The Sun. — London, England, 1857-12-26 00:00:00

IMPORTANT LETTER FROM CHINA. (From the Vines' Special Coi.respondent.) SHANGHAI, OCT. 17. I Fortunately for me my mission to China has in it something more than to chronicle the proceed ings of the Elgin embassy, or I should have died of idleness. A much higher object is to study upon the spot the subject of our trade with this empire, and to labour to discover how commerce may be developed and this great region opened up. It is a task of dull utility. If there be any who look to my letters for amusement I warn them to quit my company. I have nothing to show them bnt hard facts and perplexing figures. First, let me say a few words upon the corpus subjectum—the region we seek to open. The 18 provinces of China proper are quite suf ficient for our present purposes. Tao half-tamed mountaineers of Thibet are six times nearer to Cal cutta than to Pekin. The tribes of M a h o m e dans who inhabit the vast hill districts to the north of Thibet are to the rich provinces of China Proper which lie upon their eastern boundary what the highlands once were to the lowlands of Scotland. .Chinese Tartary, lying a l ong th e nort h, i s r i c h on ly in hill and desert. It i s t o t o s h a t d ense ly p eo pl e d piece of the globe which lies between the China Sea and Tartary, b e t ween th e Y e ll ow Sea and Thibet and Kokonor, that we must look for advan tageous relations. This compact mass is about half the size of Eu rope, about seven times the size of France, and about 15 times the size of our islands. It is about 1,500 miles long and broad. M'Culloch reckons that in square miles it measures 1,348,870. Cutting off the surrounding fringe of savage life, China is still a vast empire, but not so immeasur able or so unmanageable as we are accustomed to c , )nceive it to be. With a railway like our Great Western laid down, we might traverse it from north to south or from east to west in 30 hours. This country contains 360,279,897 human crea tures. The amount need not startle us. If England and Wales were as large as China England and Wales would contain within one-ninth of the same amount of population. If Lombardy were as large as China, Lombardy would contain 360,000,000 also ; and if Belgium were as large as China, Beligum would contain 400,000,000. Take the average of the whole 13 provinces, and there is nothing iu the figures as they come out. The population as a whole is not excessive. But when we come to note the distribution of that population the figures become very remarkable. There is a pressure on the Eastern seaboard provinces such as is with out parallel in the world. The Chinese coasts which lock out towards Japan, and whence a straight a straight sea line might be drawn to Aus tralia, are choked with people, the average fur the whole empire being 268 in the square mile ; Kiaagsu has 850 ; its next inland province Anhui, has 705 ; Shantung, to the north on the coast, has 444 ; the imperial district of Chihli 475 ; and Che kiang on the coast, to the south has 671. After these come those sma'ler central provinces of Honan (420) and Hupeh (389), which extend wards i through the centre of the empire, and which together with the province of Sz'chuen form the girdle of China. The eastern part of Sz'chnen would show the same large amount of population ; but the western part joins upon Thibet, and is mountainous and thinly peopled. It is very important to our commercial inquiry to remember the lay of the strata of Chinese popula tion. If we go into the country with our cottons and our woollens our lace and our hard ware,• it is to the men and women we must go, and not to the Celestial Mountains and the Sea of Stars. Let us remember, then, that the populous dis tricts of China, are , first the provinces on the eastern seaboard—Chihli, "the Imperial pro vince ;" Shantung, " the province east of the mountains ;" Kiangsu, " the province of the abun dant river;" Chie-kiang, the province of the meandering river." Secondly, the inland girdle forming provinces Ngauhwui, cr Anhui, "the province of peace and plenty; Honan, "the pro vince south of the river ;" Hupeh, "provinc e north of the river ; Sz'chuen, " the province o f the four streams." I shall hereafter have occasion to show that these provinces so rich in men are those with which we ought naturally to have the closest relations, that they are the most accessible to us, and that with one exception they are the provinces to which wo have hitherto had no access. Canton, with its neighbc uring provinces of Kwangsi, Kweichow, and Yunnan, a. e the most thinly peopled provinces in the empire. Kwangtung has only 241 inhabi tants to the square mile, which is below the aver _ age ; Kwangsi has 93, Kweichow has 82, and Yun nan 52. Contrast these figures with the 850 of K;angsu and the 7(.)5 of Anhui. Such is the country iu which we seek to develops . our trade. Let me now shortly sketch the present condition of that trade. It. is a subject upon which the data are not very exact. Even with the assistance of two manuscript volumes of commercial statistics, compiled by one of the two largest mercantile houses in China for their own practical guidance, and very generiusly given up to my use, I tread this labyrinth of figures with considerable hesitation. At - the end of the commercial year 1854 the balance of trade between China and Great Britain was estimated at 7,900,000 dols. or 2,000,000 ster ling against China. During the succeeding three years the exports to Great Britain have .greatly increased. In the com mercial year 1856-7 the export of teas to England and her colonies was 87,741,0001 b., and in the same year the deliveries in England of China silk amounted to 74,215 bales. The silk exporting power of China seems to be without limit. Every year we take from her an annually increasing quantity. In 1843 there was not a bale sent home. In 1845 there were 10,727 bales. In 1855 there were 50,489 bales. 1856 showed an increase of 50 per cent. over 1855 ; and the present year, if the stocks on hand.are brought to Europe, will show an increase of at least 50 per cent. over the year past. I am informed that if the Chinese succeed in establishing the prices now demanded, and in selling all their produce in stock, the money paid for China silk at Shanghai during the current year will certainly not be less than 10,000,000/. sterling. 20, 40, 60, 90, 140, are figures of radid progress, yet they represent the advance of our silk imports from China. At the prices now paid, you may, I believe, double this la.-t quantity in the year to come. Ido not understand, however, that by stimulating the production you can greatly decrease the price. We have, I believe, found by experience that however abundant the corn crop may be in America there is a price below which it will not be brought down fur export, but can be proti ably employed at home ; so of China silk. You have to compete as buyers with such an enormous population of home consumers that any extra production to meet our demands may be thrown, without great effect, upon tho home market. By improving the present faulty system of winding you may perhaps make the silk more valuable, but if you take treble your ancient quantities you must pay treble your former quantity of silver, and so far increase the balance of trade again -t yeti. The rapid increase in our imports from China is a source of unmixed joy to the merchants of the five ports. Their calculations do not extend beyond their own business. Why should they 1 They-send home the produce and they receive its value. They do not feel the inconvenience occasioned to Europe by a constant and unvarying trade wind, which blows semi-monthly cargoes of silver into thn ports of a hoarding nation. Of course the y stimulate the productive power of China so long as they can find a market for the produce ; and they act from the healty instincts of commerce. lam not about to resuscitate any of the buried heresies which taught that there ie a distinction between silver and gold, and other aiticles of barter, or to suggest that a trade between tca and silk on the one side and silver on the other side ought to be disfavourt.d, I only to put the fact plainly that such al trade has its inconveniences ; that it would be much more advantageous to us to iiay for ow; tea and our silk w;th goods of our own manu tabture, upon which we make a large profit, than With commodity which is not manufactured by us zlnd. upon which we make little or no profit. This doubtl ess a self-evident proposition, but self d!aut truths muss be parad e d now an d th en if we nut Government have Governm t keep them in view and fluke adecknate efforts e to enforce them. We cannot open up without Government energy and Governm ent , x. a n u, a . and we must show th a t the end is worth t Ilarrisu'Ex In /83 and in 1844 PORTS. E:Xprirted tw ce the quan tity of worsted stuffs that potted last y:ar lone of 90 The 90 000 to in 1832 four times the amoZe te7` eapotraleg ets have Ellen off from an avera ge n 6,642. The woollens have sunk,, from 680 42 in , 183 G to 38,553. printed couwnavibrate with a somewhat higher aVerage in later Year; but printed cottoni and cotton twist show a large decrea se since 1853. While I write there is a sudd en a ,_ wand for English cottons at remunerative prick a, but both the demand and the price now obtained are temporary. The first arises from the partial failure of the cotton crop in China : the second arises from a cause to which I shall have occasion more particularly to refer hereafter—the alteration in the relative value between silver and copper cash. The consumer "up country" is prepared to pay the same quantity of cash for his cottons which he used to pay, and, as these cash are now worth so much more in dollars, the Chinese merchant can afford to give higher prices in that metal which the medium of European commerce. This, how- , ever, will quickly be altered by the extensive ex porta sure to come from England, or by a full cot ton crop in China. Secondly, reduction in prices has not been me t by corresponding increase of sales. The dollar price in China for sbirtiogs, for instance, the great staple article of goods, has not for several years been more than half what it ranged at a few years previously ; yet we see that the demand has not risen with the reduction in price. Thirdly, the years which appear to denote great activity are in reality years of great disaster. In 1 1843, 1844, and 1845, when the Northern ports bad just been opened, the people at home were wild with excitement Alan eminent firm at Sheffield sent out a large consignment of knives and forks, and declared themselves prepared to supply all China with cutlery. The Chinamen, who know not the use of knives and forks (er, as they say, abandoned the use of them when they became civi lised), but toss their rice into their mouths with chopsticks, would not look at these best balance handles. They were sold at prices which scarcely realised their freight, and the shops in Hong Kong were for years afterwards adorned with them, formed into devices like guns and spears in an armoury. A London house of famous name sent out a tremendous consignment of pianofortes. The speculation was based, probably, on the calculation that China must contain 200,000,000 wo:nen, and " now that China was opened up " at least one out of every 200 would wish to learn the piano. The Chinese remained faithful to their gongs and trumpets, and refused all hospitality to this intru sive flight of squares, uprights, and horizontals. The embarrassment became great. Hong Kong could not hold them. At last the consignees, being people of great social influence, extricated them selves by an act of grievous tyranny. They insisted upon every European resident buying two pianos. The price, as we may suppese, was not exorbitant, but what sale was effected was a matter of private obligation, and not by fair market. The conse quence of this spirited conduct on the part of the manufacturers is, that pianos by the best makers abound in Hong Kong and the four ports. An ine vitable sequence arising from the indescribable hu midity of the climate that these noise•boxes are all out of tune and discourse most eloquent discord. What happened in the case of cutlery and pianos occurred also in a less noticeable manner in the case of those staple commodities which form the subject of our table, and which, in the present condition of our relations with China, form almost the only rea sonable articles of export from England. A fourth observation which arises upon this table is the rising—l should rather say the risen— importance of the great northern port of Shanghai and the declining importance of the port of Canton. This will be strengthened by a careful analysis of the Consularreturns for 1856, whence it will appear that if we throw off rice and Indian cotton, the ex ports of British produce to Canton were 604,083'. 45., while those to Shanghai amounted to 1,679,5811. lls. Again, we must remember that these amounts include the English exports to Amoy and Foochow, which are transhipped at Canton, and also some which afterwards reach Shanghai, whereas (Shanghai b3ing the most distant port) the Shanghai returns include only its own proper im port-4. The opium trade, the least desirable part of our export trade to China, shows healthiest in statistics. The "foreign medicine trade," as the Chinese now more delicately call it, is sturdy and increasing. The deliveries to the different opium stations in 1849 and 1854. were as follows : Names of Stations. 1819. P 54, Camsingmoon 1400 20,010 Hongkong ... 9 00 001 2,760 Macao . 6 .• ••• ••• Nsmoa ... 2,470 3,095 Amoy ... ... 3,200 3,860 Chewchew ... 1,390 1,3A2 —. 1,840 4,495 Lookong ... ... ... ... 1,003 2,100 Woosnng ... ... ... ... 21,030 28,870 47,870 66,062 I have not the station statement for 1856, but the total amount was 76,300 piculs, and the value was 30,868,050, or 7,202,5451. Now, this is a very important sum of money spent, no doubt, upon a very deleterious drug. Divided among the 360,000,000, it is nearly 6d. per head per annum — about one-tenth of what each one average unit of our 20,000,000 Britons spends in tobacco ; about one-sixth of what he spends additionally on gin and whisky. It is very wrong of John Chinaman to smoke opium to the extent of 6d. per head per annum. But what is he to do 7 He detests beer and wine. You may leave an open brandy bottle in his custody for weeks, and it will not evaporate. His own satu slice is, so far as I can discover, almost a myth, ex cept as an article to sell to foreign sailors. His vile tobacco is a very miserable debauch. It is used in very small pipes by the men, and is much affected by the ladies. My room at Hong Kong looked upon the domesticities of a learned n ChinePe "teacher," his wife, and his child. The exigencies of the East —open casements and narrow thoroughfares—ren dered strict seclusion difficult. Whenever, in mid night, a more than usually intense sense of suffoca tion or a particularly heavy thunder-storm, or a specially shrill fit of screaming from the infant Chinaman, or the sharp bite of some mosquito which had eluded my fortifications made me start up in my bed, the same object always presented itself. The lady of the house opposite, with her hair full dressed, but otherwise in deshabille— rather economical than elegant—the simplex with out the munditiis—was always at her casement, gravely smoking a bamboo pipe. But for the mos quito curtains I could almost have stretched forth my hand and lit a cigar from her bowl ; alas ! I could quite taste the flavour of her tobacco, and it was not fragrant. If, then, John Chinaman, not being reasonable, will not get drunk, and if he has small comfort in the narcotic which it pleases us to patronise, what is ho to do ? It is not in his habits to call a temper ance or a teetotal meeting and harangue himself and his hearers into a state of excitement which leaves all other drunkenness far behind—which, instead of involving the penalty of sad reaction, is followed by sweet soothing reports of platform speeches, by votive slippers, and by a pleasant con sciousness of self-superiority to all other mundane creatures. He knows not the civilisation which teaches means of cheap moral excitement. Our young ladies shall thrill with ecstacy while some dear good man is describing to them the horrors of drunkenness, and in the next street some zealous surgeon shall electrify his medical class, and throw the blood up into his own head, while setting forth with anatomical severity the consequences of tight lacing. But these are the resources of civilised Britons, not of pharisaical Chinamen. Yet there never was found in any age or in any clime a tribe, a race, or a nation, which had not acme stimulant in which they habitually indulged. Mrs. Chinaman takes her munduneus ; her hus band varies the same pleasure with an occasional whiff el the stronger narcotic. I wish he would drink beer, or whisky, or gin, or British brandy, for they aro all recognised means of intoxication and British manutacLuree. But he stedfestly re fuses—Que voulez vous ? 1/ est fait comma cela. A Chinaman loves opium as he loves nothing else. ' The head of a Parsee house at Hong Kong was so civil as to take me into his warehouse and to open two chests of opium, that I might see the drug as it passes iu commerce. The first consisted of balls, the size of a large apple dumpling, and when cut open the mass was found to be solid ; the other was full of objects which 4 commander in the navy not long since ordered his men to return to the owners of a captured junk, " Arn't you ashamed, . my lads, to loot a lot of miserable Dutch cheeses ?" The "Dutch cheeses" were fine Patna opium, worth about Si. each. They aro globes of thick dark jelly, enclosed in a crust not unlike the rind of a cheese. My Parsee acquaintance tapped one with a frag ment of the iron fastening of a chest, and drew foi th about a spoonful of the evil-smelling drug. It was nut the opium which engaged my attention ; it was the efleA produced by it upon the sur rounding Coolies. I never before saw real excite ment in a Chinaman's face. I've se en them tried for their lives and condemned to (testi], and I've seen theta test the long-suffering patience of Mr. Tudor Davies in the Hongkong Police-court, where that gentleman is daily engaged in laborious en deavours to extract truth oat of conflicting lies. I've seen them laugh heartily at an obscene gesture at a singsong, and I once saw a witness grin with great delight as he unexpectedly recognised his most intimate friend, a tradesman of repu'ed wealth, among a crowd of prisoners in the dock. But these Coolies, when they saw that opium, opened their horizontal, slit-shaped eyes, till they grew round and starting, their iambs, so lax and limpid when not in actual strain of labour, were stiff from ex citement, every head was pressed forward, every hand seemed ready to clutch. There was a possi bility that it wou!d be put down upon the window sill near which we were at indiu 0. . I could see the shadow of fingers ready to slid:in. It was ahnOet Z ertain that it wou ld b e th rown as id e —th ere was lishope of an opium debauch gratis, and this was t he state of mind that hope created. Tile 'Chines Governments have long ceased to againstwhether they this passion for opium. I doibt strive e this passion did strive against it. At Ch i time China, de opium weaabal- balance of trade was agaipst Lip. the Sycee silver out 0 1 thought it absolutely pe a the country, and policy j o p to Surf stop , the of eeseary as a matter ce traffic. A C hin h; ese °Meial is the diplomacy ; be ~,,s deed s good or evil, they are cer twin to 1.,e concealed under a mass of fine senti ments. In ( * .Mina every pragmatical pedant who has a certair L literary degree has the privilege of me morial rising the Emperor. I have waded through hundr eds of these to find only those stupid plal-i -tudo., those trite commonplaces, those "banalites sur lw morale," as Huc says, which, like the maxims in Pc so r Richard's Almanack, pass for deep wisdom with Vie vulgar of all nations. The opium question of co a rse produced a rank crop of these imperti nencer,, and some were selected for publication in the Poilzin Gazette. One of them is reprinted in the bh re-book for 1840, and contains that rarest of all thir tgs in these memorials—a fact " Frcn t Fuhkein , Kwangtung, Chekeing, Shantung, Yunnan„ and Kweichow memorials have been presented by the cie nsors and other officers, requesting that prohi bition should be enacted against the cultivation of the poppy and the preparation of opium ; but while Ts( truinally prohibited, the cultivation has not been rea lltir stopped in those places. Of any of those provinces, except Yunnan, I do not presume to speak ; b al of that portion of the country I have it in my power- to say, that the poppy is cultivated all over the hills and in the open plain, and that the qttantity of opium annually produced there cannot be less than se veral thou.sAnd chests ; and yet we do not see any dimi nution in the quantity of silver exported as compared with any previous period, while, on the other hand, the lack of this metal in Yunnan is double in degree what it formerly wee. To what cause is this to be ascribed To what but that the consumers of the drug are very many, and that those who are choice and dainty with regard to its quality prefer always the foreign article." This testimony of Choo Tsun as to the cultiva tion of - thousands of chests of native opium in one province alone was given in 1836, while the ver million: pencil was inditing heroics about the im moral ity of foreign opium-growers. I ain add to this statement that the culture of °pima certainly is not confined to the province of Yuni lan. Any one who penetrates intothe amphi theaUe of mountains which bounds the Ningpo plait, will see valleys upon valleys of fine rich land coves red with poppies. The official reports deplore this, but cannot stop it. The estimate is that 60,000 chests of opium are annually grown in China. This opium is purer and stronger than the Indian opium, but for want of skill in the prepara tion, and patience in keeping, it has an acrid fla vour. The English opium trade, even although Indian opium. should bapppen to be consumed only by maeis trates on the judgment-seat and other distinguished persons, is a great thorn in the aide of the British mis sionary, The controversy which the Chinese politely evade finds exercise among the Christians. An English missionary related quite recently how he had met and vanquished a Portuguese priest who confronted him in hostile manner in the streets of a northern city. Having no European language in common, and Latin being found to be an inconvenient medium, they dropped fluently into the Shanghai dialect. The gaping Chinese stood round and wondered, while the priest accused the English Minister of being about to teach the Chinese a modern heresy, only 100 years old, in vented by a wicked king and an abandoned woman ; and while the priest was in his turn twitted with teach ing an idolatry stolen from the temples of Buddha. We have all classes of missionaries here, except only "high" churchmen, whereof I have met none. The ordained clergy in China often abandon their prayer-book, and conduct their service in the Presbyterian form. Some of the sectarian ministers carry their Protestantism with a dauntlessness that makes us start or shiver. There was a reception day some time since at the yamun of Taoutai of Shanghai city. The Roman Catholic Bishop had just had his audience, and an uncompronising Protes tant of an extreme sect took his place. Now, this Taou tai had the reputation of being a clever, a malicious, and a sarcastic man, accustomed to gather all the European scandal of the settlement, and to cast it into the faces of the missionaries—Roman Catholic, Catholic, and Pro testant. ss The head man of your Christians has just gone out," maliciously remarked the Taoutai. "Sir, he is not our bead man. He is not a Christian at all ; he is an idolator ; he worships the cross.". "And do not you ?" asked the innocent Taoutai. " No, I do not." " And yet if I were to lay the cross on the floor at your feet you dare not trample upon it?" "I would," answered the unhesitating Christian missionary. Of course, there must be jealousies and difficultly and heartburnings among men holding such very different opinions. Even some Americans of the more violently hostile sects point out to the Chinese that the English are opium dealers, suppressing the fact that American houses are quite as eager in disputing the profits of the ' trade. Sometimes it happens that in the midst of a mis sionary discourse an old man comes forward (either spontaneously or at some one's suggestion), and tells the crowd what a good son he once had, and how that son kept him iu comfort, but that he has lately taken to spend all his earnings in opium-smoking, and leaves his father unprovided for. The old gentleman wishes to know whether it is the countrymen of the " elder teacher" who sell that opium. We mu,t imbue ourselves with the exaggerated notiins which the Chinese have of the sacredness of parental despotism to fully un derstand the effect of such a question. If while a candi date was addressing the electors - of the borough of Maine law, with their wives in general tea-party aseeml•lad, Mrs. Brown Jones Robinson 'Smith were suddenly to appear leading in Mr. B. J. R. Smith, staggering in the last: stage of maudlin tipsiness—if Mrs. Smith were then, addressing the candidate and po'nting to her spouse to ask whether the report was true that he, Mr. Juniper, was the person who made and sold the liquid which had reduced Mr. Smith to the condition of a beast —and if the candidate, thus adjured, felt constrained to confess that he certa'nly was the proprietor of a rather extensive distillery, the interruption would not be more provoking than those which sometimes occur at Amoy or Shanghai. The English missionaries meet these things with a constancy almost as bold as the chronology of the Por tuguese pries'. They say that India is not England, but a country to which China is indebted for her two great curses—opium and Buddhism. As to this effect upon the conversion of the Chinese the suggestion is simply absurd ; but it is a weak point in the armour of controversy, and our missionary countrymen feel it very bitterly. At Ningpo I accepted an invitation from the Rase Mr- Russell, the Church of England missionary priest, and the Rev. Mr. Edkins, of the Loudon Mission at Shangai, to visit the opium dens of Ningpo city. Commander Dew, of the Nimrod, and several of his officers accom panied us. 1 had seen the opium-eaters of Constan tinople and Smyrna, and the hashish smokers of Con stantine, and I was prepared fer emaciated forms and trembling limbs. I recollected buying a taboosh in the bazaars of Smyrna from a young Moslem whose palsied hand and dotard head could not count the coins I offered him. I recollected the hashish-smokers of Constantine, who were to be seen and heard every after noon at the bottom of that abyss which yawns under the " Adultress's Rock,"—lean, fleshless Arabs, smoking their little pipes of hempseed chanting and swaying their skeleton forms to and fro, shrieking to the wild echoes of the chasm, then sinking exhausted under the huge cactus,—sights and sounds of saturnalia in purgatory. The Chinese exhibition was sufficiently disgusting, but was otherwise quite a failure. These opium dens are ordinary Chinese cottages, with a room about 12 feet square, furnished with a bed, a table, and a sofa, In tae first we entered three men sat upon the bed and two upon the sofa. There was the opium pipe, the lamp, and the small porcelain cup of treacle-looking opium. One of the customers takes the pipe and the Limp, then dips a pin into,the opium, turas it round and round till he has the proper quantity of the jellified drug, inserts the pin in the pipe, applies the pipe to the flame of the lamp, and at tie same time draws up the vapour by two or three long inhalations—not whiffs, for he draws it into his lungs ; then he press on the pipe, the opium hi ing consumed, and gradually lets the vapour slowly return through his mouth and his no e. The menst• s of this convivial society were good humoured and communicative. One was a chair Coolie, a second was a petty tradesman, a third was a runner in a mandarin's yamun ' • they were all of that class of urban population which is just above the lowest. They e ere, however, neither emaciated nor infirm. The chair Coolie was a sturdy fellow, well capable of taking his share in the porterage of a 16 stone mandarin, the runner seemed well able to run, and the tradeesnan, who said he was 38 years old—say, 37, for the Chinese commence to count their age nine months earlier than we do—was remembered by all of us to be a singularly young looking man for that age. He had smoked opium for seven years. As we passed from the opium dens we went into a Chinese tea-garden—a dirty paved court with some small trees and flowers in flowerpots,— and a very emaciated aria yawning proprietor pre , s ated himself. " The man has deetroyiel himself by opium-smoking," said Mr. Russell. The man being euestionel, declared that he had never smoked an opium pipe in his life, —a bad shot, at which no one was more amused than the rev. gentleman who fired it. I only take the experiment for what it is worth. There must be very many most lamentable specimens of the effects of indulgence in this vicious practice, although we did not happen to see any of them that morning. They are not, however, so universal, nor even so common, al travellers who write in support of some thesis, or who are not above truckling to popular prejudices in England, are pleased to say they are. But if our visit was a failure in one respect, it was fully instructive in another. In the first house we visited nu man spent on an average less than 80 cash aelay on his opium pipe, One man said he spent 120. The chair Coolie spends 80, and his average earnings are 100 cash a-day. English physicians, unconnected with the missionary societies, have assured me that the C .olie opium-sruolzer dies, not from opium, but from starvation. If he sta=ves Himself for his pipe, we need not ask what happens to his family. No earthly power can stop opium-smoking in China ; but if the pe=ople of England are earnest in wishing to stop the English trade in it, nothing is easier than to dii so by far less of self-sacrifice than the opium smoker would be obliged to exercise. Let the old ladies give up tea and the young ladies give up silk, and the thing is done. If the Chinese had again to pay for opium in silver they would grow it all at home, and lock sharp after the foreign smuggler. At present the trade is as open and as unrestrained in all the cities of China as the sale of hos-cross buns on Good Friday is in the streets of London. Those - unfortunate fine sentiments of Mr. Commissioner Lin emit tee Chic e e Treaatiry. a- Very hannsome source c f reventee. When the drain of sycee these sentiments became (ply expensive encumbrances. It is amusing to;observe how delicately they have been dropped over board. T 123 North China Herald of the 27th of June, 1857, contains two proclamations from the authorities of Fnhkien and the prefects of Fuhchow. These authorities profess that they have discovered that "among the foreign imports, there is an article called foreign medicine,' of which immense quantities are sold, and on which hitherto there has been no duty." They innocently remark that It appears that this foreign medicine is sold to the people as medicine, avid is used for expelling epidemics, so that it cannot be classed with rice, paddy, cloth, &c., which are of constant use. There fore in levying this duty en foreign medicine we do not oppress the people." The proclamations declare that " hereafter this foreign medicine, when it has paid the duties, is to be regarded as a legal article of trade." The duties imposed are, that "every box of foreign medicine containing 40 balls shall pay a duty of one dollar per ball" (that is, the Patna opium) • " other kinds of foregn medicine in small balls (the Malwa opium) ehall pay duty at the rate of $4 per 101 b." The proclamation ends thus : " The high military and civil authorities of the province have already memorialised the Throne. Hereafter, when the duty on foreign medicine is paid, the trade is legal; and at a'l the Custom-houses the presentation of the proper certificate will secure immediate passage for the foreign medicine with out the slightest opposition." The date of the second of these proclamations is the 7th of June, 1857. At Shanghai there has been no formal proclamation, but the same Viceroy rules, and levies a duty of 24 taels a chest. At Ningpo a tax of 12 Shanghai dollars per chest has been established for some time, and the mandarins are now about to raise it to the Shanghai amount. lam told that it was originally proposed to levy this tax as an important duty, but that the merchants refused to pay it, and threatened to retire to their depot ships again. In this lam inclined to think they were unwise. Opium might have been brought within the 5 per cent. of the " unenumerated articles clause" of the treaty, and this vexed question thus settled for ever ; whereas the tax is now levied from the Chinese brokers, and is, of course, without limit. In the face of the present large returns from these opium duties—concerning the amount whereof Lord Elgin may, perhaps, be able to give the Emperor some information which has not yet reached him—there will be no difficulty in putting this part of our trade on a satisfactory treaty basis. Perhaps I have said too much about this topic ; but it must come into the new treaty, and there may be some few readers in England who may be willing to hear the question stated as I have endeavoured to state it—without the prejudices either of a missionary or a merchant. One word upon a subject to which I shall probably not have occasion to recur. I have sometimes spoken untenderly of topics much cherished by some of our Protestant missionaries. There is, however, no subscriber to the various bodies which send preachers forth who thinks more highly of the usefulness of these men than I do. I will not say that they are making sincere Chinese Christians—those who say this must be either governed by a delusion or guilty of a fraud—but they are doing the work which, if China is ever to be Chris tianised, must precede its conversion. Th►;y live among the Chinese people, they speak their language, they are known to them by deeds of charity and beneficence; their wives are the friends of the poor, friendless Chinese woman ; their children prattle to the natives in their own tongue, and are the messengers of their parents in little offices of love. The merchants in China are almost universally large-hearted and benevolent men; they will give largely, but they have not either time or taste for such offices as these ; nor would the wildest philanthropist expect it from them. Yet this must be done by somebody if China is to be opened. Even if I had to hope that the cold speculative systems of Laotze, Confucius, and Buddha could be overthrown, that those palaces of ice would some day melt before the fervid quickening fire of true religion, still 1 would say plant missionary establishments in China ; but remember always that a fool, a bigot, or a firebrand can do more evil there than ten good men can repair. (To be continued.) SU I N, LONDON, SAT II RD .A l .l EVENIN 0 1 3 'F ,c NI 1313',..11 2 - g; -- 1 T.l ri 7. AERATED BREAD. (From the Spectator.) The English are a great people ; the 19th century is a great century. No question of that. The bitterest enemies of both m. either are yearly compelled more frankly to do homage to the achievements which mark them out as different frogs all other races and alt previ ous centuries. In innumerable respects, too, there is a sort of partnershipin this greatness. A peculiar people and a peculiar time play, so to say, into each other's bands, and contribute to make each other what they are. But all strength has its weakness, all greatness has its drawbacks. There are things in which this no table and progressive age has not shown itself progres sive ; and some of these in regard to which England lags behind molt civilised nations—possibly even behind some that do not boast to be civilised—as much as she outruns them is other respects. Exempli gratis, let us take what in this country is called " the staff of life"—in France, still more expres sively, "la benediction de Dien." The process of bread - making does tut appear to have altered much since the time of the Pharaohs ; and such improvements as have been made England has been the dowe.t to adopt. English bread is the astonishment and despair of foreign era, -continental bread the constant theme of travellers' praise ; while as regards those collateral preparations of wheaten and other grain which largely supplement the use of fermented bread in other parts of Europa, and surpass it in powers of nutriment, England has nothing either in respect of new inventions or irninelorial Ira ns that can be placed on a par with them. It may be doubted, indeed, whether any part of Eu rope is on the sight track in respect of the manipulation and use of cereal products. There is no more painful misgiving on the subject of our much-vaanted eivilisation than that which arises from the gradual substitution all over Europe of white bread for brown, or black—a less wholesome and nutritious kind for one more so. Justly looked upon as one of the surest teats of an ad. vancing civilisation, does or does not the use of whit* wheaten bread, as ordinarily made, imp'y a deteriora. tion in the staple nourishment of the nations ? Or granting that it does so —owing to defects in manufac ture or tricks of trade—need it continue to do so ? These are questions hitherto discussed pretty much en amateur, which one day or other society will be called on seriously to determine. At present the question is vastly more pressing fcr England than for any other country ; and for reasons by no means difficult to define. First, the use of whie bread is the rule in England, and is rapidly becoming co in Ireland and Scotland ; while in most other countries it is little more than the exception. Secondly, the pro cesses of English breadmaking are inferior and adultera tions of the material more glaring. Thirdly, English wheat is unquestionably deficient in gluten, its chief nutritive element, compared with continental wheats grown in warmer climates ; nor can the importation cf foreign wheats more than partially supply this defect. Fourthly, the English make much leas use than most other races of the preparations of grain, and sometimes of roots, which supply what is defective in the bread of other countries as the " staff of life." Oatmeal, $ hominy, haricot beans, lbarley,lentils, we m ig ht mcc aaal also n s i a , y p olenta potatoes, are mere luxuries or accessories of the table in England ; while in other countries they are staples of food, and make the mass of the population comparatively independ en t o f variations in the price or defects in the quality of wheaten bread. Fifthly, there is much less home gr i n di ng an d home breadmaking in England than in any other country, and consequently the mischief done by such adulterations as are prevalent has a much wider scope. This last pecu liarity, like the first, is the natural and inevitable result of improved facilities of intercourse, greater division of employments, and the preddininsace of a town popula• tion. The others are of older standing, and more bound up with the peculiarities of our climate and character. We are not r,_quire to enter into the somewhat trite, but still very far from exhattitikithscussion, Low the alum and other ingredients with a hich bread is adulterated injure the health of the population, and they tend in the long run to detriorate the race. There is the leas occasion to do so just *Ow, because if some sanguine people are to be credited we are on the eve of a revolu tion in breadmaking which will effect all that is required, and rid cs forever, by one and the same process, at once of the adulterations of the material and defects in the baking, which have hitherto had such a baneful effect on the health of the people. Since, some 25 years ago, an enterprising company erected a large fact sry in Pim lico with the view of utili s i ng the alcohol that is gene rated in the process of b a ki ng , we do not remember that any proposed improvement in ti e manufacture has ex cited so much attention as that recently invented by Dr. Dauglish, and carried out on an extensive scale by Mesas. Carr and Co., Carlisle. No doubt, if the invention succeed, the revolution will be a thorough and decisive one. Hitherto-all the im provements proposed in breadmaking have either taken for granted the necessity of fermentation, or sought to replace it by some chemical preemies of which the harm lessness was, to say the least, exceed:ngly queetic s Dr. Dauglish gees more effectively to wore, and, by a simple enough adaptation of processes familiar for other uses, dispenses with alt recourse either to the brewer or the chemist, and undertakes to produce bread of a qua lity s uperior to any that is made, without a n y other ingredient than flour, water, and salt. There a re few a rticles of consumption that have seemingly less an alo gy than bread and soda-water, or other effervescing liquors ; but Dr. Dauglish's patent is pretty much the same step in the process of breadmaking that was gained by using a machine to charge liquids with carbonic acid gas. The flour is placed in a strong iron vessel somewhat similar to a Papin's digester, and moistened with aerated water from an adjacent condenser. Then, for the brief period of eight minutes the dough is kneaded by machinery inside the vessel. The vessel is then opened and the gas contained in water with which the flour has been mixed, lit,eroting itself when the pressure is withdrawn, instantaneously expands the flour to five cr six Uinta its previous bulk ; and behold, the raising of the dough, so tedious and laborious by the old methods, is completed ! The process is un deniably a rapid one. Its other anvaniagesi are set forth by the patentees as follows : " 1. There is a saving of the whole of the waste caused by fermentation, which averages fully 10 per cent. Thus 10 per cent. more bread is made out of a sack of flour than by the old process. 2. The process, instead of occupying eight or ten hours, is completed in half an hour. 3. The cost of machinery and gas is less than that of yeast usedin the old process. 4, The dough requires scarcely any hand ling to form it into loaves. 5. The bread :s absolutely puro • it is simply fl our , water , an d salt,. Finally, should the whole of the bread in the kingdom be thus made, a saving world be effected of an amount equal to our entire importations of foreign wheat." Uould all these advantages bo realised, there would doubtless be a great deal to say in favour of the inven tion. But we frankly confess we cannot thus far share the sanguine views of the promoters. More particularly they seem to us to beg the question in taking for granted that the fermenting process is unwholesome in iteelf—was originally adopted with no other intention, or serves no other purpose, than imparting lightness to the bread. A certain sacrifice there may be, though hardly to the extent of 10 per cent. ; but in lieu thereof a saccharine element is developed, which adds to the flavour of the bread ; and it seems probable that, apart from this, or its imparting lightness, the fermen tation makes the bread more digestible. INDIAN DESPATCHES. (11.0 n the London Gazette of last evening.) INDIA. BOARD, Dza. 23. The following despatch has been received at the East India House. No. 1. The Governcr-General of India in Council to the Coart of Directors of the East India Company. Fort William, Nov. 9. (No. 71.) In conformity with instructions received from the Secret Committee, that your Honourable Court should be furnished with authentic intelligence respecting Euro peans, whether belonging to the East India Company's service or not, who may be killel or wounded by the hands of rebels, a circular has been issued to the antho. rities noted on the margin,* requesting them hencefor ward to cause such a return to be mad., for submission to your Honourable Court. 2. With respect to past transactions, these authorities have been requested to collect, from the best available sources, as complete a statement as can be procured of those who have fallen ; and that, though this statement is to be made as complete as possible, still, whatever in formation they might have, should be sent in, without waiting until the report can be made complete. 3. These re , urns, when received, will be duly trans mitted to your Hon. Court. In the meantime we for ward a list, extracted from letters addressed to this department. 4. The Home and Military Departments have been directed to submit what information they now possess on the auLject, to Lis Department., for transmission to your Hun. Court.—We have, tte., CANNING. J. DORIN. . J. LOW. B. PEACOCK. Since the above was written, the required lists have been furnished by the Home Department and th• Go vernment of Bengal, and they are forwarded herewith. * Secretary to Government, Central Provinces. Secre tary to Government of Bengal. Chief Commissioner, North-Western Provinces. Chief Commissioner, Punjab. Resident at Hyderabad. Resident at Baroda. Governor- General's Agent, Rajpootana. Governor-General's Agent, Central India. Commiesionei, Nagpore. Commissioner, Saugor. No. 2. List of Europeans Killed by Rebels, prepared at the Foreign Office, Calcutta. Major M. T. Blake, Commanding 2,1 Regiment Infantry, Gwalior Contingent ; Capt. A. W. Hawkins, Command ing 14 Company Artillery, Gwalior Contingent ; Lieut. A. Proctor, Adjutant 4th Regiment Infantry, Gwalior Contingent ; Lieut. W. Stewart, Commanding 2d Com pany of Artillery, Gwalior Contingent ; Major F. Shirreff, Commanding 4th Regiment Infantry, Swalior Contingent ; Surgeon K. W. Kirk, M.D., Superintending Surgeon ; Rcv. G. W. Coopland, Assistant Chaplain : Gwalior, May 14, 9 p.m., on their return from dinner at Brigadier Ramsay's, by the mutinous corps of the Gwalior Contin gent, stationed at Gwalior. . . Captain Spottiswoode, Cornet Newberry, Ist Regiment Bombay Lancers : Nnsseerabad, May 29, 4 p.m. Killed whilst charging the mutineers, viz., two Regiments Native Infantry and Artillery, who carried off six guns, and made towards Delhi. Colonel Penney, Commanding Ist Regiment Bombay Lancers : Nusseerabad, 29th May, 4 p.m. Fell dead from his horse on the march. Captain Hardy, Lieut. Loch, lat Regiment Bombay Lan cers : Nusseerabad. Wounded on the above occasion. Mr. Hilliard, Mr. Fell : Sires. Murdered by a Jemadar during the insurrection at, and destruction of, Sirsa. Mr. Davis (his brother died in the jungle from thirst), Clerk in Captain Robertson's office : Sirsa. Murdered on the above occasion. Mr. and Mrs. Wedderburn, Magistrate of Hisser; Lieut. and Mrs. Barwell, Hurrianah Battalion ; Mr. Daniel, Pa trol ; Mr. Thompson : Hissar. Mr. Wedderburn is re ported to havo been shot in his kutchery ; the rest were massacred in their houses by the Harrianah Light Infan try. Lieut. Townsend. Killed by Daeoits on his way to Mahoba. Sergeant Fitzgerald : Hansi. Mr. Cockerel], Joint Magistrate : Banda. Cut down by Nawab's Sow ars. Mr. Bruce, Mr. Brinsnm, in the Banda Nawab's service. Reported by the Nawab as murdered. Capt. A. Skene, with his wife and two children, Super intendent; Lieut. F. D. Gordon, Deputy Superintendent; Mr. T. Andrews, P. S. Ameen ; Mr. R. Andrews, with his wife and four children, Deputy Collector and Deputy Magistrate ; Mr. W. S. Carshore, wife and four children, Collector of Customs ; Mr. Wetton, wife, child, and two sisters, Patrol ; Mr. Orr, wife and mother, Superintendent of Customs ; Capt. J. Dunlop, 12th Native Infantry ; En sign S. B. Taylor, 12th Native Infantry ; Lieut. W. C. L. Ryvee, 12th Native Infantry ; Dr. McEgan, wife, and sis ter, 12th Infantry ; Newton, wife, and four children, Quartermaster -Sergeant; Lieut. Campbell, and another cavalry officer, 14th Irregular Cavalry ; Sergeant Ryley, Overseer Publics Works; Capt. F. J. Burgess, Re venue Surveyor ; Lieut. Turnbull, Assistant Revenue Surveyor; Mr. D. T. Blyth, wife, brother-in-law, and three children, Sub-Assistant Revenue Sur veyor; Mr. H. Millard, wife, and three children, Sub -Assistant Revenue Surveyor ; Mr Munrood, Sub-Assistant Revenue Surveyor; Mr. J. Young, Sub-Assistant Revenue Surveyor ; Mr. Gabriel, Lieutenant Powys, wife and child, Executive Engineer; Mrs. Browne, , ifo of Deputy-Commissioner, with sister affd child ; Mr. A. Scott, Clerk ; Mr. Purcell, Clerk ; Mr. Purcell, jun., Clerk; Mr. Mutloo, with wife and child, Clerk ; Mr. Mutleo, jun., Clerk; Mr. Elliott, with father and mother, Clerk; Mr. Crawford, Clerk; Mr. Fleming, out of service : Jhansi, sth and Gth June. Massacred by the mutineers of the 12th Native Infantry and 14th Irre gular Cavalry, aided by the Ranee of Jhansi, who fur nished them with armed men. Mr. T. K. Loyd, Magistrate of Humeerpore; Mr. Grant, Joint Magistrate of Humeerpore : Humeerpore, 14th June. Murdered by mutineers, who are supposed to have been aided by the R jah of Chirkaree. Captain Burton and his two sons, Political Agent, Ha rowtee : Kotah, 15th October. Murdered by the Kotah troops. Mr. Salder, Sub-Assistant-Snrgeon : Kotah, 15th Oct. Captain Monck Mason, Political Agent, Joudhpore : Ahwa, 18th September. Murdered by the men of the Joudhpore mutineers, aided by the men of the dis affected Thakoors. Mr. Neilson, Veterinary Surgeon : Ferozepore, 19th August. Throat out from ear to ear by the mutineers of the 10th Cavalry. Major Spencer and the Quartermaster-Serjeant, 26th Native Infantry ; Mean Meer, 30th July. Attacked by the men of the regiment and murdered, along with the Havildar-Major and Soobadsr Bligadier Brind, Commanding at Sealkote : Sealkote, 9th July. Killed by mutineers of 9th Light Cavalry. Dr. James Graham, Superintending Surgeon ; Dr. J. C. Graham, Medical Storekeeper : Sealkote, 9th July. Shot dead by mutineers of the 9th Light Cavalry, in their car riages, in presence of their female relatives. Captain Bishop, 45th Native Infantry : Sealkote, 9th July. Murdered by mutineers of the 9th Light Cavalry. Rev. J. Hunter, with wife and child, Missionary : Seal kote, 9th July. Murdered by an Hindoostanee Peon, who had formerly been a Jemadar of Magistrate's Chnprassees, but reduced for bad conduct. • No. 3. _ _ List of Europeans, whether belonging to the East India Company's Service or not, who have been killed or wounded by the hands of rebels. Prepared from papers on record in the Home Department, Calcutta. Lieut.-Col. Finnic, 11th N. I.; Mrs. Chambers, Captain Macdonald and his wife, Captain Taylor, Lieut. Hender son, Lieut. Pattie, 20th N.I. ; Lieut. Macnabb, Veteri nary-Surgeon Phillips, Veterinary-Surgeon Dawson, his wife unit children, 3d Light Cavalry ; Captain Fraser, Sappers and Miners ; Mr. Trogear, Inspector in the Edu cational Department—killed at Meerut by the mutineers, 10th May. Liout.•Col. Hogge, Artillery; Dr. Christie, 3d Light Cavalry :—wounded at Meerut by the mutineer', 10th May. S. Fraser, Esq., Commissioner and Agent ; Captain Douglas, commanding the Palace Guards; Rev. M. Jen nings, Chaplain ; Miss Jennings, Miss Clifford ; other Eu ropean and Christian residents, names not given ;—killed by the rebels at Delhi, 11th May. Captain Corfleld, 9th N. 1.; wounded at Etawah, by a party of rebel Native Cavalry in the attempt to seize them, 16th May. Erigaoier Sibbald. C. 8., Brigadier Barailly Division ; Ensign Tucker, 68tla N. 1.; Dr. Hay, Doctor Bareilly Di vision; Mr. Robertson, C.S., Judge; Mr. Orr, Deputy C .hector; Mr. Raikes, C.S., Additional Sessions Judge ; Dr. Buch, Educational Inspector; Mr. Aspinall's whole family (Mr. Aspinall was an Uncovenanted Assistant) ; killed in the mutiny at Bareilly, May 31. Mr. Wyatt; Mr. Lawrence, Retired Clerk of the Com missioner's Office, and his family of children ; supposed to have been killed in the mutiny of Bareilly, May 31. Sergeant Staples, Bareilly Brigade ; murdered while flying from Bareilly. Mr. Mordaunt Ricketts, C S., Rev. Mr. M`Callute, Presbyterian Minister, and Mr. Smith, officials and inha bitants of Shahjehanpore—killed by the mutineers in the outbreak at Shabjehanpore, May 3L Lieut. iHutchinson, Quartermaster of the 17th N. 1.; shot at Azimgurh by Madho Singh, a Sepoy of the Light Company of the 17th N. 1., June 3. This man owed Lieut. Hutchinson a grudge. Sergeant Lewis, Quartermaster -Sergeant of the 17th Native Infantry : Azimg urh ; dangerously wounded by the mutineers of the 17th N. 1., 3d June. Lieutenant Mara, commanding the two companies of the Loodiana Regiment of Sikhs : shot in the chest while walking in the verandah of the Cutcherry at Jounpore, in which place the European inhabitants had taken refuge against a party of sepoy mutineers, sth June. Mr. B. R. Cuppage, C.S., assistant magistrate, shot in the back at Jounpore. He was discovered lifeless on his face by the party who quitted the Ontcherrg, sth June. Sergeant Big wood, 13th Irregular Cavalry—Sergeant Bigsvood was with the fugitive party from Jounpore, but was killed while going to get some papers from his house, sth June. Mr. Thriopland, Deputy Collector of Jounpore, and his wife. Mr. and Mrs. Thriepland and two children were hid in one of the Court chuprassees houses, but were be trayed and shot by some sowers 6th June. Lieut. Alexander, 6th N. 1.; . lot through the heart an d sabred at Allahabad, while striving to make his men do their duty, June 6. Captain Birch, Fort Adjutant; murdered at Allahabad, during the night, June 6. Mr. Cheek, an Unposted Cadet; died at Allahabad, of wounds inflicted by the mutineers of the 6th N.I. He was, with other prisoners in their hands, rescued by the British troops, on the 16th June, but died that night in the fort. Mr. R. Tucker, C.S., Judge. The native deputy collec tor of Futtehpore, Heknintoollab Khan, headed the rebel lion there, and caused Mr. Tucker to be shot, June. Mr• Kepner, employed on tho railway, and his wife and children. Daryao Sing, a Zemindar of the Futteh pore district, collected a number of men in open rebellion, and killed Mr. Keymer, his wife, and children, June. Mr. Snow, railway engineer : supposed to have been killed at the same time with the Keyineri. Mr. Cockerell, C.S., Deputy Collector and Joint Magis trate of Banda, Mr. Benjarnine, Mr. Bruce, Mr. Lloyd. The Nawab Ali Bahadoor, of Banda, is stated to have caused these gentlemen to be murdered. Captain Skene, Superintendent ; Captain Gordon, De puty Superintendent; and other European residents, names not given ;—killed in the fort of Jhansi in which they had taken refuge. Captain Fletcher Hayes, Military Seceretary to the Chief Commissioner of Lacknow ; Lieutenant Barbor, 2d Regi ment of Dude Cavalry ; Mr. Fayrer, a gentleman volun teer. These officers, with 2 rissalahs of Dude Irregular Cavalry, had been sent by Sir 11. Lawrence from Lucknow under Captain Hayes, his Military Secretary, to aid in keeping order along the Grand Trunk Road and in the Cen tral Dooab Districts; the rissalahe mutinied on the way, and killed the officers. Serjeant-Major Matthews, 6th Oude Irregular Infantry; shot from the banks of the river while flying with other fugitives from Fyzabad, 16 miles below Adjoudheea (Fyza bad District), 9th June. _ Lieutenant Parsons, 6th Oude Irregular Infantry; Lieu tenant Currie, Artillery ;—drowned while fugitives from Fyzabad, 9th June. Lieutenant Lindesay, 22d Regiment N.I. ; Lieutenant Cautley, 22d Regiment N.I. ;—killed at the village of Mo wadubur, in the Goruckpore District, while flying from Fyzabad, 10th June. Major Blake, Commanding 2,1 Regiment of Infantry, Gwalior Contingent ; Dr. Kirke, Superintending Surgeon ; Lieutenant A. Procter ;- -killed by the mutineers of the Gwalior Contingent, 14th June. Lieutenant Smith Adjutant of the 4th Irregular Cavalry; shot by a duffadar , of his corps, at Mozuffurntiggur, 21st June. Mr. Butterfield; shot in the outbreak at Mosuffurnug gur, 21st June. Dr. Lyell, let Assistant Opium Agent ; shot in an out break in the city of Patua, on the night of the 3d July. Mr. W. A. Moore, C.S., Joint Magistrate and Deputy Collector of Mirzapore, and Superintendent of the Benares Rajah's Dominions ; killed by the followers of Jorye Sing and others, reminders of Poroopoor, at Poleo Indigo Fac tory, near Gopeegunge, 4th July. Mr. Jones, Indigo Planter ; Mr. Kemp, Indigo Planter ; killed by the followers of Jorye Sing and others, zemin dare of Poroopoor, at Polee Indigo Factory, near Gopee gunge, 4th July. Major Holmes, 12th Irregular Cavalry, ant his wife ; the Surgeon, 12th Irregular Cavalry, and his wife—mur dered by the mutineer sowers of the 12th Irregular Ca valry, at Segowlee, 23d July. Mr. Loyd, C.S„ Magistrate and Colleetor of Humeer pore ; Mr. Donald Grant, C.S., Joint Magistrate and De puty Collector of Humeerpore; Mr. Murray—supposed to have been killed. A country born English writer, dis guised as a native, came to Allahabad, via Humeerpore, and asserted that these gentlemen were murdered at Oraie. Captain P. H. C. Burlton, 67th N.I. The company of the G7th N. 1., doing duty at Muttra, were to have been relieved by a company of the 44th N.l, from Agra. The opportunity was seized for sending treasure down to Agra, when the men of the 67th, who had behaved well hitherto, shot Capt. Barlton, fired at all the Europeans who were at the Cutcherry, and, being joined by the relieving company of the 44th N.L, marched to Delhi. Major Spencer, Commanding 2Gth Regiment Light In fantry ; this regiment had been disarmed. Major Spencer was killed by blows dealt him with a hatchet, at Meean Meer, 30th July, 1857. Major Birch, 41st N. 1., Lieut. Smalley, 41st N.l.—killed in the outbreak at Soetapore, in Onde. . . Mr. Gibson, a Salt Officer ; killed by some inhabitants of the Mahomedan village of Kurreemgunge (Budaon Dis trict), let September, 1857. Mr. Ronald, Assistant Commissioner, Deogurh ' • Lieut. Cooper, 32d N.I. killed by the mutineers of the 32d N.I , at Deogurh, 9th October, 1867. CECIL BEADON, Secretary to the Government of India. November 6, 1557. No. 4. List of Europeans Killed or Wounded by the hands of Rebels in the LDwer Provinces. At Robnee, in the Sonthal Pergnnnahs—Juno 12. Sir Norman Leslie, Adjutant, sth Irregular Cavalry, killed ; Alo.jot J. M'Donald, and Assistant-Surgeon N. .1. Grant, attached to Irregular Cavalry, wounded; while sitting together in front of the mess - bungalow, a sudden rush was made at them by three men of the regiment, with naked swords ; Sir Norman Leslie was disabled by the first blow, Major M`Donald had two cuts on his head, and Dr. Grant received a severe wound in the arm, and another in the leg; they both defended themselves with chairs, and succeeded in driving off their assailants. Sir Norman was fearfully wounded, and died shortly after. At Patna. —July 3. Assistant-Surgeon R. Lyell, Principal Assistant to the Opium Agent, Patna, killed :—in the disturbance at Patna, on the night of July 3, Dr. Lyell, while riding in front of his men, to I.Asek the rebels, was shot to the ground. At Segowlee.—July 23. Major J. G. Holmes, Commanding 12th Irregu lar Cavalry, and Mrs. Holmes, killed:—while taking their evening drive, both were killed by the mutineers of the 12th Irregular Cavalry. Assistant-Surgeon H. S. Garner and child, killed :—the mutineers, after killing Major Holmes, proceeded to the Doctor's Bungalow, forced it open, murdered the Doctor, his wife, and one child, and then set fire to it. One child, a littlo girl, escaped notice, and was taken care of by the Wunder. 24th July. Mr. E. Bennett, Deputy Postmaster, killed ;—mur dered by the mutineers of the came regiment. At Dooghur, Oct. 9. Lieutenant H. C. A. Cooper, Commanding Detachment 32d N. 1., and Mr. R. E. Ronald, Assistant Commissioner, Deoghur, killed by mutineers of 32d N.I. Mr. J. W. Gelatin, Deputy Magistrate, Bazar, wounded while accompanying the force to relieve Arrah. A. R. YOUNG, Secretary to the Government of Bengal. From the London Gazette of Last Night. WINDSOR CASTLE, Dica. 21. This day had audience of her Majesty—The Count de Platen, Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten tiary from the King of Sweden and Norway, to deliver his credentials ; to which audience he was introduced by the Earl of Clarendon, K.G., tier Majesty's Principal Secre. tary of State for Foreign Affairs. WINDSOR CASTLE, DEO. 22. This day had audience of her'Majesty—His Excellency Ferukh Khan, Ambassador Extraordinary from the Shah of Persia, to take leave ; to which audience he was intro duced by the Earl of Clarendon, K.G., her Majesty's Prin cipal Sooretary of State for Foreign Affairs._ FOREIGN-OFFICE, Duo. 23. The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Archibald Shanks Schaw as Consul at Glasgow; of Mr. George Wil liam Ewen as Vice-Consul in London ; and of Mr. Robert Richards Broad, jun., as Vice-Consul at Falmouth ;---for the Republic of Salvador. ADMIRALTY, DEL 14. Corps of Royal Marines—Gentleman Calet Thomas Palmer Norton to bo Lieutenant. COMMISSIONS SIGNED BY LORDS LIEUTENANT Queen's Own Royal Regiment of Glasgow and Lower Waid of Lanarkshire Yeomanry Cavalry—George Camp bell, late Captain let Royal Dragoons, to be Captain, vice Sir Archibald J. Campbell, Bart., resigned ; Quarter. master John Howie Paterson tube Comet, vice Middleton, promoted. 2d Royal Lanarkshire Militia—Chas. Roger, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Mariotte, promoted. Gth Regiment of Royal Lancashire Militia—Joshua Paul Barker, Gent., late of the 44th Regt. of Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Lomax, resigned. 3d Regiment of the Duke of Lancaster's Own Royal Lancashire Militia—Francis Law, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Hicks ' promoted. 4th or Duke of Lancaster's Own (Light Infantry) Regi ment of Royal Lancashire Militia—William Upton Slack, Gent., to be Ensign. Royal Sherwood Foresters or Nottinghamshire Regiment of Militia—Loftus John Rolleston, Gent., to be Ensign. MEMORANDUAI. --The Commission of Ensign Alfred Eolby, dated March, 1856, has been cancelled. Light Infantry Battalion of the Royal Sussex Militia — Anthony Waltnesley, Gent., late Lieutenant 73.1 Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Meek, promoted; I'argiter Malvoisie Dickenson, Gent., to be Ensign. Royal South Gloucester Light Infantry Regiment of Militia—Francis William Fitzhardinge Berkeley, Esq., to be Honorary Colonel. Royal North Gloucester Regiment of Militia —Nathaniel Frederick Ellison, Esq., to be Captain. The Galloway Rides—Wm. Robinson Lodge, Gent., to be Lieutenant, vice Erasmus Gower, appointed to the 12th Lancere. . Northamptonshire Militia—Lieut. Robert. Jae. D'Arcy to be Captain, vice Capt. Drury Wake, resigned. [The following Appointment is substituted for that which appeared in the Gazette of the Ist December inst.) Northamptonshire Militia—Ensign Charles Jeunins to be Lieutenant, ♦ice William Evans, removed. BANKRUPTCIES ANNULLED. Charles John Mare, shipbuilder, Blackwell. John Otto William Fabart, snip chandler, Liverpool. Saves Caracazzani, merchant, Manchester. BANKRUPTS. James Eddy, iron manufacturer, Edward-street, Dept ford, Jan. 7, at twelve, and Feb. 6, a:, eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Henry John Loa, stonemason, Guildford, Surrey, J a n, 5 and Feb. 4, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy, Robert Eastbnru, dyer and stover, Halifax, Jan. 8 and Feb. 12, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court. C. and T. Topharn, dyers, York, Jan. 8 and Feb. 12, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court. William Horsfall, cotton spinner, Halifax, Jan. 11, at twelve, and Feb. 8, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court. Robert Henry Adamson, scrivener, York, Jan. 8 and Feb. 12, at eleven (not January as before advertised), at the Leeds District Court. John Eccles, Edward Eccles, and Alexander Eccles, cotton brokers, Liverpool, Jan. 8 and Feb. 5, at eleveu, at the Liverpool District Court. James Howard and Charles Howard, silk manufacturers, Macclesfield, Jan. 4 and Feb. 1, at 12, at the Manchester District Court. _ _ Edward Reaston, lodging-house -keeper, Filey, York shire, Jan.lB and Feb. 16, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court. Edward Lindsey 11.‘ker, ship broker, Liverpool, Jan. 8 and 29, at eleven, at the Liverpool District Court. James Hasell, candlo manufacturer, Bristol, Jan. 5 and Feb. 2, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court. Thomas Taylor and John. Seager; indigo manufacturers, Sound well, Gloucester s hi re, J un. 4 and Feb. 1, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court. Thomas Roe, machine builder, Nottingham, Jan. 11 and Feb. 4, at half-past ten, at the Shire-hall, Nottingham. John Porter, lace manufacturer, Old Radford, Jan. 141 and Feb. 4, at half-past ton, at the Shire-hall, Notting-1 ham. George Hamilton, cotton spinner, Bacup Lancashire, Jan. 5 and F e b. 2, a t t we l ve, a t th e Manchester District Court. William Robinson Urwiu, iron merchant, NewcaAtle upon-Tyne, Jan. 8, at half•past eleven, and Feb. 19, at One, at the Royal Areal° Nowcastle-upon - Ty ne. James Brow n innkeeer Whtley 13lidg° and Buxton, • Jan. 12 and Feb. 2, at eleven,' a t the Manchester District Court. William and James Doan, atone masonr, Ilaborgbarn Eaves, near Burnley, Lancashire, Jan. 5 and Feb. 2, at twelve, at the Manchester Diattiet Court. William Jennings, haberdasher, Finsbury, Jan. 5, a t eleven, and Feb. 2, at ono, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Croydon, Jan, John an d Sydney Dyne , builders, 15,''at half-past one, and Feb. 5, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Thomas Taylor, tailor, Hastings, Jan. 9, at half-past twelve, and Feb. 9, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. John Young, draper, Pentonville-road, Jan. 7, at half past twelve, and Ftb. 5, at two, at the Court of Bank ruptcy. Joseph Heldmann, lace manufacturer, Cheapside, Jan. 7, at one, and Feb. 5, at half-past eleven, at the C ourt of Bankruptcy. William Lloyd, frying-pan manufacturer, Gospel O ak, Tipton, Staffordshire, Jan. 7 and 28, at half-past eleven, at the Birmingham District Court of Bankruptcy. William Billings, bonnet-shape maker, Red Cross-street, Jan. 2, at eleven, and Feb. 5, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy, Sybe I Stevenster, merchant, Mark-lane, Jan, 2, at half past eleven, and Feb'. 5, at half-past twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. William Hopperton, laceman, Oxford-street, Midd lesex, Jan. 5, at half-past two, sad Fob. 5, a t eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Eli Gibson, builder, Wilby, Northamptonshire, - Ja n. 9, at half-past one, and Feb. 9, at one, at the Court of B ank ' ruptcy. William Hills, grocer, Gravesend, Jan. 8, at eleven, and Fob. 8, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. George Scott, coal merchant, Moor-wharf,Uxbrido Middlesex, Jan. 8, at twelve, and Feb. 10, at eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. Donald Maccallum, grocer, Edinburgh. John Dunn, house factor, Glasgow. John Trainor, spirit dealer, Coatbridge. Thomas Mitchell, flasher, Edinburgh. BANK OF ENGLAND. An Account, pursuant to the Act 7th and Bth Victoria, CIT. 32 ',, f°1 the Week ending on Wednesday, the 23d day of December, 185 i • ISSUE DEPARTMENT. ' Government dub. , •• • • , 11,05'900 459 0 Other securities •• • 2 0;190 Gold cola and indium 10, , Silver bullion • • • • •• • • Notes Issued N.B. Of which two millions are issued un- Uer the authority of the letter from the First Lord of the Trea sury and the Chancel lor of the Exchequer. £26,883, 790 M. MIRSHALL, Chief Cashier. 3r, 1857. .ZPIATMENT. £26,663,790 Dated the 24th day of Deeemb, BANKING D] Proprietors' capital 11,553,000 .. Public deposits (in eluding E K.chequer, Commissio .ers of National Debt, Sav- Government securi tie' ncludg.DeadWeight Annuity) .. • • Other Securities Not es ....... 7,426,6 70 Gobi And Silver Coin 544,491 ing Banks, and Dividend Accounts) 7,423,807 Other deposits Soven Day and other Bills 876,138 £41,552,103 [, MARSHALL, Chief Cashier. £41,552,103 Dated the 24tH day of Dec., 185' AVERAGE PRICE OF SUGAR. The Average Price of Brown or Muscovado SugP", cora° puted from the returns mace in the week ending . Do' 22, 1857, exclusive of the Duties of Customs paid or payable thereon, on the importation thereof into Great Britain : 0 . d. From the British Possessions in America ...........• 26 9 Muscovado, the produce of the Mauritius ............ 16 61 Muscovado, the produce of the East 1ndie5......... Average of the above desciiptions. .................... 26 61 RAILWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS. TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK. ---------- Ailles R e ceipts. waned, NAME OF RAILWAY. ----- 1857. 1856. 1857. - ^ ,....1 , .............. BRITISH. X A 1 156 65 Belfast and Ballymena ......., ...... 1,157 , 244 243 17 Belfast and County Down • • . • • • • • •• •• 32 Birkenhead, Lancashire , an d Cheshire 2,512 2,V61 2614 Bolton, Blackburn,and West York •. .. 1,005 b 531 5, 579 118 Bristol and Exeter - • • • • - - 198% Caledonian.... -••• • • • • ••.•"- .. •• 4 ,5g 94t Chester and lloiyhead.•• ••• • •• ••.• •• 3 4, 552 4 88 634 Cork, Blackrock , an d Passage ••• • •• 3 20 Cork and Bandon -•••••••• • • • • • . .• 05 1 81 261 1,08 2 56 Dublin and Belfast J unction - - 1,125 ... ~.. 63 Dublin and Drogheda• •••••.•• •• • • •• 1,568 17-1,•,. 404 i Dublin and Kingstown ••••-• • -, - - 1,187 1 b l r 4 17 3 i Dundee and Arbroath ••••••.• • • • • • • 541 931 81 Dundee, Perth, and Aberdeen Junction 784 35 _ Dundalk and Enniskillen .. •.•• • • •• 537 44) 674 i East Ang11an........................ 92 5 , 9 ‘5 1 93 East Lancashire •••••••••• • • - .• •• •• 4,697 ..' 4 89 Eastern Counties and Norfolk ...... • 7 2 3 . 570 23,390 Eastern Union ••• • •• • • •••• • . •• ••• j a 444 4,972 142 Edinburgh and Glasgow .•• •• • • •••• •• -,-- ~ e,76i 78 Edinburgh, Perth, and Dund ee •• •• •• 2,656 6 Exeter and Crediton.. •• ••••••• . •• • • - 22 Furness Railway .. • ••.. • • ...... • • 183% Glasgow, and South-Western .....• 6115294 :1).'908272 283 Great N0rthern........... • • •• • • •• •• 203 % Great Southern and Western (Ireland) 465 9 6 6 : 8 3 3 4 2 ;,: 2 1 Groat Western .................... 28,L408 2u,284,7 2534 Irish South Eastern ••••••.••• •• •• •• 5,693 S 90 Lancaster and Carlisle .............. 17 436 . 5 28634 Lancashire and Yorkshire •••• • •• ,669 33.43 - Leeds Northern .. •••••••••• " " •• •• - - - - 16i Liverpool, Crosby. and Southpo.• •• rt IV 286 60,775 637 London and North Wester n ••• •••• •• l'' 12 1 : 5 1 7 1 9 4 12 1 : 5 20 7 1 6 5% London and 81ackvra11.............. 183 % London. Brighton, and South Coot.. 289% London and Sout h We5tern......... 14, 7 2 2 68 1 13, 7 6 6 19 1 60 Londonderry and Enniskillen -••• • .• Manchester, Boston, and Matlock, &c. - 9 045 9,721 ..- 173 - , a; M anc h es ter, Shefilela,and Lincolnshire , 9'4. Manchester and SouthJunetion...... 795 74 1 28 Maryport and Carlisle •• ••.••• • • •... 858 667 Midland •. •••-•••• • • • • • • .. 177 Midland Great Western (Irish) ...... 3,914 3,929 52 Monklands •• .• .................... 1,376 1,455 78 Newcastle and Carlisle.. •• .......,.• 3,125 3,022 149 North British .....................• 4,734 4,9t.11 233 North Staffordshire ................ 6,577 7,343 47 North-Western ••..••••.•.• •• • • •• •• 866 837 50 Scottish Central .• ...... •• ~ „.....• • 2,683 3, 643 32% Scottish Midland •• •• .• ....... - --. , 39 Shrewsbury and Birmingham ...... 1,532 1,54' 48 34 Shrewsbury and Chester •• •• •• •..... 2,795 2,647 30 Shropshire Union .. •• • • - - 57 South Devon .•• .• 301 % South Eastern .• ••• • •• .............. 16,4911 16,669 171 South Wales .. ••..•• • • •• „,„ .. 6,7 63 7,093 108% South York., Doncaster, and Goole .. 2,632 2,76 : 53 Taff Vale .• • • • • • • • • .. .. - 1 .......... 2, 254 4 ' 14 2 36 Ulster .•••••• •• •• • • 77 Waterford and Limerick •• ........ •• 8 , 0 1, 443 588 573 37 West Cornwall .• • ... •..... ... •• •• 39 305 1234 Whitehaven Junction .•• • . ........ •• 633 York and Newcastle, and Berwick & -. York and North Midland & Leeds.. - lOREIGN. 109 Dutch Rhenish ............ •• .. .• .. 3,845 9 • 1 !! 344 Lyons and Mediterranean •• •• ...... 23,3 65 24.71 63 Montereau and Troyes •• .• •• •• •• •• • • - -- - Namur and Liege .............. •• • • - -- 539 Northern of France --••- - ...... 38,634 35,606 - Orleans and Central - 434 Paris and Lyons .... - Paris and Rouen. •• ••• • •• ••_ - 886 Paris and Strasburgh ••.••••• .. .. - 33,889 31,100 - Rouen and Havre • • •••• •••••• .. • .. - - 895 56,01'{596 West andNorth - West o f France .... 36, COPYRIGHT Of PlCTURES.—Thecommittee of th Society of Arts for considering this subject held thei. first meeting on Thursday last. There were present Sir C Eastlake, P.R.A., the President of the Society of British Artiste, the President of the Soolety of Painters in Water Colours, the President of the Portland Gallery, Dr. R. Blaine, C. W. Bilks, R. Fenton, W. Fladgate, G. Godwin, F.R. S., J. Leighton, F.S.A., and R. Red. grave, R.A. It is understood that the committee are desirous of obtaining particulars of individual cases as illustrations of the injury arising from the want of legal protection in the way of copyright in works of fine art., [AnvErtrlssmEsr.]—The following are some out of many thousand extraordinary cures without medicine effected by Du Barry's delicious Health -Restoring Revalenta Arabica Food of Indigestion (Dyspepsia), Flatulency, Constipation, Nervous, Bilious, and Liver complaints, Cough, Asthma, Consumption, and Debility : —Cure No. 41,617.—Winchester, Dec. 3, 1847.—Gentlemen, —I am happy to be able to inform you that the person for whom your Revalonta was procured has derived very great benefit from its use ; distressing symptoms of dropsy, dyspepsia, and constipation of long standing have been removed, and a feeling of restored health induced. Having witnessed the beneficial effects in the above mentioned case, I can with conllden w co he r n e eNe recommend endit,an and shall have much pleasure in doing so opportu nity offers, &c., &c.—James Shorland, late Surgeon „96th Regiment. Cure No. 52,422.—Bridgehouse, Frimloy, April 3, 1854.—Thirty-three years diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derangement, deafness, singing in the ears, constipation , debility, shortness of breath and cough, have been removed by your Revalenta Arabica. My lungs, liver, stomach, head and ears are all right, my hearing perfect, and my recovery is a mar• vel to all myacquaintanees.—James Roberts, wood merchant Supported by testimonials from the celebrated Professors of Chemistry, Dr. Andrew 17re ; Dr. Shorland ; Dr. Harvey ; Dr. Campbell ; Dr. Gattiker ; Dr. Wurzer ; Dr. Ingram ; Lord Stuart do Dories; the Dowager Countess of Cast e stuart ; Major-Gen. Thomas King, and many other respectable persons, whose health has been restored by it, after all .)their means of cure had failed. Suitably packed with fill in. atructions. In canisters, 11b, 2s. 9d. ; 21b, 4s. 6d. ; 51b, lls ; 121 b, 225. The 121 b canisters aro sent carriage ft oe, on receipt of Post-Office order.—Barry Du Barry, k Co., 77, Regent-street, London. IMPORTANT CAUTION against the fearful dangers of spurious imitations :—The Vice-Chaneel• for , Sir William Page Wood, granted au Injunction on the 10th March, 1854, against Alfred Hooper Nevill, for imitating Du Barry's Revalenta Arabica Food." BIRTHS. Mu SSIBINI the _22d_inst., at West Derby, Liverpool, Mrii; Mussabini, of a daughter. PALIN--O❑ the 23a iust„ at St. Albans, Mrs. EdwArd of 11 sou. MARRIAGES. • TURNER—WILLIAMS—On the 23d inst , at St. James's, Clerk. unwell, Mr. Charles Turner, of Radcliffe -t. Goswell. road, to Susan, obly daughter of the late David Williams, Esq., Goswell-road. Wrrilimard, —B URGESS —On the 23e1' inst., at All Sainte Child's hil! Hendon, Edward Wotherall, jun., E gg E s q., of Tumples-psrk, near liamp. Hig,hhury New -park, to Angelina, tha second daughter of HenryWeech Burgess, stea i. D F, A T II S. AttNtmr—On tho 23d inst., at Maidstone, Sarah, the wife of Henry Allnutt, Esq. the 20th inst., Sir Alexander Dixie, Bart., of - Vosworth Park. CAMPBELL - On the 23d Oct., at Dolarum, Deccan, the Non. Clemontina Maria, wife of Captain William Rose Campbell, of Balloclirayle, Argyllshire, and daughter of the Viscount Arbuthnott. FOSTER—Ou the 25th inst., Sir Frederick Foster, Bart., at Westeombe Lodge, Wimbledon. Roasas— On the 23d inst., at Southern Lodge, North Brixton, William Rogers, Esq , aged 04. SußnEs—On the 23d inst. suddenly, at the Manor House, Frenchay, th e R ev . J o h n Surtees, Bristol Cathedral, canon resideatiary el LONDON: Printed and Published by MURDO YOUNG of No, 112, Strand, Printer, at The Sun Office, Nol 112, Strand, in tb© Precinct of the Savoy, in the county of Middlesex, Saturday, Docember_26, 1857. and 1, 3 Vie 121 111 u, Rev, With Etat Beat t 1 e corn one And Qua Opel Arc Uzi LIN the int ?o11; Inco 1857 Ift '1 1 I N rre