ELECTION.—PRINTING with Economy and Despatch for Pamphlets, Addresses, Circulars, and Posting Bills, either Letterpress or Lithographic,—VAßTY, 27, Camomile-street, Bishopsgate, London, E.C. TAE OTTOMAN BANK. TO THE SHAREFIOLDEPS. Why are our Shares at so low a price (only 1 premium, of which 15s. is about to be returned in dividend), seeing that seventeen and a half per cent. has been earned this year, al though only a ten per cent, dividend is declared ? It being also weF known that sufficient profit has been already made to pay 20 per colt. next half year. The public cannot be aware that, by Royal Charter, this Bank is under limited liability. March 16, 1857. A SHAREHOLDER. -1 - 4 AMBETH ELECTION.—W. ROUPELL, Esq., the Resident Candidate, will meet the Electors of the Borough of Lambeth at PUBLIC MEETINGS, to be held as follows : The Literary Institution, Walworth, This Evening, the 19th March instant; The Rosemary Branch, Peckham, on Friday, the 20th March, instant ; and Camberwell Hall, Grove-lane, en Saturday, the 21st March instant. The chair will be taken each evening at half-past seven o'clock. Public Meetings in other parts of the Borough will be duly announced. Central Committee Room, Horns Tavern, Kennington, 16th March, 1557, THE LONDON, HARWICH, and CONTI NENTAL STEAM PACKET COMPANY. • (Limited.) _ _ Capital 100,000 i., in 10,000 Shares of 101. each, with power to increase. 2/. per share payable on allotment. Incorporated under the Act 19 and 20 Vic., chap. 47, by which the liability of the Proprietors is limited to the amount of their shares. Offices, 44, Moorgate-street, City, E.C. As the Allotment of Shares in the above Company will take place on the 26th iust., NO APPLICATION can be received after WEDNESDAY, the 25th inst. ProspectuFes and forms of application may be obtained of Messrs. Hugh Tassie and Sons, 135, Buchanan-street, Glas gow ; H. C. Beloe, Esq., 18, Brunswick-street, Liverpool ; 0. J. Williams Esq., Lloyd's agent and Vice Consul of th e Netherlands,Harwich, Essex; and at the offices of the Company, FORM OF APPLICATION FOR, SHARER. To the DirectWs---OfihelQ;;;,llarwieh, and Continental Steam Packet Company (Limited), 44, Moorgate-street, City. . Gentlemen,—l enclose you a receipt for £ paid to the Loudon and Eastern Banking Corporation, and I hereby request you will allot me shares in the London, Harwich, and Continental Steam Packet Company (Limited); and I hereby agree to accept such shares or any smaller number that may be allotted to me, and to pay the calls thereon, and to execute the necessary deeds of the Company. I remain, Gentlemen, your obedient servant, Name in full Address in full Occupation Date RANKERS' RECEIPT. Received the day 1857, the sum of on account of the London, Harwich, and Continental Steam R ac ket Company (Limited), London. By Order, HUME GREENFIELD, Secretary. AMWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS. LONDON AND NORTH-WESTERN RAILWAY.—Tra offio 51,933 e re t urn for the w eek ending M a rch 15, 1857 in 6,618 0 0 C orr esponding week last year .................. NORTHERN B,AlLWAY.—Traffic return for the GREAT 1857 .....................£2 1 , 394 9 1 week ending Mar ch 8, year ................... -20,684 2 7 Corresponding wo k last CHESTER AND TIOLIHRAD RATLWAY.—Traffi 5 c return foir o the week ending Ma rch 15, 1857 ............... 1:,053 0 Corresponding week last y ear ..................... 4,831 0 0 Increase in 1857 •• ....................... £232 0 0 turn AND YORRSIIIIIII RAILW~.Y•_Trs~c re orrrn for th e week ending March 15, 18J7 —1.21,462, 11 9 coesPeoding week last year.. .................. 20,65 a 3 4 en6in it r, AND BANDON RAlLVick.T.—Traffic return for week Corre,7,4March 1 4, 1857... ....................... .....E2 43 12 11 I,ol,iu`ling week last year ....................... . 218 15 turns for°VENERAL OMNIBUS COIF ANY . —Traffic re ' Week ending March 14, 1851 ~,g10,025 19 0 Mousier le Comte,—At this moment the situation of the Pontifical States pre-occupies more than ever the different cabinets of Europe, and particularly the government of the Emperor in the twofold point of view of the interests of catholicism, and of the armed protection with which France and Austria surround the holy chair. This question is con templated under so many different aspects, it is so perverted by the spirit of party, it excites in one sense and another such vehement passions, that a truthful and impartial re view of the facts appears not inopportune. Though the accusations brought against the pontifical government may be greatly exaggerated, it is undoubtedly vulnerable on one side; its territory is occupied by foreign troops, and it is questionable whether it can dispense with this support. Every independent state is expected to suffice for itself, and to be able to maintain its internal security by its own forces. The court of Rome is reproached with fall ing short of this reasonable expectation ; the cause of its weakness is inquired into, and it is generally believed to b e the discontent awakened among its subjects by a defective administration. The real cause of the weakness of the Pontifical Govern ment is a much more complicated one, and is in fact cor nected with quite a different class of ideas; but it is a much more convenient and rapid mode of arriving at a conclusion to complain of the administration, then labo riously to interrogate the history and the tendencies of the Italian race. The discomfort and discontent of the populations arise more especially from the fact that the part played in the world by Italy, is not that of their visionary aspirations. This sentiment of nationality has been sensitively alive at all epochs, and the temporal power of the Papacy has constantly been considered the main obstacle to its gratification. During the two last centuries the general prosperity of the pontifical system, and the abundant resources which flowed to Rome from all parts of the world, silenced complaint (1). But the great changes which have taken place in Europe during the last• 50 years have dried up the sources of Rome's affluence. The Church has been compelled to remain con tented with the revenue derived exclusively from its own territory. Hence discomfort which, increasing from year to year, leads the minds of men by an easy process to discuss and attack the acts of their Government. The papacy, pro tected all this time by a great prestige, begins to sink in the estimation of the people. The last traces of the ancient ecclesiastical sovereignties have disappeared from the rest of Europe. Our fathers, accustomed to the sight of these sovereignties, saw nothing singular in them. In the eyes of the new generation one Government of this kind, left alone in the world, becomes an anomaly (2). Criticisms on this score multiply. At the same time the constitutional system, which easily seduces the peoples,has gradually esta blished itself in a majority of states (3). Men ask them selves whether it is conformable to the genius of the age, whether ale respectable to obey a priest, and perpetuate a superannuated system. Besides, how would it be possible to establish a system of liberty and free discussion, in pre sence of a power which lays claim to infallibility in spiri tual matters, and rests exclusively on the principle of authority ? How create a powerful Italy so long as the peninsula is divided into two distinct parts by a state, neu tral from the necessity of its nature, and isolated from all European conflicts? How play a great part when the centre of Italy is in the possession of a sovereign who does not wear a sword? (4.) Other causes, net loss powerful, have encouraged these hostile tendencies. Italy had al ways wielded tho sceptre, not indeed of war or politics, which aro not exactly in its line, but at least of civilisa tion, science, and art. All felt that this sceptre was fall ing from her hands. The hundred views of the press daily informed the Italians of the progress of their neighbours, and proved to them that they had been outstripped in many points. If— thanks to the blindness of national self-love—this sentiment has not yet become universal, at least a great part of the population feels itself threat ened in the last entrenchments of its legitimate pride —a new and terrible grievance for which to hold the Governments responsible. In the meanwhile the loudly avowed tolerance of several cabinets for the com plaints made by the populations was not, it must be con fessed, one of their least encouragements. At present it is the most active of all, and the ono to which the hopes of all those turn who wish for something different from what they possess. On a soil thus prepared insurrections and revolutions could not fail to germinate with facility. They turned the country topsy-turvy, andleft deep traces. The momentary victory obtained over the Papacy completely stripped it of all prestige. It was no longer the sacred ark against which no effort could prevail. In vain it heaped concessions upon concessions; the very principle of its ex istence was called in question. The idea of its ceasing to exist became familiar (5). Hostile passions derived new strength from the consciousness of a probable success where till of late success would have seemed impossible; more than ever the national vanity attributed its wounds to an administration marked out for attack by the pecu liarity of its character. The prejudices against what is called a Government of priests (6) reached their culminat ing point. It is necessary at this stage to offer a few remarks on the peculiargenius of the Italians. The most prominent feature of the national character is its intelligence, its penetration, its quick comprehension of everything. This precious gift which Providence has disseminated over Italy much more profusely than elsewhere, and which still shines with all its pristine lustre, is dearly purchased, except in a few remark able exceptional eases, by the utter want of such qualities as energy, strength of mind, and true civil courage (7). It is seldom that the Italians are seen firmly united amongst themselves. Always suspecting each other, they are continually separating. No one has any confidence but in himself; they remain isolated. Hence they have no commercial or manufacturing associations; no common understanding ; no combination either in private or public 1 affairs (8). With such dispositions, they are destitute of the essential element of public power; they are totally devoid of organised strength. Armies—which are knit together by the reciprocal confidence of the soldiers, and obedience to the general—are impossible. The ranks are complete on parade ; but in the hour of danger the chiefs are accused of treason, and the soldiers have no reliance on each other (9). This defective equilibrium of intellect and character in the Italians is the key to their whole history, and explains the state of political infirmity in which they have remained, in comparison with the other peoples of Eu rope. Left to themselves they have never been able to do anything but debate in public places; give the victory ul timately to extreme parties ; wear themselves out in fruit less agitations; divide and subdivide themselves to infinity; and yield up their country to the first occupant—French men, Spaniards, or Germans. Every nation pays the pe nalty of its own defects ; but how is it possible to make it comprehend that its inferiority is attributable to itself and not to its Governments? (10.) It is the fashion to take the Piedmontese for Italians, and to quote them as an example of what may be expected from the Italian populations. This is a great error. The Piedraontese are an interme diary population, containing much more of the Swiss, and French element than the Italian. One fact is sufficient to convince me of this. It is that they possess that true mili tary and monarchical spirit which is unknown to the rest of Italy (1.1). The Italian mind with respect to policy and administration is by nature directed towards middle terms, accommodations. The interpretation is considered to be above the law itself. Following religiously the traditions which have been preserved of ancient Rome, jurisprudence is a governing principle. This tendency is met with every where. It has occasionally a very happy influence on the progress of great affairs, but in practice it leaves to govern ments a very great latitude, and takes away from the authority of the law in the eyes of the governed, encourag ing them in a singular manner in all manoeuvres which may spare them from the rigorous application of rules. Au in fl.;xible law would bo odious to them, an administration keeping close to tho letter of the law, without compromise, would appear in their eyes insufferably harsh (12). Lot us examine the possible wishes and tendencies of the popula tion at this moment. They formalise their complaints mach more than their plans. With respect to their plans, it may be said that they are almost as numerous as individuals. In the lower depths of society, Carbonarism is kept up ; it still continues to make recruits. Tho dagger here is still held in honour. The end to be attained is the upsetting of every social hierarchy (13). The followers of Mazzini fora already a class in some degree above these. The universal republic, the unity of Italy, constitutional go, line of a, tion. They look upon themselves as disinherited. Convinced that the presence of the Pope is an invincible obstacle to the realisation of their projects, they earnestly pray for the annihilation of the Pontifical power. The greater portion of the members of this party have coalesced with the followers of Mazzini, leaving it to the nation to decide between the two parties after the victory is ob tained (15). Refusing to go as far as the English con- Aitution, there is a certain number of individuals who profess attachment to the Pontifical Government, and at the same time overwhelm it with their attacks, pretend ing that they limit their desires to the obtaining of a better administration. They are not able to define exactly what they mean by this. In their eyes every thing depends upon Government, even to the proper main tenance of their own house; and the direction of their own affairs. If enterprises everywhere reserved for the efforts of private industry aro not developed in the Roman tetxitory, the reason is that the Government places obsta cles in the way. Attributing all the acts of the adminis tration to motives exclusively personal, and such as are founded on the basest calculations of interest, they believe that public affairs and the profit derived from conducting them, are in the hands of a small number of monopolists, who exhaust the resources of their country for their own advantage. They dream . of nothing but dishonesty and collusion (16). Taxed as they aro more lightly tlian the ma jority of European countries, they complain that they aro crushed under the weight of fiscal imposition. At the same time, they complain of the state for not undertaking great works which it is their duty to undertake themselves. Ig norant of the first principles of political economy and ad ministration, they enunciate systems utterly opposed to the lessons of experience, when they are compelled to for malise a project (18). Finally, they profess to have a great fear of the Mazziuians, and at the same time are opening the door to them (19). Lastly, there is a party which attributes overy evil to tho a l )anclonment of ancient errors. If we could return, they say, to the ecclesiastical regime pure ct simplj, as it ex isted formerly, excitement would be appeased, and every difficulty would disappear. Between these parties there is a numerous crowd very in different to everything else but their own prosperity, fond certainly of grumbling, but friends of order, and living on good terms with the Pontifical Government. Any where else such a party would furnish the Government with a good paint d'appz:i; but in a country in which the spirit of enterprise, and the energy necessary for any resistance whatever are absolutely unknown ; where the only uni versal rule is laisscr faire, with the reservation of thesight of complaining when the thing is done, instead of before hand, how can such friends be trusted, and how can the destinies of the State be placed solely in such hands? Here is the grand difficulty. No Government can dispense with material assistance, and this condition cannot be fulfilled in the Roman States. Whichever of the whole number of parties has the luck to triumph, it is an indubitable fact that it will see forming around it, as has already been proved, the same assemblage of complaints which is di rected against the present Government. The same diffi culty which the present Government experiences in finding points d'appui in a land which is no; able to furnish them, will be experienced by every parts which gains power. Tho party which limits its wishes to reforms, when inca pable of defending itself, on account of no one being wil ling to compromise himself in its defence, will give place to tho constitutional party ; this w.ll in turn yield to the Mazzinians, which, thanks to the neasures of violence on their part, and carelessness on the tart of others, will re main definitively masters of the situation. This will re present accurately the inevitable march of events when ever the present equilibrium is again disturbed (20). Pius IX. showed himself full of ardour for reforms. He himself put his hand to the work. Every one is acquainted with the catastrophe which ensued. lY hat happened then would be reproduced exactly in oar days (21). Here then we have the scene of a nation deeply divid ed, anima ted_svith 4nroi4,_ambition„ w with4O any of those qualities w - lifeh make the greatness tbe:pOVrer of other nations, stripped of energy, devoid of military spirit, as well as of the spirit of association, knowing nothing of the respect due to law or to socialsuperiorities ; and this nation, being discontented with itslot, accuses its rulers, who are in reality bone of its boat and flesh of its flesh (22). How can we dare to hope thatto meet the difficulties of so complicated a situation, it h sufficient merely to introduce a few reforms into the ?oatilical administra tion ? Verily such a remedy appears little adapted to the disease, and it is not easy to see wAat alleviation even it might produce. If the populations WI a real cause of corn. plaint against the Pontifical adminstra'ion, and if their wrongs were founded upon this angle cause, the receipt would be excellent, but I h ave enu merated at length the true causes of the sad co n diti on o f tie populations, and I have not been able to see that anywlero those causes were in direct connexion with the mere mode of administration. Fundamentally, the very principli of government is the point in dispute, and not the moth of putting it in opera tion (23). . What grave reproaches can ha ncado against . . the Pontifi cal Government? And what an icea is formed of the men who.compose it? Is it possible that they are devoid of that intelligence which is BO richly sca t red over their nation ? Can it be that they have so feublea feeling of their duties and interests as to place, of theirown accord, au obstacle is the way of the prosperity of their country? It would not be just to condemn th em bli n dl y a nd without a rigid exa mination of their cond uc t. It i s a general opinion that the Pontifical administr a ti on i s p l ao d entirely in the hands of the priests. It is asserted that the priest whose lot it is to defend the intere s t s o f h eaven un d ers tands nothing of the interests of earth ; th a t h aving no f am ily dwelling apart fro m society, of his own, he is utterly indifferent as t o t h e prosper ity o f the country; thaty, he cannot understand the true wants of society; th a t th e esprit (I 4 corps is more powerful with him than the f oo li ng of nat i ona lity, an d so on. People are loth to believe that the priest employed in the civil ser vice by the court of Rome has no sacerdotal character during thegreatportion of his time, and that far from monopolising the whole of the administration, lte has but a small share in it —ho is in a minority. I have often asked ardent opposers of the Roman rule what was their valuation of the numbers of priests employed in the administration. In answer to my question the number was generally stated to bo about 3,000. No credit was given to me when I showed, with the proofs in my hand, that putting them all together the number did not exceed a hundred, and that the half of those pretended priests wore not in orders. It is neverthe less upon data of such falsity that are founded grav o charges which are accepted by the public as undeniable. At a time when the character of the Pontifical Govern ment gave rise to no ground of objection, the church under stood thoroughly that the part of the priest destined for the altar, and that of the administrator afpublic affairs, might possibly clash on some occasions. The church then opened the door to the lay e:omout, by the institution of the Pre lature, and reserving for it a certain number of places even in the Sacred College. The Prolature increases and re ceives continual augmentations from a class of men who are specially destined for administration. Certain conditions of education and fortune are imposed upon these men. But lately they have performed their duties entirely at their own expense, and thus lightened the weight of the budget. So important a position as this yielded to the incumbent a few years back only 600 scudi annually. Since then, in order to render such offices accessible generally, the emolu ment has been increased in a moderate degree. The Ro man prelates are not at all bound to enter into holy orders. For the most part they dispense with them. Can we then call by the name of priests those who have nothing of the priest bat the uniform ? Is Count Spada, brother-in-law of Pere Beauveau, a more zealous or more skilful admi nistrator now than when in the costume of a priest he officiated as Minister of War ? Do Monseigneur Matteuci (Minister of Police), Monseigneur Mertel (Minister of the Interior), Monseigneur Berardi (substitxte of the Secre tary of State), and so many others who have liberty to marry to-morrow, constitute a religious caste, sacrificing its own interests to the interest of the coon try, and would they become all of a sudden irreproachable if they were dressed differently? (24) If we examine the share given the prelates, both priests and non-priests, in the Roman administration, wo shall arrive at some results which it is important to notice. Out of 'tome—that is throughout the whole extent of the Pontifical States, with the exception of the capital—in the Legations, the Marshes, Umbria, and all the provinces, to the number of eighteen, how many ecclesiastics do you think aro employed ? Their number does not exceed fifteen—one for each province, except three, whore there is not one at all. Tl►sy are de legates, or, as we should say, prefects. The councils, the tribunals and offices of all sorts are filled,v,ith laymen. The number of these latter amounts to 2,313 in the civil service and 620 holding judicial employments, in the whole 2,933, so that for one ecclesiastic in o'ff'ice we have 195 lay men. Is it possible for the most prejudiced intellect not to recognise that au eccicsiasticAl power which has reduced to so low a figure the number of men of its order who are the depositaries of power throughout the whole -el; tent of its territory has already reached its lowest limits? Who will believe that this is an intolerable a‘mse, and that the danger will cease when this small number of prelates shall disappear from the scene ? But hero a carious fact presents itself to our consideration. The provinces admi nistered by laymen, amongst others those of Ferrara and Camerino, are sending deputation upon deputation'to the Government for permission to have a prelate appointed. The people are not accustomed to lay delegates. They re fuse obedience and respect to these latter. They accuse them of confining their interest to their own families, and there is nothing even to their wives which does- not give rise to questions of precedence and etiquette. In a word, the Government which, to satisfy this pretended desire of the populations to be presided over by laymen, reserved a certain number of plaees for them, finds this disposition opposed by the population themselves (25). In the city of Rome, the centre of Government, the number of prelates, whether priests or non-priests, en gaged in the administration is necessarily more consider able than in the provinces. Nevertheless, the numerical superiority in favour of the laymen is striking, and leads to the same conclusione. These are the statistics, reckon ing by Ministerial departments. The office of the Secre tary of State far Foreign Affairs, not reckoning those em ployed abroad, is comprised of five ecelesia,stice and 19 lay men. The principal of these ecclesiastics, such as the Car dinal Secretary of State and his substitute, are not priests any more than the greater number of the prefects who are marked here as ecclesituhics. The Council of State reckons three ecclesiastics and five laymen. The Ministry of the Interior comprises 22 ecclesiastics, including amongst them the 15 presidents of provinces of whom I have already spoken, and 1,411 laymee, The Ministry of Finance reckons three ecclesiastics against 2,017 laymen.. The Ministry of Commerce and Public Works reckons two ecclesiastics to 161 laymen. The Ministry of Police, two ecclesiastics to 401 laymen. The Ministry of War has not a single ecclesiastical functionary. The Ministry of Justice, including the superior tribunals, which are of a mixed nature, reckons 59 ecclesiastics to 927 laymen. This number of 50 ecclesiastics is divided in the following man ner : In the Ministry, 1 ecclesiastic, 18 laymen. In the Tribunal-of the Segnatura, (Cour de Cessation), 9 ecclesiastics, 8 laymen. • In the Tribunal of the Rota (the superior court of civil jurisdiction), 12 ecclesiastics and 7 laymen. In the Civil Tribunal, 3 ecclesiastics and 116 laymen.. Lithe Tribunal of the Consulta (the superior court of criminal jurisdiction), 14 ecclesiastics and 37 laymen. In the Criminal Tribunal, no ecclesiastics, 37 laymen. In the Tribunal of the Bishop, 9 eeclesiasticm, 17 laymen In the Tribunal of the Apostolical Chamber, 9 ecclesias tics, 16 laymen. In the Provincial Tribunals of First and Second Instance, both criminal and civil, 620 laymen, no ecclesiastics. In the Archives, Chamber of Notaries, &c., 16 laymen, no ecclesiastics. In different offices, 1 ecclesiastic, 6 laymen. Fundamentally the tribunals aro the nurseries of the Roman prelates. There it is that they serve their appren ticeship and prepare their career. In order both to surround itself with administrators wear- ing the ecclesiastical tiress,and to introduce not only into the administration, but also into the Sacred College, and even to the very throne itself, those enlightened views gained in practice, by experience in business, and at the same time, as I have alread3 said, to open the door to the lay element, the Court of Rome has always sought to group around it a cer tain number of men chosen with cure, who have no desire to be priests, and to whom a career is opened. Twelve or 15 prefects' places in the provinces would not suffice for recruiting, apprenticeship, and recompense of services. The superior ;tribunals have been reserved to satisfy this imperious necessity. The total number of ecclesiastics em ployed in the interior of the Pontifical States does not ex ceed the number of 98. Against this we find there aro 5,059 laymen in office. This gives 52 laymen to 1 eccle siastic.* Leaving out of consideration the superior trie bunals of the capital, some of whiph, like that of the bishop, have exclusively ecclesiastical attributes, we find that there are only 36 ecclesiastics employed far the whole administra tion of the Pontifical States (26). The employments reserved for this small number of in dividuals are not the merely secondary ones. The places which they fill are the most important, otherwise their in fluence would be nil. It is right to say, also, that in spite of prejudice the ecclesiastical habit still inspires a certain degree of respect, which aids the action of government. The people pay no deference to the lay functionary, and do not forgive him his superiority inTank and office in the same manner as they forgive an ecclesiastic. I have seen formerly, and I see still, lay functionaries exposed to personal attacks much more violent than those to which ecclesiastics are . liable. This is uo doubt a con tradiotion, but it is nevertheless an incontestable fact (27). Is it possible to believe that the happiness and the repose of the populations are powerfully affected by the presence of such a small number of persons, who, I repeat, have for the most.part nothing of the ecclesiastic but the habit? Evi dently the question does not lie in that direction, because it is not here that we must -seek either for the evil or the remedy. On the side of the opponents, however little they may understand the true situation of things, the secularisa tion indicated as a remedy is nothing more now than a trap used to introduce opinion from without, and to attack the Pontifical Government in its very principle. The opponents do not at present dare to say we want no mero with the Pope; the expression of such a wish woald occasion alarm. They content themselves with saying we want no more with the priests. This mitigated formula has the double advantage of appealing to the sympathies which exist among those populations which know of no other priests than such as preach and say mass, and at the same time to strike a blow in the direction of their end, and to prepare the ruin of the temporal power of the Papacy. It is the duty of those who by conviction and interest are the de fenders of the order of things essentially connected with the maintenance of Catholic unity, and the principle of authority in the world,lo be on their guard against ap pearances, and to estimate at their just valuation the ex aggeration of the numerous and ardent adversaries of the greatest and most fruitful of the institutions which the ages have left us (28). After having shown in what consists the pretended ex clusively ecclesiastical character of the Roman administra tion, it is essential to examine how it works ; and whether in effect its action is so contrary to the interests of the populations that they have a legitimate cause of complaint, and of invoking the support of other nations to put a ter mination to the evils by which they are overwhelmed (2a). Formerly the ancient traditions of the court of Rome wore faithfully preserved. Every modification of esta blished customs, every amelioration was looked upon with an evil eye, and was considered to be full of danger. Tile administration was confided exclusively to the prelates. The laity were by law forbidden to hold the highest offices in the state. In actual practice the different powers of the state were often confounded. The principle of Pontifi cal infallibility was applied to questions of administration. Society saw the personal decision of the 'sovereign over turning the verdicts of the tribunal, even in civil matters. The cardinalsecretary of state, the premier, in the full force of the word, concentrated in his own hands every power. Under his supreme direction the different branches of the administration were confided to persons who were clerks rather than ministers. The ministers formed no council, and never deliberated together on public affairs. The management of the public finances was carried on in secret. No information was given to the nation as to the expendi ture of its own money. The budget was a mystery, and it was often discovered that it was not made out, and that the accounts were not closed. Lastly, municipal freedom, which above everything else is appreciated by the popula tions of Italy, was restricted within the narrowest limits (30). From the very day when the Pope Pius IX. mounted the throne, he made, we are entitled to assert, continuous efforts to sweep away every legitimate cause of complaint against the public administration of affairs. I will not content myself with appealing to the commencement of his reign. Betrayed by the very men whom he had recalled from banishment, deceived in the most flagrant manner by the lay ministers who were placed about him, in obedience to a principle of complete secularisation ' and who had no hesitation in publishing to the world that their sovereign had given his assent to measures which he had in fact dis tinctly and formally rejected; carried rapidly along by a system of pure administrative reform to the establishment of a constitutional regime, which being destitute of all real strength, and without the slightest support from the nation, gave way at once to the republic, threatened even in the very interior of his palace by an armed insurrection, the Pope had no other resource left if he wished to pre serve his liberty and independence than that of leaving his dominions (3]). We must do him the justice to allow that, in spite of the unfortunate tormivation of his attempts at reforms, he never abandoned his pro jects of amelioration, and has been unceasingly occu pied with endeavours to put them in practice. I will give a brief sketch of the principal governmental and administrative acts which have emanated from the Papal Government. On his return from Gaeta, Pope Pius IX. proclaimed the principle of the right of admission of the laity to all offices save and except one only, that. of Secretary of State. This was the first time that the spec tacle was seen of the Pontifical Government choosing (sena cillors of the highest dignity from the ranks of the laity. This principle has been consecrate 1 by the presence of a cer tain number of laymen amongst the Ministers and the dele gates. Already had civil and criminal law been the object of complete revision. Different codes of procedure in civil and in criminal cases as well as a code -relating to commerce, all founded on our own, enriched by lessons derived from experience, had been promulgated. I have 'studied these carefully. They are above criticism, The Code des Hy potheques has been examined by French jurisconsults, and has been cited by them as a model document (32). The Roman law, modified in certain points by the canon law, was held as a basis of civil legislation 03). The different po ersof the State were carefully separated and defined. Distinct Ministerial boards, differing in autho rity, were created, each operating within the special circle of its duties. A Council of Ministers, under the presidency of the Secretary of State, was appointed, and business was always subjected to the test of discussion. At the same time, the greatest respect for the independence of the judi ciary power was proclaimed and practised. A. Council of State, for the preparation of laws, corn pos ed. of men the most intimately versed in administrative mattsers, comprising Prince Orsini, Prince Odescalchi, the Advs.( sate Stoltz, and Professor Orioli, was appointed for the purpos .0 of enlighten ing the Government, by previously investigating all projects prepared in the Ministerial Boards. A Comic it of Finance, composed of members nominated by the Sever, sign, after a free election of the municipal bodies, wasspeciall v appointed for the supervision of the expenditure of the State' revenues. This Council is only deliberative, or consultative, in the die. cussion of primary budgets. Unless this -were the case it would be a chamber of deputies. In respect, howov 'er, of past * Since the date of the official summary, from which I ob tained all these details, the development in all the m inisterial departments has been such that the number of laym( In, either actively employed or at the disposal of the govern nont, has risen to about 8,560. The Consulta is occupied svitl s the task of reducing it to 6,000. The number of ecclesiastic *5 remains the same. The proportion in fav•ur of the laiea, nosy as _ 80 to 1. It is not the representatives of the Government who are charged with the administration of the funds of the com mune, or of the province. This trust is confided to an exe cutive commission elected by' the council which it repre sents, and which remains en permanence during the whole of theintorval between one session and another. Tho dele gates or prefect have only the power of supervision, and take no direct part in the management of provincial or communal business. This system has already been the occasion of many ameliorations of all kinds in the Pontifi cal States ; many roadsan important benefit—have been made, and many useful improvements instituted.. 2iever theless, in certain points the equilibrium betwetin receipts and expenditure has been disturbed. The small towns have taken to building theatres, and a question is now mooted whether it would not be proper to limit the dis cretion left to the municipal power, and extend the super vision exercised by government authority. At other times, and in every other country, such reforms and institutions would have been accredited to their author (34). In the interior every new concession has had the effect of creating greater wants. Abroad these essential'changes introduced into the older orier of things, these inoessan , • efforts of the Pontifical Government to ameliorate the lot of the popula tions, have passed unnoticed. People have had ears only for the declamation of the discontented, and for the per manent calumnies of the bad portion of the Piedmontese and Belgian press. This is the source from which public opinion has derived its inspiration ; and in spite of well established facts, it is believed in most places, but parti cularly in England, that the Pontifical Government has done nothing for its subjects and has restricted itself to the perpetuation' of the errors of another age (36). I have only yet indicated the ameliorations introduced into the organi sation of the administration. I must mention the acts of thelPontifinal Government and the results obtained. Above all, let us remember that never has a more exalted spirit of clemency been seen to preside over a restoration. No vengeance has been exercised on those who caused the overthrow of the Pontifical Government, no measures of rigour have been adopted against them. The Pope has contented himself with depriving them of the power of doing harm by banishing them. from the land. No im prisonment, no trials even had taken place, except occasion ally in consequence of the obstinacy of certain individuals who, insisting on being tried, have been condemned, and punished by being presented with a passport. As to the flagrant conspiracies which followed the return of the Pope, it was his bounden duty to take measures against them, as well as against tho assassinations which followed them. These measures wore taken in the most regular manner. The Holy Father never failed to mitigate the rigour of the sentences. A large number of individuals, the most com promised, obtained their liberty after a certain time with out the condition of exile. At the present moment it is difficult to ascertain the exact number of persons who are forbidden to enter the Roman states for political reasons ; but with respect to the number of those who were the authors of the revolution of 1849, it is considered that it does not amount to a hundred. This extreme mildness of treatment, however, has not availed to preventthe English Parliament from accusing the Pontifical Government of cruelty (37). I come now to questions of administration. We know the cost of revolutions. The Roman republic met its ex penses by creating a paper currency, which soon suffered considerable depreciation. The Pontifical Government did not hesitate to recognise these assignats, and undertook the task of withdrawing them from circulation by buying them up. The operation was successful, although the suns was very large. It amounted to 7,000,000 scudi, rather more than the annual revenue of the state. The same pro portion applied to France would have given from 800 to 900 millions. The assignats now hair() totally disappeared from circulation, and the notes of the Bank of the Pontifical State, the only notes now current, are of equal value with the metallic currency, and are generally at par. This re markable result goes for nothing with the detractors of the Pontifical administration (38). The Roman Bank, originally a French foundation, re sponded but very imperfectly to the wants of commerce. It was remodelled, and became the bank. of the Pontifical States. It has established branches in the provinces, has extended the circle of its operations, has given and still gives great assistance to trade, and to the Government, and has shown that it stands ou a solid baisis,--tcrjapsipg wit safety through many great crises. The Pontifical Government, directing its attention with gree propriety to the means of augmenting the revenue derived from indirect taxation, has revised the custom house duties. It has lowered the duty on a great number of articles, and is at this moment preparing a new measure more complete and more general in its operations. Postal and commercial treaties have been concluded with France and other states upon the widest basis, and in con formity with those principles which are adopted elsewhere as being iu unison with the idea of progress. The system of farming the indirect revenues has been abolished. The Government undertakes the direct ma nagement of the salt . and tobacco trade. Important pro fits have been realised, and the success of the management is certain. In spite of considerable burdens which were occasioned by the revolution and left as a legacy to the present govern ment, in spite of extraordinary expenses caused by the re organisation of the army, in spite of numerous contribu tions towards the encouragement of public works, the state budget, which 'at the commencement showed a tolerably large deficit, has been gradually tending towards equilibriu no. I have had the honour recently of pointing out to your ex cellency that the deficit in 1857 has been reduced to an in significant sum, comprised for the most part of unexpected expenses and of moneys reserved for the extinction of the debt. The taxes remain still much below the mean rate of the different European states. A Roman pays the state 22f. annually, 68 millions being levied on a population of three millions. A. Frenchman pays the French Government 45f., 1.600 millions being levied on a population of 35 millions. These figures show demonstratively that the Pontifical states with regard to so important a point must be re ckoned amongst the most favoured nations. The expenses aro regulated on principles of the strictest economy. Ono fact is sufficient to prove this. The civil list, the expenses of the cardinals, of the diplomatic corps abroad, the mainte nance of the Pontifical palaces and the museums, cost the state no more than 600,000 crowns (3,200,0001.) This small sum is the only share of the public revenue taken by the Papacy for the support of the Pontifical dignity, and for keeping up the principal establishments of the superior ecclesiastical administration. We might ask those persons so zealous in hunting down abuses whether the appropria tion of 1,000 crowns to the wants of the princes of tho Church seems to them to bear the impress of a proper eco nomy exercised with respect to the public revenue (39). The organisation of the army has been the object of as siduous care. Not only have the native troops received re wards, and been elevated to the number of 12,000 meu, but a body of 4,000 Swiss has b.nn raised, and novel regu lations founded on those in use amongst ourselves have been promulgated. The principles of administration fol lowed iu the management of our forces hive been El iopted and put in practice. The appearance of the Roman sol diers at present elicits praise from all who have seen the.n. If the Government could give them fidelity and energy with tho uniform and the musket, there would be no need to apply to foreigners for assistance. Even in this direc tion, however, the Government has performed all that was ,incumbent upon it to do, and if its success has not been complete, the fault is not in it, but in the very nature of the national mind. At the same time the state finances have been re-organised, and in spite of the limited re sources of the budget, numerous Burns have been devoted to the encouragement of commerce and arts. A great num ber of roads have been opened in various parts of the country, the port of Terraoina has been enlarged, works of drainage have been executed in the Pontine Marshes. The marsh of Ostia is now in process of being drained, and via ducts of remarkable importance have been constructed in several places (40). Steam navigation has been introduced on the Tibor ; thanks to a good system of towing, the port of Rome has been visited by a larger number of vessels than was formerly the case (41). The city hasbeen lighted with gas, electric telegraphs have been introduced, conces sions of railways have been made. That of Frascati, which is to be extended to Naples, will soon be opened. A ne gotiation is on foot for an important line, which is to con nect Rome with Ancona and Bologna. - The construction of the railway to Civita Vecchia has been granted to a company which will commence operations immediately (42). Agriculture has been equally the object of encourage• men o t n b e o y the rage ont of Government. gardeningize sahnadvethbeeernaiessintagbloisfh s e t d o c fo k r the . Lastly, a commfesion, composed of the principal landed proprietors, is now studying the hitherto nrtmodinfisolllinubgleitqwuietsh tion of draining the Campagna o f R inhabitants. If the Roman people were capable of helping themselves, or even if they were eager for work, if their ambition was not limited to the attainment of a restricted income just sufficient to satisfy the primary wants of nature, without the expenditure of much fatigue, if they were to profit, as is the case elsewhere, by the facilities offered to them for the employment of their energies and pecuniary resources, the country might spring up rapidly to prosperity. But they allow all opportunities to escape them, and abandon to foreigners all useful undertakings. To mace progress in the direction alluded to, Government cannot, it is clear, s N u o bs v e t i r t t t h i t e e l e i s t s s t o h w e r n o a m e r t o i o n n for ume r t o h u a of pr private oof s d of n abij u e s t e r n y e . r g ( e y 3 t ) o be soon. New buildings, for example, are vary numerous; the pride of lodgings and food of all kinds, is increasing ra pidly. Commercial relations are extending. Important profits are being realised in agricultural and financial ope rations. Considerable fortunes are being madas. The condi tion of the population is that of comparative ease. Th e Y rush together in crowds at the first signal of public rejoib . if c n a g rr o i r et p i l t er e u x r c e e . B o B, n is th la e i s d e theiro o c n ca o s n io e n s s ide. lAisntlerpnreesasr,suinc::::toloi prosperity strikes the eyes of the least observant. of the most expansive kind is to be trace d on 'the lfeawcehose all. It may be asked whether this can be the P I ? ° l; at i on of miseries excite to such a degree the °warn"' Europe ? nt it i Mere e in n fi e nitely less heavy than in less favouredtclialttarit3ie. =emu r is largely There is in truth misery here as els ewhere . bs m.. cessitiee are obtained cheaply- P._ exercised, Establishmeute of public cha rity are In truth ~ , Th o e r n in certain an administration persons its aim the good of the people," the Go vernment, to w 1 the iiel I Pontifical inayforhave -: government might - reply, " Look at our acts, and c o nd emn us if y dre ' u " a The government might ask, not only w hi c h of its acts ' * ' 4 subject for legitimate blame, but i n w hi c h of its duties - has failed. Are we then to be told that the Pontifical Go. • vernment is a model—that it has no w ea k nesses and i perfections? Certainly not ; but its weakn esses and itnrl na r . ' factious are of the same kind as are met with i n all goveern: ments, and even in all men, witha very few exceptions (4G) The Pontifical Government is a government composed of . Romans, acting after the Roman fashion. It mistrusts, • fears, hesitates at, dreads responsibility; it is fonder of exua mining than deciding. It likes alternations and accommo. datiens. • It is deficient in energy, in activity, in taking the,. initiative, in firmness, as is the case with the nation itself.' Bnt although we may be permitted to attack any one who neglects his duties, it is unj est to impute it as a crime to any one that he has not the genius of a Sixtus V., of a . Colbert, of a Napole in. lam perpetually in erre e ating those who come to me ter denounce what theycall Vie abuses of the Papal Government. This exprrasion, it must be reuse nbered, is conseerAed, and is above criticism or objection. It is held as gospel. Now, in what do these abuses consist? I have never yet I:),eii, able to discover. At least the facts which go by that name are such as are traceable to the imperfections of human na ture, and we need not load the Government with the direct responsibility for the irregularities committed by some of its subordinate agents. lam told that the custom-houses ask travellers for a pourboire. This is without doubt a very blameable custom, but would the secularisation of the Go• vernment cure the country of a vice deeply iaaplanted in its nature, would it hinder the people from being always ready to hold out the hand ? If this sad tendency was car ried out on a large scale there would be reason for alarm : but whatever may be sa'd of the venality of the Pontifical administration, it would be impossible to quote a single au thent cate I and natorious fact, unless we accept as genuine the current coin of calumny. In any case if we seemly °nein coming rich it is always a iaym an. I have never seen a prelate di‘getnit-his property by illicit mew. The fortunes which are made, and which may easily beigleT, iirigin ate in atlior banking or agricultural operations. Nothing shows that there is auy trading with power, or appropriation, of •tint State Funds. To pretend that no act of faithlessness is committed would be.i rrational. No country is beyond the reach ofsuch misfortunes; but what may be maintained is this, that if they take plane in the Pontifical States, they do so ones small scale, and that the public service and public morality are not affected by them in a sensible manner. The imperfections of the judiciary system are often ctit&l. I have examined it closely, and have found it imposiible to discover any serious cause of complaint. Those who loSe their causes complain more loudly and more continuously than is the custom in other places, but without any more reason. Most of the important civil cases are decided in the Tribunal of the Rota. ow, in spite of the habitual licence of the Italian criticism, no one has dared to express a doubt of the profound knowledge and exalted integrity of the Tribunal of the Rota. If the lawyers ,are incredibly fertile in raising objections and exceptions—if they lengthen out law suits—to what is this fault to be attributed except to the peculiarity of the national genius ? Lastly, civil law is well administered. Ido not know a single sentence the justice of which would not be recognised by the best tribunal in Europe. Criminal justice is administered in a manner equally unassailable. I have watched some trials throughout their whole details. I was obliged to confess that all necessary precautions for the verifications' of facts, all possible gua rantee for the free defence of the accused, including the publication of the proceeditiv , s, were taken (48). The sen tences are occasionally delayed, the processes are prolonged. These, however, are inconveniences, not unpardonable crimes. When Italian witnesses shall learn to give their evidence without being intimidated by the presence of the accused and the fear of his vengeance, the delays will be less. Our French councils of war have the greatest difficulty in ob taining depositions, and are often forced toemploy severity for this purpose. Against tendencies of this kind the GO vernment can do nothing. Much is slid of the brigands who, we are told, lay the country desolate. It has fallen to our lot to pass through the country in all directions without seeing even the she. dow of a robber. It cannot be denied that from time to time we hear of a diligence stopped, of a traveller plun dered. Even ono accident of this kind is too many; but we must remember that the Administration has employed all the means in its power to _repress these disorders. Thanks to energetic measure , , the brigands have been ar rested at all points, and punished. When in France a diligence is stopped,-when in going from London to Wind sor a lady of the Queen's palace is robbed of her luggage and jewels, such anineident • passes unnoticed, but when on an isolated road in the Roman States the least fact of this nature takes place, the press, eager for a pretext, prints the news in large characters, and cries for venge ance on the Government. On the side of Rome, the - at tacks which have taken place at distant intervals have never assumed an appearance calculated to excite anxiety. in the Romagna organised bands have been formed,which, taking advantage of the neighbouring Tuscan frontier, easily escaped pursuit, and were for a time to be dreaded. The Government declared unceasing war against them, - a,nd after several engagements, in which a certain number of gendarmes werii either killed or wounded, these bande, have been in a great measure dispersed (49). To conclude, we shall be obliged to confess, upon inves tigation that the Pontifical Government has not failed in its task, that it has proceeded regularly in the road of re form and amelioration, and that it has realised a consider able programa. If agitation is still kept rip, the eause of it -will be found in the ehi , eeter-afAba„hatien.iteelf, in its anibitioua view. directed to..`iallittteiniible objects. We must recognise, lastly, that the rirnedy for this sad situa tion of things is not to be fouud in a crowd of measures which, modifying an order of things perfectly unconnected with the evil, would only make th e evil much greater and more dangerous still by exalting its hopes, and by reducing it already much shaken to the last degree of impotence and. weakness (50). If the Sovereign of the Pontifical States were not at the same time Head of the Church, his preservation or hisruin would be oflittle importance. But the cause of Catholicism is at stake in this matter. For thisreason it is that so high a degree of interest is so justly consideredby the great Ca tholic powers to attach to the interior condition of the Roman States. These powers have a profound feeling of the dangers which would threaten themselves even in the event, of a new revolution, and they understand what a re construction of the temporalpower of the Papacy on a new basis might cost Europe. Religious passions being un chained simultaneously with political passions, the gravest perhaps even the bloodiest conflicts might arise. The prudence of statesmen induces them to seek for the means of anticipating and preventing such fatal complica tions (51). Attention is naturally directeatowards the nature of the concessions necessary to satisfy the populations. Unhappily these populations are not to be satisfied. I think I have proved this. By destroying the Pontifical authority a numerous party, but not the whole nation, is sure to be satisfied. By the establishment of a constitutional regime, which would appear, however, to bo little in harmony with the power of the head of the church, a large number of individuals would be equally satisfied; but, as I have said, the one party as well as the other would rapidly allow public business to fall into ethe hands of the most violent section. M. Rossi, who wanted neither the neces sary talent nor the good will, had devoted himself to the task of introducing into the Pontifical states a Parlia mentary regime. It 'sight have been believed that he might have reckoned on Borne support. The event teaches us that he completely failed in obtaining this support. Nobody was found in the moment of danger to support or defend him. No voice was raised to deplore his violent death, still less to invoke vengeance for the deed. It is in the highest degree impossible, in the midst of passions which are dividing the minds of men, to create a truly popular Administration. But allowing the attempt to be successful, such au Administration would find no more defenders at a critical moment than Count Rossi. found when endeavouring to carry his undertaking to a successful termination (52). Simple reforms content no one. I think I have abundantly shown that this is not the question, and that, besides this, th e movemen t s o f th e Pontifical overnment are far from being such as to give occasion for the populations to consider themselves damaged in their legitimate interests. Reforms would be momen tarily granted by certain parties only en considerat on of the damage and loss of popularity which they might inflict upon the Pontifical Government. We cannot even see to what combination we could have recourse. A profound investigation of the true situation of things gives no precise indications as to the course oba adopted in this matter. In what dir ection are modifica tions to be employed ? How far are the y to be carried ? With regard to this point the grea test uncertaint y exists. Now, modifications can bear no good fruit unless they are clearly indicated by the nature of things. This is not the case here. We consequently see the s p ectacle of the most con t r adictory views being promulgated according to the nature of individual opinions. Certain persons who have already succeeded once in de priving the Holy Father of his tiara, not fler their own profit, but for that of the demagogues, are accused of en tertaining the project of dividing the Pontifical state into two portions, one of which is to be governed by a delegate of the Holy Father. Such a combination as this, I cone fess, appears to nee to present the greatest danger. Th ere is no doubt that it would open the door to revolution, and that it would take advantage of the revolution attracted by the expectations founded upon certain success. The population would have less respect for their lay governor than for the present delegates. They would not risk a crown or a drop of blood to defend him. At the end of a few months the fall of the Sovereign Pontiff would be deolaredlat Bologna,amltadiae constituent assembly would be convoked and war would be declared against Austria. Allowing that the new power would be able to maintain its positiowhat e, and shoula succeed in sati s fyi ng t h e populations, an swer could be given to th e ot h er half of the Pon tifical states , which will compl a i n o f b e i ng their equal share? What is to be done if they rtirtfal that they rection to gain their ends, and how can ,?. ' v tbe d n o , u will the Pas will resort to extreme measures ? 7 : l "l ied and Catholic pacy he plundered, its enemies 1 .. at d s a nge i rous agitations. Europe become a prey to the 0 lu t 8 tiles Pope would meet In any case, we must e xpect t a. abandoned, and will ask f u o r r . mas t h desperate resistance. In such a project with decreed him in the presence of all reality, Europe . ifihiee wildidl n n e o y t e r ii . e . t h ei field, d i 'I , radical incapacity dee- - ,i ee his assent to such a plan; but whe ther he were to with a mortalcombination uu but one roma y. pletiou were to fail wore readi lytion. tual situa resist or y . . I and this is w a deserve to have a brevet of h t the authors of this the Papacy would be struck w°"` ' A well (53.) There would be derstano very 1 The Italians always depend for the come projects on foreign support. If this support (4 ; l . ' t e a lr a in they would adopt a proper course much than would be imagined, looking at their se- It would be necessary, •however, that in ,i a d and Sardinia the organs of the press should cease and that the Catholic powers should c ontra. hope that • • ated with such a But how can weenemies, Slam Holy See evident marks of sympathy the Holy See, would i tt n oh fl eg n iP e vith n e c at e ils opponents of made in so remarkable a manner ? to their attacks when they have been this world must necessarily have a definitive solution. Th e e Roman epos stEppinilte::laatcoianstnstecoopt think that all the questions of ques tion, in my opinion at least, has none. W . can only, exer. gess of a catastrophe, and prolong a provisional state of of preserving En. cising a benevolent and attentive protection, avert thedan things which has a least the grand merit rope from innumerable evils (54). Any other order of mea su r es. would only precipitator