The Sun. — London, England, 1850-02-01 00:00:00

It _______.... arerala r for I.l eciiiegbateshir e e asid that 01°11(.1 a' e lir d kat eet ace reat amount e f goods from this country, )et the pri shad fallen so much thee. we had alert ; h oed kel l a vast Et/lOWA oF Bet sh indu t-y by t' which hid nr 'leen from t! e f e -trade , r„ 4l ' si Ple• II s held in his hand ' i',urn's Circular,' I ,'", ° ,aln e that tht• ri e ‘gooe i xported Ms ll'geer than the -ateli.r.e.' tie. s " which racy:d in is is and - ; 1819 . The price of every bel- article of c xpoet was n gh . ( r tail in , 1848, conscnitently there were increased price anal qua; tity. His lien Friend who had moved the „7 1e .resa hand Lis Hen. Friend ' eho had seconded the , 17°4011 gere into the question i f free trace and . th . c. r epeal of the nav ige.tien-lawe. Then again it was antic - ed by those who were let 'rested in this branch . of P r uduet • Jae avi eation life I ndustry, fleet the repeal of the n bt 1 A 2 WOold utterly dent-oy our ship' ilia and cur - s n : 4 . 4 "at, that no for, i•rn ceuntries w mil I in , et us in e Pint of reciere •it ' b ileput it to Her. Gs n'id'il'ell I '4 h , r tae. • ' L Y . • - not been f .Isitleil. With th _...e prediction s 1 a I 'e Lynn. , i ';' A cptiun of one poi t alone, that of King_ ... .. w ere there had been a diminution of this trade, la . ail other ah. b • ld' ship lathe 'Pe in ing ports he helicved that the . Th .ing trade was equal to what it hail been previously. 'a a - tint of shipping in the ports which v ere th b and ,• nee:time f that branch of te ade—namely, 4°''ldrted, Liverpool,o lin ports on the Clyde dal i n L ,_ ... and the , i t h_, acetlatd—the work dotrig len. - f r greeter t . . A a' • b which was wo 4 JI been for meny years; and a fact a e r "Y of attesoion era .hat they were now building - int ee '' • 1 df r the lung Yea class iI - ship, calculate ,) , , t i t :age. Honourable Gertle men would iccoliect tim -.w t e r p ,t o it .I.' e( teteo the lung v iyage was where we re to I ls e 'e facts miieh34red• There were two other rem•trha ) . gctaa m 1 , 'awl wore indisput tb!e —first, that parties who • from Lis ' ' the Baltic to ascertain whether fi let , _ 3 . COUt 1..) to England, ca. ! . e uld build ships cheaper there than in ii ;i s - back with the eonvictiiin that they could bu i ld l,t, Cl,l cheaper here than there; and next, that on t :. An I,t.9le'Y vrere building ships f r Inteign countries. . ' -'l44l l`Jri hal been made that foreign countries In I Q , pe p i 'e al( g re atly their laws which militated against . ' Nom - r admitted aid's a dis t ass „ Lee. IN, ext, as to the a 4500gst the agriculturi: is of the country. Pestle b The those tre e 0 etvreen the advocates of free trade and demand • one of degree. Ile slio n i d . c Protection was only . ' - a u l eed d • House if he del not admit that 1 11 taste' ‘• 2 mile the est the raw er - th( e)Untry, to some extent, , anion, did NA -4 % f ,, l and, A considerable. degree of distress i3 his 1 .104 • .._ .Ine atatemont which had been . made , by his th a ,:,rrtend the did for Warwickshire 17 : 1, 5 . ,- trei,V ?vernment did not admit the existence of his diet distress We s th_ N ctr, fil Course to be taken as to that denied the el e only diffnce between there. Now,. ho_ rfps *bash Peth eneY or wisdom of retracing ' •• tt e I, teretain'ex tett i . Y •ael taken. He believed that to a c ' -I tra the fthe 1 seas difficu y tai„,. charg e e aw,lt had of the f , but he relied upon the energy and skill ' a r l i a l e l ra to overcome that difficulty. The fa 1 of price.He 14tae.!":1 SErteelleted by them in former ye l a a r i s._ he e4t. `lted the distre,s of the smaller holders of . d ' ulturel leb oa ' el that in some glares a number of egrie i . e es e , r,eri should be placed in that distress, but he s._llh itu ri !'ttcl to think that their pesition generally ol beenw;th bi s e a vei by the reduction of prices, He admitted with l a • l'n• Frieea, that in. Lincolnshire there bad been "oreas • • the majorit Of' t h,, o ln the poer-eates; but, takir g. _ n 0 , dish.; e,grieulturel counties, there was a diminu , t! t ° tress &la u d ' Ile was not surprised that some . ~( is porti Prevail , I. e e . e had never thought or said th .t some ..e It c ' zi s 0 ' th • i inot affected by da • C. 1,14 e c ennaunity atm , be ktiot e ''',„, l ‘ !"ieb had been made in the I.w. lie had , never 1. or soa r , s '-" ally great improvement btiag made in tra,. ot e•t: c, or in any b - arch whatever, e-here thy did E ' Ca 't 1 • find i '• . . 1 . . , pressure' in some Rekrte2, /is cause diffieu a) or but It b y to or were it did not cause partial suffering; q Ote g h t ' Izeans f illowed that there f ire such improvement ,.,- tu.e w het to take Vale. The Gevernment and toe Leg t i h .l e e y Re s ,his to to relieve the distress of as many h s thought nitlil, 4 e to succour, but at the seine tern, e iferts of i l .: t i e lse fir In 're was to be done through the ,. e . lie I ,l l Qu e ,t t vi : l h eals that any legislation could .011. c.. arming ' 4B ll'ep""lt the alarm which li..ti been raised 11 Plte,,'"'ertulturists eas not warriuted by what had tak l e prise ". .1' I I Gentleman'l 1 'erred to the offel.. a, e on. a re' had forepie bard t ,_•• erener years in this country, nod 1 e e le diet Sears of his own neighbourhood in a manner lie " t4etlin g allythin else which bad been stated. The nabet; eutleman had r g e'erred to the year 1822, a period iaw. iial e e Y were under the operation of the corn-law, lii 181,"ts iateaded to kee wheat at 80s. a (1 "" • t . 411 10 .' "ra WEI . / 96'. 11d P , and for five or ten years it lior ees'te qleerti r. In 1522, . it had fallen more than of 'he 3,„ 11 a ,and Under a cor- lew tie aver age pricee It eas th - p t W as 4 45. 7,1, The lion. Gt ntleman said there to qie -4 tt ho • the that they would return , p r i ce _ pe in country d to insure it „",*lnch the Legislature had propore . . 1, el agrlc• It • - had taken pia . - • Gemle2 a unte, but no such return o peeitien th a corn-lew Tree passed with some p _ _ on_ ll e acqieuit • - 1 great oppositi 4v01v,,A, urist s—a..,t., indeed, 645. per tt•art„„ *•‘, object of v Ilia rode to insure under thti. ,". to the :. i '•'• • What happened r i t : et a? ~11 a gra_ulturitt e 33 CGs. 4d.; in 183 a f ie i tifs 3 94. 1. 1831 the price Vi: of 6- 9J. per annum fo Oct' It fell at the rate a Rat e or cell. • •In 1839 the price f a . 4% . i , , . in year:. a law Pro" 6"ail•t'a, la 1 845, 50s. 10d.; still under price ____ t s '. 91 ' 1 secure them 64 , . In 1847 the ",': . o e. 4 Pric e had had here.o p te )fr ont yes, . not .groater thadn t enet y, the farm'!" I, l l l s hr t d t „Te vi P e , r by leclurtry an If It dish necessarily ri.t L I: tha t 'o7e present ue wore ot. '- prices was from the i li e p h . a t ! N itte tit c e erri l aw sol.dv ; Le believed it was not. Y t e h sd bad large harvest at home. It et AS not ul ,„ 0 l it ,„ • a of tf rent years, 1 56 - ",ae b,,,," 1 ' What AntS the produce et ' . . _ hi',', , -- ,w one of tie greatest corefactors in L e i t v t o . r e 4,hats- had great pains to ascertain tl'ef(sul e t ar had b k„ . ' 4 ao n fttu stated that tie produce of this y that lei e -,leent.. mere than that t f last car,y and . a 11 Rli e Acate t) ' the price of corn. But been n e c ., eo ri ,_ c, redde n ` where there had f t iit tepaet2 ,ientry (France„the , y hail the benefit The 1 ), 4a0e, t, :,.., 111 corn-la . w, had fallen more. 0 Cs, Iti this and yet ;he prices ._„.. 0 ,, „„ in F ranc fh• 74 . ,i,'4 country in 1847 was " • " and y e t the 4 ' itt The laaa . 700,000 quarters, a• _ n this tp,,. th e ,t;_._ of sent us hed been more iliae i con kphl_l)% r t ,',7 a heat f corn er.tered fur home licetien foruetparitity c „thequantity imported. itia a ,Teaati t Be year exceede 1 . 'lu n imported last year, lap•gaieg. roan 51 all kinds of grain 73 040. meal im: kf,,,,tttl of "e and barley, was 5 , 6 ' , ! , ntereu for ' - 't allotki d - 0:1 000. the qtaetite e . ,„ „,,_,e,. s , 3„ ...._, , - of . . .1 4 000,000. The eitigae‘',!,astinaption was upwares . • don by Hon. h e4 tlea, c'-tPrcvswhich would 1 e relied . , c°ll -5 0 o -I prices ( f the Baltic „.4 w,„ Ppos10„ 1t +led that p • t pay to send pie t `e ao n.. 0 thi s high net think that Cae re C..? country; and ho did .- • ~.,Leed thou reason to fear that ruinwhich his lion. What the ;Pee bete,""l inevitable a' 40s. a quarter. . 'lei )) oUld h ' to an so„rwe 14 eteeftar it would be sash in him , e eta ' - lit ive i• remark thin that all tees la tt rtes whit i _ as not a attic rem had hardly kly°lseti the• 9 . 4 countries were inaportin,g reduction of duty in I , e (N at tr slaipments upon the the re p ea l of ii,14,,: qUantitiee, from which, before Ned tle tarn' .• • ts His Lion. Il id 11 M • eof 44% Now, e trt tlet bo.ted of the average pine rine % 111 l ey4 the agriculturists would be ruiner?. e 44 % gilt 80e tittw until it went down Itoq, tee ns 803 ' would be necessary.eane to 56'., till the e oth le 4, th ,., hen the price ' a fall in the price of il a ;i Iro n , 5.6.1. thr ee years shove the price was 545. BJ. . ,tite „ Ald 6 4 ' t o 50 5. In .184.6 ' 18451 Wo:e sivtri, ki i, .e out of cultivation slue . 1 to the lion. 114:11,4 fclurists ruined? He would api.ea stated what th bete • . South Lincolnshire, who had would e 4t eitplig"l4 On intellthem county. II- that • A1i q ,,~,. Al h ad e ' 4, a ecu, aro ueen largely laid pi_ into- wheat land. tkileti ehea'ptatore had beer) converted f f abandoning the I„ .4ll ite tile e, 4 • te thli°ll. Friend talked "I l e ] when the price had "qe d -501 80 e Inc° ---- 3 ' ' 'nee ISIS rentals had tene t lo ad, gird . i , to 50s. and that since F England was the " Lila, only in one county 1 o f nob I°ll',et than i- • ealthough the price (lei i wa i iwapd f t Ras in 1810, . f the energy, shill, trekt tl e i llstry ~f t from 80s. to 50 . enabled '—i him to pay lai ea t re" at the British . farmer did when the the price (1 50 , . than he 411 wa3 B°3 what . - prevent the same industry of . I ,,pit m t... !.._,, at was to , him at the prices pia ea or 50' m" -et the demands upon 41 1 ' 4 ' tb5 Y having overcome a fall of : to, lee,. a,m'eot the l e ers Predate that he exeected the farmer - ' s ot te ( I ffi • l --e ' glad to ace this 44:1 feed ta "a LY. He should be tee) corn. Ii fltr t i,'M it w", 13 PoPuladon by Notre-;townneso,if the nie sh e would d i ", be most desirable to to eitt,est ° It. IL said the people 1 had a right to tl l to to eth Passible food, and they had . the best right ° tt t't e°ll t for that which their comfort 1144 Iktlcloillit n ries yea %NY deti,ttici Y t f the country and their perrea sta re .?aPio , med. be increase of productive skill, , energy, ?pied to d,4.1d, Thu he brought into play, and who had net ti a.. a.try , tz.i ?ale who had nut capital, or l‘ 0 con et oegat suffer di , tres-, arid be unable lla l t ` t eg cl4e4,tlPation of the land; but the w el-are 1 . l f the held * heti h sea , /‘ st 5 not to be sacrifices on this account. heen 1 at th o e looked at the language which had _ kt Yea S tneeti • had stet ed tid e at tha t . tinge in the country, he be b e ei r eii It Was possible an attempt would th‘traisea as _ttae demand for protection—it might ., the litsene,,' rh o question of rert. Who was 1., 01 Pitilie4?" a t h, 0 l audlor la ef England? Who were , eriattilies tigti,,4-Not the F ree-traders, but the leaders theea a e r, wee LeLlltlltal party at one meeting after 5 111 ). 1, al rault*Presented that question as one of a re that th s t le t ti , lie found by a northern paper on the -tie eateLteat :glarms ire Scet'eeld, that it was not true ere to be t, letruis in Scotland bed been reduced beh e let e •-l t t offers were made i. f farmhouses which . - "at te a v , e d it uftliiglier rent than was formerly given. at ti lt, w larlag "o tru e es e, general position, that at hi gh a a ,, ol e teat 'sotlend which were out ot le iso, let stddreineorite J 44 f(111 11.r1 • Ile saw a paper from a i l ia , tt o k . , th e t _,.. . 3. . ~ itu teet, 4l 3 tee 4 ,, t 'ugh Sheriff ofbeing an Norfolk, _ the I• ll.l.e rth IN to ~,- 1 .3 Which stated that in spite of - eat a tit e-c t ai e ~ ;:"lell his property was subject, he e cup e (1 his g-11" h imself able to make a very good ipt oa tto a 588 Ira,. A ile raid that he held in his own he I il ' i Yet, these'rkes, tt which 100 acres yielded him no (44 lite 144 de up l `! he estimated a loss at Michitelusas, :lot4elleralltt)ek, ~,,,,.114 rent, and hail invested ten per cent. I t , I. N ot "teh w more than was to be c xpected ~,``°4 4 31 v W11 1 . v ) it oncegentleman had done this, he did VIA ih-redueti attother Should not. But if it was a ques lass7 eonap e Q • 1 1. ° E rent, that consideration was not to be 1, 4 ea; an Petition nap e. it with. the demands of the labouring 1 41 Pe4Pq th e 'laaintei d that the labouring classes Peatt . r.pil ~.,..,e e , toned . front p A a lii&ht'b Signal benefit . thepresent - "4 -`o•lre sop. Gentleman then alluded to the the e, la ss (4 L')ril Chichester thegrand jury at et . al ltte le a ceo.. . to, . . „ •,,.,,te. kt , of thing s 'tilt given by the Earl of Chichester of a '''to u ‘ r "oB eta a , o la lissex, no;, only as to the number Ass4ltin-IPieer6'q,ed, but tl5 to the exertions of those ets e nts et sital " 11 " , *al mos tcreditable them, in pre t,4f ° Y s lent for - to ~. _ , 18,tottillt,1_, their labourers. Now, the ex - d 18 atd , "Ing the Poor in the years ending Lady- Pe % day , ' 849 , Was as fll • ' dee cas 4tl ? 4848, th •.) OWS:—In the year ending -te I, ° %Mount epee 6 ,180,000 Z 'rho ex- PO°, e 5 of a4Y-dav 184 n , t4 t , 338,000/ •••,, --, was 5,792,000/, being a ettiaet,,N‘i.ae b a l f.l. • the expense of maintaining the of alma I,7so,eoaoried,,ing Aliclutelmas, 1818, io y) . B 4, 1 , 87 ,00 01 , 849., i t was )! c1..0r _the half-year oudirg 41.t -'ll4 ' :C ho ''''3°u°l.inc, a diminution 1 %4 'll p n umber of ' -' -. 1 4 ~ 41 c,.‘4.nfoani, an, 42 pecsons relieved in 533 i t ,„ waa 8 2 ?, u 2,65 5; txto , i , l in Wales, on the Ist July, • 1 clio t,OOO, b eies 1 / 4 ' 01l the Ist July, 1 349, the num -11! Zheil on of 6 5,505, or 7 3-10 WON rodIOYEKI IP. $6O tlUit.= in Lllg- THE SUN, land, and 42 in Wales, on the Ist January, 1849, 937,164 persons; anal on the let. Jan'iary, 1850, the number rklieved was 923,167, b ing a.diminu.ion of 63,997 persons, or 6 4.10 re: cent. The Lumber of able-bodied persons relieved in 590 unions in England and \Vales on the Ist January, 1349, was 201,644; end on the let Ja,•tuary, 1850, the number e:•as 170,562, being a diminution of 31,142 persons, or 15 4-10 per cent. The stete.ments he had made' showed a dirniou'ion cn tee expenditure of the poor-rate, in the number of poor relieved, and also in the number of ab'e bodied prsons recd ivitig to'n f --(Hear.) lie would now e(fit , ..e the total number if paupers relieved on the Ist Jam a - y, 1850,as compared with the number relieved on the Ist Janntiay, 1849. In fourteen counties there had be: nan inert a-,e, but there had I em. a decrease in twenty-e'ght. [The Right II in. Gentleman here reed the names o.f the se e ccuntie, and the propoitional increase or de crease.] These twenty-eight counties include! a me jnri:y of the agricultural counties. The statz f the el ),e with respect to abli-bodied paupers was All more important, for there were only seven counties in which an increase Led tdcen place, while there had been a do - crease in no less than 35 counties. There certainly was an increase in some of the agr:cultural counties, hut it was more than compensated by the decrease in others.— (Hear.) In the agricultural counties in the south there was a diminution of able-budied relief in every ccse. The total diminution of relief of that description in Eng land and \Vales was 15 4-10 per c►nr.—(hear.) Now he would ask Hoe. Gentlemen whether agricultural • labourers had not eerived equal benefit wit') other persons from the cheapness of food?—(Boar.) The beat pos sible test of the amelioration of the condition of the la, tourers, was the diminution in the nuraer of persons relieved.—(a. ar, hear.) On this state of fact-, he COD • tended he was justified in coming to the conchnnon that the cheapness of f ,od had proved a signal benefit, and en that ground alone i•e was prepared t ) say it was not expedient or wi,o to reconsider the recent legislative enactments. • His lion. Friend had alluded to the num ber of persons receiving relief in Ireland. The num ber receiving in—loor relief on the 30th 13. camber, 1848, was 192,009, end in December, 1849, the number was 194,323, showing a slight ineren.e. But . - the number :receiving out-door relief at the same pe riods had decreased from 393 421 to 95,403, showing a diminution of more than 297,000--(lIt ar, hear.) Ile was happy to find from the statement ef the Earl c f Chichester that greater activity was beginning to pre vail in many portions of the egrieultural districts, not only on tho ieart of the owners, -but a the,occUpiers, in draining and other improvcments,evith 'a- view te the in crease of preiduction; and he never enterta'ned the Iraq apprehension that the British farmer would allow his energies to be overcome, but felt confident that he Would rise superiors to any pressure under which he might la bour.—(bleta`r, hear.) He was quite...certain • thet the agriculturists had no reason to despair, - :. Ar a test of the prosperity of the eoutt-y he might rer'er t) the in creased consumption of various articles... With the ex ception of cciffee, the receipt t f revenue from almost every !track') of consumption' had increased. The cor.- semption of cocoa had increased from 2,93e,0001b5. to 3,200,0001 bi. The consumption of brandy had increased from 1,600,030 to 2,187,000 gallon'. There had also em an increase in the consumption of provisions, such as salt beef and pork. He would now refer to another article, the importation of which had proved in a remarkable manner the failure of many predictions which Lad been uttered on the subject—he meant the article of sugar. Aiteough it had fallen off to some extent, the difference was owing to an extraordinary impost Ilion during fit e days in the preceding year. The import of sugar from the West Indies bad increased from 2,771,000 cwt. to 3.070,000 cwt.; the import from Ma nilla had increased from 812,000 cwt. ta 997,000 ewe; and from the East Indies the import had then from 1,352,000 cwt. to 1,356,000 cwt.; whilst the import of fireign sugar had &creased from 1,200,000 cwt. to 497,000 cwt.—(Hear, 1. ear.) Ile held in his Land co:- tain returns relative to the raw material used in various trades, in every one of which an increase had teken place. The consumption of indigo had increased from 55,000 cet. to 79,000 cwt.; of hemp, from 698,000 cat. to 911,000 cwt.; of raw silk, from 3,645,000 lbs. to 4,303,000 lb-. And although it was said that the alte ration of the copper duty would operate injuriously, the fact was that the state of the mining districts of Cornwall was most satisfactory, there being plenty of employment and high - wage=, and the export of Bri tish copper had increased from 85,000 cwt. to 153,000 cats. The export of wrought copper h. - ,cl in creased from 5,000 cwt. to 17,000 ca t.; and the export of brass manufactured had risen from 13,000 cwt. to 23,000 cwt.' There was hardly an item of any one sort or description with respect to which ruin and die tress had been predicted from the importation of foreign manufactures, which had not been utterly falsified by the increase of production at home, and the increase of employment amongst the labouring population.—(Hear, ecar.) The statements with respect t ) the shipping in, terest afforded testimony of the same description. The cumber of ships entered inwards in the year ending December 1848, was 24,959, the tonnage being 5.095,000 ; the returns for the corresponding period in 1849 showed the number of ships to he 28,046, and the t 5,678,000. The number cf ships cleared out wards in 1848 was 23,394, and the tonnage 4,678,000 ; in 1349 the number of ships had increased to 25,665, and the to innage s,l2o,ooo.—(Cries of " Hear, hear.") With respect to the revenue, he was happy te say that the improvement in every branch had been greeter than he expected. The result for the year (partly caused by the increased - revenue, and partly by reclueed expenditure) would . have an excess cf income over expenditure on the sth January of 2,098,000/.- 01,ar, hear.) It had been said that a large importation of corn would invariably cause a diminution of the pre cious metals, but the amount of bullion in the Bank was a sufficient answer to that assertion.—(Hear.) He trusted that the result of the measures now under dis cussion would be the improvement of the condition of the country, and that Parliament would not, by any rash legislation, disturb the present improving condition of affairs. He believed the country had now entered on a stet.dy course of improvement, and, his firm conviction was that it would continue, and that the agricultural in terest would participate in the generalimprovereent. He trusted that when it did arise from the stets of - partial Distress tinder which it was now labouring, it would be based not on the delusive foundation of protection, but on a so!id foundation which could never fail.---(Chrus.). Mr. I1:510E11T expressed his satiefection that the Honourable Member for Wolverhampton had said very little about Ireland, and what he had said indicated the fact that he veally knew very little of that country. It h a d b een sa id !hat the number of persons applying for relief in Ireland b. 7.11 very much decreased of late, and it W 2 -3 argued that this showed an improved state in re spect to the condition ca r the poor in that country. Now while he admitted the fact that the number of persons applying for relief had decreased, he yet denied that this was a proof of an improvement c f the condition of the people. The fact was, that i.!-4s result arose from various causes. First, many sad been struck off the list who had no right to poor relief. NeZt, many of the Irish poor had come over to this country, and were to be found in its highways and byeways ; death had done its work in Ireland, and manyand lastly, portions of that country were depopulated. The liono:leable Gentleman than referred to the speech cf the Right Honourable Member for Tamworth, which he ad dressed to the House last year in reference to Ireland, and he contended that this speech, by which the Houses had been led away, was not justified by the then state of Ireland, and only indicated the way in which that House was influenced as regarded Ireland generally. lie contended that the whole policy of this country was cal culated to injure Ireland, and therefore damage the in tercets of the empire generally. Mr. W. FAGAN said, that although the Mende of protection had claimed that the cause of Ireland was the cause of protection, he would challenge them to say what would have become of that unfortunate country if measte es of free trade had not been introduced, and to disprove, it they could disprove it, that protection was the cause of many of the evils which afflicted her. He denied that the fact of his Hon. Colleague having been selected to second the amendment was to be taken as an indication that his constituents were favourable to pro tection. The election of his Hon. and Gallant colleague was not in any degree owing to protection. Indeed he might say that it was owing rather to the influential labours of a free trade member of his com mittee. The tenant farmers of Ireland had taken a totally different view of the question from that which it had obtained amongst the tenant-farmers of England. They were most anxious for it, but were more inclined for the free-trade system ; and he con scientiously believed that if it had a fair trial in Ireland, it would du much towards paving the way for a re-ad justment of the relations between landlord and tenant. The very agitation which was going forward on this subject would itself be of considerable advantage to the Irish people. He would ask in what condition Ireland would have been during the past six months, if it had not been for free trade? He would ask them what their rates and naional burdens would have been, if it had not been 'for its opera ion ? These were points which ought to be considered in estimating the advantages or disadvantages of a financial system ; and he was sure !hat, with reference to such a test, the landlords of Ire land would mistake their true interests if they were to decide against free trade.—(Hear, hear.) S:r J. WALSH said lie quite admitted that protec tion was essentialiy «n Irish question, and he felt that it was ono of great importance. He thought ie would have been more fitting to the occasion if the House kad ec:ncurred in a loyal address to her Majesty, indepen dently of those political considerations,, and had after wards proceeded to the consideration of moment ous questions like the resent. But if they were to go iete the great points involved in this debate, they ought at lca't to be careful as to the exact effect of the opinions they expressed. For 'his own part he was at a loss to discover all the prosperity wlich the Speech from the Throne congratulated the House upon; but he was quite willing to admit that science and intelligence might niveridly assist the successful operations of the farmers._ The main a r gu ment cf the Ctaecellor of the Exchequer rested upon improve nents which might be made in farming. He was satisfied that farming i n this country was capable cf improvement. It was a mi stake to r.ellie . ent the English farmer as deficient in industry' and a largenterprese; but in order to efftct these improve ments subsoiling, outlay was reecssaret, whether in draining resourcee with it(h) eimien n n g . wv, : h.h r o.a m elo a t. rcriree_ (rime heir.) In ti.e compe tition to appl lel could cars c w a r e r r y e u of science, and to compete upon to engage, they, Ethlgtltih_slcia:faPwr'tort's.le'r would be overburthererl. It ~h eeiness without either science on their was net d v u a s : r n Y m o u f rn tl e l ( e l In this struegle tue - contrary, emu . aedlord's t. ;folio:. Such a landlord's queeet ee aw l a e ere not suflie ; :nt t l he moo and niiddle - -?as: farmers, the cl e`'' The Y.:- •- pleint.d that ey vorating their It was not a f:t e. and one alich see c e l ' e t " s eut one oil feued_d, tat b in; so . much so,,that if ttey wisl . el they c) . o7 : l ( : .o ' ta V e t ' d i ingteg this question I epeatedly under tie consideration ItSQUttble to lc rd this of the House, It was most Imre' I;WkIDON, question as ir evecably fixed. Th eir legislation for the lest 20 years was exaerimentala 'lt was not so to he re aaread becrento it bad the de lib ?rate eanction e f Loth Houses of Parliemeat. The Me tat er fer the West Riding taste 1, in a sp ech cf his, that eae majority which car ried the repeal of the corn-lawe ;'voted against their pri vete convictions. In that sent ire eat be cetirely concur red. It was well ,known that decision we.' aaliest the opinions of the majority t f t 1 e constituencies , . w ho, it was ael known bad returns d 310n:hers to that House, he would not say pied. al, but ?rtainly with an under standing that they would suppe Xt erotection. Mr. - G. BERKELEY move a - late adjournment of the debate; but, finding that the fee wa; a general desire that the discussion should go fin. withdrew his motion, and proceeded to address the i ileease. Ho regretted that can gre at portion of the Britis 11 empire had been t'ttally 1 ft out e f censidervtiop, just !ta if tho colonies of Great Britain were no longer of iaipa lance to the State. A Right Hon. Gentleman, ireitee , who bad once held a conspicuous place on the Tr. e ry latch, had said, in a speech ho made at Manchester, aaat it would to a bless ing to this country if the cola ales of this mighty enaphe were sevatneed.—(hear) B r ((Mr. Berkeley) read that etatteneet with suprise; and `it was . with astorishnlent h e found the 1011.. Member fe'er the West Riding (Mr. Cobden)—that disciple of ,geace—preachirg to the people in (if words could be a inderstood) absolutely the words of revolution.—(Ch e - s from the Opposition benches.) Having turned hie el °queue, his " unadorned elequerce," to almost the ale )1i lion of a etandieg army and navy, he ceuld, when it led his purpose, preach up disaffection and war.—(RE ne wed cheers from the Op position benches,) He take . 1 of the dead body of pro te.ciion heir% dug up and gale n 'zed. The fact was that the country, which had catise Halt to be exhumed, as he termed it, pronounced it to ha to been foully and most un eonetitutionally murdered.--e laughtert) It was said this was a question of relit; i his own country the far mer could not farm profitably ' :now if they paid no reat. (" Hear, hear," from the Opposi t op.) It was very , well fur the Manchester school to eta apt to raise an ill-feeling between landlord and tenant; it was just as they did upon the game-law question.- 'ea ',A laugh.) The mover of the Address had alluded to tenant in his (Mr. Ber keley's) own county; and who was this model of Gla cestershire f ermere? Mr. JOE s 11 Hunt, a Quaker—(A laugh)—whose word was nut ea hied at a farthing. He was employed at the lest elect icon. to bribe voters against him (Mr. Berkeley)—(Loud ta.ughter)—by a rich man, who now could get no account Fri the money he intrusted to him to bribe with. He Air. Berkeley) hed never read such intulerent epee& les as had lately been addressed to the public; het aererred particulaely to the speeches - at getaaltestee.eart. - p:eatued as if. we had not tef ac learned the true meati df the word " tyranny." -(Cheers.) - Free trade had t h . been hurried upon the cow try, when it was no more tan a fit state to receive it. than the colonies were to re taive the abolition of sla very. The farmer ought to b I:relieved from the malt tax and other burdens.—(H, ! , ,a. r.) Let Hon. Members divest their minds of fear of th e threats held out, that if they attempted to go back 'to p rotection, or remedy the • grievances of the agriculturist la the country might ex pect the most serious riots. 'I le e threats were such flat it seemed we might look upon au resolves as almost on the eve of a civil war.—(Hear, pear.) Ile must s ay he thought the country was now -eireatened with more se riot's disturbances tban ever i a ibis recollection before.— (Opposition cheers.) The reanan:-farrners could not even meet in peace - to cliscer; as constitutional question without the interference e of free-traders.—(Hear, liter.) People were sent in. p aid and bribed.—(Hear, hear.) In many places, as at B 'dford, a mob was sent in composed of persons with no e s take in the countey, to, interfere with the meeting, an d then we were told that it had been constitutionally di, au rbed by that rabble.— (Hear.) The agriculturists, f rot n whom our chief pros perity had sprung, had been ill -u ied. Far nearly seven teen years be had been a supp or ter of the present Mi nisters, but he felt bound to that " free trade," as it now stood, was a most faulty a nd disgraceful measure. —(" Hear, hear," fieen the Pr ate ctior•ists.) It had t e-n placed upon a wrong footing. Irt:ere had been too much haste used ; and, unless some thing was done for the agricultural interest, the tee stnt-farmers must go to ruir,—(Hear, hear.) Let the 1"Iouse do justice to that long oppressed and too quiet it its rest—(Laughter.) On the motion of the Marc ui a of GRANBY the de bate was then adjourned to the zy x t (this) day. Lord J. RUSSELL hoped it e (mild be understood by the House that the debate wool d be concluded to 'sor row (this day).—(Cries cf " car, hear;" but one or two gentlemen on the Oppositic a side exclaimed, " Ne; no uederstandiug.") Perhap s the Hen. Gentleman opposite (Mr. Dieree'i) could ;at ste that as the under standing. Mr. DISRAELI hoped him and expected, that the division would be taken to- lorrow (this day); but he could not have the presurnpt ion to give any pledge to that extent. It must depend to it only upon gentlemen who sat on his side cf Cie Hoe at , but on gentlemen on the other; and he was sorry to , t ay he had found from experience that the Noble Lot it had not been able to xerciee that influence upon his o wn side which he now wished him (Mr. Disraeli) to c raise upon his. . TFe House then, shortly t Igor Twelve o'clock, se , journed. HOUSE OF LOB DS, Jan. 31. The erentrul session of 1850 , was opened to-day, rot by her Majesty in persou, but ! of her Royal Commission. Long before the hour appointe for opening the Com mission the House of Lords Intl the strangers' gallery was partly filled with ladies and Ivisitors anxious to witness the ceremony of the opening of the Great Council of the nation. The assembla . ;e thus Brawn together formed a pleasing group, though its app karance faded into almost insignificance., when put in con 4 : Jarison with the splendid tout ensemble of the House of L to rds when her Majesty is present, and when the beauty, the noble, and wealtby of the land vie with each other ;in their endeavours to show their loyalty to their Sovereign, by being present when she at •pears in the upper branch of the Legislature t) c ipe n or prorogue her Par liareeut. Among the Peers pt ,ousent we noticed the Earl of Sheffield, Viscount Strangf od, Lord Culburne, Lard Campbell, Earl Mountcashel, ;Lord Lucan, the Marquis f Salisbury, the Bishop of Worcester, the Bishop of Hereford, Lord Say and Selo, :Lord Monteagle, the Duke of Wellington, the Duke of N gfulk, and Viscount Ha dinge. . _ . Shortly after two o'clock rthe Lord Chancellor, the Marquis of Lansdowne, tl Is Marquis of Bread albane, Earl Minto, and the Bishop cf London, robed as the Lords Commissic hers for opening the Par liament, entered the House ar u I took their seats below the throne. Having donee. ek, their Lordships com manded Mr. Fulmar, the Ye ctnan Usher of the Black Rod (who officiated in the u *Avoidable absence of Sir Augustus Clifford), to summon;-the Commons to the bar, to hear the Royal Commie lion read her Majesty's most gracious Speech to bottl L Houses on opening the present sessior. Af.er the lapse of a few mi n'stes, the Spatter of the House cf Commons, attend( by a great numbor of ,lembers, appeared at the 1 otr. Among the members present we notiud Mr. Brotl .carton, Mr. Locke, Colonel Thompson, Mr. F. O'Connor, Air, Spooner, Lord Dudley Stuart, Mr. Ricardo, Mr. Elli idt, and several others. On the Speaker apreariug s.,t the bar the Commission for opening the Parliament v ras read by Mr. Edmunds, after The LORD CHANCELLQR read, in a clear End distinct voice her Majesty's, most gracious Speech, as follows: ".IMY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, " We are commanded by her Majesty to assure you that her Majesty has great satisfaction in again having recourse to the avice and assistance of her Parliament. " The decease of her Majesty Queen Adelaide has caused her Majesty deep affliction. The extensive , charity and exem plary virtues of her late Majjerity will always render her memory dear to the nation. " Her Majesty happily continues in peace end amity with Foreign Powers " In the course of the autumn, differences of a serious character arose between the Governments of Austria and Russia on the one hand, and the Sublime Porte on the :other, in regard to the treat ment of a considerable number of persons who, after the termination of the civil war in Hungary, had taken refuge in the Turkish Territory. " Explanations which took place between the Turkish and Imperial Goverranents have fortunately removed any danger to the ?nee of Europe which might have arisen out of these differences. " Her Majesty having been appealed to on this". pccasion by the Sultan, united her efforts with those of the Government of France, to which a similar appeal had been made, in order to assist by the employment of her good offices in effecting an amicable settlement of those differences, in a manner consistent with the dignity and indepen dence of the Porte. "Her Majesty has been enosged in communica tions with Foreign States, upon the measures which might be rendered necessary by the relaxation of the restrictions formerly imposed by the navigation laws of this country. "The Governments of the United States of America and of Sweden have promptly Wien steps 4 -1 secure to Brithh ships in the ports of their re -_ advantages simila g r a to s t t h lt o e se s vk v. ' , l b li o c s h e ipective cum to restrictive tstu igoa :1"a hitherto ß o o f rts a . fom newly all of navigation laws it., character, her Miliegy has re‘... them assurtincos 'which induce her to hope ;nliv EVENING, t he will speedily lead to a great and general dimi nution of tho 6 ) obstacles which previously existed to a free lag :course by sea between the flatlets of the world. - "In the 3 ummer and autumn of the past yerr the United K'u gdorn was again visited by the ravages of the Cho3 , tti but Almighty GA, in His mercy, was pleased to arrest the progress of mortality, and to stay this fearful pestilence. Her Ma jesty is per naded that we shall best evince cur gratittaa , by vigilant precautions against the more obvious ; causes of sickness, and an enlightened considcratio , a :for those who are most exposed to its attacks. "Her 7.l.l,Jjesty in her.late visit to Ireland de rived the hi hest gratification from the loyalty and PRI DAY exam attachment rnaniftsted by all classes of her subject , . Ahhough ti vi effects of former years of scatrityi-are painfully fe1.1.1; in ,that part of the United liipgdorn, they are ml tigatek: by the present abundance of food, and the tra,a.quillity which prevails. "Her aTijesty has great satisfaction in con gratulating you on the improved condition of corn-, merce and ;manufactures. It is with regret that her Majesty. has observed the complaints' which in many parts of the kingdom have proceeded from the owne. , ..s and occupiers ef land. Her Majesty greatly lainentsthat any portion of her sub jects shouldi be suffering distrem , . hat it is a source of sincere gratification ttcy. her Majesty to witness the increased enjoyment of the necessa ries and comforts of life, which cheapness and plenty have bestowed upon the great body ofer peOPle. " GENTLEMEN OF TEE 1.10E3E OF "CO MMONc, "Her Majesty has' directed , the Estimates for the year to be laid before you. Trey have been framed with a strict regard to Emnomy, while the efficiency of' the various branches of the Public Service has not been neglected. " Her Majesty has seen with satisfactiin the present state of the Revenue. " MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN, " Some of the measures which were postponed at the end of the last session, for want of tim e for their consideration, will be again laid before you. Among the most important of these is one for the better Government of the Australian Colonies. " Her Majesty has directed various measures to he prepared for the improvement of the condition of Ireland. The mischiefs arising from party processi ons; the defects cf the laws regulating the relations of landlord and tenant; the imperfect state of the Grand Jury Acts; and the diminished number of elec- tors for Members to serve in Perlianietai will, together with other matters of serious- conse quence, form the subjects of measures to be sub mitted for your consideration. " Her Majesty haslOarnt with satisfaction, that the measures which have been already passed for the promotion of the public health are in a course of gradual adoption ; and her Majesty trusts that both in the metropolis 'and in various parts of the United Kingdom, you will be enabled to make further progress in the removal of evils which affect the health and well-being of her subjects. " The favour of Divine ,grovidence has hitherto preserved this kingdom from the wars and convulsions which during the last ti 3 O years have shaken so many of the Sates of the Coritinent of Europe. It is her Majesty's hope end belief that by combining liberty with order, by preserving what is valuable, and, amending what is defective, you will sustain. the fabric of our institutions; as the aborb and - the shelter of a free and happy people." At the conclusion of the reading; of the - Bice - Cell; the Lords Commissioners and the 6,peaker and Members of tae 130u30 of Commonsielired, and their Lordships ad journed to Five o'clock., - - In the gallery devo'e I to Members of the House cf Commons we noticed Sir James Grsharr, Mr. W. Brown, Mr. Thornely, Mr. F. French, Mr. J. Wil son , Mr. B. Den!son, Mr. Grebne„ Several other Hon. Members. • Their Lordships adjouped-..duringpleasure. Their Lordships rc-assirkde-3 at Five o'clock. LAW OF BANKRUPTCY. Lord BROUGHAM introduced a Bill to amend the Law of Baukriiptcly SCOTCH REPRESENTATIVE PEERS. The Duke of RICHMOND drew the atten tion of their Lordships to the fact that there were two vacancies in the Scotch Representative. Peers. The Marquis of LANSDOWNE was un derstood to say that he was not responsible for the vacancies not being filled up. The Earl of EGLINTON said it was evident that the Government could not be ignorant of the exist ence of the vacancies. They had appointed a new Lord-Lieutenant of Forfarshire, in the room of Lord Girlie, and promotions had taken place in the navy in consequence of the death ofLord Colville, and there fore there was no excuse foinot summoning the Peers. of Scotland to fill up the vacancies. The Marquis of LANSDOWNE explained that the Government had no official information of the vacancies. The Duke of BUCCLEUGH said that the con tinuance of these vacancies was a grievance to the Scotch Peers. The Marquis of L4NSDOWNE said that it wags a grievance which the Noble Duke might have re medied, because, on a representation by two Scotch Peers, the writ for the election would h,ve issued. Tne Duke of ARGYLE asked if there was any rule binding the Scotch Peers to make the requisition? Lord STANLEY denied that there was any ana logy between the rules Of the House of Commons and those c f this House in such cases. lie acquitted' ~he Noble Marquis of any intention to keep the Scotch Peers from their rights, but he considered that the Government should have issued the writ without waiting fur any requisition from Scotch Peers, or for any notification from the representa-. tives of the Peers deceased. After some remarks from the Marquis of LANS DOWNE and Lord REDESDALP, the subject dropped. The Marquis o f LA NSDOW NE SELECT VESTRIES. introduced a Bill for regulatin g se l ect vestries. The Royal Speech lEhativiDngDbßeeEnSS. read in to usull The Earl of ESSEX rose to move the Address The Noble Ea r l c l a i med the i n d u l gence o f the H ouse as he had very seldom had the honour of addressing their Lordships. would s Since they had met last the coun try had had th e m i s f ortune to lose . the Dowa g er Queen- Ad e l a id e, an d h e wa s sure their L or d s hip s , sympathise with her Majesty in the grief. which she felt for that great loss, for never had any foreign Princess secured the good opinion of this country to a greater degree than Queen Adelaide. The interference of her Majesty's Government on behalf of Turkey, in the differences which had Ar i sen between that country and 11ussia, was a legiti ma t e exercise of the i n fluence of this country, and had been attended with the most happy effects. He could not but recollect that during the last two years the whole of Europe had been in a state of disorde r; scarcely a post arrived that d id not br ing the intel ligence of the overthrow of some ancient dynasty. During the whole of these convulsions this country had remained undisturbed, end he attribtited that state of tranquillity mainly to the manner in which the Legislature had given way to public opi n i on . The artisan and operative classes had to their honour public . press, shown themselves superior to the temptations held o u t to the mA. . at might differ as to the mea n s, had but one object in view, to secure the prosperity and the th tr e ibu n t ie e m o b f ers grat itude was however they was due to the which, tranquillity of the country.—(Hear, hear.) When he looked back to the events of the last few years, he could not but consider that it was a most fortunate circumstance that they had had at the head of affairs, during the time which preceded the Continental revolu tions, men who bad had the sagacity to repe a l t h © laws which prohibited the importation ()Hood. Of all the vot es ho had ever given, there was none t ) which he looked back with greater settee.' t on, than to tl:e vote ho had given in favour of the repeal of the laws preventing the free importation of food. The late patilence h a d d rawn the attention of the public to the state of th e sanitary laws, and every one was convinced that those laws must be ilev niled. The improved state of the commerce and tradeof the country prove) the snunflness of Vie alterations which had recently been made in the laws regulating the imports of this country, and completely talbiti.:d the predictions of those who had foretold that l oss of re. renuo would be the constquence of the alterations. , During the last year the import of f ;od and the export of manufactures had teen greater than had ever been known—(Bear, hear)—and the reTellUe had prospered FEBRUARY l, 1 850 in consequence.—([leer,)` It was satisfactory to know that the ineaaures which had' last session teen 'passed with regard- to Ireland, more particularly thf.? Eecutri bered Estates- Bill, had worked well. No one could regret more than he did- the'rdistress under which the agricultural interests were suffering, but he was convieccel it was of a temporary nature.—(Cheerinz and cour.te.-!heering.) He believed that tbos,! who had kept up a protectiouist ag!tatiota who called themselves fermers' friend, , , had acted most unwisely.—(Cherra and counter-ebeera) Ho had received a statement front the vestry-:kik Marylebone paaish,. s ' a 'i rg th a t th ere had been a savh g of 11,0C©L -in the rite.', in consequence of the cheapness of-food; in another me tropolitan parizli the saving hatU - bean 7,0001., and the rates had been reduced 2d. to the pound.—(Loud cheers.) The repeal of • the navigation-11 Iva had been followed by the most happy 'effects. Shipbuilding had increased, and there were now orders froin f.,rcign countries for the building of chips 'in this country.— (Hear.) Ho knew nut art might be the measures; to be proaci...ed with regard to the Ault alien col;_-, I nice, Lut he hoped that the time was not fir die taut when more liberty as regards internal legishtien would be g , aated to all our colonies. The Noble Earl thanked their Lordships for the 1 areat manner in Which they had heard him, and concluded by moving the address, which was.an echo to the Speech. Lord METHUEN, in recording the address, said it must be matter of congratulation to see that the efforts of the Government to prevent the occurrence of ho• tilities between Russia and Turkey had been attant2c d with success. It " *as: also matter of congratulation that thte . manufmturing .and commercial interaets wore is a state of prusperity: He regretted that he could not say the same as regarded the agricul tural interest; that interest was suffering from panic on ponie, excited by the Protectionist agitation. But it should be recollected that under protection, in 1522, the price of corn had been lower than it was at present, in oteaaequence, he believed, of the want c f money , occasioned by the resumption of cash pay ments; and again is 1835. It should be recollected that a scarcity of money ex isted in . consequence cf • the immense turns locked up - in railway!. He could, not, however, but depre cate the violence of language of those who endeavoured to set class against-class, and'who pandered to the worst folitgs ( f the multitude. The Noble Lord concluded by - formally according the motion. The Earl of STRADBROOKE felt that he should be witatiog in his duty, if he abstained from embracing this, the earliest opportunity, cf declaring to their Lord •shipa-the existence of deep 'and great agricultural dis trees, the existence of which, vas admitted in the Speech 'from the Throne, but which, as he gathered from the speech of the mover of the saidress, was merely of a temporx4 nature.—(Hear, hear.) 116 77 believed that the distress would be permanent so 1 , og as the present systern - r f legislation shy uld con tinue. In 1815 it was considered that, the British agri culturist would be swamped:by foreign importation, un less beh ad protection.' Such, was the opinion of Mr. Coke, and in consequence the corn-law measure of 1815 Ras in troduced. He admitted that under the protection corn fell in 1822. The Noble Earl concluded by moving the following amendment:—" That we regret that in many parts of the United Kingdom, but especially in Ireland, Various classes connected with the cultivation of land, are laheuring uneher severe distress in consequence of recen legislat've eractmeotsa the operation of which is aggra vatted by excessive local taxation." The Earl of DESART said that as the agricultural ntt rest had been passed over with so much apparent coat -rept in the Speech of her Mejesty, and as their fere fetheta always considered that interest the greatest and the most ituportant, and the one on which, more than inesTsitneer, the prosperity of the country depended, he Wiifild most cordially second the amendment.— (Hear, hears) Ile had been fJr some time in Ire tancl, and as chairman of the board of guardians of the Union of Callan, in which be resided, he had had an opportunity of looking at the — condition of the poorer and farming classes, and on that ace count was able to say that that class wee, in consequence of tl.er laws, going to utter annihilatiOn. It was said That in order to meet f 'reign competition, it was neces sary to expend capital on the land, but he should say there was little inducement to do do under present en ctinestances. It could not bo done oren in England; for although the farmers were possibly anle to weather the storm, it was not so in Ireland, of Oh e 0 marl mu fancholy pictures were already etliOn. Now, even en regarded the manufactures of England, see ;dam the result was, by comparing them stitlifn *elan; Itie:lears In 1837, the consumption of Engllish rannufatatitess Was three: hundred millions, while in 1848 theynntero ,five hen :red and sixth-six millions, but this should 'be bereid in mind, that while- that consumption had increased tue'er restriction 38 per cent., they had only increased 13 per neat. nider free trade.-'(Hear, hsar.) The Earl of-CARLISLE was ,Wilfing to admit- the • • , corgiderite,anal able matufitin.which the anseuelneee4s w a a broureht ard by t4o,o9l4eXarl: The-gat:o'ml; Ir f re thatir'Ss*lshipir whothet they wentll, - atitnie 44 the _Marini 'Which hid Wen so 814 11- '1 moved- Friend - behind him, - aria Ott an _attiendMiat.:vrhich did not even in terms controvert worda need In len Ttlejeety's Speed , . Her Majesty congrat t wiset e l 1*: people on the improving state c f commerces-ind ,taies*SP fa:tures, which as the Noble Earl who hack.insinastedown would admit, was corseeeted with the Mod _enduring:in-' terests of this mighty empire. The Swell - of- times-Xi jeity admits the distress which the Nobleelnsateeillisdestr to as existing among the a ericultursl alaseitssa:Tliaf distress exited her aMajesty did nen dietay e etnel Therisrofee; there was neagreat - alifference between -the and the .44lress peeposed for tbes4depeleszt sinks Eli relens -Lordships; 'll4.94B4hTultnent - iceedaideteeneden to local burtheu? but acv-ii,-ragitseuviintiOstoiii,:'4nik their Lordships well know thrit'euebnit***Sint4o ltd conveniently con s idet e d: when, salliannstlasies*t ra ' ' properly befere their Lordahi.W . l.rtnisifitikO4'"' . *: Beside?, it was an otterly.mistalcon rind:•443o:ntiietins . . elusion to arrive t, that , the countess-Wait ntrefetfed'stii. reconsider the _question Of :Protection nittlo3l art Ara 'ofitr gave rise to a delusion, which :was moat diSatiretteto- the. parties more immediately Concerned, He did let nine derrate, far be it from him, the distress throughout the United Kingdom, particularly , in-Xxvlino*: Intl the horriW state ef deetinntion.in tits„`, °coal '44' principally get-through 1;y - the plenty sind s cbseaprresonor corn tom abruad.—(l6leat,;b6,r.) They.o64l :pet; thercfore, condemn free trade, in connexion that country. Isle (the .Narl- ot follow the Noble:kart Wbomovetl the skieettchttent the historical review h e gave :cf t h e & me n u! h ut fie would" remind him; thats in 1815, . as well ,as itt 1828, when Corn was proteettael pet& r4Oge4 at 01 very high price, the same forebodings cf distress wenn indulged in, as the present day, A g rea t: deal of, calculation had been entered into, at whet corn - could be - grown at, and at how much reinter:rotative prices land could be cultivated. Like most of their Lordships, most he possessed in the world was derived from land, and hb there fore could hardly be expected to be insensible or ins difn rent to the sufferings which that interest now len boured uneer. Agriculture was only undeegoing, with every, other pursuit, profession, or branch of industry, that change which the laws of the universe imposed on all, and from whieh, whether unprotected or not, it could never le exempt. When the agriculturists were basking under the sunshine-of protection, in 1835, they com plained c f their distrese. That which then existed arose from a too great abundance—(Lout cries of " Hear, hear ")—and if he referred to the speeches then,. made in _ Parliament by Noble Lords op posite, he would find the-ai filled with similar lamen tations to those they now heard. What ho wantcd their Lordships to recollect was, that considering they bad, slier serious discuision, adopted the present commercial policy by way of experiment, they ought to give it a lair trial, and in that conclusion all parties agreed. It had been now in operation not one whole year, and there never was a period in the history of tie world in which so many extraordinary causes were leagued together, to prevent its fair development. There was the famine, in Ireland, the extensive, feilure of the potato crop, and a series of revoluti ons on the continent cf Europe, which were without a parallel. He said, therefore, that in our Present situation, we were not in a position to say whit would be the permanent result of that great experiment. It was impossible to say at what price corn could be per manently produced in this country, or imported into it from abroad. His own feeling on the subject was, not that of despondency, though he was not prepared to give a positive opinion on these points. But he would not be acting honestly if he did not tell their Lordships that ho did not stop there. He was bound to state to their Lord,hips, that even if he was convinced that the price of corn would never ascend higher than it now was, ho was not prepared to revert to the se stem of protection, and he would state the reason why. It seemed to him that any attempt to square such matters by any fixed and uniform plan would be falla cious. Every case must stand on its own merits. Every farm must be a specialty. Its situation, its peculiar soil, the amount of skill and capital applied to it, and the in finite variety of circumstances which marked the rela tions of landlords and their tenantry, must always be taken into consideration.—(hear, hear.) If these cir cumstances should in future be found to be of such a el:a - eater as to prescribe and require a different arrange ment Le.ween landlords and tenants, it was between themselves that such differences must be adjusted. The sentence of ber Majesty's Speech in which she lamented the distress which existed in some parts of the country, and especially rtf.rred ts the complaints of the owners and occupiers, was followed by another, in which her Majesty expressed the satisfaction with which site wit nessed the comfort which cheapness and plenty had bestowed on the greet body of her people. Landlords and farmers might recognize in that sentence the ex istence of a far higher, extensive, and more important interest than their own—an interest to which ell others must bow—namely, the great body of the people. The Speech of her Majesty assumed, and he thought rightly, the superior importance of the general diffusion of em ployment and comfort caused by cheapness and plenty, and he ft arlessly asserted the truth of that assumption.-- (Hear.) Her Majesty's Ministers had received accounts from all parts of the country showing the advantage arising from Ihe increased import of article* required for the comforts and ntcessarics of life. These accounts came not only froiri the . great Marts of industry and commerce, from Which they Were naturally to be ex pected, but also from quarters not to be anticipated. In scene of these marts, indeed, peculiar causes had led to the supposition that a permanent decline had taken place. He might mention the great towns of Leeds and Shen field, which from some cause had lost their former prospc- . inty„but from which they n ow had accounts of great_ improvensen t that; hisd been known for many yfars u es he Lad sail it was not only ;ram these crowded marts of industry that. tlicy hstl these accounts; her Mejesty Ministers had preenred a return showing the number t.); paupers of ail classes receiving relief on the 1 st of January, 1850, as compared with the number who were receiving relief on the Ist a January, 1849. These re turns wore from 602 unions and single parishes—the whole that were under the Poor-law Commission, and which were hound to send returns to that board. He wished, however, to say that he did not desire to carry the iaference from the f.cts of that return too far. Ile ws.s well astare tha', notwithstanding the difficulties with which many proprietors of tho land had to struggle, they had moot laudably and nobly; exerted themselves for the purpose of giving employnient to the labourers, who reigan otherwise have;h:en thekyrn upon tae rates. He was:bob:id to do them this juitiee; but still, looking at the whole country, he thought hd- had a right to say that the average amouut of enitiperism had been considerab'y din:deist:ern Taking, they, the 602 unions and I ari.hes in England, and coati aring the number cf paupers aho were `maintained from the lunda raixed for the relief cf the poor on the Ist of Janeary, 1849, - and the Ist of January, 1850, be found there was a desreaso of above 7 per cent. as corn -pared with 1849 That, perhaps, was not so great a de crease- as he should like to see, but still it was a very decided i m p rovement. Nor was it confined to the ma -1 nufeeturing districts or towns. Ile admitted that tame towns end their rud e hbeurhoode Lad most largely bene flue I, but even in the agricultural districts there was a dscrease. In Pedfordshire the decrease was 11 pi r cent. Ideetein purely agricultural illackinghamshire the de crease, via; more tarn 6 ter eclat. In Cumberland II par cent., and in Derbyshire, which had often been pointed to as one of our worst rural districts, there was an improvement of 6 per cent. In Durham alone, from peculiar causes, there had been no decrease. Iu the Eat Ridiug of Yorkshire, which WRS an agricul tural district, there was a diminution of 7 per ceet., and in Nottmahaw, which war, a mixed district, the reduction was 13 psr cena—(Hear, hear.) With respect to Indeed, though they could not coegratulete themselves on any material reduction of ,the dis tress in that country, there were many eynst bras a improvement making their appearance, and the cost of maintaining those who acre in the workhouses had been reduced from 25. Id. a head per eels to le. Id. per see k, in cor sequence of the cheapness of provisions. He said then in the face cf such !a.es as these, the gene sal pros perity which marked cur manufactures and our com merce, the great and irereasing command over tho com forts and the necessaries of life, and the decreaee of paupers in the agricultural districts themselves; be vas justified in repeating his t el!ef that we were not in a situation'to return to protection. Nay further, bid de termination was under no circumstances to do so. Even were the 'prospects of agriculture worse than he tadmitted them to be, he could not be a party to any measnre for taxing the great article cf human subsistence. After all, whert the complaints of the Protectionists' against cheapnesi . were reduced to their real elements, `they simply resolved themselves into this, that there was too ; much to eat in this country.—(lronical OpposiCen cheers.) Wby, if they did riot mean that, what was it they complained of ? They com plained teat the increase e f exports cheap eel their produce, and they claimed that these exports should be checked, _in order that th e y m i g h t get hi gher pr i ces, at the cost . ( f decreasing our trade, and lessening our 'eaves.—(lie ar, hear.) It was sometimes said tl at free trade would have the tendency to throw the land out of cultivation, and that with the imports from abroad we should not have more to eat at home. But Noble Lords opposite could act say this at present. On the contrary, he was informed that there had this year Lee i a greater breadth of wheat sown than in any former year.—(l.lear, hear.) Besides this, they had already seventy-two ae plications for enclostires—ea greater number than had be fore been made at one time—thus showing that alai:o,4;h the demand for corn grown at home was not diminished. their predictions as to the result of free trade had not been verifiel. Manufactures had' increased, peoperisn had diminished, wad the bullion had not been taken out of the country t) pay f a foreign imports. He said, there fore,. they ought not to change a polka- which had worked 80 edvaritsgeously. Ile did not charge the landed pro prietors with any selfish moans in raising this com plaint of there being too much to eat. There might be abundance on the vrell-maleged estates e f chair Lord ships, and in the swell-ordered villages under their care, but in the by-lanes of the country, and in the courts and alleys of our towns —even in the immediate neighlecui - hood of that gorgeous chamber, there were to be found hundre is of persons living in a state of misery which gave the most flat &Biel to such an assumption. Sooner than Le would be a party to hay proposition to restore taxitioe upon the food e f the people, he would rather fe.feit his position and eetatts, and the honour he en joyed in their Lordships' House. He believed and hoped, however, that their Lordships would not reverse their Panel., but that on the contiary, they would, by a large and. everivbelming majority, give a decided z efueal to the amend tente(Ctiters) , . - Vile . Dnke' of lalciat(PtlD offered the Noble Earl op poelaaShis hey. aj thasideea for :the admission ho had ' a uk' Ai 4 Pa, t 4 ttinii,q 014 , Ovol,s. o'oo fret'-`traders. , ne 17tIdelikook kreaOri.L,thi4_ 40 trade : was founded , 'id t 4 a:litf : AeO*'sitlesata ite lifoOtkpitilimpto the ietercets ,tif ` A IL, oli.l/I.4,;_viit. tuft* - if.'Aveo ( . :4‘es)o 4 l that the' Agri s:m4mi interact 'must '.he itietineett to maihtain it. , ', lll *-4 4 054e5ei4,4011-stkieja.";: : 04 Zliit. was prepared to *TR *ill ..1 - 44 italkii:,WlLi." . i*l4vtes .- PO . the oftleu I e held, i•Vvest ' 0 00 ) 4 6 Eacic . to i'At'-'cdOtr. Ile a QUId tell, bis . ra4filaaPet leciliai it Ito persistetio, free trade, it was th, , beet ebeinee fo'easara' to get rid. of all he possessed.— Ova‘liNiir.); The &hie Lord did net care whether tide : measure tat4,ed...rianOSitKuin upon th.ousands Ar r ara" , '., '5O it:frllki' 4 the' tritratt‘Cturers filled their . VIAL:I:* rrth iikeney; atia iiiil liemhex f..)r the West :,hitug. Kai esteenifieds . lie considered the sentence in ltirwg - tteealit:' : spitatiseF . iilth reference to the complaints .rrorri this'saw'near..asti et ioe:nple :of 'land, as a direct intuit 1- 4!.-142 - 0 . 4, -:-4 , tra444-4asanatitalty. " . .The Noble Earl bad be . e*./Casteelsva,tikaaSolitus,:, : tk prove -.that, comparing 'one sarsteyeastarrat_teta -thaiieei4l leis paupeeism in she coma tl94 illitaktmit* ~ titan Jibe' to compare one day asae*te l -kna.e4eie,latelbie 41% irtaiif such vast' interests were att eapletteskaaear.): eTtnieNeblei Earl talked of cheap . 4 plat Isie• + T el net told them one word about ~- s:3 tientia 'ell ' them taint the honest It:trek ' to t , s - labourers- rei- - - tve:reduced - to maintain them r= 1 4 , . esereWatettafamtiliere Seaton . es.; 7k., and Bs. a week. Of seatittntian- mat cheap:teas and plenty to awn ? Besides, ,witla; .:referettee'‘to : the returns as to pauperism, it was 4 .4 l. .,kneiptrlhatehe.overseets in many cases w en t t o th e iks .ir 4- arar4elta, - .trV intineed them to give men work on . .th'evtemiaa`Tatlier flan stirke thorn into the workhouse; '44* .:'fittaitkiiiiiatead of employing them the whole 'irpili - gaie. them .tivs or three days' work, suffleieet to vr:pytut - oat& :feom going Wore the guardians. The ver t f the Address told them that it was cot thairhuudairattof foreign imports, but the panic which ,h,44 pataiysed , the'energies of the farmers; but in ano the' Emit of his speech he took credit to nee trade for I - ewe:4v the prices. Ile was not surprised that the lareble Lord had contradicted himself; and spoken on • both sides of the question, because he had sat on both sides of the House—(A laugh). Tne Noble Laid bad rebuked the protectionist agitation. He objected to these meetings and the exciting speeches that were deltverei at them. Why; who set the example of agitation? He told the Noble Lord that he would never cease - to urge the farmers of England to avail themselves of their constitutional privileges as Englishmen to meet and demand redress el' their griev ances. Ile would advise them to make every town-hall and hustings their battle-field, and never' cease till they had obtaii ad a jut protection. The Noble Duke, after repeating his determination never to rest satisfied until the farmers of the country regained that protection cf which they bad been unjustly deprived, in conclusion begged to express his gratification at hearing the manu facturing districts were in a fleurishing condition, as it must ever be a source of pleasure to the farmer to know that those who were their great consumers were well of. The Eal of ESSEX explained. He 'repudiated the idea that his vote on the subject cf 'protection had been other than a sincere and conscientious one, the result of a sincere conviction e f the error of his former opinions. Earl FITZWILLIAM commenced by taking a re view of the circumstances under which the corn-law of 1815 was passed, and of the alterations which took place in subsequent enactments, but the • Noble Earl was throughout very indistinctly heard in the gallery. He begged to remind their Lordships that all the great manufacturing interests were exposed to very great competition. For himself he felt no despondency whatever with reference to the agricultural interest. His Noble Friend at the head of the - Woods and Forests had referred to a piper, showing the state of the unions throughout England, on the Ist of January, 1849, as compared with the Ist of January, 1830. It had been complained of on the opposite side, that his Noble Friend had selected that particular day, the Ist of January; but ho (Earl Fitzwilliam) could not perceive that it made the slightest difference whether his Noble Friend selected the first of the month, any more than if he had fixed upon the second. It appeared from the do cument so quoted, that there had been a degrease throughout the unions in England, not only as regarded the manufacturing, but also as regarded the agricultural districts. This being the case, he could not agree with Noble Lords who drew such a picture of the state of the agricultural interest throughout England. He was not aware of any district in the North of England in which there was any reason to fear an abandonment of land. He would ask them to look to the effect of Sir Robert ' Peel's law of 1842. The argument used by the Right Hon. Baronet in introducing the measure was, that he wished to take off the superfluity of protection. The price of corn uas then above 565. per quarter, and it was perfectly true that if in the bargains made between landlords and tenants, from the years 1E42 to 1846, a price of 56e per quarter was assumed as a basis fur rents, and if the prices be now reduced, they must com pound for the difference. The present price cf grain was owing to a variety e f c i rcumstances, among et h ers to a superabundant harvest. The Duke of CLEVELAND—Not an average. _ Earl FITZWILLIAM could refer to cases in proof of his statement. In one particular parish, as an informedinstanc . in answer to inquiries he had trade, h fi e re w it had been only preceding that the produce last year had been acre, where as in the year three quarters. said, his remarks ap plied The Duke - of CLEVELAND q a u s arters per been three-quarters to only this year, the average had to an entire co , uht, the county of Durham the acre. Earl FITZWILL ,TM still considered he was justi fiedl in the statement he had mad. - . There had been no doubt an increased importation , caused to a great eeteet by the distress which . prevailed three years ego. now- ev er differences of opinion might be entertained as t o the condition and prospects of the akricultural interest, he would counsel them not to endeavour again to deceive the agricultural interest by attempting to carry arrange ments into effect which could not be sustained, because by - passing pre tective laws already the agricultural in terests had been deceived into arrungeanrut : which they r.ovi four d could not be sustained. Therefore, he Loped they wesuld net iri'roclucefany words into tho Address which e ould be calculated to excite delusive hopes. Tb,- , ) , might he assured, that in the present state of pub lic opinion it would be impossible to return t i a protec tive law in favour, as people understood it, of the ger.- , tlemen of England, for he believed it wou ld b e i n va i n 4 for thou to attempt to make the people of England • believe that a protective law would he passed for the benefit of the farmers and labourers of England. The Earl of WINCIIILSEA supported the anieed ment. In consequence of the operation of free trestle there had been mote corn imported into thin untry than ever there had been at any former period, and ho felt eery little hesitation in declaring that if matters went on as they are now doing next year cern would be m unfair th an the imported f rom America at 303. fee quarter—altar. tr a t t th i s e yw country o to receivewere yh,ear)—und in such a case how was it possibl e f or th e Inglish agr i culturist to compete? Nothing ceuld be ore posi:ion in which th e agr i cu l tur i s t s o hh f h protection, placed b ti, ...ynt,baons d e f t e o e e de -t p r r a i d , e ; t l h aw em s. Alley had l a id out their money upon the underst-ndittg of that protection was an aof h : • e greatest in j ustice, for he had no h es i tation in ss c . had alluded t o corn thatcoullthneerotbe at cultivated in this country. He for o ne , t h erefore, we ld never rest coa tent until the English farm er had restored to him that amount of protection to which he was entitled, and which it was f r the general interest of thia yh . should ham—Meer, hear.) Under tt,e r c e o s u • n t .r .t r e of things, should it so happen that Providence ' was to Mate a . dearth throughout the world, what would her theiroes.o-i -eion then? What wculd become e f them if they *ere tit dep , ndcnt on other countries in Lucie en - emer gency. As to the question of rent, he could speak with considerable experience. Ile let eut his leech', and re ceived his own rents himself; and he could affirm that if any one took the troub'e to loi,k at the rent received from land, as compared with the money invested in it, such an one would find that that individual was exceed- itgly fertenete who got three per car t. rental f r his mercy so invested.—(llcar, hear.) Was that the ca:e with the manufacturers?—(H am, hear.) Cm taiely t.ot. They took care that they were beet g remunerated. If, then, that rate of rental was reduced, how could thu landlords be able to rmploy libocrcrs t.) improve their pro' erties, or even to pay interest on mortga4e,? lie weird contend, however, that no Government had any right to pass leas which reduced to misery a large por tion of the population, and he could tell the present Government that the time was come when the titexon blcol weeld chow itself in the English peasant, who 'would net much long .r submit to be trompled upon.—(Cheers.) Earl GRANVILLE sail it appeared to him, that the language which had been held in that House in the course of the debate differed considerably from that wl bad been held of lite out of doors, in reference to this subject. At all the public meetings, calle I upon the subject it had been 1 eld that free trade had prcdutel general depression; but to-night, and in the amend ment proposed, which he confessed was eotnewhat veva, as it mentioued no measures necessary for bringing about a better state of things, it was those cornea el with agrieuhuro that Wel e specially alluded to. These classes were the landownerP, the occupying teeante, la bourers engaged in agricultural pursuits, and 8 , me smaller towns situated in agricultural districts. In the latter he had no doubt that son e distress exiEtel lle did not wonder that some upprehensiens should exist in thee, when the shopkeepers were assured by the far mers, that they were on the brink cf ruin; but what he was informed was, the greater complaint on the part of these eat, that now the farmer came and bought what he wanted, and then went away ; where as formerly, when times were better, ho sropt el and spent the eve nirg emortget them. Now he held that to be one of those instances cf economy which free trade inculcated, and wbioh, if practised, would in the long run be far from detrimental t, the agricuhural interest. Bat to come to the most important part of the questiur, viz., ti at affee'ing labour. It was right and proper every one admitted that the labourer should have fo d and clothing, and other comfort-, as cheap as possible, but then it was said by the Protectionist party, what is the use of all these being cheap if you give the labourer no wages to purchase them? There was ore fact which ought not to be lost sight cf, and it was this, that the increase of population in the agricultural districts was greater than the number employed in agricultural pur suits, and hence the influx of those into the manufac wring districte. That being the case, therefore, any Et p taken to injure those large manufacturing interests must bear upon the labourer. With regard to the farmer, no doubt the present in respect to him was a moment of tran sition. A change was going on, and a stimulus was being applfei, and should ho take advantage of the let ter, he would be the more able to staid his ground. No one could say that the state of agriculture at the pie sent time, by many degrees approximated to pelf c tion ; and in his opinion the stimulus now being applied would make the farmer exert himself so as to work his firm cheaper, and to geet.t :r advantage. Ai to the agitation . which the landlords were at pros: nt carrying on, ho did not wish to quarrel with the en so f /IS their right to agitate was concerned. That right no one would deny tarn-. The only question was, whether their meeting together hus hien for the purpose of obtaining a practical oleFct, or 'whether they were not following a course diecourag:ng to the farmer, and calculated to prevent him from :mc h% those efforts which it is most desirable be should do. He considered that the land at present was over-rented, and that there was no cause for a re duction. Since 1815 the general land rental of the country bad been raised about five millions iu value. The remur oration price settled at that time for the ad mission of foreign corn was 803. At the change in the law in 1522 it was 705.; and in 1842 it was reduced to 54a, while he beneeed under the operation of that law it never averaged 50 . If, then, the rental had risen five millions,- he did not think the fall in price was so gnat as to justify any charge of unreasonableness so far as rent was concerned, lie believed tint 40e. was at that moment an, unnaturally low price of corn, but that low ness did not arise entirely from free trade. When lately in France he had seen some cf the farmers there, and they were suffering far worse than those of this country, although they bad a protective duty e f pr quarter. It could net there ihre be free trade that had done all the evil; and although Noble Lords coming up from the country, from amongst their tenants, seeing the distress which in several districts existed, might feel warm on the subject, and press on Government t r apply a remedy, yet he thought on reflection they wend hod it the better course to give this free trade a fair trial. They could not judge of its effect from its operation during one year; but he had a sanguine hope that it would be the means of ultimately benefiting the general community. Hardware was 50 per cent. less in price now than it was in 1815, and cotton yarn was ene-fitth less; yet there had not been one of these productions which had been cheapened by comeet . teon, but of which the trade had been immensely increased.--(Hear, hear.) Ile firmly believed it would be the same with laud. Lord BROUGHAM said he would not delay the House long, but there were a few points to which be must refer. That a very great amount of distress existed at the present time among the agricultural classes cf the community he took to be a proposition too clear to admit of doubt; and he was ono of those who would not ascribe that distress to agitation, on the part of one party or another, or to a panic created by one party or another. He should, therefore, he most slow to deny the existence of this distress, or to diminish its amount, for the reason that he knew from long experience that there was no one thing gave greater offence and real pain, than to endeavour to persuade anybody that he was less ill off than he was, or any class of the community that they were less ill off or better off than they were. No doubt, then, distress' did exist, and in defence of his own doctrine he felt called upon to examine into its cause. The change which had taken :place was an experiment, as all great changes were. If the experi ment failed, no doubt those who tried it would be ready to tetrace their steps, but far himself he must say that he had seen no reason to alter his opinions ; and that he held as firmly the doc trines c f free t - ado now, as he did in 1846. This distress, complained of by some of their Lordship', was by no net ans confined within the limits of this island. He spoke with confidence, because he spoke with know ledge, when he said that in their great neighbouring auntry—in France—with a population c f 33,090,000, .fur the most part agricultural, tie very class wbo were now most complaining in this country, though a smaller class as compared with the rest of the population—ha spoke a fact which came within his own knowledge when he said they were suffering at that hour, and had been for months past suffering a deep distress, as much as ever this country had suffered in its worst moment, 'and very considerably more than we were suffering now. The Ncble and Learned Lord then proceeded to :tote that ho would give them the results of his inquiry and knowledge as to agricultural districts in a corn-growing region of France. He might most truly say that it was now in the most complete state of agricultural suffering; the rents were reduced, but none were paid; the farms were being thrown up constantly, and there was no possibility of even finding successors to outgoing tenants, and the labourers, of course, in very many instances, remained unemployed, without the auxiliary aid of a poor-law to fall back 'upon. Now, to show triem the cause of this, he might state to them that seeing corn landed at the port one day near his residence, he went down and inquired whether they ever importer! , any h corn from Odessa, the gr anar y o f the Emperor? no," said they ; " ther e was plenty of corn there for not bring them if they chose, no doubt, tut they could _ country, it into the country." France was a pardotected yet distrese agricultural and had nothing to do with free trad e, n distreg, was found preva iling in every quarter. The Noble Lord then stated that, desirous of o btaining the most s atisfactory information of the con dition of the French people, and the amount cf their b ur • dens to the s t a tes he had placed himself under th e tutor ago of an in of revenue for a dist r i ct near Paris, containing 10,000 souls, and with him h e carefully in spected° the tax books and the last year's receipts. Of these 10,000 there were 2,600 proprietors of land, which they called their estates, submitting to the evils of sub division for the fiction which they hugged under the name of " equality."—(Laughter.) The direct taxes were !oriel in these cases on the rental; but as every proprietor was his own tenant, the nix was levied on the actual I elite of the land. The land was valued on the books which he inspected at 136,000 f., yearly value, and the inspector showed him the receipts of last year for 40,000 f.; that was more than one-fourth, and nearly one-third of the actual value c f the laud. There was 11 per cent. of direct land-tax, 8 per cent. upon the doors and windows, and 8 per cent. on what was a curious speculation of the financial mind, on the amount cf rent, be that rent received from the house or not, for the tax.. gatherer said they ought to receive it.—(Laughter.) In other word, supposing the yearly Value of en estate to be 3,8001., 2,700/. was the amount which had to be paid. It was in the proportion of 12 to 19; so that if any one f their Lordships should have an estate of 19,000/. a year, as tmny of them had estates worth tea times that amount. or had Lc'ore this distress—(Laughter)-.- then they would have to pay 12,000/, for the sup port of Government. The French people, however, were quit- content to pay that amount, so that they were allowed to have liberty, equality, and "'rater. nity.—(Laughter.) In Germany the taxes amounted ,to 25 per cent.; and people who pointed to the United States as an exception seemed to forget . that they cited the taxation of the felefal Governmot, and thel