The Sun. — London, England, 1822-10-22 00:00:00

„ ' ,-;?, ra o ni n i l c; pep 4 0 11-* pet 011. 05 id ; ' l J: a d tats,„Oda4°' ,~ .... gIV trt.!!)lFM.,r• 010 Nuuttit 9410 QUARTERLY REVI EW, No. LIV. WILL BE PUBLISHED TO-MORROW, C. C. C. OXFORD. Al\l ELECTION of SCHOLARS, Natives 1 11 ac eh ,°f,he Counties of HANTS anti of WILTS, will take 44, 3 RIDAY, the 29th day of November next,—Candi- Pres„7. 4 , o . are required to be under the age of nineteen) must lkei,iff,tnemselvei before the President of the said College, e‘4 itY °f with Certi tionficates of Age, on the Saturday preceding • ec. 'VC lis'„`'u---- --,,, CF.D FARES, TO DOVER, DEAL, RAMS- I'ryTT,,, G ' iE, MARGATE AND CANTERBURY. ' INSIDE COACHES, AND KEEP GOOD TIME, tt I 3 Y S. A. MOUNTAIN and Co. , , 3.1- 4p , L. _ "" A 'S HEAD INN, SKINNER-STREET, S N O W - HILL, HILL, LONDON. r 1 )11 -1 0110 =vi ST CO NCTIES, &c. set ng P° - Inn:— ,Th e , out from the above 'ante ► . i Telegraph," DOVER, Deal, Ramsgate, p Margate, st-Coach— ltery'444Y, Feversham, and Sandwich, . '4 l ile °rn i , ig at a quarter past 7 o'Cloca r . ' — e ln consequence Priet. "Wed preference given to the above Coach the Pro 'l th: l i/ s are determined no expense shall be spat ed , to render boß o‘ rs i t t c "tiveyatice on the Kent road. ' lt ' eh .- roN, Chatham, Rochester, Gravesend,. Stroud, 7 ' 4 t ri lt- ° a! r r "e, mid Itainhant every Morning at a quarter past 'rite vuu ed Fares. Oruro , " Royal Fro " FALMOUTH, Plymouth, Exeter, S r eitt 11 1 °41 ' • n; e Pe l 'n s r e y ' n, Ashburton, 'l'otness, Weymouth, zever t s'et, D artmouth, and Salisbury, .tAery Blandford, morniog at 11 ° 44; tia th - I° " ol ,linniton, Axminster, Bridport, . . agshoCge,l3asingstoke, Hartford Bridge, Blackwater, and " *ll4"ei . TT It' l ,-Ill a "! - I - er 13 : SOUTHAM PTON, t ford Bridge, Black water . , att . (' Lymington, Lyndhurst, gth,,, asingstolie, I ar Oven, "eW Four Inside Coach, every Morning at halt-past %v eil. ' %Ives at tl Coach and Horses, Southampton, by o , Jers„ 44 i glu riii f s‘ hi c ' ....: i a llitel m er o ' pn e s rs t : delightful Conveyance to the Is . le of ' I- 4 I Maloes, Havre de Grace, Ch . e t i o p;O•to . rs of the above C9a i ch r l i t , o ) ; l , , c een txp i e a continuance of that support which has t h i a i i n c it ~ "kin,e,..llFed since the commencement of the n . No EAT' with other Coaches. ~ g ro an a nd BRISTOL Flying Post-Coaches, through Cesheirpy littru.o, Caine, Marlborough, Newbury, and Rea ding, , Chip -5 Ili, 2 ° '', at one • arrive at Mr. May's, the Greyhound In n , '''''riin - t -a g the London 'fa •rn Thomas-street, h a o n u d S . wan, 'vat ~, early nex n t il llorni r tt e, " ' Coaches to Wells, Bridgc- Tehe':rattnton, and Plyniottli. the Road carrying ate I Nt:c eni l l ite,'' a New LIVERPOOL Light Coach, only kto t tod ou Four Inside, sets out i D ni a i il i y i 1150; arrives at Live ' r ' out - next afternoon at Five, ti . g li i'leic h ' Lathbury , Northampton, Welfi,rd,Ltitter i zt t o: ti t:: : t urd, ,Y., At hersto ' ne, Litchfield, Stone, N ew c a stle, 4111t4rriagton, and Prescot. V ' 4 ' ll Ivsl außy - , Wellington, and Shiffnal, Light Post- Th e ,, evetY Afternoon.—Guarded. ~:4 Y ntinion "WFYNIOUTH Dorchester,Blandford,_Sa e li . s: Ot A l,‘,4ver'o • ' t ' t Basin4loke, Hartford Bridge, 131 k 1 -W ' Cia ' a c i ' ai t ' sli ‘e t r , i ne ' w POst7Coach, every Afternoon, wit is :!, ~ I: , 244en g u ni' h ePackets from Weymouth WednesdaytoGuei - "t 1 Sai;L e Y , Cherbourg,, St. Maine's, &c. every Il Rx,."143' afternoon, at Two o'Clock. "trArii:,s,:,,FAKE and Souttimolton New Light Post Coach, Tl ke --gaY. Wednesday, and Friday Mornings at 7 o Il t t t .,,, tt Y 4 74 ° ,_ e kingliain," LEEDS light Post Coach, sets ou t %tam l.l4 *, v s : b u rl at Four ; and passes through t t ., B am aldoc_di a ,_B tr ig y : --11 l bit Mt , Stllton Greetoom, uran 1 , 13 Vf I d , - b riOg e , -am Moor, ei , , , IrertY ' Alld ' ' N vark Retfotd,Doncaster, and Leeds, next Afternoon.- -"age ‘4 th e Golden Lion, 1140111 a n ti Packar on ly 2d per In.—Nottvithstanding the IN' t . ' !, 4 : 11 ( .., /c ,Pedi 9," t his Coach, it is allowed to ba thel l'i' '''' l4 tt te -hie an ti d )n c t o ) m f ilete Public Conveyance on 1 1, AR ua(111.) he unequalled by any other. 41,,,"41011.a'',G,,,ATE and Ripon new Light l'ost Coach, every ' 4 1.. .s , 111,1- ou r, mad Eight in the Morning. Iliturc'd!"tihi?l,--,r,i.,_ L otgtovyn, Gre , tnl-;reen, Annan, Dumfries, ' i t a n% Lo,nhill, Sanquhar-kiln, Canmock, Kingsvvell, Thp. °f SCOtlaild 3 light four inside Post Coach daily. 3 un, i ' Ex n ' ' Whitby, Shields, k,""eflai, d r r ess," to YORri, Scarborough, , . •,,• 11 e a,;'''NeWeastl & Edinburgh, four-inside 1 • at 4 --'', Witl e ' ‘ , l ut • sets out every Mot 11- a Newlight . P, ht , i a Guard throin„ lo , NI Ibrd,„ " Clock, by way of Newark, It .tforil Doncaster, ta g het! ) 6e' T4dcaster, Darlington, Nortlia t 11mito ' n n , e D xt u s r l h o a r n i i i- , ts " calf , Bei w i cli , and arrives at Yor k th e la lri;`,,,fztrii/ul4cist(,ll:v, el the r e j ° o ' t ( t raZylt: Passeng resters hat time they ssfi,niFtianrge.thent tll7itßili4onen proceed without any additiona l fleinside Coach p ew s u‘i g t ! Alai.'" ° UGH and Swindon, new four - aey ti°orn, Reading, Lambourn, Parton, Lydinton -" Ni..•'; i' Ato ll h lik lh -oetth ead Basset, Ruasbury, Hungerford, Newbury -44 I\j'ENoßr Shrewsbury, Salop, and Holy td Li,,,., ...1 - 1, Walsal Wi ld ~, t)N,6,',,,,0tr0ur Ins i de . ' C Gulch, every Afternoon. , . o lding ' 11,,ailtintu,t! _n a cas_t.l!,.St s , , s ,_ y, Pet - et borough, Stilton, to til b Louth, GI imsby, and kiiit'lealiorillnatia)t )_!..:ClaC,h,,, Day Coach to Boston an 4' stk . "'Ke Six, rile only ; e "Ex 4 tast,Peess," a New Light Four- inside Post Coach to 0,,s , 1. '4 ,17; Penrith, and Whitehaven, ~oc ~ with Four Kl l ,, l etiv u u a Guard all the way, passes through Brought, '!er't.; . teta-htidge Richmond, Catterick, Boi oughbrnige, ter 4th 4411 :. ' ' bid e Newark, Doncas . 9 kl t , a tb , ,oid, lorry r g ,_ ve,,a(.6.latutord, Bawtry, Greetham, Stilton, and Big y`a th - • •,ets out every Morning, and performs the journey tl"t4i:,gteatest facility Passengers detained on the Road I ir 1 7,.'s 4.- -sa or plea ' .• the peculiar advantage of tle e, Ati l / 4 , - 4114 se ‘ st!re, have , p , cured in the next Coach. . 41 La • p Kirby-Lonsdale, Bolton, At tt ► I 4 ey , o u , i toaster, . reston, , Coaches, e very r " n ' ll lk, and Garstang Light I ast 1 e .6 6 1 1' ti `IV '''"' 74 lE • •• N ew Light Four . Inside Post Coach, ka t ' ~Eltpr , „ xpress, , hit,„h,••',ut, Waiton, Knutstord, Stone, . Stafford bj" at },s'eal, (only One lVgl ton the Road), After every ;tr . "; _t r „ -re eo'Clo ir• • 1.. 1 the Saracen's Head Inn, I, Tt 'AZ - t, Li --ers; arrives at .. ks, , verpool, next Evening . '. 4."•.b Four inside Post-Coach, called eh eve r " the Ex ‘vio EsTtlYt Morning and Afternoon. , Nampt- A t:,!,, N lort LIN :. Newport , Whi t ech ure h , l'arpo - Ll , e )n y e ,. ), kn v 'ort l el', and Middiewich Light Post -Coach, --4ul every ,-, A! ttto R AND, Stockton, and Yarns Light Post Coach, ;-Tt 1 '.1.14-g, to th George lnn, Sunderland. '4s l l'tto .4lY"I Exp t ress,"te MANCHESTER, Winslow, t .. _ h i N .e ton,new Four th e c , :_P 0 ,,...C 0 N ast le, Walsal, and Wolverltampne Night on ,v4l4iit,, ash, every Afternoon.— Onl y 0 Coach 40 :4 ti ll itor Tu t il b and Rotherham New Four - ,, The b., tha iu „g, called ‘' The Express," and I ,)," k e ~, I to , at Four in the Afternoon. Post ' 4 lki`,' , sth Yal E xpress," New BIRMINGHAM Light h., .'ks 3 1t every Af carrying Four Insidy onl) , h i '. dD a 114,,, , ~, ternuon, . , 4 . 5 5 v ent". , ~gn war , wiels, Leamingto , • it `Southam, t% eedon, 4 .11 : 4 11 ,, ex t m or t_.. the Saracen's Head, Bo Bull -street, Binning lo, N txp res a ,, Tg at half-past Seven o' C lock. ,„U t ,`"tth ea , , „,,a New Light Post Coac h, tt i HULL, Lin ''4 'lc° ,lock, 'e' t ioWdeti, aiol Doncaster, eve ry Morning at i It • and ~., the R to thr Cross Keys Market-place, I 1 , 1 , ._ tv,,,‘`htt'4,(N °'l'l"gliani" in the'A ' ftertiooti at Four o Clock. tiY kq: sfltbor- • d Clieslinnt Coach, I . ) ti er ,,, iftio g. 4 te, Hoidesdon, an Ii : ).-0 ; 44"e d Tr' , • 4,8%4 4 4 eh t o b‘ l o t e.ting by '. The Champion," a New light only, through ~r d o , ,v A1_,.,, w. IttIiESTER, in 13 , I , urs hoverton, t i tt : t r, s„i'li'skt, ater, Basingstoke. NI I"tchurc ' , D rh e . ro t.:_ats,,,f ti , ,l,"'Y, Wood eats, and Bland ford. '''o''" 1 l- "" ° 'e Coach } • d t - rmined no expence shall ii. 4- r ', (' rend • I t if ilik j..Ni .e..rit the fi rst conveyance on thic ij 0 , 0 1',,'",1.,ind Edmontou Coaches daily, , Western at Eleven, " 1 111. I.l Rtta e ' ' t ve, and Eight. ~ ti . ' td p 4 aofil Paelages to Leeds, York, and Doncaster, le, i 4, \ Pound. - '7,.. d s ',lfltil-1I apt. e k , t kd th e ti..,,' and Co. respectfully . acuaint their laccountable for Ip .t. s th, els, pa...oolic,hat they wilt nor .. it sa. of t4:: 14 7 1 1 Fi ve s seoger s Luggage, II filings, damaged,Plate, un -ted ~ rounds Value,if lost, stolen, or_ at ne ,"' 3 'lol accordingly, ch T , T it,., , and the Insurance p aid. Strew ..., 1 ... 3 - Ar a d I nn, Sliinner-str I ert sue n I ill Lando PUBLIC EXAMINATIONS at OXFORD. The principles on which our Journal has been conducted for some time past are now generally known; and the countenance and support ex tended to us by a discerning and enlightened class of Correspondents, as well as Readers, en courage us to hope that those principles are duly appreciated and approved. Our columns have not been devoted, nor were they intended to be devoted, only to subjects of a political nature, but it has been our aim to take a wider range, to adopt a rn4e enlarged sphere of operation, and to afford an opportunity for the liberal investiga tion and discussion of any subject connected with the Literature and Religion, as well as the Laws and Politics, of our Country. And, as with re spect to these last, our endeavour has been to uphold the great fundamental maxims on which our glorious Constitution in Church and State was originally established, and on which its ex cellence and stability must for ever depend, to rescue them from misrepresentation, and to pre serve them unchanged and unchangeable, so we have also felt a lively interest in the success and well-being of our several Establishments for Education, particularly our Universities, which must necessarily have a powerful influence on the National manners, taste, and habits. We have, therefore, noticed from time to time the proceed ings of those learned Bodies, the partial changes that have been made in their discipline, and the different standards of qualification for academical distinction which have been at different periods established and acted upon. We shall therefore make no apology for adverting to a very sen s ible Pamphlet that is now before us on the subject of the Public Examinations for degrees at Oxford, and shall take the present opportunity of offering a few Extracts from it, in the hope that the at tention of those to whom it is principally ad dressed may be directed to the subject of which it treats, and that such remedies may be applied as shall to their wisdom and discretion appear ex pedient and advisable. We cannot do this more seasonably than at the commencement of a fresh term. The Author of the Pamphlet in question is the Rev. Mr. SHORT, a Student and Tutor of Christ Chu » !), who has held several other official situa tions both in his own distinguished College and in the University—among others that of Public Examiner. lle is therefore well qualified to form a correct judgment, and writes practically and experimentally, on the subject ; and we have been particularly pleased to notice the tone of moderation and deference with which he ex presses his opinions. Whatever he proposes, he seems to propose rather for the purpose of dis cussion than that of laying down any hasty system which, if not well matured, might require to be again altered very soon. Mr. SHORT shall now speak for himself : _ " Before I enter on a description of the existing evil, I can- • not but add my testimony to the wisdom of those who were in. strumental in framing the new statute of Examinations. Ox ford owes almost all its present fame to this useful change, and I fully believe that, under the providence of GOD, this has been one of the means which have contributed to the better prepare. tion of those who are to become members of our eeclesiastical establishment. Still it by no means follows, that what was most beneficial as an experiment in 1807, must be best suited 'to the state of our academical studies in 1822 ; and, I doubt not, that they who were most active in promoting the alteration, would now, were they alive, see the necessity of some further modification of their own system. " The first point to which I shall advert, is the length of time employed in the examinations, which, in my opinion,. is greater than is necessary ; nor have I indeed conversed with any one.on the subject who does not seem to view the matter in the same light. This arises, I believe, from the nature of the machine, which having been originally calculated for the exist. ing state of the University, is still used when our numbers are nearly doubled ; while every improvement in the general studies Of the place not only increases the proportion of those who try to distinguish themselves, but entails a more than correspond ieg labour on those whose business it is to decide on the merit of candidates nearly equal in their proficiency. " To those who are not acquainted with it from experience, it would be impossible to give an adequate idea of the tiresome monotony which attends our school examinations, and the state of listlessness to which six weeks continued exertion in questioning will reduce an examiner. Can it be expected, that the examiner shall be in the same state either to question or to judge for six weeks continually ? Is it likely that he will be able to preserve in his own mind the same exact standard of merit ? May not his temper be soured by bodily confinement, and his attention relaxed by weariness ? To both these circum stances he must be occasionally liable, and both manifestly tend to diminish the estimation in which the decisions of this tribunal are held. Again, as the utility of the examinations greatly depends on the interest taken in them by the Under graduates, and as that interest is likely to be diminished by the length of time which they continue, it may be a question whe ther we are not undermining our own system by this slow me thod of carrying it into execution." Mr. SHORT then proceeds to develope the plan which he would substitute for the present system of school examination, and proposes a scheme of his own, differing in some particulars from that which is now acted upon. , We shall not follow him through all its details, but shall content our selves with extracting 'such parts as appear to us either more easily practicable, or more imme diately necessary. " In order to effect any beneficial change (we use his own words), " the first object should be to simplify the present system • and this I hold to he absolutely required ; the second, to amend parts of it, which I believe to want remodelling. " Unless the quantity of examination for an ordinary degree were diminished the number of Examiners must be increased, in order to lessen the task of each. With regard to the honours this would be dangerous ; for all who are to decide should be present at the examination of every one of the Candidates. — The examination therefore for honours, must be separated from that for the simple degree, so that all the Candidates for honours may he examined at once. For the simple degree the number of Examiners must be' increased while the daily at tendance of only a portion of them is required. " For ordinary degrees, then, I would propose three Exa minations annually ; one at the end of each term, conducted on the same principles and in the same manner as at present. — These examinations should, be common to every one who took a degree, and to those whose attainments seemed to warrant the prospect of success, a separate testamur should he given, %Odell should entitle them to offer themselves as Candidates for the higher honours. In the second examination therefore it would not be necessary to enter again into the subjects of divinity or logic, which circumstance would in itself save time. " The Examiners should be in number ten, any three of whom should form a Board, so that no one could be called on to examine above twice in the week. _ " With respect•to the honours, I would purpose one exami nation per annum, beginning, -perhaps on Whit Monday, so 6d itton Ss d r rod 4 9 Odol ad a Ss 11. 11 ....0ats bo a 446 Cdr arley ."4 6d a )n 9s t Is Wbes bit—t; 16164 0,1 a ... , DJ a 04 Oil 3 DI a od • - d a 16 ' p 1 __ es , leasure. 91 " 5 Iti xiey, 19 , a 65, Os. of e pi. d, c of ge a l rod i I per a5! 64 9d Od a 4' lC4 ettf was Pr 1 , 00 at 26 tO gr )0 1 8 gf 6 e an' :rati °ll : ,/ 4 29 Of 16 9 2 - " A ga at °f lin to p tbe k's Pr ices t i l er In o ' 4 . Flour DCI a 00 e 65 od a oil pd a g 4, pd )J per at' 3-1 04 34 ! Oat; r te. sac k s6 s 1 . 04 0 4 ; Li a 0.1 13C 3 .sae., 05; oleP oit per 5 10 5° rley, nArI,CP , es gu of Wlicst O S 9 51-4 Of 5 39 a ▪ a n o OS a al* lis a ~ ▪ a 2 ng* 6s a'', a , .l▪ a • Whea!ine rl7 mf IS r, de 11 010 Ie r to n 00 11 carer' 0J a 125 0 3 oi Od 3 1 % 0 4 od od )d 8 27 : Od Do a 5 /, ci od 3 s O. l ---ss a -,--r, al°os -53° ans o‘i bo a "" a od -5 - 35 a Os 0 0; .-9 a QS', 0 4 -5 --- s 0,03" a 95 pd aays6 a 4 a as I a 3iiV 1 a °I °" prig s 3 rig tbe 51 ;. e ,s th 3rt iog , m orn " a" ° t 5 i s a few - i 3s ios to ear, last Ito• • in be J 3 6lt r sdal the I' o o little ibi nil :r t: lt f ewr Ij l , ' , in g e o l oll e on , / - 14 r, VDe to • .00;cr,40ftri • to 21 0 t t° °I " 5t ,t • .A . '/ ..N, • ~.. .c.,...„4:,....,.0.,,, K; ‘ , / , . i ,.-(s H /'Ci -vi-; SUN. TUESDAY, OCTOBER 22, 1822. as to end just before the long Vacation. The whole time em ployed in the classical examination should be two weeks ; in the mathematical, one immediately following. There should be five Examiners for Classics and three for Mathematics; all necessarily Members of the General Board for degrees. The Examinations should be conducted by Classes, principally on paper." The great objections to which the system . of viva voce questioning, on difficult subjects, is liable, are ably and judiciously stated by Mr. SHORT. He describes them first in reference to the Examiners, next in reference to the persons examined, and' we do not think that he has in either case by any means overstated them : he says— " In order to shew how much I conceive that some of these are founded on the system, and do not result from th; , ! individual, I shall describe what I felt myself on first go ing into the Schools in my . present capacity. The circum stance of the two parties being 'placed on opposite sides of the table, together with the manner of qUeStioning before a nu merous body of spectators, naturally le4Re to consider the person examined as an opponent, rather dran'otte on whom we were about to pass our judgment, and made it difficult to sup press the vanity of displaying superiority. The object of all questioning should be to ascertain to what point the candidate can go; some questions therefore should be such as lie is able to answer, while it would always be wise to propose others which he would find above his capacity - and knowledge. As long as he answers, the scale of difficulty should ascend ; but the instant it has risen beyond his attainments, it should be brought back again to his comprehension. It may however happen, that the apparent difficulty arises from his not under standing the form of the question in common justice then we shall try, before we pass on, to place the thing in the clearest light. If, however, he be confused, lie will probably only sibk lower, and every future question will serve but to augment the evil till he loses all recollection. At this moment his fate de pends entirely on the examiner; his answers are perhaps such as would render it impossible for bins to be put in the Class at which he is aiming, unless a change is made in the line of ques tions. Now, if the Examiner be but of humour, and there are many things to make him so ; if he be nervous, and the situa tion is a nervous one ; what is to become of the Candidate who stands before him ? The answer is, that he must - depend on the fairness of the Examiner and his Colleagues ; and as far as my experience has gone, he cannot rest on surer grounds; but would it not be better if the parties were not exposed to such a chance ? It is so much easier to ask difficult questions than good easy ones, that there is every temptation to induce the Examiner to err on the side of difficulty, his vanity, peevish ness, or want of exertion. Why then expose us to all this ? A set Of questions proposed to a class of men, all standing for the same honours, may be injudiciously chosen, but being the same they must be equally fair for all. They must also be equally fresh and new; whereas, the chief line of each Exa miner's questions is more or less known to every Candidate whose name occurs late in the list, and who has attended the examinations. We have occasionally observed persons trying to take advantage of this, and have been forced to guard against it ?" All these observations on the effects of the pre sent system of questioning, as far as the Exa miner is concerned, are. stated with perfect fair ness, and display no small knowledge of human nature ; while therefore human nature is consti tuted as it is, that system seems to afford the best prospect of general success which is most calcu lated to obviate the consequences of its improper . bias and propensity. Mr. SHORT has successfully shewn, as we think, that, in this respect, the system now acted upon is far from perfect. Mr. SHORT then proceeds to point out the effects on the person examined : " In order to 'attain the highest honours, he is obliged to prepare himself for public exhibition in a large portion of the classics melioris nevi ; so as to be able at once to render any passage into English, and to answer such questions as may be be proposed to him, without any further assistance than what he may derive from having read it aloud before he begins to construe. Now, in order to prepare himself in such a quan tity of books at all, he must undoubtedly possess considerable knowledge; but his success will depend very materially on his powers of memory; and it will be of the highest importance to him to remember every line which contains any ditlicid:y ; and this not in the moment of tranquil recollection, but before a crowd of persons whose eyes are all fixed on him. The conse queuce is, that he must employ himself to a considerable de gree in reading over the books wnich he has selected, not for the purpose of critical examination, but merely to remember them ; and though the chief object be to satisfy his judges, yet no young man can divest his mind entirely of anxiety as to the opinion which the audience and his friends will form of him, who can all tell whether he perform his task fluently, while perhaps there is hardly one person present who can judge whe ther he is a scholar. Even an examining master, if he be not personally engaged in the business, has often much difficulty in forming an opinion, and is obliged to make many allow ances. " Our system of teaching must necessarily follow the course of what is required for the public examinations, and here, in my opinion, is the great evil of our present plan. About two years, or two years and a half, of an academical life are spent in a course of study which, as far as 1 can judge, is nearly as good as it can be. It generally commences with the Greek his torians and Latin poets, and ends with the historians of Rome, and poets of Greece, while mathematics, logic, rhetoric and moral philosophy, are pursued according to the abilities anti wishes of the pupil ; divinity forms a necessary part of every examination for the degree as well as of the course of instruc tion. When this period has elapsed, the young man finds it necessary to begin his preparation for• the schools, which con sists of reading over again the same books, in precisely the same manner as he did before. He cannot be much encouraged to analyze what he has read, or to compare it with the opinions of those who have written on the same subjects : because so much time is necessary for things absolutely required, that lie dares not diverge from the beaten track. Let me not be mis taken. I pretend not to assert that none enter into the paths towards which I would direct them • all I maintain is, that the tendency of our system, as far as die schools are concerned, is against their doing so. Now were our examinations more analytical, the studies of the third year would be material ly changed ; and doubtless, if they were conducted on paper, they would gradually become more analytical ; for where ever the question was general, the candidate would have an opportunity of displaying his stock of knowledge on a given subject, for whatever source it might be derived, without confining himself to the .Author about whom he was immediately engaged. It is true, he would then read over the same books again, but he would do so with a very different view. His first object would then be, such arrangement as would enable him, when called on, to make his knowledge hear on a particular point. A barren ac quaintance with facts would be far from satisfying him; he would study their bearings, and learn to reason upon them ; and he would be examined in way which it would no's be absurd to adopt, from the circumstances under which the examination is conducted. No man could be adequate to such an ordeal viva voce, and the noise and bustle of the public schools are most ill-suited to a trial of this description.; and yet, with all these difficulties, w e frequently meet with most creditable'productions. " There are at the same time many minor inconveniences on which it would be tiresome perhaps to dwell. The very species of exhibition disqualifies; sonic candidates more than others from appearing to the greatest advantage. While the neces sary variety in the questions- proposed makes the examination of different candidates very far from being equal in difficulty. The interference and corrections of the Examiner produce in many cases very dissimilar results ; they sometimes assist, but more frequently einbarrasS those for whose benefit. they are in tended; all these circumstances, when combined, make the result depend more on chance than it would were the whole carried on in a different manner. • • , • " There seems no reason why the Examiners for mathoma tical honours should be the same with those for classical, unless such an arrangement were occasionally convenient, when there can be no objection to it. The University-would, by dividing the office, gain the assistance of many of its members who would not now choose to become ExaMiners. " Such are the grounds which make me believe it necessary that some new form of examination should be adopted. The University has itself so advanced that it requires something be yond what was established fourteen years ago ; and I hardly think it possible that any system can, from the nature of the case, continue the best for above ten years ; so that whatever is now done should, in my opinion be made binding for ten years only, when its natural death will enable the then members of the University to re-establish what is good, and to make such alterations as time shall have pointed out. " In all that I have proposed my only wish has been to render effectual what we are now striving to do; and some of the hints may prove useful, though, as a whole, what I have said were rejected. As to the details into which I have entered, I may be quite wrong, and my opinions far from correct ; whatever I have proposed, I propose for the purpose of discussion." HAYLING ISLAND, HANTS. From the great progyess which has been made in the Subscriptions for erecting a Bridge and Causeway be tween Havants and Hayling Island, there is little doubt but that that interesting object will be carried Into effect, and that in a few years, we shall have erected on this beautiful part of the Hampshire coast, a convenient and pleasant watering-place, ad mirably calculated to facilitate the pleasures of persons attached to aquatic excursions, &c. It is situated within the Isle of Wright, nearly opposite to St. Helen's and t. e Priory, with an admirable harbour (Langston), capable of admitting vessels of great burthen ; its distance from London about 66 miles, and from Havant about 4 miles, through which the coaches pass daily from the West of England to Brighton. The Portsmouth coaches to London also pass within four miles of Havant, so that there will be every facility of approach to this interesting Island. Among the subScrib2: we notice the following distingu The Duke of Norfolk £5OO . The Earl of Egremont - 200 The Earl of Surrey • - 200 Lord Henry Howard - 200 Sir George Staunton - 500 Admiral Hackett - - 200 W. Padwick, jun., Esq. 500 H. Murray, Esq. - - 230 R. Watkins, Esq. - 300 J. Crasweller, Esq. - 230 F. Horton, Esq. - 250 A. Atherley, Esq. - 200 W. Holmes, Esq. - 200 And several others, amountini 9,000/. !rs to the Bridge and Causeway lished personages :-- Mr. C. Osborne . £290 Mr. Thornton - 200 Capt. IV oodrofre, R.N. 100 J. Butler, Esq. - - 100 W. Padwick, sen., Esq. 100 Mr. Caslin - - - 100 Mr. King - - 100 Mr. Dyson . 100 Mr. Hewitt - - 100 J. Hopkins, Esq. - - 100 Mr. Bullock - - 100 Mr. Hares - - 100 is in the whole to upwards of cur y, MONDAY EVENING. Advices have this morning been received at Lloyd's that the Benson, of and for Glasgow from St. Thomas's, had been plundered on the 3d and 4th of August of various stores, and of a part of her valuable cargo, by two Pirates from Porto Rico. In the English Funds not much business has this day been done, and there has not been any fluctuation in prices. Reduced Threes are 81.; I, and . 3 per Cent. Consols 82.1 g. The 31 per Cents. 931, the Old Fours .09.1 g I, and New Fours 102,i Bank Long Annuities 20i. East India Stock 255, and Bonds 54 52. Consols for the November settlement con tinue steady at 82:i An expreis from Paris, received this morning, brings an ad vance in Foreign Securities there List Saturday, and represents 'all appearances as pacific ; at the closing of the market that day the Rentes were 93. 75., and the Neapolitan Bonds were in de mand at 81. Spanish Old Bonds 86i, and the New found buyers at 71i. Here this day there have been great fluctuations, and . the Spanish New Bonds and the Columbian are both lower. It is reported that the new Poyais Loan will come into the market on Wednesday or Thursday next. Some sales were this day made at 33 to 84. It is small and will be easily managed. The following are the various prices paid this day for these different Foreign Securities.:7- French * Five per Cjiits. Dividend from 22d Sept. 93 50. 4. Spanish* Five per Cent. of 1930, Dividend from Ist Slay, atiA. Ditto Five per Cent. Bonds of 1821 (sterling), Dividend from Ist May, 73A 3. Ditto Scrip, G. fihiH prem. Russian * Six per Cents. Dividend from Ist July, 82. Ditto * Five per Cents. (metal].) Div. from Ist Sept. 83. Ditto New Five per Cent. (metal].) Dividend from Ist Sept,, 89i Prussian Five per Cent. Bonds of 1818 (sterling) Dividend from Ist Oct., 89,1 i. Ditto of 1822 (sterling-) Dividend from Ist July, 89i . Austrian * Five per Cent. (metall.) Div. from let Feb. 82. Neapolitan * Five per Cent. Bonds. Dividend from Ist July, 82. Ditto Scrip, 83i Danish Five per Cent. Bonds (sterling) Dividend from Ist July, 91i. *. Ditto Banco Marks, Dividend from Ist July, 89. ColoMbian Six per Cent. Bonds (sterling) Dividend from Ist May, 96A 5 4 .ban" Six per Cent. Bonds (sterling) Dividend from Ist Oct. 871 U. Peruvian Loan, Marked * are subject to the rate of Exchange. —( Morning Chronicle.) THE ARMY. The Ist division of the 15th (or York East Riding) Regiment of Foot, Lieutenant-General Sir M. Disney, K.C.B. Colonel, arrived at Dub lin on the morning of the 17th inst. from Liver pool, and disembarked the same day. Two Squadrons, and the Head-quarters of the 3d (or the King's Own) Light Dragoons, Lieutenant-General S. Lord (7ombermere, Colonel, will march in two divisions from .ighton to-day and to-morrow for Chichester Barracks, where they will arrive on Wednesday and Thursday next. One Squadron of the Ist Regiment of Life Guards, General the Earl of Harrington, Colonel, will arrive to-day, and another squadron of the same Regiment will arrive to-morrow; at Brighton, from Windsor ; from which latter place they marched, in pursuance of previous crders, on the .19th and 21st inst. The Nand 3d divisions of the 15th Regiment of Foot have arrived at Liverpool, from Manchester, and will embark at the former place forthwith for Dublin. The first division of the 66th Foot, under the command of Lieut.-Colonel Dodgin, arrived at Hull on Friday last from Sunderland, to replace the 15th Foot, which has marched thence for Manchester on the way to Ireland. Colonel Alexander Murray Macgregor is appointed Colonel Commandant of the Ist or Highland Regiment of Edinburgh Local Militia.. lVar-Office, Dublin Castle, Oct. 11.—His Excellency the Lord Lieutenant hati been pleased to appoint the Right Hon. Sir George Fitzgerald llill, Bart. to be Colonel of the London derry Regiment of Militia, in the room of the Marquis of Lon donderry, deceased, and to sign a Commission, dated the 10th of October, 1822, accordingly. Half-yearly Inspection.—Major-General Lord R. E. 11. So merset, K.C.8., Inspecting General of the Cavalry in Great Britain, will inspect the Ist (or King's) Dragoon Guards, Gene ral W. Cartwright: Colonel, at Canterbury, on Thursday next, the 24th instant.—Two troops of the above Corps were to be -.withdrawn to-day from Deal and Hythe, to attend the inspec tion of the Regiment at Canterbury on Thursday next.—Major- General Lord E. Somerset will also inrtect the 3d Light Dra goons at Chichester on Saturday next, the 26th inst. PRICE SEVEN PENCE. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. PARIS, OCT. 19.—The assurance which The Courier gives that the peace of Europe will not be disturbed, and that the rights of Spain will be respected, serve to explain the angey which certain Journals display towards it. This cus tomary organ of the British Ministry speaks in as decided a manner as if he had been before hand informed of the resolutions of the approach ing Congress. We recollect formerly - , a note published at Petersburgh, which was known to all Europe, and of which the language was not less positive than that of The Courier, The principles both profess are not easily reconciled ; but these signs of diplomatic disagreement are not of so much importance perhaps as people are disposed to believe. We cannot decide this, but the future will. Till that time let us observe fact. We announced- at the time that, according to the English Journals, secret negociations were carrying on between Spain and England, and the Journalists took care to add that these negocia tions did not relate to the affairs of Europe. Since the publication of this news an English fleet has been dispatched, the destination of which is not known. The commander had - sealed orders, which he was not to open till he reached a certain latitude. Finally, in the speech of the King of Spain to the Cortes, there is mention of " negociations, which are opened with powers who know the value of the riches of Spain." Here is an ample field for conjecture. It would be singular enough if England _should profit by the condition in which irritated aristo cracies have placed Europe, to settle its own affairs very quietly, to acquire the commerce of Spain and its former colonies, and to preserve the Island of Cuba from insurrections, as it pre serves the lonian Islands. In this case, who is it that will have taken the roasted chesnuts from the fire, and who is it that has prepared them for devouring ? This question is a little vulgar per haps, but we know no better way of expressing our ideas, without wounding ministerial self love, which is very sensible. In giving an account of the execution of Ge neral Berton we committed, on the faith of an Evening Paper, an involuntary error, which we are happy now to correct. Berton died a Chris tian ; it is false that he refused the succours of religion—false that he used disagreeable words to the respectable ecclesiastics who attended him in his last moments. The following letter, which we have just received, gives a formal denial to the assertions that we copied. The character of the person who sends it is a sufficient guarantee of its authenticity : TO THE EDITOR. " Poitiers, October 15, 1822. " Stn,—l have had frequent conversations with General Berton during one month. He has never refused the succours of religion. He promised me to fulfil all the duties which it imposes, if the sentence should be confirmed by the Court of Cessation. The day of his execution, I repaired to him early at the prison, with M. Beaudouin, a Missionary. I pointed out to him the necessity of the sacrament of penitence, 'and re minded him of the promise he had made so often to die a Christian. He heard mG in silence, embraced me, And ac cepted the Confessor I offered him. Ile confessed twice before leaving the prison. When the moment arrived to go to death, Berton became extremely weak—the paleness of his counte nance, the alteration of its expression, almost rendered him a different looking man. 1 accompanied him to the scaffold, as well as M. Beaudouin. He did not tell, us to leave I,liai in peace, nor did he make use of any other disobliging word. " 1 am, with great respect, Sir, " " Your very humble and obedient Servant, " LAMBERT, Vicaire-General de Poiiiers." —( Journal des Dibats.) M. Achille Murat, eldest son of the Ex-King of Naples, has obtained a passport from . the Austrian Government to go to America. When he leaves Vienna he goes direct to Hamburgh. Doctor Pichot means to publish in French_ the Physiology of Professor Lawrence, with Notes. ,According to the Memorial Bordelais of Oct. 15, Mina has been arrested by his own soldiers and conducted to Pampeluna, accused of cowardice and incapacity in an affair with the Insurgents. This paper adds, that Corogne has been taken by. the revolted Galicians. La Ruche d'Aquitaine says nothing of this circumstance of Mina. It also announces the capture of Corogne, and pretends that the Con stitutional soldiers were conducted to Fort St. Antoine, where they are detained. In the Ruche of the 15th it is said, the Fourth number of the Gazette of the Regency of Urgel has reached us. It contains nothing remarkable, but an ordinance to re-establish the commercial relations with France on the same footing' as before the publication of the Spanish Constitu tion. This ordinance also contains the tar if of goods coming from abroad. We are assured that the Government has given orders to grant to the Spanish Royalist Refugees every succour which is prescribed by justice, and the attention due to a people which received and entertained with such generous hospitality •the French who were persecuted during the revolu tion.—(La Quotidienne.) Private advices received from Madrid, an nounce, that the provincial .regiment Ecija tins revolted against its officers, and has refused to serve against the Royalists in Catalonia. It is certain that other corps of the militia have also refused to march in defence of the Constitution. —( Gazette de France.) _ The Journal de la Moselle contaius•the.fol lowing statement :—" The Ctistorn's.-Rourd.;rd Sierck has seized a packet containing twelve