The Sun. — London, England, 1817-07-30 00:00:00

consqtteraly genetatinc every Line...tit' evil in 'So ciety ; :Artificial or mechanical agene almost un limited, and which :night be made available for the most important purposes. These are the means, which, if Properly combined, and put into action, would soon relieve the country from po• verty and is attendant evils. Q. How can they be put into action %—A. By bringing them all into useful and profitable com bination, so as to create limited communities of wividuals, on the principle of united labour and expenditure, having their basis in agricnltwe, and in which al shoUld have mutual and cointißin in terests. Q. What are your reasons for recommending such a combination of human powers The knowledge that I possess of the very superior 2dvant ages which each person co,dd derive by this means beyond any applic4tion of his owii excl. tious for hi. own exclusive purposes. Q. What are those superior a dvantages ? A. Communities of from 500 to 1,500 persons, founded on the principle of united labour and ex penditure, and having their basis in agriculture, might be arranged so as to give the following ad vanrages to the labouring poor, and through them to all the other classes ; for every real benefit to the latter must come font the former. All the labour of the individuals under this sys tem would he naturally advantageously directed— first, to procure for themselves abundance of all that was necessary for their comfortable sub sistence : next, they would obtain the means . to enable them to unlearn many, almost all in- Oeed, of the lhol habits which the present de fective arrangements of society hate forced upon them : then, to give only the best habits and dis positions to the rising generation, and thus with draw those circumstances trout society which se parate mats from man, and introduce whets whose entire tendeecy shall be, to unite them in. one gene. rel interest, that shall be clearly understood by each They will afterwards be enabled to cultivate the far inure valuable, the intellectual part of their na tore ; that part which, when properly directed, spill discover how much may yet be put into prac tice to promote human happiness. They twill then proceed to create that surplus which will be necessary to repay the interest of the capital expended in the purchase of the esta blishment, including all its appendages ; or, in other words, the rent of it. And lastly, to cons tribute their full share to the exigencies of the State, in proportion to the value of their proper ty. By these arrangements they will add a new strength to the political power oaf the country, that few ate yet able to estimate. • Q. Should the arrangements you describe he practicalile, many objections have been urged against the plan ?—A. Inexperienced as the world is in regard to the combinations here contem plated, I am - aware that many difficulties and doubts tsi;l arise in most minds ; but if the ob jections be separately stated, they may he re ; and an experience of neatly 30 years, added to an unceasing, honest, and 1 hope un biassed attention to the subject, assures me be forehand that they may. Q. Fur instance, can the poor and working .classes be associated -together to act cordially in any general measures, considering what is every where evinced in the state of the workhouses and houses of industry ?—A. Trained as the poor have been, and arranged as even the best of those esta blishments now arc, such unfavourable results Must follow. The poor exist previously in a state of extreme ignorance ; and when they are brought together moles- one roof, they are perpetually in contact with each other, but without a single pyineiple of union which they can understand.— Owing ro the bad habits they have acquired, and a want of proper instruction, they cannot discover the mutual interest they have in each other's hap piness ; and as these houses are now constituted, no effective arrangements can be made to over come the one, or to impart the other. Work- Louses and houses of industry have originated with those who had but a limited knowledge of human stature, and who were also unacquainted with the true principles of political economy. But very different results may be made to ensue front the establishment of these agricultural and mann &cutting villages ; most of the causes of opposi tion among the individuals thus associated will be removed, and others tending to unite them iu good offices and in one interest will be introduced. Q. But will men in a community of mutual and 'combined interests, be as industrious as when em ployed for their individual gain i—A. The suppo sition that they will not, I apprehend to be a cimmion prejudice, and not at all founded imfact. Wherever the experiment has been tried, the labour air each has been exerted cheerfully. It is found that when men work together for a common inte rest, each performs his part more advantageously for himself - and for society, than when employed for others at daily wages, or titan when working hV tire piece. When employed by the (lay, they feel rio interest in their occupation bsyond the re ceipt of their wages ; when they work by the piece, they feel too much interest, and frequently overwork themselves, and occasion disease, pre- Mature old age, and death. When employed with others in a community of interests, both these ex tremes are avoided, the labour becomes temperate, but efleetive, and may be easily regulated and superintended. Besides, the principles and prac tices are now quite obvious, by which any incli nations, from the most indolent to the most in dustrious, may be given to the rising generation. 0..8ut will not the parties dispute perpetually about the division and possession of the property ? A. Certainly not. The labour and expenditure of indiViduals are now applied so ignorantly, waste fully, and under so many disadvantages, that the Bless of mankind cannot procure sufficient to sup port themselves in ordinary comfort, without great exertion and anxiety ; they therefore acquire, under the influence of a strong necessity, a tena cious love of that property which costs them so much to procure ; thus making the feeling itself appear, to a supetficial observer, as one implanted by nature in the Constitution. No conclusion can, however, be noire erroneous ; for if men were placed in a situation, where, by moderate cieenpatioo, • without came or agitation of mind, they could procure the necessaries and comforts of life in almtolance, they might be trained to dis pute as little about the division of thew as they . . nbiv du about the commonly attainable prOdricts of natnre—such . as water ; neither would they have a desire tO accumulate an unnecessary ril,:ntity of the one, any more than they now wish tt excess of the other. I might add, that under tiffs plan, each individual sk ( Otild soon discover that he pos seised more for his own enjoyment withaq any anxiety, than he could have acquired under the existing system among the poor, with all the cares and troubles they now experience. Q. But can these establishments be *ell Ma naged, unless by men of greal talents aud bene volence, Such 'rhea not being very immerods A. Here also I may be,pertnitied to say, that a ini:take exists, in, consequence of the principles upon which this plan is !winded, and flo;itt to be conducted, not being as yet sufficiently under stood. In the management of workhouses, &c. there is no uni , y of action ; each part is so placed as :o feel an interest at variance with the others; they are, in fact, a compound of the same errors that pervade common society, where all are so circum stanced as tocounteract each other's intentions, and thus render even extraordinary energies and talents of no avail, which, under another combination, would produce tie most extensive and beneficial effects. From my own experience, however, I can aver that such means and regulations may be adopted for the management of these villages as would enable anyone possessing fair talents, so to manage them as to give entire satisfactiOn to all the parties under his direction and care, with the greatest pleasure to himself and with unspeakable advantage to the country. Numbers may he found who would soon be competent to such ma nagement, and who would be satisfied with the living and comforts these villages would offer, without desiring compensation of any other kind, and the annual expence of such living would not amount to 201. in value. Q. Is it not to be feared that such arrange ments as you contemplate would produce a dull uniformity of character, repress genius, and leave the world without hope of future improvements ? A. It appears to me that quite the reverse of all this will follow ; that the means provided in these establi,ihments will give every stimulus to bring ford► and to perfect - the best parts only of every character, by furnishing the inhabitants with such valuable instruction as they could not accluire by any other ►neans, and by affording suf ficient leisure and freedom from anxiety to pro mote the natural direction of their powers : when thus prepared by early imbibed temperate habits, by an accurate knowledge of 'facts, and by a full conviction that their efforts are directed for the benefit of mankind, it is not easy to imagine, with our present ideas, what may be accom plished by human beings so trained and so eircum, stanced. As for the probability of a dull uniformity of character being produced, let us •for a moment imagine individuals, placed as the inhabitants of these villages will be, and contemplate the cha racters that must be formed solely by the circum stances that will surround them :—from the hour they are born, treated With uniform kindness, di rected by reason, and not by mere caprice, weak ness, and imbecility ; not one habit acquired to be again unlearned ; the physical powers trained and cultivated to attain their natural strength and health ; the mental factiltiei furnished ,with accu rate data, by all the useful facts that the inge nuity and experience of the world have acquired and demonstrated, aided by the power of minds trained to draw only' , just and consistent conclu sions, and each left to deelaie freely those con clusions, compare them with others, and thus in the most easy and rapid manner to correct any errors that might otherwise arise ; children so trained, men so circumstanced, would soon be come, not a dull uniform race, but brings full of health, activity, and energy ; endowed, by means of instruction, with the most kind and amiable dispositions, and who, being trained free from the motives, could not form one exclusive wish for themselves. It is only when the absurdities by which society is now enveloped are in some degree removed, that the benefit of these new villages can be even in part appreciated. So far from genius being depressed, it will re ceive every aid to enable it to exert itself with un restrained delight, and with the highest benefit to mankind. In short, experience will prove that no objection against the " new view of society " will be found more futile than that which supposes it not competent, nor calculated, to train men tosit tain the utmost improvement in arts, sciences, and every kind of knowledge. Q, Will not these establishments be expensive, require a large expenditure in the outset, and can such a capital' be easily obtained r--A. The ex penditure will prove the greatest possible economy, and the capital may be had, without difficulty, as rapidly as it would be required. A large and an ticipated revenue, occasioned by the war eXpen ' diture in this and other countries, having ceased, distress of the most grievous nature has ensued; the only remedy that can be found will be a greatly increased expenditure applied to tabour that will be re-productive, equal, at least, to the interest of the capital invested, and to the remuneration of the labour employed, both physical and mental. These estat,iishments offer means for the investment of -capital on security that ought to be considered of the highest value to the country. Every shilling thus expended would be tuitional gain, create na tional improvement, find ample-support for, and re-moralize the population employed, and return five per cent. interest for the capital expended, leaving the property annually and rapidly increas ing in intrinsic value. • Did the situation of the country admit of such a slow progress, I should be satisfied to see a few these villages set on foot by way of national experiment, well knowing that their manifold ad_ vantages, and superiority over every other plan for the employment of the labour ins; elesses,would he obvious to every capacity ; but I know that the pectdiar circumstances of this country, and Of Europe will not admit of this slow proceed ing. Value must be restored to Luanne' , labour, and this cannot be done except by employment on land. When the mode of effecting this shall be fairly and fully before the public, they will readily discover that there are no means within our pre sent knowledge competent to give to indi-victuals and to the country iumninrablo adrortages Extract of a Letter from the Agent to Lloyd's, at Savannah, dated 23d June. " The entrance to St. Mary's will be pretty well attended by pilots, from the number of pri vateers and other vessels expected at Amelia, which place and St. Augustine are expected short ly to be in possession of General MIGREGoa, for the new Republican Government of South Ame rica. That General is pretty active, and we have no doubt will possess himself of Amelia Island at all events immediately." LIVERPOOL, JULY 28---. Accounts bad reached Chailston on Ist July, that Sir GREGOR M'GRE con bad taken possession of Amelia Island, St. Mary's, &c. We received last night the Paris Paper§ of Saturday last. Those of Sunday, which were due this morning, have not come to hand. The Constitutionnet, it seems, has been allowed to re appear under the title of the Journal du commerce de Polilique et de Litterature. It is stated in these Journals that Gen. LACY was shot on the sth inst.. at• Majorca, to which Island he had just been conveyed from Barcelona. The Sieur PENOIPT, formerly Aid-de-Comp, h as b e en arrested at Paris, on a charge of making unfounded and calumnious denunciations. General Kos:At/sr.°, arrived on the 12th inst. at Lausanne. M. M. COUTE and Duy,O7ER, the Editors of the Censeur, have appealed against the decision of the Chamber of Council of the Tribunal de pre nziere Instance, given on Thursday, refusing to re lease them upon bail. - It is stated from Marseilles, that the Austrians are about to evacuate the Kingdom of Napier, and that their train cf artillery is to be ernba:keel for Tzieste. Accounts from . FreSberg speak of the discus sions between Russia a r 1 the rurte being in a train Of satkflctory adjustment. An article trout Lisbon, of the 41b instant, re- spectit)g the restoration of ttic Voyal Athority at Pernambuco, asserts, in confirmation of a former account, that the action which took place previous to the Government troops entering the town wtps extremely sanguinary,and lasted the xvhole A brother of 111,-NnTlNts, an Ex-Monk, Had a Iciest, crec e put to death, and a Ptoclaznation sras i;sned, offering a reward for bringing in Nittr•c4ij himself (who escaped, as alrcady stated, into the intclior) alive or dead. Fiend] Five per Cents —Friday, 671.75 c. A north country built brig, with Moors on board, was seen off . Corunna on the Bth inst. The Company's ships Providence, from China, and Lady CorrinEton, fr om Bengal, arrived off the Wight!yesterday. They sailed from St.lielena the I 1 th June, and left there the. Sovereigu, Burkworth. and Mangles, which were expected to follow the ..cxt day. Charleston Papers to the Ist inst. arrived this morning : " CIiARLESTON, Ji/Na the Briti,..h schooners Henry and tuber , , TEDDER, five days from Nassau, we learn, that a short time .before he sailed, a privateer brig, under the Cartilages - slats Flag, Was wrecked upon Cape Florida the crew, with about 140,000 dollars its specie, were saved by the Providence wreckers, and brought to Nassau ; the Government ordered thefts to be ar rested as Pirates, when a part of the privateer's men seized upon a small wrecky vessel (the Venus), put the specie on board her, and effected their' escape ; the remainder, about 18 or 20 in number, were committed to Jail, and their trial was guiux on when the Henry sailed; the First Lieutenant was a resident of Nassau, and was MOUS dm number that made their escape." There is an article in the Morning Chronickof Ct . ' day, which, if it be, as stated, a genuine Private Letter from the Wuntr amanita Dominions, is par-• ticularly entitled to attention. It strengthens the reports of the influence of Russia on the Conti nent, and intimates that that influence is strongly prevalent over the King of WURTEIWEEMG, luso• much as to induce bin) to oppose the just elaims of his subjects. -It appears that the Wurtembers Troops are already ordered to adopt the ~Lama of Russia, and hence it may be not unfairly in ferred, that Russian policy operates in the Go vernment. The complexion of the Joaruals of the Netherlands shetvs sufficiently that foreign in;• fluence prevuils io the Government of that Cou try, otherwise the King would be more sensible of his obligations towards Great Britain. it is alleged that Russia also Las a powerful operatittt over the Government of Prussia. If so, it is time that the several States of Europe, and .par— ticularly this Country, shoulJ begin to look about t hem, lest they find too late that ambition, pol:. tical and commercial, animatleg the policy of an enormous Empire, may threaten the liberties and happiness of all other nations. The distresses of the Lower Orders of the cm. munity have been such a source of sincere earne passion to all well-disposed people, and h ave a l_ forded such a fruitful topic tor the factious, that a system which promises to lessen, and, indeed, is extinguish; the demands legiSlative, as wellas public attention. For this reason we have deemed. it our duty to insert Mr. Owszes Plan this day at ' full length, and as- he so clearly develop es i ts scope and tendency, we Oral! at presirrt m a ke no remarks on the subject. MT. 04/EN . seenii tti be a genuine Philanthropist, aril tii'e vantage of practical experience to justify Lit yeiz severing zeal in behalf of his fellow -creatures, Ms system ought to excite the particular attention of. our Rulers, as well as all benevolent and reflect. ing men. We read with much regret in Mr. OWEN'S Letter, that he has been the object of but it h as f a ll en h urt l efs rs to be fortified by n o bl er t a i n p o o n n y i n i : m on , s a t s m i t i l c ig a n p it i y mn ; f ee li ngs t h an contempt or indignation, and sup ported by the consciousnes s of good designs and rectitude of conduct, COMt-EXCI-lANGE, JULY 30.--We had no. f rsh Arrivals.this morning, and but very lit: ot d o i ng ; the few sates made in F,ne Wheat am} Barley was at Monday's Prir'.:s, but the Trade in general 'r: as rely heavy ; at tlre., close .of the. market on Mouday, tilt; best Flour %vas fixed at 905. per sack. Yesterday Colonel iiitILCASTEA 2t•ririe'd ttt the Colonial Office, Downing -street, with Distuitclie3 front the Mauritius. Lord ! , ,:rEWAR T had a long audience yesterday fq the PhINCE REGENT, at Carlton-1)9ov, upon 114 arrival in Luzlaud. ithat ; Ali?, will a2Coinn . for both. With the conviction before them, the piddle will feel the strong necessity for, and naturally require, a- li beral expenditure, in order that a rapid progress ms.y be made in forming these asylonis lO'rthe -health, con,fort, improvement, at.d happinicsS of the working class, and the riving population. Q. lint should many of these villages be found ed, will they not-increase the products of cultural and mantnacturing labour, which are of rettay too abundant, until no market can be fonnd for them ; and thus injure the present agriculture, manufactures, htul cou►no of the country ? A. This 1: 5 a part of the subject that requires to he understood better than present it appears to he by any party. is it pos,ible that thieve can be too maul,' productions desirable and irstittl.to sa tiety ; and i* it not to the interest of all that ;hey should be produced with the least'expence of labour, and with the smalleSt degree of misery and moral degradation to the working cksies; and of course, in the greatest abundance to the higher classes in return for their wealth ? It is surely to the interest of all, that every thing should be produced with the least expende of labour, and so as to realize the largest portion of comfort to the producing classes and there are no means of effecting these desirable ends that will bear any comparison with the com bined agricultural and manufacturing villages, colleges of industry, county or district establish ments for the poor and industrious, or by whatso ever name they may be called. It is tine, that as they increase in number they may come into com petition with the existing agricultural and manu facturing systems, if society shall permit them so to do ; otherwise, .they can restrain them to the amount. of . their own itntnediate wants ; and, coup stituted as they will be, they can have no motives to produce an unnecessary surplus. When society shall, however, discover its true interests, it will permit these new establishments gradually to su persede the others ; inasmuch as the latter are wretchedly degrading, and directly opposed to the improvement and well-being of those employed either in agriculture or manufactures, and conse quently are equally hostile to the welfare and hap piness of all the higher classes. We know full well the misery and vice in which the manufac turing population are involved : we know also the ignorance and degradation to which the agricul tut al labourer is reduced ; and it is only by such a re-arrangement of this part of society that these enormous evils can be ever removed. [For the remainder of this interesting Article, see . our Last Page.) THEATRICAL REGISTER. Performed Last IWght, THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET.—WiId Oats : Rolvr, Mr. Mathews; L.tdv ArnarAnth, Mrs. Glover. After which, The Castle of Andalusia. NEWTHEATRE ROYAL, ENOUSTI OPERA-Hotsr,.—(3d time), The Wizard: Principal Characters by Mr. H. Jahrston and Miss H.-Buggins. After which, My Uncle, and Ilachelvre Wives.. MAILS. Antftvti)-1 France, 1 Malta, 1 Waterford. DUF—I bon. I Hamburgh, 1 Gottcnbtirgh, 1 Guernsey and Jersey, 1 Dublin. TRICE 0 STOCKS DAY AT r. 3'per Cent. Red 79-4 3 per Cent. Cons. 79 W 4 per Cents. ? ... 96 5 leer Cent. Navy Ann... 103! 'E IV P. 0 . 0 t.oCK. Bank. L. Ann 205 9-160)3 India 80ndg,...,1 I ig. Il3+. pr. if4s. 29g. pr. Cons. forAngugt, HIGH WATER. AT LONDON BRIDGE TO-MORROW. Nlorning, 2 minutes after 4. I E renitig, 27 minutes after 4 THE SUN. 60LEM QUIS I)ICERE FA LSUM A U nEAr. • LONDON, WEDNESDAY, JULY 30, 1817.