The Sun. — London, England, 1840-11-13 00:00:00

V a r 4 14.1' fl 141 11104_` X4 LITERATURE. TEE SIEGE OF FL ORENCE, 3 VoLs, Cothurn, London, 1840. Macarthv, the author of these volumes, h e'lls the pen of an eloquent and animated writer, ti vi indeed a power of words at his command, rare ly Bl , met with among modern novelists. Not tweayyud°llhin,esbso,wa'esver, his elegance degenerates into mere it) some of his landscape sketches, olllere lie mean s to be particularly impressive. He °LI4I avoid this tendency to glitter and inflation 41 11 ordi nary themes, or he will lay himself open to br e ch arge whi c h F oote b roug h t aga i nst a cele ated auctioneer of his day, that he was " as fine ti P°O a r ibb on as upon a Raphael. " The best por `'n„s Air. M acart h v ' s story are those which de ,r,jr'ne th e protracted siege of Florence, with the p ile lties that followed, in the troublous times of °de 'Medici, t h e p er i o d i n whi c h the narra „ laid. He here displays considerable graphic d vawer, tin d bri ngs out hi s l ea di ng personages to 4 th 'ant4 l”. On e of his characters is Guieciardini, II:, celebrated It a li an hi stor i an , w h o , as S ismon di hi s P re tty broadly hinted, was a bit of a rogue in th e w aY• The tale, as in duty bound, ends with tei lliarr ialle of the hero and heroine, at which in -11410 'ng cri s i s t h e aut h or ta k es l eave o f t h em. ill be who like a rapid, spirited mode. of na rration °Pleased with th e Si ege o f Florence. TEXAS 1N 1840. T h Wiley and Putnam, London, 1840. T e , ° 'e who may feel disposed to emigrate to t ou - h al which by all accounts is a very improving k tt „ 4 ,Y, will do w e ll to re ad this little volume with re s i de ° n , for it i s th e p ro d uc ti on o f one who has 1i 0 ,,, eu some tim e i n th a t re p u bli c , and seems to lii: m ade good use of his eyes while he was there. obi accounts of Texas are, on the whole, favour titre% Ile tells us that if is, with a few exceptions, es well Country, whose streams, rivulets, and creeks, a lld ell as rivers, skirt these prairies with woodland 4 10 fo rests of various width and extent. The soil, general, is remarkable for its fertility ; and the N 18 more luxuriant, ripens more fully, and de aildllts the saccharine juice in greater perfection Th„ a bundan ce than in most parts of Louisiana. to,f r e °tton, also, is said to be finer, more silky, 1.1 0 ;,% 4 longer staple than in most parts of the th e States, and to command a higher price in 'r; Mark e t. Thus much for the advantages of k ; but there are always two sides to b t i4i kl eation, and if this country has its st li l it ' it has also its dark side. Poi -111;,,:„118, snakes, of all sizes and varieties, kti c l' il(l there, and alligators infest the waters to bib a degree that if you feel inclined to take a br tit ,, the odds are that one of these ravenous t k ir s is either snatches a hasty mouthful from the It tit ° ` Your legs, or swims away with a raw rump tilere filched from your rearward Adam. Then 41 centipedes without number, troublesome rid naneery suits, and almost as difficult to get 1 v11,,q; to say nothing of spiders six inches wide, tod ~,trawl over your face while you lie sleeping, 14 4 1 ' they happen to be in ill-humour at the ju rb ) s , t ing you smartly on the nose. When you il i d!: 1 1 "t0 bed, thinking to go off in a snug nap, by I r eam about your sweetheart, musquitoes buz b kit londreds about your ears ; and red bugs the re themselves in your flesh, and build nests of , where they rear a healthful progeny lui t , children, and laugh to scorn all your notices to Wi t h If You tak e a r id e on t h e pra i r i es , horse-flies ,tourred head s worry your h orse to ma d ness ; oft en get i n t o your eyes ; h orse -fli es very tot s find their way down your throat ; and hl, make mak e a settlement in your small clothes, ttli ta ti b c , ke they sally f or th t o s ti ng y ou a t ever y tier hie opportunity. In process of time, how lity ' t he emigrant gets accustomed to these t tio ' e local peculiarities, and then nothing can be titl„ re L d elightful than Texas, with its fertile soil, and to Xious c li mate. F or ourse l ves , we mus t frankly e4 s that we could not even fancy Paradise, were ti l d e "lpelled to s h are it with red bugs, centipedes, alligators. 14 .1c 7 , -4 ORIAL SHARSPEARE.—Penn XXVI. 'l' C Knight, London, 154 0 . 4: 11 , i s Number . contains the entire comedy of lvi t i c ii Ado about Nothing embellished, as usual, h" a choice variety of engravings, and illustrated p . P.!,!tinent explanatory notes. At the end of the l ikt 'at 'e is a supplementary notice, in which some It ar e lt ',lktlits and .Mrs. Lennox's strictures upo n llsw eted in a highly satisfactory manner. 114`cft 4 NIC'S AND LABOURER'S GUIDE TO TIIE UNITED STATES. Th e C. Knigla, London, 1840. f il ature of thi s littl e work is sufficiently ex t .. e q L Y I°l lll u ics title ; it is wholly practical, and puts ), 4b le t 41 1 , y suggestions which will be found servic i ":trd those operatives whom inclination or t Otte ""sure of circumstances may cause to e nl'- 11 41 14 - ' 3 the United States. There is a particularly . aperschaPter on the subject of labour and its 5 e value in A merica. , Wll4s_isLE OF WIGHT. D, uut . (PROM OUR OWN CORRE9PONDVi!iT.) 41 of Alt o , e whole this month we have had a suc tpn, h e crippled viole.nt gales of wind, attended with heavy e n v .ll i r , crippled s t a t e o f th e ships that have en . 14 k11 " t° this port f or s h e lt e r shows they have rated .t he Y viule tit l y at Se 2. S . "th ampton Railroad still brings us numerous , 1111 ; e have five steamers daily from Southamp ti,(4hY three years back at this season of the year ti citis °teanners had ceased running. So many applica i4vt t h Purchase houses in this neighbourhood were known was it not that the whole of the Possessecb one or two individuals, the town couldt v , e rY soon double y its present size ; as there is sold, gentlemen are content to obtain it on 144', he V. b 4 on lease, where, as there is no compett• ltatceY must pay what is asked. Tett Meiklatn, Esq., has taken Egypt House for ,7 ,1' 4 .1 .4t er ; Lady ' Harriet Mitchell, Debourne House ; i"lrllfs sil derson, Bellevue House ; Mr. Alloway, Rose /4-t• Captain Me R.N., M.P., is still at Oak f.; 41a .4°° ". Captain ) Philip Brown has applied for t/t h P er - ' 4l ° House. Thomas Dent, Esq., and many • riuttilics are still with us. M. TIILERS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Sue,— Last spring you congratulated France and Eu rope upon M. Thiess being Premier of France, but now ' you highly blame him ; you must therefore concede, that you either then were mistaken in your high estimation of him, or that you are now led astray from } our usual justice. For my part, I must confess that I believe that the latter is the cause. I hope, however, that you will not longer permit the Times, the greatest enemy of all true Liberals, to insult with impunity M. Thiers, who, of all European statesmen, is surely the most sincere friend to liberty. You, and all the Liberals of Europe, will soon be aware that M. Thiers has not deceived your just ex pectations of him, and that in opposing the Treaty of the 15th July, he hiss been contesting not only for the better cause and dignity of France, but even for the freedom of the people. When the defenders of the Treaty of the 15th July tell us that this Treaty is opposed to the real interest of Russia, and has checked her designs on the Turkish empire, then they only prove that they very little know the Emperor of Russia himself, and Baron Brunow ; because every one who has a correct idea of them cannot possibly think that the clever Nicholas has sent the skilful Barci Brunow to London to sign a treaty contrary to the interest of Russia. Therefore M. Thiers not being the man who by such a false opinion could be lulled to sleep, would not agree to sign a treaty which was intended to weaken Mehe met Ali, who, he saw, alone was able to defeat the de signs of Russia upon the Orient, and whom France, after the battle of Nezib, promised to protect in pos session of Syria, to prevail upon him to stop the march of the army of Ibrahim Pacha to the shores of the Bosphorus. That the equilibrium of Europe depends upon Syria being under the immediate sway of the Sultan, was too absurd an insinuation, that M. Thiers could think it worthy of the least attention, and therefore the Four Powers, both in signing the Treaty and the manner in which they did it, must absolutely show M. Thiers that this Treaty had another far more important object than only to compel Mehemet Ali to restore Syria to the Sultan ; and that he was not mistaken is quite certain, because there is not the least doubt that the real in tention of Russia, Austria, and Prussia was to break the alliance between England and France. To tell us that M. Thiers could have defeated the intention of these Powers by agreeing to the Treaty, is the same as to say that he could have bought the alliance of Eng land by breaking the promise of France to Mehemet Ali. M. Thiers is now blamed for not acting in this dis honourable manner ; he is blamed for opposing Russia in her ambitious projects ; and he is blamed for not closing his eyes to the designs of the despotic Powers to subdue the freedom of all nations ; but coming genera tions will pass a just sentence upon him, and then he will undoubtedly be venerated as a true guardian of liberty. Hoping that you will graciously give these lines, though perhaps opposed to your ideas, a place in your so justly highly estimated newspaper, I have the honour, with the greatest esteem, to be, Sir, your obedient servant, London, Nov. 10, G. C. H. COURT CIRCULAR. A ' 11 6,. 1 1 1) s°11, Titunsywy.—Her Majesty and Prince !ti er ; rode out i n a pon y p h aeton at three o ' clock th i s ;\11.""o, - atte n d e d b y the C ountess of Sandwich, Hon. t, 4 , l es Anson and Paget, Lady C. Dunda3, Lord and Robert Grosvenor, Lord A. Paget, Sir Frederick t o and Colonel Wyldc. Th e R oya l party returne d ,4 T., 10 Castl e a t half-past four o ' c l oc k . Ohe Duchess of K ent , attended by Lady C. Dundas, 'ked for so me ti me t hi s morning on tho Terrace and I:ies of the Castl e . I ,:r Jam es Cleak arrived at th e C ast l e to -d ay, an d 11 leave to-morrow. Ise ount Melbourne took his departure to-day. t•ord and Lady Kinnaird, and Mr. and the Hon. her G. E. Anson, will have the honour of dining with I.:tlajesty this evening. tia t j i Partrid ge h av i ng , been honoured with final sit . rttu r the portr a it s o f h er M a j es ty an d Prince Albert, T h rl q to London to-day. it) ours, it is expected, will leave to-morrow (Fri ‘ll the afternoon for Buckingham Palace. The L ord °44eil .rds of her Majesty's M3rt Honourable fl o u t able Privy r Exchequer h it , -I attended a meeting in the Court I toli rti 'Y (the Morrow of St. Martin) to settle the al thq Sheriffs for the ensuing y The Chancellor tlther6D,Elebequer presided in his e 4 1 6 *lll7 Councillors present were sear. robe s. Lord Chlalnw bell'. the Lord President, Viscount Duncannon, f Lord t he 16 0 4 n, Lord Abinger, the Lord Clue . J . u . s r t . ice ju o p f he e 'll'4llton Pleas, Mr. Baron Parke, and Al 41.., _ que . Pour o tt —4a n t of the Puisne Judges also at- Th e the meeting. C:o t , L. Ron. William Bathurst was the Clerk of the 6ell,in Waiting. itt) to . e ' ju dge!' who had been on the different Circuits caused l 'Y 1111,14teti Gentlemen to supply the deficiency 14t1 rd ° t- se thready on the Roll being excused . by_t t le a ir 'li thaniPs, and also gave in one name in lieu of no n na. t . thttedt'i 111"egent Sheriff. Three Gentlemen wore lid le l . titled (1 " each of the English Counties except d ar i d L . Th „,an,a,hir.. ''th : ► Ljuk e of Cambridge honoured Colonel Howard 141 tr .. p' Lai t Yesterday at his residence at Ashtead Park, 14 titt4l.);°'n• His Royal High ness re t urne d to town A , 4!r0 00n. ti 4 lz ‘;41 " Council was held yesterday afternoon at 11,,ourn°,,religh ffice. It was attended by Viscount Mel t Yit -- 1 ttle Lord Chancellor, Marquis of Lansdowne, li.etotilit 1 dl °r .)ainterston Lord John Russell, the Chan- Nlal., P .xchequ ' er, Earl of Minto, Viscount Dun -44141 -11 a nd other Ministers. The Council sat three Vi„ o I 1104, fro M e lb ourne arrived in tow!! yester,daylafter -3611 E. 'in. to her Majesty at Windior Cast e. il uine, NI.P., had an interview with Lord 11 ell Yesterday at the Colonial Office. 4 , itol. A .........-- _ ---..- PI tha-t'L MARRIAGE.. It is rutnoured at A b lu- , I- t tl be th ° )dung Princess Theolinda of Leucbten er , i, , cet,othed to Count William of Wirtemberg, nc. hi e reigning Sovereign. t b~ it~~ 10 . id - ch be oa 'Or lONIAN ISLANDS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE MORNING HERALD. MR. EDITOR—By an article in your paper of the 2d inst.. I ace that I am accused of being the author• of a letter which appeared in the Morning Chronicle of the 19th Sep• tember, signed " 1(0011./J77.1T0c." I distinctly deny being its author, or that I have any knowledge of the person who wrote it. The same article also asserts that I assume titles to which I have no pretensions. The title of " Count" has been officially recognised in my person by the authorities of my country, whether na tive or British, and under it I signed the Constitutional Charter of the lonian States. I was designated by it in the letters patent which created me a member of the order of St. Michael and St. George, and I was presented un der the same title to his Royal Highness the Prince Re gent, by the late Lord Castlereagh, in 1816. By referring to the statutes of the order of St. Michael and St. George, on its first institution in 1819, it will be seen that the members of the three classes were entitled to assume the English appellation of " Sir." That right was, by the snore recent statutes of 1832, confirmed to those members who had been, prior to that time, invested, though it was then denied to such persons as should be subsequently admitted into the third class of the order. But 1 was among the earliest knights created, and have consequently always legally borne the English appellation " Sir," which was, moreover, applied to me by Sir George Nayler and Sir Harris Nicolas, the chancellors of the order, in their official correspondence. . . These proofs, wit6ut adducing many ancient docu. ments in support of my right to the title of " Count," which are in illy possession, suffice to show that I have not " abusively assumed" either the one or the other of these titles. As to the remainder of the paragraph, it appears to me, that a person who has set ved the lonian Government, un der British protection, for eighteen years, in the distin guished situations that I have held, need not condescend to any explanation. I cannot doubt that you, Sir, as a just and impartial Editor, not wishing to give the weight of your journal to a calumny, will insert this letter at the earliest opportu nity.-1 am, Sir, your obedient servant, London, Nov. 10, 1840. D. VALSAMACHI. QUEEN'S BENCH. QUEEN V. O'DOTIERTY. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Stn,—ln the report of the above case it is stated that I was dismissed the Portuguese service. I beg leave to state that such is not the fact. J. O'DOHERTY, Ex-Alpjor Portuguese Service. INSOLVENT DEBTORS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUIV. SlR,—There is a subject relative to insolvent debtors and their creditors which has attracted my attention for some time past ; my holding an official situation has given me ample time to observe the workings of the present system. (The subject our correspondent refers to is the disposal of the insolvent's property by private sale, at a valuation which he considers alike unfair towards the creditors and debtors. He recommends theref9re that the superfluous property be sold by public auction; then, and not till then, will such property be fairly disposed of.) There is another hardship which is very injurious to in solvent debtors, namely, the power that is given to creditors (and which is too frequently acted upon most vindictively and unfeelingly), to discharge insolvents out of custody the day previous to hearing, causing friendly detainers to be lodged against them, to make sure of passing the Insolvent Court, and thereby save themselves from such merciless creditors. Suppose A is taken in exe cution at the suit of B, too late, I will say for the pre sent term. A must, necessarily, lay till the next term ; perhaps nearly five months. He files his petition and schedule, agrees with his attorney for a certain sum to pass the Court, say perhaps 10/. or 201., as the case may be, he (the insolvent) not being able to pay the amount down, gives a cognovit to paid by either weekly or monthly instalments; all this may be, and has been done. Then oil the very eve of his hearing he is discharged from custody, worse by the amount agreed upon by his attorney, and upon his failing to execute the agreement with him, he is plunged into prison again, at the suit of his attorney, and there to lay, sine die, unless he effects a settlement with his detaining creditor, and in consequence of his other debts, subjected to be detained at the suit of other creditors. Now what I would propose is this, that where a discharge arrives at a gaol to liberate a debtor, appointed for bearing at any Court for relief of insolvent debtors, between the last day of filing schedules and that of hearing, unless by the free consent of the insolvent so to be discharged, it shall be lawful for the Commissioner of the Circuit to cause the insolvent to be summoned be- fore him, and upon the hearing the matter of hist petition, and schedule, unless there shall be proof of fraud, &c., he shall be discharged forthwith by the said Court, thereby stopping that harsh unfeeling spirit which has hitherto existed in the breasts of such vindictive creditors. If you can find room in a portion of one of your columns for the insertion of the above, you will be conferring a lasting obligation on many a pour debtor, and confer a fa vour on AN OFFICIAL. Norwich, Nov. 12, 1840. It is calculated that the Great Western Railway will be opened at Hay-lane l3ridg three miles this side of Swindon, by about the sth of December.—Devizes Gazette. CURATES' FUND.—The admirable institution " for promoting the employment of Additional Curates in Populous Places," of which the Queen is Patroness, and the two Archbishops arc Presidents, and the whole bench of Bishops Vice. Presidents, has by no means met with the support which a Society so authorised and su consti tuted deserves. Under the strictest rules of Church dis cipline, and the entire control of the respective Bishops, its great endeavour is to supply funds to the incumbents of populous parishes, to enable them to procure clerical assistance, and that a!one. This Society does not inter fere in the least degree with the qualification, choice, ap probation, or appointment of curates, which belong alone to the incumbents and Bishops. During the current year the Institution has made grants to the incumbents of ninety-sev. - ni parishes and districts throughout the king dom to the amount of 6,915/., approaching to within 100/. of its whole annual income. The Bath Diocesan Branch of this Society has within these two years remitted 651/. as a donation to the Society in Lcndon, and made grants to twelve places in the diocese, five of which arc within the city of Bath, and one to the suburban pariah of Weston.--Bath Chronicle. A Concert of the Music Class of the Literary and Scientific Institution, Hackney-road, took place on Wednes day evening, and was numerously attended. The members of the class, on this occasion, secured the valuable aid of the Misses H. Aldwell and Galbraith, the former of whom was loudly and deservedly applauded in the beautiful ballads of " I'll Speak of Thee" and " Elien of Tyrone,"—and the latter in " Logic o'Buchan," and a seena from Robert is Diable. The whole went off well, with the exceptio n of the instrumental part of the entertainment, in favour of which we cannot say much. • FAILURE OF A VIENNA BANK.—One of the princip a l b an ki ng .h ous cs of Vienna , Messrs. \Vendl and Co., have suspended payment. The liabilities are be. lieved to amount to several hundred thousand florins. THE SUfNiPuotipos ,, firti.l).Ai,.Neov,i4.Biu..git 151._, 1i,*46. I IMPORT DUTIES.-INUTILITY OF PROTECTION DUTIES. SECOND ARTICLE. IRON.-The informatiou thrown by the, Com mittee on the subject of Import Duties levied for protection, is most valuable. First, let us show that our most important manufactures, though pio tected, owe nothing to that protection. Iron, silk, cotton, cloth, are surely amongst the most important of our manufactures. Now, let the reader mark the important evidence as to iron, of Sir John Guest : A great alteraiion in the iron trade took place about the year 1741), when pit coal, for making iron, came into use : previously to that time, iron had been all made of charcc.al. In 1740 the import was about `25,000 tons a year, consisting almost entjrely of bar iron ; and the average import, from 1760 to 1786, was 40,000 a year. The trade then began to flourish. The price of iron was 18/. to 20/. per ton. BATE OF DUTY. The rate of duty then charged was 2/. 10s. per ton when brought in foreign ships, and 2/. Is. 6d. when brought in British ships. In 1786 the import was 44,330 tons ; the duty was 2/. 163. 2d. per ton ; and the price began to be reduced, in consequence of the introduction of pit coal, to 141. or 15/. per ton. From 1786 to 1796, the quantity imported ranged from 44,000 tons, the lowest, to 54,000 tons, the highest ; the duty was then the same, 21. 16s. 2d. In 1796, the duty was raised to 3/. Is. 9d. per ton ; in 1797, to 3/. 4s. 7d. ; in 1798, to 31. 153. 5d., and the import of that year was 45,964 tons. In 1799, the import was 42,479 tons. After that year, I have no account of the imports till 1820 ; but the duty was raised in those years, during the war. In 1802 it was raised to 4/. 4s. 41. per ton ; in 1805, to 51. Is. ; in I'Bo6, to 51. 7s. 5d.; in 1809, to 51. 9s. 10d.; in 181z3, to 6/. 9s. 10d. ; in 1819 it was 61. 10s. upon iron brought by British ships, and upon iron brought by foreign ships the duty was 61. 18s. 101. The import in 1820 was 10,995 tons. The duty was then very high, and the make of iron in this country was rapidly increasing. QUANTITY OF IRON MADE. I will give the make of iron in this country at diffe rent periods. In 1740 almost the whole of the iron of this country was made from charcoal, and the make was 17,350 tons. In 1788, in consequence of the in troduction of this new process of making iron with pit coal, the quantity increased to 68,300 tons, about which time Mr. Watt brought his improvements to bear upon the iron trade by the introduction of steam-engines for blowing the furnaces ; after which time there was a still more rapid increase. In 1796 the quantity pro duced was 125,000 tons. In the next ten years, down to 1806, the quantity was increased to 258,000 tons. In 1823 the quantity produced was 452,000 tuns. The quantity in 1825 was 581,000 tons (this was all pig iron). In 1828 the quantity was 703,000 tons. From that time to 1831 it became stationary ; it rather dimi nished in 1830 in consequence of the distress which prevailed in the country at that time ; from which time the increase has been still more rapid. In 1835 it was estimated at about a million of tons ; in 1836 it was estimated at 1,200,000 tons ; and the estimate made by a very intelligent person who went round the works in 1839 was 1,512,000' tons, which is rather increasing. A very large proportion of the great in crease latterly has been produced by the introduction of hot air in the blast furnace. in 1821 the import was 10,995 tons ; in 1822 it was 13,967 tons ; in 1824 it came to 14,478 tons ; and in 1825 the import was 23,657 tons, there being a very large speculation in that year. At the end of 1825 an alteration took place in the duty. The duty on bar iron was reduced, under Mr. Huskisson's advice, from 6/. 10s. to 1/. 10s., whe ther the ships bringing the iron were British or foreign ; and the duty on pig iron was reduced from 17s. 6d. to 10s. Other sorts of wrought iron, not enumerated, charged a duty of 50 per cent., at that time were re duced to 20 per cent, ad valorem. Wire, which had previously been Si. 18s. 9d. the cwt., was reduced to 11. a cwt. Hoops, which were 1/. 3s. 9d. per cwt., re mained at the same duty. The duty on steel was re duced from 50 to 20 percent. ad valorem. - The duty remains at present, except that there is -asAiscriminat ing duty upon iron brought from our:colonies,' which is not practically in operation. In • 1826,- the import was 18,587 tons, at a duty of 30s. a ton. In 1827 it was 18,826 tons ; in 1828 it was 15,495 tons ; in 1829, 15,720 tons ; in 1830, 15,223 tons ; in 1831, 17,872 tons ; in 1832, 19,437 tons ; in 1833, 17,913 tons ; in 1834, 16,215 tons ; in 1835, 19,750 tons ; in 1836, 19,100 tons ; in 1837, 19,930 tons ; in 1838, 24,600 tons. All this is the kind of iron that is used for steel. Instead of being an importing, country, as we were previously to making iron from pit coal, we now export very largely from our producing iron cheaper than other coun tries. The protecting duty hasnot caused any difference in the increased quantity produced in this country. It has arisen entirely from the increased demand. the foreign iron imported is used almost entirely for steel, for which there would at this time be an increased demand, but that there is a great deal of English iron used for steel, for inferior purposes. The duty, as a protection, is therefore nugatory. There is something peculiar in the Ssedish and Russian iron, with regard to the peculiar fitness for making steel, which we cannot understand. The produce of that duty is extremely small, if you de duct the quantity exported, which was about 2,000 or 3,000 tons a year. Ido not think it produces above 20,000/. to 25,000/. a year. The best proof with re gard to iron being made cheaper in this country than in other countries, is, that in America, where there is a large import of Swedish iron, which meets our iron, al though not upon fair terms, as they have a discriminating duty between Swedish iron and English iron in this way : all iron in this country is manufactured by rolling, and the Swedish by hammering, and by way of putting a discriminating duty, they have affixed a different and larger duty upon iron made by rolling than upon that made by hammering. • The Swedish iron is not so uniform in its quality as ours, but ham mered iron is the more valuable of the two, if made with charcoal. The present duty on the impor tation of iron might be taken away without affecting the trade. If the price were reduced to-morrow Ido not think it would affect the interests of the trade. 'There are some few persons in this country who make iron for steel ; they may consider that less of their iron would be made for steel if the duty were taken off. The present price of Swedish is about 121. ss. in bond, and of common British iron about 71. Except for the pur poses of steel, the country has not imported iron since 1790 ; upon the first introduction of British iron there was a great prejudice in the minds of smiths against its use ; that wore off about 1800 ; it continued a little longer than that in Ireland, but now ours is entirely an exporting country, with the exception, as I stated be fore, of iron being imported for steel. It is here quite plain that the trade has thriven, because of the ingenuity of the people in applying coal to making iron, and in using blast-furnaces. Protection had no influence over them. Mr. Walker also gave some important evidence, which is particularly valuable as showing, by the example of hardware, how the protection given to one article impedes the manufacture of another. The same principle holds good in almost all cases. Such as wool, for example, the protection given to which was injurious to the cloth manufacturer ; such as thrown-silk, the protection to which operates against the silk-weaver ; such as timber, the dis criminating duty on which is injuring the ship builder. The 30s. per ton duty on bar iron has an injurious effect on the sale of goods for which it must be used. Mr. Walker is a large iron-factor at Wolverhampton, and his evidence on the sub ject of protection was to the following effect : Thu articles principally manufactured at Wolver hampton, chiefly from iron goods, arc locks of all de scriptions, latches, hinges and bolts for doors, screws for carpenters, &c. &c. ; anvils, vices, and hammers, files, and other smiths' tools ; carpenters' tools, as chisels, axes, adzes, augers, &c. &c. ; iron saucepans, kettles, pots, &c. ; frying-pans, gridirons, coffee and corn mills, cork-screws, &c. ; agricultural implements, as lines, ploughs, spades, shovels, rakes, scythes, &c. ; steelyards and scale-beams, chains for plough traces, cart traces, &c. ; tin articles of all descriptions ; japanned ditto, as trays, waiters, &c. The amount of protecting duty upon those articles is understood to be about 25 to 35 per cent. Hitherto the protecting duty has been quite nugatory, inasmuch as if the duties were repealed no foreign hard ware would come into England, inasmuch as in the competition in our home markets we should save the ex pense of exporting, and they would have it. No protective duty is at all required for any of those arti cles in England. A duty of 30s. per ton is levied on foreign iron ; now there is a certain portion of the ma nufactures of our neighbourhood that require foreign iron ; therefore we import the foreign iron, and pay an extra price for it in Wolverhampton, because of that protective duty; and yet the manufacturer has to take his goods to a neutral market and to sell them at the same price as the foreigner, who has no protective duty to pay. 'There is no drawback. That 30s. duty upon Swedish iron, a portion of which is required for some of our manufactures, does not prevent the meeting the foreigner, because we do meet him, but it operates as a reduction of the wages of labour. That difference must come out of the wages of labour here ; for we actually export the goods that we make of foreign iron, and when we export them, we must sell them at the price the fo reigner does ; that burden obliges us to reduce the wages so as to enable us to compete with the foreigner. All the duties put upon the importation of food of all descriptions, on coffee, sugar, corn, and everything of that sort, are a direct disadvantage to the labouring men of England, because it is evident that the manufacturer MUST SELL HIS GOODS AT THE rater: AT WHICH THE FOREIGNER SELLS HIS, and in order to do that he must reduce his wages to the workmen. The manufac turer has really no choice but to take those prices or starve ; and whatever enhances the cost of living to his workmen is a serious injury to them if their wages are lowered. The articles in the manufacture of which fo reign iron is used are the finer sorts of edged tools chi, fly, which require a permanent edge, and yet ore light, such as scythes, for instance, and carpenters' tools. So much for iron. such large quantities proves et of i o the complete exporting teituitl ity of a protecting duty, while the fact that the duty on Swedish iron raises the cost of scythes, carpenters tools, &c., which are in extensive demand, proves that such a duty, without yielding more to the re venue than a few thousand pounds, inflicts a serious i:jury on our trade, and both tends to lower the es of our workmen, a remarkable an d i m p or t a nt w, ; „ consequence, and to deprive them of employment. SILK teaches a similar lesson. Mr. rsl'Gregor shows by his evidence that the difference of cost in silk goods was so great that the very high protect ing duty formerly in existence did not prevent both legal and illegal importation to a great extent. The striking fact, however, as to silk, is the great increase of the manufacture which has taken place since the prohibitory duty was taken off. To this all the witnesses testify, confirming the statements previously made. Mr. Dillon said— The effect of the reduction of the duties on the trade in manufactured silk goods generally, has been very beneficial, both to the public and to the manufacture itself; it has restored the trade to a much more sound and healthy state than it existed in at that time, and has, perhaps, prevented its extinction in some branches. If the duties had not been taken off, it would have been impossible to have checked the extension of the contra band trade, considering the great intercourse existing between this country and France, and that silk is an article of luxury and fashion. The general business of the silk manufacture of this country, in consequence of the protection, as it was falsely called, was conducted on such bad principles, that it could not have been carried on to a profit. Taking off the prohibition, and allowing the import of foreign silks at the present high duties, have tended to extend the silk trade generally in this country, and to prevent some branches of it from being extinguished. Taking the actual importations of raw silk only, the average importations will be found to have increased as fol:ows : For the 6 years preceding the admis- lbs. sion of foreignmanufactured goods, that is from lB2O to 1825 2,459,444 per anc. For the 6 years succeeding the ad mission 1827 to 1832 3,511,854 do. For the 5 years 1833 to 1837 3,753,276 do. For the 2 s ears lB3B & 1839 3,602,121 do. This shows an increase of 50 per cent. The imports of foreign thrown silk have decreased in the following proportions : For the 6 years preceding the alters- lbs. tion of the law, the average impor tation was For the 6 years succeeding the ad misson For the 5 years 1833 to 1837 253,009 do. For the 2 years lB3B & 1839 244,944 do. Showing a reduction in favour of English thrown silk, a partially m umfactured article. Taking the balances, or quantities of all kinds re tained for the purpose of home manufacture, they will be found to have increased in the following proportions : For the 6 years preceding the admis- lbs. sion of foreign manufactured goods lB2O to 1825 2,984,889 per ann. For the 6 years succeeding the ad mission For the 5 yrs.... 1833 to 1837 4,966,836 do. A table of this kind must be taken with some limita tions. Tue mere quantity of pounds weight of raw silk is not in the exact ratio of the prosperity of the busi ness, because the silk imported may be of a commoner kind, or for commoner purposes ; but still it is impos sible to look at this increasing import of the raw mate rial, without seeng that it involves a state of increased prosperity mid extent of the manufacture on the whole. The silk manufacture is distinguished into two large branches—the ribbon and narrow trade, and the broad silks for garments and other purposes. When French goods were first imported, they manufactured for the English .market a great many kinds of goods which they expected to sell largely. They came in competition at first, I believe, with almost every branch of our manu facture. The thing has, however, now found its level. The great mass of the common silk goods are made in England. The great m cgs of the middle run of goods are also made in England ; chiefly now at Manchester. The French trade has settled down into a rich or fancy trade ; they keep that because they appear superior to us not only in the arts of design, but in everything in which taste and fancy are required ; they not only make a higher description of goads, actually more beautiful, but they put them up in a better manner, and finish them in a better style, and, as silk is altogether an article of luxury and of fashion, the finish of the goods, and the mode of placing them before the customer, is an es sential, and not a mere accidental circumstance. The extension of the trade is mainly to be attributed to that reduction. Are you aware (Mr. Dillon was asked) of the apprehensions entertained by the silk manufactu rers at the time that the duties were reduced ?—Per fectly aware of them; they predicted the utter ruin of the English manufacture of silk goods, and even two years after the passing of Mr. Iluskisson's law, a gene ral meeting was held of the silk trade in 1828, at which a Committee of 28 persons was appointed to communi cate with the Government, and I hold in my band their final report, in which they use the following language : The Right Honourable President of the Board of Trade having on that occasion" [that is, at an interview which they had with him on the part of the silk manu facturers of England], " expressed a desire to have some plan submitted to him which might procure relief to the silk trade, consistent with the principles laid down by his Majesty's Government in the year 1826, for the regulation of this branch of British industry, the Committee most respectfully state, that after having I given the subject their most mature consideration, they are still of opinion that the interests of the silk trade of the United Kingdom are so utterly at variance with those principles, that his Majesty's Government will ultimately find themselves placed in a position which renders it necessary for them to decide upon surren dering up either the One or the other." Notwithstand ing that prediction, it is the fact that every year the silk trade goes on increasing. 'rte same predictions were strongly urged before the Committee four years ago on the silk trade. It was foretold that if the pro position to reduce the duty on thrown silk were carried N u t .t. : l ) °ll o iltso n :vic t te l oi r :u e ls tn s ba s tnyr h 3d o ' ti l ii i ll ge i t t n l i t e c o s n e i te l l l i k x : et c u t t i rh a t a i rd r t e u : f ‘ a ' h ' c ° ya t u es u l a r d rb e se. b e i e n n prosperous. the uttertl' s course ruin predic tions ooi.f' Mr. Leaf's evidence was to the same effect : Previously to 1826 foreign silk manufactures were entirely prohibited ; at that period an alteration was made in the law, by which they are a d m itt e d a t 80 per diu:. Fire proposed c h ange crea t e d ver y great is amongst the manu f acturers, an d i t was stead fastlycli'n'ss; meintained that it would be impossible for them to carry on the business : both the Spitalfields and the Macclesfield manufacturers con t en d e d that th e y cou ld notilTolutilidY meet the p ro p ose d compe titi on , th at t h e i r mills become quits valueless, and that both the employer and employed would be ruined, and reduced to pauperism. Those fears were not only not realized, but from that time a very great increase in the trade took place, much greater than at any former period. Up to the period when the prohibitio n w as removed, much less improvement took piece in the silk manulae. ture than in any other branch of trad e, b u t as soon as is were pov en mode che aper and enabi e d th e s was removed, there was a great stimulus given to tile trade by foreign competition, and by improved trio d es of manufacturing, tu'lrlir7ClrbeYetwsiolifeltrhgoosaed i s m r English manufacturer still to continue the chief of the home market, and it also enabled him to coniP with France in our export trade. Prom that time :ttrvr export of silk goods to America, and to other neutral to States, has increased very much upthe present C l a We have chiefly exported to those countrie s p l a i n .z ., "" I d e ' When I first knew Manchester, which was about the . year 1816 or 1817, there was but one silk rnan u ee turer, and be upon a very sma ll scale ; and "ea u ' to the year 1825, when the reduction of (lur e e on silk t p ouk there were but ten manuf acturers i place, silk in emulacturers Man chester, and those ten n a employed about 3.000 weavers, as nearly as I can calculate, three fourths of their produce bun g mixed goods, silk and cotton, and silk and worst Those manufacturers hove gradually increased to about thirty at the present time, as near as I ca n ascertain ; who employ about 15,000 weavers at the present moment. I speak simply of weavers ; r .i. l e ave out of the q uest i on warners and winders. I estimat e the whole return of Manchester in silk goods in 1825 at 430,0001., and now the return in goods, entirely of silk, is from 1,600,0001. to 1,800,000/. There are very few arti c l es sold now of per annum. the prohibition has mixed goods. Since .i. been removed, the quantity of mixed goods which s gradually diminished. With this great increase f has taken place in Manchester, there has beet' no al trig o ff in any place. I believe there has been anmercase in all t h e seats of the silk manufacture , for although in s ome places there may be a decreased numb r of manufact urers, still the increased business which they do, more than counter balances the diminution of number- From my own observation, there has been more money made in the silk trade, and more fortunes realized since the prohibi tion was removed, than at any period prior to that time. The operatives have been, I h e ~ aeve, more regularly employed, trod better paid. A fatality ap reared to attend Spitalfields during the prohibi tion ; up to the period of 1824 to 1825 every two or three years there were periods of very severe distress i n the winter, and subscriptions were raised in the city for the purpose of relieving the distress ; for the purpose of establishing soup com mittees,thgiving soup to e p oor . and Since that period 1 the silk manufacturers in Spitalfields have suffered only I in common with the other manufacturers of the country, but never to the same extent es they did before. Cer- I tainlv the distress has never been so severe ; in fact I do not remember an instance since the prohibition was removed, of a subscription having been required for the silk weavers of Spitalfields. While more money has been made, and higher wages received by the operatives, the pablic have been supplied with a much better article. There is no difference in the price of the raw material to account for this great difference ; silk is at this ma m,mt higher than it has been for the last ten years ; and yet goods range now from 20 to 30 per cent. lower than they did in 1825 and 1826. I believe it arises entirely from unproved modes of manufacturing. 1 find that in 1826, when the present system came into operation; the whole quantity of raw silk, including waste and thrown, imported into this country, was only 2,665,2251b5., and that since that time, the imports have gradually in creased until. in 1839, the quantity imported I find to be 5,020,0341b5., independently of which, the stock on hand of raw silk has been gradually diminishing. In 1827 our exports of silk manufactures, chiefly to our fo reign possessions, were only to the extent of 236,1131., aril they have increased until, in 1839, they amounted to 865,768/. They are plain goods chiefly. Our greatest increase has been to the United States, which before 18 0 7 supplied themselves almost exclusively from France. In 1827, I find the amount of exports of silk manufac tures from this country to the United States, was only 67,1111., whilst in 1838 they amounted to 348,506/. ; n d they have been larger than that in previous years ; but America not being in a very wholesome state, she cannot take so much now as she did. Again, the trade to the Channel Islands. to Guernsey and Jersey, is a striking illustration. The dealers in those islands have the privilege of going to any market they please, and im. porting from every market on the same terms ; previ ously to 1827, those islands took their goods almost exclusively from France. In the year 1827, the exports from England to those islands were only 1851., and they have gradually increased till they amounted in 1838 to 6,084/. Chiefly plain goods. Silk manufactures imported from France to the Channel Islands consist of fancy arti cles ; consequently plain goods are supplied cheaper from England than from France, a proof of our being able ti) meet the French manufacture in those plain goods. There is another branch of the export trade, which shows our increasing ability to compete with France— our exports to France itself ; for it appears now that we are able to exports goods even to France. I find that, in 1827, our exports to France were only 4,6611., and since that period they hare been gradually going on, till, in 1838, they had increased to 56,598/., notwithstand ing the duty payable, which I think is about 10 per cent. The goods exported to France consist chiefly of handkerchiefs ; I do not think they are articles of ladies' dress; they are handkerchiefs of various kinds, manu factured in Macclesfield and in Manchester, but in Mac clesfield chiefly, I believe. We might quote, to the same effect, the evidence of Mr. Gibson and Mr. Hilton, silk manufactu rers, but that would only serve to overlay the sub ject ; and. we presume enough has been quoted to satisfy the reader that the benevolent intention of the Legislature in prohibiting all rivalry with our silk manufacturers in our own markets, was most inju rious to the progress of the manufacture. It pre vented the manufacture from being improved, and so stopped its growth. England has now become an exporter of silk goods, and in some species, that is, all plain goods, can successfully compete with the French in the. common markets of the world. We have no doubt that the removal of the remaining protecting duty, letting in figured silks, &c., at a cheap rate, would give a stimulus to the ingenuity of our workmen,.. and soon enable them to compete with the figured silks of France, parti- cularly if the onerous duty on organzine and tram were abolished, and the food of the people were as cheap as it might be. The silk manufacturers, ac cording to Mr. Gibson, would ask no protection, if the trade in food were free. Again, therefore, the tact is made apparent.that one political error carries a host of errors in its train, and many restraints must be continued, because the landowner persists, for his own base purposes, in levying a tax on the people's bread. COTTON, which has always been one of the least protected of all our manufactures, and at the same time one of the most flourishing, teaches a similar lesson, but the facts are so well known that it is hardly necessary to quote it as an illustration. Two brief extracts, however, from the evidence of Dr. Bowring and Mr. T. D. Hume may be quoted as elucidations. The former said— It is known that the cotton trade in England is the least protected of our trades ; that it was in fact a per secuted trade in its origin ; that taxation was levied upon cotton goods, in the interest of the woollen trade ; that cotton manufacturers have been throughout the advocates for free trade, yet the development of that trade in England is perfectly unexampled. In France the cotton trade is the most protected of trades ; it was protected from its origin ; it is only within a few years that the finest numbers of cotton twists bare been ad. mitted into France ; there is an absolute prohibition on all articles of cotton manufacture except the very high ' numbers of cotton twists, which are used for making lac:. The cotton trade,has made very small progress in Franee compared with, the. cotton trade in England ; the state of the cotton labourers is frequently one of very great suffering ; the number.• of the bankrupts among the cotton manufaciturers France has been great, and when the home market is glutted there is no means of relief by going to the foreign market, inasmuch as the price, at which they produce the fictitious price created by the protective system, is much higher than the prices of the nations 'with which they compete. The consequence is, that, as a means of relief, the Go vernment have been in the habit of giving a large pre mium on exportation, which is another taxation levied upon the French people ; they paying in the first case a much greater sum than they need pay for the cotton garments they wear ; and secondly, paying the cost of the increased price upon the article which France ex ports, in order to enable her to get rid of her super fluous production. France has every facility of obtain ing the raw material of cotton as cheap as England. The latter gave this evidence : In the last year, taking cotton manufactures and cot ton yarn, upwards of 34 millions and a half of declared value was exported ; at the same time, by the tariff, the protective duty upon cotton manufactures was, for every 1001. of ♦alue, 101., and for articles of cotton, whole or in part made up, 20/. I conceive that the amount of our export is a perfect proof that the pro tection is futile, and wholly uncalled for and useless. I would remove the present duty on cotton manufac tures for the sake of holding out to the world an ex ample. The protection could be removed without any injury to the existing interests. It appears to me that the duty of 10 per cent. upon foreign cottons is as use less to 'our cotton manufactures as our duty of 2/. the ton is to our coal trade. Foreign countries, in the duties they have imposed, have very often been led by our example in England to impose protective duties. They imagine we have risen to our present state of pros perity through the system of protections, and that they have only to adopt the same system in order to succeed +►s we have done. I feel the strongest confidence that if we were to give up our protective system altogether, it would be impossible for other countries to retain theirs much longer. Our protective system, which is not beneficial in itself, is bad as an example. It is the parent not only of much mischief at home, but of mischief throughout the world. If, as some moralists very erroneously, in our estimation, measure criminality ward state, is it rash to call it a general truth? If there were not a harmony and homogeneity in the effects of similar or the same causes, knowledge would want all connection, and it would constitute the anarchy of which Tories continually rave. In fact the axiom that like causes produce like effects is the basis of all philosophy, and the invariable connection of causation rivets all knowledge into order. No empiriee, consequently, are more boldly ignorant and more mischievous than those who deny the general law; and when protection - is proved in so many cases to be injurious, to persist, at least in the absense of all proof to the contrary, to affirm that protection must be good i❑ the case of agri culture. They are theorists, and without a fact to justify their theory. They are, it is true, practical men; they act no doubt; but cannot we say the same for the pickpockets of London and the Thugs of India ? They are all practical men, and, like the authors of the so-called protecting Corn-law, they abstract property unjustly from their neighbours, and unceremoniously put them out of existence. TING-HAE, OR CHUSAN. The following accounts of this island, which the British expedition to China are expected to attack, and perhaps to occupy, will not be devoid of interest at the present moment : The Clarence proceeding towards Chusan, came in the dusk of the evening to a long projecting promon tory, called Keeto point. It is the extremity of a chain of mountains upon the Chinese Continent, composed apparently of masses of granite. Round this point the tide ran in whirling eddies, with a rapidity that would force into its vortex a ship of the largest size, unless a strong breeze enabled her to sail past it. Within a hundred yards of the point the mud is brought up from the bottom in such quantities as to excite alarm, lest the ship should str;ke the ground, in those who are not aware of the vast depth of water in this spot, which ex ceeds one hundred fathoms. A little to the southward of the point, the Clsrtnce found good anchorage, in seventeen fathoms, %here it. was thought prudent to re main that night, as the passages among the islands lead ing to Chusan were narrow and intricate. In conse quence of the regulations of the vigilant Government of China a report of her approach had already reached Chusan ; a Chinese vessel anchored near her, from which an officer came on board to announce that the next morning his barge should conduct the foreign ves sel into the harbour of Chusan, whither she was sup posed to be bound. She proceeded with the early morn ing's tide, aril after passing through several narrow straits arrived in that harbour. Between the Que-sans and Chusan harbour, through a space of about fifty miles in length and thirty in width, the number of islands exceeds three hundred. A dangerous rock (not that of the Holderness already mentioned), on which the Hindostan struck on her re turn to the southward, is met with in the passage to Chusan harbour. By a'perusal of the manuscript jour nals of the English and East India Company's ships which had sailed former:3r to Chusan it appears that the Northumberland, in the year 1704, was the only one on board of which it seems to have been known that such a rock existed. In her log-book it is observed that " they kept Keeto point open with Deer island, to avoid a sunken rock that lay off Sarah Galley island, which, and the flag-staff o❑ Chusan-hill, being both in one, the ship is abreast of it." The part of the harbour in which the Clarence an chored was distant about half a mile from a land ing-place, near the house of the Tsung-ping, or military governor, who presided in this place, and which bore from the brig north-east by north. The depth of water was five fathoms. In this situa tion the four passages into the harbour were so shut in that none of them were visible. It looked like a lake surrounded by hills, and a person standing upon the deck of the Clarence at anchor could scarcely point out how she got there. The extent of the harbour from north to south is little more than a mile, but it is near three miles from east to west. The rise and fall of the tides makes a difference of about twelve feet. The time of high water at the full and change of the moon ap- I pears to be about twelve o'clock. The tides, however, arc very irregular, and vary according to the wind, and the eddies produced by such a multiplicity of islands. At the anchoring place of the Clarence the flood and ebb ran in the same direction, within three points of the compass, the current setting constantly between cast and north-east by east ; and for the two days and nights during which that vessel continued in the harbour her head always pointed nearly to the same objects on the shore. The circumstance of irregular tides had been noticed in the manuscript . journal of the Stringer gal ley, in the year 1708, where it is mentioned that " in the distance of two leagues among the Chusan Islands the irregularities of the tides were such that there was the difference of two hours in the time of high water in the two places." Among these numerous islands there are almost as many valuable harbours or places of perfect security for ships of any burden. This advantage, together with that of their central situation, in respect to the eastern coast of China, and the vicinity of Corea, Japan, Loo choo, and Formosa, attract considerable commerce, es pecially to Ningpoo, a city of great trade in the adjoin ing province of Chekeang, to which all the Chusan islands are annexed. From one port in that province twelve vessels sail annually for copper to Japan. _ Soon after the Clarence had anchored some civil and military officers came on board to inquire the occasion of her visit, which, being declared, it was settled that the party should go ashore the next morning, and wait on the Governor to make their demand. With these officers came, to serve as interpreter, a Chinese merchant who had formerly been connected in trade with the agents of the East India Company, while they were allowed to frequent that part of China. He still retained some what of the English language. By this man's account the English had given no just cause of dissatisfaction in this place, though they have been interdicted from it, through the means, as is most likely, of the superior in fluence of the officers governing at Canton, who are supposed to draw large sums from the accumulation of foreign trade in that port, and perhaps also from the increasing apprehension, on the part of the Chinese Government, of the ill effects which might arise from an unrestrained communication between foreigners and the subjects of that empire in several of its ports at the same time. The Chinese merchant still recollected with pleasure the names of Mr. Fitzhugh and Mr. Bevan, two of the Company's principal agents at Ningpoo and Chusan, and indulged a hope that the English trade would be again permitted there. Ha explained the reason why a salute by the Clarence of seven guns was answered by three only from the shore, by observing, that among the regulations of economy in the Chinese Government. no greater number is permitted to be fired from the same spot on any occasion of compliment. This circumstance led him to mention their rule in saluting to point their guns always in the air ; adding, that if such a caution had been practised by the English the accident would not have happened at Canton, when two Chinese were killed by a shot from an English ves sel on a rejoicing day, which endangered the continuance of the British trade in China, and ended in the capital punishment of the gunner ; the Chinese Government taking it fcr granted that guns painted horizontally must be really meant, whatever might be the pretence, for mischief. . . by the effect of actions on the welfare of society, The party, thus obliged to defer their return to the not on the welfare of the individual, what criminal Lion, went to view the city or wailed town of Ting-hai, can match the authors of this terribly faulty l og i s . situated within a mile front the largo open village or lation? suburb built along the shore. The way from one to the Of CLont we shall quote but one proof of the otherwasovcr directions,aplait,int‘ezch intersected with riv . u h le t ts ser a y nd inutility of protection, from the evidence of Mr. T. a c t a n n o a n gis in , vario us other purposes, for i v nt of separating the different ' Huine. He was asked— properties of individuals. Tho ground was cultivated Does not every protection in some degree lessen the lik e a garden ; not a single spot was waste ; and the efforts of the party protected to meet his competitors road, though good, was narrow, as if in order that as in the market? and gave this answer—ln my opinion, little land as possible should be lost to culture. from all I have noticed and heard, it has, in a most pe- The city walls were thirty feet high, and, like those collar degree, that operation upon the human mind. It of a large prison, overtopped the houses which they is rather before my own positive recollection, but in surrounded. Alorg the walls, at the distance of every c3oversations long ago, with older men in the woollen hundred yards, were square stone towers. In the pars trade, I have learnt, that at the time of Mr. Pitt's pets were also embrasures, and holes in the merlons for commercial treaty with France, the great import which archery ; but there were no cannon , excep t a few old came upon us was the French broad cloths. Previous wrought-iron pieces near the gate. The g ate was to that, our own ordinary cloths were entirely protected double, within which was a g uard-house, where military by the prohibition of the other. They were of a uni- men were stationed ; and the bows and arrows, pikes, form and very inferior character. In the first i n stance, and matchlocks, orderly arranged, were no doubt in the French cloths had 4 very great sale in this country ; tended for their use. the habit was always to order a coat of French cloth ; of t h e towns of Europe, Ting-hai bore the resent and no tailor thousht of making out a bill without pit- blance most of Venice, but on a smaller scale. It was tiog the words, ' Coat of French cloth :' and my infer- in some degree surrounded, as well as intersected, by mant assured me that the habit of so charging lasted canals. The bridges thrown over them were steep, and many years after there was scarcely a piece of French ascen ded by steps, like the Rialto. The streets, w hi c h cloth came into the country. The manufacturers of this were no more than alleys or narrow passages, were p ave d country, feeling the stimulus of a competition, soon set with square flat stones ; but the houses, unlike the Ve themselves seriously to work to see whether they could netian buildings, were low, and mostly of one story, not make cloth as good as the French ; and the result The attention as to ornament in these buildings was 1 Y confined chiefly to roofs, which, besides having th e t il es has been that, up to a certain point , shor t o f some ver y exquisite productions, such as are hardly ever required that cover the rafters luted and plastered over, to pre in use, the English make cloths better for the price vent accidents from their ailing in stormy weather, were than the French do, and consequently they have retained contrived in such a form as to imitate the inward bend e t a o ft t e h r tl t m he od i e n e; the trade to themselves. of the ridges and sides of canvas tents, or of the cover- We perhap s, allusi o allusion may add that they have co mpeted success- i n s o f s kins of animals or other flexible materials affected race had probably recourse fully with the French and other - t b r y fn.d t h h ne e cl t i t r einr w nt e on if wm h h t e ; rici a stni f r o lei r dh m mu preferred, ateria Is,i n reign markets, and would, we believe, have retained the supply of the German and other markets, had 1 ° before the erection of regular the landowners not. most criminally and deliberately dwelling-houses. On the ridges of the roofs were ani annihilated their trade. We shall not e xtract more , orals, and other decorationsere • uncouth figures of proofs that protection, as it is called, such protection The town was full of shots in i c.ayt stone, or iron. containing as the cat gives the mouse, fondles and plays with of clothing, food, and furniture,chiefly articles it to enjoy its struggles before it strikes the death vantage. Even coffins wen:l . displayed to full ad blow, has not an s w ered the object of the short- lively and contrasting colours. PTheainted in a variety of sighted Legislature in promoting t h e prosperity of including dogs, intended for food smaller quadtiu e f l e a s s , the protected trade. When this truth is so palpa- poultry, exposed alive for sale, as were ,were as fish in tubs of ble in the case of each and all of our great staple i water, tiniea and eel s i n sand. The number of places w h er e productions ; when it is known to be equally true of and sti c k s o f odoriferous wood were so ld for burning the unprotected manufactures of Switz erland, which superstitious in thei r t emp l es i n di cated no s li g ht degree of have made astonishing progress; and o f the p rotect ed andtrousers were disposition in the worn by both peo s ex ple. Loose garmentses, but the men had man ufactures ofFranee which haveremained in aback- l hat s o f straw or cane which esverc d the head, their EVEWINet EntTION. ha'r, except one long lock, being out short or shay( d. while the women had theirs entire, and plaited or coiled bocomingly into a knot upon the crown of the head, is is sometimes seen on the female statues of antiquiiy., Throughout the place there was an appearanct of quick and active industry, beyond the natural effect of a clime not quite thirty degrees from the equator ; a circumstance which implied the stimulus of necessity compelling, or of reward exciting, to labour. None seemed to shun it. None asked alms. Men only were passing busily through the streets. Wonien were seen, chiefly in the shops, and at their doors and windows. (From Staunton's Embassy.) Chusan, or Chowshan, is a large island, about thirty miles in length and fifteen is breadth, surrounded by numerous islands and islets of every grade, from about one-fourth the size of the principal island to mere barren rocks just rising above the surface of the water. No des, ription could afford any correct notion of the i rela tive positi on o f i s l an d s so n umerously scattered n all directions. The largest number is to the south of the principal island. This island lies nearly opposite to the river of Ningpo. On its southern side is a considerable walled town, named Tingha3, in front of which is the principal harbour which the islands afford, in lat. 30 degq36 min. no r th, l ong . 121 d eg. 41 m i n , eas t, accord ing to Horsburgh, but somewhat differently by others. The depth of water in the harbour is from five to seven fathoms. It is completely land-locked and sheltered from all winds. A long and narrow neck of land, extending from the main, terminates in Kittow (Ketow) point, three or four leagues to the southward of Chusan harbour. Running along the northern shore of this land we shortly reach th e entrance of the r i ver of Ningpo. Kintang on the east and Pooto on the west of Chusan are among the larger and more beauti ful islands of this extensive group. Pooto possesses a peculiar attraction in the number of splendid temples and picturesque grottoes which cover it. - (See Gutz laff's Journal, in the second volume, and the voyage of the Huron in the fourth volume of the Repository ) Ningpo is the chief city of a department and a place of extensive trade. It is situated on the north bank, five or six leagues up the river Tuhea, the mouth of which is about nine leagues distant from Chusan har bour. The channel for entering the river is between some small islands and the eastern point, having on the bar from three to three and a half fathoms, and at the anchorage inside from five to six fathoms. The town of Chinahe is situated immediately within the mouth of the river, and opposite to it is the anchorage, in lat. 29 deg. 54 min. north, lon. 121 deg. 52 min. 30 sec. east.' Directly to the north-westward .1 this river is a deep gulf,thc discmhoguernent of the river Tseentaiag. A few miles up this gulf is Hangchow foo, the capital of the province Chekang, a place celebrated for its silk manu factures, and the seat of an extensive maritime as well as inland trade. Kanpoo (supposed to be the Canfu of the Mohammedan travellers in the eighth century) was formerly the port of Hangchow, but the gradual accu mulation cf sands has rendered it necessary to move further out towards the sea, to a place named Chappoo, situated like Kanpoo on the northern side of the gulf. From hence is carried on the trade with Japan, con sisting of twenty large junks annually. The embank ments raised against the encroachments of the sea, and the extensive salt-works in this neighbourhood, are ob jects of interest. Alter a run of about sixty miles from the Taloa river, we pass the northernmost islands of the great Chusan archipelago, and having entered the province of Kangsoo, steer north-westward, towards the embou chure of the Yangtzekeang, basing the low mainland on our left, and the alluvial island Tsungming on our right. The depth of water here is from three and a half to five fathoms, muddy bottom. About 45 miles further we turn southward into the Woosung river, one of the numerous streams which in this neighbourhood intersect the country in every direction. The city Shanghae, a large commercial place, is situated on the right bank of the Woosung, about 20 or 25 miles up. The anchorage at the mouth of the river is in let. 31 deg. 25 min. north, long. 121 deg. 1 min. 30 sec. east. It has been several times visited by foreigners since 183' 1 , when the Lord Amherst first touched there.— From the sixth volume of the Chinese Repository. ELECTION OF HIGH STEWARD OF CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY. THURSDAY EVENING. —Such a majority as Lord Lynd burst has obtained today, was not expected even by the moat enthusiastic of his own party, and enthusiastic in the extreme sense of the term this party have been. I wish could add that one quarter of their enthusiasm had been imparted to Lord Lyttelton's, and one quarter of-their tact, and a different result might this day have been re. corded. What will all those throughout the country think, who looked forward to the final triumph of true religion and morality, the principles which were involved, in this contest, and who expected that mdinary eau' tions would have been made to secure that triumph by his Lordship's committee ;—what will they say when they sre assured that numbers of voters residing at a distance received no letter, notice, or intimation from these whose duty it %las to beat up and canvass every vote wherever it was to be found? One min said .to a member of the committee, who exp:esseA gratifi cation at seeing him arrived at Cambridge, - and his hope that ho was going to vote for Lord L7ttelton—" Yes, his Lordship shall have my vote, although the Committee have not my thanks for passing me over in their arrange ments. I received six pressing letters from the opposite party, and not one from my own." This was by no means a solitary case. On Lord Lyndhurst's side all was bustle, spirit, anxiety, and the loud boast of being prepared to carry all before them. On Lord Lyttelton's side nothing was observable but mawkish sentiment and timidity, which could only be equalled by the faint-heartedness evinced by the party to-day. Lord Lytt. lton Is almost compromised in everything but his honour ; and his friends at Trinity do not cut a highly. respectable figure at this moment. They put his Lordship on the ground where they should have stood by him man fully ; and so timid, so foolish a fight is not to bo read of in the annals of election contests. The news of this day's proceedings may be summed up in a very brief space. More lawyers came up, and people at length began to be surprised whence they came, as all thought London could not spare more at this moment than had made their appearatice yesterday. More clergy men too, %%orkmen in the vineyards of holiness, and maniod men and fathers of families, voted against their coricknce, if they have got any, and lust their pretension to sanctity if they had aly to I.,se. The Senate House presented tho same crowded appearance as yesterday, and the same row and riot were carried on in the gallery. Majority for Lord Lyndhurst The poll w•as then adjourned till eight o'clock to m3r. row (this day)• NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. (From the Plymouth Journal.) PLYMOUTH, Nov. 12.—The Quail lighter sailed oa Monday with stores for Sheerness and Chatham. The Pandora packet arrived on Tuesday from Fal mouth, and came into harbour the next day to make good her defects. The Hecate steamer sailed on Tuesday with troops for the Mediterranean. The Avon steamer sailed on Tuesday for Liverpool. The Duck lighter sailed on Tuesday with stores for Portsmouth and Chatham. The Devon lighter sailed on Tuesday with stores for Pembroke. The Comet steamer sailed on Wednesday for Bristol for volunteers. The Cornwall transport sailed on Wednesday for Cork, to embark troops for the Mediterranean. Rem:bine- in Ha noaze—Caledonia, San Josef, Im pregnable, Belleisle, Endymion, Pandora, Sylph Carron, Rochester, Swale. In Barnpool—Ferret. NEW ZEALAND. Sydney papers furnish us with news from New Zea land to the 25th of March. The new settlement at Port Nicholson does not ap pear to have been well chosen, to judge front the fact that two days - rain completely flooded it, so as to render it necessary to have boats to convey the people from their huts. A great part of the temporary buildings had been swept away by the storm. The situation of newly arrived emigrants, haring only the privilege of squatting on the beach under a tent, having no location nor allotted portion of land to reside on, and the daily expense of subsistence running out the 'tittle means left on a high rate, and threatened scarcity, is very distressing, and miserable in the ex treme. The number of emigrants arrived was about two thousand, and daily increasing, which must tend to raise the price of every article of consumption. The following were the prices of some articles at Port Ni cholson, on the 20th of March :—Potatoes, 101. par Beu o; ton ; Flour, 50/. per ton ; Pork, 6d. per Ih. ; no Sugar, 6d. per lb. ; Tea, 10s. per lb. ; Cheese in the market. commenced Mr. Shortland, the Police Magistrate, bad four-roomed holding courts in his own house, a s mall . f his in cottage, at Kororarika, and had givenhandotaiclso informed tention to do so twice a week. He for licenses in the the grog-sellers that they must a pp ly no Butter n similaru usual fo n r o m t "ororarika was fetching a Land in the vicinity of h h l‘farch forty acres, about a good price. Oa the 2-It t, were sold in nine lots for and e. the auctioneers hebeen favoured with a mile from the s ettlem , e n n at an advance of 70 . p e e l of Captain Hobson and elite. siderably after the arm was only threepence per pound rose to Pork, which i `)411., and on the follow' r g c et lt. one p o r f o v t i h s i e o n i o s t s r o w s a e s ne sol o d . are much dearer tl,an th ey were. seve " en ß c t e l; a a l n thou p g o h tat p o r e o s vis • ions arc dear, manufactured art icles arc cheap—the market Australian et beingusntal it entirely over stocked s tocked with British igoods.—South m a c.—Philosophers have puzzled themselves h ow to define man, so as to distingui s h hi m f rom other a nimals. Burke says, " Man is an 'nimal that cooks his victuals." 4 , Then," says Johnson, " the pr o v er b i s just— there is reason in roastin g eggs.,, Dr. Adam Smith has hit this case ; " Man," says he, ~ i s an an i mal that ma k es bargains ; no other animal d ons this—one dog does not change a bone with another," 1 4 . es 0 rerY telit P rod (rOO t O. PIS TAO dIO roo 'cog rmY sdr for