The Sun. — London, England, 1840-11-28 00:00:00

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NP2 = 71 '‘.- - - - • - -- -=,--- - -- -F-'_._- - •--- -..,..: ,---..--01 . 174-7 - _ _ ______,-7- .. ,..i. : \ 1 , , ______*%,_----- Eliithan tr.-- ____ • .. ---__ .— ----------_____:.______;_._._-_.:._\ • __, - - , ----==-----.'--------::t:' _ - - _ - - - AI DA N .1 fill f-----:. - - - --- - : - ---7 - -_ , :; =- A 0 --_ - -7. - --= - ! f„) , 1 _~; ) ; _ =_W THE SUN, LONDON, SATIMDAN, NOVEMBER 2S. 1840. 110 °MALACCA „Apo. L() ~= I 25 I 15 _ . I kl:4dx; \~ `r. l simqv GEOGRAPHY. China is the ancient residence of a powerful ind civilized kttion, which ascende, by a probable tradition, above forty cen uries.—GlseoN. Our English name China is derived from the ancient Chinese name Ching-kwo, or Middle Nation. This coun try wasknown to the Romans as Binge, and traces of this name are still to be found amongst the Persians and other nations of Central Asia, who call this country Tchin and Chane Hai. A grandson of Zengis Khan conquered the north of China, and during his dominion and that of his livceessor it was called Cathay, by which name it was luade known to Europe during the middle ages by Mnrco polo, Nicolo Conti, Rubriquis, and Sir John Mandeville, ho visited China in the year 1340. The Chinese Empire extends from the Russian do 11teions upon the mountains of Siberia to the territory of Cochin China, and from the valleys of Thibet to the shores 0f the Pacific, embracing an extent of more than 4,000,000 i ti ll are . geographical miles, and in this vast regi on , f rom :e Polley of its Tartar conque ro rs, o n ly f our out l e t s o f co : are allow e d with th e rest of th e wor ld—M a i t mat ;.."in. en the north ; Cha.po, a small town up on th e coast , ex tt'ilvely for the Japan commerce; Amoy, to which the P4n iarda possess the exclusive right to trade ; and Canton 1111 the south. eh l e ,,hielt Proper, or the country of the Chinese race, in to.te4 about one-third .of this extent. The remaining tory is inhabited by Mongols, Mantchoo Tartars, / and of e a s . It is situated between the 20th and 41st degrees rborth latitude, and 95th and 123 d degrees of cast lon ettl`,l,e• On the ea s t an d sout h i t is bounded by the Paci- Zelis'oewean, and by those great b ranc h e s o f it called the Sea and the Sea of Chi na , on the west by the q o a n t .sive tracts of country d enom i nate d Thib c t, Sifan, tehokonor, an d on t h e north by Mongolia an d Man 4boeia. I ts superficial extent is 1,300,000 square miles, or 1 , 43 , ' 4 twelve ti mes t h e di rr . ens i ons of England. Of t hi s fr om s urface the gr e at e r p art is a large tabl e l an d, inclining % t i !he summit level of Thibet to t h e sea, w i t h here ti oq t nere terraces, wlich break the regular inclina kw There is some very high ground in Kansuh Chan-si N., Chan -t ong ; and the south the moun t a i ns o f N a n_ X; and Mel-ling run '.hrough the provinces of Yun-nan, of Kwan-si, and Fuh-keen and upon the hollows • o ev e taiile lands large lakes are formed, and very slightly th,Z te d Higidards divide the great streams that traverse Ca rt of the empire. 'rh o Th i great wa ll separates M ongolia from China. th e s :7 111 1 is About 1,500 miles in length, 30 f eet high in Th e ane Y s , 41 41 about 20 feet on the high lands and rocks. fr o _ great can a l exten d s i n a cont i nuous li ne for . 5 00 miles, • ), 14. Nanki n to the interior of the country. It is said to q;t ghis bee n exteuted under the reign of the grand son o f th e n Khan. The climate of China varies much. In isioutlaern provinces the temperature is higher than that the "gal, whil e at P e ki n t h e co ld i s greater t h an under ► 4s nle latitud e i n E uro p e . Here snow generally pre tr4efor three months every winter. On the coast the dared wings prevail, but arc intercepted and Ten. thiit Ulan ltarrolrre by th q largo islands; And peninsulas ut. TOWNS. PEKIN, the capital, stands in a corner of this vast em pire, about 40 miles only from the Grent Wall. It con sists of two distinct parts, the Chinese and Tartar cities, in the latter of which is the Imperial Palace. It is about 12 miles in circumference, and completely surrounded by lofty walls. According to the most credible accounts, the population is about 2,000,000. It is divided into regular streets, the principal of which crosses the whole city, and is about 120 feet wide, unpaved, but carefully watered, and nearly three miles long. The streets arc • much crowded, as. the Chinese spend much time in the open air. Its position renders the climate comparatively- cold, anti frost and snow prevail generally for three or four months every year. The palace, also, is surrounded by a wall, with a few sentinels at the gates. It, in fact, forms a small town, inhabited by the great officers of state, and numerous mechanics in the service of the Emperor. The Russians have a college here established in 1728. It consists of six priests and four lay students, who remain for ten years to acquire the language. The Chinese go vernment have built a chapel for their use. NANKIN, tha ancient capital, is a very superior city, but has greatly declined since the scat of Government and the Courts of Justice were transferred to Pekin. It is the first town in the empire for manufactures and learning. Its silks, paper, and cotton goods, bearing its name, are pre ferres to those made elsewhere. It is called the scat of Chinese learning ; its libraries are numerous. and here is the principal medical school of the empire. It is situated on the Yang-tse Kiang, near the mouth. Nankin is remark able for its pagoda, or porcelain tower. It consists of nine stories, ascended by 884 steps. The galleries are filled with images, and set round with bells, which jingle when agi tated by the wind. To the south of Nankin, al3ng the Great Canal, stands the beautiful city of Sou-cuou.nott, which the Chinese extol as their earthly paradise. Branches from the great canal traverse it throughout And render it, like Venice, a city of waters. Here all the classes, n hose functions are to minister to pleasure, arc trained to their respective vocations—comedians, dancers, jugglers, and females destined to fill the harems of the great. The females here are i eckoned to be fairer and more grace fully attired than those of the northern cities. The ad joining province, Tar-Kiang, is the finest inChina. It pro duces vast quantities of mulberry trees, and is distinguished by containing the great city of Hang-tchou-fou, situated at the point where thc great canal joins the river Tcheentang, which he re spcads out into an ample salt-water lake. This is the city described by Marco Polo, as the capital of southern China, and as the most splendid he ever saw. Even in its present decline, it still rivals Pekin. The varied beauties of its lake, the numerous pleasure parties which cover its surface, the gilded barges with floating streamers, and the acrid mansions with which the margin of the lake is studded, form a magic scene which fully bears out the glowing description of that celebrated traveller. In the adjoining province of Kiang-si is the Poyang Lake, surrounded with numerous and populous cities; ono of the most remarkable is Kan-tchang-fou l said to contain 1,000,000 of inhabitants. It is in the centre of the porcelain manufactures, and like some of our best inland manufacturing towns, its site is marked by the 4 ' See some very beautiful views drawn by Mr. Graham and lately published. clouds of flame and smoke which rise from it, and make it appear at night like a great city on fire. No foreigner has been admitted into its precincts , lest he should -dis cover the o secret . of g_ thesi isbounded processes carried by a lofty on . and The na southern kcd frontier bar rier of mountains, which interrupts the water communica tion between Pekin and Canton. :7 MACAO, (called by the Chinese U- Moon, the mouth of the river,) is a Portuguese settlement situated on a peninsula in the district of Canton. The population is between' 15,000 and 20,000, of whom not more than 5,000 arc Poituguese, the rest consisting of Canton foreigners, who require to be nominally associated with the Portuguese to be allowed to trade from the port. Vessels destined for Ciinton are generally detained twenty-four hours in the Macao Roads till the Chinese Government send down a pilot. The voyage from Macao to Calcutta generally lasts about a month. A ship arriving from Calcutta generally makes the land to the outward of Macao, near the Pedra Branca Rock. A pilot then comes on board, having. a pass, a chop, or license from the pilot Mandarin, to conduct the vessel to Macao. Since the decline of the Portuguese trade, M cao has become a place of comparatively little import ance. It is distant from Canton about 96 miles, and Europeans leave their wives and females attached to their families at Macao, as no European female is allowed to proceed to Canton. A largo opium trade was formerly carried on, but the heavy port dues demanded by the Por tuguese have drawn it to the 1-long Kong and Canton stations. The country around Macao is very romantic and beautiful—large granite rocks, verdant vales,* and the cool sea breezes. For this reason Macao is made the summer uarnv have veryi nieorsb residence roe mauatnitfui grounds. ic c f s nearlypots in all the hT t e h he co e English, wralzdd overlooking No some rtao one whtohoe m f inner harb our , an d conta i n i ng a grotto, in which the Po rtuguese poet, Camoens, wrote his Lusiad, formerly belonged to two Englishmen connected with the factory. On leaving Niacin), and sailing tip the Canton River, another a pilot comes on board to conduct the vessel to Whampoa, and a license must be o'otained before the ves sel is allowed to proceed. The forms having been com pleted, two hoppoo men, or custom-house officers, come on board, and fasten their junk to the stern of the ship. Passing up the river to the Bocca Tigris, f our sma ll f orts . are seen. The Chinese speak of these fortifications as very formidable, but Captain Maxwell drove the Chinese from the guns, and laid these forts in ruins, Tiger Island . is a little further on, and upon arriving at Whampoa Roads a ship generally anchors between Danes and French Islands. The country around is very beauti ful. Hills rise on each side cultatived to the summit, waving fields of rice and extensive sugar fields, scattered over with villages and pagodas; an immense number of country boats, curiously rigged and manned ; fleets of ships from all parts of the world, lying at anchor in the river, make up a picture such as is not seen in any other part of the globe. In arriving at Whampoa a shipmaster accepts the services of a comprador, whose business is to supply the ship's company with their provision s during their stay; the captain obtains a pass of the Hoppoe, and proceeds to Canton, surrounded by CANTON (Chinese Kvrang-choo - fou r and Chan -Chong) stands en the eastern bank of a the Pekiang river which flows from the interior in a navigable stream for 300 miles e,faenvery to this town, where it is fully . broa.ler than the Thames at miles, fall; five miles in circum ference. It stretches about five miles alon g the ,ivnat lel sthv,e, London-bridge i tsheeah eb ri ; o a a ds n e d aa n a e f df t edcrehea deep p n n a . a d banks of the river, and three miles in a contrary direction. It is defended towards the river by two high walls, mounted with cannon, and two fortresses built on two islands; on the land side it has a strong wall and three forts. These forts and walls, however, d i tdeiht4,?heaoltuactov,nar se i . , f so would be totally unavailable in case of aregular attack con ducted accordino. to European warfare. No correct estimate of the population has everbeen obta ne _ , but it is supposed to be fully quarter of the globe. as great as that of Calcutta, or nearly 1,000 ,000. The principal street appropriated to Europeans is denominated China-street. The fact r e to r i e b s e e f o f found different powers extend a mn siderable distance along the banks of the river at about 100 yards from the water. 'f hey consist of large handsome houses, erodu e E ti tt o r n e s p t on which are hoisted the flag: . o_ the different nations trading with the country. The Bri o u r h th f e actory far surpasses all oihers in elegance and extent. I' vessel ' s sPace of four or five miles opposite Canton boats and of are ranged Parallel to each other in close order, many them occupied by numerous families who reside constantly on the water. In the middle of the river lie the Chinese junks,are front whichf trade with the Eastern Islands. Some of the junks ill-built., 600 to 1,000 tons bur den. They are extremely a ., almost unmanageable ex cept before a wind, and require nis crew the of at least thirty men to every hundred tons. Cantonation. only port in China open to vessels of every European 1 RIVERS. OR YELLOW elly°Lscend from the high table lands inclined to liG a ' n °—Ho, - ch of them meets a branch of moun tains, AND THE Separated by an interval of toliiATnCNsieG,lnE-wTtli:GaiEcli-h'EAKAfsloTAiiees it to describe a vast circuit, the first to the north and the second to the south. They are thus direct itself to the tropical seas, while the other wanders among the icy d l e J s o cr o ib m ed ile b s y , deserts of Mongolia. Suddenly recalled, as if impressed by the remembrance of their early brotherhood, they ap proach one another, and wind along together like the Eu phrates and Tigris in another Mesopotamia ; where, after being almost joined by canals and lakes, they terminate within a mutual distance of 110 miles their majestic and rhaeltoe-Brun: rusnee:m—s4. immense course." The Hoang- Ho derives its name from the colour of its waters, which hold in solution a large quantity of ochreous clay. _This river, the Pe- Ho, and other streams which disembogue themselves into the Sea of Cores, bring down so large a quantity of earth and mud that the sea is discoloured, and called the Yellow Sea; and as the current sweeps round the shores of the Chan-tong and the Corean peninsula. there is no outlet for the alluvial matter, and it is deposited in the Gulf of Pc tche-ti, and among the islands of the Corean Archipelago: so that at no very cistant day all this country, now washed by the sea, will become a vast plain, like the alluvial plain of Bengal, or the plains of the northern portion of the South American Continent. The Yang-tse- Kiang, called by the Chinese " Child of the Sea," is the most magnificent river of Asia. Some of the tributaries of these rivers equal in size the largest rivers of Europe. The lloan or Si -I:iang in the south, after a course of 740 miles, falls into the gulf of Canton, and in the north the Pe- Ho, after receiving the ''an-ho falls into the Gulf of Pekin. Most of the rivers and lakes are united by canals deep enough to carry large vessels. These canals have a stone quay all along their mar g in, hut the navigation is slow, as the boats are generally dragged by men. The most celebrated of these is the Imperial Canal, which forms a communication be tween Pekin and Canton ; it is 600 miles long, alid 170,000 men were employed for three years in its construction. In a country so completely intersected by canals and rivers, bridges are very numerous. Some are of stupen dous magnitude—one near Tchin-tchou is 800 yards long, and built of hewn stones, many of them 22 feet long by 5 feet broad. Along the great canal smaller bridges are very frequent. Van- Braam saw along a single quay no fewer than 30, all of hewn stone, which must have been brought from the quarries at least 50 miles distant. LAKES. Chains of lakes run along the line of the great canal. The largest arc the Tai-Lake, about 200 miles in cir cumference; the Tung•ting.hoo lake, about 250 miles; and the Poyang, about 120 miles is circumference. Within these lakes the curious mode of fishing by means of the leu-tse, or fishing cormorant, is practised. Sir George Staunton says that he observed many small boats upon the lakes, built purposely for this kind of fishing. Ten or twelve birds are placed on the side of the brat, and upon a signal they dive into the water, and in a few seconds rise to the surface, with fish in their beaks. A ring around the neck of the bird prevents its swallowing the fish, which the fisherman takes from it as soon as it ascends ; and after fishing for their masters for a few hours, the ring is removed, and they are allowed to prey for themselves. ISLANDS. HAENAN.—This island lies to the south of Kwang-tung ; and is divided from the main land by a channel about 30 miles broad. Large sandbanks run along the northern and western coasts, and the channel is filled with shoals and sandbanks, so that it is navigable only by junks or vessels of small draft. Several large vessels which have attempted this passage have been lost. There are several good har bours on the southern coast, and the island is well supplied with water from streams that run in the mountains. Fre quent rain covers the vallies with vegetation, and rice is produced in great abundance. The Lyndon, or Tchi chan Mountains run through the centre of the island— gold and lapis lazuli are found in these mountains ; and extensive forests of valuable wood cover their sides. Small horses arc bred in great numbers, and the Chinese carry on a pearl fishery on the shores, and great quantities of salt is made, %%hien is carried to Canton. This island nominally belongs to the Chinese empire, but the Chi nese have never possessed any portion but the principal village, the fishing banks and salterns. In the year 1805 it was subject to the pirates who infested these seas . ; and if the British Government take pessession of this i4land they will do so without an infringement of any right but those Of the native inhabitants. The island contains a super ficial extent cf about 14,000 square miles. FoßMOsa...The Island of Formosa, SO called by the Por. tuguese from its beauty, is called by the Chinese Tai-owan, is about 180 miles long and 30 broad, and is distant from the main land about 200 miles. The Dutch and Portuguese at an early period had settlements on the island, and exer cised considerable authority. It is most convenient for trading with China, and during the twenty years that the Dutch possessed it, they embarked their teas from that quarter. The tea districts lie nearly opposite it on the main land. The Dutch built the fort of Zelandia in 1661. CHUSAN, or CHOWSAN, is a large island, about 30 miles in length and 13 in breadth, surrounded by numerous islands and islets of every grade, from about one-fourth the sire of the principal island to mere barren rocks just rising above the surface of the water. No description could afford any correct notion of the rela tive position of islands so numerously scattered in all directions. The largest number is to the south of the principal island. This island lies nearly opposite to the river of Ningpo. On its southern side is a considerable walled town, named Tingliae, in front of which is the principal harbour which the islands afford, in lat. 30 deg.. 36 min. north, long. 121 deg. 41 nun. east, accord ing to Horsburgh, but somewhat differently by others. The depth of water in the harbour is from five to seven fathoms. It is completely land-locked and sheltered from all winds. A long and narrow neck of land, extending from the main, terminates in Kittow (Ketow) point, three or four leagues to the southward of Chusan harbour. Running along the northern shore of this land we shortly reach the entrance of the river of Tallea. Kintang on the east and Pooto on the west of Chusan are among the larger and more beauti ful islands of this extensive group. Pooto possesses a peculiar attraction in the number of splendid temples and picturesque grottoes which cover it. , t h i c i a e hviu n ns io : u no t n l tio)e f Ningpo is the chief city of a department and a place of extensive trade. It is situated on the north bank, fivew which h r is si a x b l o e u a t g u n e in s e u i p eag t i b le e s r ( i i % i • s e t r an i t 'a p h ir e io a nin , t har bour. The channel for entering the river is betwee some small islands and the eastern bar from three to three and a half fathoms, and at the o a anchor c c h g a e h inside e is sisituated e o i m i five immediately to The s ixfal t o h t i n n i s s .: he town . anchorage, the river, and opposite to the iinnoluatt.h,27f 9 deg. min. north, lon. 1.1 deg. min. 30 sec. east. Directly to the north-westward of this river is a deep gulf.the disembognement of the river Tseentang. A 11 'w miles up this gult is Hangehow foo, the caital of the province Chek ang , a p l ace celebrated for its} silk manu factures, and the seat of an extensive maritime as Well as inland trade. Kanpoo (supposed to be the Caniu.o,l the 'Mohammedan travellers in the eighth cen i tur)! c ‘ e " u L . formerly the port of llangchow, move mutation of sands has rendered it n ecessary Chappoo. further out towards the sea, to a place named of the gulf. situated like Kanpoo on the northern de with Japan, eon but the g ra( v u t a o l From hence is carried on the trade sisting of twenty large junks annually. The embank ments raised against the encroachments of the sea, And I the extensive salt-works in this neighbourhood, are oh - I ices of interest. • After a run of about sixty miles from the Tabra river, we pass the northernmost islands of the great Unison archipelago, and having entered the province of Kangsoo, steer north-westward, towards the embou chure of the Yangtzekeang, having the low mainland on our left, and the alluvial island Tsungming on our right. The depth of water here is from three and a half to five fathoms, muddy bottom. About 45 miles further we turn southward into the \Voosung river, one of the numerous streams which in this neighbourhood intersect the country in every direction. The city Shanghae, a large commercial place, is situated on the drii,egigll The anchorage 2a b sn a e n hn k oi i r, o ,a. f g . i t em h r e at tb N , Nt long. l o e o s mouth i n ol g u2 , t ih a ( b ol e c; g u t. t h le t 2 t river o 2. :35 5 0 ine miles cia. te.a u 3s p tii It has been several times visited by foreigners since 183:2, when the Lord Amherst first touched there. ft c b e e G ENERAL REMARKS. One of the most strikingfeatUr;s of thi s empire is its vast population. E ac h than an Europ ean kin dtmr°O.in contains more z o e r , e a n i r d b :c b o i t u a l e );e of them arc s g more populous than doms that sway the d t h e' two p .xNerful king land, Pe-tch-li the of the world, France and Eng land, 97,990,Ht %metropolitan province for instance, King do; has only 4 6 0 7 0 ' • bitants, while the United K.ing -0,000, and Kiang-tsu maintains within its comparatively'' small boundaries more people than the whole of France. On looking at this proviuce on the map, one is astonished how the people fiiid room to move past each oth er ; yet w i t h t h ese many millions , a ha ndful of met, from a small island, some fifteen thousand miles distant, are about to contend, or arc now engaged in combat. The vast livers, too, conveying the riches of the empire from one part to another, deserve notice,—then the valuable mines, independent of the tea countries, spread along the coast. Not far from Canton ale lead and coal mines in abundance; in the West there arc mines of gold, s il ver, and precious stones, and in every direction arc large canals, connecting the most distant rivers, cities, and towns. o n the South-Eastern coast arc countless groups of rich and beautiful islandi, inhabited by a variety of tribes as indu , - ?Heirs as the Chinese, and with whom they tarry on an ex tensive trade. The British fleet has by this time pla ce d itse lf between these islands and China, and • occupied the great sea thoroughfare to two of the most Commercial and rich towns, Ning-po and Nankin, as well as to • Pekin itself, the capital of the empire. Snell a powerf u l fl eet nev er assembled on that coast, and as it i 8 an officer of great firmness si%d prudence, commanded by with these seas and the people that inhabit t h e i s l an d s, well a cqua i nte d and as any naval force the Chinese all accounts utterly contemptible, unable "i'o!.e to it is from with two small British vessels of le even to compete w hope that the contest will be brought ar, wemay confidently *ion, and security given that to a sp ecY Britishconclu sion, subjects shall no longer be robbed, insulted, and tort ured at the will of a baughty Viceroy or the command of the Emperor himself. „o f i ate et' of ,(o , o b :s ;ti t se 0 1 oo l 'lo' r o 0 '0 0, 0 ;1 be -I() ~~ ~y.: "1 ) . ) - -,) ..... ~=- P, --. , -V. -, - = -. '- S T iBo 1) L -4' 85 !9.J 95 100 105 il5 1:30 40 3 f,. 25 20 N 1