The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1833-02-01 00:00:00

Voctrp. MY MOTHER. Whose image beams upon my mind. And looks so placid. sweet, and kind ? The earliest record there I find. My Mother's. Though much . has them been since erased, By time and by experience traced— No part of thee, has been effaced My Mother. There can be. no. mistaking thee— And. as thou week thou art to me. The " Morning starof memory." My' Ketther The earliest. light that on me beam'd. From out thy love and goodness strewn' d It warm'd me more than then I deem'd ; My Mother. Oh woman 1 of . our weal and woe, The fountain still from whence•thoy flow.— My happinesa to thee, I owe. My Motheff. Thy,mild example did reprove The pride, that in my nature strove— Taught me to pity and to love My Mother The mild reproof—the fond caress-- The knee I dearly loved to press— What—tears ? these do indeed confess, My Mother. But not from anguish do they rise The waters that diffuse my eyes, Reflect thy tender sympathies ; My Mother. Oh i may I still thy presence feel, Thy memory o'er me gently steal. And something in her son reveal. My :Mother. A METRICAL HOMILY ON JOHN tv. L 3, 14. (From The Chameleon.) " Jesus answered and said unto her, Wliosoever drinketh of this water shall thirst again : but whosoever drinketh of the water that I shall give him shall never thirst ; but the water that I shall give him shall be in him a well of water springing up into everlasting Minx, if you will, of Pleasure's sparkling stream, From the rich goblets, to whose brimming, gleam Eyes brighter yet than those in which they sea The flash sent back of their own ecstacy. Drink of the cup which many only sip, Where love hath left the fragrance of its lip ; Yea, quail it ; fiery as the young heart's glow, Or pure and soft as yet descending snow ! Fill up the bowl ttat Friendship long hath quaff'd, Pour joy and glaliness is the thrilling draught ; With memory sweeten 't, and, before you drain, One tear drop in 't, and ask—What meaneth pain? From the home-cup the simple draught imbibe, Atiectiou gives, unthinking of a bribe, — Feel the parch'd tongue wax eloquent, the sign That Gratitude the water turns to wine 1 , Pledge, with a goblet brimm'd in triumph's hour, When Virtue celebrates its might o'er Power, Words of deep fervour—links which make a span Of leagues that sever man from brother man ! Drain, when the lips are burn'd with glowing thanks, For honours won in Freedom's foremost ranks, A draught that in its thrilling richness seems, All that hath ever bless'd Ambition's dreams. Or, from ideal goblets bid to flow The stream of Song—to quench a world's wo ; And, as it pours, in that Castalian dew, Quaff oft' a rapture Shakspeare only knew ! Prom the rich cistern age on age hath filFd, Drink deep of lore—in drops to some distill'd,— Bathe in the very fountain-head of Fame, And steep in Lethe thy defying name Or,—more than all—when on thy tongue the flame Of fever dwells, while chills the frozen frame, — The hand of Love may on it moisture drop, Whose every trickle brings thee Life and hope ; —BeT Tuou WILT THIRST AGAIN !-Ay ! more and more, Even as thou drinlest ; unquenched as before Th' unsated appetite will soon return I —Drink !—aud again with fire thy lips shall burn ! —But to the fountain of Redeeming Grace, With pilgrim footsteps seek thy path to trace : Not upon Sychar's plain—will it be found, Nor where the Patriarch smote the rocky ground ! Turn to thy God with humble heart and knee, —ln thine own breast 'twill spring in gushings free,— if lie the waters of His mercy give, Then wilt thou thirst no more,—Drink, and thy soul shall live VAItZETIES. A FOREIGNER'S THOUGHTS ON ENGLAND.—EngIand, (says Count Pecchio,) is formed rather for our study than for our amusement. It is a vast book of science. Its theatres are the arsenal of Deptford and Portsmouth, or the East and West India docks ; its pictures are the manufactures of Glasgow, of Manchester, of Leeds, of Halifax; its Coliseum, its arches, and arenas, are the smoking forges and workshops, with which whole districts are coveted; its Champs Elysees are its mines of iron in Wales, of tin in Devonshire, and of coal at Newcastle. England is not the enchanted isle of Alcini, where men pass their days in song and laughter, only in the end to vegetate and become brutes. The English are the men of Europe ; they laugh little, perhaps too little, but in its stead they think how ►o sender life least unhappy, and to soften and educate the grosser qualities of human nature.—Coum. Paccnio's Obser vations uj. an Exile. THE CLIMATE OF GREAT The climate of Bri tain, it is very generally believed, has d e t er i ora t e d b y b ecom i ng much more changeable than it was sixty years ago, This has, with much probability, been attributed to the extent of planting, to the introduction of green crops, and abolition of fallows in au improved system of agriculture. Mr. Murray is of opinion, that trees, by condensing the moisture of the air in foggy wea ther, materially affect the climate, and that thickly wooded countries must oe colder and more humid than naked savannahs. Trees are, therefore, it would seem, ready conductors of aerial electricity, the climate being improved when woods are cleared away, and becoming more moist by planting. This fact receives corroboration from the history of our own country, as well as from that of ;Si ortJa Aatierica."—Witite's Natural iliotury of Seiburne. PERKINS'S STEAM GENERATOR.—In some of vur former numbers we noticed Mr. Perkins's newly discovered system of generating steam, by means of a lining pieced within the boiler, tiles eftecting a continuous circulation of the heated water; the advantages anticipated were the generating steam with in 'Teased rapidity, the preservation of the . boiler, and th e saving of fuel. • In proof o f th e gr eat probability that the result will faLy answer expectation, we are enabled to state that during the last fourteen weeks, in *inch period Mr. Peildus has been engaged in the application of his principle on the Liverpool anu iNianchester rail-road, one of the locomotive engines em pioyed thereon, haring ,his lining or c irculator introduced i n t o its boiler, has, during %ICU successive journeys, to and fro, be. tween Liverpool and Manchester, run upwards of 20,000 miles without the slightest appearance of wear and tear, the tubes of the boiler, at the end of the journey, being as free from corro akin as at the first moment• of their use, and with a saving of fuel to the extent of 40 tons,' when contrasted with the ascer tained consumption of another locomotive engine drawing equal weight. These important results - must prove of vital conse quence to the great question. of railway conveyance, which so touch occupies the attention of the public at the Foment time. A Site/WIWI. • • THE LIVERPOOL STANDARD. VAN DIEMAN'S LAND. The sources of accumulation here have engrossed •my atten tion completely; and the island possesses temptations, in my eye, even above the glorious power to be obtain e d 'i n our E as t India civil service. See how I am changed! 'Romance, , and even ambition, have vanished; for amongst -all the beauties and interests of this place, I am beginning to think none are so beautiful as the interests of capital. The colony contains valuable property, many sources of wealth, security, health, every thing but money; consequently the latter obtains a most profitable:retUrn. Interest alone on mortgages, with the very best securities, is at fifteen or twenty. per cent. Invest your money in stock fir wool, and it brings a return of fifty per cent. :per annum—in the whale fishery, one hundred per cent. There 'are two banks founded upon joint-stocks, and the shareholders are the wealthiest people in :the community; dividends now paid' are sixteen per cent., the shares £100; the banks are con stituted upon the safest possible .principle— , the business is almost confined to discounting bills—security is insisted on, 'and mortgages declined, lest land should be obtained instead ,of money. 'fhe quarter of the globe in which all these profits are to be safely made is so little known, that capital has not :been drawn to it. As a certain sign of the attractiveness of !this place, notwithstanding that Calcutta is now.rousing all our wishes to return, we have almost come to a determination, that it. will be preferable to come hither thre e or f our y ears hence, 'with a, littlelnoney, than to stay and dare disease and death in Bengal; indeed, there are here so many advantages, that were any calamity to .fall upon any of our hitherto unlucky family, the sufferers might still have a chance of happiness and plenty by coming to Van Dieman's Land. I shall endeavour to take ad . vautage of what I know concerning this place for this express object. Conceive what fifteen years' accumulation at fifteen per cent. would add to our fortune. Were you a poor man, I could not recommend to you a better mode of creating a fortune for your children than on their birth to send out £lOO or £2OO, to be invested here in building land, sheep, cattle, bank stock, or whale fishery shares—but you are rich. Great communica tion with India will soon be brought about, to the benefit of the colony, and I am glad to have been one of its first visitors. I should not be much surprised if I pay this place another visit ' within two years; and if I do, I will make the most of it, so help -me, dollars and rupees ! I have only to bring down a broken-winded done-up Arab or two; and their prices, as colo nial breeders, will pay my current oxpenses, whilst the little money I may have may all be laid out. In making such in vestments, the two great points to be observed a re obviously the security of the property, and th e si m pli c ity o f it s managemen t ; the agriculturist is sure of a market as long as this country is growing, and the seasons of Sydney so uncertain. Whilst the rates of profit on capital continue so high, there is no doubt , of population being encouraged, and wealth increasing; and as long as the increase of population keeps pace with the increase of capital, the rate of profits will not fall. From these few remarks I deduce the certain inference that there is no immediate prospect of any check to that rise in the value of land, and such other property, which is now observable. Money wed invested in land here, and allowed to accumulate, will be tenfold its original value in fifteen years. Two hundred pounds would purchase a noble property here; in England the interest on it would scarcely furnish two boxes of millinery annually ! You have no idea of the cheapness of things here • £lOOO will buy a fine, healthy, and beautiful estate of 1206 acres, 200 of them already in cultivation, and the whole be coming more valuable every year. Corn and potatoes expo r t to Sydey, wool to England. Wool averages sixpence a pound: the whole colony is on the advance, and its resources remain to be developed. Fresh lauds are granted in square wiles, in the proportion of one sqtlare mile, or 610 acres, for every £5OO sterling of capital, which the applicant can immediately corn ' mand to the extent of 4 square mites, or 2560 acres , w hi c h: is the largest grant that is made to any settler without purchase, as the smallest is 320 acres. The total territory in acres is 15,000,000; of which about one-half is rocky, or thickly wooded, the rest arable and pasture; arable being as one to six of pas ture. Total acres granted to December, 1829, 1,323,553; con sequently, =located acres, 13,676,447. The wool of Van Die man's Laud is of peculiar softness, and from the greater atten tion now paid to cleaning and packing, the price is rising. Wheat is of a. very superior quality, weighing generally about sixty, and sometimes as much as sixty-live pounds a bushel. Oats are beginning to be raised,., barley has not yet succeeded; peas and other species of pulse are plentiful. Skins are also valuable; seal-skins the most so, being worth about twenty-five shillings each in England. Kangaroo-skins are essentially useful in the colony for hats, and also for shoes, whi c h are re markably durable; when well packed and of a good size, these skins fetch nearly sixpence a pound in London. Shoemakers make one hundred per cent. on the raw material. I have mentioned already how luxuriantly fruits and vege tables grow with ordinary attention in almost every part of the ; island. A plentiful supply of the most useful vegetables may be provided all the year round: such is the general climate even about Hobarton, which is on the most exposed side, that green _peas may always be had for the table from the !Ten' ground. The growth of fruit-trees is so rapid as to astonish a Stranger;, many settlers who have not been more than five or six years iu the colony, have now gardens from three to six acres in extent, in which the fruit-trees are so large as to give them the appearance of orchards. To all these sources of wealth and comfort, the convict population contribute instead of interrupting, for they supply us with the only labour to be had. Independence can grow rich in so many ways, that no one will hire himself for labour unless obliged; and, thanks to the skill of our governor, Colonel Arthur, the rascals arc kept under perfect subjection by means of a tread-mill and good beef and pudding. The bush (alas jun g le,) ten years ago, was full of escaped villains, who sucked the blood of both men and cattle, until an effective system of police cut off their heads, and overawed the refractory members, who remain in chains. There are comparatively now few complaints, and no disturb ances. The offence for which they are transported is never made known, unless by themselves; an account is kept during the passage of their conduct, and each individual is recom mended to service accordingly. After five or seven years, if they behave well, a ticket of leave is given them, which enables them to keep a shop, or enter into any other concern for their own livelihood : thus every encouragement is held out to im provement, whilst on the other hand, ver y s t r i c t ru l es are l a id down, to which obedience is enforced. The masters of assigned servants are equally obliged to conform to these regulations, under pain of forfeiting the indulgence of having these servants, for such it is justly considered. . Upon the complaint of the master, the convicts are punished for ill conduct in proportion to their offence, either by means of the tread-mill, or by confinement in a gao l set apart for the purpose, and set to work upon the roads, wearing a black and yellow dress, and chained and guarded by sentries; this is of course confined to the men. About 120 form the chain gang, who are always at work in and about Hobarton • this gang is divided into two classes, separated according to their behaviour. About 350 are employed throughout the colony. The parallel punishment for the women is the yellow dress, solitary confine ment, and having their hair cut off. They are, generally speaking, a still lower grade of beings than the men. I pity the ladies much who are under the necessity of admitting such degraded creatures into their domestic establishments, but there is no choice. Such is the mistrust in their characters, that they are not allowed to go from one house to another without a guard. There are separate houses of correction for each sex, and the same at Launceston. No convict servant can be dis charged except by an order of a magistrate. A certain quantity of yearly clothing roust be given, but no money on any p re t ence . The anndal expense of a convict servant, clothes and all in , eluded, 1 heard estimated at from £2O to £25. You may judge from this how useless it is to bring out ser vants from Engtand, even if they would remain with you, which you may be sure they will not. The lowest wages for a free servant is £24, the food besides is to be calculated. The pre vailing vice is drunkenness, which, in Hobarton, is rather encouraged than repressed by the extraordinary number of spirit shops. As a specimen, from October 1, lti29, fifty pub licans in Hobarton, and sixty-seven iu the• country, received hcenees for the ensuing year. But up the country, away from this temptation, and under a strict though not a severe master, they often turn out wed, and redeem their place iu society. 't he boys are reckoned the most irreclaimable; and so lime anxious are masters to have them, that au order has been made, compelling the taking of one boy to a certain proportion of men. Hobarton, the capital, is increasing in• extent with amazing rapidity; and as it stands on the olity - excellent harbour, there is no doubt of its continuing unrivalled. The ground in the neighbourhood is proportionabiy riling iu value. To give you au idea of this, I am just now in treaty for £lOO worth of land, which.six _years ago sold for £1 an acre, and is now valued at £4O. Adjoining to houses in Hobarton, land sells at £3OO per acre; my purchase is not a quarter of a mile MK The city will spread there iu live years, and then - it. will be woi to £750. There are spots of laud within the town actually worth £2OOO per acre. A regular communi ca ti on w i t h I n di a i s now i n-progress of establishment, which will bring down a constant supply . of in valid visitors from thence to recruit in this most salubrious' of all climates; and positively there are nu houses to put them into. This will raise the value of building land, and of house rent, which is already high.—.Prinsep's Voyagefrotn-Caktetta to Van Dicinan's Land. THE REAL AND THE IDEAL—To let the imagination sicken with love of ideal beauty, till it pines away into echo, is worse than folly; but to check our affections, and school our-ideas, till thought and feeling reject everything they cannot see, touch, and handle, certainty's not wisdom. — " The Alother's Story Book. ROME.—The latest Statistical tables of Italy, give to •the Papal government an army of only 6000 men. This is a great error, as it appears that the laud forces alone amount to three times that number, or 18,000 men, of which the two Swiss regi ments, which have been lately enlisted, form 4,400. These last., it is true, are not yet fully organized. On comparing this num ber with the totat,politilatiou of the Roman States, estimated at 2,700,000 inhabitants, (this is 100,000 more than the estimate in our ,present number, ante,) we find one soldier to 150 inha bitants. In France •the poptilatiou is one to 75 Reckoning that each soldier costs 100 midi, the Swiss double-that sum, we shall not be very far wrong in `reckoning the annual expense of the Roman mihtary force at two millions of scudi (f.:430,000,) a sum equal to one-fourth of the whole Papai. revenues. The naval forces are .nothing, or next to nothing. The Jews at Rome form a.population of about 3,500 individuals, so crowded together in their Ghetto, that if the r es t of th e p o p u l a tion was in the same state the city would have •a Million of inhabitants. Although Leo XII. somewhat enlarged their quarter, space has yet been so parsimoniously measured out to them, that more than 80 families (consisting of fro m 9 t o 13 i n di v iduals) are absolutely limited to a single apartment for each. In place of allowing them more room, of which, certainly, there is no lack at Rome, it was simply ordered that in the event of cholera breaking out, a Jews' hospital should be established beyond the precincts of the Ghetto. As a precaution against the disease, and as the Jews are principally rag . merchants, and rags are supposed to contain - pestilential miasmata, the government could think of no better device than issuing a decree, forbidding every Jew to keep more than a certain number of pounds of rags in the shop, under very severe pepalties. This 'was not all. According to the Rabbinical rites, certain ministers, called Sciattini, are appointed to kill poultry in private houses; to remove the blood and feathers, the truly paternal government of His Holiness established a slaughter-house for poultry, in which they must all be killed and plucked. Such are the pre cautions to which the ancient genius of Rome has given birth against the cholera; they are sufficient to excite derision, and to show in its true colours the utter and helpless incapacity of the administration of modern Rome. Another recently issued decree is not less ridiculous. Considering that the puppets wore too short petticoats, the Papal government, in its anxiety for public morals, prescribed the length in which they were in future to wear them, grounded on the grave injury to public modesty which this indecency occasioned.—Foreiga Quarterly Review, No. XXI. (just published.) SIR J. MACKINTOSH AND ROBERT HALL AT COLLEGE.— When these two eminent men first became acquainted, Sir James was in his eighteenth year, Mr. Hall about a year older. Sir James described Mr. Hall, as attracting notice by a most ingenious and intelligent countenance, by the liveliness of his manner, and by such indications of mental activity as could not be misinterpreted. His appearance was that of health, yet not of robust health; and he often suffered from paroxysms of pain, during which he would roll about on a carpet, in the utmost agony; but no sooner.had the pain subsided than he would re sume his part in conversation with as much cheerfulness and vivacity as before he had been thus interrupted. Sir James said he became attached to Mr. Hall "because he could not help it." There wanted many of the supposed constituents of friendship. Their tastes, at the commencement of their inter course, were widely different; and upon most of the important topics of inquiry, there was no congeniality of sentiment : yet notwithstanding this, the substratum of their minds seemed of the same cast, and upon this, Sir James thought, the edifice of their mutual regard first rested. Yet he, ere long, became fascinated by his brilliancy and acumen, in love with his cordiality and ardour, and " awe-struck" (I think that was the term employed) by the transparency of his conduct and the purity of his prin ciples. They read together; they sat together at lecture, if pos sible; they walked together. In their joint studies, they read much of Xenophon, and Heredotus, and more of Plato; and so well was all this kuowu, exciting admiration in some, in others envy, that it was not unusual, as they went along, for their class-fellows to point at them and say, " There go Plato and Herodotus." But the arena in which they met most fre quently was that of morals and metaphysics; furnishing topics of incessant disputation. After having sharpened their wea pons by reading, they often repaired to the spacious sands upon the sea-shore, and still more frequently to the picturesque sce nery on the banks of the Don, above the old town, to discuss with eagerness the various subjects to which their attention had been directed. There was scarcely an important position in Berkeley's • Minute Philosopher, in Butler's Analogy, or in Edwards on the Will, over which they had not debated With the utmost intensity. Night after night, nay, month after month, for two sessions, they met only to study or to dispute; yet no unkindly feeling ensued. The process seemed rather, like blows in that of welding iron, to knit them closer together. Sir James said, that his companion as well as himself often contended for victory, yet never, so far as he could then judge,. did either snake a voluntary sacrifice of truth, or stoop to draw to and fro the serra logo machias, as is too often the case with ordinary con troversists. From these discussions, and from subsequent medi tations upon them, Sir James learnt more as to principles (such, at least, he assured me, was his deliberate conviction) than from all the books he ever read. On the other hand, Mr. Hall through life reiterated his persuasion, that his friend possessed an intellect more analogous to that of Bacon, than any person of modern times; and that if he had devoted his powerful un derstanding to metaphysics, instead of law and politics, he would have thrown an unusual light upon that intricate but va luable region of inquiry. Such was the cordial, reciprocal tes timony of these two distinguished men. And, in many respects —latterly, I hope and believe, in all the most essential—it might be truly said of both "as face answereth to face in a glass, so does the heart of a man to his friend."—The {Forks of Robert Hall, A. M., by Dr. Gregcn y. THE CO-OPERATIVE SOCIETIES.—An amiable and intelligent Italian traveller, Signor Arrivabene, of Milan, in a work which he has recently published, laying before his Italian countrymen a clear, judicious, and well-written account o f th e numerous charitable and other benevolent institutions which the English metropolis can boast of above any other city in the world, treat ing of the co-operative societies, says :—" It is much easier to see and to lament that the working classes are, all over the world, doomed to toil and privations, than to devise means of changing a state of things, which seems inherent in society and in human nature itself. But there are some men who imagine, that if their nostrums were adopted, poverty and distress would disappear from the face of the earth. Foremost among these men in Great Britain stands Mr. Owen." After speakingfa vourably of his intentions and c h ar itably of hi s eccen t r i cities , after relating the vicissitudes of his schemes both here and in America, and their ill success, he adds—" Such is the fate of all those vast projects which aim at changing all at once the con dition of mankind, without being grafted on the present state of society, and on the habits of men." And after mentioning the schemes of community of labour, community of goods, and the common education of children, &c., an d noticing the weekly meetings of the London Co-operative Society in his time, he makes the following sensible reflections :—" It is quite sufficient to any person of but moderate judgment to have attended one of those meetings, in which questions of political science are debated, in order to estimate them as they deserve. The speeches consist chiefly of invectives against the rights of pro perty, and against what they are pleased to call the monopoly of the lands by the actual owners, to which causes, and to the whole present social order, they attribute the miseries of the greater part of the human race, miseries for which they see in the co-operative societies the only, the universal panacea. That poor mechanics should think and say such things need not be matter of wonder, but that men in a higher rank, and who have received a better education, should flatter and delude th e i r un informed brethren by su c h sophistries, is subject enough of sur prise; for they cannot but know that it was the establishment and the security afforded by the laws to the rights of property, that began to diminish the mass of individual misery ad over the world."—(vol. i. p. 162.) And again, about the absurd outcry against " the tyranny of capital"—" When a workman receives, in the shape of wages, a part of the produce, in the creation of which he participates, and this by a voluntary con vention between him and the master, or capitalist, where is the tyranny, where the robbery ? Tyranny and robbery occurred in former ages, when many men were obliged to work for one who gave them whatever pittance he pleased, a state of servi tude from which they were not allowed to emerge. But in the present condition of society no man is forced to work in a par ticular spot for a particular master. Talent, ood conduct, good luck snake w or k men r i se to wile be masters, capitalists 'and masters, from opposite caus e s, frequently descend to the condition of workmen. Instances of the former are more rare, it is true, because iris easier for a rich man to become poor than for a poor man to beconie rich, and because good qualities are scarcer than bad ones ; yet the - number of successful work men is increasing,*and may still further increase through the advancement of their moral powers. But to strive to impress upon workmen a false notion of the mechanism of society, to in stil into their minds the poison of envy and hatred against those who happen to be better favoured by fortune, are certainly not the best means of improving their condition or snaking them happy."—(vol. ii. p. 332.) , —Foreign-Quar.terly Review, No. EN!. Just published. •- lercer.—Feb. Southwark , . H. Jo llifte , toderick. SL EDUCATION IN ENGLAND.—Liberty is the mistress of eve r ; 'thing in England. The restrictions employed are few, a 9 such only as are indispensible. Their trees are rarely pops.; ded, or distorted, or clipped, btit grow luxuriantly, spreading L the parks and fields as nature prompts ; their pleasure-grouv' t are not made symmetrical, but in imitation of nature; tb c) houses are not con s t ruc t e d w ith a v i ew to arc hi tectura l oil , : meat at the expense o f i n t erna l convenience; but wbatec i o ' may be the irregularities of the outward design, they' almost always 'well arranged and commodious within. Then . , A horses .are not fretted or t ram ped w ith u se l ess exercises 40' artificial paces, but are strong, spirited, and very swift. Ilea finally, education is rather a rule, a guide, than a s ystete d coercive modelling. 'The English' are, of all highly civilig people, those who depart least 'from nature."—Coue-r cuto's ObservatUrnsg an Exile. AN AMERICAN'S k SELINGS ON FIRST VISITING ENOLANIkI, "It is impossible," h e o b serves , " t o d escr ib e t h e feelings s'i'i which I first set foot on English soil. It was as if may soul la been bathed in some Elysian dream. As I wandered a wes! the enchanting villas which form the suburbs of West Cowes, could scarcely avoid exclaiming aloud, "This, then, is real?, the 'native land of Shakspeare and Milton, the brightest sts' that ever gilded the heaven-of•po e try ; o f N ew t on and 'Loel those magicians •in the philosophy of matter and of mind; Burke, I. ox, and Pitt, names synonymous with all : that mighty and splendid in eloquence; and of a thousand othet _lranian; qui terminant astris, and whose writings will continue instruct and delight the latest ages."—Two years and a *hat% 41 the American navy. INFANT ASYLCMS.—It is deserving of attention, that, ilia' pendently of schools for the elementary instruction of childre P above the age of six ' in 'the Duchy -of Saxe W e i mar , e s-et, village contains a district asylum for the reception of childr o below that age, who have hitherto been left without any supper intendence at home, whilst their parents were absent at the; work. This abandonment has been, and notoriously is, tt prolific source of idle and vagabond habits, which it is'extreni difficult to eradicate in after years. The asylums in i l ues:Le" have, therefore, been open e d for the purpose of remedying t ' crying evil; the parents s e nd th e i r c hi l d ren to t h em i n 1r morning, and fetch them home in the evening. In the interil they are fed and taken'car e o f; b es id es b e i ng taug h t to read ity„ say their prayers. Ther e i s no t a single village in the who; Grand Duchy, which is not provided. ith one of these exce llo, Asylum Schools,' as th e y are t erme d ; an d t h ey are rapia,l/ spreading all over Germany_._—Quar. Jour. of Education, No. 1 ". EXCESSIVE READING—When Rosseau wrote Emile, in 11:0r land they read very little, and perhaps too littl e . B u t now til e , ) read read too much. 'I here is such an inund a ti on o f p oetry , no vel~ romances, and periodicals, that many intellects must be 0 ,11 `,1 smothered under them. * * Th e min d h as not t i me to cbger this incessant feast. The romance o f thi s wee k makes ell, forget that of the preceding, as one wave obliterates another' It happened to me several times to ask one youth or another, what was the plot of a romance he had read a few mornti; before. He had scarcely more than a faint recollection of 4' as if it had been a dream. A more certain inconvenience, l e ; suiting from this assiduous reading, is the weakness of sir; which is very common in England. I don't know if ti" opinion of mine is correct; because English education, esfe" many that of the mind, has un d ergone an alteration wit the last twenty years. Th e e ff ec t s , w h et h er goo d or b a d, this assiduous and irregular reading cannot hitherto ha` .l rendered themselves visible. We shall require twenty yea , ' more in order to judge with accuracy whether, with r e gard solidity of judgment and vi gour o f b o dy, the consequence been gain or Ioss.—CO UNT P ECCHIO ' S Ob servat i ons of an Eril g a . A YIRST VIEW OF CONSTANTINOPLE.—A few miles above we entered the sea of Marmara, and night spread her Inant %! round us while passing the lofty is l an d o f t h e same name. Pa' t lightnings in the north-ea s t made us apprehend a cont r a r y win" The southerly breeze, however, prevailed, and we remained ' , 11 . deck, waiting the dawn that s h ou ld revea l t o our eyes the ri t e of fifteen centuries. It c a m e w ith or i en t a l splendour, and wir it a forest of towers and trees appeared on the waters. It dually rose as we slowly advanced, and by an hour after rise the noble work of Constantine, the first Christian capiti . " the rival of eternal Rome, planted triumphantly ou seven tiilla was fairly disclosed to view, each hill studded with eupwat. ar minarets, checquered with funeral bowers, dotted, here air there, with an ancient column, and girt the whole with a vepc rable crust of time, the battlement s o f h er glory. the va' bay, which the mingling shore of Europe and Asia seemed : to form, she sat, queen of cities, seat of empire, whether Chil iv . tian, Heathen, or Mohammedan, chosen spot whence genio' might rule the world. Two prominent objects of the pietnJ ° before our eyes were the seven towers on one side, and on other the superb barracks of S cu t ar i, th e g li t tering whiteness (),‘ the latter beautifully re li ev i ng th e l ong an d b roa d cypress bei of the great ceni e t r y, stretching from them over th e ple' l ' towards Niount Oetos, on wh ose summ i t th e ru i ns o f a Ronal" , fortress brave time and t em p es t. F art h er to t h e r i g h t, we s " a scattered village on the site of Chakedonia, and, near a ine' v dow planted with gigantic cypresses, a faro skirted by a bolc ll l picturesque rock high out of water. Continuing the same liv the Princes Isles, where blind 'old Dandola refreshed his g e leys iu 1203, and where, in 1807,. a British fleet lost several nisi''blended in one, and in th e di s t ance , over a l ow cha i n of , forming Mondania gulf, the snowy ridge of the Bythynian 0 1 ) 1 ';', T s formed a silver ar c h i n th e bl ue sky.—Slade's Trawls urkey. ALLOTMENTS OF LAND TO FARM LABOURERS.—The follot!, ing narrative gives the result of an experimentjto tr y the utilT a of making small allot men ts of l an d t o t h e labouring poor, mad by W. T. C. Cooper, E sq ., i n th e par i s h o f Toddington,,i'l Derbyshire.—". At Mi c h ae l mas 1830, a l arge fi e ld was diviec t , amongst l'orty . -one labourers, in pieces varying in size accortl ol ' to the ridges into whi c h it w a s accustome d to b e ploughe d , ing the larger portion s t o th ose ' w ith t h e l argest families. 1" , • laud was of the same quality, and was let upon the same te ll ,'l as the former; but as it was f or th e most part extremelv and out of condition, very little wheat was put in; aud, it was apprehend e d i n th e s p r i ng th a t t h e men woulu hard ly '.`";, able to get their p o tat oes i n ; b ut t h ey turne d to withlicar,;ll good will (th e y were wor ki ng for theinNelyes 0 and the fa , t . having ploughed the laud for them in the autumn, they set iny of it with potatoe s , a nd sonic corn and vcg e t a bi es : their rf,",l of potatoes has been abund an t, some o f t h e lots h av i ng yie d s g from sixty to eighty and nin e ty bushels. 'that the peopleie ceive benefit from these allotnienis, is evident front ;he ial?, l ;r they bestow, not . ouly in ge tti ng ou t t h e tw i tc h grass, and 0'1,;1 weeds, but also from th e i r ac t ua ll y mas.ilig ! f ood and saiostial , ' l7 , w hollow drains. It i s f u rth e r shown by thei r goo d and old,' c i a conduct. In summer evenings, in s t e ad o f loungio;z l the place, or doing mischief, they are occupiedab(mt It is a heart-cheering si4ht to see fr om ti ne) , to tiny pc,to ,l '„' L je ter their master's work i s d une , l a b our i n 4 upon oa' farms, weeding and c lea r i ng the clops tilt then going quietly h ome , d o ubtl es s with the iadYelaiihntg tion of their labour eventually making them iudep eo uco', - karish, as their fathers, or rather their grandfath e rs, hau formerly. * * The rules and terms u pon w hi c ii the landtooj is held are very few a nd s i m pl e , an d canno t b e raisunder s a t or forgotten. In th e fi rs t pl ace , th e rent i s to b e pa id parkei c t on each quarte r -d a y, un d er a pena l ty f or d efau l t of from a t loss of land a n d cro p on i t; seeon d iv, if any o f t h e lo ot In d convicted before a magistrate of any breach of the lame, and crop is, in like manner, forfeited; lastly, it is par insisted upon, that they shall be very watchful over then i- L t d of their families, and r egu l a rly f requen t some plate of l )u it'i o worship; and espe c i a lly that the child ren b e not permitted to idling about th e s t r e e ts after nightfall. In granting the allot ments, regard was, of course, had to the characters of th e 3 ? 0 , plicants; and those who were notoriously bud were object ling rule was all well enough to begin with: but, upon r. e , tion, it was thought right to give those wheseeliaracters din stand very well a chance of retrieving themselves; tts'q e . oo ° them said, " I know, Sir, that you have not a very good open of me; but.give me an opportunity of honestly employina mY t i— b; and you shall see that ray land shall be as well cultivated t rest, and no fault shall be found with me in other matters-, He has hitherto kept his word: he has hollow-drained lanr, and bestowed as much labour and pains upon it as if it were . L l ' o own freehold. I may add, that the labourers all reside in towteor village of Toddington, and that the rents have, beec, paid punctually ou the day when they became due."- 11 ,r s i a j. /ion, of the Society ( ! f* XLIX, 'T a o' LAUGIIABLE MISTAKIi.-111 the Insolvent Court, a Jew since, William Hancock, described in his sheduie as " was opposed by Mr. Sparrow, the tea-dealer, and Mr. I ,,n r ' 4 t : a wine-merchant. The Chief Commissioner : Pray, bit' ' 9 , ed t what College were you educated ?—lnsolvent : Sir! Conli n , l o sinner : I mean, Sir, where dici. you graduate ?—The Insoir r ( with an indescribable look ut amazement :).. Really,, Commissioner Oh, if it is disagreeable, I uo not wish press the question. The Insolvent looked round absorbed lY iy wonder. - -Commissioner When, Sir, may I ask, did you e hii ter into ord e r s ?—Sir (replied the Insolvent, tossing SIP h is head,) I n ever so li c it e d or d ers .—Th e C omm i ss i one r t turn was amazed, and, after a few enquiries, it appeared , the insolvent was " clerk " to sti auctioneer, and that Reynolds had taken him for a clergyman. Th e c onitii i f ion' i t created some merriment by saying, a id t r i ll) to strange that a elergyinr :3,lmuti attribute his insolvency the studying the art of singing. Phis actually w as s tated by an insolvent in his schedule. His debt s amounted to 1.:7901 his credits to employment El7---a e° n t o s u s tr t i u n d ia y t o theu b talg, divine art t a abo . ut ib i e y lies ut~ , i manded to amend his schedule, and write himself down " our tioneer's clerk." 'ksin Robe Icjitt l at. 3 • latA. 2urch. Ira oe eutt a IM!6;j4