The Sun. — London, England, 1853-10-25 00:00:00

is, ty, • r % try. .1 , \ ... - S 7 •7 : :".. ik 7r t V, • •i i ii... ..; -• ......% , . _ ) , 41 ,...,.....__„.__4...d4;L :4 . . ..,, .. . i 1 RAIL 7rA INTELL I' -., . , 7 'N' ,` 4,' .1' _ _. ••••a•Y . ' . . :1 sk `4, 035 • .4 . ,„ 4 # NE'W L'S RAILWAY r g: l 4 .e :l t Vit o - - A,; - 1- '- - . •.--•-•\ tf .T. •-,„...,- ..,‘ ' , '‘,* - . C. , :4, •-)- 0 4* --‘ . f- , : " ..,-, '‘`• •.... •., ' ...-` .-. - )5 „ , ie ." , ......_ ___, A j aii. ~. 1 1L. .. • ,4..„... . /0 ~„ i- \.. .. ~.. . •, z _4‘ . - ", . .t.: ' • ' ‘,... .---' - - i ''' ' -1:---. \ ------ i I ~,,,....• . !' +ko,_ .4„ . 4. ........" 4 1 0 .14 • ~„.,.. ~ r" . ~,... •i,..,-.,, ( ~. i1i,,,,t,t:-- , - ....‹.-, 'I X ..t , i Op .1, 65 ADR '- ...11,, 7.: :; ::: Ikli: : - __...) \,,:::,,,,....,,,,,,, ' ) -.-- ' i-i - 4 6. ,„*A' s it ‘ 1 4,'„. 44 :‘ DIEV I ''',:.-Va.,, 4P AP ', 0.- Ploy I: ' k " - '; -,, itt;- ' -1 - -: \Alik. I . \'''' ' • .......... +WI C.F. BANK OF VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA. The LONDON an 4 WESTMINSTER BANK are prepared to isue at their Head Office is Lothbnry, Letters of Credit, and MIN at 20 days' sight, up , n the Bank of Victoria, Melbourne, I ort Philip, and upon the Branches of that Bank at Geelong and Belfast, at a charge of 2 per Cent. 'OEN , 111r4 BREAKS. East On Saturday a public trial was ma d e on th e Lancashire Railway, between Manchester and Accr3ig° ton, of Newall's patent railway break, intended to re' vent those fearful collisions by which of late years we many lives have been sacrificed. A train fitted with this new breaks left the Salford station at 2 o'clock on Saturday. It consisted of seven carriages and a van, besides the engine and tender, weighing in all between 58 and 60 tons. There were four breaks. The passen gers were mostly practical and scientific men, who had been invited to take part in the experiments for testing the efficiency of the patent, and included officials from the London and North-Western, Lancashire and York shire, and East Lancashire lines, Mr. J. Newall, the patentee, and Mr. Crompton, of Bury. The princired feature of the plan is a long horizontal shaft which passes' over the top of the entire train, from the engine in front to the van at the rear, and is connected with each break, so that it is in the power of any of the railway servants in charge of the train, from the engine-driver himself to the guard behind, to apply in an instant and rim u . l- taneously the whole of the breaks with which a tra ! ii may be furnished. The shaft is about two inches hr diameter, and it is so contrived that it matters not if one carriage be higher than another, or if the train be curved, elongated, or contracted while in motion ; the difference in the height of carriages being provided for by a Lail and-socket joint, bolted through at right angles, two of them being sufficient for each carriage, and the sud den elongations and contractions to which trains are subject in starting or stopping are provided for by a portion of the connexion made of two-inch round iron tubing, having a steel square welded in the end, and a. square bar, five feet long, working longitudinally inside, so that when the engine starts or stops this slide expands or contracts, as the motion of the train may require. If the shackle by w hi c h any o f the carr i ages i n a train are coupled together were to break, leaving the train to be held together by the side chains, the slide referred to is still long enough to be held in the socket. The con nexion between the shafting on the top of the train and the breaks is effected by an upright cylinder at the end of a carriage or van (for th e y may b e attached to either), which contains a spiral spring acting on a cross pin, and worked by a wheel and pinion at the top, between double racks with connecting links to act on the lever. The object of having two upright racks, one only being used at a time, is to enablo the motion to be reversed, should a carriage or train have to go in a contrary direc tion without being turned round ; and this is effected by an eccentric, throwing one rack out and the other in gear. One important feature of the new patent is, that all the breaks are self-acting. They are turned off to enable a train to start by means of a wheel and pi n i on, which wind up th e s pi ra l s pring, and which are held in suspension by a mere catch ; so that in case of danger the catch has only to be slipped (and when the catch for one break is slipped, by a slight motion of the wheel the catches on all the others slip also) and the whole of the other breaks on the train instantly apply themselves. The trial train having started, it was first pulled up on a level run at the Ringley-road station, six miles from Manche s t er . Th e train had been going, about 20 miles per hour, and a drizzling rain had fallen, making the rails very slipp ery. T he notice of the first trial was given suddenly by the crack of a couple of fog signals, previously placed on th e ra i ls. A moment or two were lost before the breaks were let slip. The speed of the train for 20 or 30 yards seemed scarcely check e d, and then decreased sensibly, but with ou t t h e slightest shock to the passengers. A guard got out and measured the distance back from the engine to the exploded fog sig. nals, and found it to be 80 yards. The hold of the breaks on the train was now such that the engine had not power to move the train until they were lifted off. The second experiment was at the Bury station, and the third at Ratnsbottom, where the train was brought to a stand in from 40 to 50 yards, and as at Ringley, without the engine having to be reversed. The next trial was at Helmshore, up a gradient, and the application of the break was very effective. The great experiments of the day were reserved for the descent into Accrington. The Accrington bank, as it is called, is a descent of nearly two miles, a considerable portion being gradients of one in 37 and one in 40. The train was allowed to attain great speed down this bank. Hitherto no train was allowed to get beyond a speed of 10 to 15 miles per hour, in case it would not be possible to check it without running through the station at the bottom. On the present occasion the train had gained a speed of 35 miles per hour, when the guard thought it prudent to apply a slight check. The next moment the wheels of the engine passed over three or four fog signals, which were notices to apply the breaks, and, this being done, the train was brought to a stand in 228 yards. By the ordinary system the train could not have been stopped before reaching the station, it was said, half a mile further. Several experiments were made with one, two, three, and four breaks on at a time, and subsequently the train was taken back for the experiments to be repeated. The main test after wards was upon a gradient of 1 in 38, and the train was allowed to attain a speed (as nearly as could be ascer tained) of 40 miles per hour. The distance in which it was brought to a stand was measured, and found to be 380 yards. The patentee, after watching these experi ments, was of opinion that some slight improvement might be made in the apparatus, as regarded the weights for turning on the break. J. W. GILBART, General Manager. Vic• Ger- L ONDON AND SOUTH-WESTERN RAILWAY. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That a SPECIAL GENERAL 'MEETING of the PROPRIETORS of the LONDON and so - I_7'll'- 11 ESTERS RAILWAY COMPANY will he held at the HAWN STONE-DALL, No 61, Waterloo-road, Lambeth, on TUESDAY, the 15th day of November, 1853, at Twelve o'clock at Noon precisely, for the purpose of considering and deciding upon the proceedings to he, adopted by the Company with reference to the proposed exten sion of the Railway from Dorchester, including the provision of the necessary to be subscribed for the same, and of authorising th necessary measures for carrying the determination of the Meet log into effect. N , ticc is ~IF, 'Hereby CI ven, that Bin Booka of the Company for the Tiansfer of :,toet, and Shins will he Closed on TUESDAY, the lot Uhy of Noyeailicr, awl remain closed until TUESDAY, the 15th day of .ovember, 1853. both drys incluAve. By order of the Board of Directors. L. CROMBIE, Secretary. York-road Offices, 24th October, 1853, LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 25, 1853. ; He ItT, halt, ;al; No. 19,058.] i NNE SD. Wal si; ; AL de 'a ; N op Just published, price One Shilling, SHE RESULTS of the CENSUS of GREAT BRITAIN in 1851; with a description of the Machinery and Processes employed to obtain the Returns. By EDWARD CHESHIRE, Fellow of the StatiAical Society, and one of the Secretaries of the Statistical Section of the British Association. London: John W. Parker and Sons, 445, West Strand. THE TURKISH BUDGET OF 1850. taken to establish this budget upon a firm and regular basis ? These measures are indicated by the nature of the obstacles which it is the question to overcome, and which it remains for us to enumerate. of Turkey is based upon treaties concluded with the European powers. In 1838 the Porte negotiated simul taneously with France and England a treaty of com merce, which England first, and France shortly after wards, signed with the Sultan. According to this treaty, merchandise imported into Turkey pays an import duty of 5 per cent., which is divided thus— 3 per cent. for the import duty, properly so called, and 2 per cent. supple mentary duty on leaving the Custom-house, in replace ment of ancient traffic dues in the interior. Merchan dise, the produce of the soil or the industry of the Otto man empire, pays an export duty of 12 per cent.-9 per cent. upon its arrival at the place where it is to be embarked, and 3 per cent. upon embarkment. This duty of 12 per cent. replaces many duties, which incessantly varied, to which merchandise was subject when mono poly absolutely prohibited sale and importation. To lay a duty of 12 per cent. upon the export of native pro ducts when the importation of foreign merchandise is only subject to a duty of five per cent., may appear to some minds a ruinous absurdity. The arrangement, in fact, seems contrary to the principles which regulate the customary relations of industrious and commercial countries. But, independently of the political interests which made it the duty of Turkey to sign this treaty, two fundamental circumstances justified it in the eyes of the Sultan. An agricultural power, he imposed nothing upon the land ; he might then, and ought to, impose a duty upon its products. From this point of view the organisation of the Customs is the least pre pared for criticism, and it is the least susceptible in it self of improvements profitable to the Treasury. The Turkish Government may at once draw from it a very superior revenue to that which it now receives. In what manner ? Not by endeavouring to modify its commercial conventions with foreign powers, but by encouraging production and circulation at the same time within the bosom of the empire. Who can doubt that upon this territory, at once so vast and so fertile, agriculture could not do wonders, if with practicable means of communication for conveyances between all the great cities, and in the neighbourhood of the sea ? On the other band, the same advantages of transport, more rapid and less costly, having for its purpose to bring nearer to the doors of its population foreign com merce and manufactures, imports as well as exports, would receive new encouragement and fresh develop ment. This is the only means of augmenting the Cus toms revenue, and a reform of this kind, would, with out any doubt, give the most happy impulse to the for tunes of private individuals as well as to those of the State. send to Europe the return in paper for the merchandise furnished by contraband to Persia, to the neighbouring ' states, and to Russia. The commerce of Odessa and of all Southern Russia, profiting by this exaggerated value of foreign money in Turkey, then uses the Bank of Con stantinople to send funds to Europe, speculations are organised to buy piastres with carboranz, and to de mand, piastres in hand, Bank bills. It is thus that the drafts of this bank have risen lately to the annual sum of more than 400,000,000 piastres. The exports of Turkey, without doubt, procure for it the values with which it covers its correspondents in London ; but these values are far from being sufficient, although it may be that in good years the exports balance the imports. We comprehend the causes of this insufficiency. The amount of the drafts which the Turkish Government ought to furnish to commerce, in the place of being only the dif ference between the imports and exports of Turkey, is augmented by all that which Persia and part of Russia owe to the merchants of the west. The Bank of Con stantinople is then for some time obliged to cover its correspondents by sending the coin which it possesses, and this accounts for the disappearance of all the new gold and silver money. In 1848, a year otherwise de plorable for the commerce of all Europe, the loss was 14,000,000 piastres. This is an intolerable situation, which weighs heavily upon the budget, and of all the vices of the financial system of Turkey it is that which requires the most energetic and prompt remedies. Let us hasten to say that the Divan is under no illusions in this respect, and that a reform in the coinage more radical than the preceding is at present within its con templation. The only reproach it will incur will be that it is too late. c epi f n, Ann, St Lavinia, ,odward, terclain ; , Rotter- Havre ; The following will be found interesting at this moment, as it is the last account, so far as we are aware, of the condition of the Turkish finances : [FROM THE REVUE DES DEUX BLONDES OF 1850.] Among these obstacles we must reckon in the first rank the existence of the Vakoufs. They call by this name all the property consecrated to the mosques and religious foundations, whether they have proceeded from pious legacies or have been confided to the admi nistrators of the mosques by virtue of a convention. Free property takes the name of mu/k. It is well known that the desire to contribute to the support of the mosques has not been the sole motive for these dona tions, of these f►ithful stewards. The real end of the proprietor has most often been to ensure one portion of his fortune against the caprices of tyranny. The chances of the reversion to the profit of the mosque, and the annual rent which the depositor pays to it, are not considered too high a premium, when the question is how to avoid either a confiscation or a forced sale at the suit of impatient creditors. What ever be the reason which may have determined pro prietors to put their lands into the hands of the admini stration off,the Vakoufs, this administtation is the nomi nal proprietor of three-fourths of the real property in the Turkish empire. Nevertheless, the annual revenue of the administration of Vakoufs is not valued at more than 20,000,000 piastres. There is one fact still more strange— the budget of the State is obliged to furnish 12,500,000 piastres for the support of mosques and charitable establishments. This apparent contradiction is explained by the small rent stipulated at the begin ning in money of which the name has not changed, but which has twenty times its value now ; by the frauds common in the declaration of prices at sales ; by pre cautions taken to avoid the case of remainder ; and, lastly, by concessions made to relations for the redemp tion of titles where cases of remainder are presented. Without changing the system, it is (evident that some well-devised measures might produce great benefit to the Treasury ; but results much more important would be obtained if they were able to disinterest the mosques, and to give to the actual tenants new titles, which would render them real proprietors. This Leform is generally desired. There is nobody who, in ordc to re-enter upon the full property of his real estate thuii engaged, would not give willingly a right of mutation; and consent fur ther to pay annually to the Treasury fifty times the value of the rent now due to the mosques, so true is it that property in Turkey no longer fears a return either of spoliation or violence. It has been calculated that, by increasing to 50,000,000 piastres the sum which the state would allow the mosques in exchange for the 32,000,000 which they now receive, and without taxing the income derived from real property at more than five per cent., the Treasury would realise a benefit of more than 60,000,000 piastres. From this single result we may obtain an idea of the influence which this reform would have in the end. Being made general, it would embrace all properties, till at last it would become the natural principle of a land tax, and would give security to the finances of the empire. Turkey has entered into a period of calmness and peace, Sixth Edition, price 18s. cloth. DICTIONARY OF DATES, AND UNIVER SAL REFERENCE. By JO-EMI 'HAYDN. " A volume containing upwards of 15,000 articles, and perhaps more than 15 times 15,000 facts. What the London Directory is to the merchant, this Dictionary of I)ates will be mend to he to those who are searching afer information, whether classical, political, domestic, or general."—Times. Edward Moxon, rover-street. which would perhaps have been remarkable at any time when the attention of Europe had been perfectly free. If we except the movement in Moldo-Wallachia, which is a country absolutely western in ideas, nothing has occurred for the last two years in the Ottoman empire which at all resembles the agitations just now so fre ' quent elsewhere ; for it is impossible to regard as serious the troubles so promptly repressed, which for a moment disturbed Bosnia and Bulgaria. The Turkish empire is at peace just at a time when formidable insurrections are staining neighbouring countries with blood. The only grave difficulties which it has had to endure came to it from without, but, by the policy which it owes to the energy as well as to the prudence of the men who govern it, it passed through them happily. The Divan may, therefore, now freely pursue the work of progress with _ _ ned, wat Teida, Important FREEHOLD PROPERTY, with immediate possession, i n the Centre of the City of London, having an extensive and Minos' lug front3g... -lIESSRS. PAGE and CAMERON are instruct ed t SELL by AUCTION, at the MARI', on THURSDAY, October 27, at Twelve (unless previously disi , osed of by private treaty), a Valuab'e FREEHOLD ESTATE. It consists of a DWEL LING ruy7sE and IRO SHOPS, most eligilAy situate, and being O. 26, Poultry, adjoining The King's Head Tavern, one of the most prominent and central positions in the City of London. The Premises are undeniably placed, have en extensive and imposing frontage, and fl:ina their proximity to the Bank of Englmd, India House, Royal I, xchange, and other mercantile public buildings, are admirably adapted for is Bank, Insurance Office, or any public institution w here a commanding situation a d publicity ate required in this wealthy neighbourhood. The property may be viewed upon application to the Auctioneers, and particula,s and conditions of sale obtained of Res , rs. Atkins and Andrew, solicitors, White Hart-court, Lombard street ; and of Messrs. Page and Cameron, land agents and surveyors. 30, Bucklersbury and St. Albans. me in ry arri\ rei I THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXVI., is Published This Pay. %t. 37 I• 1 CONTENTS: - I. The Institute of France. 11. Murder of Thomas A'Becket. 111. The Dauphin in the Temple. IV. The Holy Places. V. Diary of Casaubon. VI. Electro-Biology, Mesmerism, and Table•turning. VII. Life of Haydon. John Murray, Albemarle.street. at. . :Lla y ip' ' ,nE 10 th, lat. .at. 49 1.1 R OYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION. PATRON—II.R.H. PRINCE ALBERT. LAST WEEK of the SECOND PART of an HISTORICAL LEC TURE on "THE THAMES," from its Source to its Estuary, by GEORGE BUCKLAND, Esq., assisted by Miss Blanche Younge, with =NEW SONGS and NEW DISsOLVING SCENERY, on Tuesdays and Fridays at four o'clock, and every Evening except Saturday at 1 , inc. LECTIIRES.—By J. H. Pepper, Esq.: On PHOTOGRAPHY, with Illustrations, Mornings and Evenings. By Pr. Bachhoffner : On ELECTRO-GILDING and SILVERING. The LANCASHIRE SEWING MACHINE and BATE'S DI 'TOYED FIRE ESCAPE exhibited in Use and explained Daily. Open Mornings and Evenings. Admission, Is.; Schools, and Children under Ten years of age Half-price. Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 5 s , by post fr ee Gs. THE PATHOLOGY and RATIONAL TREAT MENT of STRICTURE of the URETHRA, in all it. Varie ties and Complications. With Practical Observations on the Use and Abuse of Urethral Instruments. The whole illustrated by numerous cases, showing that this disease may be successfully treated by means at once simple and safe, even in its most inveterate and apparently intractable forms. By F. B. COURTENAY, M R.C.S.E. "We believe Mr. Courtenay's experience in the treatment of stricture during the last 20 years has equalled, if indeed it has not surpassed, that of any of his contemporaries, and we know of no man to whose care we would with greater confidence entrust the treatment of a severe case of stricture of the urethra."—Medical Circular, Ju'y 27, 1853. H. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street. which the prosperity of the empire is identified. If the Ottoman race have not hitherto manifested that impatience for improvement which distinguishes the other people of Europe, and the Latin races principally, they have not been curbed so much as may be thought under the yoke of a blind fatality, expecting benefits from the caprices of time and chance. They have per fectly comprehended the conditions of political existence. They have begun to feel that God has devoted man to effort, and that life henceforth is the price of labour, just as in the times of conquest it was the price of courage. The instinct of command has- never been wanting in the Osmanlis. But they have very rarely been permitted to acquire the taste and the science of administration ; and it was not an ordinary enterprise to destroy, among a people accustomed to live under the tent, their native repugnance for the work of the econo mist and the administrator. One of the principal ob jects of the charter of Gulhane was, it is known, to re form the old Turkish Administration, and to create a new one, in which the experience acquired by modern nations might accord with the peculiar genius of the people of the East. This object, we may be sure, was not attained without difficulty, if we remem ber the exhaustion of the State, the ignorance of the greater part of the functionaries, and the ill-will of the majority of the Pachas, who felt their in dependence menaced. The reform is still far from being finished. It was in the nature of things that it should proceed slowly ; it has, however, progressed year by year, the Turks are fond of saying, and we ought to do them the justice of acknowledging it. The charter of Gulhane dates from 1839 ; and since 1844 the work of centralization begun under that charter has borne its first fruits. The army and the navy have received a regular organization ; the post-office has been put into operation along the principal lines of communication ; lines of steam-packets have begun to unite the different ports of the empire ; useful results have sanctioned the adoption of the new system of quarantine ; the Medical School of Galata-Serai, and the military schools, have fulfilled the promises which they held forth ; and lastly, manners have been sensibly influenced by the conciliatory principles which animate the Government. Prodigiously irritated, lately, against the Christians by the crusade of 1827, attempted under the name of Christianity, the dis position of the people appeared at first to be opposed to the sentiments of tolerance with which the Government wished to 'inspire them ; but they have yielded to the councils of a policy attentive to respect every form of worship. They have ceased to inflict capital punish ment upon those who abandon Islamism in order to em brace some other faith ; the exactions and the arbitrary conduct formerly practised upon Christians have ceased by degrees in the neighbouring provinces of Constanti nople ; and, at last, without renouncing their position as the governing race, the Turks have admitted Christians to undertake, with them, a certain number of public functions, like, in this respect, those aristocracies which know how to open their ranks to merit. 14th, It 't' long. 9 I ,1 a, Oct. 3 N., lot I g i . Liverpo °" Janei LAURENT'S CASINO, ARGYLL Rooms, (Lessee, Cues. C. LAURENT, Onslow-hous2, Fulham-road). The above Rooms are now OPEN FOR THE SEASON, and will continue oven every evening, with LAURENT'S CELEBRATED BAND. Admission, is. Doors open at half-past 8 ; Dancing to commence at 9 o'clock, and terminate at half-past 11. rice/ ux r 0 ATKINSON and COMPANY, CABINET MANUFACTURERS, UPHOLSTERERS, and CARPET WAREHOUSEMEN. 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, and 75, Westminster bridge-road, Lambeth, London. B oa r 7 ' 4 I 554 0 0 : 1 54s ,96 soi" 604 c 1 sot l 161 soi d ~., 29 so , 3-1: tths 5-11 ;ths 5-11 ;tbs 4-1: :ths a I ,t ct ATKINSON and COMPANY, DRAPERS, SILK ME 110ERS, LAC EME'S, &c., 69, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, an d 7 5, Westminster-bridge-road, Lambeth, London.—Shawls, Furs, Mantles, Family Mourning, &c. FINE OLD WHISKY FOR ENGLAND.- The Subscriber has the largest Stock of OLD HIGHLAND WHISKY ever offered for sale in the North of Scotland, and which he delivers at the Wharf in London for 16s. Gd. per Gallon, 11 O. P., in Casks of 20 Gallons and upwards. The Whisky is now wily matured, rnd fit for immediate use. rro LOVERS of FISH.-100 REAL YAR MOUTH BLOATERS for 6s , package included. The above f orwarded to al' parts on receipt of penny postage stamps, or Post '3fnee order (preferred), for the amount . — Address , THOMAS 4, ETTIS, Jun., Fish Curer, Great Yarmouth. WM. MACKINTOSII. The Duty-free Warehouse, Inverness, 3d Oct., 1853. LONG EVENINGS MADE SHORT. , ECHI'S famous BAGATELLE TABLES, manufacturedupen the Premises, 4, Leadenhall-street,Londot make long evenings appear short, and combine calculation with amuse ment, price 31. 10s., 41. 10s., 51. 10s., up ,to 12/. Sold also by his Agents, Spiers and Son, Oxford; Powell, the Lounge, Leeds ; Easte% Liverpool ; Woolfleld, Glasgow ; Thompson, Nottingham ; Stephen son, Hull ; Squlers, Dover ; Steel and Rix, Norwich. None are genuine without Mechi's name. 21 ). , .% • 0' • "s 30s Xi ~ - 9 vs. G R A VESEND PACKETS. STAR Ito other Packets call at the Grays, Greenhithe, The Packets call at the Piers as underlined (w FROM TERRACE PIER, GRAVE and Purrleet Piers. enther permitting' :SEND. WEER DAYS. Terrac e Fier. -5: fIcDAYS, ~`...). z 2 a .. Zi r= , T HE LONDON INDISPUTABLE LIFE POLICY COMPANY, 72, Lombarthstreet. ni, to %® 1, 4 )1.1)s 1 3° , W t % rl, t ()(1 Ito 00$ (I p « b ° ;•i,"' Be ,1 •iv: -,, 6 ( .to ~! Odt DOs„ . q! 4w •0 8 10d to ir, 's 6J a#o, 1 alrkt; ;0 t ; • P O L • Dd to Di ',7, 0 ; lerial • Time. TRUSTEES. J. Campbell Renton, Esq. Richard Spooner, Esq., M.P. Richard Malin4, Esq., Q.C., M I .P. James Fuller Maddox, Esq. 714 *tBl4 f9l/ 2 11 1 / 2 31 2 5 William Wilberforce, Esq. DIRECTORS. William Adams, Esq., Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square. John Atkins, Esq., White Hart-court, Lombard-street. Henry Augustus Bevan, Esq., John-street, America-square. John nangerfleld, Esq., Craven-street. Strand. R. Henry Forman, Esq., Ordnance, Pall-Mall. John Hamilton, Esq., Alfred-place, Thurlow-square. John Matthews, Esq., Arthur-street West, City. C. Octavins Parnell, Esq., Norfolk-street, Park-lane. William Williams, Esq., Rood-lane, Fenchurch-street. Direct Trains from the Boats marked t Omnibuses from Fenchurch-street Station to all parts of London every quarter of an hour. BRUNSWICK WHARF, BLACKWALL, on the arrival of the fol- PADDINGTON LOCAL BOARD. 24, Connaught-terrace, Edgware•road. The Rev. James Shergold Boone, A.M., Stanhope-street, Hyde-park. Captain Creed, Bedford-square. and St. Albans. Roger Gadsden, Esq., Maida-hill West, and Bedford-row. Charles Pemberton, Esq., Eastbourne-terrace, Hyde-park, and Lin- lowing Trains from the Fenchurch-street Station. WEEK DAYS. SUNDAYS. 'church l ; en 54 0 i $ '5 .....4 -"5 -4 ,,t' church F en .4 0 . ,i 1 E l " 1 ... i.. i Street. 4 6 . al 5 ro Street. Z$ p al 0 . - e G ' ll .. - i 4 --• -• a = ..........._ _ - - • ---- --- -- 10 3 / 11 -- —* 4 1.4 '''. 3 -- 5 q 5 _... . _ . coin's-inn-fields. George Y. Robson, Esq., Eastbourne-terrace, Ilyde-park, and New- sqaare, Lincoln's-Inn. W. H. Trinder, Esq., John-street, Bedford-row. SECRETARY— Chas. Iloghton, Esq. The policies of this Company being indisputable, form FAMILY PROVISIONS and NEGOTIABLE SECURITIES, for their validity is not Dependent. as in the case of ordinary policies, upon the import of previous reports and other documents. ALEX. ROBERTSON, Manager. all day, ~ ,, i l4 7i ; lonian, 60; Vestorn, Yorkal O doo p. ; Loa 0 011 heffiekl,l, 6 YorksWi p ot antu.re UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY. Established by Act of Parliament in 1834. 8, Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Renton William Campbell, Esq., of Passages marked . are Ln direct. Fore Cabin. Saloon. To or from Gravesend and L0nd0n.......... 10d. .. Is. 2d. „ Gravesend and Blackwall or Woolwich Bd. .. Os. 10d. Between Gravesend and Intermediate Piers.. 6d. .. Os. Bd. BOAT TICKETS.—TweIve Months, 5.. Os. ; Six Months, 3/. Os.; Three Months, 2?. Os. ; to be had of the Collectors on board the Packets ; or of Mr. Monk, Terrace Pier, Gravesend. Oct. 10th. 1853. Earl of Courtown Earl Leven and Melville Earl of Norbury Viscount Falkland 'cr.:Bed b 9 ,t ; re was 01 ; La 1 r rtli ) stor ,f' ter an B )Id, an (IV' rath E last' 7,(w.0r. .0A 1, T. tiItAIIA NI, Esq., F.S.A., Chairman. CHARLES DOWNES, Esq., Deputy Chairman. H. Blair Avarne, Esq. J. G. Henriques, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., Resident. A. 11. Macdougall, Esq. Charles Berwick Curtis, Esq. F. C. Maitland, Esq William Fairlic, Esq. William Railton, Esq. D. Q. Henriques, Esq. Thomas Thorby, Esq., F.S.A. 10ZEAU'S COPAHINE-MEGE, or Saccharatt, C PSITLES, approved by the French College of Physicians, and su ccessfully adniinistered in the Paris and London Hospitals, and 'A c knowledged by them to be the best remedy for the cure of ,norrolicea, Gleet, and Lencorrheeal Discharges, on an average of ,o day s (see Lancet "of 6th Nov., 1852, an extract from which g i ll be forwarded immediately on application).—Prepared and sold G. Jo eau, sole French chemist, 49, Haymarket, London; and ? ze ati, Phannacien, 161, nue Montmartre, Paris ; at Liverpoo l, M. ft aY and Abraham, chemists, Bold-street; and the principal cheini4s of France, England, and the Colonies. Price of bottle of I M capsules 4s 6d •50 24. with th e , m, • • xae of Gabriel Jozeau do., printed 9d., thereondireetions, and stamp with. SECOND EDITION.-WITH ADDITIONS. Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 55., by post free, ss. Gd. ON- & ... _ TRUE FALSE . SPERMATORRHcEA, with the View to the Correction of wide-spread Errors in relation to the Treatmeiat and Cure of Sufferers from Debility of the 4enerative System, or Sexual Hypochondriasis. ~ _ Translated from the German of Dr. PICKFORD . r. ickford known to English readers by his frequent practi cal contributions to German medical literature. This is the first Ole, he informs us, that he has addressed himself to the non-medi cal reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shall detect any Other equally flagrant evil which it may be in his sower to correct." — ,London Medical Gazette, May 30, 1851. The tribe of Quiet Syma ‘atsers,' and Medical Friends,'are mercilessly exposed ; and if this book Could find its way into the hands of those who saffer from the com tlalnt of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would ) e saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize— nth money ...This volume is well qualified to put an end to the empirical system of treating Spermatorrhcea, and to place the treat rut upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore, treat rut to do much cood."—Medical Circular, June 16. 1852. London: 11. Balliere, 219, Regent-street. kEDICAL ADVICE ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH AND MATURITY. b it. SAMUEL LA'MERT, 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON, boctor of Medicine, and Matriculated Member of the University of Edinburgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical AlSociety, Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall , Londo n, &c. , &c. AY be consulted, personally, or by letter, on the various disorders of the nervous and generative system, ~- w illting from juvenile irregularities and excesses, which have pro need more misery in youth, degradation in manhood, and prema ttire decay at all stages of life, than perhaps any other class of dis .2Oses known to modern pathologists. Long and practical experience ' 4 the treatment of these diseases has proved that there are in exist ence secret causes of self-acquired miseries and disappointed hopes in t - Xistence, traceable to certain pernicious habits, to which Nervous D ebility, various forms of Insanity, Unhappy and Unfruitful Marri ages, Impotency, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and their %Mess modifications owe their almost entire origin. It is absolutely necessary that all men should know that there are r t inciples of personal management which cannot be violated without 2,seurring grievous penalties, and when wisdom and regret succeed `nu heyday of inconsiderate self-indulgence, how these penalties may be mitigated, how the sting of their bitterness may be removed, and how the evil and its con , equeac es may be avoided, and above all, t hat there is scarcely any degree of physical infirmity or functional aerangement to which the timely aid of science cannot apply a cure DOCTOR LA'MERT has for a long series of years been engaged `iu an extensive practice in the treatment of these delicate com- Plaints, and is the only legally qualified Tnysician who, regardless of the t aun t s an d env y o f th e hypocritical and mock-modest, has had the confidence, through the medium of the public press, to direct attention to these enormous evils, from which no grade of society is free. In selecting this department of practice, 'ha has been amply r ewarded by the great success that has attended his efforts in the tr eatment of these cases, which are too generally confided to the wire of unqualified and ignorant empirics, who, with their pirated Publications, assumed foreign names and titles, and pretended virtues e jtheir atent nostrums, have inflicted serious injury on those who "eve been induced to place faith in their pretensions. At home for consultation daily from Eleven till Two, and from S ix till Eight. All letters mast contain the fee of 11., and advice and medicines can he forwarded to any initials or address. It 13 desirable that patients wishing to consult Dr. LA'MERT hould first obtain a copy of his work on SELF-PRESERVATION. A. Medical Treatise on the Philosophy of Marriage and Nervous and G enerative Debility, illustrated by fifty-coloured engravings, and des cribing in detail the various disorders resulting from secret habits and e ,s eesse s- The perusal of this treatise will assist in the correct Ption of their cases, and may be had, price 2s 6d, in English, "eh, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, or Ger man, of Messrs. Piper Others and Co. 23, Paternoster - row; Hannay, 6 3 , Oxford - stree t ; /la n; 39, Cornhill ; Storie. Titchborne-street, Haymarket; or free for forty-two stamps, to any address CioM the Author's rest ' lIILDIVILD-13QUAILL Low Doer. °N . TUE SECRET CAUSES OF SELF-ACQUIRED MISERIES AND DISAPPOINTED HOPES. THE SILENT FRIEND. In Six Languages—Fiftieth Edition. m CONTAINING TUE REMEDY FOR PREVENTION OF DISEASE . _ '" Al strated by One Hundred Anatomical Coloured Engravings and Cases. li eW Edition, enlarged to 200 pages, price 2s. 6d., by post. from the Establishment, 3s. 6d. in stamps, HE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on the exhaustion and physical decay of the system, produced by exce ssive indulgence, the consequences of infection, or the abuse of mercury, with directions for the use of the preventive lotion, fol- Owed by observations on Marriage, and the disqualifications which tent it. Illustrated by 100 Coloured Engravings. By R. and L. 'RRY and CO.. C onsu lti ng Surgeons, 19, Berners-street, Oxford street, London. Published by Sherwood and Co. 23, Paternoster 12°1r, and sold b y H annay, 63, and S anger , 150, Ox ford-street; Gor ,?a, 146 Leadenhall-street ; 95, Farringdon-street ; W. Sutton, 10 , '°`" Church-yard ; B u tl er , 4, Cheapside ; R. Johnson, 68, Cornhill. PAST L treats of the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive organs, and is illustrated by 28 Coloured Engravings. PAST 11 , treats of the consequences resulting from excessive in dulgence, and th e i r l amenta b le e ff ec t s on th e system, producing me ntal and bodily wea k ness, nervous excitement, and generative incapacity. Illustrated by 10 Explanator) Engravings. PART 111. tr ea t s o f the d i seases res u lt i ng from i n f ec tion, either In them Primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for , en. t reatment. This section is illustrated by 62 Coloured Engrav 'ngs. PAUT IV. contains a Remedy for the Prevention of Disease by a simple application, by which the danger of infection is obviated. ~,,e , , t aT V. is devoted to the consideration of marriage and its duties. 11 4Q ubje causes of unproductive union are also considered, and the whole o e atin g _2t critically and philosophically inquired into. 1 ., LIE COItDIAL BAIAI OF SYRIACUM is exclusively employed g nervous and sexual debilityampotence, gec.,lls. and 335. syPer bottle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic etlY' fo reedy, to r Purifying the blood in cases or infection, secondary bottle 11 3, eruptions, and the abuse of me r cu ry, 11s. and 335. per Per n o . Fer Purifying Specific Pills, 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 11s. certain remedy for gonorrhcea. gleet, stricture, and i.`"11; inflammation of the bladder. Consultation fee, if by letter, .nrninute detail of the case is required : age, habits, and posi tion society. 51. Packets, with advice, to be had at the Establish ' rq. 'n e L o nly. by which the fee, 11., is saved. Messrs. Perry, Surgeons, uit attendance, daily, at 19, Berners-street, Oxford-street, Lon- Ei e Eleven till Two. and Five to Eight; on Suaday from tO Ono. is flaik ° 1 icashi p 3 r dh th St: ti ).° ~iness t, 1 day s a A' Midla - - df or a and P.- 066 ral Foal .0 w 6 ' l Ef 0 :06 10 L 19' N tor. G ,p o p N try a a. 0, n 011. 6 6 No 0c , :., I'6 Nov Oct, 4" Oct. 16 9 ` I Nov • Oct. 2° Oct. 2° ilf CIO; je" rvir.?„ Oct., '4" Nov; Taal .r Nov; Won 16 Nov;• , Oct. 9' Nov, 1 Oct 21111 resat )ct. 2 6 Nur. 16 *or, 13 lOct-J 9 let. 1 6 Nov, Jct. 1: Nov, ; A y; 11"nc 'err Oct. 0 Oct. 1 6 Nov". Oct. 1?" Oct. 2 9 Oct. 0 Nov. I al \Toy' I l l t ' sails "i le I] dill ` t t i e pat , .I,c' =.!!! au-sqll s. i* Lore,,, 1' " vaxl, lII°. r the rvesil ,S 130gej;!: 1135 1 . v. o f ug hter , -lodge, 1P• ,scistil it* w , of til W on t° o ticlite r °- tY' r o ° ll s.t .31ftst ,r tbe L.c r f , of the 0 175 q; No. o f t MEDICAL Arthur H. Hassan, Esq., ➢f.D., The bonus added to policies Doceinbe*, 1847,1 s as follows : Sum knsured.: Time Assured £5OOO 13 years 10 mths l £683 6 8 £787 10 0 ; *lOOO 7 years i •• • • 157 10 0 500 1 year 11 5 0 * EXAMPLE.—At the commencement of the year 1841 a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1,0001., the Annual Payment for which is 241. Is. Bd.; in 1847 he had paid in Premiums 1681. 1 ls. Bd. ; but the profits being 2 per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 221. 10s. per annum for each 1,0001.), he had 1571. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the Premiums paid. The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only one-half need be paid for the first five years when the In itirance is for Life. Policy stamps paid by the Comp any. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident 4 greeter. T)AINS in the BACK, GRAVEL, LIJMBAGO, RHEUMATISM, GOUT, INDIGESTION, FLATULENCY, NERVOUSNESS, DEBILITY, &c.—Dr. DE BOOS' COMPOUND RENAL PILLS, as their name Renal (or the Kidneys) indicates, are a most safe and efficacious remedy for the above dangerous com plaints, discharges of any kind, retention of the urine, and diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and urinary organs generally. For depression of spirits, incapacity for society, study, or business, confusion, giddi ness, drowsiness, nervousness, and insanity itself, when arising from or comb'ned with urinary diseases, they are unequalled. Price Is. lid , 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., lls., and 335. per Box, through all Medicine Vendors, or sent (free) on receipt of the amount in postage stamps, by Dr. De Roos, 35, Ely-place, Holborn, London. At home for con sultation daily from II till 1, and 5 till 8, Sunday excepted. Advice and Medicines, 11. SIR WILLIAM BIJRNETT'S DISINFECTING FLUID.—The best Concentrated " CHLORIDE OF ZINC."— Great Reduction of Price.—The merits of this Fluid, invented by Sir W. Burnett, M.D. F.R S., &c., &c., for the Disinfection of Sick Pooms, Clothing, Linen, &c.; the prevention of Contagion; the preservation of Animal Matter from Putrescence; the purification of Bilgewater, Cesspools, Drains, Water Closets, &c., are now so well known to the public as to render comment unnecessary. Sold at the Office, IS, Cannon-street, City, London, and by Che mists, Shipping Agents, and others throughout the United Kingdom, in Imperial Quart Bottles at 2s. 6d. ; in Pints at Is. 3d. ; in Half. Pints at 9d. ; and ix bulk at 6s. per Gallon. CAUTION.—BEWARE OF IMITATIONS.—The only genuine Disinfecting Fluid is sealed over the cork with the inscription, " Sir Wm. Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid," and accompanied with nume rous Testimonials of the highest order, and instructions for its nse. OFFICER. 8, Bennett-street, St. James's. 'rom March, 1834, to the 31st ,Sum addedto Sum payabl ,PolicyinlB4B at Death. 46470 16 8 1157 10 0 511 5 0 Sum addedto PolicyinlB4l WARLIKE APPEARANCES. It is rather difficult to say what powers will be brought against Russia, how France and England may interfere for the pre servation of the Turkish Government or whether the United Powers will succeed by open warfare or favourable negociation ; let this be as it may, it is certain that the WINTER OVERCOATS manu `actured by E. MOSES and SON will be victorious in every conflict with Storms, Rain, and Cold, the United Forces of First-rate Mate rials, Matchless Styles, Inimitable Workmanship, and Prices more Economical than those of any other House in the World, are sure to retain and further extend the fame and celebrity of E, Moms and Sow. Every member of society, all classes and professions, should in spect the unparalleled novelties for the WINTER SEASON, presented by E. MOSES and SON, they comprise numberless New Styles of Dress, displaying fashion and neatness, and associating comfort and economy. The Hosiery, Fur, Rat, Cap, Boot and Shoe departments are com plete exhibitions of Mmnitlcence, Elegance, and Utility, combining every recent improvement and the Newest Articles of Attire for Ladies, Gentlemen, and Children. The Wholesale Department at the Establishment of E. MOSES and SON is the largest depot in the world, the Goods are all the most select, and suitable for the colonies or the home trade; in Price and Quality they offer advantages to Merchants, Captains, and Emigrants, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. Full Lists of Outfits for Ladies and Gentlemen, with ship-sailing information, may be had on application, or post-free. CAUTION.—E. MOSES and SON regret having to guard the public against imposition, having learned that the untradesman-like falsehood of " Being connected with their Establishment," or " It's the same concern," has been resorted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons, they beg to state that they have No CONNEXION WITH ANT OTHER HOUSE IN OR OUT OF LONDON, except their own Establishments, as follows : London City Establishment, 154, 155, 156, and 157, Minories, 83, 44,85, and 86, Aldgate, opposite the Church, all communicating. L o ndon West-end Brineh, 506, 507, 508, New Oxford-street, 1, 2 and 3, Hart-street, all communicating. Bradford (Yorkshire) Branch, 19 and 20, Bridge-street. Sheffield Branch, 36, Fargate. Colonial Branch, Melbourne, Australia. Merchant Tailo: , Clothiers, Hatters, Hosiers, Furriers, Boot and Shoe Makers, and General Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen. IMPORTANT. —Should any article not give satisfaction, it willbe exchanged if desired, or, if preferred, the money will be returned without hesitation. All goods are marked in plain figures, the to west price, from which ne abatement can be made. The Establishments are closed from sunset Friday to sunset on Saturdays, when business is resumed till 12 o'clock. A new Book, " The Epitome of Comfort and Economy," contain ing full lists of prices, our system of self-measurement, &c., &c., may be had on application, or post-free. A handsome Almanac for the year ending 1853 can be had gratis, an application. i Ponon parle Francais. Qui si purls Italiano. Ic tiler sr richt man Deutsch. Aaua se habla Espanol *t.* SPECIAL NOTICE.—The Establishments will be CLOSED on Monday and Tuesday, Oct 2 4 th and 25th, re-opening, as nub on Wednesday morning, pt 7 o'clock. MAN KILLED AT NINE ELMS. -Yesterday morning, Mr. Bedford, the coroner, received information of the death of George Penfold, aged 30 years, who expired at Westminster Hospital from the effects of injuries re ceived on the South-Western Railway. One of the porters going down the line, near Nine Elms, discovered him lying across the rails, mutilated in a frightful man ner. He was taken to the hospital, w he r e he expired shortly after his admission. How the deceased got on the line is at present unknown. THE LORD-LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND.--The expense of the establishment of the Lord-Lieutenant in Ireland was last year 26,633/., including 20,0001. as salary to his Excellency. It is fortunate that the Turkish Government is deriv ing onprinragomont from the success of that which it has itself undertaken. If it has done much, there remains not less for it to do yet ; and, if we had not confidence in the intentions and in the energy of the men who now direct it, we should have reason to be uneasy at the sight of so many important questions still waiting for solution. General reforms are sterile when reforms in detail are not made to complete them ; and it is this new path, the financial system, which must in the foremost place occupy the attention of the Turkish Government. Money, it is said, is the sinews of war. It is, by the same rule, the sinews of peace. There can be no real justice where taxation is not regularly established ; there can be no proper means of action where there is not adequate taxa tion. The power and prosperity of a State depend, if not exclusively at least principally, upon its system of finance ; but nothing is more imperfect than the organi sation of the finances of the Ottoman empire. It is not that the vices of legislation have led to false ideas and erroneous theories upon the principles of revenue, or upon the conditions of circulation and of credit. No, for it may be said, to the advantage of Turkey, that there are not systematic vices in its laws, though there are unfa vourable traditions and customs which partake a little of empiricism. There is no unity, nothing fixed, nothing stable. It is in these respects that the position of Turkish finance merits at this moment all the attention of the Divan. In ordinary times the Government would not disturb itself at all about the revenue, if it balanced the expenses. Unfortunately, it has been sufficient if the harvest had disappointed the expectations of the cultivators, or if the produce of corn was diminished by some evil influence of the climate, to place the Turkish budget in a deficit ; or else there arose some diplomatic incident of a nature to require measures of defence, and it was necessary to augment the contingent of the army, so that again the expenses would infallibly exceed the receipts. How would it be if, for the want of reform, the Government shou'd think of adequately endowing all the services which, like that of public instruction, are still upon suf. ferance ? In the present state of the financial legisla tion of the empire, the revenue depends, we perceive, a little upon the caprices of chance. It has no certain basis. It might, however, be increased in enormous proportions without embarrassing the people by the mere effect of an intelligent organisation. A 'rapid exa mination of the Turkish budget, of which we do not pretend to embrace the whole, will leave no doubt, we believe, as to the importance of the advantages which financial reform would ensure to the empire. For some years the ordinary revenue of Turkey has not exceeded the amount of 750,000,000 piastres, and it has not been below 650,000,000. In order to explain this variation, it is sufficient to say that the principal sources of income are the tenths upon the produce Of the soil and the Customs. The expenses, which are more easy to determine than the receipts, have reached to 733,400,000 piastres. The details of a Turkish bud. get are very different from those of a budget among the people of the West.• We may judge:of this by the follow ing table of receipts and expenditure, which, indeed, it is otherwise curious to compare. The expenditure is divided in the following manner among the different services : Piastres. The Sultan's civil list Civil list of the Sultan's mother and of his married sisters Army............... 300,000,000 Navy 37,500,000 Materials of war, artillery, engineers, and fortresses Salaries of employes in all the empire, and in every branch of the administration Subvention to the administration of vakoufs for the establishments dependent on them 12,500,000 Contingent annuities Interest at 6 per cent. bons du tresor 9,000,000 Annuities payable in compensation for ancient fiefs to proprietors dispossessed 40,000,000 Foreign affairs—ambassadors and consuls 10,000,000 Expenses for objects of public utility 10,000,000 Total piastres . .. 733,400,000 Such are the whole expenses of the Turkish Govern ment. Here are its different sources of income; — Piastres. Tenths . . Income-tax Personal taxes on non-Mussulman subjects 40,000,000 Customs.. 86,000,000 Tribute from Egypt 30,000,000 )1 I, Wallachia 2,000,000 ), " Moldavia 1,000,000 Servia If 2,000,000 Indirect taxes (patents, stamps, octrois, mines, and ports) 150,000,000 Total peastres We thus know the elements of the budget and the financial resources. What measures, then, should be The tax called vergu, formerly salian, corresponds to the English income-tax. It varies according to locality, from 10 to 25 per cent. It is a tax raised upon the pre sumed fortune—real, personal, or commercial. It is placed indifferently upon all the subjects of the Grand Seignor, Mussulmans or Rayas. The municipalities which exist everywhere in Turkey are charged with its apportionment and its collection, and they turn over the produce to the financial agents of the Government. This intervention of the municipalities in financial ques tions is one of the principles of their organisation in the East; but this principle supposes in the municipalities enlightened and equitable views which are not always met with. There are some in which the patriarchal and fraternal spirit of the earliest times is preserved ; the fortune of each, consisting generally of land and cattle, is of public notoriety. The distribution of the tax is easy, and its collection is effected without reclamations or resistance. In some communes of Asia Minor jus tice is not so scrupulously applied. 'Although munici pal functions are elective they are tod often the prize of intrigue, and the privilege of great influence, from which it follows that the great fortunes are not always those which have to bear the highest tax ; the small ones suffer, and the Treasury with them. Without attacking the organization of the municipalities, which have been in periods of oppression the safeguards of individual liberty, the Government ought more narrowly to super intend their acts. This intervention would no longer facilitate, as formerly, tyranny and exaction, and the Government would be able to protect itself in some municipalities against the very plausible pretext of re ductions which have been in their favour. The munici palities are no longer at the charge of lodging for military and employes on travel, and forced labour is suppressed, which too frequently impoverished the population. The Government may then, without much scruple, undertake to verify the labours of the municipalities in the distri. bution of the tax. The tenths are not the verge, the most productive branch of the revenue of Turkey. They are collected upon all the productions of the earth, fruits, and cereals. In Roumelia they extend to sheep. It is the same in some localities in Asia Minor. In others, immunity is compensated by a surcharge upon the tax. With the view of receiving money instead of the produce of na ture, the Government has recourse to a disastrous expe dient, which is one of the principal vices in the financial legislation of the empire. It puts this tax to auction the same as the Customs of many cities. The purchasers effect their reimbursement by means of special agents, with the concurrence of the municipalities and of the representatives of the central authority. We may easily conceive the inconveniences of this system. But altogether, vicious as it is, it is a step in the way of pro gress, if we call to mind the times when governors of provinces, farmers of tenths and of all the other taxes, used and abused their power without limit, and ground down the population in a thousand different ways. For some years the principal functionaries of the Go vernment have presented themselves at these auctions, and have become purchasers either in their own name or under that of some Armenian bankers (sarrafs). These bankers are their sureties with the Treasury, their part ners in the profits, or their brokers to re-sell at a profit. We are tempted, with reason, to exclaim against such an anomaly. It is necessary, however, to remember that the spirit to gain is not at this moment the only motive which instigates Turkish functionaries to endea vour to obtain the farming of the tenths. They obey, at the same time, the idea of the Government, which wishes to establish on this subject the most serious com petition. Thus the price of these purchases has been considerably augmented, and the Government knows much better the extent of its resources. It is, in every case, a minimum result, if we compare it with the immo rality of the speculation, with the waste which the sys tem provokes, and, in a word, with the enormous losses thus caused to the people and to the Treasury, to the profit of the fortunate farmer of the tenths and the Cus toms. The inconveniences of this system are perfectly appreciated by the Government itself. The farming, already condemned by the hatti-sheriff of Gulhane, has just been the object of consideration by a committee ap pointed to examine some financial questions ; and the opinion of this committee, composed of some of the prin cipal functionaries of the empire, was, that Government agents ought not to be authorised to present themselves at auctions. This is a decisive step towards the com plete abolition of this ruinous system ; let us hope that it may not be long before it is attempted. The capitation tax (haradje or djizie) extends only to the rayas—that is to say, to the non-Mussulman sub jects of the Grand Seignor. Every male adult is liable to the haradje, which is divided, in proportion to their fortunes, into three classes. The most rich pay 60 pias tres annually ; the middle class, 30 piastres ; and others, only 15. Generally this tax is considered as compen sation for military service, to which the rayas have not hitherto been subject. For a long time the haradje was collected by special agents, who spared the rayas neither gratuituous humiliation nor exactions. Although these abuses have disappeared, it is only just decreed that the mode of collection shall be changed, but in the meantime there is no doubt the character of the impost will be modified. Here after the Patriarchs, heads of the different Chris tian communities, as well as the Khakam-bachi, or chief of the Jews, will be the intermediaries between their co religionists and the Treasury. It is difficult to believe i that this new mode of collection can be more profitable Ito the Treasury than the former—at least until, by a sys tem of subscription, the state is able to guarantee a fixed sum to itself. The tax appears less onerous upon the population ; this, perhaps, is the single advantage to be expected from the innovation. We shall now touch upon a subject of an interest not less great, and which takes us less from the economic ideas of the West—the Customs. The Customs system May, then, the present ministers of the Sultan profit by the calmness which is now reigning in all the pro vinces of Turkey ! It is no longer a question of mani festing sentiments of equity and tolerance ; it is a period to do justice in the organisation of the finances, and to modestly condescend to practise a little political economy. There must be an increase to a considerable proportion in the movement of property and commerce, to augment the revenues of the State. The budget of the current year presents a deficit of 110,000,000 piastres. There are besides roads to open, public instruction, the service of mines, r i vers , an d f ores t s , th e ma i n tenance of fortifi cations, all requiring special dotations which do not figure in the budget. These dotations cannot be reckoned at less than 100,000,000 piastres. There is therefore a sum of 210,000,000 piastres for which Tur key must seek in new resources. These resources the Divan may supply either by a new emission of paper money at 6 per cent., or by a loan, or lastly, by reforms, which will sensibly raise at once the produce of the tenths, and facilitate the establishment of a land tax by the transformation of the vakoufs into free lands. If they prefer the most honourable of the boldest means, there ought to be no hesitation about it, it is that of re form. Those who have seen the waste and abuse ne cessarily produced by the existing system do not fear to affirm that this will suffice to re-establish, before three years are over, an equilibrium between the receipts and the expenditure. The obstacles which the reform party may yet have to meet in the evil disposition of its adver saries are doubtless numerous, notwithstanding the im provements already accomplished ; but these improve ments, of which everybody can appreciate the character, have been opposed in their time by obstacles far more re doubtable. Since the bloody day on which the Sultan Mahmoud rendered the institution of a new regular army possible by the extermination of an undisciplined militia, to the calmer period of the proclamation of the Hatti cherif of Gulhane, which has inaugurated toleration, the Ottoman empire has passed through very terrible vicis situdes. It has been tried by all sorts of calamity. But it was in the midst of a succession of civil and foreign wars, all equally unfortunate, that the idea of reform grew and spread. There was much opposition and many obstacles ; and how much reason to hope for success ? Without, Europe indifferent or hostile ; within, the Christian population, excited by the example of Greece ; and Turkey, with complete administrative anarchy and with faithless and ignorant functionaries. Such was the spectacle which the Divan had before their eyes. Every one predicted the approaching ruin of the Turkish em pire. So much evil, they said, was irreparable. The Government of the Sultan did not, however, turn back from the attempt ; and if they have not succeeded in all things to the full extent of their wishes, they have at least obtained results upon which the population may depend to give them more energy and vigour. The good which is accomplished is an a'd and an encouragement to undertake that which remains. The attempt, al though still laborious, is become easier than it was in the first days of reform, and the men who have taken, with the Sultan Mahmoud and his young successor, the initiative in these innovations,have too much patriotism to stop half way. STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH NAVY. A report on the French navy by M. Dams, Minister of Marine, has appeared in the Moniteur. The Minister shows that, with a budget of 40,000,000 f. less in amount than in the time of Louis Philippe, he has increased the power of the French navy to an extent that was never before witnessed in the same period of time, and has nevertheless a surplus of 10,000,000 f. on the budget of 1852. He proposes to return half that surplus to the Treasury, and to apply the other half to the present budget. The following is an analysis of the report : The budget for the navy, it states, was fixed for 1852 at 117,225,778 f., and for 1853 at 117,181,001 f., less being s Iby 40 000 000 f than the budgets of 1 84 7 and 18 4 , , . The following are some of the advantageous results ob tained :-Ist, the previsions of the budget only applied for 1852 and 1853 to 130 armed vessels, .bu ' been kept at sea. 2 dly, these sameprleB9 previsions en and 2 s only have ,2 19 ap plied to 30,7 45 able - bodied seamen for for 1853, whereas the average number has " been 33,675 ; idly, France possessed only one squadron of eight line-of-banle ships, whereas at present she possesses two squadrons, composed of fourteen ships of the line, exclusive of a proportionate augmentation in the number of frigates and steam corvettes ; 4thly, the French navy did not comprise any steam line of-battle ship, completely terminated, but the Napoleon has been finished, and for the last year has formed part of the Mediterranean squadron. sthly, the navy po s . sessed no mixed line-of-battle ship, whereas at present it has four completely finished, and nine others in the course of tran=sformation, and the engines of which are on the point of being delivered. These nine vessels can be put to sea at the end of the year. 6thly, six new steamers on the model of the Napoleon have been laid on the stocks ; by the end of the present year they will be urged on to the 12-24ths of their completion, and will be launched at the end of next year. 7thly, the greater number of the steam frigates which were disarmed have been placed in " commission de port." Bthly, the penal settlements of Guyana have received their first establish ment, and nearly 3,000 convicts have been sent there, 9thly, the works in the port of Cherbourg have been urged on with great act i v i ty, a sum of 4,000,000 f. having been accorded to them from the present budget. 10thly, the works at Castignau, which are to complete the port of Toulon, have been under taken with the ordinary resources of the year, and have already received a first sum of 1,000,000 f. llthl y, a careening dock was wanted at Rochefort ; it has b een commenced, and has already received a first credit. of 200,000 f. ; and 12thly, a number of matters connected with the navy have been undertaken without any e xtra resources, such as the reconstitution of the reser cc, the augmentation of the pay of the non-commis sioned officers, the amelioration in the quality of the bread. for the navy, &c. The expenses of all these im provements have been defrayed from the ordinary re sources of the budget ; and far from the sum appropriated to the purchase of stores having been augmented, they__ have left a sum of ten millions disposable from I,Srobm '_Chat iat sum arises from three several causes—first, f t he postponement of seveial important contracts, e d n e Py_ e _ d . b y the circumstance of force majeure. Steam t va .±ne e o s f t. )ols, and large supply of stores, to de _c ered 3„800,000f., which were to have been in until 1853 in the la st months of 1852, were not sent se ;condly, from reductions effected in various tl ie service ; and, thirdly, by the ri„ sitTnan-ecitsncoe . and over the e xercised by the ministers at all moments, fthe ten millions by ninutest details of every departmento of the navy. The report then proposes to dispose easury, and carrying over restoring the the budget of 1553. By means the other fi fiv 'e e millions ttno of this latter sum the re b` declares all the engagements - t to 3,800,000 f. will be de frayedalluded to above, an-foul, , in tx t a h n e d p y r , icz c. o , f various stores, to the extent of ; also the inceiaosees si Leh as corn. flour, w hilst the other 5,000,000 f. will serve to 1 ,400,000 f. ; r aeet the expense caused by the creations of a s econ d ,qua necessary by th e of events in the east. B y the appropria tion of the 10,000,000 f. remaining over from 1852, the minister declares that he will be able to meet all the ex penses, ordinary and extraordinary, of his department, without making any new de man d on the public treasury. e repo suggestion s of the minister. This time they took for the basis of the real value the ancient gold piece of 20 piastres, and they fixed at 110 the relation of the piastre to the pound sterling. At the same time an imperial ordonnance interdicted the circu lation of all foreign money, and of all the ancient foreign money which had induced so much speculation.. These were received and changed in the Mint. As to the foreign moneys the exchange was facilitated by transac tions with Europeans. The subjects of the Grand Seignor, howover, were prohibited from receiving them in payments. These resolutions, notified to all tire em bassies, and put into force did not excite any serious re clamations. All the financial agents had at their disposi tion the necessary funds to operate the exc•h anges. Abuses re-appeared in proportion, and with the conse quences of political commotion in Europe there w ►as In the end a financial crisis disastrous to Turkey. Such are at the present moment the consequences of the :i;buse of foreign money. Constantinople is not only the 15rinei pal entrepot of the commerce of Turkey, but it is : it the same time the point through which pass all the co lonial d Asia. The s tuffs 1 ORDNANCE R f p o r r od p u e e r e s , ia a a n n d d all the the manufactured oafnulfvacetsuterernd A ar s t l i a c . les intonde an official visit to tl e ie e, the Board RoiNQUannLaEnd MUSKET. Captain Sir Thomas and mea n s the of faabrivcesryof active e la a n n d d penetrate eztendced u e c iu sn a t l a. l:i tba b n y d an d i 'Hastings, h Gunner, Esq., two officers of trade into the provinces into the heart of Russia. cealveberbate e e d n for fir somem of days cv e p s, a sto z o A E f il ve t t r h h y e is tim m e er t c h h is a u r it , s d P u iz s e sia i n s gun paid for in Russian carbor t a makers, Birmingham, relative to an order, issued by the is ighe r : oidthuaenedittsol Master-General, for the immediate supply of 20,000 rifle P of them ; and NN that hap-real value, there is an !. ux muskets, of a similar bore to that hitherto made for the I use of the Ordnance corpc—Kentisle 111Creurg. Why the Turkish iveeran rateat en t h money obtains at Constanfflinneroo. pens ? The East Lancashire Company have had a train con stantly running on their line for six weeks, fitted with this apparatus, making 1,600 stoppages in that time ; and it is reported to have kept in perfect order, and to have answered on every occasion. As the train on the Ist of October, which consisted of five carriages and three breaks, was going from Manchester, the driver perceived that a pair of facing points to a siding before him, near Accrington, had heen left Open. He signalled the guard with his stea,in whistle. the breaks were let go, and the train went into the siding against some waggons. The distance in which it was necessary to pull up to avoid the danger was said to be only 20 yards, yet the train went into the siding at a speed so reduced that the col lision with the waggons was scarcely felt, and no injury was done either to the passengers or rolling stock. About the 3d or 4th inst., on a foggy morning, as a train was approaching Bury, it came upon a fog signal, and the break stopped the train in 30 yards. The rail way superintendents present on Saturday said that trains going down the Accrington bank would be able to run these two miles, hitherto considered so dangerous, in four minutes less time than with the ordinary breaks. The patentee says : " It is not required that every carriage should be supplied with a break, but in every train there should be a sufficient number of break-carriages under the con trol of one guard, so that he may be enabled to stop a train in a very short distance. Those carriages not fitted with breaks need only the simple connexion to be continued over the top, so as t o carry the communica tion to the engine-driver or fireman. For my own part, I cannot see the use i of signal b e t ween guard and engine driver when there s danger of a collision, unless the guard or driver h ave power at hand to arrest ' quickly the train on which they are travelling. There is another great advantage i n using, a numbe r o f b reaks at once, which consist s in th e saving of wear of wheel! and rails. " The self-acting power of the breaks was so adjusted to the train on Saturday as to bring the utmost resist ance to the moti on o f the wheels short of stopping their revolution ; but the apparatus is so contrived that the guard of a train can, if he thinks it desirable, by a mere turn of any one of the wheels and pinions fitted to each break carriage, entirely lock the wheels. Railway en gineers hold it highly desirable to prevent the sliding of trains, it it can be effected, because at present not only do the wheels get much damaged by having flat surfaces worn upon them, but they become dangerous agents for mischief aft erwar d s , eac h w h ee l so fl a tt ene d not being any longer a m ere revo l v i ng m achine, but striking the rails at every turn lik e a hammer, and becoming so much more likely to break the ti r e, besides battering and in juring the permanent way. It remains for us now to describe the difficulties which 'constitute a deplorable clog to commercial de velopment and financial progress. We wish to speak of the coin of Turkey, and of the enormous difference which exists between the intrinsic and the nominal value of the greatest part of its circulating medium. The necessity of arresting the depreciation of the piastre has provoked the organisation of an ensemble of operations called at Constantinople "le system du maintien des changes." It is useless to add that the efficacious ness of these measures is as important to European commerce as it is to Turkey. Commerce is no longer possible where a bargain for time, the stipu lation being in piastres, may, by a sudden deprecia tion not unexampled, be attended,.. to the seller, with a loss of 50 per cent. Admitted that commerce may be a Proteus sufficiently skilful to find other means of ex change, it is manifest that the transition cannot be ac complished without some great financial catastrophe. As to the Turkish Government, in the position in which the nature of its riches and commercial treaties place it, it ought to be able to pay for the products of Europe with European money, instead of losing at a single coup all the difference which there is between the real and the nominal value of the Turkish piastre. For more than a century the Ottoman Sovereigns, perceiving the amount of their extraordinary expenses, have adopted the ruinous and immoral practice of alter ing the standard of the Mint, leaving to their successors the unmerited chastisement of an improvident abuse of their absolute power. The Turkish piastre corresponded at the first in value to sf. 20c. Since its last alteration, at the time of the war against Russia in 1828, it has be come, under the form of beehliks, or piece of five pias tres, a coin of a standard so reduced that in cases where its current value, if regulated by the real value, should be eight piastres, it will pass for only lf. The two ex treme terms then are, the piastre before the year 1710 was worth more than five francs ; while the piastre of 1828 does not correspond to twelve centimes. It is esti mated that there arc 400,000,000 piastres of this coin in circulation. These pieces, with notes (ICayines), con stitute almost alone the original Turkish money in the Ottoman empire. The other coins current in Turkey are, with the piece of six piastres (altilik) of an altered j standard, which formerly contained about 462 millimes of pure silver, the ancient gold pieces of 20 piastres, the new gold pieces of 100 piastres, and of 50 piastres, the new silver pieces of 20, 10, 5,2, and 1 piastres, which contain, in gold or in silver, a proportion equal to the quantity admitted into the fabrications of money by the European Governments. It is estimated that about 200,000, 000 piastres is about the value of the money struck in these coins since 1844. Unfortunately, they have by degrees completely retired from circulation, by reason of the speculations which they have caused. To this enumeration of coin of Ottoman origin must be added foreign coins, the number of which varies according to the rise or fall in the prices attributed to them. The following is the tariff established in 1844 by the Turkish Government, for the principal foreign moneys in the Constantinople market : Good Spanish piastres 22 piastres 32 paras. Talaris of Austria 21 „ 30 „ Five-franc pieces 21 „ 10 „ Carboranz Russes 16 3 7 If Ducats—Holland, Venice, and Austria 5O ~ PP There are 40 paras in the piastre. Unfortunately this official tariff never has been, and is now still less likely to be, the measure of foreign values. In commercial transactions the Carboranz is received for 18 piastres, the ducat for 52, and so on for the rest. From 1828, the date of the last alteration in the piastre, to 1834, the exchange—that is to say, the prac tical relation between the piastre and the pound sterling —has varied from 60 to 98. It has not since exceeded these figures, although by reason of the intrinsic value of the pieces of five piastres, the piece of English gold had a real value of 225 piastres. We may conceive what disastrous fluctuations resulted from this to European commerce in Turkey. In 1834, when Turkey received from Greece, as the price of her cession of territory, the sum of 18,000,000 piastres, the idea was conceived of a banking operation to prevent further great disasters. This operation con sisted in furnishing to the merchants established in Turkey all the paper which was necessary for them to make their returns to Marseilles, Vienna, Paris, and London. They succeeded in effect in maintaining the exchange at 981 for the pound sterling for about two years. After some fluctuation it rose to 1271. In 1843, the Divan again put in force the system of maintaining the exchanges, combined with a gradual emission of a coinage of good alloy in replacement of the altered money, which they should have demonetised at the rate of 7,500,000 piastres per annum. The operations commenced, and they have not been interrupted ; only they have renounced too soon the demonetisation of the beehliks. CRIEFF JUNCTION. The first general meeting of this company was held at Crieff on Thursday ; Sir D. Dundas, Bart., in the chair. The report stated that the act incorporating the com pany received the Royal assent on the 15th of August last. The Scottish Central Railway Company had agreed to work the line when completed at cost price, and to find the necessary working stock. They had also agreed to allow the Crieff Company, for the first ten years after the opening of the line, one-third of the net revenue of the additional traffic brought upon the Scottish Central line by means of the CrieffJunction Railway. The line was estimated to cost 45,0001., and responsible contrac tors would undertake its construction for a sum within the estimate. The CHAIRMAN moving the adoption of the report, Mr. MONTEATH seconded the motion, which was agreed to. Resolutions were passed electing the directors and au ditors. Thanks were voted to the managing committee d i rec t o rs for their services to the compa ny, and and the Lpro ceedings terminated with a vote of thanks o the chair man. PRESTON AND LONGRIDGE. The half-yearly report of this company showed that the receipts for the half-year had been 2,1461., and that after payment of expenses there remained a balance of 1,4531., equal to a dividend of 9s. per share, which was declared payable. GLASGOW, DUMBARTON, AND HELENS BURGH. A. committee has been appointed to negotiate with the landowners along the proposed line, who (together with the Edinburgh and Glasgow and Caledonian Rail ways) are reported to be favourable to the undertaking to the extent of 10 out of the 20 miles. RAILWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS. LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN RAlLlV:tl.—Traffio re• turn for the week ending Oct. 22, 1853 1 '17,519 6 3 Corresponding week last year 16,760 4 10 Increase in 1853 £753 1 J LONDON, BRIGHTON, AND SOUTH COAST RAILwAY. -- Traffic return for the week ending Oct. 22, 1853 £13,012 9 5 Corresponding week last year 12,7 98 5 - Total of the half-year to this date, 1853 2570 4 5 4 Total of the half-year to this date 1852 235,397 15 3 THE LATE MILITARY FRACAS IN DUBLIN•—We hear that the dissensions between a commanding officer of one of the corps in Dublin and one of his majors have resulted in the latter's withdrawing the offensive allega tions relative to a little inessroom merriment (which w as strangely converted into an imputation of usage), a n d genera t e d by private pique, and that the major, who has proceeded on leave of absence, will not again rejoin the regiment. —United Seretee Gazette.