The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1839-04-05 00:00:00

Vortrp, GOD'S MESSENGERS. God's steps are on the mighty Deep, His voice is in the storm ; His glance doth burn along the sky, And clouds conceal His form. He guides the dark wing of the Plague, On its dread viewless way, And sends forth o'er the desert-sands, The fierce Simoom to slay. The Earthquake, and the torrent red Of the Volcano's fire, Bear to the homes of guilty men The message of his ire. But God hath Ministers of Good, The beautiful—the strong; For He delights to bless, and sends, Of gifts, a countless throng. The roaming winds His servants are. Sounding o'er earth and sea, With voices deep that evermore Keep holy jubilee. And soft refreshing Rains of spring, That fall like Mercy's tears, Ate gilded with her Bow, while Earth A face of gladness wears. God's love is whispered in the Breeze, His smile is on the flowers, And birds unconscious chant His praise, Within their sunny bowers. THE BLIND GIRL'S LAMENT. BY MISS TOULMIN. It is not that I cannot see The birds and flowers of spring, 'Tis not that beauty seems to me A dreamy, unknown thing ; It is not that I cannot mark The blue and sparkling sky, Nor ocean's foam, nor mountain's peak, That e'er I weep or sigh- They tell me that the birds, whose notes Fall rich, and sweet, and full— That those I listen to, and love, Are not all beautiful They tell me thatthe gayest flowers, Which sunshine ever brings, Are not the ones I know so well, But gay and scentless things I My little brother leads me forth To where the violets grow; His gentle, light, yet careful step, And tiny hand, I know. My mother's voice is soft and sweet, Like music on my ear; The very atmosphere seems love, When these dear ones are near, My father twines his arms around, And draws me to his breast, To kiss the poor, blind, helpless girl, He says he loves the best. 'lris then I ponder unknown things, It may be—weep or sigh, And think how glorious it must be To meet Affection's eye I A BIT OF THE MARVELLOUS. (From Scenes and Characters from Life, at Out and Head Quarters) _ _ Between thirty and forty years - ago, you could not pass through Holborn, during a certain portion of the year, with out observing a string of carriages drawn up near a large house, the upper floors of which appeared magnificently furnished ; and the groups of well-dressed people seen going in and coming out could not, if you had a grain of Eve's curse in your composition, but make you ask who it was that received so many fashionable visiters in such a dingy district. You were informed that the celebrated Mrs. Williams, the renowned caster of nativities and teller of fortunes, honoured Holborn by residing in it ; and if you were lucky enough to meet amongst your male friends one who had paid the lady a visit, you heard that she was a very handsome, though some what dark woman. The females differed on the subject of her beauty, influenced, doubtless, by the good or ill fortune foretold to them,_ Amongst the numerous applicants to this dusky Lilly in petticoats, she had the honour of numbering the Prince of Wales ; and, although his Royal Highness endeavoured to preserve a strict incognito, he was hailed by his title on en tering the abode of astrological research. The Prince did not scruple to tell the result of his visit. " The lady informs me that I shall live to be King, although my stars decree that I am not to be crowned." In the autumn Mrs. Williams usually visited the various resorts of fashion, Bath, Clifton, Hot-wells, Brighton, &c.; and it was during her sojourns at the two former places that what I am about to relate occurred. No sooner was her arrival known in the city of Bladud. than her doors were besieged by persons of all classes ; as it had been duly announced that a simple consultation was within the reach of the humblest, whilst an examination of the heavenly bodies to ascertain whether or not your star was in the ascendant must be remunerated by a price too exorbi tant for the superstitious in the middle walks of life. Amongst the first who found themselves confronted with this awful personage were two young :ladies of family ; the largest douceur was tendered ; and our Cassandra commenced turning over the leaves of the mystic volume. Suddenly the book was closed, and she started abruptly from her chair. Then, leading one of the girls aside, she said impressively to her— " I am too ill to take any trouble for that poor dear child to-day; you must leave me now, but only on this condition, that you," and she grasped the hand of her auditor, whilst her dark eyes seemed almost lit up by supernatural fire, " you must solemnly promise to come to me to-morrow, let what will have chanced. 'Tis well, now go !" Faithful to her word, the terrified girl returned the next day. " I ask not for your companion , of yesterday," exclaimed Mrs. Williams, " she is dead. ' A burst of tears from the afflicted friend confirmed the fatal sentence. This fearful tale was speedily told, and hun dreds flocked to look upon and consult the same mysterious oracle. The late Countess of M---- conceived it possible by a simple artifice to puzzle the conjurer ; and accordingly at tired herself in humble garb, taking with her the well-dressed governess, on whose finger her ladyship had placed her darn wedding-ring. A guinea was tendered by Miss—, whilst her mistress, trying to assume a rusticity of manner, dropped a courtsey, and offered a crown-piece. Their separate palms were scrutinised by Mrs. Williams, who, after a brief inves tigation, turned to the matron, saying— .' Why do you suffer that woman to wear your ring ? is it not enough that she has already usurped your rights ? Ay, blush and tremble, girl," Mrs. Williams was right. An elderly maiden lady lost many articles of plate, jewellery, and wearing apparel. The unaccountable disappearance had caused the most serious uneasiness to her housekeeper, a trusty creature, who never left the house, except on a Sun day evening, to attend Lady Huntingdon's chapel : but whose , stay-at-home habits were broken through by the sudden de termination of her lady to visit Mrs. Williams, in the hopes of obtaining some information respecting the missing pro perty. The pious domestic talked about tampering with Satan—Saul, and the Witch of Endor, in vain. Miss F— had made up her mind to go ; and, what was more, to take her good Sally with her, as spokeswoman on the occasion ; the excellent spinster being of a nervous and timid temperament. They reached the dwelling of the Sybil ; Sally gave the fee, and a list of the lost articles, adding— " We shall be happy to pay you twice as much if you will assist us in finding them." " We and us, woman !" said Mrs. Williams. " I wonder how you ventured to come to me," then turning to the alarmed mistress she continued, " there stands the thief." Down dropt Sally on her knees, confessed the fact : and, in consequence of this information, the house of the pew opener of her favourite chapel was searched, the property found, and restored. The Hot-wells was the next scence of action. Amongst the various extraordinary circumstances which occurred during her residence on Dowry Parade, one will suffice. A gentleman, holding a situation of considerable emolument in the Custom-house of Bristol, determined to procure, from so celebrated a votary of the planets, his horo scope ; and, on presenting the usual guerdon, was desired to call on the following day for the important and scientific document. He did so, and found the lady in a most per turbed state. She appeared to be nearly overcome with strong emotion, as she bade him take back his guineas, and never, if he valued his happiness or respectability, look on her again. Mr. 0— was a young man, certainly ten years younger than the handsome woman who strangely forbade him her presence, and he was withal a nervous nian. Apprehending that sickness or death were to befall him, he besought to know the worst at once. " Neither ill health nor dissolution is threatend ; enough that disgrace, misfortune, and misery hang over you, unle ss you fly this moment, and pause not till you have placed half the world's distance between us." _ " Why, what have I to fear from you, gentle and beautiful as you are ?" demanded Leave e, leaveme," replied the equally agitated fair, " and for once defy the malign influence of the stars, whose aspects now threaten destruction to both of us."_ "At lea s t inform me what shape the impending evil as sumes. I will not quit you till you have so far satisfied me." " Listen, then, and tremble ! All last night was I engaged in casting your nativity ; in vain I endeavoured to persuade myself that I had miscalculated a most important event. Still there it was, as plainly written by the hand of Fate as was your birth and mine ; and thus it stood—that before the moon waned you were to become my HUSBAND !" Her prediction was fulfilled. In three days Mr. was married to the widow ; and, in less than six weeks, he found himself in jail, loaded with the debts of his wife, who had deserted him, and resumed her former name. I know come to the fact known only to one or two who were in the immediate confidence of George IV., and which was related to me by Sir Henry, to whom the remark was addressed ; his official duties bringing him close to the per son of his monarch at the coronation. No sooner was the crown placed upon the royal head, than, turning to his old and faithful servant, his Majesty said, exultingly, " Cipriani, Mrs. Williams was a false prophet 1" A BIT FROM BALTIMORE. Good morning, Mr. B-; how do you do, sir? I am "right smart," I thank you, sir; how is your health? It is very gocd, sir; how is Mrs. B.? She is "rights-mart," I thank you, excepting a slight cold, which she took yesterday in the country. But I hope she will soon "get shet" of that. Ah, you were in the country yesterday? It was a bad day for riding in the country. Yes, I know it rained "right smart" all day, and we were thoroughly drenched. But how did you find the travelling? Oh, the roads are "right smart," and but for the rain we should have had a beautiful time. Do you get any news in the country? Nothing of importance, sir, only they say the prospect is " right smart" for a good business the coining season. I am glad to hear of that, for if the country prospers, the city will, of course, prosper. Oh, yes, I have no doubt but we shall have a "right smart" business season this year. If the farmers have good crops, they will buy goods "right smart" when th e y come in the city. Mr. 8., you said you were in the country yesterday; how far did you go? Oh, I went " right smart" of a piece out, and though, as I said, the roads were " right smart," yet TIVICE'T I came near being overturned. Good morning, Mr. B. Good morning, sir, I hope you will get along " aiaaT "iIIiART" in business to-day. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. NEWMARKET CRAVEN MEETING MONDAY. The CRAVEN STAKESWiC sous. each ; for three-year olds, Gst. t four years, Bst. 4lbs. ; five years, Bst. 121bs. ; six years and aged, 9st. 51bs. A. F. (Ten subs.) Mr. Rayner's Quo Minus, 4 yrs Mr. Bowe's Epirus, 5 yrs The following also started, but were not placed :—Colonel Peel's Paganini, Lord Albemarle's Barcarolle, Lord Lich field's ch. c. by Actaeon, Mr. Worrell's Antler, Lord Ex eter's f. by Reveller.—Betting : 6 to 4 agst Epirus (t), and 3 to 1 agst Quo Minus. Won by three parts of a length. The Twenty-fifth -RI DDLESWORTH STARES of 200 sovs. each, . _ h. ft.; for three-year-olds. Ab. M. (16 subs.) Ld. Jersey's c. by Sultan, Bst. 71b. (Robinson) 1 Mr. Thornhill's c. by Emilius, out of Maria, Bst. 41b.... 2 Betting :-7 to 4 On bro. to Bay Middleton, who won easily by two lengths. SWEEPSTAKES of 5 sous. each, for foals of 1836. D.M. Mr. Thornhill's c. by Emilius, Bst. 41b. (Conolly) 1 Duke of Cleveland's b. c. Kremlin, Bst. 41b.. 2 Duke of Grafton's b. f. Drogheda, Bst. 41d Betting : 5 to 4 on Kremlin, and 5 to 2 agst the Maria colt. IV on easily. MANCHESTER.-TUESDAY EVENING. According to custom, several of our leading turf gentlemen have been absent since Friday, participating in the opening of the season at Newmarket. The Riddlesworth and Oat lands have been moderately speculated upon. Lord Jersey's horse lost ground rapidly, and last night the field was backed against him at evens. A very strong "tip" was evidently in town in favour of Mr. Thornhill's Maria colt. At Newmar ket, we are told, both parties are equally sanguine. A va riety of reports have been circulated during the day as to the actual winner. The offers of the morning were to lay even My Lord had won, and that he won also this day. Par ties were desirous of taking 7 to 1 on his Sultan colt, for the Derby. Both last night and to day there has been a clear disposition to nibble on Montreal, Cammellino, and Hamlet. We observed 100 to 3 offered in one lot against each, or 100 to 4 against any one of them. Nothing, however , will be done until " the doings at Newmarket are publicly known." Flambeau was backed yesterday at 12 to 1 ; an d offers this evening made to lay 200 to 6 against Bloomsbury, or take 5. The result of the Riddleswoith of yesterday being just made known, we may add that offers were instantly made to take 60 to 10 on Lord Jersey's horse for the Derby ; 50 to 10 offered. The Maria colt being beat by two lengths in the Riddlesworth, and then defeating the Duke of Cleveland's Kremlin, (so strongly fancied and supported lately,) speaks much for Lord Jersey's hOrse, it being pretty well known that Mr. Thornhill's influential party thought they could de feat the crack. The Dey of Algiers would be backed at 100 to 6, or Montreal at 200 to 6. THE CHESTER CUP.-P. P. The two first favourites are both a little better ; our figure was taken on the member's horse within the past hour ; and against thejrish candidate no one will come out with 9 to 1. lon is also in great force with one of his regular and spirited backers. The following will 'be as near the prices on the horses in most request as is attainable in a market full of ex citement for south intelligence, &c. 7to I agst Mr. Copeland's King Cole. (t) 81 to 1 „ Mr. Ferguson's Harkaway. 10 to 1 „ Lord Westminster's Cardinal Puff. 11 to 1 „ Captain Berkeley's Caravan. 12 to 1 „ Col. Peel's lon. (offers to take) 16 to 1 ~ Sir T. Stanley's Cowboy. 16 to 1 „ Mr. Meiklam's Modesty. (off) 17 to 1 „ Mr. Heseltine's Slashing Harry. 20 to 1 „ Any other. THE OATLANDS. This day 6 to 4 offered on Caravan ; even he runs ; and ditto he wins. The offers at a late hour were fo back lon at evens for £6O. against Caravan. THE MURDER OF ELIZA GRIMWOOD. (From the Observer.) On Friday a letter, of which the following is a copy, was received at Union-hall Police-office, on the subject of the murder of the above-mentioned f ema l e : " Thursday Evening, March 28, 1839. " Gentlemen,—Before you receive this hurried note the body of the murderer of Eliza Grimwood will be in the Thames. Yes, I, and I alone, am the guilty villain who per petrated the hellish deed, and in a few hours will receive my deserts. Stricken in conscience, and shunning all mankind, I add to my character the name of a suicide, rather than meet with an ignominious death on the scaffold. With my death will all the particulars be in eternal oblivion, as no human eye saw the poignard pierce her. The assassin's name, to shield the worthy family from irreproachable disgrace, will be for ever a secret. Do not imagine the writer to be some brain struck man. lam wretched. I can go on no further." The above letter, which was addressed to the magistrates, was written in good handwriting, and on looking at the post mark it was found to have been forwarded from the twopenny postoffice, City-road. _ Soon after the receipt of the above epistle, information was given at the office that the body of a respectably-dressed man was found in the river, within a short distance of Broken wharf, Upper Thames-street, but that memorandum or document was found in his possession by which to ascertain his name or the residence of his friends. On Saturday In spector Field, of the L division, attended at Union Hall on other busines, when Mr. Edwin, the chief-clerk, handed him the above letter. Inspector Field, having been made ac quainted with the finding of the body of a gentleman in the Thames on-Friday morning, proceeded to the station-house in Watling-street, and from subsequent inquiries ascertained that the name of the deceased was George Green, that he had been formerly a captain of a ship, but had latterly led a very dissipated life. The inspector had no opportunity, however, of seeing a specimen of the deceased's handwriting, to com pare it with the letter. At all events, it is rather a remark able coincidence, that the body of a well-dressed man was found in the river on the morning the letter was received by the magistrates. _ _ On Saturday night an inquest was held on the body, when It appeared that about seven o'clock on Friday morning the deceased was found lying on his face in the mud, about four feet from the shore, between some barges, and that on searching him a silver hunting watch, m ark e d Marshall, 213, Oxford-street, and 2s. and a halfpenny were found upon his person. He had also a half-pint bottle of sherry in one of his pockets. - On stripping him, his shirt was discovered to be quite dry. It had been subsequently ascertained that the deceased had been captain's steward on board the Victory, East India trader, but that for the last three years, being in bad health from a liver complaint, he had been without an engagement, and had been living on what money he had saved ; that he had, nevertheless, led a dissipated life, and had had his head-quarters at 151 , High-street, Wapping. On examining his lodgings, a large quantity of Indian copper money, as well as a singularly extensive wardrobe of linen and general clothing, were found. There were not, however, any papers which could lead to further discoveries. The deceased quitted his lodgings on Thursday morning, and had not since been home. He frequently drank to excess ; but it was stated by, the waiter of the Bengal Arms, Birchin-lane, where he had been in the habit of going for the last twelve months, that he left that house quite sober on Thursday. The enquiry was adjourned to Wednesday. UNIVERSITY AND CLERICAL INTELLIGENCE, OXFORD, MARCH 30.—The intended meeting of the Ox ford Archdeaconal Board of Education is deferred to the 9th of April, when important business will be deliberated on. Subscriptions are now open at the banks in all the towns of Scotland, to enable persons to contribute to the Oxford Memorial in that part of Great Britain. The head mastership of Hereford Cathedral Grammar School has been given to the Rev. W. H. Ley, of Christ Church. The Lord Bishop of Ely has instituted the Rev. M. C. Bolton, of Queen's College, to the Rectory of Shimpling thome, Suffolk. Mr. Bolton was lately chaplain to the Bishop If Jamaica, and rector of St. George's, in that island, where the negroes subscribed and presented him a cup as a testi monial of their gratitude for his spiritual attention to them. Arrangements are making on a grand scale for the musical festival, which was postponed last year on account of the coronation, it will take place on the 11th of June and two following days. CAMBRIDGE, MARCH 29.—Notice ha.s been given that the following will be the Classical subjects of examination for the degree of 8.A., in the year 1841 : Homer's Iliad, Books VII., VIII., IX., X. Sallust's " Bellum Catilinarium." STATE OF TRADE. The demand both for goods and yarn at Manchester, on Tuesday, was exceedingly limited, and the market was in a very depressed state. Very little business was done, and that at a trifling reduction from the prices of the preceding Tuesday. Most of the ordinary descriptions of yarn have receded about id. per lb., and printing cloths about 3d. per piece. ROCHDALE FLANNEL MARKET, APRIL I.—We have had a brisk demand for flannels to-day, and many pieces have been sold. Low and middling-priced goods have been most inquired after. Though - the buyers have purchased freely, the manufacturers have not been able to obtain any advance in price. Wool remains steady, and prices firm. HUDDERSFIELD MARKET, APRIL 2. —We have little or no change to note this week, excepting that the demand has not been quite so great as for some weeks past. Yet a large quantity of goods were cleared, especially in fancy woollens, the demand for which is greater than the supply. Heavy woollens, both for home consumption and exporta tion, were in fair demand. Light fancy goods, owing to the continued cold weather, are not in very great demand. On the whole, a good business is doing generally, and the ware houses exhibit symptoms of an active trade. Wools remain firm, some sorts inclined to advance. The mills, for the most part, are working full time. The new number of the Quarterly Review contains many interesting articles ; but as usual, like Hebrew, it must be read backwards—the most attractive subjects being placed at the end. NEWSPAPER SIGNATURES. — There is no doubt that our respected relative in choosing this signature followed the es tablished practice —a practice which is so excellent, and which ornaments the pages of the press with so many great and noble names : " Leonidas" complains of a street being obstructed by the renewal of the pavement, and with Spartan firmness call upon the paving authorities to " abate the nui sance ;" " Themistocles" writes to inform the public and " The Editor of the Times," that a certain man, " five feet six inches, &c.," is engaged in the pleasant operation of swindling all those who will allow him ; " Brutus" is indig nant at the extortion of the " conductor" of a " Bus ;" " Cincinnatus" id awful from the plough" corrects an error " into which the reporter had fallen," in reporting the coroner's inquest on the body of the man who died, after only a week's illness, at the age of ninety-seven ; " Veritas denies that Mr. Tomkins was drunk when Police man, A 93," found him seated in a kennel and hugging the lamp-post ; " Miltiades" tells " A Story of the Last Cen tury ; Caesar" enters into a disquisition on the merits of a recent improvement in the steam-engine ; and " Solon"' forsaking the law, pours forth " Lines on a Tear !"—F r o m Davy Dreamy. edited by Flit. IMPORTANT TO SINGERS.—In Monday's sitting of the Academy of Sciences, M. Arago made a communication respecting a new application of a process of physics to the art of healing, the medical apparatus of condensed air contrived by M. Tabarie. It appears that a stay of more or less dura tion in condensed air has a very beneficial effect upon persons suffering from pecuniary complaints, though the manner in which it acts upon patients is not as yet very satisfactorily accounted for. M. Arago informed the academy that M. Francmur, our distinguished mathematician, having, in con sequence of a disease of the larynx, been visited with a total extinction of his voice, had been able to utter some words after three sittings in M. Tabarie's apparatus, and after the 11th experiment he had wholly recovered his voice, so as not only to speak but likewise to sing. It was of great import ance to make a German sing, but much more so to render the same service to our celebrated artiste, Mademoiselle Falcon, who will shortly be indebted to M. Tabarie's process for the possibility of again commanding public applause. It there fore appears that the action of condensed air is henceforth to be included among the efficient branches of the art of ouring. Paris print. SELECT EXTRACTS. ROUNb TABLES.—We have said, that they sat at a round table ; and we may here observe that circularity is an excel lent quality in a table when three persons are to sit at it, for they can leave' equal spaces between each other, and thus there will be no appearance of want of company, ,no unsocia bleness, no unsightly one-side minus an occupier, or one per son cut off from one another. How different wiih a quad rangular or parallelogramic table I"—From Davy Dreamy, edited by Flit BREAD ADULTERATED.—Ln large towns the goodness of bread is judged of by its cohltir, and even the cheaper sorts are required to be very white. Now unless the best flour is used, bread cannot be made of such a colour without using alum, which bleaches the flour, and thus giros to bread made of inferior or damaged wheat the appearance of the better quality. The quantity of this salt employed is comparatively small ; but it is, notwithstanding, sufficient to induce consti pation in the weak, either very young or very old, and to ag gravate it when already existing ; persons thus circumstanced should therefore abstain, as much as possible, from eating bakers' bread, using in its stead home-made or brown bread. —Curtis on " Tlie Preservation of Health." WATER CRESS.—The grateful and salutary qualities of this vegetable are too well known to need description ; but at certain periods of the year, when perhaps the cress is in its best state for the table, it is common for the under part of the leaves to have a white gelatinous substance adhering to them, which cannot be removed by washing ; and small snails are also fixed on them. It may be useful to many to learn, that if the cresses are put into a brine, made with com mon salt and water, and suffered to remain there ten minutes or less, every thing of the animal or insect kind will be de tached from the haves, and the cresses can afterwards be washed in pure water, and sent to table. Small salads, cab bages, cauliflower, brocoli, celery' lettuces, and vegetables of all descriptions, by the same simple method, may be freed from slugs, worms or insects. If a jar of brine is kept for the purpose, and strained after being used, it will last many weeks, and the expense, of course, be trifling.—Gardener's Gazette. A SWEDISH INN.—I put up at the Skyds-house at Orebro, and I suppose it is in much the same state as in the days of Gustavus Vasa. It is built round a court-yard, in which horses, peasants, carts, boys, dogs, and travellers, with a few pigs, and servant girls half undressed for heat, and scudding to and from the kitchen; are mingled in glorious confusion. The bed-room, however, which I got was much cleaner than I expeeted : but for dinner I was referred to another house in which people keep fiod but not beds for travellers, Here you order a portion according to a carte, or list of dishes; but in country towns the carte seldom tells of more than three sorts of dishes, of which only one generally is of any sort of meat. If you want any thing to drink, except it be anise brandy, or ale, which in general is very good, you must go to a third house, the kallare, or town's cellar, where you may get wine. Should you want a dessert, you must go to a fourth, the con ditor's, or confectioner's, where you get pastry, coffee, and liqueurs. The Swede come home at last to take his siesta, which all classes enjoy as regularly as in Spain or laly, at this season. The labouring people regularly sleep in the shade for an hour or two ; and the middle classes go to bed after dinner during the summer.—Laing's Travels. THE NEW ART.—Mr. J. F. Havell and Mr. Willmore (the engravers) have, by covering glass with etching ground and smoke, sketched designs upon it. Through the glass thus exposed by the scratches, the photogenic paper receives the light ; and the design, which the sun may be said to print, may be multiplied with perfect identity for ever. Designs thus produced will probably become much more common, and even more generally applicable, than lithogra phy, because all the means are more readily accessible ; whilst it would receive it rank as an art, and be excellent in proportion to the skill of the artist, as a draftsman with the etching needle. The size need no longer be kept down by that of the printing press, as the size of the glass can limit the size of the design. This a real and valuable discovery, applicable to a thousand purposes. It is reported that Mr. Havell, and his brother, the well-known painter, have suc ceeded in giving some true colours, also to their productions, by the action of light. Beautiful imitations of washed bistre drawings may be produced, by stopping out the light on the glass by black varnish, which will obstruct the transmission of light in proportion to the thickness with which the var nish is laid 044 . and specimens like fine mezzoti n to prints have been pro ,iced by this process.—Literary Gazette THE DARTANELLES.—The Dardanelles is a little Turk ish town in tie narrowest and most beautiful part of the straits : a strong fort, with enormous cannon, stands frown ing on each side. These are the terrible fortifications of Mahommed 11. the keys of Constantiple. The guns are enormous ; of'one in particular the muzzle is two feet three , inches in diameter ; but with Turkish ingenuity, they are so placed as to be'discharged when a ship is direct opposite. If the ship is not idisabled by the first fire, and does not choose to go back and: take another, she is safe. At every moment a new picture presents itself : a new fort, a new villa, or the ruins of an ancient city. A naked point on the European side, so ugly, compared with all around it, as to attract par ticular attention, projects into the strait, and here are the uint of Sestos ; here Xerxes built in his bridge of boats to carry over his'millions to the conquest of Greece; and here, when he returned with the wreck of his army, defeated and disgraced, he found the bridge destroyed by the tempest, and, in his rage, ordered the chains to be thrown into the sea, and the waves to be lashed with rods. From this point, too, Leander—swam the Hellespont for love of Hero, and Lord Byron and Mr. Ekenhead for fun. Nearly opposite, close to a Turkish fort, are the ruins of Abydos. Here Xerxes and Leander, and -Lord Byron and Mr. Ekenhead, landed.-LStephens's Incidents of Travel. LAKE SANDFORD, NEAR.THe SOURCE OF THE HUDSON RlVER.—Striking the outlet of Lake' Sandford, where it flows through a forest of daik cedars, our luggage was shifted from the buckboard, and' transferred -with outselves to a canoe ; we embarked at the foot of a steep hill ; but our course lay for some . time through low sviampy ground, where the canoe could Sorhetimes with difficulty find a deep enough channel throukh the sedge and water-lilies that by turns co vered the surface. This amphibious track, however, soon disappeared where the hills again coming down to the edge of the stream confined and deepened its current ; and now, after a pull of a few hundred yards through a straight narrow pas saga, we launched out' up on th e b osom o f those beautiful lakes with which this region abounds. Not a sign of a house or a clearing, nor any mark of the handywork of man, was to be seen anywhere, save in the rude shallop that bore us. The morning was still and lowering. There was not breeze enough to lift the fog from the mountains round. Every rock and tree was reflected, with each leaf and wild flower, however minute, in the glassy surface ; the islands, among which we found our course, floated double ; the hermit-like loon that glanced from beneath their embowering shelter, and sent his wild cry with a dozen echoes far among the hills, was the only object that moved or gave a sound of life across the waters. We landed upon one islet, and I paused to observe what I have never been tired of studying, the manner in which nature effects her work of clothing the barren crags with soil. Here, on this rocky islet, some fifty feet in diameter, the whole process may be seen—the first covering of moss and lichens ; the larger growth of the same ; the light black soil that is formed from their decay ; the taller plants that again, in succession, are doomed to die and be decomposed, and afford earthly nourishment to the first hardy forest growth—still, in its turn, to be succeeded by softer woods—may all be traced upon Inch-Hamish. Here, on this little spot, where you can run a stick some three feet down through the primitive mosses that form the first covering of the rock, you have also the towering spruce, the ragged arbor-vitie, and several other hardy ever-gre en varieties ; while a single delicate white ash has put forth its decidious leaves, and hung its scariet berries over the lake. An accomplished botanist has, I am told, found upwards of a hundred varieties of plants and trees upon this islet, which is less than an acre in extent. Cruising leisurely up the lake in this way—pausing ever and anon to admire the change of prospect as we wound round some green headland, or lying upon our oars while trying the fine echoes which the moun tains gave back to our voices whenever our cout se lay far from the margin —it was afternoon before we reached the point for debarking, which we attained by piercing deep within a forest that overshadows the inlet. One canoe left cheerful lake, and, floating beneath the boughs of ancient trees that sometimes interlaced above our heads, startled the trout from the black pools which bathed the roots, and grated at last upon a gravelly bank, where it was drawn up and secured. Not far from this point, a portage of a few hundred yards enables the hunter to launch again upon Lake Henderson, and strike the first link in a chain of lakes which, with a few more brief portages, will float his shallop all the way to the St. Lawrence.—Hqffman's JVild Scenes in the Forest. ADULTERATION OF BEER.—Beer is the favourite beverage of the immense majority, of the English people ; and if no other ingredients were used in its composition than those which the law permits—viz., malt and hops—it would be a nourishing and wholesome, as well as favourite liquor. But this unfortunately is not the case. Beer is mixed with a large proportion of water, and a great number of drugs, more or less deleterious, are employed to make the mixture resem ble genuine beer in its sensible qualities, at a smaller expense than malt and hops can be obtained for. One of these in gredients is a composition of extract of quassia and liquorice juice, which goes by the name of " multum," and is very extensively employed. Of a worse description than this are those adulterations which are intended to make the beer heady, and thus to give weak liquor the appearance of strength. For this purpose a variety of narcotics is used, such as cocu lus indicus, nux vomica, &c.. In addition to these several other substances are employed in the adulteration of beer ; for instance, sulphate of iron, wormwood, capsicum. &c. It should be observed that the greater number of these illegal adulterations are supposed to be perpetrated not by the wholesale brewers, but by the publicans, who in many cases retail the beer at a lower rate than they purchase it in whole sale. It is to be feared that, in spite of the numerous heavy fines imposed upon persons found guilty of such practices. they are still carried on to a considerable extent ; at least it is difficult, if not impossible, in some parts of London, to procure good genuine beer. I may mention, as a proof of the extent to which the adulteration of beer is carried, that there is a class of men called brewers' druggists, whose busi ness it is to prepare the compounds for brewers and publi cans. Ale is made of pale malt, and is frequently adulterated with several of the articles used for porter, as well as with opium, tobacco, grains of paradise, &c. Stale or sour ale is converted into mild ale by the admixture of prepared chalk, soda, or carbonate of potash ; and to give new all the appear ance of (* liquor, oil of vitriol is employed. Now there can be no doubt that a beverage containing even minute quanti ties of such articles as those above enumerated, must be de trimental to health ; and as the law has hitherto proved un equal to the task of preventing their employment, all who regard their health, especially invalids, should drink home brewed beer, or procure their porter direct from the brewers. And here I cannot but observe that the abolition or reduction of the malt duty would be a great boon to the community. The inducements to adulterate malt liquors would thereby be much diminished, and private persons would then be bet ter able to brew their own beer, and thus escape the hazard of consuming what is frequently little better than a slow poi son. It has frequently been noticed of late that London porter is becoming worse and worse ; yet we seldom hear of convictions for the offence of adulteration. Some strenuous measures ought to be forthwith adopted for the repression of the evils in question.—Curtis on the Preservation of Health. BITUMINOUS WOOD.—It appears by a communication in a recent number of Silliman's Journal, that a large deposit of bituminous wood has been discovered at Port Hudson-, on the Mississippi river. The village is situated on a bluff sixty or seventy feet high. This bluff reposes, as the whole country does, on a thick bed of blue aluminous clay, which forms the bed of most of our water courses, and wears very gradually by the action of the water. The upper surface of the clay at that place is considerably below the high water mark. " The bluff has been long falling in from being undermined by springs, which ran out above the blue clay, and by the action of the current of the Mississippi ; but the blue clay does not wear away near so fast, and for this reason it extends some distance beyond the base of the bluff. It seems, that, upon this shelf, the Mississippi has made a considerable deposit, of the common kind, containing a great many fragments, and sometimes entire logs. After this deposit took place, a considerable mass of earth must have fallen, covering the former one. The remarkably low water, together with the removal of the superincumbent earth to form a new landing place, has exposed the formation. The smallerlogs are often entirely bituminized and changed into a glossy black coal, in which no trace of fibre can be perceived. Still the formation must be very recent ; for, in the most perfectly bituminized pieces, there are frequent marks of the axe, looking as though it were done but yesterday. The limbs are very much flat tened ; but otherwise their external appearance is the same as usual in the species, which can easily be determined, being oak, walnut, hickory, &c. The larger logs and fragments have undergone the transformation in various degrees; some being of a soft and spongy texture. Many are in a state of perfect coal at one end, or on one side, and have undergone no change except softening at the other." MISCELLANEOUS Sir Watkin William Wynn is so infirm; that he cannot be lifted into his carriage without the help of several footmen. Twenty brigs are expected to be commissioned for the purpose of putting doivn all further slave dealing under the Portuguese flag. ENORMOUS PlG.—Last week Mr. James Stephens, miller, &c. of Crantock, killed a fine sow, which weighed 28 score and 17 lbs.—Falmouth Express. Mr. Stanley, secretary to the treasury, has written to the parliamentary supporters of the ministry, to be at their post on the 15th April, as the debate on that night will decide the fate of the government. NORTH WALES CIRCUIT.—At the Carnarvonshire and Anglesey assizes, the business was comparatively unim portant—in the latter county, not a single cause Nkas set down for trial. CHATHAM Doc KYAR D.—NO less than twenty-seven of the shipwrights in this dockyard have recently, within a fort night, left their employment; and we believe that many of them have been engaged for the service of the Emperor of Russia. EXTRAORDINARY LEAP.—At the Strabane steeple chase, on Friday, the 22d ult., Mr. Russell's horse Langar leapt a wall seven feet high. He was rode by William Brisland, a horse-breaker.—Derry Sentinel. In answer to a case submitted to the Solicitor-General by the guardians of the union, the learned gentleman states, that all births and deaths takint, place in workhouses are chargeable to the parish in which such house is situate.— Herts Reformer. The combined armies of Austria, Prussia, and the Germanic confederation amount, according to the calculations of a Frankfort paper, to 1,400,000 men-700,000 f urn i s hed by Austria, 400,000 by Prussia, and 300,000 by the other states of the confederation. The King of the Sandwich islands has promulgated a law, prohibiting, under severe penalties, the importation of ardent spirits of any kind into those islands, except in small quan tities, for medicinal and mechanical purposes, and imposikg a duty of one dollar and a half a gallon on wines. Her Majesty's ship Powerful, Captain Napier, has, it seems, lost several men by desertion, and it is found im practicable to complete her crew for active service. This is said to be owing to the adoption of some novel mode of pro pelling the ship by a machine resembling a tread-wheel, which the sailors think degrading, as resembling the labour of convicts, and not that of their native element. SHREWSBURY SCHOOL.—Viscount Dungannon has an nounced to Dr. Kennedy his intention of presenting fifteen guineas annually for the encouragement of classical literature in Shrewsbury school, thus affording a fresh instance of that munificence and zeal for literature which do honour to his lordship's character. The particular subjects of competition for Lord Dungannon's prizes are not yet determined. Sir Robert and Lady Peel, who have usually passed the recess at Drayton manor, purpose this year remaining: in town. The grand entertainment to be given by the right hon. bart. and his lady on the 10th instant, to their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge, and Duchess of Gloucester, will be the first grand party this season. Upwards of .five hundred cards have been issued for the coming party.—Standard. The report of the death of Sir Herbert Taylor, at Rome, on the 13th instant, appears to be untrue, as we understand that a letter was received this morning at St. Katherine's, in the Regent's Park, from Sir Herbert himself, dated the 16th inst. Other accounts also concur in stating that the death of the gallant officer was prematurely announced, though his illness is admitted to be of a very serious nature.—M. Herald. The scarcity and dearness of fuel is generally felt in this county, and has been the cause of much plunder of timber, and the destruction of hedges during the past winter. A few days since a large furze plantation was totally destroyed at Knockaderry, near Newcastle, and carried in all directions by the country people. It was rented as a fox cover by the County Club, from a man named Quaid, who intends apply ing for compensation at the next assizes.—Limerick Standard. INCONTROVERTIBLE PROOF OF IRISH TRANQUILLITY.— The Leinster Independent, the organ of the priests, states, with becoming exultation, as evidence of the tranquil state of Ireland, that Judge Torrens, while on circuit, last week, mustered sufficient courage to proceed on foot some distance on his way from Mullingar to Tullamore, and mirabile dictu, was not murdered ! Such, we assure our readers, is the boast of the priests' newspapers—may we not well exclaim, on this auspicious announcement—PßODlGlOUS !--cork Constitution. THE LATE MURDEROUS OUTRAGE UPON a WIFE.— Whitaker was again brought up at the New Bailey on Wed nesday, when Mr. Smith, the house-surgeon at the Infirmary, stated that Sarah Whitaker was still in danger ; and that, if she were removed, it might cause her death. Whitaker ap peared quite unmoved, and he was again remanded to Wed nesday next. On inquiry at the Infirmary yesterday evening, we were informed that the unfortunate woman was apparently going on well. Manchester Guardian. A very superior description of coal has, we understand, been supplied to the Mansion-house, by way of Liverpoool, from the extensive colleries of Messrs. Hilton, of Ince Hall, near Wigan, who have e xpressed th e i r d e t erm i na ti on to com pete with their northern neighbours. A gentleman from that firm waited upon his lordship, and informed him that they were now raising 500 tons per day ; but when their arrange ments were complete, they would raise 1000, and b e a bl e t o deliver them in London at 22s per ton.—London paper. REMARKABLE LONGEVITY.—In a small town in Massa chusetts, containing less than .1000 inhabitants, there are living almost within a stone's throw of each other, no less than 13 persons whose united ages amount to 1,071 years, making an average of 82 years to each person, the youngest 79, the oldest 92. For a series of years a very large propor tion of the deaths in this town has been of persons whose ages averaged about 83 years. In one year there were 14 deaths in the town, and of these 11 were of persons whose ages averaged over 83 years. • EXTRAORDINARY FEAT.—On Saturday week, a boy about seven years of age, a sorr of a person named W. Solomans, of Risca, undertook for the wager of a sovereign, to run from Risca to Newport with the Tredegar coach, and to reach the post-office in this town before it. Accordingly, the child started from Risca with the coach, and kept with it until it reached the top ascent, and outstripped the coach, winning the wager, to the delight of every one who witnessed the ex traordinary performance. The distance is about seven miles and it was completed in forty-five minutes. Considering the age of the boy, we think this a feat almost unprecedented.— Monmouthshire Merlin. We are credibly informed that ; when the rumour of Sir Herbert Taylor's death was conveyed to the Home-office, Lord John Russell immediately sent to the clergyman of St. Katharine's demanding the charter of the foundation. His lordship's zeal, no doubt, was extremely praiseworthy in en deavouring to provide for some whig-radical friend before his proximate loss of office ; but it would, perhaps, have been rather more decorous to have waited till he had ascertained whether the report of Sir Herbert's death were actually true. But the whigs are famed for selling the skin of the bear be: the animal is caught,—and, whether reputation is to be won or lost, the rapacity which characterizes their acts is ever predominant.—Morning Herald. IRON HOUSES.—The efficiency of iron to the application of steam vessels has been so successfully introduced, that we notice an elegant plan of a sea cottage of that description hung up in the Tontine Coffee Room, which seems so ad mirably adapted that we have no doubt they will soon be in very general use. The plan referred to seems to have six rooms, kitchen, and laundry, and other conveniences, for the small sum of 250. or if a double house of fourteen rooms, £5OO. This is not MN the price of - a common house with similar accommodation, and can be ready for possession in two months. The iron trade of this neighbourhood should each set down one by way of introducing them.—Glasgow Courier. NEW LIGHT FOR LIGHTHOUSES.—A letter of the 10th instant from Trieste states that a new system of producing light for lighthouses has been invented by a serjeant-major in the Austrian artillery, named Selckonsky. The apparatus consists of a parabolic mirror, 62 inches by 30, with a 12-inch focus, and the light is produced by a new kind of wax candle, invented by M. Selckonsky. It has been tried under the inspection of the Austrian Lloyd's Company in the port of Trieste, by being erected on the mast of a vessel. The light is said to have illuminated the whole of the port and the sur rounding parts of the town equal to the moon at full (1) ; and at the distance of 600 yards the finest writing could be read. A second trial has been made in bad weather, and the result was proportionally favourable. HYDROPHOBIA.—On the night of Tuesday, the sth of Fe bruary last, Mr. Isaac Phelps, inspector of the night-watch, residing in Rosemary-lane, was passing down Carter-gate, between eleven and twelve o'clock, when he heard a dog, as if in distress, in a hole prepared for the reception of the new weighing machine. Prompted by feelings of humanity, he obtained a light and a ladder, and having placed the latter in the hole, as the dog would not ascend, he went down to as sist it ; the animal, however, instead of allowing him quietly to take hold of it, flew at him, fastened upon his forehead and nose, severely injured him, and instantly running up the staves of the ladder, was quickly out of sight. The wounds were dressed and cauterised by Mr. Billings, of Sneinton, and, with the exception of being disfigured, Mr. P. felt no inconvenience, and his health continuing good, he last week said he was satisfied no evil results would follow from the bite. On Monday last, his head became light, but being strictly anxious to attend his duty, he went out as usual at night; between eleven and twelve, while walking up Mans field-road, he complained to the watchman on that beat that he was ill, and the circumstance was communicated to Mr. Fisher, the superintendent, who immediately took Phelps to a public-house and ordered some brandy. On liquor being placed before him, he snapped at it like a canine animal, and he was social after persuaded to go home. Mr. Fisher ap plied to Mr. Davison, surgeon, who prescribed, and ordered Phelps to bed. Every hour he kept getting worse and worse, and it became evident to all around, and the poor sufferer himself was conscious of it, that, as he exclaimed on first complaininp on Mansfield-road, "he was not long for this werld." Dr. J. C. Williams and other medical gentlemen attended during the whole of the day, and bleeding was freely resorted to ; at night, however, at twenty minutes before twelve o'clock he expired, terminating exactly seven weeks to an hour, from the time he was injured to his death. Up to the last minute he was sensible, and in the course of the day, he wrote a letter to his daughter, gave directions for his coffin, and appointed his bearers. The medical men pro posed that Charles Waterton, Esq., of Walton-hall, should be requested to come over with his South American Wourali, which he has recommended as a remedy in this fatal malady ; the authorities of the town, with the greatest promptitude and feeling, immediately ordered an express. Mr. W. an d hi s friend Dr. Knight, of Sheffield, arrived about five o'clock in the morning, but as the poor sufferer had died a few hours before, there was no opportunity of trying its efficacy.—Not tingham Journal. NEW HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT. — ANTIQUARIAN DIS COVERIES.—The evacuation that it was necessary to make in order to lay the foundation of the river embankment wall to the new houses of parliament, has been the means of bringing to light a great number of relics of antiquity which were dug up from time to time by the workmen as the exca vation proceeded. The most remarkable feature of the dis covery is the great number of daggers and swords, especially the former, .that have been found, and which, from their variety of make and appearance, are evidently the collection of ages. They are of all shapes, sizes, and sorts of work manship, from the richly- made hunting-knife or dirk to the costly and highly-finished stiletto. There are no handles to any of them, which is easily accounted for, as that part being generally composed of a less durable material, has, conse quently, long since decayed. Some of the blades are in high preservation, and a few, which are inlaid with gold, seem almost as perfect as when first wrought. The circumstance of so many weapons of this description being found in this locality is certainly somewhat singular, but, perhaps, the lords and commons in byegone days " warred with the knife," instead of with words, as in the 19th century. The next singular discovery is a quantity of keys, which are of various sizes, and some of them of very curious workman ship. One key especially is a gigantic fellow in excellent preservation. with curiously formed wards, at the end of which is a dog's head, most admirably executed. . His ap pearance put .s strongly in mind of the keys used in panto mimes. A variety of old coins (principally copper), together with two or three small Roman earthen pots, some fossils of an ordinary class, one or two cannon balls, and several human skulls) the latter being remarkably large and thick) ; these make up the collection, which is the property of Mr. Barry, the architect, who, previous to the excavation, made an agreement that all curiosities, Sic., found, were to be given up to him. It is supposed, however, that that gentleman has not all the antiquities, the labourers having, no doubt, dis posed of many.—Correspondent of the Morning Herald. THE LATE LORD DE Roos.—This nobleman, who expired at his villa in the Grove-road, St. John's Wood, on Friday last. after a lingering indisposition, in his 46th year, was pre mier Baron of England, and succeeded his mother, Charlotte, the late Baroness, Jan. 9, 1831. His lordship's father was Lord Henry Fitzgerald, third son of James first Duke of Leinster, who died July 8, 1829, having married, 4th August, 1791, Charlotte Baroness de Roos, in whose favour the barony was called out of abeyance in 1806. His lordship, dying un married, he succeeded in his title and estates by his next brother, the Hon. Lieut. Col. William Lennox Lascelles de Roos, Colonial Agent for Malta, late Major of Brigade to Lieut. Gen. Sir Charles Dalbiac, Inspector General of Ca valry. The present peer married Lady Georgiana Lennox, third daughter of the late, and sister to the present Duke of Richmond. The late lord, familiarly known in fashionable society as Henry de Roos, was for several years considered the glass of fashion in the circles of ton, but of late years he had suffered much from ill-health, arising from a dropsical complaint. THE QUEEN DOWAGER.—We gather from a private let ter from Malta, that her Majesty the Queen Dowager pro posed to leave Malta for England on the 28th March (Thurs day last,) in Her Majesty's ship Hastings ; calling, in her way, at Cadiz, Lisbon, and possibly, at Palermo. She may, we understand, be expected in England about the 20th May. Norris Castle, East Cowes, Isle of Wight, has, we are as sured, been engaged for her Majesty and suite for the ensu ing summer. Nothing could have exceeded the kindness and affability displayed by the Queen Dowager, not only to the officers of the ship which had - the honour of conveying her to Malta, but to Naval and military officers of all ranks with whom she chanced to come into contact during her excur sion. To the officers of the Hastings, indeed she has, to employ the language of our correspondent, been " all kind ness, and goodness, and impressed every one about her with the conviction that she is one of the best and noblest spirited women in existence."—United Service Gazette. CONSERVATIVE TRIUMPH AT OXFORD.—Oxford, March 30.—The Conservatives of this borough have this day achieved a triumph as unexpected as it was decisive. The death of Mr. Cook caused a vacancy in the East Ward, the most Radical ward in Oxford, they (the Radicals) having always returned their candidates by large majorities at the head of the poll. In the present case, Mr. Jones, a Dissen ter, the Radical Candidate, had 24 hours' start of Mr. Grif fith, the Conservative. The election of the latter was con ducted by Mr. W. Brunner, the new Conservative agent, under whose auspices this glorious victory had been achieved, the numbers at the close of the poll being for Mr. Griffith, 147 ; Mr. Jones, 138 ; majority 9. On the numbers being announced the bells of the city church were set ringing, and carriages proceeded around the town amidst the enthusiastic congratulations of the Conservative party. A Conservative Association is about to be formed, with htur. Brunner as agent, and Oxford will ultimately redeem the character it has lost in returning one Radical to parliament. UNITED STATES OF NORTH AMERICA.—The province Or district of Maine, in which the very recent hostile movement of our American neighbours took place, was, before the re volutionary war, a district of Massachusetts. It is the extreme northern division of the United States territory, is bounded on the north and east by Canada and New Brunswick ; west by New Hampshire. It comprises nine counties, has several navigukle rivers—namely, the Penobscot, Kennebeck, St. John, St. Croix, &c., with several lakes. The land is ele vated, but not mountianous ; much of it is arable, and the soil is very fertile. the hop plant grows quite spontane ously in this country ; the heat in summer is intense, and the cold is extreme in winter, the lakes and rivers being passable on the ice from Christmas to the middle of March. It has extensive forests of white pine, spruce, maple, beech, white and grey oak, yellow birch, &c, ; these form its chief exports, and it is about the right of cutting this timber (on one or other side of a line) that the hostile movement has taken place. It is about 250 miles long, and nearly 200 broad. NEW ERA IN AGRICULTURE.-A gentleman has just ar rived from Georgia, who has brought with him a new colossal and prolific clover-seed from Bokharia, which he is going to submit to Mr. London. According to the accounts of the most celebrated travellers who have visited that distant and important country, which is equal in climate to that of Great Britain, all grains, herbs, and vegetables distinguish them selves by their gigantic growth. The clover seed just im ported grows to the enormous height of twelve to fifteen feet, and can be cut every month. But this is not the only valuable property of this most extraordinary production of the vegetable kingdom. Out of the stem a hemp is prepared which is •so highly esteemed in the distant region of which it is a native, that preference is given to it over all other sorts of it. Should the plan succeed in England, and of which there can be but little doubt, it will form a new era by ren dering this country independent of foreign supplies of clover seed. It is fortunate that it has arrived in time to be tried this year. It must be sown in April. It is said that each grain will produce 30,000 seeds. DEFEAT OF THE SALFORD LIBERALS.—The friends and partisans of Mr. Joseph Brotherton have sustained a most humiliating defeat, in the neighbouring borough, during the present week. The occasion was the annual meeting of ley payers to pass the accounts of the overseers, and to elect fresh officers in their stead, when not only did the conserva tives reject the accounts—on the very proper and justifiable plea that they contained items that the overseers were not justified in charging upon the ratepayers, but that conserva tive overseers were appointed by a majority of at least 15 to 1. This result is important, not only as showing the strength of the conservative party in a very gratifying point of view, but as rescuing the list of parliamentary voters from the cus tody of persons whose past conduct was no guarantee for the purity and fairness of their future acts. Convenient " acci dents" and "oversights" to the disadvantage of Mr. Gar nett's friends will not hitherto occur so frequently as they were wont to do, and even in political warfare some degree of care and accuracy is desirable. However, we can well af ford to forego a little pleasantry at the expense of our oppo nents in the present instance ; though, whilst we compliment the conservatives on the success of their exertions, we cannot help congratulating the Reverend Mr. Brotherton on the prospect now open to him of retiring to the congenial quietude and seclusion of private life.—Manchester Courier. That incorrigible caitiff, Mr. Joseph Hume, economist and Greek loan jobber, has absolutely had the face to pro claim his indignation that her Majesty the Queen Dowager, should have been permitted to go out and be allowed to re turn passenger in the Hastings ; for, as the Standard justly remarks, his hullabaloo really amounts to this—the Queen having volunteered to defray to the last farthing the extra expenses of her voyage out and home ; yet, this same catiff, who has the impudence to talk of the quantity of money thrown away upon officers of the navy, had not a single qualm of conscience in assisting to vote away two millions and a half of the public money, in aid of one of the foulest and most disgraceful jobs that has ever been perpetrated in this or any other country—we allude to the Irish Railway Commission! This precious conservator of the public trea sure has the audacity to complain of the absorption of a few thousands per annum, in pay and pensions, to the veterans of the late war and suggests, for he insinuates as much, if he dares not recommend it, that upwards of 4,000 officers of the British navy should be deprived of their half-pay and pen sions, because it is their misfortune to be unemployed. Nay, a British naval officer, Captain Pechell, who assisted in the perpetration of the foul job alluded to, and who has been a participator in many other jobs hardly less disgraceful, ac tually stands by whilst this villainous opinion is being broached; without uttering one syllable in behalf of his op pressed and slandered brother officers.—United Service Gazette. CORN-LAW AGITATION IN MANCHESTER AN IMPOS TURE.—" Work the corn-laws," was the parting advice of Poulett Thomson to his constituents, of the Chamber; and Mr. George William Wood was weak enough to lend him self to a trick which, with unquestionable honesty of inten tion, he had not sagacity to see through. The attempt to persuade the legislature and the country that the Manchester manufacturers had any violent desire for change in the corn laws—that they were prepared to sanction any rash or preci pitate legislation—Or, still more, to compromise the interests of any class of their fellow countrymen, and to menace the public tranquillity, if such changes were not effected—was an audacious imposture, and it has met with the fate which all impostures merit. Mr. Poulett Thomson has had the mortification to find himself in an odious minority ; to hear himself denounced by the Premier as a madman ; to feel him self and his colleagues incurably weakened by his folly ; and though last, not least, we may whisper in his ear that he has cut off his last chance of again sitting as member for Man chester. Mr. G. W. Wood has reduced himself to the piti able necessity of whining an apology whenever he appears in public ; and the Chamber of Commerce, unable to find a president, and deserted by every individual of weight and in fluence, has sunk into utter:oblivion and contempt. Such is the due reward this noisy and selfish clique have met with, for misrepresenting the town of Manchester, and rendering its very name odious throughout the length and breadth of the land. In truth, among the great body of opulent and influ ential manufacturers, the question is regarded with compar ative indifference, at all events, is made the subject of calm and deliberate disscussion, with a perfectly just estimate of the rights of others ; and not perverted into a topic of irrita tion and excitement. There may be. and we believe there is, a general inclination to a fixed duty among this class, to whom, indeed, such a change would be an unmixed advantage, but they are not the less sensible of the practical difficulties in the way of such an arrangement, and of the impossibilty of reconciling it, under numerous contingencies, to the interest of both the farmer and the public. We can confidently aver that the universal feeling here is one of satisfaction at the termination of the discussion. The character, no less than the amount, of the majority gives assurance of the finality of the settlement ; and there is no disposition to murmur if the urgent national affairs pressing for attention are entered upon in an earnest, active, and English spirit. —Manchester Courier. THE DEATH OF THE SPERM WHALE.—Mad with the agony which the whale endures from the attacks made upon him, the infuriated " sea beast" rolls over and over, and coils an amazing length of line around him ; he rears his enor mous head, and, with wide-expanded jaws, snaps at every - thing around. He rushes at the boats with his head; they are propelled before him with vast swiftness, and sometimes utterly destroyed. He is lanced again, *hen his pain appears more than, he can bear ; he throws himself, in his agony, completely out of his element ; the boats are violently jerked, by which one of the lines is snapped asunder ; at the same time the olten-boat is upset, and its crew are swimming for their lives. The whale is now free : he passes along the sur., face with remarkable swiftness, " going head out ;" but the two boats that have not yet fastened," and are fresh and free, now give chase. The whale becomes exhausted from the blood which flows from his deep and dangerous wounds, and the 200 fathoms of line belonging to the overturned boat, which he is dragging after him through the water, checks him in his course ; his pursuers again overtake him, and another harpoon is darted, and buried deeply in his flesh. The men who were upset now right their boat without assis tance from the others, by merely clinging on one side of her, by which she is turned over, while one of them gets inside, and bales out the water rapidly with his hat, by which the boat is freed, and she is soon again in the chase. The fatal lance, is at length given,—the blood gushes from the nostrils of the unfortunate animal in a thick black stream, which stains the clear blue water of the ocean to a considerable distance round the scene of the affray. The immense crea ture may now again endeavour to " sound," to escape from his unrelenting pursuers ; but it is powerless,—it soon rises to the surface, and passes slowly along until the death pang seizes it, when its appearance is awful in the extreme. The whole strength of its enormous frame is set in motion for a few seconds, when his convulsions throw him into a hundred different contortions of the most violent descriptions, by which the sea is beaten into foam, and boats are sometimes crushed to atoms, with their crews in them. But this violent action being soon over, the now unconscious animal passes swiftly along, describing in his rapid course a segment of a circle ; this is in his " flurry," which ends in his sudden dis solution. The mighty rencontre is finished by the gigantic animal rolling over on its side, and floating an inanimate mass on the surface of the crystal deep,—a victim to the tyranny and selfishness, as well as a wonderful proof of the great powers of the mind of man.—Beale's History. LORD MELBOUNE AND MR. VAN BUREN.—Looking at it in every point of view, we have sometimes come to the be lief that the unfortunate and delicate situations into which two great and glorious nations have been brought have been matured and engendered by the poor, miserable, offal, loafer, kitchen cabinets of each—the one headed by the imbecile Melbourne, the other by the imbecile Van Buren. To our mind, England and the United States resemble two gallant, chivalric men, whose worthless agents and pretended advisers have brought them on the field of honour to shed their blood on a mere point of empty etiquette, while the pickpockets look on, laugh at the sport, and do a snug business m their line during the Inell.—New York Afornina Herald. LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTION LECTURES ON ORGANIC CHEMISTRY. On Wednesday week R. ,H. Brett, Esq. M.A. terminated the admirable course which he has been delivering at this excellent Institution. The following lecture is well worthy of perusal, as it tends to disprove the long and generally received theory of the cause of dark coloured and red blood, as well as that of the source of animal heat. I mentioned in a former lecture that a very characteristic dif ference existed between animal and vegetable substances, from the circumstance that the former contains a , considerable quantity of azote or nitrogen, and that when this principle exists in vegetable substances, it is to be considered as an exception to the general rule, whereas the absence of the same element in animal bodies •may be considered as an exception. I also observed that there are several simple elements which belong not only to the organic, but to the mineral or inorganic kingdom, such for example as sul phur and phosphorus. Animal substances differ very materially from vegetable bodies in the products which we obtain by the destructive action of heat upon such substances. When a vegetable substance is submitted to the action of heat, we find it resolved into certain gases and fluids, the latter being for the most part of an acid cha racter, whereas in the case of animal principles when they are sub mitted to destructive distillation, the products are for the most part alkaline, depending upon the production of the volatile alkali am monia. But there is an important suhstance very frequently ob tained by the distillation of animal substances, gaseous in its ordi nary form, but under certain circumstances capable of assuming a liquid form, termed cyanogen, a combination of two elements, carbon and azote. The production of this gaseous compound by the action of heat upon animal or organic suhstances characterizes them, and distinguishes them to a very great extent from other forms of organic bodies, especially from those derived from the vegetable kingdom. If therefore we submit to the action of a very high temperature, an animal substance, we shall find that instead of having those products evolved, which we met with in the cases of vegetable bodies, such as certain inflammable gases and a fluid acid, we shall obtain the volatile alkali ammonia, and the peculiar gas called cyanogen, a compound of carbon and azote. Unless we have some moans of preventing the escape of this gas, it is carried off with the other products in a state of vapour, combined with water, but there are means by which we can fix it and prevent its escape, we then are able to examine it carefully and ascertain its peculiar properties. For the purpose of fixing this gas we combine it with some base. The metallic oxide commonly used for this pur pose is potass. Let us enquire what changes take place when the animal substance is brought into contact with potass. The organic substance of animal origin being composed of carbin, azote, oxygen and hydrogen has all these elements seperated by the effect of heat. A portion of the carbin combines with the oxygen and with the hydrogen to form carbonic acid, carburetted hydrogen, and carbonic oxide gases, while a considerable portion of the car bon unites with the azote and forms cyanogen, and this latter com pound having a powerful affinity for metals, unites with the potas sium in consequence of the oxygen of the potass being removed in the form of carbonic acid or carbonic oxide, by means of the carbon separated from the animal substance at the high temperature to which it is submitted. We therefore obtain a compound, consist ing of the gaseous cyanogen and the metal potassium, and we have to transfer this compound gas to other metals, for I may observe that its combination with potassium is somewhat fixed, and is not capable of separation at the temperature to which the mixture has been submitted. We are in the habit of mixing a quantity of iron with the animal substance, and we thus have a quantity of iron united with the same gas as potassium, and this compound forms a salt well known in commerce, under the term prussiate of potass, a yellow salt used for chemical purposes and in the fine arts. Here then we have a mixture of the salt with iron, but upon mixing it with another portion of iron we are able to transfer a much larger quantity of the cyanogen to the iron, and form a salt termed Prus sian blue, which consists of a large portion of cyanogen and iron. This Prussian blue will not give up its cyanogen by heat, therefore we are obliged to. transfer it to some metal which wtll yield it upon the application of heat. Such a metal is mercury. If we boil the Prussian blue with mercury, we shall transfer the cyanogen to the mercury, and obtain a combination of the gaseous cyanogen with metallic mercury, and it is from this that we obtain cyanogen in its pure form. This will appear to be a complicated process, but It is one which is constantly resorted to in the arts, or when we wish to obtain cyanogen for chemical purposes. Having obtained the gaseous cyanogen in combination with mercury. we shall simply apply heat to this salt, and the cyanogen is disengaged in the form of gas. I have placed in this small retort a portion of the cyanide of mercury, and upon the application of a moderate heat we shall find that the cyanogen gas will be released, and will burn with a violet or rose coloured flame as it issues from the beak of the retort. I have stated that under ordinary circumstances cyanogen exists in a gaseous state, but if you lower the temperature and subject it to pressure, it is capable of assuming a liquid form. Professor Fa raday was the first to condense many of thegases, and he succeeded by a simple experiment in condensing cyanogen gas. All that is necessary is to be supplied with a strong tube, bent so as to form an obtuse angle. Into one of the branches of this tube a combination of cyanogen with mercury is placed, the other branch is kept cool by a small portion of cotton satured with ether. Both ends of the tube being closed, heat is applied to that end containing the cyanide of mercury. The gas is disengaged and unable to escape, for the tube is subjected to a pressure equivalent to three or four of our atmospheres, and having its heat abstracted by the evaporation of the ether, puts on the form of a fluid substance. This fluid, as soon as the pressure is removed, is immediately dissipated into vapour, and escapes as cyanogen gas possessing all the properties to which I have alluded. Cyanogen is capable of combining with Hydrogen , ane forms a very peculiar substance called prussic acid. We cannot combine cyanogen and hydrogen to form prussic acid by the simple combiNiation of its elements. It is necessary that the hydrogen and the cyanogen should be in what is called a nascent state. If therefore we cause cyanogen and hydrogen gases to come together in a nascent state, they will unite in definite proportions, and pro duce the poisonous acid called prussic acid. This substance is very volatile, but is capable of being condensed by the application of cold ; so extremely volatile is it, that if a drop of it be placed upon a glass plate or piece of paper, its evaporation will be so rapid as to produce sufficient cold to freeze or solidify the remainder. The ordinary mode of obtaining prussic acid mixed with water, i by the decomposition of some substance which contains cyanogen in the form of a salt, such as the cyanide of mereury or the prus siate of potass. If therefore we submit the combination of cy anogen and mercury to the action of muriatic acids, which is corn • pounded of chlorine and hydrogen, we shall find that the chlorine will leave the hydrogen of the acid to combine with mercury, while the hydrogen will unite with the cyanogen set free, to form prussic acid. If, moreover, we take the double combination of cy anogen and iron and cyanogen and potass, we shall find that the prussic acid is also formed, for the same reason, for cyanogen is set free from its combination with potasssium and iron, and unites with the hydrogen it obtains from the water, and in this case also is converted into prussic acid which may be condensed in water. It is in this manner that prussic acid is obtained jn a weak form mingled with water. Prussic acid being a compound of cyanogen and hydrogen, we should expect that we could transfer its cyanogen to a metal in the same way as we transferred the cyanogen in the form of cyanide of potassium to iron or to mercury, and such is the case. In this bottle I have some prussic acid containing a large quantity of water, but if I drop a small quantity of it into a glass of water containing a solution of nitrate of silver, we shall find that the cyanogen of the prussic acid will take the metal, whilst the oxygen of the oxide of silver will combine with the hydrogen to produce water, We shall therefore find a white bulky deposit which consists simply of cyanogen and metallic silver. This compound of cyanogen and silver is very readily decomposed, while the mere application of heat will cause the cyanogen to be given off, and pure metallic silver will remain behind. Hence you can conceive a very simple mode of analyzing this compound of cyanogen, and ascertaining the exact weight of each of its ingredients. When driven off by heat, the cyanogen will burn with its characteristic violet or lilac coloured flame, and pure silver will remain. This salt, therefore, like the one in which the cyanogen was combined with mereury, is readily decomposed at elevated temperatures. In consequence of the readiness with which cyanogen combines with metals,:and in consequence of the coloured compounds which it thus forms, we can very readily ascertain the existence of these metals. I have stated that when the cyanogen is combined with iron, it produces a blue compound termed Prussian blue. In order then to ascertain the presence of prussic acid we place it under such cir cumstances that it will give up its cyanogen to iron, when the characteristic blue colour which will be struck is indicative of Prussian blue. I have in this glass a mixture of two salts of iron— the protosalt and the persalt—and if to it I add a portion of prussic acid mixed with an alkali, we shall find that the cyanogen will unite with the iron and produce the characteristic blue colour called Prussian blue npon the addition of a little acid. This experiment will also serve for detecting the presence of prussic acid in any fluid. When prussic acid is' added to a salt of copper, under the same circumstances as ferruginous salts in the preceding experiment, no blue colour is obtained, but a white one with a yellowish tinge, a combination of cyanogen and copper. When that peculiar salt which is composed of cyanide of iron and cyanide of potassium, termed prussiate of potass, is mixed with a salt of iron—with what is termed the red sulphate of iron—we obtain a dark blue-coloured substance called Prussian blud ; and the precipitation of this iron salt by prussiate of potash is one of the steps of the process to which I alluded at the commencement of the lecture, by which cyanogen is obtained ; the cyanogen being afterwards transferred from the Prussian blue to mercury. The cyanogen has in this case been, transferred from the potass into combination with the iron. If, on the contrary, we add prussiate of potass to a salt of copper, we shall obtain a compound altogether different from the one we ob served when we added prussic acid, combined with an alkali, to the salt of copper. We shall not obtain a mere combination of cyanogen with copper, but a substance composed of cyanogen, iron, and copper. In other words, the iron and cyanogen, which were in the prussiate of potash, will be transferred to the copper, and a brown-coloured deposit will be the result. This change of coleur, by the addition of this substance to certain metallic salts, very generally characterises this salt, and we employ such means for detecting the presence of these salts in chemical analysis. I have stated that when the salt called prussiate of potass is added to the red sulphate of iron, a deep blue colour is produced. If, on the contrary, we add it to the salt of iron called the proto salt, or one which contains much less oxygen than the red salt, instead of obtaining a dark blue precipitate, we shall obtain a white one. This precipitate, when exposed to the atmosphere, will first become green and afterwards blue. In this case we obtain a compound of cyanogen, iron, and 'potassium; the quantity of the potassium being less than the quantity of the iron. Prussic acid is capable of combining with sulphur, and forming a curious acid termed the sulpho-cyanic acid, a corspound of sulphur, hydrogen, and cyano gen. This is the simplest view of this acid, but there is a substance which we are capable of separating in a distinct form, consisting of definite proportions of sulphur and cyanogen, called sulpho. cyanogen, and this, by combination with hydrogen, forms sulpho cyanic acid, in the same way as cyanogen and hydrogen form hydro-cyanic acid. This sulpho-cyanic acid possesses the peculiar property of forming a deep blood-red colour in combination with iron, when the latter is in the state of a red oxide. This is an ex tremely delicate test for the presence of iron in the state of a red oxide. Having thus dwelt upon the production of cyanogen, from the destruction of animal substances by heat, and having noticed some of its more striking properties, I proceed to the consideration of a few others of the proximate principles derived from animal bodies, and here I may remark that the number of proximate animal prin ciples which science has made knoWn to us are extremely few. Such, however, as are known to us, are separated from each other by means of different solvents, and we bring to our aid hot and cold water, alcohol, and ether. As in the vegetable kingdom, there are many principles soluble in some of these fluids, which are insoluble in others. A very abundant proximate animal substance, termed gelatin, is one to which I will now direct your attention. There are very few substances of animal origin which do not contain this pe- collar substance, and it, like certain vegetable proximate principles, is only soluble in certain menstrua, as for example in hot water, and it possesses the property of forming a solid gelatinous mass, when the fluid which previously held it is allowed to cool. But by far the most striking property belonging to this principle is its rela tion to tannin, a peculiar substance abundantly met with in the gall-nut and certain forms of bark. In this glass I have a solution n de of tannin, to which I s h a ll a dd a small portion of gelatin , tod posit will be formed. Now, this deposit which takes Pla ce ', chemically speaking, the same thing as leather. Ris a combinaninsi of gelatin and the principle called tannin. There are in the an . kingdom some very interesting facts connected with the solid for stt tions of the structu re of animals, and more paitiod arl Y structure which is termed bone. Ordinary bone contains a derable quantity of gelatin, the substance to which I have alluded, a solid peculiar, in a great degree, to the animal k ing t a , Bone consists in a great measure of lime combined with h P o l' aid phoric acid and of lime combined with carbonic acid. W e s, the expect, therefore, upon the application of heat to b on e that the gelatin which enters its structure would be dissipated, and til _ an d earthy substances would remain behind, and such, indeed, w e a , to be the case. The formation of what is called ivory blaelt'ed better form of charcoal, sometimes called animal charcoal, is obtained by the action of heat upon bones. When the bones are subje ct to a high temperature, in an iron cylinder, the animal principles decomposed and cer t a i n gases disengaged. A large ( maw ammonia in combinati on w ith car b on i c ac i d i s set f ree , and mat' be collected in proper vessels. The iron retort, after the oper ation terminated, contains the a n i ma l c h arcoal entirely free from an` a te v a l mal substance. This a n i ma l c h arcoal i s removed from th e of re and placed in vessels c on t a i n i ng water, to prevent t h e a ctin° i atmosphere upon it, for if the carbonized bone, as soon as r elu a ‘ . from the cylinder, were placed in a s it ua ti on to allow of the acce of atmospheric air, even at the te m p era t ure a t w hi c h the sti l l s ! . ner d a is removed from the retort, the carbon would combine with in oxygen of the atmosphere to form carbonic acid, and we should ° lie nothing more than the white salt, consisting of P h os phate f and carbonate of lime. Now this method of separating th e car a o from bone, which has been subje c t e d t o a hi g h tempe rature, is very speedy method. If we employ the action of hydrogen eS shall be able to get rid of the charcoal and to leave behind the salts, phosphate and carbonate of lime. From the pbosP hat e ia lime, which is obtained by the decomposition of ordinary boned', obtain our supply of phosphorus, phosphate of lime being a , pound of phosphoric acid and lime. If we take a solution of P, 0 '; phoric acid, and add to it a salt o f li me , we s h a ll fi n d that nae ll of will take place, but upon the additi on o f a sma ll quantitia alkali to unite with the acid, we shall find that the lime wil ' a e with phosphoric acid, forming the phosphate of lime, which C ,,7e 10 bone. Carbonate of lime also exists i n cons id era ble etta nb " i 91 - 0 . almost all bone, but the quantity of phosphate of lime pr edeni ", l olg Phosphorus is obtained by separating the lime from the Ph ° ' ..e . at acid, and then by decomposing the phosphoric acid to get rid et oxygen, by which the phosphorus is set free. This is done by of charcoal. Phosphorus is sometimes met with in a free e a organic substances, especially in the brain, and there are s e ' le aa periments which go to show that a considerable quantity a 0 . , 0 phorus may be obtained in a free state in that organ. Su l P, bl at , I have before stated, exists somewhat abundantly in organ ic aa stances, has been found both in a free state and in oon d ' A i l i at with oxygen. It is a well known fact, that the white an d ee especially the yolk of an egg contains sulphur in a free s tate. e ,, dinary bone contains sulphur in a free state, for it is foun d pc, periments that if we separate the earthy substances froth by means of muriatic acid, that we are no t a ble, by to lle „a• dition of the most delicate t es t, t o get any indication °f jo ie phuric acid or of sulphur ; b u t if, on t h e et h er h an d, eve at thd bone, we convert the sulph ur con t a i ned i n i t i n to suT te o et a acid, and we then are able, by proper tests, to prove the e ' u :„ t y of sulphuric acid. The same thing obtains with respect l° of phosphorus in th e b one. I n th i s j ar I have sonie . 7 o . l rime gas, and, as phosphorus is capable of combining ene r g es aie with chlorine, spontaneous combustion takes place upon l' l 7 o o rus. Sulphur as I ha ve j us t stated occurs in a free state in aP of its substance, but as we might suppose from the circumstan ce „ having an affinity for oxygen, that it is f or th e mos t part°t in combination with it in the state of sulphuric acid. ar ts Quitting, then, th e consideration of those organic subst which enter into the comp os iti on of animal matters, I In encee4 a o. the notice of a salt, the carb ona t e o f l i me, which occu rs very 8- a dantly in nature, and which is very frequently regarded as one mineral production, or strictly in organ i c. But we are n°sv fectly aware that that abundant c l ass o f su b stances terme d sl ,.aa t i. composed almost entirely of carb ona t e o f li me ; and rece nt hi tes „, , a . gations have also shewn that almost all the cretaceous deposit s .a ,' lo . ing those extensive series of rocks which are recognized b)' Pi o , gists, are made up, not of amorphous carbonate of lime, but r ce. sil shells, composed of ca r b ona t e o f li me. Th i s c i rcumstan ee a t" ,, fore, compels us to recogni ze the cretaceous deposits in ha t " t end resulting from those changes which have taken place in an te, substances. The composition of the fossil shells differs very P os a indeed, from that of the recent shells ; so that the huge I.° ,de forming cretaceous dep o sit s are f oun d , m i croscopically, to be l a up of a series of small shells, composed of carbonate of lime. n p- Amongst the numerous animal substances which have cone po se der the considerati on o f organ i c chemists, there is,' perbaPsaand which has been of mo re pecu li ar interest than the considera u ' o a the chemical constituti on o f the blood. It is not myinte:raor however, in this lecture, t o d well at any length upon its chemical proximate principles, but to direct your attention to to or three points of interest, a s regards the relations of the bl er, the atmosphere, and also in respect to the change which it 1 0 1 goes in respiration, and in the production of what is termed en' ail heat. It is sufficient for my p urpose to state, that the ellast flpid called blood is one of gr ea t complexity, consisting of 3 die nuanber of proximate principles, and a great number of in °r" ou r substances or salts. Blood is met with in two states. In th e y' " case it is dark, and commonly termed venous ; in the other ret o ol called arterial. It was generally supp ose d th a t the dark e °l° , l oo, venous blood is capable of bei ng converted into the red, or ar ,4 o by the action of oxygen, and it was also believed that the ° •", 0 0 of the atmosphere, in comi ng i n t o contact w i th the venous, °riot coloured blood in the lungs, converts it into blood. It nova d ever, would appear, from recent experiments, that the cox); _ a ° 00 the atmosphere has no specific property whate ver i n eoi r'eertot az a. dark coloured blood into th e re d b lood. A very common e> to ment, employed for the purpose of shewi ng th e convers ion ' 1 , 4 4S dark coloured blood into arterial, by the abstraction of osig e T a alf to agitate the dark blood in a vessel with oxygen, when it cen becomes red. But, as I h ave sa i d, this circumstance does%tat. pend upon the abstra c ti on o f oxygen, but upon the removal to bonic acid from the blood. If by any means we can take r r°l : f ea blood the carbonic acid, it would be rendered red. Such, h° :,oo 4l ' is not the case unless certai n sa li ne substances be present art a therefore, we place blood under such cir cums t ances that the c ,dgo ni.c acid shall be removed, these saline matters act upon the u •'o coloured venous blocd, and change it to red. Under such eats Or stances, we should expect that the mere action of oxygen g; the atmospheric air, when the venous blood is separated fro , ft' saline ingredients, would not redden it ; and such we find t' bob case. If a poltion of the dark coloured blood be agitated in " ' ear so that the saline substances shall be removed, we shall nna ha no exposure to oxygen will change its colour ; thereby sho t tesa it is not owing to the simple action of the oxygen. ExPe;oo 4 have been made to show that carbonic acid does exist in blood, and it is found, when blood i s pla ce d i n a j ar contain. at ilw aal drogen gas, that, in obedience to the l aws govern i ng the dia i ; g e , of gases, carbonic acid .gas is taken out of the blood, and n i ce o f with the hydrogen. We are thi s a bl e to detect the existe!aiar carbonic acid in the blood, and -we can even show, by S"•" l ye this red blood to carbonic acid, that it can be again blackene d fact of carbonic acid existing i n cons id era bl e quan tities M th e iitOe has led to many interesting theories, as to the changes place during respiration ; and it is a well known fact, that hid nary inspiration a very large quantity of carbonic acid is dise ll o from the lungs. To such an extent is this the case, that t ra breathe into lime water, or into a s o l u tion of barytes in w ate e quantity of carbonic acid which we expire i s su ffi c i en t to oa ll g 4 ne abundant deposition of carbonate of barytes, or lime. It rally supposed that the changes which take place in the pr°` — t aile , of this carbonic acid are exceedingly simple. Th us , for ex of the that the oxygen of the atmosphere unites with the carbon r blood when it gets into the lungs, and forms c ar b on i c a cid, W ili a c a expired. This, at first sight, would appear very reas ona ble, o c this theory we resorted for a long time to explain the cause ° ei oa f mal heat. It was stated that venous blood, w h en c onvert s l ast' arterial blood, became changed as regarded its capacity f°l' ,o° that arterial blood possessing a much smaller capacity for ll ea ale venous, caused the evolution of heat, and the production ( i f s o , l l l r temperature throughout the human system. But we have, quire as to the proof of the position, that the union of th e " a ea' of the atmosphere with the carbon of the blood does prochi! 4 cat' during respiration ; and there is no question that carbonic acl o i the be formed in the animal system independent of the oXYg en , ape . atmosphere, and, th a t i n f act, i t i s a phenomenon depend ell 01/ vital agency. This fact was first discovered by confining as in hydrogen gas, no oxygen whatever being present, an d ; e , tf found that the quantity of carbonic acid produced in even' an e the respiratory movements of the animals, was more than ''' ve cii° the bulk of the animal, and as there could be no possible , e ( i ja th a source from which the animal could originate carbonic ac r,c ale‘ of lungs, we have reason for supposing, that the elementary entering into the composition of living structures are caPeeti; uniting and forming carbonic acid, and, moreover, as the l lic e , meets have shown, that the quantities of carbonic acid d ise- o during respiration during such circumstances in hydrogen, tee equal to, or even in some cases more than that producet'r it iaac same animal, when allowed to respire in ordinary atransP li we have no reason to imagine, that under ordinary resPir ati ° a bia r carbonic acid evolved from the lungs is the result of the C9- . ,fter e ' fie tion of the carbon of the blood with the oxygen of the atna aa , but depends entirely upon the vital action. You will, the n as 04' from what I have said, that we cannot look to the lungs (ePi source of animal heat, but, that, in all probability, the lie a diff , s doubtless heat is produced when carbonic acid is formed , ) 0 4; all over the system, that it is not generated in the lungaanl“, aag over, that part of the system does not possess such a Ina ae d of temperature as would warrant the supposition. aaa aota ct s I have now brought these lectures to a close, having C1'441' 4 .44 to lv before you a few of the more important and straiacaaeaa connected with organic chemistry. The numerous tns,,ret,ifft which are daily taking place in this department of knowleaa,,o to e t it an extremely difficult task to keep pace with than. " at ailif,, readily imagine, how utterly impossible it would be in a re I. C lectures necessarily so limited as the present to give O ° 01;0 1 general outline of the subject. I would, however, advi se s ue my audience whose inclination may lead them to stli t lYper 4 ", science, not to neglect that department which I have so ' n i l , sP, introduced to them in these lectures. Let not the wan t ° al e n' of application of facts deter them from the attempt, for sratiol!ea. most brilliant discoveries which have excited the adrn r a re% d man, have been brought before the world long before tb el oatiliadi tion was found out. The immortal discoverer of the ed: e a „s eaaao the blood, never could have anticipatedthe great applicato,;iad were made of tbis discovery in after times. The mast°rcir Oa I clearly propounded the law of definite proportions, w.", ae 1 0 its sequent experience has shown to he as immutable a S ~,piat e, ;c4l gravitation itself, did not, I will venture to affirm, contes"-pageoe full application in every branch of theoretical as Well a ae t chemistry. Its truth is equaly manifest, whether we la , a ol study of the chemist upon the fraction of a gr ar e Is' the laboratories of the manufacturer, limited to tons of material. Amongst the many bouring is the fields of science, there must be some wn" as ,th r oa 4 with the reward of their labour in the discovery of new t rn th e P e of, it by no means follows, that they themselves maY b e pet t o l,ll , whose operatin: ace, to apply those truths, and every man who adds one nev t z io ae s , present knowledge, has an undoubted claim to the gr a ,, „f the a e ' fellow men. For, although, we do not deny the truth a " alio, ral preposition that the great end and aim of seiet te il ie co act; directed to the relieving the wants, and the adding to a the P d of of mankind, still, we claim for the abstract philosonitr;. s aou' or tO lege of enjoying knowledge for its own sake alone. 0 0 4 ", suffer our notions of its utility so fax to warp lead us to the conclusion, that nothing can he useftn g ou r judira",,, the a a which cannot be available in practice, by which reasVt a phY s at iola I become the disciples of that exclusive ssystem of elm ° a o cu e a~ considers the motto " Cui Bono" as its only incentive, yea ea Allow me to thank you, for, the kind manner in stingwhtfatel* received these lectures, and if I have succeeded in i llusL aaa at all to your satisfaction, it is mainly owing to the abler,7 01," assistance which I have received from my frien d ' p re` a as Radcliff. • teresting, aciaa,se [ln terminating our reports of these highly ill „ re '1 for we have, in common wbith those who had the eleo S "'srett. _AP 0 them delivered, to tender our acknowledgments to Dr. , asFa i treat we have enjoyed, and we understand, that sohight) . 0 -10e" e cl t i ; the Directors of the Institution been with the manner,a'coaelliat skillful chemist has performed his task, that they ha: e a. in him an unanimous vote of thanks. We Can only 'B-:Yother tlt sion, that we taut it will not be long before we have ta" ,o a,er tunity afforded us of listening to Dr. Brett upon "` numerous branches of chemical science.] LIVERPOOL : FRIDAY, APRIL 5, ISA ~,,, PRINTED AND PUBLISHED ..fctSW EVERY TUESDAY AND FRIDAY Yl"*- Ey apt, ad JOSHUA FLETCHER LACE, of 88, Mount Pleas LEONARD ADDISON, of 14, Creat Orford.street,ro° At No. 4, NORTH CRESCENT, CASTLE-STREE T, LIVE e r e 4: lig been t t 11 4 s d a g u l h' n t a o di I The 1,00 odati ons fel cat) l l ,: i n 1 4 , n eed Sur g( -.AM SMITH . _. _ ,_ Burthe ] t ""h 1„ 0 ,,_ r, 404 tor nlodation) ; day Fro 1 1:10 Tr rn LINT' ith A . 13th net,J_ 21st 21st 4 lgust Septer r P I6t h Nove l tetri oplehades Pia age a n d "'let s P ta .1.4 exp - e..,u a e ke tt . tat rei Gc'Wiods °II Olit ° il e h . • e strip Ire borders rie received e: Li t e. 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