The Liverpool Standard and General Commercial Advertiser. — Liverpool, Merseyside, England, 1839-10-15 00:00:00

THE DREADFUL MURDER AND SUICIDE AT RUFFORD. (From the Preston Chronicle.) Last week, we laid before oar readers, all the particulars we were able to collect, in the short time which intervened between the occurrence and our going to press, of this ap palling tragedy. We have endeavoured, by subsequent inquiries, to place ourselves in possession of every minute particular respecting it, and as the interest and excitement which the horrid affair produced, is by no means at an end, for it is in this neighbourhood scarcely diminished, we deem it our duty to communicate all the information at our dis posal, and to enter into the most circumstantial details. We find, that so far as our narrative of last week went, it was in all leading and essential respects accurate. The only varia tions from our account, which our subsequent knowledge of the facts have pointed out, relate to minor matters, not affecting in any substantial sense, the general accuracy of our report. The scene of these melancholy transactions is a small hamlet called Holmes Wood. situated about a mile and a quarter from Rufford, on the Southport -road. The hamlet consists of several scattered cottages, and a few respectable farms, but all are detached, and at a distance of fifty yards or upwards from each other. The house in which the mur derer Robert Dawson lived, stands back nearly a hundred yards from the main road, and the nearest residence to it is another small cottage occupied by his brother-in-law. Further on the road towards Southport, at a distance of a few hundred yards, the father of Dawson resides ; he is a rather extensive farmer, and of respectable standing. The immediate scene of the tragedy, Dawson's cottage, is a small white building of one story, and consisting of two apart ments. The only door to the cottage fronts the main road, but the windows are at the other side of the house—there being no light from the side of the house next the road. Adjoining the cottage, at one end, the shippon or cow-house is situated, which, as our readers will remember, is the place where Dawson hung himself. It is a small mud-looking building, just large enough to contain a cow and a pig, both of which animals Dawson possessed ; they were in the ship pon at the time when the murderer completed the last act of the dire drama. Partly surrounding the cottage, is a large and apparently very productive garden, which was in the occupation of Dawson; he occupied both his tenement and land as sub-tenant of his father. We were conducted to the cottage by Jane, the eldest child but one of the ill-fated deceased. Entering it, we found every indication of cottage comfort that a poor man might be supposed to wish. Glad, indeed, should we be, if all the labouring men in this country possessed means of comfort to half the extent which were within the reach of this wretched man. The apart ment to which the door opened was clean, neat, and amply furnished. It contained an excellent chest of drawers, a handsome eight days' clock, and several other substantial articles of furniture. The sleeping-room is on the right side of the cottage, from the entrance, and is separated from the other apartment by a thin partition. This room, which is of small dimensions, contained two beds, in one of which Dawson, his wife, and youngest child, were wont to sleep, and in the next, five other of his children,—the eldest of the five being about fourteen, and the youngest three years of age. Dawson had seven children in all, six girls and one bov, but the eldest of the family was a servant, at her grand father's, and was consequently not in the house on the night of the murder. The murderer Dawson was, and had been for some years, a weekly farm labourer, in the employment of Sir T. D. Hesketh. He was a stout rob .:at man, of about thirty-six years of age. It appears that his general character has been that of a steady, sober, industrious, and exceedingly religious man. Since the bloody transaction took place, however, we have heard rumours, upon we think creditable evidence, to the effect that he was uniformly an unkind husband, and that he was constantly in the habit of quarrelling with and beating his unhappy wife. As we stated last week, Dawson, for about two years before his untimely end had been a rigid member of the total abstinence society, and was also regarded as an exemplary member of the Wesleyan connexion, the class meetings of which body he regularly attended. He was regular in his private devotions ; his daily prayers were punctually said, and his daily bread was eaten amid all the externals of piety ; each meal was preceded by a benediction, and followed by a thanksgiving. In the evening, after the labours of the day, he not unfrequently taught his children to read, and the Bible wail almost their invariable lesson book. He was a man of rather reserved habits, of a studious turn of mind, and appeared, generally speaking, disinclined to conversation. Phoebe Dawson, the murdered and mangled mother of seven children, who are nrphaned by the double butchery, was about forty years of age. She was a remark ably tall, stout, robust, and well made woman. Report speaks of her as having been an exceedingly exemplary wo man ; a kind, careful, and attentive wife, a thrifty manager of the little farming matters, an affectionate and tender mother, and a much respected neighbour. Faultless she might not be, but, poor creature, she has left behind her few in her station of life upon whose fair fame searching inquiry would leave so little to blame—so little of reproach. On the night of the appalling occurrence, Dawson, as was his custom, went home about half-past six o'clock. He seemed in no unusual temper, and took his supper with ap parent satisfaction and relish. It was remarked, however, by his children, that neglecting his usual devoutness he did not on this occasion say grace either before or after his meal. In the course of eating it, he asked his wife whether she had, according to his request, sent to Ormskirk for some senna. She replied that she had forgotten it, on which he rejoined, " that if she had wanted it for herself, she would not have forgotten it." No more conversation took place at this time, and about half-past seven o'clock, Dawson went to bed, but also omitted his regular custom of saying family prayers. At eight o'clock, the five children, under the care of Jane, the elder sister, went to bed, and Jane says, that as she passed her father's bed, she is sure he was asleep. The mother sat up to mend her husband's small-clothes, and about half-past eight she and her infant child went into the sleeping-room. Whether she had got into bed or not, the girl does not recollect, for she appears to have been nearly asleep on the entrance of her mother, and to have fallen fast asleep immediately afterwards. ,A minute or two before nine o'clock, Jane was awoke by the mother calling out twice, " get up and light a candle!' The girl immediately got up and lighted a candle from the embers of the fire, which was still burning in the other room. On returning to the bed-room, the awful and heart-sickening spectacle which met the poor child's view, was her father and mother kneeling or crouching down by the bed side, with their throats cut, and encircled by a pool of blood. As soon as Jane saw this, after an interval of horror-stricken silence on her part, she said, " father what have you been doing with my mother." The father imme diately got up, but did not speak, and on the girl putting the question a second time, he endeavoured to hang himself with a rope which he had in his hand, behind the bed-room door. On seeing this, the children all of whom were now awake, shrieked out, when Dawson immediately left the room and went out of the front door, where he appeared to be drinking something, or washing his mouth near to the door. The mother by this time had crawled into bed, and the girl Jane being thus situated, immediately ran out of the house, and called in some of the neighbours. Thomas Lea, who is the brother-in-law of Dawson, and who resides close by, entered the house in a few minutes, but on becoming acquainted with what had taken place, and seeing Dawson and his wife with their throats cut, he was so excessively terrified that he ran out, and did not return again until he had alarmed several of the neighbours, and induced them to accompany him. The poor children being thus left alone in the ghastly house of slaughter, and at a loss what to do, laid down again, and re mained in bed for nearly half an hour, during which time the miserable Dawson went several times backwards and for wards, between the front door and the bed, all the time bleeding at the throat. The children at this awful period, appear to have been completely paralysed with terror, and they do not recollect that either the father or the mother said a single word either to the children or to each other. When the alarmed neighbours entered the house, it was nearly ten o'clock, and on their going into the bed-room, the dying woman was found on the bed, weltering in her gore, evidently fast approaching her dissolution. She, however, recognized some of the persons who approached her, but she was only heard to speak once, in answer to a question as to what had been the matter, when she feebly said, that " she ought to have sent for some senna, and had forgotten." Mr. Barron, surgeon, was speedily in attendance, but, from the na ture of the wound, all idea of cure was out of the question. The poor creature's sufferings were apparently so agonizing that it was not thought proper to add to her torture by ask ing her any questions. She lingered on the awful balance between life and death, until half-past three o'clock, when the vital spark took its eternal flight, and the butchered vic tim of a ruthless hand sunk into the arms of death. " She died, but not alone ; she held within A second principle of life, which might Have dawned a fair and sinless child of sin ; But closed its little beir without light, And went down to the gr. .e unborn, wherein Blossom and bough lie wither'd with one blight." We have stated that when the neighbours entered the cottage, at ten o'clock, the wounded woman was laying on the bed, and it remains now to follow the murderer to his doom. At the approach of the persons who had been alarmed, he went hurriedly backwards and forwards into the bed-room, making a kind of gurgling noise with his throat, and as they entered the door, he managed, during the con sternation and alarm, to escape out of it ' • after the first cares had beed given to th e woman, search was made for Dawson, when he was found hanging on a post in the sbippon, quite dead. Tidings o f th e appalling tragedy soon reached the neighbouring villages for miles round, and as may be easily imagined, the whole district became a scene of alarm and excitement. THE INQUEST. An inquest on the bodies, was held on Saturday, before Richard Palmer, Esq., of this town, at Mr. Worthington's, the Hesketh Arms Inn, in Rufford, The jury consisted of the most respectable individuals in the neighbourhood, and the proceedings during the day. produced a very strong sensa tion. We subjoin a verbatim copy of the evidence, which will in some particulars be found to differ from our narrative. Where this is the case, we have no hesitation in stating that our version may be taken as the correct one. 'We can easily imagine, from the excitement which prevailed, and froth the short time which elapsed between the fatal transaction and the inquest that an opportunity would not be afforded for ob taining the most correct and connected history. The ma terials for our account, however, mere obtained when the con sternation had in a great measure subsided ; and from the source where our information is derived, and the industrious investigation we have instituted as regards each detail, there can be no doubt, that the above sketch contains an accurate mention of every material occurrence relating to the sad affair. The following witnesses were examined : Thomas Lea, of Rufford, labourer, was the first witness examined. He deposed as follows : I was acquainted with the deceased Robert Dawson, and have known him for upwards of thirty years. He was a labourer in the employ of Sir Thomas Dalrymple Hesketh, Bart. The deceased, Phoeby Dawson, was the wife of Robert Dawson ; they have been married, I believe, about fifteen years ; they had seven chil dren, six of whom lived in the house with them. They lived in a cottage at Rufford. On Thursday last, the third day of October inst., I saw the deceased, Robert Dawson, at work. and about seven o'clock the same evening, he came to my house to see a little boy of mine who was poorly ; he saw the little boy, and asked him how he was, and the boy said he was a little better, and Dawson then went away. I did not perceive anything particular about him, he was perfectly so ber ; he did not stop above two minutes in my house, and then bade me good night and went away. About nine o'clock the same night, Anne Dawson, who might be about ten years of age, and her sister Margaret, who might be about eight years old, the daughters of the deceased Robert Daw son, came to my house crying. Anne said I must go to their house, as her father was killing her mother. I ran as f as t as I could to Robert Dawson's house, and his daughter went along with me. On going into the house, I saw both Ro bert Dawson and Phoebe on their hands and knees on the floor of the chamber, in which were two beds ; they were both bleeding freely from their throats ; they neither of them spoke or made any noise. A lighted candle was in the room, and was held by one of the daughters. Four of the children were in the room when I got there. I was so much shocked, that I remained a very short time in the room, and then went home and told my wife what I had seen. Both Robert and Phoebe Dawson looked at me, and I believe they knew me. I did not speak to them. The deceased was a man of sober habits, and has been a member of a Temperance So ciety for about two or three years. He went occasionally to church, and was there on Sunday last, but was a member of the Wesleyan Society, and attended what they call a class meeting. He was a man of regular habits, and, for any thing I know to the contrary, lived comfortably with his w ife. I went to Henry Dawson, the father of the deceased, and told him what I had seen, and wished him to go to the house. _ _ _ Henry Caunce, labourer, deposed—l have known the de ceased Robert Dawson for many years. On Thursday, be tween nine a n d ten o'clock at night, in consequence of infor- I‘.• motion which I received, I went along with my mother and several other persons to the house of the deceased. On go ing into the bed-chamber, I found the deceased Phoebe Daw son, lying upon one of the beds • she was and her head was laying o ver th e s id e of the bed. I asked her what was the reason of her being in that way. She said " she should have brought some senna, and she had forgotten." That was all she said in my hearing. I enquired of the chil dren where Robert was, and they said he was gone out. I took a lanthorn which I had brought with me, and went in search of him. I went into the shippon which adjoins the house, and found him hanging by a rope, which was round his neck, and attached to a nail in a post. The nail in the post was about four feet from the ground, and the deceased was croodled down. I went into the house to get a knife, and returned into the shippon, and cut the rope, and on ex amination he was found to be dead. The rope now produced is the one which Iso cut. Robert Dawson was an industrious man, and regular in his habits. About the beginning of this week, I was shearing in a field in Rufford, with Phcebe Daw son and several others, and in the course of conversation, Phoebe Dawson said, that she and her husband had for some time past, lived very comfortably together. I never heard her husband make any complaint as to his wife's conduct. Yesterday morning I was present when the razor now pro duced was found on the edge of a ditch, about seven yards from the deceased's house. The razor was closed ; I opened it and wiped it ; I could not tell whether any blood was upon it—it was rusted. Thomas Caunce, farmer, examined—On Thursday night last, about half-past eleven o'clock, I was in bed, and was desired to go to Robert Dawson's house •, I got up and went immediately. On going into the house I went into the bed chamber, and found Phoebe Dawson lying upon a bed, and with her head partly over one side : she was bleeding from the throat. I said to her Phoebe, in the name of God what have you been doing? I said, " Oh, dear me," but nothing more then. Presently she asked me to let her drink ; some water was brought up in a tea cup, which I held to her mouth ; she suppeda part, and what she took into her mouth, came through the cut in her throat, and went upon the floor. She seemed disposed to vomit, but what came from her sto mach, did not come through her mouth, but through the cut in her throat. I went out of the chamber into the house part, and found Robert Dawson lying upon the floor ; he was dead. I took a horse, and went immediately for Mr. Barron, surgeon, of Tarleton, and he came back with me. I have known the deceased since I was a boy, and he was a man of industrious and sober habits. I had not seen him for six or seven weeks before that night. The deceased Phoebe Dawson died in my arms, about half past three o'clock on the follow ing morning. I never heard Robert Dawson make any com plaint against his wife's conduct. He was about thirty-five, and she was about forty years of age. Mr. W. Barron, surgeon, of Tarleton, deposed.—Yester morning about two o'clock, Thomas Caunce came to me at Tarleton, to attend upon the dece ase d p ersons a t R u ff or d. I came ff immediately and arrived in about half an hour. I went to the bedchamber, where Phcebe Dawson was lying;' she was upon the bed and 'partly covered. She was then in a dying state. There was a great quantity of blood upon the bed, and upon her person. I examined her and found that the windpipe was cut through • the cuts appeared to have been made by a razor or so m e sharp instrument, and which, I have no doubt, was the cause of her death. I have ex amined the body of the deceased Robert Dawson ; his throat is cut ; the windpipe is cut partially, but it is my opinion, that his death was caused by strangulation. Jane Dawson, a fine little girl, daughter of the deceased, deposed—The deceased Robert and Phoebe Dawson, were my father and mother. On Thursday last, about half-past six o'clock at night, my father came' home from his work ; my mother was at home, and five children besides me were in the house. My father and mother got some tea for sup per, and my father went to bed about half-past seven ' • my mother went to bed in about h a lf an h our a ft er ; th ey had no quarrel or angry words before they went to bed. My mother did nothing after my father went to bed, but take the child to nurse. We children went to bed before my father. There are two beds in the chamber • in one of them my father and mother and the youngest child slept. I was awoke by my mother calling out as loud as she could, " Jane, get up and light a candle." I got up and lighted a candle, and brought it into the chamber, and I saw my father and mother both kneeling down on the floor, and bleeding from their throats. I did not see my father do anything at mother, nor did I see anything in either of their hands. My mother got up from the floor and laid upon the bed, and my father went out, and was out about a quarter of an hour ; he then came in again and laid himself upon the bed, but he did not lie long. When Ile got up I saw a piece of rope in his hand ; he put it round his neck, and was going to fix one end of it upon a nail be hind the chamber door, but we children shrieked out, and then he went out of the room. He had the rope round his -neck when he went out, and his neck was bleeding. My fa ther asked my mother before supper if she had sent for the senna ; she said she had forgotten it. He said, "If you had wanted it for yourself you would have sent for it." That was all he said ; he did not seem angry about it. The razor now shown to me I believe to be my father's. Mr. W. T. Dickinson, surgeon, of Croston, deposed—l knew the deceased Robert Dawson, and have attended him professionally for the last five or six years. He came to me about a month ago ; I found him suffering from pain and difficulty in breathing. He also complained of violent pain in his back and lower extremities, which I considered rheu matic pains, he also complained of pains in his face and head, which I considered nervous pains ; and from the state of his pulse I considered it proper to bleed him. After he was bled, I perceived that he was suffering from anxiety of mind, and it is my decided opinion that he has been for a certain length of time suffering from despondency. From the symp toms apparent in the deceased at the time he visited me, I am of opinion that he was a person liable to be attacked with sudden insanity. The jury gave very serious and patient attention to the ex aminations, and, after a few minutes' deliberation, returned a verdict of " Wilful murder against Robert Dawson" as related to Phoebe Dawson, and in the case of Robert Dawson a verdict of "Feb° de se." The Coroner issued his warrant, according to the statute commanding the body of Robert Dawson to be interred be• tween the hours of nine and twelve at night. The Coroner, after complimenting the jury upon the satis• factory manner in which they had performed their duty, dis• charged them. CONSTERNATION IN THE WEST! CAPTURE AND IMPRISONMENT OF RAPHAEL, THE ASTROLOGER. " He made a planetary gin, Which rats would-run their own heads in, And come on purpose to be taken, Without the expense of cheese or bacon." EXETER, OCT. 9.—Much excitement prevailed at the Guildhall of this city yesterday, a large number of the inha bitants having assembled there, in consequence of a report in circulation that Raphael, the astrologer, had, through some unlucky configuration of Mars and Saturn, got into the hands of the police. Many stories were afloat as to the charge against the conjurer; but it appeared from the authority of one of the officials, that a servant-maid, who had been de tected in purloining some plate from her master, had con fessed that she had been to Mr. Raphael to have her planets ruled, and that she had been induced to commit the robbery in consequence of some revelations made to her by the seer. It is understood that the silly girl was told by the vagabond that if she committed some crime that would get her trans ported, she would marry a great man and be a lady in the convict settlements ! This, with other evidence of the do ings of Mr. Raphael, came to the knowledge of the magis trates, and the astrologer was " consulted" by the police, who, in spite of his " stars," placed him in safe custody in the station house. Soon after twelve o'clock the wise man was placed at the bar, and great was the anxiety of the spectators to get a sight of his phiz. He is rather above the middle stature, with black bushy hair, dark complexion, and a roguish cast of countenance. He was smartly dressed, and, when attired in his mystic gown, must have represented the magician in tolerable style. He was informed against as being a rogue and vagabond, under the act against fortune-telling, &c. Sarah Stacie, a respectable servant at the Half Moon Com mercial Inn, deposed as follows :—ln consequence of seeing a card, like to the one produced—(he had left cards at various houses, with his address, stating that " Raphael might be consulted—nativities accurately cast—all strictly legal horary questions answered") I went to the prisoner and saw the man ; a paper was brought to me from him by my fellow servant on the 23d of September. It was the Friday before that I went to him, at a private house in the lower part of the city. I gave him ss. I told him I was come for him to tell me what he could. I don't know that I said anything about telling my fortune. He said he would give me a paper. I went to him again the following day, and asked him what I was to give him. He said he received more from some people, but I must give him another 55., but I refused to give it. He then said there would be some misfortune happen to me, and I must give him ss. for him to get me something to prevent the misfortune ; but I did not give the money. He said I should be sent out by a person and should drop down ; that was the evil that was to happen to me. He said he would go on with the paper, but he could not get me what he wished unless I give him another ss. My fellow-servant, Mary Boult afterwards gave me the paper. [The paper was here produced : it was folded like a letter, there being o n th e out side, " 17th Dec., One Thousand Eig ht Hundred and Twelve." The contents were a kind of astrological scheme, consisting of figures and signs of the planets, with a statement that the woman would be afflicted with convulsions, which he could prevent, &c. The 17th December, 1812, is my birth-day. He asked me, and I told him. Mary Boult deposed that the letter she gave the former wit ness was given her by Raphael, and that the prisoner was the person. She then said—When we went to him we said we were come to have our planets ruled. He said he would do it, and asked us when our birthdays were. I paid 5s on the Friday and 5s on the Saturday, as he said he was going to prepare a talisman, or amulet, to keep me from having my legs broken? I have it now as it was given me, in myjetter. ,The witness produced the talisman ; it was square, formed of sealing-wai, and some white substance, with planetary signs on it. 3 He said I was not to open it, or let it drop on the stones. He said if I had not got it, I should have had my two legs broken in a very short time ! _ _ Mr. duo VES addressed the bench at considerable length for the prisoner, and contended that he was not a common for tune teller, but an astrologer, which science was not illegal. He produced a large work of " Dr. Sibley's," on astrology, and a small work, purporting to have been written by the prisoner, who, he said, had studied hard for years to acquire his knowledge. The BENCH consulted a few minutes, and the mayor (D. Macgowar,) in pronouncing the judgment, described the pri soner's case as one of great enormity, and sentenced the as trologer to be imprisoned for three months and kept to hard labour. Ebenezer Webber, alias Raphael, on hearing this, looked as if he was "no conjuror." Sir Andrew Halliday died at Dumfries on the 7th day of September last; he has not long survived the wasting climate of the West Indies, where he was Inspector of Hospitals. He retired to the air of his native country; but it was only to droop and die. His life from his youth up was one of action. He served on the staff of the army both in Portugal and Spain ; was at the assault of Bergen-op-Zoom, and at the battle of Waterloo, and accompanied William IV., when Duke of Clarence, in his journies abroad in quest of health. He was a good scholar as well as a skilful physician, and his varied and almost general Intelligence obtained him high es teem with princes abroad as well as at home. Like his dalesman Telford, the engineer, whom he knew and loved, he was of humble parentage, though of good and ancient blood, for he came from that brave " Thom H a llid ay, my sister's son, so dear," as he was called by the renowned Sir William Wallace. He knew most of the episcopal history of Scotland, and was familiar with his country's antiquities; he knew as much of the poetry and traditions of the land as if they had been the study of his life. He had skill as well as taste in literature and in natural phi'osophy, as'his Histo ry of the House of Hanover and the West Indies sufficiently prove. He had collected materials for writing an account of the chief campaigns of Wellington, which he had witnessed. He loved ingenious men : he was ever ready to do a good deed or speak a kind word, and such was his generous na ture, that though he met with a base return to-day, he was ready to befriend the meritorious to-morrow. He took so much care in helping others on in their fortune, that we fear he neglected his own ; his half-pay at home was not large, and Portugal, we have heard, stopped his well-merited an nuity, serving him as she served her other benefactors. We hope his country will remember that his lady survives him. We knew him, and loved him with the love that is due to the generous and the good, and say of him, without a chance of eoptradictiou,—" A warmerheart death ue'er wade cold." .*•%. Z. ECCLESIAST/CAL AND UNIVERSIT Y INTELLIGENCE. (From thi Oxford Herald.) On Tuesday last, the Rev. Ashhurst Turner Gilbert, D.D., and Principal of Brazenose College, having been re-nominat ed Vice-Chancellor of the University, took the oaths of office in, full convocation, and entered upon the duties of the Vice- Chancellorship for the fourth year, with the accustomed so lemnities. The following heads of houses were afterwards nominated to act as Pro-Vice-Chancellors during his absence from the University, viz., the Rev. Dr. Jenkyns, Mast er o f Balliol ; the R ev . D r . ridges, President of Corpus ; Dr. Marsham, Warden of Merton; and the Rev. Dr. Hawkins, Provost of Oriel. On Thursday last the following degrees were conferreci DOCTOR IN DIVINITY, GRAND COMPOUNDER. Richard William Jelf, Canon of Christ Church. MASTERS OF ARTS. Rev. Thomas Watson, St. Edmund Hall. Rev. Henry Peter Dunster, Magdalen Hall. William Hirzel Le Marchant, Exeter College. BACHELORS OF ARTS. Rev. John Thomas Barclay, St. Edmund Hall. William Francis Sims. Magdalen Hall. George Frederick Goddard, Demy of Magdalen College, John - Innes, Trinity College. Alexander L. Bean, Pembroke College. On Thursday last, Mr. Frederick Tuffnell, Mr. Henry Bond Bowlby, Mr. Robt. Trimmer, and Mr. Leonard Fran cis Burrows, were admitted Scholars of Wadham College. The Lord Bishop of Winchester has instituted the Rev. W. Spencer Phillips, 8.D., late Fellow of Trinity College, and Incumbent of St. John's Church, Cheltenham, to the Vicarage of Newchurch and Ryde, in the Isle of Wight, on the presentation of the Lord Bishop of Gloucester and Bristol. The Rev. Slingsby Duncombe Shafto, 8.A.,0f University College, has been presented t o th e Rectory f Brancepeth, Durham, vacant by the death of the Rev. R. Richardson, D.D., of Brazenose College ; patron, R. E. D. Shafto, Esq. The Rev. Charles Henville Bayly, M.A., Fellow of New College, has been presented, by the Warden and Fellows of that Society, to the Rectory of Stratton St. Michael, and St. Peter, in Norfolk. The Rev. Matthew Hughes George Buckle, M.A. late Fellow of Wadham Coll ege , an d M aster o f Durham School, has been appointed, by the Dean and Chapter of Durham, to the Vicarage of Edlingham, Northumberland, vacant by the death of the Rev. James Manisty. The Rev. Richard Croft, 8.M., Fellow of Exeter College, and one of the Chaplains to the Lord Bishop of Salisbury, has been presented to the Rectory of North Ockendon, Es sex ' • patron, R. Benyon de Beauv o i r , E sq . A dispensation has been granted by the. Archbishop of Can terbury to the Rev. Anthony Berwick Lechmere, M.A. of Christ Church, to hold, with the Vicarage of Welland, in the county of Worcester, the Vicarage of Hanley Castle, in the same county, vacant by the death of the Rev. G. Turberville, M.A., of Trinity College, in the patronage of Sir A. Lech-• mere. By this arrangement the Vicarage of Eldersfield, , Worcestershire, also in the patronage of Sir A. Lechmere, becomes vacant. PROMOTIONS. The Rev. Thomas Walker, M.A., Prebendary of Wolver hampton, has been instituted by the Lord Bishop of Wor cester to the Rectory of Abbott's Morton, Worcestershire, void by the resignation of the Rev. Thomas Eades, M.A., patron, George I. A. Walker, Esq. The Duke of Richmond has appointed the Rev. William Sergison, M.A. Rector of Slaugham, Sussex, to be one of his Grace's chaplains. Rev. William Dodsworth Bates Bertles, M. A. of Pem broke College, Cambridge, to be one of the Domestic Chap lains to the Earl of Mountcashel. Rev. Thomas James Rocke, to the Rectory of the Holy Trinity, Exeter ; patrons, the Dean and Chapter of Exeter. Rev. W. Hepworth, to the Rectory of Cougham, Nor folk, vacant by the death of the Rev. J. R. E. Nelson; patron, James Jarvis, Esq. of King's Lynn. Rev. Mr. Sneyd, to the Perpetual Curacy of Witton Gib bert. Durham, vacant by the death of the Rev. Dr. Rich ardson, of Brasenose College ; patrons, the Dean and Chap ter of Durham. Rev. Richard Rawle, M. A., of Trinity College, Cam bridge, to the Rectory of Cheadle, Staffordshire, vacant by the death of the Rev. D. Pritchett ; patrons, the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge. Rev. Richard G. Leaton Blenkinsop, M. A. of Trinity College, Cambridge, and Curate of Ryton, to the Perpetual Curacy of the new Church at Chadworth, Duttarn ; patrons, the Dean and Chapter of Durham. Rev. W. H. Teale, M. A. of St. John's College, Cam bridge, late Perpetual Curate of Asgarby, Lincolnshire, to be Assistant Curate of the Holy Trinity Church, Leeds. Rev. A. Clements, M. A., Curate of Norton IVlalreward, Somerset, to the Chaplaincy of the Keynsham Union Work house, void by the Rev. W. H. Braund, appointed to a Grammar School at Martock, Somerset. Rev. J. Raven, B. A. late of Emmanuel College, Cam bridge, Rector of Mundford, Norfolk, to the Rectory of Langford-Cum-Igburgh, Norfolk, vacant by the resignation of the Rev. W.- Newcome ; patron, Lord Ashburton. Rev. Arthur Davis, to the Curacy of St. Bride's, Dublin, vacant by the appointment of the Rev. W. H. Higgin botham, to the Curacy of St. Mary's. Rev. Edward P. Brooke, to the Rectory of Drumgoland, diocese of Dromore. Rev. Mr. Kent, Curate of Lurgan, to the Rectory of Annahilt ; patron, the Bishop of Dromore. Rev. Charles Faloon, Curate of Annahilt, to the Curacy of Lurgan. PUBLIC CEREMONIAL AT THE OPENING OF THE SPLENDID BUTE DOCKS, AT CARDIFF.' CARDIFF, OCT. 10.—Wednesday, the 9th inst., being ap pointed for opening the splendid docks and ship canal at Cardiff, so munificently undertaken and completed at the cost of the Marquis of Bute, the town of Cardiff presented a most animating appearance, there being a vast influx of people from all the neighbouring towns—from Merthyr and from the hills—all anxious to unite in one general tribute of respect to their common benefactor, and we were delighted to witness the enthusiasm with which the name of the noble lord was received by all classes and. persons of every shade of opinion. The importance of this undertaking can only be duly esti mated by considering the vast improvements which have been made and are now daily making in Bristol and throughout South Wales, new harbours being established, villages rising into towns of importance, and fishing stations becoming busy seaports. The improvements of machinery also will, by means of these docks and the Bristol and Exeter Railway, open a direct and speedy communication between Cardiff and London through Bristol, as the distance from Cardiff to Bris tol, 12 miles by sea to Uphill, and thence 22 by railway, may be performed in something less than two hours, in addition to its being a certain passage practicable at all states of tide. Our reporter, anxious to procure as correct a description of the works as possible, has been kindly furnished by Mr. Cubitt and Mr. Turnbull, the engineers, with the following interesting particulars : " The river Taff, which falls into the sea at the portof Car diff, forms a principal outlet for the mining districts, with which Glamorganshire abounds ; the produce of these mines has hitherto found its way to Market through the Glamor ganshire Canal, but its lock, constructed about 40 years ago, has long been found inadequate to the demands for increased accommodation, consequent upon the extraordinary increase of trade since the canal was opened, some idea of which may be formed from the fact, that according to the Canal Com pany's Report, 123,234 tons of iron and 226,671 tons of coal passed down in 1837—making a total of 349,905 tons, or about 1100 tons per day. " The Marquis of Bute possessing lands in the neighbour hood of Cardiff, and especially an extensive tract called Car diff Moors, where docks, wharfs, and warehouses, might be constructed to any extent, and a convenient outlet made into the well-known safe roadstead, protected by the the headland of Pennarth, obtained, in 1830, an act for new constructing a new harbour, to be called ' The Bute Ship Canal,' and has completed this great work at his individual expense. " The principal advantages of the undertaking are as fol low:--A straight open channel N.N.E. and S.S.W. about three-quarters of a mile in length from Cardiff roads to the new sea gates, which are 45 feet wide, with a depth of 17 feet water at neap, and 32 feet at spring tide. On passing the sea gate, vessels enter a capacious basin, having an area of about an acre and a half, called the outer basin, calculated to accommodate vessels of great burden and steamers ; the main entrance lock is situated at the north end of this outer basin, 152 feet long, and 36 feet wide, sufficient for ships of 600 tons. " Beyond the lock is the inner basin, which constitues the grand feature of this work. It extends in a continuous line from the lock to near the town of Cardiff, 4,450 yards long, and 200 feet wide, an. area of near 20 acres of water, capable of accommodating in perfect safety from 300 to 400 ships of all classes. Quays are built on each side for more than, two thirds of its length, finished with strong granite coping, com prising nearly 6,000 feet, or more than a mile of wharfs, with ample space for warehouses, exclusive of the wharfs at the outer basin. To keep the channel free of deposit, a feeder from the river Taff supplies a reservoir 15 acres in extent, adjoining the basin. This reservoir can be discharged at low water by means of powerful sluices with cast-iron pipes five feet in diameter, and by 10 sluices at the sea gates, so as to deliver at the rate of 100,000 tons of water per hour. " The feeder was commenced in 1834, the first stone of the docks laid on the 16th March, 1837, and the last coping-stone laid on the 25th May, 1839. 71" Some doubts existed whether sufficient water could be supplied to keep the channel clear, but experience has already shown that the daily discharge is more than adequate to the removal of the daily deposit, and in fact a considerable por tion of the entrance was cleared by loosing the clay and mud, so as to be carried out by the power of the sluices." Some idea of the vastness of this undertaking may be formed from the fact of its having already cost the noble Marquis about £300,000, and an addditional expenditure of considerable amount will be incurred in the erection of ware houses, &e. along the quays. At an early hour on Wednesday the firing of cannon, ring ing of the church bells, and bands of music proceeding through the streets, announced that the ceremonial was about to begin. At halt -past six o'clock the procession, upwards of a mile in length, composed of the various trades with emblems and banners ; the architects, engineers, and workmen ; the gentry and inhabitants of Cardiff and the neighbourhood ; the con suls of various nations, and the mayor and corporation of Cardiff, proceeded from the castle to escort the noble marquis to the docks, the gates of which were opened at high-water, about eight o'clock, amid the joyous shouts of about 14,000 spectators, comprising the rank, fashion, and beauty of Car diff and its vicinity, when the Lady Charlotte steamer, Capt. H. T. Parfit, entered the lock, towing in the schooner Celerity, of Cardiff', the temporary batteries on each side firing salutes ; the Sampson steamer followed, with the fine ship Manlius, with 1140 tons of timber, from Quebec, consigned to Messrs. Watson and Co., and which fortuitously reached the dock-gates almost at the moment of their opening, and entered the dock without casting anchor from the time of her leaving Quebec. _ _ Two or three vessels followed, presenting a truly enliven ing appearance, being decorated with the flags of various nations, the yards manned, and decks crowded with specta tors. We should add, that the Nautilus steamer, Captain. Allen, which had been permitted to enter the basin the pre vious evening, also presented a beautifully gay appearance, being completely covered with flags and other tasteful dedo rations. The lock gates were then closed, and the procession returned to the town. A variety of boat-racing and other amusements succeeded, the day being closed by a dinner to Lord Bute, a splendid ball, and a brilliant display of fire works. The heavy rain which had fallen the preceding night, and which rendered the newly made roads about the docks very dirty, proved the only drawback to the pleasure of a day which will long live with grateful recollection in the hearts of the inhabitants of this important and flourishing neigh bourhood. THE DINNER TO THE MARQUIS OF BUTE. At 5 o'clock the dinner to which the noble lord had been invited was provided at the Cardiff Arms Hotel, and about 250 gentlemen sat down under the presidency of the right worshipful the Mayor, Mr. C. C. Williams, supported on the right by the Marquii of Bute, Lord Viscount Adare, M. P., Sir John Morris, Bart., Mr. F. Fredericks, the Rev. J. Webb, vicar of Cardiff, Mr. C. Morgan, M. P., and upon the left by Lord James Stuart, M. P., Sir J o h n G uest , B ar t., M. P., Mr. J. Bruce Price, and the Hon. and Rev. T. Tra cey. Among the company we observed Mr. T. Booker, of Velendra, the Chevalier A. B. De Mascarenhas, Consul-Ge neral for Portugal; the American, French Prussian, and Sar dinian Consuls ; Mr. R. Jones, of Fonmon Castle ; Captain Fisher, R. N. ; Captain Smyth, R. N. ; Captain Crawford, R. N. ; Captain Deacon, R. A. ; Captain Howell, Captain Armstrong, the Rev. Henley Nicholls, E. P. Thomas, H. J. ' Thomas and D. Morgan; Mr. T. Powell, Mr. Some rs Har ford, of Ebbw-vale, Mr. W. Cubitt, C.E., F.R.S., &c. The Vice-President's chair was filled by R. Rees, M.D., F.R.S. Lord Bute's band were stationed in the orchestra, and played appropriate pieces during the evening. ‘N. N N STATE OF TRADE. (From the Manchester Courier.) MANCHESTER.—FRIDAY.—We have had another flat week, with declining prices both for goods and yarns. Some have endeavoured to account for this unsatisfactory state of things, from the fact of a large spinner, whose works have been for some time at a stand, having brought into the market an immense stock of yarns which he has held for some time, and which consists of the current numbers, both in mule and water. We must remember, however, that the shipping season, so far at least as Europe is concerned is drawing to close, indeed the buyers for Russia seem already to have completed their purchases ; and, as regards the eastern market, we can, for the present, at least, indulge but small hopes regarding them. The harvest continues to progress well in these parts, and there is no doubt that more than an average crop will be secured. We are sorry to find that extensive failuress, both here and in London, have this week been reported. The news by the Great Western was of no great impor tance : she brought over pretty nearly as much specie as was looked for in the best informed quarters : and now that the agency of the United States Bank is likely as it would ap pear, to fall into responsible hands, we trust the untoward event which lately befel it will not lead to any disastrous cir cumstances. It must occur to all, however that confidence in its management an d means h as been considerably shaken ; and this will, we should hope, induce its managers for the future to restrict their operations to a legitimate business. The all-important question of the corn laws has again been pressed upon our attention, and we have been requested to state whether we are for a fixed or a fluctuating duty. Now we have no hesitation, and never had, in declaring at once that we consider the fluctuating scale as a decided detriment to all concerned, and therefore that we are for a fixed duty. On the present system we are entirely at the mercy of the a few monied speculators, who can raise or depress the averages just as they please. A.B. and C. are wealthy specu lators in, and larger holders of grain ; they wished to have the duties advanced, A. makes to B. a fictitious sale or sales at a low price, and B. does the same to C., up go the duties, and no more grain is imported ; or they have orders for corn out, which they would have at home at the nominal duty, A. B. and C. withdraw their stocks from the market, others do the same, prices advance rapidly, the duty de clines to the minium, and in come their purchases just as they designed. The fixed duty would render the trade more stable, it would be a greater protection to the farmer and revenue, and save us, to a great extent, from such violent derangements of the currency, as those from which we are now suffering. But then comes the important question, what should this fixed duty be, in order that the common wealth may be insured ? For be it understood, we take no party view in this matter; we look alike to the interests of the agriculturist and trader. Now, amongst deserving, in telligent, and unbiassed men of all political creeds and parties, there are a great diversity of opinions on this point. Some would have a permanent duty of five shil lings, others of seven shillings, with a reduction annually, or at times when it might seem best, till the whole was entire ly swept away ; others again, would have no duty at all. They who are for an entire abolition tell us, that the expenses and risk necessarily incurred by the importation of grain from foreign parts, are protection enough for our agricultu rists. They insist that a charge on the original cost of not less, on an average, than lOs per quarter, is incurred thereby, and that then, supposing the grain to be laid up, an additional cost for commissions, warehouseing, loss of interest, &c., &c.. ensues, of not less that, from 8s to lOs per quarter per annum. They who would begin with a duty of 7s, and end with a cypher, take a similar v i ew o f th e su bj ec t t o th e t o t a l repealers, only, by introducing this descending scale, they would, as it were, break the fall, they would gradually intro duce that change which must of necessity ensue, and hereby, as they maintain, preserve those who have entered on leases under the present system from being injured by its being abolished. The 5s men are doubtful if all the additional charges arising to the importer will be sufficient for the agri culturist's protection ; will be such as to enable him to com pete with foreign growers, and continue his cultivation of grain ; for they would not have us left to the mercy of other nations for a supply of bread ; better therefore, say they, to err on the safe side, to give a bounty to the farmer, than run a risk of the stoppage of the supplies. There are those, too, who would have the duties varied according to the distances from our own, of the countries from whence corn is fetched. But this would be to introduce a very cumbersome kind of machinery, which, indeed, could hardly be worked, and that would subject us to endless expenses and disputes. Under the present system of an equality of taxation, come the corn from whence it may, we hear of little inconvenience or detri ment arising to us, and that our merchants purchase as largely, and as profitably, in the more distant as in the nearer mar kets, in Volhynia, in Hambro', or Rotterdam. But we con fess we may see reason to alter our opinion on this point. We have thus set forth one of the notions which are pre valent amongst us with reference to the corn laws. We have stated most unequivocally, that we are for a fixed rather than a fluctuating duty. What that fixed duty should be we have a strong opinion, but it is a question involving such a com plexity of interests, and of such immense importance, that the more we contemplate the more we fear to touch it unad visedly. In the mean while we should be glad to see the opinions of our merchants on the subject, calmly and dis passionately expressed, and shall give them the best attention in our power, with a view to the obtaining of more light. Nor when it seems to us the fitting time has arrived shall we be slow to state what the conviction of our own mind is with reference to the tax to be imposed. We may further remark that the question is not, as some have supposed, whether the continentalists will take our goods in return for their corn, we have a strong suspicion as we have before said, that they will not to the extent many sup pose ; but the question is, is the present corn law a just one ? And if, after the most unprejudiced survey of all its bearings, it shall be found so, let us not alter a whit : but if on the other hand it be found oppressive in any way, let us make haste to amend it : for nothing which is oppressive can be for the advancement of the commonweal is what we seek. Meanwhile our agricultural friends will not suspect us of an indifference to their interest ; it we had no stronger obligation, a regard for our own welfare would forbid this. We know how intimately the plough and the shuttle are connected; we know that one cannot flourish while the other declines ; that when the latter ceases its busy task, the former must lie idle in the furrow. We know the necessity of upholding oar best customers, and they also will see the advantage of sup porting theirs. SERIOUS AND ALARMING RIOTS AMONGST THE EXCAVATORS ON THE CHESTER AND BIR KENHEAD RAILWAY. On the line of railway now forming between Birkenhead and Chester, considerable jealousy has for some time past been manifested among the workmen, and particularly the major portion of them engaged in the excavations or cuttings through the eminences and the filling up or em bankments in the hollows. This animosity (as in other parts of the country where similar works are in progress) had its origin in the mutual " national" dissent of the English and the Irish labourers employed—the former entertaining a ge neral opinion that the latter flocked too numerously to their country, and by accepting of a rate of wages below the En glish standard, reduced their value in the labour market. In the present instance, however, the English labourers were, we learn, mistaken on this point, and the offence seems to have been taken up by the Irish. It appeaq that portions of the line taken up by contrac tors had been sub-let, as is usual in works of that magni tude. One of the sub-contractors, (named Graham,) who is represented as being a strict master, had engaged English workmen exclusively. This gave offence to the Irish la bourers, who sought retaliation for this preference, as well as for former supposed grievances. On Monday last, in consequence of Englishmen being ex clusively employed at the middle portion of the line, the Irish labourers assembled at Childer Thornton to beat them off, in which they succeeded, by superior numbers and the employment of dangerous weapons. On the following day, the English mustered their forces and went along the line, from Childer Thornton towards Chester, with a determina tion to drive the Irish from the field, by way of retaliation. Near the former place they met the Irish, and a battle ensued between them. The Irish mustered about three hundred ; the English about two hundred and fifty. The former were armed with pick handles, shovels (a kind of sharp spade), and bludgeons. The English having only sticks, were over powered. The neighbourhood was in great alarm, and seve ral of the belligerents were severely hurt. Information of the disturbance having reached the ears of the magistracy of Birkenhead, Mr. Palmer, the active super intendant of the constabulary force of the district, was dis patched to the scene of disturbance, with the comparatively few officers under his command. They reached Childer Thornton at about four o'clock on Tuesday afternoon ; but Mr. Palmer, finding his force altogether inadequate to sup press the ferment amongst the disturbers, busied himself in ascertaining the ringleaders, until further assistance could be procured, and against these he obtained warrants. On Wed nesday, Mr. Palmer was active in obtaining further infor mation, and on that day the rioters (the Irish) paraded the village in military array, vowing vengeance against every Englishman who should work with the obnoxious contractor. Between Sutton and Childer Thornton they met a party of English labourers, who, being fewer in numbers, were obliged to retreat. On this occasion, too, several of them were severely injured. On Thursday, in 'consequence of the still excited feeling and conduct of the victorious party—the Irish— and the necessity to serve the warrants against the ringleaders, it was deemed desirable, on the part of the magistrates, to send for the aid of the military to Liverpool and Chester. We should premise that the rioters had previously taken possession of the beer-houses in the hamlet of Childer Thornton, and helped themselves, ad libitum, to whatever of the good things of this life tbey could lay their hands upon. With this exception, they committed no dep re d a ti on , nor ( as h as been rumoured) inflicted any indignity or personal injury beyond what occurred in the con fli c t w ith t h e i r " fellow " workmen. The military came to the scene of riot on the application of John Dean Case, Esq., J. P. They consisted of a de= tachment of the 14th Foot, from Chester, under the corn mand of Captain Wilson and a detachment of the 96th Foot, from Liverpool, commanded by a Major ----. Such were the arrangements, that both detachments reached. Childer Thornton nearly simultaneously. Mr. Cae was present, and, as we learn, contributed much to the restoration of tranquillity, by his coolness and determination. The village, where most of the Irish lodge, was, at this time, apparently in a state of siege, and the inhabitants in great alarm. The doors of the cottages in which some of the rioters had en sconsed themselves were closed and barricaded. Mr. Palmer, however, backed his horse against several of them, and, the animal being a " knowing one," kicked out, so that his heels became an effectual battering ram, and the boards gave way. Though many of the aggressors fled across the fields, he was enabled, with the aid of the military, to apprehend twenty six of the ring-leaders, who were brought to Birkenhead on the same night. They were examined on Friday, before Mr. Case. Sixteen of them were committed for trial at the ses sions, to commence on Monday next, at Knutsford ; the remainder were summarily dealt with, by being fined or held to bail. It is to the credit of the military, and the consta bulary of Birkenhead, that none of the prisoners were hurt in their capture, though three of Mr. Palmer's men were much beaten in the cottages before the military came up. Amongst those who suffered in the several conflicts be tween the belligerents, was a labourer named Oxton, of Bebbington, who was so severely injured by kicks and blows all over his body, that his life is despaired of. Another man, (also an Englishman) whose name we could not ascer tain, was left in a n equa ll y d ep l ora bl e con diti on ; an d many of both parties were doubtless injured, whose cases will remain occult. The detachment of the 16th reached Birkenhead about half-past four in the afternoon. They marched to Childer Thornton, a distance of about eight-and-a-half miles, and, after arduous duty on the spot, returned on the same night, reaching Birkenhead at half-past eleven, a distance of nine teen miles. Under the able conduct of their officers, they behaved with great steadiness and temper throughout,— effectually suppressing the rioters without bloodshed, and leaving an impression of gratitude on the minds of the alarmed inhabitants of the neighbourhood. At Birkenhead, on their return, the officers had coffee, and the men a pint of ale each. The detachment of the 14th, equally active, and not less fatigued, returned to Chester. We are bound to bestow a similar compliment on Mr. Palmer and his little band of constables, who throughout manfully stuck to their duty against fearful odds. The whole of the prisoners were taken after dark, between seven o'clock and half-past nine. Wnza MAXIMS.---" When I am not in office don't pay ; but when I am in office you must pay." TEXAS. (From the• Colonial Gazette.) The state of the relations between this country and the infant republic of Texas involves considerations of so much importance to the colonial empire of Britain, and furnishes such valuable illustrations of colonial policy, that we need make no apology for examining the subject in our Gazette. If ever it should be thought worth while to trace the history of false doctrine, one of the most fruitful sources of error would appear to have been the tendency of controversy to push new truths into false extremes. We stop not to inquire the wherefore, but of the fact there can be no doubt. A re markable illustration of it occurs in the progress of opinion in this country on the subject of colonial policy. Adam Smith may be said to have discovered the vices of what was termed " the colonial system." A chief object of his great work seems to have been to expose the errors of those economists who had taught that colonies are especially valuable because the mother country can monopolise their trade. His success was complete. He convinced the world of the folly of attempting to monopolise the trade of a colony by means of restrictions and bounties. He proved that the trade between a mother-country and her colonies would be beneficial to both parties in proportion as it was free. But some of his disciples were not content to stop there. It was not enough for them to condemn the abuses of colonisation : they pursued the controversy with the advocates of monopoly into the extreme of insisting that colonisation has no uses. Bentham, Ricardo, Mill, M'Culloch, and Parnell, have gravely urged, that England has gained nothing by colonisation, and would be better` without colonies. There is still in existence a " school" of economists, who sincerely believe that England would do well to get rid of her colonies and to plant no more. And this doctrine has not been confined to speculative phi losophers ; it has found favour with Ministers of State : it was professed by the late President of the Board of Trade ; and the actual Prime Minister said to a deputation, about two years ago—" England has colonies enough and to spare ; more than :he can defend in case of war." The Colonial Office, under Whig rule, appears to have been very sincerely of that opinion. The anti•colonial Doctrinaires have not, indeed, ventured to contend that a country like England suffers by carrying on trade with a colony. They insist only, that trade with independent states is as valuable as trade with colonies, and should be preferred because it involves not the jobbing mo nopolies and wars to which the possession of colonies has given occasion. Why, they ask, colonise an island in order to carry on trade there? why not trade without colonising ? why not trade with indeperadent states ? The instinct of the British people answers these questions with the cry of ".Ships, Colonies, and Commerce 1" The disposition to colOnise is stronger in this conntry than it has ever been since the time of Elizabeth and the First James, when England began to colonise distant lands, and also be gan to be a commercial and manufacturing nation. And rea son, we believe, will be found to agree with the popular sen timent. The argument in favour of preferring trade with indepen dent states to colonising for the sake of trade, rests alto gether on one great fallacy. It is taken for granted that the world abounds in independent states, having wants which England can supply, producing commodities which England wants, and desirous of making the exchange. Where be they? The English would gladly trade with Japan, but can not, because the Japanese will not trade with the English. What can be more precarious than the trade of England with the "independent state" of China? More or less in all the countries of Europe, trade with England is impeded—in some it is almost prohibited, by restrictions imposed by indepen dent governments. The tariff of the independent United States is the most serious impediment that exists in the world to the,extension of the trade of England. Then as to carrying on trade with islands without colonising them, what trade would Engl md. have with Van Dieman's Land and Australia if she had not planted colonies there ? The fallacy of the anti-colonial Doctrinaires is obvious to all eyes but their own. By limiting the trade of England to that which she could carry on with barbarous islands and foreign na tions, the great bulk of her shipping would be rendered use less ; grass would he made to grow in the streets of her ma nufacturing towns ; and a large proportion of her people would be starved for want of employment. It is by means of colonising that England has become the first commercial and manufacturing nation of the world. By colonising, she has created markets wherein to dispose of the products of capi tal and labour employed at home in exchange for products desired here. For it is by colonising alone that the essential conditions of a first-rate distant market can be secured. These are, first, that the distant community should have tastes which occasion a desire for English goods ; and secondly, that they should have energy and skill to raise productions fit to be exchanged for English goods. A society proceeding from England her self—of the'same race—with the same language, laws, and national character—has these wants, and these means of sup plying them. No other society has either the like power or the like disposition to trade with England. The trade of England with the British minority of Lower Canada greatly exceeds her trade with the French majority. The vast trade of England with the United States, in spite of their tariff, is owing to the prevalence of English tastes amongst a people to whom England supplies language, law, fashions, and cus toms, as well as tens of thousands of emigrants every year. It would be easy to fill pages with similar examples. Now the infant republic of Texas is, commercially speak ing, an English colony. Founded by men of the Anglo- Saxon race—deriving from England its language, its laws, and its fashions—reverencing, like all other Anglo-Ame ricans, the very name of England—absolved by its inde pendence of the United States from the commercial re strictions of the tariff, possessing a most fruitful soil and wholesome climate, composed of men of the highest energy and the strongest commercial propensities, and very de sirous of promoting direct immigration from England, this young society presents in a remarkable degree the essential conditions of a first-rate distant market for England. It is an English colony, free even from the objections of the Anti- Colonial Doctrinaires. Anglo-Saxon Texas, then, having established her independence, and formed terms with the United States, asks for friendly relations with the old coun tries of Europe, and especially with England ; with whom, as her mother country, she offers to establish a perfect free dom of trade. France acknowledges England disowns her. So far as it depends on E ng l an d, this thoroughly English colony is put out of the pale of nations. Her affectionate overtures are scornfully rejected. She is injured and deeply insulted by the nation which has the greatest interest in cul tivating her good-will. And all for what? Because the founders of the Texas have carried w ith them . .. . an institution which England has just abolished in her colo nies. England has ruined an important portion of her colo nial empire by abolishing slavery there without providing any substitute in the form of labour for hire ; and because Texas refuses to do the same—not in a distant colony of hers, which would be a cheap indulgence of benevolent senti ments—but within her own bounds, so as to bring herself into the condition of an impoverished and barbarised West Indian colony of England, England treats her as an outlaw among the nations. We are no apologists, stillless advocates, of negro slavery, for any part of the world. But the truth comes first, come what may next ; and we believe that so long as land remains extremely cheap in Texas, or anywhere else, there it will be impossible to obtain a sufficient supply of labour for hire, or to raise much surplus produce for ex change except by means of slavery. Let us refer to the history of the whole world. In all ages and countries slavery has existed in some shape while land was very cheap, and has been as surely abolished when and wherever land became dear. The reason is plain. Masses of men will not work for a master except upon on some kind of' compulsion. In densely-peopled countries, the sole alternative of starvation is to labour for hire. In England, the combination of labour in masses, which is indispensable to division of employments, is occasioned by the fear of hunger. This fear, this kind of compulsion, is not felt in countries where every individual may readily obtain land of his own. In such countries, either all the people will possess land—will work separately in the very same occupation—will neither divide their em ployments, nor raise a surplus produce for exchange ; or some of the people will be forced to work for others by a sort of complusion different from fear or hunger. Call it fear of the lash ; and yet who will say that it is worse than the other? It may be more obvious, more shocking to our sensibility, but the penalty of idleness is equally severe in both cases. When land is very cheap, the only inducement to work for another is the only applicable necessity : as land becomes dear, another necessity arises, and slavery disappears. The establishment of slavery in Texas, therefore is no new crime : it is but one more repetition of a practice which has obtained in every country situated like Texas, and which, deplore it as we may, will probably be repeated over and over again in countries so situated, until the rationale of slavery shall come to be understood, and artificial means be devised of rendering land dear where it is naturally cheap. Here is work for the abolitionists. Their efforts hitherto— it is not only admitted, but emphatically asserted by the most zealous of them—have done more harm than good— have greatly aggravated the,evil which it was their object to cure. We have set free 800,000 negroes in the West Indies, and have thereby prompted Brazil to import as many fresh slaves from Africa. The progress of slavery in America is more rapid than ever ; and the African slave-trade was never either so extensive or so horribly cruel as at this moment. Such are the result of zeal without judgment. Who founded negro slavery in America ?—the abolitionists of our time are not less erring than Las Casas. They go to war with the ef fect,' of which they augment the evil, and let alone the cause or origin —which is extreme cheapness of land. In the southern States of the Ameiican Union the sufferings of the slaves are increased by the fear and irritation occasioned to their masters by the abolitionists of the northern States. So in Texas, we may presume that the wound which Eng land inflicts on the pride of as proud a set of men as ever lived, will have no effect towards abolishing slavery there, but will rather convert what has hitherto been only the sense of a want, into stubborn and relentless attachment to the pracice. Had we not done better to establish a friendly intercourse with the Texans, to supply them with free la bour from Ireland, and to persuade by reason and kindness that their government possesses the means of abolishing sla very without injury to any class, by rendering land dear ? But it seems vain to reason with the abolitionists. They discard reason, to go by sentiments only. Their projects are aavvild as their past exertions have, by their own admission, bean mischievous to their own cause. One of their mouth pieces, Mr. O'Connell, has recently propounded a scheme fur forming a negro colony in the neighbourhood of Texas ; which could not be carried into effect, if at all, without producing war between England and America, and subjecting to terrible oppression the:three millions and a half of negroes who inhabit the United States. But no abolition ist project is more impracticable than that of excluding Texas from a place among the nations. The young republic possesses all the elements of greatness ; and England will sulk at her in vain. Protected by the United States, allied with France, and probably ere long with other European powers, and receiving, as also seems probable, large acces sions of capital and people from this country, Texas will be fore long be in a condition to render it necessary that Eng land should acknowledge her. Meanwhile, we merely irri tate her without the least prospect of advantage to anybody No ; we make France a present of her trade with Europe. A convict who had just finished building a number of houses in Sidney, wishing to give his speculation an at tractive title, was advised to call it "Fetterlane." ORIGIN OF THE WORD " FARM."--IR the Saxons' time the estates which the lords of manors granted to the freemen were at the first but for years, with a render of a rent, which in those days were of corn or of victual, and thence the lea ses so made were called formes or farrnes, which word signi fieth victuals ; but times ensuing turned the victuals into money, and terms of years to terms of life and inheritance, retaining the rents and those called quit rents, or the rents of those persons that were acquitted or free.—Farmers' Magazine. DOMESTIC POULTRY.—Under the term domestic poultry in this country are understood, the chicken or fowl, turkey, duck, goose, pea and guinea fo w l, t o w hi c h may be added the swan. We have no history so ancient as the domestication of the common cock and hen. The cock was supposed to be of Persian origin ; but the species has been since propagated and introduced into general use, through the whole world, from east to west, from the burning climate of India to the frozen zone. Although fowls used for the table are by na ture granivorous, yet all the various species, the goose per haps excepted, are carniverous likewise, and great devourers of fish. By propagation and crossing, gallinaceous fowls have been distributed into almost endlesss variety ; but with out including the more marked breeds, Dr. Bechstein dis tinguishes eight varieties of the common barn -door fowl, namely, the fowl with a small comb ; the crowned fowl ; the silver-cqjoured fowl ; the slate-blue fowl ; the chamois coloured fowl ; the ermine-like fowl; the widow, which has white tear-like spots on a dark ground ; and the fire and stone-coloured fowls. It is, however, difficult in many cases to identify the distinctions mentioned by foreign writers with the fowls bred in this country.—The Poultry Yard. LADY FLORA HASTINGS. SIR JAMES CLARK'S STATEMENT. (From the Dublin Evening Mail.) Again we are compelled to enter on ground which we heartily wish had been surrounded by a wall of triple brass three months ago, for it is impossible to set foot on it and not feel that we walk. Suppositos ceniti doloso —.— Yet, Sir James Clark's statement claims our notice im peratively ; and, reluctant as we are to renew speculations inevitably leading to the confirmation of surmises, from which all right-thinking persons are bound to recoil, we can not refuse him that fair play which has already been given to Lords Tavistock and Portman. Sir James Clark, from his whole course of conduct, as well as from his present state ment, appears to be a man prone to suspicion, and easily led by those whom,he regards as his patrons ; at the same time we are bound to say, there are evidences of something ap proaching to candour and honesty in the statement before us, which we could hardly have expected from one who had played so servile and so odious a part. Sir James Clark re pels the charge of having acted " violently and coarsely," and having " even attempted to browbeat her Ladyship." He also apologises for his original error respecting Lady Flora's condition, in such a way as ought, we think, to have been tolerably satisfactory to any reasonable person, had the apology not been so long deferred. He virtually admits he was wrong—he was rash, and he is very sorry for it ; and we must say, that if he had stated as much, immediately after the insult which now occasions his regret, had been offered, the apology ought to have been sufficient. It might have compromised his character for medical skill, it might have destroyed his character for prudence—but it would, if made in time, have rectified his-character as a man of honour and a gentleman. We give Sir James Clrk—now that the voice of the na tion is raised against him, and that he is made practically to feel the effects of his conduct--full credit for a desire to re trace his steps, and a laudable anxiety to repair the injury he has inflicted. But has Sir James Clark told " the whole truth l" Is there no other party involved—one that must be screened coute qui coute—one that must be held harmless, and freed from all knowledge of, and participation in, this hateful and horrible transaction ? A perusal of his defence will answer the interrogatory. This was the mill-stone around his neck, and this was the cause of the incongruities and inconsist encies with which the composition abounds. The document teems with discrepancies and contradictions, and is as disin genuous a production as ever emanated from the pen of man. It may be said, how can we give a man credit for an honest desire to apologise, if the very document containing his apology abounds with instances of that which must be pro nounced dishonest? We answer, that since some conceal ment appears unavoidable, we cannot expect a perfectly fair statement either from lord or leech ; and that it would be hard to deny the doctor of medicine the same latitude of spe cial pleading which has already been conceded to the deer of the realm. One or two discrepancies, however, which really appear uncalled for, even making the fullest allowance for the necessities of the case, must not be passed over. The Doctor says that the only source besides that so cruelly imputed, from which the original causes of suspicion could proceed, was disease. " But," he proceeds, the probability of disease being the sole cause in Lady Flora's case, was diminished by the circumstance that the enlargement was accompanied b very little general derangement of health: In fact, Lad Flora continued to perform her usual duties with apparen little inconvenience to herself." This might be an excuse, if Lady Flora really had not been suffering from continued ill health. Yet the reader cannot fail to be surprised at finding Sir James himself stating, in the very next paragraph—" I continued to visit Lady Flora about twice a-week, from the 10th of January to the 16th of Feb ruary." He continued regularly to visit this lady, who had nothing the matter with her; for better than a month, most probably every other day, yet he pretends to say she was not suffering from disease ! Does he mean to say that he went twice or three times a-week to receive so much a visit for doing nothing, from one for whom there was nothing to be done? because with her there was nothing the matter? Again : after waiting on Lady Flora, to communicate the " suspicions of the ladies of the Court," in which communi cation he admits he was authorised to use Lady Portman's name, the suspicious creature haa his doubts considerably in creased by the' fact that a young, innocent, noble lady starts back with horror from the proposal "to see another phy sician at once, to put an end to the rumour," which could only be done, as be had already hinted, by revolting means. Lady Flora denied that there were any grounds whatever for the suspicion, and named Sir Charles Clarke, who, she said, had known her from her childhood, as the physician she would wish to be called in : but she declined, notwith standing my earnest entreaties, to see him on that day. This refusal, after the reasons which I had given, lessened very considerably the effect upon my mind of her Ladyship's denial." A man who knows nothing of human nature has no busi ness in a sick room ; and if the folly and unreasonableness, to use no harsher terms, displayed by Sir James Clark in this transaction should have injured him in his profession, as he hints it has done, no one knowing anything of the human breast can for a moment feel surprise. But after all, the main consideration remains the same. Some one originated a grievous charge against the poor lady who is now gone. The charge was proved groundless- The originator ought to make amends, and has not done so. But it will yet be traced home—Sir James Cl ar k says t h a t on t h e 16th of February "it was determined" that Lady Flora should be made distinctly acquainted with the suspicions existing in the Palace." Deter m i ne d ! B y whom ? That's the question that must be answered. We must say that we think Lord Hastings has been cul pably careless in asserting what was due to his own honour as well as to the character of his sister, and the fame of an ancient and noble family. His Lordship should never have embarked in the puerile and silly correspondence with Lord Melbourne, in which, by the way, fresh insult was added to former injury, without having been prepared to prosecute the affair to a far different termination th an an appea l to hi s " mamma ;,' and it strikes us that the dignity of a Peer would not be greatly lessened in seeking reparation at the hands of a medical Baronet, for the most grievous —and as it now turns out—the most unfounded aspersion ever cast upon the cha racter of a murdered woman. A satire has been just published in London—the "Palace Martyr" (a copy of which is now before us) and which, in a few days, has reached the fifth edition, and is purchased and read with the greatest avidity. The writer, in describing what would be the feelings of a peasant—and contrasting it with the conduct of a Peer, on the occasion of a wife or a sister being so traduced, concludes the comparison thus : " No ; let the slanderer be however high, He must retract, or suffer for the lie. He might be sheltered e'en behind the Throne, Still would the husband hurl the reptile down ! The peasant would not brook one cloud or shame To rest upon a wife's or sister's fame. * * * * * * " Tied, like a martyr, to Destruction's stake, While rival demons strove her heart to break; Crushed by a mass of base and brutal lies, Blazoned in Perjury's most glaring dyes ; On rushed the yelling troop—the sland'rous crew, Hunted their victim with a fiend's halloo ; The Court Physician, with his cringing back And cotvard sneer, the leader of the pack." MPORTANT INFORMATION TO SURVEYORS OF HIGHWAYS. It is not perhaps generally known that an act of parliament was passed on the lith August, of the utmost importance to surveyors of highways, who are compelled by its provisions to make, on or before the 20th November next, a return to government of the particular state and condition of the high ways under their care. They will also have to answer seve ral inquiries which will be extremely troublesome. They are likewise requested to state, for the three last years ending in March, the following particulars, which, we apprehend, will be found puzzling enough to many of them : 1. Extent of public highways used for wheel carriages in statute miles, distinguishing streets or roads repaired under 'the local acts, and turnpikes from all other highways. 2. Amount of rates levied for the repairs of these roads during each of these years. 3. Sum expended in repairs. 4. Sum expended in law and other expenses, not being re pairs. This act also imposes an additional duty upon the clerks of turnpike road trusts, who are, within sixty days after the passing of the act, to state their answers to the following questions, regarding their respective trusts :- 1. Extent of turnpike roads in statute miles, with the num ber of gates with side bars in them. 2. Name of each parish or extra-parochial place through which the turnpike passes, and their extent in each parish. 3. The present state of their roads, and whether wholly kept in repair by trustees, or in part by parishes, and, if so, how far. 4. Effect, in their judgment, upon the security held by the creditor of such road, arising from railroads, and by the abo lition of statute labour. 5. An enumeration of all statutes regulating their trusts. 6. Amount of debts on their trust at 31st December 1838 ; when borrowed • how much of the debt consists o f unpa id interest converted into principal ; amount of interest paid to creditors in each year, from 1832 to 1838 ; rate per cent. of interest due on, and rate per cent. actually paid on, such se curity. The act imposes a penalty of not more than £lO, nor less than £5, in cases of neglect, and a penalty of fifty pounds for making a false return. The duties of both clerks and sur veyors were, previous to this enactment, onerous enough in all conscience, and the additional labour now required cannot possibly be performed without additional cost.—Mark Lane Express. It is said, that Mr. Lockart, of literary celebrity, is to lead to the altar Miss Angela Coutts Burdett, the wealthy daughter of Sir F. Burdett. THE LATE EARL OP ELDON, AND ROMAN CATHOLIC EMANCIPATION.—In his last address on the third reading of the Roman Catholic emancipation bill he said, with solemn energy, " I would rather hear that I was not to exist tomor row morning, than awake to the reflection that I had consented to an act which had stamped me as a violator of my sacred oath, as a traitor to my church, and a traitor to the constitu tion." Having failed in alarming the king by a private in terview at Windsor to exercise his vote, though he abhorred the measure as much as his faithful counsellor, and the start ling majority of 109 having sealed its fate in the lords, he bade the house farewell in a moment of despair, and expressed his sorrowing conviction that the sun of England had set. Much idle merriment has been wasted on this strong fugitive phrase, and puerile triumph evinced that the seasons here should have experienced no perceptible change. The leading advocates for the measure, who prophesied that the grant of emancipation would be like oil poured on the troubled waters, and prevent all future agitation, that it would strengthen the church in Ireland, that it would save the country 50,000 bay onets, that all would henceforth be harmony and peace (these and similar prophecies were braved by the oratorsfor conces sion,) and who laughed at the notion of danger to the church from some half dozen Roman Catholics, the maximum num ber likely to stray into the house, are surely disqualified from sitting in judgment on Lord Eldon. When we recollect what has been attempted, and what accomplished, in the space of ten years—ten protestant bishops cashiered, to apply a military metaphor to a church strictly militant—oue-fourth of the revenues of that church consficated, and the remainder threatened—sixty Roman Catholic members voting for the abolition of church-rates—every social institution tampered with ; when we behold a people without confidence, and a government without power, domestic insecurity, colonial in surrection, and foreign dishonour, we may be excused for thinking that the light has been dimmed in our our political horison ; and,•if the sun of England has not set, that it has been in eclipse. Through the schism made by this fatal gift of unconditional emancipation, issued the reform bill. The aged peer though no longer sustained by the people, hastened back to his place in parliament to withstand the popular de lusion with as much spirit as when thousands had been shouting encouragement. " His thoughts (he said) were how to serve, not how to please his countrymen, and so that he acted for them, he did not greatly care whether he acted with them." When taunted with returning to the house which he had threatened to quit for ever, he made this mild and mem orable reply—" I certainly thought that was the last oppor tunity I should have of addressing your lordships. I felt Myself called upon by a sense of duty which I could not re sist from the moment when my Sovereign called me to a seat in this house, as long as my strengh permitted me, to offer myself and my opinions to the suffrages and approbation, or the dissent and reprobation, of my fellow subjects, and to them I boldly , appeal after the d e li r i um of this day shall have passed away.' —Law Mag. No. 43. THEATRE-ROYAL, LIVERPOOL. _ ..,,0, Miss ELLEN TREE, of the Theatres-Royal, P- 11 " FM Covent-garden, and Haymark e t, i s engaged for .1 t 01 Nights, and will make her Second Appea r ance 3 This Theatre, since her return from the United Stet Evenin. HIS present TUESDAY EVENING, the 15th ie will be performed Mr. Knowle s ' c elebrated BAY o' THE HUNCHBACK. Master Walter.... (the Hunchback)...Mr. Stoart6,o Lord Tinsel.. Mr. Chapli n . I Si r Th omas Clifford••M'' Modus Mr. W. Howard. • llet. tg . .1.. .. Mr. Baker. I Helen Miss Ellen 'free. To conclude with the Melo-Drama of THE EVIL EYE. A i r GOP Mavroyeni.... Mr. Chaplin. I Jacob Barazzi . • • • Demetrius Andrea.. Mr. G. Ho rn c as tl e : Z ane Kipb a bs.. • • "i n „t. Helena .. Miss Cleave r . I Ph ros i na .... Miss ur a ,", r t• TO-MORROW, the Comedy of THE BELLES, , our t. TAGEM. Sir George To u ch woo d, M r . Stuart; P . Mr. W. Howard ; Mr. Hardy, Mr. Baker ; Fl u tter, :tfti . Chaplin ; Lady France s T ouc h woo d, Mi s s Cleave r , ; Racket, Mrs. Clarke ; Letiti a H ar dy, Mi s s ELLEN ' I :, tie! After which, will be produced, f or th e fi rs t time her e ' ce ss Drama, performed thi s season w ith th e greatest su iss o:d; the Theatre-Royal, Haymarket, ca ll e d THE 11 .•!" t 31 0 1 . AN ANECDOTE OF MON TESQUIEU . The Presia7o.o, tesquieu, Mr. Chaplin ; Mr. D urva lle, Mr. Gray ; 0 5 s Mr. W. H. Bland ; Philipp e , M r . Sl a iter; Gertrudeloss, Cleaver ; Estelle, Mrs. Tellet ; P au li n e, Miss ELLS`as originally performed by he r i n London. Fathom.... Julia Mavroyeni TEMPLE OF MAGIC—LIVER THEA I VO S OPEN EVERY EVENING WITH NOVE L UNPRECEDENTED. f the e THE GREAT MAGICIAN, or WIZARD °,O, NORTH'S unparalleled MAGICAL WONv orb cause a sensation of admiration and amazement ; so that he nightly honoured with crowded, brilliaiv. fashionable audiences, who proclaim him the only gre at fessor of the Mystic Art. nt. On THIS EVENING (TUESDAY) the Isth in,,at4p 0 , every Evening during the week, the GREAT Wib' il derfa` the NORTH will perform his pleasingithd truly' 0 13 ° 01 FEATS, a la LEGERDEMAIN, in Two Parts. , v i,CPf the parts of the Wizard's Performances, MISS L. i"' don , the popular Vocalist, from the Nobility's Concerts, 1-'°a will make her first appearance in Liverpool• The Infant Dancers will appear, and Dance the I llgbl Fling. , 1100, Mr. ALFRED ORMONDE, of the Theatr e London, Dublin, and Edinburgh, author of many PZ, fl o• Dramas, Ballads, &c., will give Sketches from his ab jeh Dramatic Entertainments, or Recollections of things Byre he may or may not have happened, introducing — . h i s iw a Old Oak," "Kitty Mags And Giles Jolter,' wi T th an tations of celebrated actors, including, Butler, F or? es` Charles Kean, in Ri 111. A Programme of the chard Entertainments to be had at tb e Theatre. 6cl• •5t Admission, Boxes, 2s. ; Pit, ls. ; Gallery , nce , Doors open at Seven o'clock, the Wizard coreeie Eight. , y I Carriages in attendance at Half-past Ten. / LIVERPOOL ANNUAL EXHIBITION' n 0 THE EXHIBITION of the LIVERPOOL A-C",yll of the WORKS of MODERN ARTISTS from Tell OPEN, at the GALLERY, CHURCH-STREET , o'Clock in the Morning till dusk. Admiis on, 011„'",es• Catalogues, One Shilling. Season Tickets, Five SIT"' SAML. EGLINGT°;I'OI. Secretary to the TO CORRESPONDENTS. We are sorry that we cannot, in our present n ‘ a f ,. rap Car. ter' room for the extract alluded to in the note of 1 " ... c lj The letter of "An Orthodox Churchman" shal l 11P ' , Friday. not ico!; The letter of "Brutus" requires considerable q uall to ms before we can insert it. Will the author permit a' , such alterations as we may deem necessary ? The Commissioners of Stamps and Taxes have d irect fbe tid e such notices published in the newspapers, shewing •naerV are of departure and arrival of Railway Trains, " erg' ot for the information of the public, without rernagorill,illit and not at the request of the Railway ComPs.ai es t.ijed t 'oe be assessed with the duty on advertisements , Ptasber hey` such notices are regularly inserted in every n llll 2Oll . papers. In consequence of this intimation, We after insert these very useful notices. Zitmrpool ,ttanDarti• 39 , TUESDAY MORNING, OCTOBER ju' -9 of the No surer proof can be given of the weakness r p rel Liberal cause than the way in which they irli sil t ! t p e i r or the motives and misrepresent the conduct of their c the motives and misrepresent the conduct . leS of ponents. They seem conscious that the Prin ciP ir oi Conservatism, if fairly understood, must win the fs . with the people of this country, and therefore 01.01rder gine of detraction and calumny is set at wo rk ill boo eEt to conceal or distort its character. It is no t bYlls in argument upon admitted premises that they rn eet i 0) 0 the field of debate,' but by hardy assertions ° I, o ds , which we deny, and by such reiterated fa lse ' ° that, " like one Who having, unto truth, by telling o f it, Made such a sinner of his memory, To credit his own lie," bri 4 hey seem perfectly reckless what charges tho zeo jai , 2orward, provided only they a re backed by bra t t ha t pudence enough to make th e public believ e 1 , 6 11/ accusers are sincere. From the period of the 611 agitation of the Reform Bill to the Pre s i e . ll s bee ll ment, the chosen policy of the Liberals /l a j ra to act upon the maxim of Machiavelli, 3rileast't lumniate boldly, in hopes that some part 3i i l ere ° their venomous malice may take effect. Th e itbey are rottenness of their own principles is such th at f far less anxious to display them than to bea r 3 ge oCe ness against those of their political adversai les i ; do t he it is that the daily and wee kly journals which dirty work of Ministers are, in this present in te tea of politics, when leading articles must be wr i s e Ce v :, matter is wanting, filled with coarse abuse of the i irg F servatives, and every word and action of or pos e wrested from its legitimate import to serve theP of base and degraded faction. Justea byt These are strong ter ms , b u t they are shear nts .A . system of wholesale lying to which the a u T " ySL P : a l eir and Radical prints so unblushingly resort• o f at nothing which can blacken the charaeteitbeir; opponents, and hope that the effronterY ° oa f r o tacks may dispense with the necessity of e Cl y ti l l the last nine years they have been echoing t ° an ti i bi e , the Conservatives are the enemies of Ref °llfi ' o rtir charge rests wholly on th e groun d that tha t r ar tic7, nuously resisted the introduction of one i f iar ert measure of Reform a ppli e d t o one Par t i l u c i oicil namely, the state of th e represen tation, arl_ fts bro lig r , now well known the leaders of the Whig at in forward not because they hoped to carrY der, like the beggar in Gil Blas, to o btain ie 0 10° 4 , by the audacity of their demand. Thi s St ' 3 A t he 181 w ei is now, however, almost out of date, a il o ' ns eril i . o , Radicals find that the conduct of th e " d tile 36. : . (1 , while in opposition has effectually disprove 0 0- 41 f the sation and secured them the confidence oed the e ; While they have fir m ly an d s teadily re s " st olt47 o schemes and rash attempts of men vith u r 3 ar case' . constitution of this count r y a s a dead c bavw. o l ei used only as a subje c t f or experiments , th o f p.- f ey operated heart and hand in all measu res rs bi utility; and, regardless alike of the clam° . doff ct ei r ai l and the hostility of a Court, have done c e the Throne and the People. Ac t ' t Witness theirthe 5 1 3 ct, with regard to the Tithe Commutation 0 0 e cl they eas Emancipation Act, the Poor Law A nl f e t beY P i f 10 1 ' (the full obloquy of which they mig ht ,' i i t ion ° „ i re° have thrown upon the Whigs,) the A u° , iier 0 0 0 prisonment for Debt Bill, and a host of other tbatforir by which they have proved to demons tration] f are in the highest and best sense of the tatio p ° I)S interPr e log t ere. But what is the Liberal 01 les s he term ? Unless a man is prepared to g making organic changes in the C on stituti on d 0 1 O i se of shows suspicion and j ea lousy, if not hatr ,he IP ° tablished Church—and unless he vil ifies diem (idle Lords,—he is to be held up to Pub lic 19 ,,, th e , : r e 0 , he Anti-Reformer. He may devote his I " tii f ief' boo of task of benefitting his fellow-citizens 8_,;11 means of social amelioration, but all this . ' t of p etr ol " nothing unless he is cursed with the I li ; ar of f a change, and professes himself an ad ul tintr ies and newfangled th eor i es drawn from ce r„.. stitutions wholly dissimilar from his 0 1% 'n id a w l i e " The steady Patriot of the wor 00.0. And present friend m o o f m every t c ountry thbe ujj u üblleatl°doo to.iooo At the Minutes and Re gu l a tions of the Treas . oft h Committee has again drawn the atte ntio ga n P a i s t he to this all-important subject, the Whig" ~tire. eto Con str if tli busily employed in traducing the 4 fec enemies of Education. The writers, art r f • O ° palm this lie up on the public, are ac ting 3 P uo t t o see), t 0 consistent with their conduct on t he o q w thei r it ioo Reform Bill. As in that case , s° n opP°6 confound two things essentially distinct - tooe e i eruP r an end and opposition to the means _if they `hat about that end. They well know th . ai: lot ion i s impregnate the public mind with to e ,er or tler lt ifeo , crease of knowledge amongst th b e y l t ° h ` e ` co i O tt e e ; sired by the Liberals and dreaded t the last re ei, he it will be taken as a sure proof t l f eir d e eds 9 vee p v tia darkness rather than light because t ij ., soe Dei s 0 700 4 But this is not the real question at ID tot be ot tP he fact must 9 Pdsl's two contending parties, and t nuents* i t ie to the most pig-headed of our opp- t bes vast majority of the educated classes v's