The Sun. — London, England, 1853-10-25 00:00:00

of .• riPt° n , 91 . lOct• nPtOr l 4 i SO So , ' 15 10 12 S c t r ' 1 3 Oct. O , ioct• df • • • J ., sov• tt i 01-)t ° ,, soY.. aPV -- ,00• • • aptollit3e. al •• i •••.. of . th .• ..• •- n plol , uptol' th .. 0 , 'l , g oon , o . c . 1 „pioi , i' ct. ‘2O ,(1 3;i011 opt y 0 .• ' , I''''rep,,s,i i p . t.o ' . , ,OCt. 0 1' ‘;',311 tntl',N° v • s'ov• e bge 1!,1 0 ' . 1 . 6 Is of?) s ',l9 6 , t er I f l' i ; t 6 a ptolt nyto ll l up tol npLon oct 1' ..•.• _~ ~~ iauiples ; ra tes. fissfr old 633 Cd new t° ,4 n ainiff atS, to ; • 48s t o ":', - 6; 'lns, tick, 0 34$ to 373. ra d e brick st to 2s pe r 1 : of last woe e 723 to 843_, O Y 253 ; ;o 4 8 s ; ceic ea s. e ., re 4 ,, 00 pca-ts, ni 6; g 4 51 i-j 3'j%6° finds of gr e tir a ll : 2s Per e l r '01; 725; sec 'T for o ld. s, 13e . 3u 0d 1 I 13 0 : Od Od 1 " , a to 405 "". narket 0. 3 ....... ........... , 2 , 6 ....... A ....... •• ••• v ....... 0 ..... ..... ........ ...... ..... • •••''.;:: .." ..1.••••••":,31 se•••••'' .. o fi a rtlef 35 N 11.•••-" .. 0 thyl •acite..•••• 0 041 neral E,'>l oct• 0 Vo."0 BANK OF VICTORIA, AUSTRALIA...-. The LONDON and WESTMINSTER BANK arci prepared to issue at their 'L ad Office in Lotto - airy, Letters of Credit, and BH; at dO days' sight, up n the Bank of Victoria, Melbourne, I ort Slid upon the Bra-cu es of that Bank at Geelong, and Belfast, at a charge of 2 per Cent. J. W. GILD ART, General Manager. ONDON AND '.SOUTH-WESTERN R T,WAY. OTICE TS HEREBY GIVE , That a SPECIAL GENERAL ;TEETING of the PROPRIETOIIs of the LONDON and SOY FI %:ESTERN RAILWAY COMPANY will be held at the HAWK rNo 61, Waterloo-road, Lambeth, on TITESDAY, the 15th day of November, 1653, at Twelve o'clo ck at Noon precisely, I:7 the I,urpose of considering and deciding upon t he p roceedings to " adopted by the Company with reference to the proposed extol- Si'ln of the Rai way from I;orcinster, including the provision of the caPlal necessary to be subscribed tor the same, and of authorising the necessary measures for carrying the determination of the Meet ing into e&ct. notice is also Hereby Given, that the Books of the Company for t he Transfer of Stock and Shares will be Closed on TUESDAY , the Ist :I ,':. I Y of Nove.nber, and remain closed until TUESDAY, the 15 th day of N ovember, 1853, both days inclusive. By order of the Board of Directors. L. CROMBIE, Secretary. fork-road Offices, 24th October, 1853, I mportant FREEHOLD PROPERTY, with immediate possession, in the Centre of the City of LAtdon, having an extensive and impos" ins frinit.g••. ESSRS. PAGE and CAMERON are instruct -L C ed t SEL I', by AUCTION, at the MART, on THURsOAY, ,( 'Whet -27, at Twelve (unless previously disiiosed of by pri v ate i , :eaty, a Valnab e FREEHOLD ESTATE. It consists of a DWEL rNO, 110FsE and IWO sHOPS, most eligibly situate, and being ,N 0 ' 2 Ci, Poultry, adjoining The King's Head Tavern, one of the most Prominent and central positions in the City of London. The Premises are undeniably placed, have au extensive and imposing frontage, and I.,turt their proximity to the Bank of England, India House, Royal Xthalige, and other mercantile public buildings, are admirably adapted for a Bank, Insurance Office, or any public institution where a commanding situation rvid publicity me required in this wealthy neighbourh oo d. The property may be viewed upon application to _ Auctioneers, and particulars and candiiions of sale obtained of 'reSsrs. Atkins and Andrew, solicitors, White Hart-court, Lombard li.treet ; and of Messrs. Page arid Cameron, land agents and surveyors. 4 ° , Rucklersbury and St. Albans. ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION. PATRON—II.R.II. PRINCE ALBERT. L AST WEEK of the SECOND P kRT of an HISTORICAL LEC • T 1 1 ; 1 ZE on "THE THAMES," frtn its Source to its Estuary, by OItGE fILICK.LAND, Esq., assisted by Miss Blanche Younge, with t' , W . SO NOS and NEW ISsOLVING SCENERY, on Tuesdays and Fri days at four o'clock, and every Evening except Saturday at .Nine. LEcTuaEs.—By J. 11. Pepper, Esq. : On PHOTOGRAPHY, with Illustrations, Mornings and Evenings. By Dr. Bachhoffner : On ELECTRO:GILDING and SILVERING. ,The LANCASHIRE SEWING MACHINE and BATE'S IM *-40VED FIRE ESCAPE exhibited in Use and explained Daily, C hildren Mornings and Evenings. Admission, Is.; Schools, and wlildren under Ten years of age Half-price. ATKINSON and COMPANY, CABINET MANUFACTURERS, UPHSTERERS, and CARPET ARPHOU.IEMEN. 69, 70, 71, 72, 0 73, 74, and 75, Westminster brid ' ' - -ge-road, Lambeth, London. LAURENT'S CASINO, ARGYLL Rooms, (Lessee, Cues. C. LATIRENT, Onslow-house, Fulham•road). The above Rooms are now OPEN FOR THE SEASON, and will continue open every evening, with LAURENT'S CELEBRATED BAND. Admission, Is. Doors open at half-past 8 ; Dancing to commence at 9 o'clock, and ter ulnae at half-past 11. TKINSON and COMPANY, DRAPERS, SILK MERCERS, LA.CEMEN, &c., G 9, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74, 1 4 ' 45 , Westminster-bridge-road, Lambeth, London. — Shawls, Furs, w hles, Family Mourning, &c. y 0 LOVERS of FISH.-100 REAL YAR MOUTH BLOATERS for 65., package included. The above 4w_ arded to al parts on receipt of penny postage stamps, or Post order (preferred), for the amount—Address, THOMAS 'TTIS, Jun., Fish Curer, Great Yarmouth. G i n AVESEND PACKETS. Other Packets call at the Grays, Greenhithe, I ' , Packets call at the Piers as underlined (w; FROM TERRACE PIER, GRAVE STAR and Purtieet Piers. ether permitting 3END. "---________LAlte.lC DAYS. SUNDAYS. THE LONDON INDISPUTABLE LIFE • ••5 4 t 7) .f,. .1' .c , ./.. POLICY COMPANY, 72, Lombard-street. I'Lr‘ Pierce t, ' ri ; Time. :", ....4 13 , i . es ' '' 1 = ~,--. i . . -..: c..., TRUSTEES. fn c, ' 2 ' .4. Ai 9 ,-.:5 ' z 7. c J . Campbell Renton, Esq. I Richard Spooner, Esq., M.P. o - .... p., k . ........., .. c r.r. A 8' ,- , g Richard Malins, Esq., Q.C., M.P. I James Fuller Maddox, Esq. -_. _ _l__ ..._....... _-- .., -- -- -- William Wilberforce, Esq. ~7% _— _ 84 iSt 4 _ DIRECTORS. t9l, 11% William Adams, Esq., Henrietta-street, Cavendish-square. lii, — John Atkins, Esq., White Hart-court, Lombard-street. % I st 4 _ 5 3 henry Augustus Bevan, Esq., John-street, America-square. 33. 2 ___. _ _ _ M _ Joins Ofingerneld, Esq., Craven-street. Strand. 5 R. Henry Forman, Esq., Ordnance, Pall-all. John Hamilton, Esq., Alfred-place, Thurlow-square. John Matthews, Esq., Arthur-street West, City. C. Octavius Parnell, Esq., Norfolk-street, Park-lane. nbireet Trains from the Boats marked t Williatn Williams, Esq., Rood-lane, Fenchurch-street. bireet Trains from the Boats marked t O mnibuses from Fenchurch-street Station to all parts of London quarter of an hour, 1111UX, PADDINGTON LOCAL BOARD. 24, Connaught-terrace, Edgware•road. The Rev. James Shergold itoone, A.M., Stanhope-street, Hyde-park. Captain Creed, Bedford-square. and St. Albans. Roger Gadsden, Esq., Nfaida-hill West, and Bedford-row. Charles Pemberton, Esq., Eastbourne-terrace, Hyde-park, and Lin- ' , WICK WHARF, BLACKWALL, on the arrival of the fol lowing Trains from the Fenchurch-street Station. SUNDAYS. .E° WEEK DAYS. i , ..4 E , F. 4 -.1 •:- 4 .; e Fen- ~.. .i" _,..., .ig i 11 . , en. ..1 f,,C - - ?, 4 ',,,.? ~:ci churcht. ~,,, •Fs' f: 0 .ehurelt 5 V E. 8 V Street. 8 treet. .-. C ° 10 .......„, _ -- .............. _ ____ _ - - - - 74, - 11 _ 2 , 4 . 12 IA 3 14 2 IA — 5 4 % 5 IA coin's-inn-fields. George Y. Robson, Esq., Eastbourne-terrace, Hyde park, and New- sqaare, Lincoln's-inn. W. H. Trinder, Esq., John-street, Bedford-row. SECRETARY—Chas. Iloghton, Esq. The policies of this Company being indisputable, form FAMILY PROVISIONS and NEGOTIABLE SECURITIES, for their validity Is not dependent, as in the case of ordinary policies, upon the import of previous reports and other documents. ALEX. ROBERTSON, Manager. UNITED KINGDOM LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY. Established by Act of Parliament in 1834. 8, Waterloo-place, Pall-mall, London. HONORARY PRESIDENTS. Lord Elphinstone Lord Belhaven and Renton William Campbell, Esq., of direct, Fore Cabin. Saloon. To or from Gravesend and L0nd0n.......... 10d. .. Is. 2d. „ Gravesend and Blackwall or Woolwich Sd. .. Os. 10th between Gravesend and Intermediate Piers.. 6d. .. Os. Sd. BOIT TICKETS.—TweIve Months, 5,. Os. ; Six Months, 3/. Os.; three Months, 21. Os. ; to be had of the Collectors on board the kkets; or of Mr. Monk, Terrace Pier, Gravesend. _Oct. 19th, 1853. Passages marked * are Earl of Courtown Earl Leven and Melville Earl of Norbury Viscount Falkland 40ZEAU'S COPAHINE-MEGE, or Saccharatt, k in e kPBULES, approved by the French College of Physicians, and ke: ee ssfully administered in the Paris and London Hospitals, and o e 'flowledged by them to be the best remedy for the cure of libt.orrohcea, Gleet, and Leucorrhccal Discharges, on an average of wi i J ays (see " Lancet " of 6th Nov., 1852, an extract from which by forwarded immediately on application). — Prepared and sold il o w '• Jo7eau, sole French chemist, 49, Haymarket, London ; and (la t , an, Phannacien, 161, Rue Montmartre, Paris ; at Liverpool, M. ch,, and Abraham, chemists, Bold-street ; and the principal 106 4 ' 1, 4 of France, England, and the Colonies. Price of bottle of he dame 45. 6d.; 50 do., 25. 9d., with directions, and stamp with ..„ ... fante of Gabriel Jozeau printed thereon. SECOND EDITION.—WITH ADDITIONS. Just Published, Bvo., in cloth, price 55., by post free, ss. 6d. 1 01-N TRUE & FALSE SPERMATORRHcEA, kr„, with the View to the Correction of wide-spread Errors (44,''ation to the Treatmeet and Cure of Sufferers from Debility of the terative System, or Sexual Hypochondriasis. s . Translated from the German of Dr. PICKFORD C . ii ur• Plekford ts known to English readers by his frequent practi t,,.entrlbutions to German medical literature. This is the first eal he informs us, that he has addressed himself to the non-medi- Oth:ader. We trust this eq may not be the last, if he shall detect any ually flagrant evil which it may be in his sower to correct." thi;ndon Medical Gazette, May 30, 1851. The tribe of Quiet Syma co,7B,' and Medical Fri ends,'are mercilessly exposed ; and if this book , m a ,'" find its wa y i n to the hands of those who suffer from the corn ,nt Of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would leua,Yed much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of en,„PlPortance, though it is that which tha quacks most prize— } This volume is well qualified to put an end to tho k n ,"'rlcal system of treating Spermatorrhcea, and to place the treat -142t 11 Pon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore, Y to do much good."—Medical Circular, June 16. 1852. London: 11. Balliere, 219, Regent-street. 41:DicAL ADVICE ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH AND MATURITY. b h, I L SAMUEL LA'MERT, 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON, uoc '''r of Medicine, and Matriculated Member of the University of ?l'"ub., orgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical otety, Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall. London, &c., &c. 4 ,,, AY be consulted, personally, or by.letter, on r e ,,,,, n the various disorders of the nervous and generative system, 4:11 1 ,7,, 1 g from juvenile irregularities and excesses, which have pro p more misery in youth, degradation in manhood, and prema ,Z. decay at all stages of life, than perhaps any other , class of dis tZe.B known to modern pathologists. Long and practical experience tii,,wi_ treatment of these diseases has proved that there are in exist exnesecret causes of self-acquired miseries and disappointed hopes in ,:!.. _nee, traceable to certain pernicious habits, to which Nervous y_tlity, various forms of Insanity, Unhappy and L W, Impotency, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and their '`, l efis modifications owe their almost entire origin. 1, 1 .1', 1 : is absolutely necessary that all men should know that there are I 4e gei Pies of personal management which cannot be violated without the ins grievous penalties, and when wisdom and regret succeed flay be of inconsiderate self-indulgence, how these penalties , tri . 4 3 , be mitigated, bow the sting of their bitterness may be removed, I.l lw . h ° l "f the evil and its consequene es may be avoided, and above all, 0,.,.. , there is scarcely any degree of physical Infirmity or functional 'bahgement to which the timely aid of science cannot apply a cure 11 1 °CTOR LA'MERT has for a long series of years been engaged 14 , 41 2 extensive practice in the treatment of these delicate corn or :Vtii and is the only legally qualified Physician who, regardless th, t he taunts and envy of the hypocritical and mock-modest, has had Etti7e,sco.nfidence, through the medium of the public press, to direct ire e 'f`To to these enormous evils, from which no grade of society is r, w ,.._ In selecting this department of practice, he has been amply tr e ,:;:rued by the great success that has attended his efforts in the e ar - e 'illent of these cases, which are too generally confided t . o the puh,• °t unqualified and ignorant empirics, who, with their pirated of tilications, assumed foreign names and titles, and pretended virtues have Patent nostrums, have inflicted serious injury on those who oeen induced to place faith in their pretensions. Si xH ` 11 , otne for consultation daily from Eleven till Two, and from ree.dr,.:, l Eight. All letters must contain the fee of 1/., and advice and "I,`;`flPs can be forwarded to any initials or address. h,," .3 desirable that patients wishing to consult Dr. LA'MERT note d first obtain a copy of his work on A Nr„, SELF •PRESERVATION. Ra j -- cal Treatise on the Philosophy of Marriage and Nervous and trit:erative Debil illustrated by fifty-colohred engravings, and du „lug in detail the ;•arious disorders resulting from secret habits and d l e 7,: es • The perusal of this treatise will assist in the correct Pr ß e ,, - "P_ ti on of their cases, and may be had, price 2s 6d, in English, gather s anci Co., -ll Spanish _ll , utch Italian OT German, of Messrs. Oxford-street; .Pie 23 Paternoster.; ow ; Hannay, 63, nil 39, Cornhill ; Storie, Titchborne-street, Haymarket ; or free for forty-two stamps. to any address from the Author's resi ,_ BEDIVIID-11QUILIM ILAWDOL DAT TEE SECRET CAUSES OF SELF-ACQUIRED biISERIES AND DISAPPOINTED HOPES. THE SILENT FRIEND. In Six Languages—Fiftieth Edition. ti CONTAINING Tam REMEDY FOR PREVENTIoN oF DISEASE. _ iratrated by One Hundred Anatomical Coloured Engravings and Cases. " r Edition, enlarged to 200 pages, price 2s. 6d., by pont, from the Establishment, 3s. 6d, in stamps, -biE SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Work on eg the exhaustion and physical decay of the system, produced by resswe indulgene, the consequences ot infection, or the abuse of o ettrY. 'with directions for the use of the preventive lotion, fol• pry b y observations on Marr i age, and the disqualifications which Pt 1,71. it. Illustrated by 100 Coloured Engravings. By R. and L. %tr ee , r and co., Consulting Surgeons, 19, Berr.ers-street, Oxford row:, London. Published by Sherwood and Co., 23, Paternoster don, d sold by Hannay, 63, and Sanger, 150, Oxford - street; Gor hew ~t 6 9 L eadenhall-street ; 95, Farringdon-street ; W. Sutton, 10, Al arch-yard ; Butler, 4, Cheapside ; R. Johnson, 68, Cornhill. ortc a T i l ! I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the reproductive ~7! end is illustrated by 28 Coloured Engravings. doi g 7t e 11. treats of the consequences resulting from excessive in teetif and their lamentable effects on the system, producing lee, a ,;:' • and bodily weakness, nervous excitement, and generative P V ;, city, Illustrated by 10 Explanatory Engravings. the 4 r M. treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in their lo lary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for try satment. This section is illustrated by 62 Coloured Engrav- Mr aue IV. contains a Remedy for the Prevention of Disease by a 'P „, 'Po a pplication, by which the da ng er of infection is obviated. e V. is devoted t o the consideration of marriage and its duties. t anJ~ :uses of unproductive union are also considered, and the whole 1;41 t,eritically and philosophically inquired into. In tre a C ORDIAL BALM OF STRI kCIJM is exclusively employed - her thug nervous and sexual debility:lmpotence, &c., lis and 355. II ;Ib. ttle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic ' 4r! v . for Purifying the blood in cases of infection, secondary e t tile. As. eruptions, and the abuse of mercury, 1 le. and 335. per e er ht PexTY's Purifying Specific Pills. 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., and 1 ls. 11r( mi a certain remedy for gonorrhoea, gleet, stricture, and ion in flannnAtion of the bladder. Consuation fee, if by letter, !a- n :Mute detail et the case is required page, habits, and post , xiety. 5/. Packets, with advice, to be had at tlie Establish ate ,? 111 y, by which the fee, 1/., is saved. Messrs. Perry, Surgeons, , • a t tendance daily at 19 Berners-street, Oxford-street, Lon vi.Q on Ele v e. eo l Two, and Five to Eight; on Sunday from MAN KILLED AT NINE ELMS. —Yesterday morning, Mr. Bedford, the coroner, received information of the death of George Penfold, aged 30 years, who expired at Westminster Hospital from the effects of injuries re ceived on the South-Western Railway. One of the porters going down the line, near Nine Elms, discovered him lying across the rails, mutilated in a frightful man ner. He was taken to the hospital, where he expired shortly after his admission. How the deceased got on the line is at present unknown. THE LORD-LIEUTENANT OF IRELAND.--The expense of the establishment of the Lord-Lieutenant in Ireland was last year 26,6331., including 20,0001. as salary to his Excellency. LONDON BOARD. CHARLES GRAHA NI, Esq., F.S.A., Chairman. CHARLES DOWNES, Esq., Deputy Chairman. EI. Blair Avarne, Esq. E. Lennox Boyd, Esq., Resident. Chzrles Berwick Curtis, Esq. William Fairlie, Esq. D. Q. Henriques, Esq. J. G. Henriques, Esq.: A. H. Macdougall, Esq. F. C. Maitland, Esq. William Railton, Esq. Thomas Thorby, Esq., F.S.A. MEDICAL Arthur H. Hassall, Esq., M.D., OFFICER. 8, Bennett-street, St. James's. 'rom March, 1834, to the 31st The bonus added to policies I)ecemer, 1847, is as follows : Sum , Time Assured. Sum addedto Sum addedto Sum payable kssured. PolicyinlB4l Pelicyin 1848 at Death. 45000 13 years 10 mths 4683 6 8 4787 10 0 £6470 16 8 *lOOO 7 years •• .. 157 10 0 1157 10 0 500 1 year . • • • • 11 5 0 I 511 5 0 * EXAMPLE.—At the commencement of the year 1841 a person aged thirty took out a Policy for 1,0001., the Annual Payment for which is 241. 14. Bd.; in 1847 he had paid in Premiums 168/. 11s. Bd. ; but the profits being 2j per cent. per annum on the sum insured (which is 221. 10s. per annum for each 1,0001.), he had 157/. 10s. added to the Policy, almost as much as the Premiums paid. The Premiums, nevertheless, are on the most moderate scale, and only one-half need be raid for the first five years when the In surance is for Life. Policy stamps paid by the Comp any. Every information will be afforded on application to the Resident tirector. PAINS in the BACK, GRAVEL, LUMBAGO, RHEUMATISM, GOUT, INDIGESTION, FLATULENCY, NERVOUSNESS, DEBILITY, &c.—Dr. DE ;400S' COMPOUND RENAL PILLS, as their name Renal (or the Kidneys) indicates, are _ _ a most safe and efficacious remedy for the above dangerous com plaint., discharges of any kind, retention of the urine, and diseases of the kidneys, bladder, and urinary organs generally. For depression of spirits, incapacity for society, study, or business, confusion, giddi ness, drowsiness, nervousness, and insanity itself, when arising from or combined with urinary diseases, they are unequalled. Price Is. , 2s. 9d., 4s. 6d., lls., and 33.. per Box, through all Medicine Vendors, or sent (free) on receipt of the amount in postage stamps, by Dr. De Roos, 35, Ely-place, Holborn, London. At home for con sultation daily from 11 till 1, and 5 till 8, Sunday excepted. Advice and Medicines, £l. IRWILLIAMBIJRNETT'S DISINFECTING FLUID.—The beat Concentrated " CHLORIDE OF ZINC."— Great Reduction of Price.—The merits of this Fluid, invented by Sir W. Burnett, M.D.. F.R.S., &c., &c., for the Disinfection of Sick Rooms, Clothing, Linen, &c. ; the prevention of Contagion ; the preservation of Animal Matter from Putrescence; the purification of Bilgewater, Cesspools, Drains, Water Closets. &c., are now so well known to the public as to render comment unnecessary. Sold at the Office, 18, Cannon•street, City, London, and by Che mists, Shipping Agents, and others throughout the United Kingdcm, in Imperial Qaart Bottles at 2s. 6d.; in Pints at Is. 3d.; in Half- Pints at 9d.; and is bulk at 6s. per Gallon. CAUTION.—BEWARE OF IMITATIONS.—The only genuine Vsinfectlnc Fluid is sealed over the cork with the inscription, " Sir Wm. Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid," and accompanied with nume rous Testimonials of the highest order, and instructions for its use. WARLIKE APPEARANCES. It is rather difficult to say what powers will be brought against Russia, hnw France and England may interfere for the pre servation of the Turkish Government or whether the United PoWers will succeed by open warfare or favourable t►egociatlon let= this be as it may, it is certain that the WINTER OVERCOATS manu factured by E. MOSES and SON will be victorious in every conflict with Storms, Rain, and Cold, the United Forces of First-rate Mate rials, Matchless Styles, Inimitable Workmanship, and Prices more Economical than those of any other House in the World, are sure to retain and further extend the fame and celebrity of E, MOSES and Sox. Every member of society, all classes and professions, should in spect the unparalleled novelties for the WINTER SEASON, presented by E. MOSES and SON, they comprise numberless New Styles of Dress, displaying fashion and neatness, and associating comfort and economy. The Hosiery, Fur, Hat, Cap, Boot and Shoe departments are com plete exhibitions of Mat,niticence, Elegance, and Utility, combining every recent improvement and the Newest Articles of Attire for Ladies, Gentlemen, and Children. The Wholesale Department at the Establishment of E. MOSES and SON is the largest depot in the world, the Goods are all the most select, and suitable for the colonies or the home trarie ; in Price and Quality they offer advantages to Merchants, Captains, and Emigrants, which cannot be obtained elsewhere. Full Lists of Outfits for Ladies and Gentlemen, with ship-sailing information, may be had on application, or post-free. CAUTION.--E. MOSES and SON regret having to guard the public against imposition, having learned that the untradesman-like falsehood of " Being connected with their Establishment," or " It's the same concern," has been resorted to in many instances, and for obvious reasons, they beg to state that they have No CONNEXION WITH ANT OTHER HOUSE IN OR OUT OF LONDON, except their own Establishments, as follows : London City Establishment, 154, 155, 156, and 157, Minories, 83, 84,85, and 86, Aldgate, opposite the Church, all communicating. London West-end Branch, 506, 507, 508, New Oxford-street, 1, 2 and 3, Hart-street, all communicating. Bradford (Yorkshire) Branch, 19 and 20, Bridge-street. Sheffield Branch. 36, Fargate. Colonial Branch, Melbourne, Australia. Merchant Tallo. - g Clothiers, Hatters, Hosiers, Furriers, Boot and Shoe ilakers, and General Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen. IMPORTANT. —Should any article not give satisfaction, it willbe exchanged if desired, or, if preferred, the money will be returned without hesitation. All goods are marked in plain figures, the lo west price, from which no abatement can be made. The Establishments are closed from sunset Friday to sunset on Saturdays, when business Is resumed till 12 o'clock. A new Book, "The Epitome of Comfort and Economy," contain- Ing full lists of prices, our system 0 1 self-measurement, &c., &c., may be had on application , or post-free. A handsome Almanac for t..c year ending 1853 can bo had gratis, on application. fel lion parle Francais. Qui si purls Italiano. tiler srricht man Deutsch. Anna se habla Espanol *** SPECIAL NOTICE..—The Establishments will be C as LOSE us D on Monday anti Tuesday, Oct 24th and 25 th , re-ope g, on Wednesday morning, at 7 o'clock. ninual, :lied. _.-- rip to port' WW I t` l°l.l o to 0 ' 1 1 1 1 e 0 ( 0 ' of the ovat f o p t, cort°ssb ~iDg tA T, 11 01 c° of 401 3tai tg Pt a O , 6 1. 01',40 0 - BB 0, 'WO. No. 19,058.] Just published, price Oie THE RESULTS of the CENSUS of GREAT BRITAIN in 1851; with a description of the Machinery and Processes employed to obtain the Returns. By EDWARD CHESHIRE, Fellow of the Statistical Society, and one of the Secretaries of the Statistical Section of the British Associ.tion London: John W. Parker and Sons, 445, West Strand. Sixth Edition, price 18s. cloth. DICTIONARY OF DATES, AND UNIVER SAL REFERENCE. By JO=BPII lIAYDN. " .t volume containing upwards of 15,000 articles, and perhaps more than 15 times 15,000 facts. What tlie London Directory is to the merchant, this Dictionary of Dates will he found to he to those who are searching after information, whether classical, political, domestic, or general."—Times. Edward Moxon, Dover-street. THE QUARTERLY REVIEW, No. CLXXXVI., is Published This hay. CONTENTS:- T. The Institute of France. 11. Murder of Thomas A'Becket. 111. The Dauphin in the Temple. IV. The Holy Places. V. Diary of Casaubon. VI. Electro-Biology, Mesmerism, and Table•turniig. VII. Life of Hayden. John Murray, Albemarle-street. Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 5s , by post free Gs. riIHE PATHOLOGY and RATIONAL TREAT -11 of STRICTURE of the URETHRA, in all it• Varie ties and Complications. With Practical Observations on the Use and Abuse of Urethral Instruments. The whole illustrated by numerous cases, showing that this disease may be succesifully treated by means at once simple and sate, even in its most inveterate and apparently intractable forms. By F. B. COURTENAY, M R.C.S.E. "We believe ➢ir. Courtenay's experience in the treatment of stricture durieg the last 20 years has equalled, if indeed it has not surpassed, that of any of his contemporaries, and we know of no man to whose care we would with greater confidence entrust the treatment of a severe case of stricture of the urethra."—Medical Circular, July 27, 1853. 11. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street. F INE OLD WHISKY FOR ENGLAND.- The Subscriber has the largest Stock of OLD HIGHLAND WHISKY ever offered for sale in the North of Scotland, and which he delivers at the Wharf in London for 16s. 6d. per Gallon, 11 0. P., in Casks of 20 Gallons and upwards. The Whisky is now fully matured, and fit for immediate use. WM. MACKINTOSH. The Duty-free Warehouse, Inverness, 3d Oct., 1853. LONG EVENINGS MADE SHORT. 1/IECHI'S famous BAGATELLE TABLES, S manufactured upon the Premises, 4, Leadenhall-street,London, makelong evenings appear short, and combine calculation with amuse ment, price 31. 10s., 41. 10s., 5 1. 10s., up to 121. Sold also by his Agents, Spiers and son, Oxford ; Powell, the Lounge, Leeds ; Eastee, Liverpool; Wooltleld, Glasgow; Thompson, Nottingham; Stephen son, Hull; Squiers, Dover; Steel and Rix, Norwich. None are genuine without Mechi's name. .2.• . . . / z , • *4 .1 . `•y, . • (4\ , . 4 wx , ..,'.: 4 ~, ..1 • , .--...._*4.• ' , .... ,:.'-,_ - -ii.- ' 4„ '';',',-; . ~ \7 i. ,vi • ,''' S-p . f. , '%':::.'''' .:• ..7 s- ...\ e. - '' 4-, - ; - IP -4' 4..V.... ‘ I k t i 11t. . 4111 ...j t !-- 1 17., . , „... • 11' .6'.: i ~,,,,,;.. ... • - 1 tr , ' . I ' ~.s • eIA,„,,N . , . VA*, a 4410- \ '' - •'*. ''''''-''''' o. ' ''''' - tf i i.g.-4 ,; , i • i • , . , • \ - -, _ , • , , \<........„,.... ~,,,,, , i . * . ' ..-- ''. l . 'e + . \ ~,. , _ , , • .. ittri ..4x.z - e At e ,/ t-,..14. L .„—.3-e---t ht ,~4 114 , 7„: -.:,. . ,_..,a i t );s- ' l, ' .r. ° II ' , 'il, .1.. 59 1 4 . ‘'''‘ - . ', ''''''' . / __z/ '-- j ‘ /N.- a r o lA tl 'mai . ...15 t,i,. ~,- .... ~, •.. ..A 0 _." 1 116 , • f-, , , ,I,V= -- F.a, ...;Z. ' - ---L_-- ' -- . '., . DI E v' , .4.- , . ') '1'.1?e,.. wat4 Y" -..-,,-., - - ,."--.41.0iT - ~.-. ' '..'"\ . . . , ... , . . . I • , 7 . • • . . . . .. . . . . . . IPRIOE 5De send to Europe the return in paper for the merchandise furnished by contraband to Persia, to the neighbouring states, and to Russia. The commerce of Odessa and of all Southern Russia, profiting by this exaggerated value of foreign money in Turkey, then uses the Bank of Con stantinople to send funds to Europe, speculations are organised to buy piastres with carboranz, and to de mand, piastres in hand, Bank bills. It is thus that the drafts of this bank have risen lately to the annual sum of more than 400,000,000 piastres. The exports of Turkey, without doubt, procure for it the values with which it covers its correspondents in London ; but these values are far from being sufficient, although it may be that in good years the exports balance the imports. We comprehend the causes of this insufficiency. The amount of the drafts which the Turkish Government ought to furnish to commerce, in the place of being only the dif ference between the imports and exports of Turkey, is augmented by all that which Persia and part of Russia owe to the merchants of the west. The Bank of Con stantinople is then for some time obliged to cover its correspondents by sending the coin which it possesses, and this accounts for the disappearance of all the new gold and silver money. In 1848, a year otherwise de plorable for the commerce of all Europe, the loss was 14,000,000 piastres. This is an intolerable situation, which weighs heavily upon the budget, and of all the vices of the financial system of Turkey it is that which requires the most energetic and prompt remedies. Let us hasten to say that the Divan is under no illusions in this respect, and that a reform in the coinage more radical than the preceding is at present within its con templation. The only reproach it will incur will be that it is too late. May, then, the present ministers of the Sultan profit by the calmness which is now reigning in all the pro vinces of Turkey ! It is no longer a question of mani festing sentiments of equity and tolerance ; it is a period to do justice in the organisation of the finances, and to modestly condescend to practise a little political economy. There must be an increase to a considerable proportion in the movement of property and commerce, to augment the revenues of the State. The budget of the current year presents a deficit of 110,000,000 piastres. There are besides roads to open, public instruction, the service of mines, rivers, and forests, the maintenance of fortifi cations, all requiring special dotations which do not figure in the budget. These dotations cannot be reckoned at less than 100,000,000 piastres. There is therefore a sum of 210,000,000 piastres for which Tur key must seek in new resources. These resources the Divan may supply either by a new emission of paper money at 6 per cent., or by a loan, or lastly, by reforms, which will sensibly raise at once the produce of the tenths, and facilitate the establishment of a land tax by the transformation of the vakoufs into free lands. If they prefer the most honourable of the boldest means, there ought to be no hesitation about it, it is that of re form. Those who have seen the waste and abuse ne cessarily produced by the existing system do not fear to affirm that this will suffice to reestablish, before three years are over, an equilibrium between the receipts and the expenditure. The obstacles which the reform party may yet have to meet in the evil disposition of its adver saries are doubtless numerous, notwithstanding the im provements already accomplished ; but these improve ments, of which everybody can appreciate the character, have been opposed in their time by obstacles far more re doubtable. Since the bloody day on which the Sultan Mahmoud rendered the institution of a new regular army possible by the extermination of an undisciplined militia, to the calmer period of the proclamation of the Hatti cherif of Gulhane, which has inaugurated toleration, the Ottoman empire has passed through very terrible vicis situdes. It has been tried by all sorts of calamity. But it was in the midst of a succession of civil and foreign wars, all equally unfortunate, that the idea of reform grew and spread. There was much opposition and many obstacles ; and how much reason to hope for success ? Without, Europe indifferent or hostile ; within, the Christian population, excited by the example of Greece ; and Turkey, with complete administrative anarchy and with faithless and ignorant functionaries. Such was the spectacle which the Divan had before their eyes. Every one predicted the approaching ruin of the Turkish em pire. So much evil, they said, was irreparable. The Government of the Sultan did not, however, turn back from the attempt ; and if they have not succeeded in all things to the full extent of their wishes, they have at least obtained results upon which the population may depend to give them more energy and vigour. The good which is accomplished is an aid and an encouragement to undertake that which remains. The attempt, al though still laborious, is become easier than it was in the first days of reform, and the men who have taken, with the Sultan Mahmoud and his young successor, the initiative in these innovations,;have too much patriotism to stop half way. LONDON, TUESDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 25, 1853. THE TURKISH BUDGET OF 1850. The following will be found interesting at this moment, as it is the last account, so far as we are aware, of the condition of the Turkish finances : [FROM THE REVUE DES DEUX MONDES OF 1850.] Turkey has entered into a period of calmness and peace, which would perhaps have been remarkable at any time when the attention of Europe had been perfectly free. If we except the movement in Moldo-Wallachia, which is a country absolutely western in ideas, nothing has occurred for the last two years in the Ottoman empire which at all resembles the agitations just now so fre quent elsewhere ; for it is impossible to regard as serious the troubles so promptly repressed, which for a moment disturbed Bosnia and Bulgaria. The Turkish empire is at peace just at a time when formidable insurrections are staining neighbouring countries with blood. The only grave difficulties which it has had to endure came to it from without, but, by the policy which it owes to the energy as well as to the prudence of the men who govern it, it passed through them happily. The Divan may, therefore, now freely pursue the work of progress with which the prosperity of the empire is identified. If the Ottoman race have not hitherto manifested that impatience for improvement which distinguishes the other people of Europe, and the Latin races principally, they have not been curbed so much as may be thought under the yoke of a blind fatality, expecting benefits from the caprices of time and chance. They have per- fectly comprehended the conditions of political existence. They have begun to feel that God has devoted man to effort, and that life henceforth is the price of labour, just as in the times of conquest it was the price of courage. The instinct of command has never been wanting in the Osmanlis. But they have very rarely been permitted to acquire the taste and the science of administration ; and it was not an ordinary enterprise to destroy, among a people accustomed to live under the tent, their native repugnance for the work of the econo mist and the administrator. One of the principal ob jects of the charter of Gulhane was, it is known, to re- form the old Turkish Administration, and to create a new one, in which the experience acquired by modern nations might accord with the peculiar genius of the people of the East. This object, we may be sure, was not attained without difficulty, if we remem ber the exhaustion of the State, the ignorance of the greater part of the functionaries, and the ill-will of the majority of the Pachas, who felt their in dependence menaced. The reform is still far from being finished. It was in the nature of things that it should proceed slowly ; it has, however, progressed year by year, the Turks are fond of saying, and we ought to do them the justice of acknowledging it. The charter of Gulhane dates from 1839 ; and since 1844 the work of centralization begun under that charter has borne its first fruits. The army and the navy have received a regular organization ; the post-office has been put into operation along the principal lines of communication ; lines of steam-packets have begun to unite the different ports of the empire ; useful results have sanctioned the adoption of the new system of quarantine ; the Medical School of Galata-Serai, and the military schools, have fulfilled the promises which they held forth ; and lastly, manners have been sensibly influenced by the conciliatory principles which animate the Government. Prodigiously irritated, lately, against the Christians by the crusade of 1827, attempted under the name of Christianity, the dis position of the people appeared at first to be opposed to the sentiments of tolerance with which the Government wished to [inspire them ; but they have yielded to the councils of a policy attentive to respect every form of worship. They have ceased to inflict capital punish ment upon those who abandon Islamism in order to em brace some other faith ; the exactions and the arbitrary conduct formerly practised upon Christians have ceased by degrees in the neighbouring provinces of Constanti nople ; and, at last, without renouncing their position as the governing race, the Turks have admitted Christians to undertake, with them, a certain number of public functions, like, in this respect, those aristocracies which know how to open their ranks to merit. It is fortunate that the Turkish Government is deriv ing encouragement from the success of that which it has itself undertaken. If it has done much, there remains not less for it to do yet ; and, if we had not confidence in the intentions and in the energy of the men who now direct it, we should have reason to be uneasy at the sight of so many important questions still waiting for solution. General reforms are sterile when reforms in detail are not made to complete them ; and it is this new path, the financial system, which must in the foremost place occupy the attention of the Turkish Government. Money, it is said, is the sinews of war. It is, by the same rule, the sinews of peace. There can be no real justice where taxation is not regularly established ; there can be no proper means of action where there is not adequate taxa tion. The power and prosperity of a State depend, if not exclusively at least principally, upon its system of finance ; but nothing is more imperfect than the organi sation of the finances of the Ottoman empire. It is not that the vices of legislation have led to false ideas and erroneous theories upon the principles of revenue, or upon the conditions of circulation and of credit. No, for it may be said, to the advantage of Turkey, that there are not systematic vices in its laws, though there are unfa vourable traditions and customs which partake a little of empiricism. There is no unity, nothing fixed, nothing stable. It is in these respects that the position of Turkish finance merits at this moment all the attention of the Divan. In ordinary times the Government would not disturb itself at all about the revenue, if it balanced the expenses. Unfortunately, it has been sufficient if the harvest had disappointed the expectations of the cultivators, or if the produce of corn was diminished by some evil influence of the climate, to place the Turkish budget in a deficit ; or else there arose some diplomatic incident of a nature t 3: require measures of defence, and it was necessary :tt augment the contingent of the army, so that again the expenses would infallibly exceed the receipts. How would it be if, for the want of reform, the Government shou'd think of adequately endowing all the services which, like that of public instruction, are still upon suf. ferance ? In the present state of the financial legisla tion of the empire, the revenue depends, we perceive, a little upon the caprices of chance. It has no certain basis. It might, however, be increased in enormous proportions without embarrassing the people by the mere effect of an intelligent organisation. A rapid exa mination -of qhe Turkish btidget, of which 'we do not pretend to embrace the whole, will leave no doubt, we believe, as to the importance of the advantages which financial reform would ensure to the empire. For some years the ordinary revenue of Turkey has not exceeded the amount of 750,000,000 piastres, and it has not been below 650,000,000. In order to explain this variation, it is sufficient to say that the principal sources of income are the tenths upon the produce of the soil and the Customs. The expenses, which are more easy to determine than the receipts, have reached to 733,400,000 piastres. The details of a Turkish bud. get are very different from those of a budget among the people of the West. • We may judge;of this by the follow. ing table of receipts and expenditure, which, indeed, it is otherwise curious to compare. The expenditure is divided in the following manner among the different services : Piastres. The Sultan's civil list Civil list of the Sultan's mother and of his married sisters Army 300,000,000 Navy 37,5C0,000 Materials of war, artillery, engineers, and fortresses Salaries of employes in all the empire, and in every branch of the administration 195,000,000 Subvention to the administration of vakaufs for the establishments dependent on them 12,500,000 Contingent annuities Interest at 6 per cent. bons du tresor 9,000,000 Annuities payable in compensation for ancient fiefs to proprietors dispossessed 40,000,000 Foreign affairs—ambassadors and consuls 10,000,000 Expenses for objects of public utility 10,000,000 Total piastres Such are the whole expenses of the Turkish Govern ment. Here are its different sources of income;— Piastres. Tenths Income-tax Personal taxes on non-Mussulman subjects 40,000,000 Customs 86,000,000 Tribute from Egypt 30,000,000 Wallachia 1 f lf 2,000,000 ~ Moldavia 1,000,000 ' „ Servia 2,000,000 Indirect taxes ( p atents, stam p s, octrois, mines, and ports) 150,000,000 Total peastres... ... 731,000,000 We thus know the elements of the budget and the financial resources. Wbat measures, then, should be taken to establish this budget upon a firm and regular basis ? These measures are indicated by the nature of the obstacles which it is the question to overcome, and which it remains for us to enumerate. Among these obstacles we must reckon in the first rank the existence of the Vakoufs. They call by this name all the property consecrated to the mosques and religious foundations, whether they have proceeded from pious legacies or have been confided to the admi nistrators of the mosques by virtue of a convention. Free property takes the name of multi. It is well known that the desire to contribute to the support of the mosques has not been the sole motive for these dona tions, of these faithful stewards. The real end of the proprietor has most often been to ensure one portion of his fortune against the caprices of tyranny. The chances of the reversion to the profit of the mosque, and the annual rent which the depositor pays to it, are not considered too high a premium, when the question is how to avoid either a confiscation or a forced sale at the suit of impatient creditors. What ever be the reason which may have determined pro prietors to put their lands into the hands of the admini stration ofthe Vakoufs, this administration is the nomi nal proprietor of three-fourths of the real property in the Turkish empire. Nevertheless, the annual revenue of the administration of Vakoufs is not valued at more than 20,000,000 piastres. There is one fact still more strange— the budget of the State is obliged to furnish 12,500,000 piastres for the support of mosques and charitable establishments. This apparent contradiction is explained by the small rent stipulated at the begin ning in money of which the name has not changed, but which has twenty times its value now ; by the frauds common in the declarati of prices at sales ;by pre cautions taken to avoid the case of remainder ; and, lastly, by concessions made to relations for the redemp tion of titles where cases of remainder are presented. Without changing the system, it is evident that some well-devised measures might produce great benefit to the Treasury ; but results much more important would be obtained if they were able to disinterest the mosques, and to give to the actual tenants new titles, which would render them real proprietors. This reform is generally desired. There is nobody who, in order to re-enter upon the full property of his real estate thus engaged, would not give willingly a right of mutation, and consent fur ther to pay annually to the Treasury fifty times the value of the rent now due to the mosques, so true is it that property in Turkey no longer fears a return either of spoliation or violence. It has been calculated that, by increasing to 50,000,000 piastres the sum which the state would allow the mosques in exchange for the 32,000,000 which they now receive, and without taxing the income derived from real property at more than five per cent., the Treasury would realise a benefit of more than 60,000,000 piastres. From this single result we may obtain an idea of the influence which this reform would have in the end. Being made general, it would embrace all properties, till at last it would become the natural principle of a land tax, and would give security to the finances of the empire. The tax called vergu, formerly salian, corresponds to the English income-tax. It varies according to locality, from 10 to 25 per cent. It is a tax raised upon the pre sumed fortune—real, personal, or commercial. It is placed indifferently upon all the subjects of the Grand Seignor, Mussulrnans or Rayas. The municipalities which exist everywhere in Turkey are charged with its apportionment and its collection, and they turn over the produce to the financial agents of the Government. This intervention of the municipalities in financial ques tions is one of the principles of their organisation in the East; but this principle supposes in the municipalities enlightened and equitable views which are not always met with. There are some in which the patriarchal and fraternal spirit of the earliest times is preserved ; the fortune of each, consisting generally of land and cattle, is of public notoriety. The distribution of the tax is easy, and its collection is effected without reclamations or resistance. In some communes of Asia Minor jus tice is not so scrupulously applied. Although munici pal functions are elective they are too often the prize of intrigue, and the privilege of great influence, from which it follows that the great fortunes are not always those which have to bear the highest tax; the small ones suffer, and the Treasury with them. Without attacking the organization of the municipalities, which have been in periods of oppression the safeguards of individual liberty, the Government ought more narrowly to super intend their acts. This intervention would no longer facilitate, as formerly, tyranny and exaction, and the Government would be able to protect itself in some municipalities against the very plausible pretext of re ductions which have been in their favour. The munici palities are no longer at the charge of lodging for military and employes on travel, and forced labour is suppressed, which too frequently impoverished the population. The Government may then, without much scruple, undertake to verify the labours of the municipalities in the distri_ bution of the tax. The tenths are not the vergu, the most productive branch of the revenue of Turkey. They are collected upon all the . productions of the earth, fruits, and cereals. In Roumelia they extend to sheep. It is the same in some localities in Asia Minor. In others, immunity is compensated by a surcharge upon the tax. With the view of receiving money instead of the produce of na ture, the Government has recourse to a disastrous expe dient, which is one of the principal vices in the financial legislation of the empire. It puts this tax to auction the same as the Customs of many cities. The putchasers effect their reimbursement by means of special agents, with the concurrence of the municipalities and of the representatives of the central authority. We may easily conceive the inconveniences of this system. But altogether, vicious'as it is, it is a step in the way of pro giess, if we call to mind the times when governors of provinces, farmers of tenths and of all the other taxes, used and abused their power without limit, and ground down the population in a thousand different ways. For some years the principal functionaries of the Go , vernment have presented themselves at these auctions, and have become purchasers either in their own name or under that of some Armenian bankers (sarrafs). These bankers are their sureties with the Treasury, their part ners in the profits, or their brokers to re-sell at a profit. We are tempted, with reason, to exclaim against such an anomaly. It is necessary, however, to remember that the spirit to gain is not at this moment the only motive which instigates Turkish functionaries to endea vour to-obtain the farming of the tenths. They obey, at the same time,- the idea of the Government, which wishes to establish on this subject the most serious com petition. Thus the price of these purchases has been considerably augmented, and the Government knows much better the extent of its resources. It is, in every case, a minimum result, if we compare it with the immo rality of the speculation, with the waste which the sys tem provokes, and, in a word, with the enormous losses thus caused to the people and to the Treasury, to the profit of the fortunate farmer of the tenths and the Cus toms. The inconveniences of this system are perfectly appreciated by the Government itself. The farming, already condemned by the hatti-cheriff of Gulhanb, has just been the object of consideration by a committee ap pointed to examine some financial questions ; and the opinion of this committee, composed of some of the prin cipal functionaries of the empire, was, that Government agents ought not to be authorised to present themselves at auctions. This is a decisive step towards the com plete abolition of this ruinous system ; let us hope that it may not be long before it is attempted. The capitation tax (haradje or djizie) extends only to the rayas—that is to say, to the non-Mussulman sub jects of the Grand Seignor. Every male adult is liable to the haradje, which is divided, in proportion to their fortunes, into three classes. The most rich pay 60 pias tres annually ; the middle class, 30 piastres ; and others, only 15. Generally this tax is considered as compen sation for military service, to which the rayas have not hitherto been subject. For a long time the haradje was collected by special agents, who spared the rayas neither gratuituous humiliation nor exactions. Although these abuses have disappeared, it is only just decreed that the mode of collection shall be changed, but in the meantime there is no doubt the character of the impost will be modified. Here after the Patriarchs, heads of the different Chris tian communities, as well as the Ichakanz-bach,i, or chief of the Jews, will be the intermediaries between their co religionists and the Treasury. It is difficult to believe that this new mode of collection can be more profitable to the Treasury than the former—at least until, by a sys tem of subscription, the state is able to guarantee a fixed sum to itself. The tax appears less onerous upon the population ; this, perhaps, is the single advantage to be expected from the innovation. ' We shall now touch upon a subject of an interest not. less great, and which takes us less from the economic ideas of the West--the Customs. The Customs system of Turkey is based upon treaties concluded with the European powers. In 1838 the Porte negotiated simul taneously with France and England a treaty of com merce, which England first, and France shortly after wards, signed with the Sultan. According to this treaty, merchandise imported into Turkey pays an import duty of 5 per cent., which is divided thus— 3 per cent. for the import duty, properly so called, and 2 per cent. supple mentary duty on leaving the Custom-house, in replace ment of ancient traffic dues in the interior. Merchan dise, the produce of the soil or the industry of the Otto man empire, pays an export duty of 12 per cent.-9 per cent. upon its arrival at the place where it is to be embarked, and 3 per cent. upon embarkment. This duty of 12 per cent. replaces many duties, which incessantly varied, to which merchandise was subject when mono poly absolutely prohibited sale and importation. To lay a duty of 12 per cent, upon the export of native pro ducts when the importation of foreign merchandise is only subject to a duty of five per cent., may appear to some minds a ruinous absurdity. The arrangement, in fact, seems contrary to the principles which regulate the customary relations of industrious and commercial countries. But, independently of the political interests which made it the duty of Turkey to sign this treaty, two fundamental circumstances justified it in the eyes of the Sultan. An agricultural power, he imposed nothing upon the land ; he might then, and ought to, impose a duty upon its products. From this point of view the organisation of the Customs is the least pre pared for criticism, and it is the least susceptible in it self of improvements profitable to the Treasury. The Turkish Government may at once draw from it a very superior revenue to that which it now receives. In what manner ? Not by endeavouring to modify its commercial conventions with foreign powers, but by encouraging production and circulation at the same time within the bosom of the empire. Who can doubt that upon this territory, at once so vast and so fertile, agriculture could not do wonders, if with practicable means of communication for conveyances between all the great cities, and in the neighbourhood of the sea ? On the other hand, the same advantages of transport, more rapid and less costly, having for its purpose to bring nearer to the doors of its population foreign com merce and manufactures, imports as well as exports, would receive new encouragement and fresh develop ment. This is the only means of augmenting the Cus toms revenue, and a reform of this kind, would, with out any doubt, give the most happy impulse to the for tunes of private individuals as well as to those of the State. It remains for us now to describe the difficulties which 'constitute a deplorable clog to commercial de velopment and financial progress. We wish to speak of the coin of Turkey, and of the enormous difference which exists between the intrinsic and the nominal value of the greatest part of its circulating medium. The necessity of arresting the depreciation of the piastre has provoked the organisation of an ensemble of operations called at Constantinople "le system du maintien des changes." It is useless to add that the efficacious ness of these measures is as important to European commerce as it is to Turkey. Commerce is no longer possible where a bargain for time, the stipu lation being in piastres, may, by a sudden deprecia tion not unexampled, be attended,. to the seller, with a loss of 50 per cent. Admitted that commerce may be a Proteus sufficiently skilful to find other means of ex change, it is manifest that the transition cannot be ac complished without some great financial catastrophe. As to the Turkish Government, in the position in which the nature of its riches and commercial treaties place it, it ought to be able to pay for the products of Etirope with European money, instead of losing at a single coup all the difference which there is between the real and the nominal value of the Turkish piastre. For snore than a century the Ottoman Sovereigns, perceiving the amount of their extraordinary expenses, have adopted the ruinous and immoral practice of alter ing the standard of the Mint, leaving to their successors the unmerited chastisement of an improvident abuse of their absolute power. The Turkish piastre corresponded at the first in value to sf. 20c. Since its last alteration, at the time of the war against Russia in 1828, it has be come, under the form of beehliks, or piece of five pias tres, a coin of a standard so reduced that in cases where its current value, if regulated by the real value, should be eight piastres, it will pass for only lf. The two ex treme terms then are, the piastre before the year 1710 was worth more than five francs ; while the piastre of 1828 does not correspond to twelve centimes. It is esti mated that there are 400,000,000 piastres of this coin in circulation. These pieces, with notes (Kaymes), con stitute almost alone the original Turkish money in the Ottoman empire. The other coins current in Turkey are, with the piece of six piastres (altilik) of an altered standard, which formerly contained about 462 millibmes of pure silver, the ancient gold pieces of 20 piastres, the new gold pieces of 100 piastres, and of 50 piastres, the new silver pieces of 20, 10, 5,2, and 1 piastres, which contain, in gold or in silver, a proportion equal to the quantity admitted into the fabrications of money by pie European Governments. It is estimated that about 200,000,000 piastres i s about the value of the money struck in these coins since 1844. Unfortunately, they have by degrees completely retired from circulation, by reason of the speculations which they have caused. To this enumeration of coin of Ottoman origin must be added foreign coins, the number of which varies according to the rise or fall in the prices attributed to them. The following is the tariff established in 1844 by the Turkish Government, for the principal foreign moneys in the Constantinople market : Good Spanish piastres 22 piastres 32 paras. Talaris of Austria 21 „ 30 „ Five-franc pieces 21 „ 10 ~ Carboranz Russes 16 „ 37 ~ Ducats—Holland, Venice, and Austria 50 ~ ~ There are 40 paras in the piastre. Unfortunately this official tariff never has been, and is now still less likely to be, the measure of foreign values. In commercial transactions the Carboranz is received for 18 piastres, the ducat for 52, and so on for the rest. From 1828, the date of the last alteration in the piastre, to 1834, the exchange—that is to say, the prac tical relation between the piastre and the pound sterling —has varied from 60 to 98. It has not since exceeded these figures, although by reason of the intrinsic value of the pieces of five piastres, the piece of English gold had a real value of 225 piastres. We may conceive what disastrous fluctuations resulted from this to European commerce in. Turkey. ' . In 1834, when Turkey received from Greece, as the price of her cession of territory, the sum of 18,000,000 piastres, the idea was conceived of a banking operation to prevent further great disasters. This operation con sisted in furnishing to the merchants established in Turkey all the paper which was necessary for them to maketheir returns to Marseilles, Vienna, Paris, and London. They succeeded in effect in maintaining the exchange at 981 for the pound sterling for about two years. After some fluctuation it rose to 1271. In 1843, the Divan again put in force the system of maintaining the exchanges, combined with a gradual emission of a coinage of good alloy in replacement of the altered mouey, which they should have demonetised at the rate of 7,500,000 piastres per annum. The operations commenced, and they have not been interrupted ; only they have renounced too soon the demonetisation of the beehliks. This time they took for the basis of the real value the ancient gold piece of 20 piastres, and they fixed at 110 the reY.ation of the piastre to the pound sterling. At the same time an imperial ordonnance interdicted the circu lation of all foreign money, and of all the ancient foreign money which had induced so much speculation. These were received and changed in the Mint. As to the foreign moneys the exchange was facilitated by transac tion s with Europeans. The subjects of the Grand Seig nor, howover, were prohibited from receiving them in p. ayments. These resolutions, notified to all the em bassies, and put into force did not excite any serious re clarna tions. All the financial agents had at their disposi tion the necessary funds to operate the exchanges. Abuses re-appeared in proportion, and with the conse quo- aces of political commotion in Europe there was in the end a financial crisis disastrous to Turkey. Such are at the present moment the consequences of the abuse off °reign money. Constantinople is not only the princi pal entrepot of the commerce of Turkey, but it is at the s ante time the point through which pas s all the colomal d p roduce, and all the manufactu red articles intended stuffst de f )1- Persia and the states of We stern Asia. The and the fabrics of England penetrate equally equally by ban means of' a very active a nd e t xt he end Caucasus, and trade into the provinces s of All this time this Russian merchandize is 1 1 i p n a t i o d f t o h r e i n h e E tt r u t s s i o a f n o R a r u b sia 0 r an z . Every r m e o a n l evyalonbe,tatihnesraet isC n ona e fflux of them ; and what hap- Constantinople a rate higher than its pens ? Why the Turkish Government is reduced to STATISTICS OF THE FRENCH NAVY. A report on the French navy by M. Ducos, Minister of Marine, has appeared in the Moniteur. The Minister shows that, with a budget of 40,000,000 f. less in amount than in the time of Louis Philippe, he has increased the power of the French navy to an extent that was never before witnessed in the same period of time, and has nevertheless a surplus of 10,000,000 f. on the budget of 1552. He proposes to return half that surplus to the Treasury, and to apply the other half to the present budget. The following is an analysis of the report I The budget for the navy, it states, was fixed for 2 being less 117,225,778 f, and for 1853 at 11 7, 181 , 001 f ., less by 40,000,000 f. than the budgets of 1847 and 1848. The following are some of the advantageous results ob tained :-Ist, the previsions of the budget only applied for 1852 and 1853 to 130 armed vessels, but 160 only hav e been been kept at sea. 2 dly, these same previsions B plied to 30,745 able-bodied seamen for 1 and 27,249 for 1853, whereas the average number has been 33 ,67 5 . 3dly, France possessed only one squadron of , eight line-of-battle ships, whereas at present she possesses two squadrons, composed of fourteen ships of the li ne , exclusive of a proportiortate augmentation in the number of frigates and steam corvettes ; 4thly, the French navy did not comprise any steam line of-battle ship, completely terminated, but the Napoleon has been finished, and for the last year has formed part of the Mediterranean squadron. sthly, the navy pos sessed no mixed line-of-battle ship, whereas at present it has four completely finished, and nine others in the course of transformation, and the engines of which are on the point of beine. delivered. Th ese n i ne vessels can be put to sea at tho end of the year. Gthly, six new steamers on the model of the Napoleon have been laid on the stocks ; by the end of the present year they will be urged on to the 12-24ths of their completion, and will be launched at the end of next year. 7thly, the greater number of the steam frigates which were disarmed have been placed in " commission de port." Bthly, the penal settlements of Guyana have received their first establish ment, and nearly 3,000 convicts have been sent there, 9thly, the works in the port of Cherbourg have been urged on with great activity, a sum of 4,000,000 f. having been accorded to them from the present budget. 10thly, the works at Castignau, which are to complete the port of Toulon, have been under taken with the ordinary resources of the year, and have alr ea d y rece i ved a first sum of 1,000,000 f. llthly, a careening dock was wanted at Rochefort ; it has been commenced, and has already received a first credit of 200,000 f. ; and 12thly, a number of matters connected with the navy have been undertaken without any extra resources, such as the reconstitution of the reserve, the augmentation of the pay of the non-commis sioned officers, the amelioration in the quality of the bread for the navy, &c. The expenses of all these im provements have been defrayed from the ordinary re sources of the budget ; and far from the sum appropriated to the purchase of stores having been augmented, they have left a sum of ten millions disposable from 1552. That sum arises from three several causes—first, from ae the postponement of several important . contracts, del.nyco, by the circumstance of force majeure. Steam value of tools, and large supply of stores, to thee ored 3,800,000 f., which were to have been delivered til l'815t311e; last months of 1852, were not sent . in secondly, from reductions effected in. varoleousssborravnecililleastiooef the service ; and, thirdly, by the rigorous and over the exercised by the ministers at all moni t o en f the navy. The minutest details of every departr o ee e ten millions by report then proposes to dispo t s r e onsu f n r t y b y and carrying over restoring five millions to t t h the other five millions to h e e budget of 1853. By means of this latter sum the report declares allth v e a e r n io g u a s ge s z ( l e ge ts . frayed ; alse the incre ase alluded to above, amounting to e of 3,800,000 f. will b inbeprio brandy, &c., to th e extent of 1,400,0 00 f. ; .a n s e e s suc h as corn, flour , w hilst the o'ther 5,000,000 f. w i ll serve to me et the ex pense caused by the creatio n o f a second squadron, which has been rendered necessary by the com plication of events in the east. the propria tion of the 10,000,000 f. re maining over ap from 1852, the minister declares that he will be able to meet all the ex penses, ordinary and extraordinary, of his department, without making any new demand on the public treasury. The report is followed by an I mperial decree, carrying out the suggestions of the minister. ORDNANCE RIFLE MUSKET. Captain Sir Thomas Hastings, R.N. A ' an d Gunner, Esq , two officers of the Board of O r d nance, have been for some . days past on an official visit to the celebrated firm of Clives, gun makers, Birmingham, relative to an order, issued by the Master-General, for the immediate supply of 20,000 rifle muskets, of a similar bore to that hitherto made for the use of the Ordnance corps.—Kentish, Mercury. - - --/z -e' --- 41Ee s PA I) Ir. • ,- ) __...., ) RAILWAY INT-BLI-10-ENCE' -: .-- - 4 : ,:`,;SNA . 1 &-.7' A'' j 'al. - Y ' - ::* *s- #. l-„„ ~.., NEWALL'S RAILWAY BREAKS. 2 .. .,„ i 44 . 1,14)?#:0- 'A On Saturday a public trial was made on the ,-P-4 ,8 * ''‘ - 4.-- T-N , ~, Lancashire Railway, between Manchester and AcOrit-ii*sar_/' <574 ton, of Newall's patent railway break, intended to \ r .. -', IPA - ..• vent those fearful collisions by which of late years so ~ r ri s many lives have been sacrificed. A t ra i n fi tted with the.M• 4 ' new breaks left the Salford station at 2 o'clock on"„, L : Saturday. It consisted of eeven carriages and a van, ,- 4. besides the engine and tender, weighing in all between-- , .z: 58 and 60 tons. There were four breaks. The passen gers were mostly practical and scientific men, who had i > . : ; ,:s been invit e d t o take part in the experiments for testing .''' the efficiency of the patent, and included officials from ~,,, the London and N orth-Western, Lancashire and York; •,:i...,4 shire, and East Lancashire lines, Mr. J. Newall, the 4, 4 . patentee, and M r . C rompton, of Bury. The principal feature of the plan is a long horizontal shaft which passes over the top of the entire train, from the engine in front . . to the van at the rear, and is connected with each break, ' _ t so that it is in the power of any of the railway servants - in charge of the train, from the engine -driver himself to , , the guard behind, to apply in an instant and simul-,, 0 taneously the whole of the breaks with which a i - rain..-s* may be furnished. The shaft is about two inches in date diameter, and it is so contrived th a t it matters not if o.`le ''' r,. ; carriage be higher than another, or if the train be curved', .o elongated, or contracted while in motion ; the difference • : in the height of carriages being provided for by a ball- ''..e and-socket joint, bolted through at right angles, two of them being sufficient for each carriage, and the sud- ..,.; den elongations and contractions to which trains 1- `: are subject in starting or stopping are provided for by a : portion of the connexion made of two-inch round iron tubing, having a steel square welded in the end, and a square bar, five feet long, working longitudinally inside; . t , so that when the engine starts or stops this slide expands ~, ,i. or contracts, as th e mot i on of the train may require. If' .!. 1 , the shackle by w hi ch any of the carriages in n train are . coupled togeth er were to break, leaving the train to be ~ '- r held together by the side chains, the slide referred to is . . still long enough to be held in the socket. The con= ...---•''' nexion between the shafting on the top of the train and , I the breaks is effected by an upright cylinder at the end of a carriage or van (for they may be attached to either), which contains a spiral spring acting on a cross pin, and worked by a wheel and pinion at the top, between double racks with connecting links to act on the lever. The object of having two upright racks, one only being used at a time, is to enable the motion to be reversed .---.1 should a carriage or train have to go in a contrary direo- • tion without being turned round ; and this is effected by * ' an eccentric, throwing one rack out and the other in,e, gear. One important feature of the new patent is, that' all the breaks are self-acting. They are turned off to •,- • enable a train to start by means of a wheel and pinion, which wind up the spiral spring, and which are held suspension by a mere catch ; so that in case of danger the catch has only to be slipped (and when the catch for one break is slipped, by a slight motion of the wheel the catches on all the others slip also) and the whole of the ' other breaks on the train instantly apply themselves. The trial train having started, it was first pulled up on a level run at the Ringley-road station, six miles from - Manchester. The train had been going about 20 miles per hour, and a drizzling rain had fallen, making the.;' ." rails very slippery. The notice of the first trial was .i-4 given suddenly by the crack of a couple of fog signals,- :* previously placed on the rails. A moment or two were ;,; lost before the breaks were let slip. The speed of the - -' train for 20 or 30 yards seeme d scarcely checked, and - ":‘ then decreased sensibly, but with out t h e slightest shock ".. to the passengers. A guard got out and measured the . 1 distance back from the eng ine to th e exp l o d ed fog sig- '_ nals, and found it to be 80 yards. The hold of the, ~ breaks on the train was now such that the engine had not power to move the train until they were lifted off. The second experiment was at the Bury station, and the third at Ramsbottom, where the train was brought to a stand in from 40 to 50 yards, and as at Ringley, 4 , without the engine having to be reversed. The next trial „. was at Helmshore, up a gradient, and the application of .- the break was very effective. The great experiments of - the day were reserved for the descent into Accrington. The Accrington bank, as it is called, is a descent of nearly two miles, a considerable portion being gradients . of one in 37 and one in 40. The train was allowed to attain great speed down this bank. Hitherto no train was allowed to get beyond a speed of 10 to 15 miles per hour, in case it would not be possible to check it without running through the station at - the bottom. On the present occasion the train had gained a speed of 35 miles per hour, when the , t ~ guard thought it p ru d en t t o app l y a slight check. The , a next moment the wheels of the engine passed over three or four fog signals, which were no ti ces to app l y the "' breaks, an d , this being done, the train was brought to a stand in 228 yards. By the ordinary system the train could not have been stopped before reaching the station, '. it was said, half a mile further. Several experiments " were made with one, two, three, and four breaks on at ~,,' a time, and subsequently the train was taken Thick for ' v* the experiments to be repeated. The main test after wards was upon a gradient of lin 38, and the train was , t . allowed to attain a speed (as nearly as could be ascer tained) of 40 miles per hour. The distance in which it was brought to a stand was measured, and found to be :- 380 yards. The patentee, after watching these experi- ,) ments, was of opinion that some slight improvement might be made in the apparatus, as regarded the weights for turning on the break. The East Lancashire Company have had a train con stantly running on their line for six weeks, fitted with '"' this apparatus, making 1,600 stoppages in that time ; and it is reported to have kept in perfect order, and to have answered on every occasion. As the train on the Ist of October, which consisted of five carriages and three breaks, was going from Manchester, the driver perceived that a pair of facing p o i n t s t o a siding before him, near Accrington, had been left open. He signalled the guard ~,,., with his steam whistle, the breaks were let go, and the train went into the siding against some waggons. The distance in which it w as necessary to pull up to avoid .. the danger was said to be only 20 yards, yet the train went into the siding at a speed so reduced that the col lision with the waggons was scarcely felt, and no injury was done either to the passengers or rolling stock. . , About the 3d or 4th inst., on a foggy morning, as a , train was approaching Bury, it came upon a fog signal, and the break stopped the train in 30 yards. The rail way superintendents present on Saturday said that trains going down the Accrington bank would be able to run these two miles, hitherto considered so dangerous, in four minutes less time than with the ordinary breaks. The patentee says : "It is not required that every carriage should be ', supplied with a break, but in every train there should be a sufficient number or break-carriages under the con- trol of one guard, so that he may be enabled to stop a train in a very short distance. Those carriages not fitted with breaks need only the simple connexion to be continued over the top, so as to carry the communica tion to the engine -driver or fireman. For my own part, I cannot see the use of signal between guard and engine driver when there is danger of a collision, unless the guardgtiriwhicheTe athtrt r a i n advantage consistsi self-actingonr o driv n wl e i r have which ihtpnhotehwu powerseseayi power agionrfegat to at hnrfeauwvr abeerhbl wear a eiran n rkog d sf, ; tfwwohbaaers Thereree r l ass e ko s ai quickly s t snndatnr ooa nitlh adjustedci3e.e,:, to the train on Saturday as to bring the utmost resist ance to the motion of the wheels short of stopping their revolution; but the apparatus is so contrived that the guard of a train can, if he thinks it desirable, by a mere' turn of any one of the wheels and pinions fitted to each break carriage, entirely lock the wheels. Railway en gineers trains, it it can be effected, because at present not only , do the wheels get much damaged by having flat surfaces worn upon the m , b u t th ey become dangerous agents for mischief afterwards, each wheel so flattened not being any longer a mere revolving machine, but striking the _ rails at every turn like a hammer, and becoming so much more likely to break the tire, besides battering and in juring the permanent way. CRIEFF JUNCTION. The first general meeting of this company was held at Crieff on Thursday ; Sir D. Dundas, Bart., in the chair. The report stated that the act incorporating the com pany received the Royal assent on the 15th of August last. The Scottish Central Railway Company had agreed - to work the line when completed at cost price, and to find the necessary working stock. They had also agreed to allow the Crieff Company, for the first ten years after the opening of the line, one-third of the net revenue of the additional traffic brought upon the Scottish Central line by means of the CrieffJunction Railway. The line was estimated to cost 45,0001., and responsible contrac tors would undertake its construction for a sum within the estimate. The CHAIRUAN moving the adoption of the report, Mr. MONTEATH seconded the motion, which waa agreed to. Resolutions were pas sed electin g the directors an d au dit o rs. Thanks were voted to the managing committee and di r ectors t f e o r r m t i l n m a i t r e s d e r w v i i t e r es at vote o t tt e ocfo thanksp a, and the pro ceedingsto the chair man. PRESTON AND LONGRIDGE. The half-yearly report of this company showed that the receipts for the half-year had been 2,1461., and that after payment of expenses there remained a balance of 1,4531., equal to a dividend of 9s. per share, which was declared payable. GLASGOW, DUMBARTON, AND HELENS URG. A committ ee has b e n appointed to negotiate with the landowners along the proposed line, who (together with the Edinburgh and Glasgow and Caledonian Rail ways) are reported to be favourable to the undertaking to the extent of 10 out of the 20 miles. RAILWAY TRAFFIC RETURNS. LONDON AND SOUTH-EASTERN EAlLWAY.—Traffie re• turn for the week ending Oct. 22, 1853 £17,519 6 3 Corresponding week last year 16,766 4 10 Increase in 1853 £753 1 6 LONDON, BRIGHTON, AND SOUTH COAST R A ILWA.Y.--- Traffic return for the week ending Oct. 853 2V £13,012 9 9 Corresponding week last year 12,795 5 5 1 . , Total of the half-year to this date 1853 257,964 5 4 Total of the half-year to this date, 1852 235,397 15 3 • THE LATE MILITARY FRACAS IN DUBLIN, —We hear that the dissensions between a commanding officer of one of the corps in Dublin and one of his majors have resulted in the latter's withdrawing the offensive allega tions relative to a little niessroom merriment (which was strangely converted into an imputation of usage), and generated by private pique, and that the major, w ho has proceeded on leave of absence, will Dot again rejoin the re&r,inient.—Unztecl Solace Ga,:ette. th•• uptoll Oct';; Oct; Oct . 'd Oci';9 Opt' t 50' i ptool ••••• Ipton