The Sun. — London, England, 1853-09-27 00:00:00

fourttVattton SUN OFFICE, Seven o'Clock. THE LONDON GAZETTE• (THIS EVENING.) WHITEHALL, SEPT. 26. The Queen has been pleased to present the Reverend John Tolmie to the church at Tomintoul, in the parish of Kirkmichael, in the presbytery of Abernethy, and Shire of Banff, vacant by the death of the Reverend George Bruce. WHITEHALL, SEPT. 27. The Queen has been pleased to appoint George Young, Esq., Advocate, to be Sheriff of the Shire or Sheriffd om o f Inverness, in the room of William Fraser Tytler, Esq., deceased. FOREIGN-OFFICE, SEPT. 27. The Queen has been graciously pleased to appoint Francis L on „d a , E s q., to be her Majesty's Consul at Riga. Tho Queen has also been graciously pleased to appoint William Joseph Emerson to be her Majesty's Consul in the Island of Saint Thomas. BOARD OF TRADE, WHITEHALL, SEPT. 24. The Right Honourable the Lords of the Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and Plantations have received, through the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a copy of a despatch from her Majesty's Consul-General at Chris tiania, enclosing translation of a public notice issued by the Royal Norwegian Marine Department (a copy of which is subjoined) relative to the lighting of the recently im proved lights on the Naze and Lister. By order, T. H. FARRER. (Copy.) (Translation.) NOTICE Relating to the lighting of the Coast Lights on Lindesnces (Naze) and Lights on Lister. In conformity with the Department's notice of the 2d De cember last year, it is hereby made known that the light on Lindesnces (Naze) and Lister third Light, after having undergone the alterations already advertised, will be re lighted on the 16th September next, with the other lights in the Kingdom, and will continue to burn during the same period, as follows : Lindesnees (Naze) Light is a revolving light, with a flash every minute of the let class (Fresnel's system), and lights all round at sea. The height of the light above the sea is 159 Norwegian feet (212 English), and is seen 6 miles (24 English), longi tude 7 deg. 3 min. east of Greenwich, and north latitude 57 deg. 58 min. The light is fixed on a 10 feet high tower of stone, on which is constructed a 7 feet wall of iron. To serve as a day mark the stone tower is white, and the upper part of iron painted red. Lister Light, 3d fixed light of the 2d class (Fresnel's system), and is visible every where at sea. The towers form an obtuse triangle, the point of which is towards the sea. The centre of the middle tower is 150 Norwegian feet from the centre of the towers, and the base line is 282 Norwegian feet. The direction of the centre tower with the northern most tower is N.W. and S.E. by compass, distance 150 Norwegian feet. With the southernmost tower the direction is N.W. 6 W. and S.E. 6 E., distance 150 No rwegian feet. The northernmost and southernmost tower is N.N.W . W. and S.S.E. E., distance 282 Norwegian feet, in which direction two of the lights may be seen all round. The height of the lights above the sea in all the three towers is 125 Norwegian feet. Visible from 41 to 5 Norwegian miles (18 to 20 English), longitude 6 deg. 32 min. 15 sec. E. from Greenwich, north latitude 58 deg. 5 rain. 30 sec. All th e li ghts are on high towers, which in order to serve as day marks are painted white. As the Oxo' Light, in conformity with the notice of the Department of the 30th June last, has been alight since the 16th of July, there is only one of the lights enumerated in the notice of 2d December, 1852, and extinguished this summer, which still remains to be re-lighted, namely, Ilvi dings°. The Royal Norwegian Marine Department. Christiania, 25th August, 1853. (Signed) 0. W. ERICKSEN. (Signed) RIDER. - - BOARD OF TRADE, WHITEHALL, SEPT. 26. The Right Honourable no Lords of Committee of the Privy Council for Trade and Plantations have received, through the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, a copy of a dispatch from her Majesty's Consul at Malaga, report ing the augmentation of the term of quarantine from three to eight days on all vessels arriving at that Port from the British Isles. By order, J. EMERSON TENNENT. WAR-OFFICE, SEPT. 27. 26th Regiment of Foot—Ensign Henry Charles Har dinge to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Ficklin, who retires ; George Wilbraham North, Gent, to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Hardinge, Sept. 27. 42d Foot—Captain Augustus Paterson, from the 68th Foot, to be Captain, vice Ramsay, who exchanges, Sept. 27. 58th Foot -George William Lillingston, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vi ce B en t, w h o ret i res, Sept. 27. 68th Foot—Captain Alexander Ramsay, from the 42d Foot, to be Captain, vice Paterson, who exchanges, Sept. 27. Unattached — Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Holt Robe, C. 8., Major on half-p a y o f th e 87 t h F oot, Deputy Quartermaster -General at the Mauritius, to be Lieutenant- Colonel, without purchase, Aug. 2. COMMISSIONS SIGNED BY LORD-LIEUTENANTS. County of Essex—Captain Samuel James Skinner, Royal Regiment of Artillery, to be Deputy-Lieutenant ; the Hon. Frederick Byron, to be Deputy-Lieutenant ; Wil liam Warwick Hawkins, Esq., to be Deputy-Lieutenant ; Thomas Barker 'Wall, Esq., to be Deputy-Lieutenant, Sept. 17. Royal South Gloucester Light Infantry Regiment of 6 Militia—Conway Whithorne Lovesey, Gent., to be Lieu tenant, vice Bathurst, resigned, Sept. 23. West Suffolk Regiment of Militia —Edward Head Ever ard, Gent., to be Ensign, Sept. 20 ; John Kilner, Gent., to be Ensign, Sept. 21; the said John Kilner to be Assist ant-Surgeon, Sept. 21. [This article is substituted for that which appeared in the Gazette of the 20th Sept.] Royal lferioneth Militia—Bertram Aynsley James Mit ford to be Second Lieutenant, Sept. 17. BANKRUPTCIES ANNULLED. James Kelly, tailor, Walworth. Henry Canning, painter, Wilts, Bristol. BANKRUPTS. Richard Westbrook, hay dealer, Deptford, to surrender, Oct. 3, at half past one, and Nov. 12, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Nicholson, official assignee, Basinghall street ; Tyrrell, Paine, and Layton, Guildhall-yard. Thomas Sherratt, grocer, Washerwall, Stoke-upon- Trent, Stafford, Oct. 8 and 29, at ten, at the Birmingham District Court. Whitmore, official assignee, Birmingham, Hodgson, Birmingham. Joseph Hopkinson, brick and tile maker, Derby, Oct. 15 next, and Nov. 5, at twelve, at the Leeds District Court. Brewin, official assignee, Sheffield; Wake, Sheffield. James Deacon, builder, Oxford, October 3, at two, and November 12, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Pennell, official assignee, Basinghall-street ; Sheard and Baker, Old Jewry. Thomas Morgan Carter, builder, Bristol, Oct. 11 and Nov. 8, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court. Acraman, official assignee, Bristol ; Bevern and Girling, Bristol. MARKET INTELLIGENCE -(THIS DAY.) SUGAR.—The market is quiet, but not much is pressing for sale. Foreign has been in a firm position. Floating cargoes are in good demand. Refined does not improve ; brown lumps 44s to 44s 6d. The quantity of British Plantation landed last week at the East and West India Docks was 2,717 hhds, 347 tierces, and 1,343 barrels ; there were taken for home consumption 1,632 hhds, 144 tierces, 359 barrels, The stock in the same places is 11,909 hhds, 1,895 tierces, 4,472 barrels. COFFEE.—There is a firm market for Plantation, with a fair demand. 'rsßU3l.—The quantity landed last week at the East and West India docks was 684 puns, 5 hhds ; there were taken for home consumption 168 puns '1 hhd, and expor t e d 2 05 puns, 119 hhds. The st oc k i n the same places is 8,266 puns, 374 hhds. • SPlCES.—Pepper, 2,540 bags Allepi, at auction partly sold at 43d fo r goo d, th e res t b e i ng taken in at 4icl to sd. Long pepper, 19 bags, realised is 4d to is 44d per lb. Cassia buds 100 boxes, partly so ld a t 7/ . 12 s 6 d to 71. 15s for damaged, the sound being taken in at 9/. Cassia Vera , 25 bales were taken in at 58s for ord coarse. Nutmegs, 4 cases, sold at 2s to 2s 6d for ord sma ll , an d 3 cases mace brought 2s 10d. for mid. SALT PETRE. -2,6•'3 bags Bengal partly sold at 28s to 29s for good a n d fi ne 9i to 11 per cent., the res t b e i ng taken in at 29s 6d to 30s for 4i to 14 per cent. refraction. TALLOW.—P.Y.C. is 58s 6d per cwt. on the spot, and town 58s. TEA.—The market is well supported for all kinds. COURSE IGlbraltar ...... EXCHANGE —THIS DAY. Amsterdam . .... O . I T ----. Ditto, three months . _ 1 1 17 :: :: 1 25 1 319.04 \Ge sig n a o n a ni ..... • :: :: :: :: :: 3 2 0 5 4 5 5 Rotterdam • • Antwerp .. • . • • • • Brussels .... •••• • • " " 253714 . jVenice •** ** ** ** ** ** Hamburgh .. ••.•• • • • • • 13 7% 'Naples .. Anon& .• .• •• •• •• ".• •• ;Paler mo :••• •••• • ***** 42% rari5.......... ........ 25 Is ;Ami ne ."•••• • •• • 126 ........ 25 40 Oporto i • :: —'''•' • '• " 53 4 Ditto, tln•Qc months • • 25 37% Lisbon • • * ••••• • • • • • 1254 Marseilles.. • • .. Bourdeaux ... ••••• • • • • 1 1110 Janeir o '.'.:*.•••• ••• • .. 53 fort-on.M sine ... . 1201./ 4 Buenos Ayr es... *•• • • . FrankiNew York, 60 days' *Vienna .. ••.•••.• • • • . . . 11 20 .Philadelphia • • Sig ht Trieste ... ..... .. •.• • .. 11 20 1 PRICES OP BULLION , • pe,tersburgh.......... • • EB ez 37 Foreign Gold in Bars 4 3 1 • yortugal Gold Coin •• 0 7 9 Mexican Dollars .. •• o a , 0 . 1 New Dollars ... • •• 0 0 0 Silver ln bars —— 0 5 74 Diadrid .• .• •• •• •• .• Cadiz Barcelona .............. Seville FOREIGNERS AT COURT. Those on whom the duty devolves of counselling her Majesty, cannot, at the present crisis, be too careful as to the character—politically not less than personally—of those foreigners who are admitted to share the hospitalities of Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle, or Osborne House. A well-informed foreigner, resident in London, writes to us on this subject as follows :—"You are aware, of course, of Count Mensdorff's staying with the Court at Balmoral and formerly at the Isle of Wight, for you report it yourself in the Court Circular ; but you may, perhaps, not know that Count Alexander Mensdorff is a distinguished Austrian general, and though not at all educated for diplomacy, he was very success fully employed by Austria in the Holstein affair, and then sent to St. Petersburgh as ambassador. He is now on leave for the s a k e o f hi s h ea lth, w hi c h he enjoys in England ! He is cousin to the Queen, being the third son of Count Mensdorff by the sister o f th e D uc h ess of Kent ; he is about thirty eight or forty years old, of very amiable and win ing character, and, though he is an adversary, I must do him the justice to say that he is a pe r f ec t gentle man ;_ing but so m uc h more caution is wanted against hi s intruding important perhaps important matte rs . youps in th e Q ueen ' s council, in most m us u t s r t il b t e aware that it i s very much for the intere s t of A Court and Government of Englando g:ain ground a t th e certainly there could seareelybeoduof ' for such p ur p ose n rff d , a as b h et e te u r n a it n e d s , 11. ..te. c, C more able person than Count Ilous A- . i , in himself the confidence of the Emperor of Russia too." M Morning .4 4:11406f. ... 11 " - TY; 1 1 - J~~; CITY INTERMENTS. The following is the introductory report by the Officer of Health : TO THE IMPROVEMENT COMMITTEE OF THE HON. THE COMMISSIONERS OF SEWERS OF THE CITY OF LONDON. Gentlemen,—Under the several clauses of the Metro politan Burials Act, and under certain clauses of the City Sewers Act, 1848, the Commissioners of Sewers, acting as a burial board for the City of London, will be subject to the following responsibilities : First,—That a sufficient extramural burial place be provided for those classes of persons who have heretofore had right of interment within the City. Secondly,—That the facilities of transit and convey ance to such burial place be commensurate with the pur poses for which it is established. Thirdly,—That evil no longer accrue to the health of the City from unnecessary delays of interment, or from the keeping of dead bodies in the dwelling-rooms of the poor. To increase the sufficiency of a burial place, one must know for what numbers of population it is intended to suffice. Burial boards, under the new act, are obliged to provide accommodation for all parishioners or inhabitants of the several parishes within their juris diction. Under the term "parishioners," as relating to the City, there may be included, I am told, an indefinite number of non-resident ratepayers ; and although, at first, interment might not be claimed under the latter head to any considerable extent, yet, with the comple tion and success of your cemetery, the applications might year by year become more numerous. From the nature of the case, such claimants would, in most instances, be of the wealthier classes ; and might, consequently, be expected to apply for special allotments of ground. It seems, therefore, desirable that you should have some knowledge of the number for whom you may thus be required to provide. I would, accordingly, suggest as expedient, that a legal opinion should be obtained on your exact liabilities under the law referred to, and especially as to whether the right of burial possessed by non-resident ratepayers does likewise extend to the non-resident householders of such ratepayers. In the meantime I will leave this set of claimants out of my argument , assuming that, whenever you have reckoned their number, you will be able on their account to add to your general estimate, according to a fixed proportion, the assessment of whatever additional accom modation they may legally require. The number of deaths belonging to the inhabitants of the city of London may be more precisely given. It would probably lie as an average within 3,200 per annum. In attempting to fix the extent of ground required for your purpose, in respect of this mortality, I must bring before you some preliminary considerations. I. As rega r d s th e m i n i mum accommo d a ti on t o b e g i ven in your cemetery, I assume that every person buried there, however humble his previous station of life, may in death claim a grave to himself. It has been the op probrium of our previous system that in the poorer classes of interments many bodies have been huddled to gether into a single pit. Probably you will think, as regards your future burial place, that no consideration of cheapness can justify this indecency ; probably you will be unwilling that, in a presence which confounds all social comparisons, there should be drawn, with your sanction, between rich and poor, any so disrespectful distinction. But, at all events, on similar grounds I feel bound to assure you that these multiple burials are quite inadmissible. With such concentration of organic remains in very narrow compass the soil grows utterly fcetid, and it becomes impossible to guard against dan ger to those who are occupied in digging and tending the ground. These evils, indeed, as so glaring, and the indecorum of crowded interment has long been so noto rious, that nothing could have given them continuance, except the necessities of our narrow accommodation under the system of intramural burial ; and it would of course be without excuse to perpetuate them under the changed circumstances of extramural cemeteries, where space can so readily be obtained for all legitimate re quirements of the public. So far as the experience of other countries may help to determine your judgment in this matter, I may inform you that in every foreign interment system which can deserve to be considered an establishment of public authority, the right of single burial is universally recognised. Next, as regards the succession of interments. Ac cording to the burial usage of modern times, no public cemetery with fixed limits can be permanently useful except on a full recognition of the fact that it is a de caying-place for the dead, not a place for their em balment or mummification. For hence it follows that ground once used for burial becomes equally fitted for a second use whenever, by gradual decomposition, the bodies first interred there have thoroughly vanished from the soil. This principle has given the common rule of burial, and for obvious reasons. Under any other plan the entire area allotted for interment would presently be in holding. No portion, however remote the date of its first occupation, could be resumed for a second series of interments, and the provision of a new cemetery would be indispensable. Pushed to extreme consequences, such a system must eventually convert the entire country into its burial ground. Under the practice of intramural interments—that practice which the new law supersedes—the principle of temporary tenure has been made to cover all manner of brutal abuses. Graves have been disturbed within metropolitan churchyards and other burying grounds, in which the transformations of decay had not half ac complished themselves ; and public decency has been, outraged here in the centre of civilisation by the spec tacle of human remains being tossed about like offal. It is one chief advantage of extraniural sepulture, that while the inevitable decay of the dead will be removed from the vicinity of the living, and the latter will no longer have their atmosphere tainted by this hideous contamination, so likewise for the dead, however hum ble, that in this new resting place room will be allotted them with no indecent stint ; that the dwell ing and market places of the living will no longer harm them in grudging their narrow requirements ; that their return to dust will be respected as beseems the last phase of mortal existence ; and that against any desecration of their repose there will be given every security which piety and affection can demand. There may be difference of opinion as to the pre cise time when a grave can, with truth and decency, be thought to have become distenanted. The rapidity of decay varies in so extraordinary a degree, accord ing to soil, that some inhumations are almost equiva lent to embalming, while in other cases the process is comparatively rapid. Only experience of a particular soil will enable you to know with precision what length of tenure is needed there for the purposes of interment to accomplish themselves ; but on general principles one can approximate pretty nearly to the truth. Assuming the site of your cemetry to have been selected with due regard to those qualities of soil which determine the differences adverted to, I think it unlikely that any adult grave can properly be re-opened within 20 years of the time when interment shall last have occurred in it. Very long within this time, h owever , a ll so f t textures of the body would have completed their decay. Remains of the coffin and of the skeleton--materials unsusceptible of putrefaction—would alone occupy the grave, and, with gradual crumbling, blend themselves in the soil. Not till this final disintegration of the skeleton is complete—not till the identity of its different elements is destroyed—can the first occupant of a grave be fairly deemed to have abdicated his tenure. From this time only can his interest in it be held as having reverted to the public, for whoever next may claim a similar usufruct of the ground. Taken for granted that, as regards the general public, your cemetry will be established on the principle of a temporary tenure of graves, it remains for you to deter mine to what extent you will permit wealthier appli cants to purchase exemption from this rule, and obtain a freehold interest in particular portions of your ground. I have little to say on this point, because it is of no sanitary importance, provided that privileges so pur chased do not in any degree interfere with the general economy of your plan. Barring any question of this kind, it comes before you simply as a question of finance. A precaution, however, which I would suggest, is that, first of all, you should provide a cemeterial space suffi cient for the interment purposes of your population, on the principle of temporary tenure ; that no portion of this space should, under any circumstances, be alienated from its public destination ; that the whole of it should remain in perpetuity the common burying ground of the City of London. This prime necessity of your plan being secured, it will be competent for you to include in your purchase a certain redundant number of acres ; and out of these you can allot, at your discretion, such quan tities of ground as ma y b e d es i re d in freehold, either for the purposes of family interment, generation after gene ration, or for the fiction of perpetual tenure by some single occupant. In thus selling portions of your land for private and privileged employment, you would be sa tisfying what has become a habit, and may be considered a legitimate claim of the wealthier classes. Beyond this it is also evident that you would virtually be competing with the ordinary cemetery companies of the metropolis in the most lucrative department of their trade. It would probably be easy for you, by varying your fees according to circumstances, either, on the one hand, to diminish, and almost prohibit, the frequency of ap plicationsfor exceptional i n t ermen t, or, on the other hand, t o attract such applications. Even if you thought l itlasses desi ra bl e, you might admit purchasers from other t c h e a m n e t t h er o y se ; hianvisnhgotrht: you rightmoifghbut managerialinyour ito cramu.. cipa for cover merciallY, with a view to profit, looking to its proceeds covering many expenses of the general establish roundpe üblit to the ordinary arrangement of your g for pc purposes, and the distribution of burials therein, you may estimate that, taking one grave w ith another, and allowiwngillfosrutphpoosmarginal o spaces ground to be o laid u each, the average size of a grave will be 28 square feet. Forillustration in plots—say o t s would sake,usla d I yconta the thi r d of an acre in extent. Each in 400 s i ngle graves mixed o s t plot — o adult and young, with what footpaths_ might be requi site for approaching them. The the ordinary mortality of 20 1 e might years (assuming this p eriod to be ord inary leasehold of a grave) he reckoned at 64,000 deaths, for th e 160 plots of the abov e - men tioned size—say 54 acres of accommodation of which number there would be Wanted and infant graves should, as every such place, adult I and that, instead of ground. I would propo lt se that, throughout each line of together, at filling all the graves stated periods far as possible, (say every twenty years), semiperiod, say every at each alter nately, should be filled half the complement ten years. By this arrangement lie alternately of them, taken had the decomposition of the preceding I hal complementcerned ; and finished itself so far as putrefaction is cox? occur of burials would take place in each plo_t at a time when whatever contamination Mit) Wil i a lli under the best considered sanitary arranger°. • tion of air might be liable to certainly be reduced to the lowest conceivable amount. Or, as an alternative equal to this arrangement for the purposes of health, yon might adopt the plan of filling, in immediate succession, all the burial spaces of a plot, provided the surface could then at once be devoted to the growth of appropriate vegetation. Fifty-four acres being, then, the quantity of ground which would suffice on sound principles for the ordinary interment of your entire annual mortality during a period of 20 years, at the expiration of which time (as suming your soil to be appropriated), you may reason ably expect that the ground will admit of a second simi lar occupation, and so forth in perpetuity. It will be requisite to add a considerable allowance of space for other accessory purposes. Thus room would be required for the various build ings that belong to the institution of a cemetery ; partly for the dwellings of such officers as you may require to be there resident ; partly for the temporary accommo dation of persons resorting thither for the burial of their friends ; partly for the religious services of different con gregations. Something likewise must be added for such main ways as will be wanted, along various lines of the burial ground, for the carriage traffic which belongs to funeral ceremonies among the richer classes of society and for other like purposes. Further; I dare say you would think it inexpedient that your cemetery should be entirely without decora tion and elegance. 54 acres of head and foot stones or the same extent of bare mound, might vulgarise even • the aspect of death. By the judicious introduction of ; trees, turf, and shrubs, of bends and undulations, you would probably seek to interrupt the long perspective of so many tombs, and, by these artificial resources of plan ning and planting, to enhance the native solemnity of the spot. Amid such ornamental portions of your ground might be scattered irregularly the various sites of exceptional interment—family graves, personal graves in perpetuity, long leasehold graves, and the like ; and the interposition of those large portions of comparatively unoccupied soil with as much appropriate vegetation as could conveniently be introduced—might not only allow much tasteful decoration of the ground, but would also conduce to the healthful accomplishment of those pur poses for which the cemetery is established. In respect of these, and many other details of your plan, you will doubtless be guided by the direct and re sponsible advice of men specially skilled in the subject. I have, therefore, confined myself to the mention of those points which may determine your judgment merely as to quantity of land required for your purpose. Without offering any opinion as to the public claims of non-resident parishioners, on which liability I would again suggest your obtaining a legal opinion ; and with out pretending to advise what allowance should be made for purely decorative purposes, I may yet conclude, from such information as I have collected, that with 100 acres of suitable soil at your disposal, you would be amply able to meet all legitimate burial requirements of your population in perpetuity, and would likewise (for many years at least) have a considerable excess, which might be applied to the uses of ornamental arrangement. From what I have said on the influence of soil in de termining the period after which burying grounds may be resumed for a second series of interments, it will be obvious to you that this condition is an important ele ment in deciding the sufficiency of any area for given burial purposes. And the site of your cemetry might be such as somewhat to lessen, or greatly to increase, the suggested extent of your estimate. It would be fruitless, however, to detain you with any endeavour to trace the several influences which different soils exert over animal decay. Such remarks, at the present time, could only be addressed to hypothetical cases, or stated in the most general form. Therefore, instead of at tempting this anticipative argument on the subject, I hold myself ready to report to you specifically on the suitableness of whatever soil may be proposed to you for the purposes of your cemetry. There is yet one other consideration which may affect the extent of your purchase. The law restricts you from approaching within 200 yards of any dwelling house without the previous written consent of its owner, lessee, and occupier. But there is no law restricting the near ness within which any builder may approach your wall with his design for new habitations ; and it might easily occur to you, within a short time of establishing your cemetry, to find a new town growing in close proxi mity around it. If there be any meaning and value in the clause which forbids your undue approach to inhabited houses, if it truly represent that this ap proach to inhabited houses, if it truly represent that proach would be a sanitary evil, then obviously the law is deficient in the respect adverted to. It would be in your power to guarantee the continuance of a belt of unoccupied ground as an immediate circuit to your cemetery, in either of two ways—either, namely, you might purchase a considerable extent of ground beyond the actual requirements of your cemetery, might devote its central 100 acres to interment, and might let its remaining circumference for agricultural purposes ; or, if you were fortunate enough to be treating for the central portion of some considerable estate, you might stipulate as a condition of purchase that no building ,should be reared within such distance of the wall of your cemetery as you, on due consideration may deem fit. 11. In the provision of a cemetery it is required by the act of Parliament that " the burial board shall have reference to the convenience or access thereto from the parish or parishes for which the same is provided ;" and it is legalised that " any burial board may make such arrangements as they may from time to time think fit, for facilitating the conveyance of the bodies of the dead from the parish or the place of death to the burial ground which shall be provided." It cannot but be obvious to you that the choice of a site for your cemetery might be such as to interpose very serious obstacles in the way of interment even for the richest classes ; and, under the most favourable circumstances, the removal of the dead to a distance of some milesfrom their previous'residence can notbut threaten serious difficulties to the poor. Assuming, what various conditions of the act of Parliament render almost in evitable, that your cemetery must be distant at least six miles from the centre of the city, the present funeral charges can hardly be maintained without increase, if the traffic !s to be conducted on the same principles as heretofore. The price for which an artisan could pro cure the decent funeral of his wife, or child, within a stone's throw of his door, will invariably be augmented by every mile you add to the distance, if the conveyance is still to depend on the old means and arrangements. When I consider the class of persons likely, as inha bitants of the City, to claim interment in your cemetery —classes among which the predominance of narrow, if not necessitious circumstances, will be frequ en t ; when, for instance, in a year's official returns, I see the arti sans and paupers make more than two-thirds of your entire classified mortality, I cannot but think this aspect of the matter a very important one. From some years' experience of your death register, I should say that, of City funerals, there would not be two in ten where the friends could afford to disregard an addi tional expenditure of half a sovereign ; and in the ma• jority of instances I am persuaded that a much smaller addition would be enough to cause inconvenience and distress. It therefore seems to me certain that your plan of extramural sepulture, however perfect at all other points, might either entirely fail of its purpose, or become cruelly oppressive to the poor, by the simple ex pensiveness of approaching the burial place. And I sup pose it was in anticipation of the difficulties here adverted to, that the framers of the Metropolitan Burials Act in troduced the permissive clause which I have just quoted, empowering burial boards to facilitate the conveyancee the dead, and thus virtually rendering them responsiblF, as far as the poorer classes are concerned, for the cheap ness and efficiency of such conveyance. I would, therefore, submit that, in your decision as to the site of your cemetery, so soon as the indispensable conditions of appropriate soil are given, the first point to examine is accessibility ; that the spot to be chosen should have, in addition to its carriage roads, the utmost facility of railway approach ; and that, for those with whom small differences of price are an important consi deration, you should be able to guarantee a rate of trans port for coffin and mourners not in excess of existing charges. From observation of arrangements which have lately been made with railway companies by the directors of cemeteries, and from inquiry of persons engaged in such undertakings, I entertain little doubt that you might make a contract to the following effect, with the autho rities of any line convenient for your purpose, viz., that every day, at a fixed hour, there should be a train, or some portion of a train, exclusively adapted to the fune ral purposes of the poorer classes ; that for this train there should be issued funeral tickets, franking the con veyance of a coffin with some stated number of mourn ers, who should also be entitled to return ; that the in troduction of funeral traffic should be by a special en trance, and its exit at a special entrance. Such contract supposed, in connection with this fune ral train, you might further arrange to maintain public hearses, which, at the option of persons concerned, and on due requisition being made, should convey any coffin from its former home to the railway terminus ; and which again, if necessary at the distal station, should complete its conveyance to the grave. This facility might even be extended, if the distances were consider able, to the similar conveyance of a certain number of mourners, with the undertaker in charge of their proces sion. Also, if desirable, it could no doubt be arranged, with a view to economy, that the undertaker's responsibility for a funeral should terminate at the railway terminus, up to which he would have conducted it, and that its reception at the distal station should be entrusted to servants of your cemetery, who would then fulfil all re maining duties in respect of it. Arrangements to the above effect would be much simplified in working, and their general adoption much promoted, if all disbursements for funeral tickets and for such other facilitations of conveyance as I have adverted to, were made by your burial board, their cost to be included in an uniform cemetery fee, so that the friends of the deceased, after paying for his grave, should, with out further payment, be entitled, if they desired it, to claim conveyance for his coffin from home to the ceme tery, and for themselves (in stated numbers) by a fune ral ticket, at least for the railway portion of their tran sit. Thus to have one single and inclusive price for all that belongs to the new system, for the extramural grave, namely, and for conveyance thereto, which would enable your burial board to maintain its total cost at a level within the reach of the poorer classes and probably below that of existing prices. In addition to what I have here suggested, there are many other steps which might be taken, if unforeseen circumstances should render them necessary, to ditni tohpienrka, ion finding o f appropriate system cures. ; and f dimi nish the p ressure of new burial charges on the poor. Time will d eve l op b etter than one can foretel the exact ti n csouuchidit b e Nor or incon veniences a s it may bring, you will have no difficulty, I otherwise than easy, if you thought it desirable, to ex tend to the comparatively few funerals of the wealthier classes, which occur from within the City of London, those same arrangements which I have here deemed it requisite to consider only in their relation to the poor. For the latter, it has seemed indispensable that your scheme should provide assistance equivalent, at least, to the difficulty which its adoption must occasion them. Beyond this, I believe you would wish to disturb as little as possible the ordinary routine of interment ; and I have aimed, therefore, at suggesting assistance only in such kind and in such degree as may least interfere with any interests of trade, least derange any established ha bits, least offend any prejudices of the people. 111. There is no part of the subject which I have con sidered with more anxiety than that which relates to delays of interment, and to the prolonged keeping up of dead bodies in the rooms of their living kindred. Evils arising from this source are unknown to the rich. Soldered in its leaden coffin, on tressels in some separate and spacious room, a corpse may await the convenience of survivors with little detriment to their atmosphere. Not so in the poor man's dwelling. The sides of a wooden coffin, often imperfectly joined are at best all that divide the decomposition of the dead from the re spiration of the living. A room tenanted night and day by the family of mourners likewise contains the remains of the dead. For some days the coffin is unclosed. The bare corpse lies there amid the living—beside them in their sleep, before them at their meals. The death, perhaps, has occurred on a Wednesday or Thursday ; the next Sunday is thought too early for the funeral ; the body remains unburied till the Sunday week. Summer or winter makes little difference to this deten tion ; nor is there sufficient knowledge on the subject among the poorer population for alarm to be excited even by the concurrence of infectious disease in a room so hurtfully occupied. I have no means of telling you with statistical preci sion in how many of your annual deaths the corpse is detained in dangerous proximity to the living. But I have already quoted an official classification of deaths, by which it would appear that more than two-thirds of your deaths are of the artisan class or below it. Among them, at least, it would be exceptional for the corpse to have a room to itself. On an average, then, there would probably be lying within the City at any moment from 30 to 40 dead bodies in rooms tenanted by living persons. This very serious evil is well known to all persons who have taken an interest in the sanitary advancement of the poor; and ineffectual endeavours have been made for its diminution. The law does, indeed, empower your officer of health, under certain circumstances, to order the removal of a corpse from any inhabited room ; and under the Nuisances Removal Act, the General Board of Health may be authorised, during times of epidemic disease, to issue directions and regulations for the speedy interment of the dead. Both laws have remained inope rative, and are likely to remain so. If one were starting anew—legislating for a people with unformed habits—nothing might be easier than to devise regulations of a perfect kind with regard to the sanitary management of the dead. The evils against which we have to contend are among the deepliest-rooted habits of the country. In defence of what exists there are many stupid and ignorant prejudices ; but inter woven with these are feelings of tenderness and affection to which all consideration and reverence are due—feel ings which would be shocked and outraged by any abrupt endeavour to reduce the care of the dead to a system 3f fixed regulations. For myself, having the deepest sense of the evil in question, and having officially the power to order re moval o' the dead, I may repeat that I have never yet exercised my authority. Practically speaking, I can hardly conceive an instance in which I should attempt to do so. It would require the strongest case that could be shown of actual mischief in progress—of disease and death multiplied day by day, through the presence of some particular dead body, to justify interference even in that dngle instance. Nothing like the operation of a general law would be tolerated—nothing like including the dead in a compulsory plan of hygienic police. After very careful consideration of the subject, I may confess myself even more impressed with its difficulties than when I first began to give in my attention ; and in the few suggestions which follow I cannot pretend to do more than intimate where, in my opinion, a beginning may usefilly be made towards an improvement which will take many years to accomplish. Legislative remedies proposed for the evils which I am bringing under your notice have been of two kinds, viz., first, to restrict the time during which it should be lawful to keep a body unburied ; secondly, to promote the use of reception houses (as they have been called), whither bodies might be removed from within all dwell ing places, and be kept under certain regulations during the days preceding their interment. As regards the first point, there are many foreign countries, and even some parts of the United Kingdom, where either law or custom has made it imperative to bury within two, or three, or four days after death. Our habit, unfortunately, is to keep the corpse unburied for twice as long. A week may probably be considered our medium interval between death and interment, and with this delay, I need hardly tell you, the body becomes putrid, sometimes intensely so, before the time for its removal arrives. Among the wealthier classes, as I have said, this delay is practically unimportant, except so far as every repeti tion maintains the pernicious custom. Scarcely on ac count of any risk arising to themselves in emanations from the dead, but mainly for the sake of influence and example, would one wish the educated classes of the community to adopt the usage of earlier burial. Our present practice is upheld by no law of necessity ; nor, for the most part, does it repre sen t any ex t ravagance of grief, or fond reluctance of separation. Chiefly, it sub sists by our indolent acquiescence in a habit which former prejudices and former exigencies established. Fears of premature interment, which had much to do with it, are now seldom spoken of but with a smile. The longer interval once rightly insisted on as neces- sary for the gathering of distant friends, has now, in the progress of events, become absurdly excessive : in a vast majority of cases, all whose presence is need ed live within an extemely narrow circle, and the more distant mourner who, 50 years ago, would have spent several days in coming from Paris or Edinburgh, can finish his journey in 12 hours. It is much to be wished that, under these changed circumstances, an altered practise might ensue, in the upper classes of society fixing their time of burial within three or four days of death. Such example of wealthier neighbours, aided by greater enlightment and education among them selves, would greatly tend to detach the poor from many observances and delays in relation to the dead, which, in their narrow dwellings, cannot continue with im punity. But, as regards these poorer classes, cannot anything be done in connexion with your new arrangements to abridge the period of delay ? As for any positive regu lation limiting the time during which it should be allowed to retain dead bodies in certain dwelling-houses, such could only be. enforced by an extensive organisa tion of sanitary police, which you would have to call into existence for the purpose, and which, in the present state of public opinion, would encounter insurmountable difficulties on every occasion of its authorative inter ference. It is by indirect means and inducements alone that I can hope at present to effect the desired altera tion ; and by them I think something can be ensued towards shortening the delays of interment. First, I believe that everything which cheapens the cost of burial will conduce to such a result, for among the poor one considerable cause of procastination must often be the immediate absence of money. The plan of conveyance and payment which I have suggested would at least ensure you against any increase of this diffi culty, and might readily be applied to diminish it. For under such a system of single payment for grave and conveyance it would be practicable, and I think most advantageous to fix two prices, with a difference of at least five shillings between them—to charge the lower fee whenever the funeral should occur within 80 hours after death ; the higher whenever this period should be exceeded. If, by the general adoption of the former alternative, the cemetery receipts should be diminished, in respect of artisan funerals, even to the utmost extent —say five or six hundred pounds per annum—this money or much more would have been advantageously ex pended in purchasing so great a reform. If, on the contrary, the immediate option of the working classes should be in favour of continuing a system so injurious to themselves and to their neighbours, there would be no injustice in leaving them the incumbrance of a cost from which it would require only their own will to escape. The difference of price would soon be recog- I nised as a municipal tax on delays of interment—a tax rendered legitimate by the public evil which it is de signed to correct, and guarded against remonstrance, because any man may avoid it who will. And since the delays in question often arise in a passive habit of the people, founded on no deliberate intention or reason, I cannot but believe that a well-marked difference of fee would, as it were, startle the poor into considering the question, which would come to be of daily argument in their houses, "Is it worth while that our funeral cost should be increased by the amount of one or two days' wages in order that we may retain within our dwelling rooms four days longer that which every one tells us is hurtful to ourselves and to others?" It has been suggested to me that many delays occur owing to Sunday being considered specially as a funeral day among the labouring classes ; that an equal distri bution of burials over the week would not involve wait ing for a particular clay ; and that the closure of your cemetery on Sundays might occasionally be beneficial for the purposes under consideration. Many arguments will doubtless occur to you both for and against the pro hibition of Sunday interments, but this probably may be regarded as a point of detail more fitly to be con sidered when your scheme is complete, and even when it has actually given you some experience of its opera tion. As regards the second point adverted to—the estab lishment of special reception houses for the dead—l do not hesitate to say that, if they could be brought into general use, their institution would confer great advan tages on the poor. But against this event, at least as an immediate one, I grieve to see strong probabilities. A first proposal made to some mourning household that they should trust to strangers' hands the custody of their unburied dead would, in most instances, greatly and suddenly clash with their customs, and prejudices, and affections. Whatever success you might have in conquering this difficulty would of necessity be slow ; and my practical familiarity with the poorer classes makes me so little hopeful of their immediate acquiescence in the plan, that I should hardly feel justified in urging you to incur any very large expense, or to embarass yourselves at starting with any elaborate machinery, for the sake of so scanty an expectation. The reception houses of Germany, as you probably know, are founded with a double intention ; partly for the purpose which I am here chiefly considering—that the dead may be removed from an injurious contiguity to the living; partly, also, that the bodies may be vigi• lantly observed in case of suspended animation. With the latter view, many of them are specially furnished and specially officered. In that at Frankfort, for in stance, each body is placed in a separate warmed and ventilated cell ; cords are attached to the fingers in such manner that the slightest movement occasions the ring ing of an alarm. Night and day watch is kept in a central apartment, which looks into each cell, and has the several alarum bells hung round it. Adjacent is a room designed for acts of resuscitation, with bath, gal vanic apparatus, and the like, always in readiness for constant use ; and, so long as any corpse lies within the reception house, the medical superintendent of the es tablishment never goes beyond its walls. Dr. Suther land, whose report to the General Board of Health is full of interesting information on the burial institutions of the continent, praises the completeness and ingenuity of these contrivances, adding, however, that "after careful inquiry at all the cities where he found them to exist, he could not learn that any case of resuscitation had as yet occurred." I may add, too, as regards my own personal experience in this country, that with ex tensive opportunities it has never happened to me either to see any case of suspended animation, where doubts of death and question of interment could arise, nor to hear in professional circles of any such occurrence. I there fore think it quite unnecessary to recommend any ar rangement of reception houses with reference to the resuscitation of persons apparently dead. The object for which I would desire their institution, is exclusively that of receiving dead bodies out of the houses of the poor, in order to mitigate those evils which arise in pro longed retention of the corpse. That this object is in itself very desirable, and that, under the prevalence of epidemic disease, its accomplishment might be of urgent necessity, you will not doubt ; and the responsibility for fulfilling it, or at least for giving all facilities to its ful filment, is so distinctly imposed on you by the letter and spirit of the law, that you will probably wish to take measures accordingly. The extent, then, to which my information on the subject would lead me to recommend provisions to be made, is this—l would advise that accommodation of an appropriate character (savouring in style rather of an ecclesiastical construc tion, than of the workhouse or dissecting room) be ar ranged for the reception of 50 coffins. For this purpose I would suggest, not the building of several separat e reception houses within the c ity of Condon, in order to their being respectively adjacent to the portions of popu lation which might use them ; but rather the establish ment of one only, and that on the site of your cemetary. Thus the conveyance of bodies, which would take place under your auspices, might be made with greater economy, since it could work into the plan I have already suggested. The advantage of having only a single edi fice (especially since its use is likely to be limited), and of including its superintendence in the general organisa tion of your cemetary, cannot be questioned. And it seems to me, likewise, that a building designed for the reception of so many dead bodies cannot conveniently be established in the heart of the city. I would of course recommend that the use of this building should be entirely optional with the poor, and that its advantages should be allowed gratuitously to persons burying in your ground, so that any one, who, in respect of his cemetery fee, would be entitled to have a corpse conveyed thither for funeral purposes, might claim this conveyance as soon as he chose after the oc currence of death, and might have the coffin kept, with all proper formalities, in the reception-house till the moment fixed for its interment. On further particulars connected with this part of your arrangements, I do not think it requisite at present to dwell, especially because, while I regard the establish ment of a reception house to be quite indispensable to the complete fulfilment of your new responsibilities, I still look upon it as an institution to be gradually deve loped in the course of years, and according to circum stances yet undetermined, rather as something which ought at once to assume its permanent character and proportions. Here, too, in concluding this introductory report, I may observe that I have endeavoured, as far as possible, to avoid encumbering it with detail. For myself, in its construction I have thought it indispensable to pursue the subject into minuter ramifications, to consider a vast number of circumstances here scarcely mentioned, to make myself acquainted with the burial customs of other countries, to review a great variety of o pi n i ons an d arguments which h ave been advanced on the several matters alluded to, and to consult with persons practi cally versed in them. But to have brought all this mate rial before you would have prolonged my report to an inconvenient extent, and with no proportionate utility. Further, as regards the details of the subject, there are many parts on which I cannot address you with the con fidence that belongs to personal knowledge. The general principles which I have set before you do indeed lie within range of my official and professional observation. But the next stage of your inquiry relates to matters of special pursuit, with which I am only indirectly conver sant ; and whatever information I may have compiled for myself from other sources you will probably best obtain at first hand. Practical experience in the con struction and working of cemeteries has now for many years been the growing knowledge of persons connected with their administration by ties of business or by official appointment. In many instances it has been dearly pur chased, and notorious failures have arisen from its ab sence. Regard being had to the magnitude of your un dertaking, hitherto unprecedented in the country, and to the immense interests involved in your success, I cannot but earnestly hope that such experience may be made available for your information. At an early period you will have to determine what appointments will be requisite with a view to the archi tectural and other designs of your cemetery, to its eco nomical planning and decorations, to the superintendence of its daily working, to its financial management, to the conveyance of bodies, and to all intramural organisation connected therewith. Minute details will be best con sidered when these appointments are made, and when . you will naturally have the benefit of such practical ex perience as may best assist your deliberations ; for the task on which you are en g aged extends, I n ee d h ar dl y say, far beyond the purchase of certain acres for your burial ground. It implies, for its completion, that you shall possess an adequate plan on which the interment of your population may be managed during many succeed ing generations —a plan constructed, first of all, with entire regard to the general good of the public, and next, with as little violence as may be to those habits, prejudices, and interests which are involved in the pre sent system of interment. The construction of such a plan constitutes a very large question of municipal policy—one which, because of its solemn subject, and because of the degree in which human feelings and affections are inv o l ve d i n it—re quires to be hand led with peculiar discretion and delicacy, but which not the less requires to be contemplated in a large and comprehensive manner. I have, therefore, thought I should best fulfil the ob ject of your reference by bringing before you those general principles which lie at theroot of all minute con siderations ; in order that—having first determined on them, and having taken one collective view of the sub ject—you may better know at what time, and in what order, and to what extent you wou ld w i s h th e m i nor details to be developedfor your information.—l have the honour to remain, gentlemen, your obedient faithful servant, JOHN SIMON. REPORT OP THE OLMUTZ CONFERENCE. (Front the Press.) (By our Special Telegraph.) (A chamber at Olmutz. The Emperor of Austria is seated on a low couch, smoking a cigarette. The Czar of Russia is striding about the room. A large map of Europe hangs against the wall.) Czar (impatiently)--My dear brother, there is one word which I cannot get you Germans to utter or to un derstand. Emperor (languidly)—Ah ! What's that ? Czar—The word Now. This is what I have been trying to impress upon you all the morning. And when I think I have made the case clear you light a fresh cigar, and ask me in which opera Grisi made the great est impression in Petersburg. Nobody likes singers and dancers better than I do—in their place—but, young as you are, you must feel that there is such a thing as business. Emperor—Don't I feel it ? Ask Buol. Czar—See ! There never was such an opportunity—l may say there never was such a necessity—for us to un derstand one another. A bold united front now, and you, my dear brother, may sit down in peace, and en joy your music, and your tobacco, and your charming female society for the rest of your life. Emperor—Do you believe that ? Because, to speak the truth, I would really as soon be at peace as at war. Our people here like peace. Czar—Our people like—what I like. But I do not blame you for consulting, as far as you properly can, the prejudices of your subjects. What I propose to you seems to me the course they would desire. For what on earth but a disturbance must follow if Austria takes part with England and France against me ? Emperor—lt is not against you, my dear brother ; but, after all, there hangs the map, and we do not want to make a new edition necessary. Czar—Don't be offended if I remind you that Kossuth would have made a new edition necessary some time ago but for a friend of yours. Emperor—l have not forgotten it. Have we not just —discovered—the regalia of Hungary, providentially in perfect preservation, and not a jewel lost ? Czar—Dear me ! I did hear that the Crown jewels of Hungary were in America. Emperor—The Court jewellers will give you any cer tificate you please to the contrary. They are most up right tradesmen. I hope you are satisfied with their assurance that these are the original articles. Czar—Heaven forbid that I should doubt a Court tradesman. But, if you should ever happen to lose them again, the same number of men, or more if necessary, shall always be ready to assist in the recovery. Re member that. Ido not know whether France or Eng. land makes you the same offer. Emperor—You know my feeling towards both. As for France—but I suppose we have both the same reve rence for parvenus. As for England— Czar—Aberdeen, I assure you, is a good man, a wor thy man, and one who thoroughly understands and trusts me. Emperor—That we have never doubted. But he is powerless. Czar—Not so powerless. He can do nothing, except one thing, which is better than if he did a great many things. He has the gift of preventing stronger people from doing anything. Aberdeen has, in his dull, sour, obstructive way (for I admit he is not brilliant), done me very good service all through this business. Per haps I know the English better than you. The islanders place a great value on something which continentals care little about— I mean public character. Now, my good Aberdeen has not scrupled in his old age to sacrifice all that remained to him of that article, for the sake of conforming to my wishes. Do not, therefore, esteem him lightly. He is at this moment the most unpopular man in England for the part he has taken as regards me. Emperor—Bah ! What are mob shouts in England ? One day the people stone Wellington, and another they gather in millions to attend his funeral. Czar—But it is not the mob this time. It is the class which has all the strength, the class that puts down mobs with dragoons just as readily as you or I should. The rich, the educated, and the well-born classes—all except a few cotton jobbers—are full of bitter animosity against Aberdeen, and one of these days he will be swept from office by their indignation. All this he has incurred for me, and the day I hear of his fall I shall send him a whole batch of orders. Emperor—You see, if England keeps on terms with France— Czar—Which she will. That maudit meddler, Malmes bury, contrived to lay so solid a basis for the union of France and England, that even Aberdeen's crabbed in genuity could not shake it ; and Palmerston, if he comes in, knows his business too well to run risks in that quarter. Emperor—Very well. Then suppose you march upon Constantin ople— Czar—Suppose nothing. Remember the motto of the Golden Fleece—Ante fcrit Tiara ftamma, micct. Emperor—lt appears to me that mystery is pretty well exploded by this time. So we will suppose what I say. You beat Omer Paella out of Schumla and march on the capital. The English and French fleets burn Odessa and bombard Sevastopol— Czar—They will do nothing of the kind, my beloved brother, nothing. At least not if we put on, as I sa id, a hold and unite front. If you will join me, and, Ido not say, repay any little service I have done you in the Hungary business (for you may command a million or so of my men at any time for such a trifle), but if you will secure your own safety by joining with me against the constitutional Powers, neither French nor English powder will waken the echoes of the Black Sea. Russia and Austria united, and Prussia— (whispers)—yes, that at least—th,e others will see very good reasons for leav ing the Turks to settle their affairs with me, and for in terceding just when I desire it. Emperor—l do not see the English papers. Czar—But I do ; and you will be glad to hear that, in anticipation of your seeing the force of my arguments here at Olmutz, the leading English journal is already advancing reasons why the Turks should be left to their fate—because they are wicked Mahometans, because they have in other times persecuted Christians, and be cause war costs blood and money. A sneaking Minister has always a sneaking organ ; and you are wrong, my dear brother, not to read the journals. Emperor —Well, if that is so, I confess that the in terests of Austria and of Europe would seem to demand that I should yield to my wishes and side with you. Then, if a Mazzini outbreak in Italy, or a Kossuth affair in Hungary, should occur— Czar—Send me word, and I will do the whole work for you, from the first shot to the last gallows. Emperor—Then Buol had better see Nesselrode. Now shall we go to the ladies ? I have invited— (Smiles.) . . _ Czar (laughs)-0, nothing I like better—in proper time and place. Come along, mon cher frerc. One of these days you must come and spend a fortnight with me at Stamboul, and let me show you St. Sophia, and the Seraglio, eh, jeune coquin, Exeunt—[The Czar playfully poking the Emperor of Austria in his Imperial ribs. TRADE COMBINATIONS. At the Guildhall police court yesterday Francis Friend, James Friend, and Robert Brind, were summoned to answer a charge of conspiring together, and, with other persons, on the 15th of the present month, to procure the dismissal of Frederick Spence from the service of Mr. Peter Jackson (late Fisher and Co.), publisher, of Angel-street, St. Martin's-le-Grand, and to prevent him from being further employed in that establishment. Mr. Humphreys, in opening the case, said this was a combination among the printers in the employment of Mr. Jackson, arising from a strike that recently took place among the men in Mr. Tallis's establishment. Mr. Tallis employed a greater number of apprentices than the journeymen in the trade approved of, and his printers accordingly struck ; but ultimately the greater portion returned to work without achieving their object. The other journeymen in the trade passed a resolution, to the effect that none of those men who returned, or any who worked for Mr. Tallis thenceforward, should be employed in any other house in the trade. It so hap pened that the complainant Spence was not in Mr. Tallis's employ, either at or antecedent to the strike ; but was engaged after the men returned to work, and while everything was progressing smoothly. On the 10th of September, however, the complainant was, from slackness of work, discharged from Mr. Tallis's service, and on the 13th he applied at Mr. Jackson's establishment, and was taken on by Mr. Jones, the foreman. He remained there three days, and on the fourth day, which was the 16th of Sept., he was told by Jones there was no more work for him ; and on asking why he was discharged, Jones told him it was on account of the complaints of the men, and referred him to them for an explanation. Francis Friend, on being asked by complainant, said the men objected to work with him, because he had been in Tallis's house. Complainant then inquired why he was singled out as the victim ? and Francis Friend replied that the trade had resolved not to work with any journeyman that had worked for Mr. Tanis. On the day previous to this two consultations, termed in the trade " chapels," were held by the men in the room where complainant worked, but he was excluded—and on the following morning before he received his dismissal he inquired what the chapels were held for ? and Francis Friend said they were con cerning complainant and his having worked for Mr. Tanis since the strike. Mr. Humphreys concluded his statement by observing that men have a right to meet and arrange what hours they will work, and for what amount of wages, but the law does not allow them to combine with a view to control a workman, either to his own injury or that of his master. Frederick Spence said--I am a journeyman printer, and was in the service of Mr. Tanis, the publisher, of St. John-street, Smithfield, for several months, and quitted his employment on the 10th September, because work was slack. I applied at Mr. Jackson's on the 13th of September, and was engaged by Mr. Jones, the fore man, for that week, and perhaps the next. On the third day I applied for more work, but Mr. Jones declined to employ me further, and referred me to Francis Friend, the oldest workman on the establishment. On the 15th of September a chapel was held before dinner, and another after, and the whole of the workmen in the room were called to attend them, but I was each time excluded, although I was in the room during the time they were held. On the following day I asked Francis Friend if they were held about me, and he said they were, and that it was about my having worked at Mr. Tallis's. I asked him in the presence of the other defendants why they would not work with me, and Francis Friend said they had not a job for me to go on with. But on my telling him there was work for me if they would work with me, Francis Friend said he had forgotten the reason of the men's objection, but he would tell me after dinner, if I would call in. I did so, and Francis Friend then told me there were two reasons against my being em ployed in Mr. Jackson's establishment ; the first was my having been at Mr. Tallis's, and the other was that I be longed to a third society, which was not approved of, as neither Mr. Tallis's house nor the society were recognised by the trade. I asked why I was made the victim, and Francis Friend said I was not the only one, as the objection extended to all in Mr. Tallis's employ, and to all who might afterwards work for him. I asked him if this persecution was to continue against me always on that account, and he said he could not answer that question. I have been thrown out of employment in consequence of this objection on the part of the journey men in the trade. Cross-examined by Mr. Lewis—l was engaged for that week certain, but I was only paid for what work I did during the three days I was allowed to work. The other defendants did not say anything. They did not corroborate Francis Friend. He did not tell me I might work as long as I liked, but that he would not speak to me. I was not in the strike at Mr. Tallis's ; it occurred before I went there. I belong to a society, the object of which is to assist each other when out of employ ment. That society has not found the funds for this prosecution. William Jones said—l am the foreman in Mr. Jack son's establishment. It is my duty to take on and dis charge workmen. Spence applied about the 13th of September, and I engaged him ; but I discharged him on the 16th, prior to which I had a communication with two of the men in the room. Mr. Humphreys—Who were those men? Witness—Am I obliged to answer that question ? Mr. Humphreys—Certainly ; and we must have their names. Witness—Their names were Joseph Harper and John Robinson. They worked in the same room with com plainant and the defendants. Mr. Humphreys—What was the communication that passed between you and the men you have named? Mr. Lewis—l object to that question, as it does not affect the defendants, and neither of them being present at the time it cannot be received as evidence. Mr. Humphreys said the summons is taken out against the defendants and others, and as the objection is raised I now apply to your worship for summonses against Harper and Robinson, and request that the case be ad journed, that they may be jointly charged with the de fendants. Mr. Lewis said.—l object to Mr. Humphreys' applica tion, as my defence is, that of the three defendants only one is implicated by the evidence, and the law requires two persons to form a conspiracy. Alderman Lawrence said perhaps it would be better to adjourn the proceedings, and have the other men sum moned. Mr. Humphreys said—l have done with the witness under examination, and I now renew my application. Mr. Lewis then addressed the bench for the defence, and having recapitulated all the leading points in the evidence, he urged upon the Alderman's consideration the absence of any evidence to show that the defendants James Friend and Robert Brind had taken an active part in the matter either one way or the other. Alderman Lawrence said, without deciding upon the charge of conspiracy, enough has been said to induce me to adjourn the case, and issue the summonses applied for ; and in so doing, I wish to observe, that although Brind and Friend took no active part, their quiet acqui escence in the course adopted by their fellow-workmen was in itself sufficient to lead any one to infer that they were as much implicated in the conspiracy as the most active. The summonses were then adjourned, and the de fendants bound over in their own recognisances to ap. pear at the further hearing. Summonses were also taken out against all the rest of the men, with but one exception, who worked in the same room with the corn. piainant, and will be , heard on the (Iv of adjournment, SHIPPING- 'INTELLIGENCR• LIVERPOOL, SEPT. 26. the The Tuscarora from Philadelphia encountered, en 9th Sept., in lat. 41, lon 'violent g. 5/, hurricane from all points of the compass, was thrown on her beam and lay for about an hour with her sails under water, los' fore and maintop gallant masts and all her galls. Virhen,_ the gale abated, the ship was found to have a list of aboub three streaks. oP t ' The Royalist, of Maryport, was spoken and passed S 13, lat. 48, long. 30, dismasted, by the Cobeguid, from also passed a vessel, bottom up, of about 1 50 t o 200 tons' Sept. 11, lat. 47, long. 36. A derelict vessel, name unknown, was passed Sep t ' 19, lat.long. 17, by the Urgent. ma sts, The Wilton arrived from Jamaica under jurY .t. having lost fore and mizen masts in a gale on the lar k The Felicity, from Jamaica, in attempting t ° rim Saturday, in charge of a pilot and in tow of a stea% oA id aground opposite the Coburg Dock, and it requ ire ' " of three steamers to get her off again or . f o r The Joseph Walker, for New Yk, and the e v , 3 „' re st New Orleans, dragged their anchors, and went as h f rom the Clarence Basin this morning. The Carolin e, Doc k Prince Edward's Island, drove alongside the San d°° ,l ;cat Basin, and subsequently drifted up the river, $ 11 , 1 % Jr on shore on the Pluckington Bank ; crew saved, of trinsic is ashore off the 13ramley-Moore Dock, wit' tor foremast, &c. Tho Shooting Star, from Quebec , I°4 masts in Huskisson Arrived—The Europa (a), from Boston ; I r l."Z;; n uel, ; Urgent, Barbadoe ; Lena, Montres l ,r; „,%" 0 - idad; Richibucto ; Juliano, Santander ; L a dy Bassett , )1011isto St. Vincent, St. Vincent ; Norman, Miramicbl s d . pet , Ward, Quebec ; Intrinsic, Princ e Edward's lal'i t 'urge; Palermo ; Oxford, Wallace, U.S. ; Alb a tross, . 03. '" Brazilian, Monte Video ; Diana, Bahia. f / 34. NEW YORK, Sept. 10.—The Garland (barque): °oily fast, while lying at anchor opposite Nay y 10 ,111, the delphia, on the night of Sept. 3d, was run in,W, by i t hilst schooner Granite State. The Mar sa l a (B r itish hngi' m lying at anchor at Norfolk, Sept. 6th, was run illr ho ble fore-and-aft schooner, when she r e c e ived ee lls/- damage. ELSINORE, Sept. 22.—The Pizarro, Granger°,, ( lol l, Stettin, has come in leaky, and with loss of h° of having been in contact with an English brig, an u , B ,"Thht ° much injured. The Axe, of Sunderland, { Troia * - e 1 n Riga, has come in with loss of both masts, having,, - ra don, contact, The William, from St. Petersburgh -171410 put in with damage to bow, having b ee n run foul ° f 'll O Meteor (American schooner), from Hull to Wiburg' veil" Meteor received slight damage. The Isabella, fr o , pill~ castle to St. Petersburgh, 'has been brought '- damage, having been in contact. for HJERTING, Sept. 21.—The Albatross, front de s :4 gep, o l ., Cronstadt, was wrecked at Honstrop, Sept. 1; er e l sa° MARGATE, Sept. 26.—The Barnard nag is mizen mast during the gale last night, and is SO r l the Roads. ni QUEBEC, Sept. B.—The Alicia, arrived here f r°- 00 0 mouth, was in contact. with a brig off the Pellets' unknown. ARICHAT, Sept. 7.—The Margaret, of and fro m x Lois: Edward's Island to Liverpool, sprung a leak °Pi; fee bourg, and put into this harbour Sept. 3, With • e water in her hold ; cargo discharging. Tho Peu b ne o ast, s . Prince Edward's Island to Dublin, cut away during a squall, Sept. 4, and went on shore on lilt tht 4 chat Head ; she has since been got off and towed harbour, and is discharging her cargo. VESSELS SPOKEN WITH. 15 f' The Juno, Cardiff to Quebec, lat. 50 N., long. AO The Condittican (brig), London to San Francis co ' 24, lat. 12 N., long. 25 W. )30 1° The Favourite, Buenos Ayres to Liverpool, Aug' 19 long. 34 W. Ist. 31 54 The Sumatra Ceylon to London, Sept. 12, long. 38 W. I°ll9 The Victoria, for Adelaide, Aug. 15, lat. 5 1 ` 1.) 18 W. The Daniel (barque), from Cork, Aug. 28, lat. '&554 long. 54 W. 03 , 113i ' The Superior (ship), from Londonderry, Aug. 45 The N., long. 50 W 4 3 Golden Era . (barque), dismasted, Aug. O 11'1' P N., long. 34 W. IA 19114 The Annie, of Liverpool, with loss of sails, long. 25 W. SO' lel A barque, showing No. 3,548, steering S. W. , 01 lat. 47 N., ong. 10 W. r e nt. o'' The Naomi (barque), Liverpool to Valparaiso, 0 . lat. The John and Ann, St. John's, Newfoundland , 0 -.Brltt‘ po The Earl Sept. 21. Sel 4 ' 1$ of Hardwicke, London to Madras) lat. 47 N., long. 8 W. ullOf T The Tallentire (brig), Fleetwood to Panama, ' let. 22 S. f idi g tO low , . 40 W. tli° _ Q . n , The No. 8,417, 2d dist. pendant (ship), stan , -- - southward, Sept. 23, lat. 49 N., long. 9 W. 3 4 $1 The Sunda, Liverpool to Bombay, July 4, . I s t " to ng. The Schiedam, Batavia to Liverpool, June 14, law gl S., long. 91 E. S.l l°Dge The Kortenaar, Liverpool to Melbourne, lat. 3 8 57 W. Atig' The J Pieterskr _he Jan Piett._ zoen, Liverpool to Melbourne, lat. 2 N., long. 19 W. The Woodlark, Feb. 19, 360 brls. The Fortune, off French Rock. The Mary Wylie, Liverpool to Sydney, Feb. 2 S., long. 9 W. The Sea Bolle, Boston to Port Philip, April 10. t 3 4 $4 The Jane, Melbourne to California, March I, 15 long. 12. COUNTRY MARKETS. CHELMSFORD—SEPT. 23. old , 0 11 ta Prices to-day were as foll ow :—Wheat, white to 70s Od, new 67s to 74s ; red, o ld 54 s t o 66 5 , Dee% 68s ; barley, 32s to 38s; chev a li er , 36 s t o 44 s ;„ • tt• 25s to 31s ; malt, 58s t o 62 s ; c h eva lier, COs to VP 108 to 25s ; peas, partridge, 38s to 43s ; white, 46°,0;, •'"" boiling 50s to 54s ; dun, new, 38s to 41s ; beans, " q v, to 38s ; Harrow tick s , 33 s t o 39 8; Mazagan, 33s " COLCHESTER —SEPT. 24. Ass 1 8°4 Prices to-thy were as follo w : —Wh ea t, white) -- bey red, 64s to 70s ; barley, 40s to 468 ; oats, 203 to 258 Mazagan, 3Ss to 40s ; middle and small, 42s to 46 s ; white, 50s to 54. s ; grey, 42s to 455. EXETER—SErr. 23. and CATTLE.—Prime beef, lO s Gd p e r s core ; COWS ;rill% 121. lOs to 151. ; butchers' calves, Gd to 6id per lb., 'WO calves OOs to OOs each. Sheep, 6,id to 7d. LaD ll2° ' 74d per lb. Store hogs, Os to Os each. COAL MARKET—SErr. 26. Prices of Coal per ton at the close of the market s. d. Carr's Hartley 90 0 tit 6 Wallseud, . Charlotte 9 0 0 Russell's Hetton ......... Hasting's Hartley 20 0 Framwellgato ........... • 3 Howard's West Hartley Hartlepool .............•••.. ; _ Netherton 19 6 Heugh Hall ........•..... •',Q -• Longridge's Wst Hartleyl9 61K e lloe Portland Hartley l9 0, South Kelloe .............. 0 0 Tanfield Moor Butes 19 6,Cowpeu .... ... . ...... ''l.9 6 Willington Hartley l9 Grey's West ....... Wallsend, &c. Braddyll 22 0± Ship at market...... 1.43 I Sold 724 RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS. LIVERPOOL, SEPT. 26. prel, STOCK EXCrIANGE.—The market opened at an .16:celk inent on Saturday's rates, but closed at to 1 p e ,.; vO r under the opening quotations. The rise in the ,c ° doeP; ket appears to be the cause of flatness in shares. 10; Caledonian, 248 ; Eastern Counties, 11i ; cashire, ; Lancaste r an d Yorkshire, 62i ; JA&sbY' and Carlisle (new Thi r d s h ares ), 104 p. ; Li v erpool , 1 . 00 i) and Southpo r t, 16 ; L on d on an d N or th-Viresterli.a.dios; 100; Manchester, Sheffield, and Lincoln, 19 ; 56i(, ; North Briti s h, 68 ; S ou th-E as t ern and Do v c f 5-16; Lancashire and Yorkshire (161. F. shares), BIRMNGHAM, . 2 °. STOCK EXCHA NGE.— I TM s market SEPT was as had,7rrae r A ~ A n — c i s day, and pri ces i m p rove d i n proportion. Mi".— done at 57, 561, and 56,4, MANCEESTER, SEPT. 26. nig ra STOCK EXCHANGE.—P r i ces h ave s till a dow— c on . ,i ency, and brokers are busy. The sales embrsee...,l ;e, arable variety o f s t oc k s. E as t ern C oun ties, . 1 " As °' Le°" Lancashire, 15g ; Shefield (New Pref.), 1-16 p , 0 91 ; ko West Riding 4f ; L on d on an d N or th-W es tern, chooni, field, North British, .si; Bristol and Exeter, 9 ° 4 . Der • Junction, 11 dis. ; Midl an d, 56 • Caledonian, 2 "1 d 1 . 1" 17f ; London an d N or th-Western' (Eighths)) .J Manchester and Birningham C Quarters, ,yered f r; r : lEEDS, SEPT. 26. STOCK EXCHANGL—Shares have slightly recovolia the depression of Saturday, but there are exce7o 9 1 ; purchasers, except t o c l ose accoun t s . The tran oo4 , py0 0 2,1 morning are as under :—Eastern Union (B) 7 h 'hire Counties, 11a ; ladland Stock, 56k, 56i ; Lane° Yorkshire, 63 ; South-Eastern and Dover, BIRTHS. Or A 80N. 0° On the 24th of June, at Wuze erabad, Punjab, the fi c J. W. Medhurst, Esq., Lieutenant H.M. 10th Votilber t° On the 22d iast., at Sydenham, the wife of G. B Esq. , stillborn. OE A DAUGHTER. ,e t)341 On the 30th of July , at Berham p ore, East in,- oesigth wife of Lier tenan t George Swiney, 7th Regime n ' N.On the 21st jea.,t ld COP' Esq., of 1, Lilly-terrace, She MARRIED. o''a'' On the 23d inst., sat Lindridge, Worcestersbiret i; low r G. Shay, Esq., to Elizabeth, s econ d daughter ot., Sir C. S. Smith, Bart., of Eardiston, Worcesterl,l;;;Xll4,/' On tho 24th inst., at St. James's Church , A . ;1 ., bf Mr. Martin Palmer, of Spring-gardens, to ET' s tree" only child of Mr. P. Henry Fenton of St. Joanef,../.° 1 9 i 1) DIED. on t he J o At her residence, Royal-crescent, Bath , Sir an iust., Lady Palmer Acland, widow of the latt er oet, - Palmer Acland, Bart , formerl of Fairfield, S ° ''' of the Itoyal-crscent, Bath. y r tll3, (I , B i ng hID r On the 22d inst., at Mundesle Rectory, B e an- 1111 of the Rev. Robert Steele, Rector Y of NundesleY Ingham, in the county of Norfolk. ostod °ll.ru P t On the 23d inst. at 1, Rochester - r oad. villas, J ane, the widow of the late James Bnu 6 ero lle ''t Majesty's Ordnance Storekeeper, Fort G eorge, On the 24th inst , at the house of his father, t: t h, AFI Peckham., Gilbert fourth bon of John iler'q) aged 24. ; 01/ 17 - 146 _ DO LONDON : Printed and Published by 00W 0 of No. 112, St ra nd, Printer, at ne , T:11 141 Strand in the Precinct of tho SavopA Aliddlemex, TueglAy, Sep t em ber 27, A*wv stil genera BICoO Under annou to 5 T 1 It G. V.BI previott to take desiror E. T. ~~ The ax -....--- R( The TII &DI 1 : 8, 1., DISsOi and erc LECT The and exp OPen Childrer Portion, except I on Frid, dose at Dr. IA 14 8 o'cli If set vices aid them Mlsing u Probably valuable roent wo re -action Promptly TEO wi "WATER tity of w Peri Priced of water, danger w Messrs. City. mo, With tint above bi; tie effort the maim and Co_ !!reet ; J Isook2elle AA lc bY Which Qu, Ha. Supplies 1%/rll, hotel), has been best appoi Tor HO mission fa enees to p Address sui DIRECT ~./t is reqi alaneheste to be forw, Calais, or tend," TI eontmuniel No Port excepted. Message. Within a ei Message 611Plings Message are now re circus, Pie' Message l ot warded Each ad, Zi n o char Iviessan'e ' 7 „. 4 th d( 11, -- essate! - tessage , 1.10 Cnall pantes' star Each mi Offices :- 7, Clarenc Rew•street 'ay static) TO of 1 Year calls b eauty. T abject is deservee Its applical healthy acl its delicacy Spots, Pim of the Kali Parency of eige will fin cloud of lai and banned tl asticity x stings of in d extensi DOttle. CAt/TioN Of each bot tOn ,fletnists MEDIC. QQMedical7 d p i erativ e n ft eea g d 4 aes. caiDtion 81.7 -he : 44 ' SP rs a , batin, 39 , Dot for ' 4 ". 27 I MESS . 0$ vitt/ THE SUN, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 27, 1853.