The Sun. — London, England, 1868-03-11 00:00:00

SPIRIT OP TIEE'TM3LIO JOURNALS, So far as an answer to Mr. Maguire is concerned Lord Alayo's speech on the Irish question was, in the opinion of the Times, as conclusive as could be desired. Mr. Maguire drew a long indictment against the Irish nation ; Ireland wa s governed by a hostile force ; the villages were held by fortresses-; the condition of the people was one of aggra 'iLated and increasing distress ; tine agricultural wealth of the country was diminishing; the manufactures of Ireland h a d' been destroyed by English legislation ; education was defective, and the Irish youth nursed the memory of the days of their great-grandfathers, when, ninety years ago, the celebration of mass was a (crime punishable by impri sonment, or when seventy-five years since Catholics were denied the franchise. Lord Mayo in his solid way had an easy task in demolishing the figures of Mr. Maguire's rhetoric. It is, of course, true that the suspension of the ILabeas Corpus Act places the liberty of all residents in Ireland at the discretion of the Government ; but this power has been conceded to the Ministers of the Crown, with the unanimous consent of the Irish members, for the protection of the peace of the country against a movement foreign in its origin and in the elements whence it derives strength and support. The actual government of the sister kingdom is, as Lord Mayo proved, wholly in the hands of Irishmen. The Lord-Lieutenant is habitually an Irish resident, and his sons represent Irish constituencies. The Chief Secretary, Lord Mayo himself, is an Irishman of unmixed race ; the Lord Chancellor, the Lord Justice, the Master of the Rolls, the twelve judges of the common law courts are all Irishmen, and a very large proportion are not merely Irishmen, but Roman Catholics. Nine out of the twelve judges belong to the religion of the majority—a proportion, it may be remarked, almost the reverse of that found to prevail ~ong the members of the bar. The constabulary, whose military character Mr. Maguire magnified, are all Irish men, drawn indiscriminately from all creeds and persua sions ; and a very large part of the army itself is ,nude up of Irishmen. It must, then, be acknowledged that the tyrannical rule of England, if it exists at all, enjoys the countenance and support of the population of Ireland. It is only by putting aside altogether the remem brance.of fervid eloquence that the Irish difficulty once more assumes its true importance. Then we remember also that Administration after Administration has con fessed by the introduction of successive bills upon the sub ject the necessity of some intervention between the land lords and tenants of Ireland for the protection of the tenants against those landlords who misuse the powers the law has given them. We recall, also, that singular and absolutely anomalous institution which has been denounced by every statesman of eminence from the days of Mr. Burke and Mr. Pitt to the present, but which still exists in all its essential features, having suffered no greater change than some amendments in the collection and the distribution of its revenues. These are the points to whicliit behoves Parliament to address itself, forgetful, as far 'as possible, of Mr. Maguire's harangue. The Government, according to Lord Mayo's explanation of their plans, have no policy to recommend with reference to them. They would have Parliament wait, and in the interests of liberal government it is perhaps desirable that their desire should 'be granted. But the occasion has its appropriate uses. If nothing is to spring directly from the discussions of this week, they should reveal to the country the ideas 'and the courage of the statesmen pre pared to meet a new Parliament. The policy of the Irish Government is, the Post points out, substantially the same which, two days since, we laid before our readers. The law of landlord and tenant calls for amendment, and the Irish Secretary will at an early opportunity introduce a bill. The Government will issue a commission to inquire and report on all matters relating to the tenure of land and landed property. An inquiry will also be instituted into the condition of the various Irish railway companies. The claims of the Roman Catholic University in Dublin will be recognised, and an indepen dent charter will be granted to it. The Earl of Mayo avoided all allusion to the Irish Church until the close of his speech. This reticence prepared the House for the course which the Government propose to follow. Thi question will, if the Ministry have their way, be shelved for the present session. A commission to inquire into the state of the Irish Church having been issued last session, at the instance of Earl Russell, it would be equally dis respectful and impolitic on the part of a Conservative Government to attempt to deal with that Church until the report of that commission has been published. Mr Disraeli has thrown off the mask, and acknowledges tha his real policy is to gain time. Lord Mayo the Daly News declares to be a master of prolixity. He succeeded in expanding over four hours a statement which a moderately diffuse speaker could not possibly have spread over more than one. Lord Chester field declared, in condemnation of one of Lord Chatham's great orations, that a good three hours' speech lay beyond the scope of human capacity. This oratorical boundary has in our times been greatly extended, but there are few who can venture to trespass over its narrow limits. Lord Mayo was apparently inspired by an ambition to make a great speech. He succeeded only in making a long one. So tedious an harangue was probably never delivered in any assembly without interruption, or suffered to reach its natural close. Ceas:.less iteration, a continual returning upon his own steps, preambles that introduced not:iing, and arguments which refuted the conclu.iion they were intended to establish, protracted a performance wearying almost beyond human endurance. The insufficiency of the Ministerial programme from beginning to end is clear, and the positively objectionable character of many parts is apparent even in the bald sketch set forth last night. How far it contains any element out of which useful legislation may be developed, further explanations and later discussions may disclose. It affords little chance o; a settlement, but it may he the first step of an advance. We are asked by Mr. Maguire, the Herald observes, to profoundly irritate something more than a million of Irishmen, who are undoubtedly loyal to the Queen, and attached to the English connection, on the chance—no very great one—not of conciliating, but of obtaining for giveness from the other three or four millions. But, then, if there is no positive gain from obeying Mr. Maguire's behests, there is to be a negative one. The honourable member believes " in all bitterness," that if we do not, by the adoption of his nostrums, the exact recipe for which he is ungenerous enough still to retain, satisfy the Irish in Ireland—i. e., the South of Ireland—we shall have to suffer fearful things at the hands of the Irish in America. Our contemporary declines to discuss these points with the member for Cork, but it says that the attempt to extort from the fears of England measures which her good sense refused, is even more " crackbrained" than any proposal ever made by Earl Russell. Vulgar intimidation of the kind resorted to by Mr. Maguire and his friends may promote their personal ends, but it will not aid the measures which they advocate. Last of all, Lord Mayo spoke of the Irish Church ; and, fairly summarised, his words were to this effect : that as a commission was sitting to inquire into the whole subject, it would be unwise to adopt any decided legislation until the business of the commission had terminated and the report had been presented. The public says the Telegraph, will still miss—as the House evidently did—an answer to the crying question of the day. In what spirit, and with what intention, does the Government approach that most urgent task—the settlement of the Church problem? The first night of the great debate leaves this momentous topic involved in tantalising if not hazardous mystery. Those who are incredulous of political panaceas; indis posed to believe that a change of laws can change the social condition and material prospects of a country, or that legislation can accomplish in a few years the work of gene rations of patient toil and unsparing thrift, had Mr. Neate for their champion. Lord A. Clinton represented the unheroic school of Irish Reformers —a school whose argu ments and suggestions might deserve a more careful atten tion if we could believe that they really expressed the ideas or would satisfy the wishes of any considerable number of the discontented and suffering masses of Ireland. Sir F. Heygate expressed a conviction widely entertained among sensible and thoughtful men, that the real nature and causes of Irish trouble are very imperfectly under stood. Thus, as the Standard shews, at least three distinct views of fact and policy were, at the outset of the debate, placed distinctly befor e th e H ouse ; each of them he ld b y men sincerely anxious— as all honest men are now anxious —not only to do justice to Ireland, but, at any cost save • that of actual wrongd o i ng, to put an end to a state of things which is a reproach and a misfortune to the empire, This wide divergence of opinion as to means among men who cordially agree as to the end, may serve to shew some eager enthusiasts that the matter is not so simple as they arc wont to represent it, and m a y, Perhaps, induce them to listen with patience and candour to the proposals of the Government as stated last night by Lord Mayo. The Star does not canvass the Government policy ' if such it deserves to be called. Let it have the advantage of at least one day's law. It is enough to record that the Minster of the Crown who announces an Irish policy argued that he could afford to go on with the mere mecha nical device of coercion which serves to repress that purely American conspiracy which gratuitously disturbs a dountry which unites in its capabilities and the kindly s,licitude of England all that contribute to establish national felicity. Lord Mayo's Speech affected to be strong with facts, but it was incurably infirm, through proving, if it proved anything, the absurdity and gratui tousness of the whole discussion. It must be observed, however, that the policy of governing Ireland, with reference to the maintenance of territorial influence, is obsolete. Earl Russell will on Monday next call attention to the commission on the neutrality laws, and ask how sooll the reply of the coniraispien will be Ip f ia lieforo lifoneut. DEATHS IN PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS. Last year 12,002 persons died in 120 public institutions in London, constituting about a sixth part of the total deaths of the metropolis. In other words, of every 1,000 deaths in London in 1867 no less than 170 occurred in one or other of the public institutions ; and of every 1,000 of population in London 3'9 were inmates of these institutions at the time of their death. Of every 1,000 deaths 63'4 occurred in one or other of the 36 metropolitan hospitals—viz., 3.291, or 46'6 per 1,000 in 16 general hospitals ; 929, or 131 per 1,000 in eight hospitals for special diseases ; 82, or I'l per 1,000 in four lying-in hospitals ; and 177, or 2 . 5 per 1,000 in eight military and naval hospitals. The mortality of London is not unduly augmented by the deaths of persons in the metropolitan hospitals who came from other parts, or contracted diseases in the wards, as those cases are com pensated for by the residents of London who left it consumptive to die elsewhere. There were also three hospitals and asylums for foreigners, in which 100 deaths occurred, being in the proportion of I'4 per 1,000 of the total deaths ; 147 deaths, or 2'l per 1,000, took place in four military and naval asylums. In the 19 lunatic asylums 357 deaths were registered, being in the proportion of s'l to every 1,000 deaths. It may be stated that two large lunatic asylums—llanwell and Colney-hatch, in which many London lunatics die—are beyond the limits of the metropolis. In the 46 metropolitan workhouses there were 6,829 deaths, or 961 out of every 1,000 deaths in London occurred among the inmates of workhouses. Ninety deaths, or I'3 per 1,000, were recorded in 12 prisons. It is note worthy that of 154,602 inmates in 853 public institutions of England and Wales, returned at the census of 1861, 32;437 inmates died in that year ; and assuming that the average number of inmates is represented by the enume rated population, the mortality was at the rate of 20.98 per cent., or 210 per 1,000, while the mortality of the popu lation of all England was at the rate of 22 per 1,000 of the population. The mortality of the public institutions of the country was therefore ten times as high as the mor tality in the population generally. The annual rate of mortality per 1,000 average inmates was 190 in 690 work houses, 569 in 106 hospitals, and 111 in 57 lunatic asy lums. THE ATTACK ON A LIVERPOOL MERCHANT. At the Liverpool Police-court, before Mr. Raffles, stipendiary, John Wilson, clerk, and David Harris, clerk, were charged under the 24th and 25th of Victoria, cap. 96, section 43, with a felonious assault on Mr. Adolph Kusel, wine merchant, Tower-buildings, Liverpool, in his own office, on the forenoon of the 24th of February last, with intent to rob ; and Walter Ford and Henry Jackson, clerks with the said Adolph Kusel, were charged with being accessories before the fact. The case is already well known. Wilson, dressed as a young woman, and Harris went to Mr. Kusel's office at half-past eleven a.m. on Monday morning, when Mr. Kusel was alone, both his clerks, by collusion, being out of the office at the time. They attacked Mr. Kusel with the loaded end of a whip, and beat him savagely about the head. The prisoners, however, who are both slim youths, could not prevent Mr. Kus2.l reaching and opening the door, when persons from the next office got in and secured the prisoners. A loaded whip handle and a chisel a foot long v. ere found. Mr. Kusel was so severely injured that he has since been in the hands of the doctors. His right arm was broken, and his head was much cut. Mr. Kusel now states in evidence that he knew notl.ing of the prisoners who attacked him. He had £lOO in the office at the time, and Jackson must have known it. Some corroborative evidence having been given, the prisoners Wilson and Harris were committed for trial. The case against the prisoners Ford and Jackson, charged with being accomplices before the fact, was then proceeded with. No new facts were elicited. It was proved that all four prisoners had met frequently at places of amusement, and that they had concocted a scheme for emigration to New Zealand. They were in want of cash, and therefore deter mined to rob Mr. Kusel. Saturday the 22nd was originally fixed, but Wilson was unable to get away from his business, and Monday the 24th was fixed. It was arranged that Jackson and Ford should be out of the office at the time fixed, and that Jackson should follow Harris and Wilson upstairs and lock the door on them. Ford was arrested soon after the outrage, but Jackson absconded, and was caught in London-street, Paddington. Letters were found upon him clearly shewing his connection with the outrage. He now affected to treat the matter as a joke, and said that he never expected it would go so far. Ford and Jackson were then also committed for trial on the same charge. LAW AND POLICE. BANKRUPTCY AND LAw COSTS.—The Judge-Ordinary has had before him a question as to costs, and effect of the discharge of a bankrupt, which is of some interest. It was a case in which the petitioner obtained a decree for dissolution of marriage, and £3,000 damages were assesse4 against the co-respondent ; whereupon he became bank. rupt, and the que,tion was, whether his discharge there.- from discharged Lim also from liability to pay damage, and costs awarded against him. Sir J. P. Wilde said thq damages aes , _,ssed were proteable debts, flnd the dischargi of the bankrupt therefore cleared him from any future claim. SINGULAR CHARGE OF FORGERY.-At the Maidstone Assizes, on Tuesday, before Mr. Justice By les, William Barwick was charged with feloniously forging and uttering an acquittance for the sum of £5 with intent to defraud. This prosecution was instituted by the Post office authori ties. The real prosecutor in the case was a young woman named Jane Prior, who had a sum of money in the post-office savines bank at Weimer, where she had once resided. The prisoner lived at Wa'mer, and he and the prosecutrix had been sweethearts, and there did not appear to be any doubt that the latter was still very much attached to the prisoner, as she gave her evidence against him most unwillingly. It appeared that during last year the prosecutrix went into service in the neighbourhood of Croydon, but she still corresponded with the prisoner, and in the month of November he wrote her a most affectionate letter, in which he called the prose cutrix his " dear love," and requested her to send him her bank book, in order that he might draw out her money; putting some of his own to it, said he would place it in the Bank of England for their mutual benefit. The prose cutrix at first objected, but afterwards sent him the book, and he shortly afterwards presented himself at the post-office at Waliner, with a depositor's receipt for £5, purporting to be signed by the prosecutrix, and asked for the amount to be paid to him. Suspicion had, however, been created by the prisoner's proceedings, and he was given into cus tody. He then wrote a letter to the young woman, in which he requested her to say that the signature to the receipt was in her handwriting. She, however, refused, and prisoner was consequently committed to take his trial upon the present charge. The prosecutrix, in her evi dence, said that she did not believe that the prisoner intended to defraud her of her money. The prisoner was found guilty and sentenced to five years' penal ser vitude. APPREHENSION OF AN OFFENDER.—CURIOUS POINT OF LAW.—A man named Marsden was charged before Mr. Justice Smith at the Nottingham Assizes with feloniously cutting and wounding George Wesson and George Raison, two police constables. The offence was proved, but the objection was raised for the prisoner that after the assault there was no continuing pursuit of the prisoner ; that the constables went away to get help, not returning for an hour to apprehend the prisoner ; and yet they had arrested him without a warrant. His lordship said there must be a proof that there was continuous pursuit, and directing the jury to find the prisoner guilty, he ordered the prisoner to be re tained in custody, the case being reserved for the Court of Criminal Appeal. WOUNDING A CONSTABLE.—MichaeI Donovan was con victed at the Aylesbury Assizes with burglariously entering a dwelling-house and stealing a watch therefrom ; and also of wounding a constable. The wounds inflicted by prisoner were eight in number, and of a very serious nature. Mr. Baron Martin sentenced him to ten years' penal servitude. THE ATTEMPT TO MURDER POLICEMEN.-011 Tues. lay the Irish shoemaker, Thomas O'Haran, charged with having discharged five barrels of a revolver at two police men in the neighbourhood of Finsbury-circus, was brought up for examination at the Clerkenwell Police-office. The question having been distinctly put to the police, it was stated that there was no reason for supposing the pri- Boner was connected with Fenianism. He was committed for trial. The following is the subject for debate at the next weekly meeting of the Oxford University Debating Society :—" That this house regrets that it should Ilf,V) been found necessary to entrust the post of Prime Minister to so dishonest a politician as Mr. Disraeli." Moved by Mr. Alcock, Brascnose. In consequence of a late revaluation of land on the Marquis of Ailesbury's estate, the rental of the farms has been considerably increased (in some cases upwards of 35 per cent.), and the terms of holding have been greatly altered. Provision has been made for quarterly instead of half-yearly payments, and for twelve months' notice to quit to be given on either side. All game and rabbits are reserved to the landlord, and the tenants are to keep the buildings in good repair, to pay one-half the cost of labour for landlord's repairs, and one-third the cost of outside painting. The new arrangements have given g rea t di • satisfaction to the tenantry. THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 11, 1868. ANGLO-AMERICAN COPYRIGHT. The United States Congress is at length brought to take a common-sense view of our just rights, and there is every hope that an international copy right act will be passed this present session. The bill is now before the House of Representatives and is kindly received. Below is a copy of the bill as brought before the House. Our readers will see that its provisions are ample and liberal, and it may reasonably be hoped that the English Government, under its literary Premier, will cheerfully reciprocate them. In the House of Representatives on the 21st ult. the following report on the subject of international copyright was ordered to be printed and recom mitted : We are fully persuaded that it is not only ex pedient, but in a high degree important to the United States, to establish such international copy right laws as will protect the rights of American authors in foreign countries, and give similar pro tection to foreig❑ authors in this country. it would be an act of national justice and honour, in which we should find that justice is the wisest policy for nations and brings the richest rewards. The founders of our Government recognised the rights of intellectual property, and provided in the Constitution for giving them adequate protection. In accordance with their intention, laws have been enacted to secure the rights of authors and inventors in the United States. In our care to protect the rights of mechanical inventors we have gone further, and secured international patent laws. Literary property has not fared so well. Its international relations have been neglected, and it is a note worthy fact that no measure proposing an interna tional copyright law has ever been brought to a vote in either House of Congress. In all civilised nations it is understood that the author of a book or a work of art has a natural right of property in his work, as real as that of his neighbour to any other kind of personal property. No right can be more unquestionable, but the need of giving it the protection of positive enactments was not seriously felt until after the art of printing came into use. In England it had no legislative protection until the time of Queen Anne, although previous to her reign the right of an author to the book he produced was recognised and protected as a common law right. At the present time this right is more or less adequately protected in every country in Europe. In several European countries copy. right is made perpetual. In Great Britain it lasts during the author's lifetime and seven years after his death. In nearly all other countries of Europe the copyright lasts during the author's lifetime, and is continued to his family from twenty to thirty years after his death. Between nearly all those countries international copyright laws have been established by legislative acts and conventions, and their operation has proved even more beneficial and satisfactory than was antici pated. We are the only great nation of the civi lised world that has failed to secure the benefit of such laws. We alone have neglected to change the antiquated and vicious policy that allows our authors to be plundered in foreign countries, represses lite rary development in our own country, makes the business of publishers, to a considerable extent, speculative and uncertain, and encourages the cir. culation of the most worthless English books in ' stead of the better books from other countries and from our own writers, which, under the operation of suitable copyright laws, would exclude them from the market. _ . . _ _ ------- It is now about 30 years since the British Parlia ment passed "An act for securing to authors, in certain cases, the benefit of international copyright." This act provided that any country which should extend the benefit of copyright to British authors and artists should have the rights of its authors and artists protected in Great B ritain. Soon after the passage of this Act it was communi cated to our Government through Mr. Stevenson, the American Minister, with an invitation to respond to the proposition and establish an international copyright law between the two countries. Lord Palmerston said in his communication : " Her Majesty's Government are desirous to ascertain whether the Government of the United States is disposed to enter into any arrangement with the Government of this county, for the purpose of se curing copyright to authors and publishers within the dominions and territories of Great Britain and the United States." This proposition was not re fused, it was simply neglected. In the year previous to the passage of the Act in Great Britain, limry Clay, in the Senate of the United States, reported from a Select Committee very strongly in favour of the passage of a similar Act by Congress ; but the great pressure of other business at the close of the session prevented action on the bill he reported. The subject has since been brought to the atten tion of Congress several times. Meanwhile, the policy proposed by Mr. Clay has been adopted by all the leading nations of Europe, and they all stand ready to respond immediately and cordially to any movement on our part to share with them the bene : fits of this policy. We, who have more to gain from it than any other civilised nation, sbould no longer neglect to do for literary property what we I have done so carefully for that of mechanical in ventions. The reasons for this policy seem to us , conclusive : 1. A sense of justice to the author's right of property in his work should be sufficient to secure the establishment of international copyright laws. This was strongly expressed in Mr. Clay's report, which spoke as follows of an author's rights in a foreign country :—" We should all be shocked if the law tolerated the least invasion of the rights of property in the case of merchandise ; while those justly belonging to the works of authors are exposed to daily violation, without the possibility of their invoking aid of the laws." We do not believe injus tice should be tolerated ; we hold that the rights of property should be carefully protected ; and yet the present policy concerning copyright allows our au thors to be summarily deprived of their property in foreign countries. Take one case that has been used elsewhere for illustration. Mr. Motley, after years of investiga tion and study, during which he finds it necessary to acquire knowledge of five or six European languages, and after spending thousands of dollars in rare books, documents, and manuscripts, and in visiting Spain, Holland, Germany, and other coun tries to explore and copy old records and archives, writes the history of the Dutch Republic and the United Netherlands as it was never written before. This great work, bright with genius and rich in the fruits of learning and long research, has a profound interest for cultivated and thoughtful men in Europe as well as in the United States. It is not a book to attract the million, but is sure to find " fit audience" throughout the civilised world. Could Mr. Motley have in every market fair play and a just protection of his right to multiply and sell copies of that work, he might get a return of the money he has expended on it, with a moderate com pensation for his labour. But in no foreign country is there protection for this right of property ; not because the countries of Europe have refused to come into such international arrangements as would have given it protection, but simply because we have neglected to respond to their invitation, and secure for our authors the protection offered. If Mr. Motley's property were a cargo of merchandise, or an original invention of something useful, he could not be deprived of it ; but it is a book, and although it has cost him more than the value of a cargo of merchandise, it is taken from him in England by any publisher who chooses to lay hands on it, and on the Continent by any man who chooses to translat3 and issue it without his supervision or consent. Under these circum stances, it is impossible for the American author of such a work to receive adequate compensation. This is very unjust. It is, however, only one of many similar cases, and we have approached that period i❑ our national history when the balance of loss from such lawless treatment of literary pro perty will be heavily against our own writers. We have it in our power to correct this evil, and it will be our own fault if the proper remedy is not applied without further delay. The statement of what is due to this natural right of property ought to prevail without the sup port of additional arguments, but there are consi derations of policy that cannot fail to have weight, and, therefore, must not be excluded. 2. International copyright laws would contribute powerfully and successfully to develope our own lite rature and make it national. There is in this country no lack of intellectual life, nor of materials or stimulus for literary production. We lack nothing but just protection of the rights of literary property. Our Government has been care ful to secure the rights of our mechanical inventors in every civilised country, and what has followed? " American genius is at this moment at the head of all nations for mechanical invention," says a dis tinguished English writer, who uses facts and figures to prove what he says. Our inventive genius stands foremost everywhere,made pre-eminent by the secu rity of its rights. Meanwhile, its influence is felt in every form of construction, so that the produc tions of American mechanical genius, from the plough to the ship, have neither superiors nor successful rivals in any country. Such arc the results of protecting properly the rights of mechanical invention. Aud how' has it fared with the business of literary production ? Other things being equal, the literary produc tion of the United States would be equally pre eminent in character, abundance, and influence. Nowhere else is there so much intellectual life and freedom ; nowhere else are the materials for literary production so fresh or so abundant. We have in our national ideas, in the orginality of our social and political institutions, in everything essentially American in our country and in our people, an un worked mine of literary wealth. And yet in this department of intellectual work we have fallen be hind. While our people have been lured to the development of inventive and mechanical genius until we have men who can "put their thoughts in brass, in iron, in stone, and in wood," with consum mate skill, our authors have not been allowed a fair field, and consequently our literature has to a large extent remained provincial to that of Great Britain, or, as one of our most eminent and original writers expresses it, " has not yet thrown off English swad dling clothes." He adds " Not only has the whole sale system of malappropriation most injuriously affected the interests of living American authors, but it has tended to dwarf down the original litera ture of the United States to a servile convism ;" Meanwhile, in one or two departments where there is less need of international copyright, in the pro duction of school books, for instance, our literature has become unrivalled. A noble American literature that shall lead the culture of the world, and in that culture give Ameri can ideas the pre-eminence they deserve, is a matter of the highest national importance. American republicanism does not propose to go forth as a fighting propagandist, and subjugate all other na tions to its sway. This would not accord with its principles; would not realize its ideal of human civilization. But it may spread its principles, and win the world by developing in literature that in tellectual supremacy which a just and careful pro tection of literary property would speedily estab lish. At present much of the best talent and learn ing of the country is discouraged from entering the field of labour by the certainty of being stripped of literary property abroad, and by ruinous competi tion at home with the worst as well as the best of English books, which can be taken without pay, and be reprinted hew with some hope of profit, " because they have been published in England." Self-interest, as well as justice, requires us to cor rect this evil. 3. International copyright laws would very much improve the business of manufacturing, publishing, and selling books in the United States. Many publishers failed to see this when the sub- ject was first brought to public attention, but their views have been changed by experience and reflec tion. A majority of our American publishers, a large majority, it is said, now desire such a measure as your committee propose. This change was al ready apparent in 1843, when 97 firms and persons representing the book trade petitioned Congress for the enactment of such a law• They said in this petition : " The present law regulating literary pro perty is seriously injurious both to the advancement of American literature and to that very extensive branch of American industry which comprehends the whole mechanical department of book-making. It is alike injurious to the business of publishing, and to the best and truest interests of the people at large." They added :--" Your memorialists are of opinion that the interests of the authors, the publishers, and the purchasers are reciprocal, as those of the producer and consumer alwaY§ are." It difficult is 4' to see bow any publisher can rea sonably object to a measure that would increase the value of his business by giving it more stability and certainty. At present, no publisher who reprints in this country a saleable English book can be certain that he will not be met in the market by one or more rival editions of the same work. He is protected by nothing but " the courtesy of the trade ;" and this is not always able to resist temptation. Without changing the price of his book save to reduce it, and without regard to anything but the interest of his business, he could well afford to pay for a protected copyright that would give him the market free from ruinous competi tion. With the certainty of large sales and per fect security in his business, he could put in the market more handsomely executed books at more reasonable prices, and at the same time make larger profits. Meanwhile, the type-founder, the bookbinder, and all others connected with the busi ness of book-making, would gain by the policy pro posed. The laws of trade, which no man or busi ness firm can change, make nothing more certain or more irreversible than the fact, that the interests of authors, publishers, book-makers, and book buyers are reciprocal. It may be observed in this connection that the measure we propose will not affect any book already printed ; it secures the benefit of copyright for those books only that shall be published after international copyright laws shall have gone into operation. It provides also that a foreign book, to have the benefit of copyright in this country, shall be wholly manufactured here. Our aim is to secure what is best for our own people. Viewed merely as a matter of public policy, de signed to benefit an important branch of business in the United States, this measure should have the approval of Congress. 4. By establishing international copyright laws, we shall greatly promote the interests of American book-buyers. The old objection, that such laws would increase the price of books, did not proceed from a careful study of the laws of trade, and, therefore, could not endure criticism. It will not now be urged by any person who has considered the matter in all its bearings. This objection assumed that copyright would be a tax on the trade which publishers must charge over to their customers —a grave mistake. It is the price paid for security in the market. To the publishers of a saleable book, as we have shown, this guarantee against injury from rival editions is an advantage for which he can afford to pay hand somely. The protected copyright of a foreign book would be worth to his business much more than it would cost. With this protection he would be able to sell the book cheaper, and readers would have books more beautifully manufactured in all respects, from the type to the last finish of the binding. These benefits to book-buyers would flow from the increase of value given to the publishers' business by the great security o f copyr i g ht. A writer in the North American Review, some years ago, said on this point very justly--" Th e copyr i g ht would copies for the publi c b ene f i t , procure, not a less but a greate r mu lti p licity and eheapners of a l o ng with a larger sale for the benefit of the book trade." The great gain to book-buyers would be realized in another way. The measure proposed would bring into circulation in this country more foreign books of a superior class than are now found in the market. At present our reading of foreign literature is confined chiefly to English books, some of them works of genius, some merely good, many of them either very stupid or utterly worthless. The last named books are republished here, because they need no translation, and will serve to supply the demand for new books in a market where readers lEtiust take these or nothing. Establish interna rtional copyright laws, and we shall very soon see translations of the best French, German, Swedish, Danish, and other European books taking the place of these wretched English books. When it shall become necessary to buy the copyright of a worth less book published in Great Britain, publishers will prefer to secure instead translations of the best new books published in other countries. In this way books of a higher class will go into circulation, and the worthless English books, now so abundant in the market, will gradually disappear. It has been en timated that the issue of translated books would furnish business for two or three large publishing houses. This estimate seems to us very moderate. Moreover, additional value would be given to the books offered for general circulation, by the increase and higher character of literary production here ; for the encouragement thus given to American authors would attract to this field the best talent of the country, and American literature would soon assume its proper character and influence. The competition in the book market would become I healthy and elevating, and the peopl e w h o d es i re 1 the best books at the most reasonable prices would Ifind in the change abundant satisfaction. On looking over the discussions of this question in past years, and especially the memorials and re monstrances against international copyright laws, we find the objections raised against such laws to have been substantially as follows :-- First. " Such laws would increase the price of books to American readers." This objection, as we have shown, is founded wholly on a false as sumption. Moreover, the policy proposed would not affect the vast number of English and other books already in print, so far as relates to copy right. It would reach only such new books as should be written and published after the beginning of its operation, and these it would cheapen. There would be no reason whatever for increasing the price of books. On the contrary, as we have pointed out, the proposed policy would necessarily give us better books at more reasonable prices. Second. "No American books' are republished in Great Britain." 'Phis was urged against the mea sure in a report made to the Senate nearly 30 years ago. Not long afterwards it was shown that more than 600 American books were, at that time, ad vertised on the trade lists of British publishers. (See House document No. 76, 27th Congress, Ist session. The number has increased so largely since that the loss from republication without copyright will, hereafter, be largely against us, unless we take measures to prevent it. Besides, international copy right laws would greatly increase literary produc tion in this country ; and, so far as the English lan guage is concerned, they would give us the future. Third. 64 This policy would give British manu facturers of books entire monopoly of the American market." It is difficult to believe that any man of ordinary sagacity ever saw anything reasonable in this objection, or ever felt the slightest respect for it. It is enough to reply here that the measure we propose would make such British monopoly of our market impossible ; for, American editions of foreign books to have the proposed benefit of copy right, must be wholly manufactured here. It would give both our publishers and our authors a more complete independence of British influence than was ever before realised. Fourth. "It would prevent the adaptation of English books to American prejudice." This was urged, with singular unconsciousness of its real sig nificance, in a memorial presented to Congress in 1843. (See Senate document No. 323, 27th Congress, 2d Session.) These objectors, who talked as if it were an invaluable privilege t) mutilate and falsify English books reprinted here, might have added that it would put a stop to the shameless mutilation and reconstruction of American books that has been so common in England. They fur nish, instead of an objection, an excellent reason for an international copyright law between this country and Greatßritain. We do not want "Eng lish books adapted to American prejudices." We want a genuine American literature—books that shall grow out of the life and thought of our own people, and which shall not be mutilated when they go abroad. Fifth. " It would derange and oppress the Ame rican book trade, by suddenly giving the benefit of copyright to foreigu books already published here.' This was said in a memorial presented to Congress in 1838. (See House document, No. 416, 25th Congress, 2d Session.) Nobody proposes such a measure as this objectian contemplates. There fore it is baseless, and nobody will now use it who aims to treat the subject candidly. The measure we recommend would not touch the present rela tion of publishers to the great mass of British and other foreign literature already Eat theie disposal. Meanwhile, the new books that could have the benefit of copyright would come into the business of the trade gradually, a few each year, bring ing, not disturbance and derangement, but an ele ment of security and permanence not otherwise possible. The objections raised against international copy right laws have been answered so often, and with such effect, that they cannot now have much force, even in the minds of those who may continue to entertain them. The measure is supported by reason and justice, and it has manifestly become necessary. There may be, here and there, an excep tional case, created by free appropriation in some special department of literature,where it will encoun ter objections based on a false calculation of self interest ; but objections from this source cannot reasonably be allowed to determine an important question of public policy. Your committee feel that no country has greater need of international copyright laws than ours. We are sure that their operation would quickly silence the last lingering objection, and give the highest satisfaction, not only to authors, pub lishers, and all interested in the mechanical depart ment of book-making, but also to the people at large. Therefore we report to the House the accompany ing bill and recommend its passage : An Act for securing to authors, in certain cases, the benefit of international copyright, advancing the development of American literature, and promoting the interests of publishers and book buyers in the United States. Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Re presentatives of the United States in Congress as sembled, That any person or persons, being a citi zen or citizens of any foreign country, or residents therein, who shall be the author or authors of any book, map, chart, dramatic work, or musical com position, that may be first published in any foreign country after this act shall go into operation, Cr who shall invent, design, engrave, work, or cause to be worked or made, as a work of art, from his own design, any print or engraving that may be first published in any foreign country after this act shall take effect, and the executors, administrators, or legal assigns of such persons or persons, shall have the same exclusive right and liberty to mul tiply and sell copies of such works in the United States that now are or may hereafter be granted by the laws of the United States to authors and ar tists who are citizens of the United States, subject to the same conditions, regulations, and limitations —Provided, however, That the provisions of this act shall not be extended to the books or other works of authors and artists that may be first published in any foreign country where the laws shall not, at the time of such first publication, grant and secure to citizens of the United States, and to persons resident therein, privileges and benefits of copyright equal in extent to those herein specified. Sec. 2. And be it further enacted, That the pri vileges and benefits of copyright to be secured by the provisions of this act to the authors of such works as are specified in the preceding section shall not be extended to the republication in this country of any book or other work of the kind specified, unless all the editions of such republication shall be wholly manufactured in the United States, and be issued for sale by a publisher or publishers who are citizens of the United States. Sec. 3. And be it further enacted, That the author of any book, dramatic work, or other publi cation, first published in a foreign country, who may choose to reserve the right of translating it, or of authorising a, translation of it, F 4411 hays in the United States the protection of a copyright of such translation of his work, subject to the following conditions : 1. The original work shall have been registered in the clerk's office of some district court of the United States, for copyright, according to the laws of the United States, and a copy of it shall have been deposited in the library of Congress, within four months after its first publication in said foreign country. 2. In the first publication of such original work the author shall have announced on its title page his intention to reserve the right of translating it. 3. Within six months after the date of the re gistration of the original work for copyright, the author or the legal representative of the author shall have offered the authorised translation to some American publisher for publication in the United States, and such translation or a part of it shall have been published here. 4. Every edition of the translated work issued in this country shall be wholly manufactured in the United States, and shall be issued for sale by a publisher or publishers who are citizens of the United States. 5. The provisions of this Act relative to transla tions shall not be extended to any book or other work first published in any foreign country where a similar protection of copyright shall not have been granted and secured to the translated works of American authors. Sec. 4. And be it further enacted, That no author of a book or other work of the kind specified in the first section of this Act, which shall have been first published in a foreign country where copyright is secured to American authors, and which may be re published in the United States without translation, shall be entitled to the protection of copyright herein specified and provided, unless such author or the legal representative of such author shall have deposited in the library of Congress one copy of the best foreign edition of such work, and shall have duly registered, or cause to be registered, in the clerk's office of some district court of the United States, for copyright, the title-page of the work, as the laws of the United State srequire, within three months after its publication an arrangement shall have been made in good faith with some American publisher or publishing firm for the immediate pub lication of the work in the United States. But when the author, or those legally representing the author, shall have complied with these requirements, and shall have done in all other respects what is required by the laws of the United States relative to copy right, the author and the heirs, assignS, or other legal representatives of the author, shall be entitled to the full benefit of copyright, as herein provided, and to all the remedies provided by the laws of the United States to prevent or to punish violations of copyright ; Provided, That when a book or other work first published in' a foreign country shall be issued in volumes, or in parts in any manner, at successive periods of time, the several volumes or parts shall be regarded as separate works, so far as relates to the provisions of this section and to all other provisions of this Act. . Sec. 5. And be it further enacted, That imme diately after the passage of this Act, the President of the United States shall transmit copies of it to the Governments of Great Britain, France, Germany, and -of the other countries of Europe, and to the Governments of other countries with which the United States may have regular diplomatic inter course; and he shall take measures to conclude arrangements for the establishment of international copyright between those countries, or any of them, and the United States,r,in accordance with the pro visions of this Act. And when such arrangements shall have been concluded with any foreign country and approved by the Senate, the President shall make public proclamation of the same to the people of the United States ; whereupon the authors and artists of the country with which such arrangements shall have been concluded, or their legal represen tatives, shall be immediately entitled to the privi leges and benefits of this Act. BYRON AND TENNYSON. To justify to his own judgment the opinion he may have formed of a favourite poem or picture is the critic's greatest delight, and the purest motive of criticism. And when the de light of a first impression, or of an early pre dilection is confirmed by critical study, when the poem which fascinated youthful fancy satis fies maturer judgment, it goes far to show that the poet fulfills the conditions of a classic author. From some such a feeling it is that ' we desire to justify to ourselves the predi lection which we have always felt for Tenny son over Byron. Not that either Tennyson or Byron is a poet of the highest order. Theirs is not the creative genius which peoples an ideal world with beings that live in our minds and haunt our memories. Byron's characters are simply reproductions of particular phases of his own mind ; they do not live and breathe like the heroes of Homer ; they do not speak and suffer visibly ; theirs is not the rage of Achilles, not the jealousy of Medea, not the passionate agony of Antigone. We cannot picture Byron's characters apart from Byron. In them we see only his own passions inten sified by a fervid, if not fevered, imagination. We carry away with us nothing but Byron under various phases, often unnatural, often distorted, and now and then surrounded with something like the blue lights of the stage. Neither he nor Tennyson could create a Bea trice for us to follow with reverential love to the very gates of heaven, and feel so absorbed in her presence as to forget even the awful nearness of God. Don Juan is no Lear, or Othello, or Faust with Satanic suggestions and cold, cynical hate, but merely Byron, with a glowing imagination debauched, hovering be tween the sublime and the degraded. His nearest approach to creative power is his Satan in " Cain." But it is not fair to judge Byron by a comparison with an order of poets to which he does not belong. He, like Tennyson, is a subjective poet; and, like Ten nyson, he fails in dramatic creative power— the highest and noblest natural gift which God has given to the mind of man. The praise which Mr. Gladstone has lately lavished on Scott, if high, is not altogether extravagant ; certainly, in the best of his novels, Scott has displayed far higher creative power than Byron in any of his poems. His posterity is now passing a far different judgment on Byron from that of his contem poraries ; we are being liberated at last from the Byronic rage, and it is no longer a literary heresy to name Tennyson in the same breath with Byron. They who were bred up under the influence of the Byronic school or hold to the traditions prevalent in their youth, still steadily refuse to see in Tennyson a purity of imagination and a grandeur of thought never found in the poetry of Byron. Tennyson is many-sided, and has a poet's eye for every simple thing that is beautiful in nature, or ap peals by sympathy or remote allusion to the heart of man. In him there is a wider sym pathy than in Byron, both with nature in its more hidden ways and with man in his aspi rations after higher things, in the yearning of his soul in the midst of the twilight or eclipse of faith for light and knowledge. He is of the age both in its scepticism and in its unformulated desire for a nobler life. In the " Two Voices," and in the " In Memoriam" —the most plaintive and touching poem in our language—Tennyson gives voice to the yearn ings and pictures the straggle of the better spirit of the age both against its own weak ness and incredulity, and against the strain put upon it by the unbelief which is seeking for supremacy over the mind, not of England only, but of Christendom. Tennyson, in this, too, infinitely superior in poetic breadth to Byron, expresses in his poems the universal heart as well as the individual. He speaks, and we hear the voice of the age ; he tells us• what his fellow-men in their secret hearts feel, or hope, or suffer, or doubt. Byron's intellectual narrowness soon op presses and wearies the mind. He is for ever harping on one string, and though love is the deepest of the human passions, and with love are eyer MociAted disappvaltulent and orrow, yet it is not the only passion of the human heart, nor the only sorrow which afflicts the soul. The soul has higher aspirations than earthly love ever dreams of ; has conflicts and wrestlings ; has hours of darkness and of light —the aptest and the noblest theme for a poet with a spiritual eye to show forth to the grosser vision of the world. None, indeed, can dispute the occasional grandeur of Byron's verse ; its force and flow; its voluptuous passion; its gleams of light as of a spirit which had erred from its course; but, at the same time, we must confess that, besides its intellectual poVerty and its narrow unsympathetic character, Byron's poetry, when it aims at passion, not seldom sinks into mere bathos ; he too often and too freely indulges in the grand and gloomy, until at times his language more than bo r d er s o n the bombastic. is imagination did not seize upon what was highest and noblest in the spirit of the age, or even what was most charac teristic or nearest to its heart, but upon what was diseased, and it revelled in the profa nation of the highest prerogatives of poetry. We are not speaking of Byron's character as a man—perhaps as much sinned against as sinning—but of the character of his poetry, and who shall say that there is not a blight upon it? The poet, like a tiger in his narrow cage, walks to and fro in an unwholesome frenzy. We watch with pain the monotony of is movements ; we listen with impatience to his perpetual wail, though every now and then we are startled into admiration at the noble rage of the magnificent and tortured beast. If Tennyson is no Titan of Homeric force, neither is lie a mere polisher of beautiful peb bles in a crystal stream. The exquisite finisk' and crystal clearness of his melodious verse are but the outward and fitting expression of his pure and delicate imagination. With the loftiness of Wordsworth's imagination he com bines a more varied play of fancy. Like Words worth, he is familiar with nature in all its moods. Byron delighted with what was grand, or awful, or desolate in nature. Tennyson shows a far deeper familiarity with its hidden and subtle ways and its remoter influences. It is this deeper communing which gives such an inexpressible charm and beauty to so much of Tennyson's poetry. His passionate yearn ings are for something higher and better than the world, in spite of his intense sympathy with its eager and onward life, can give him. fie loves " knowledge," and is proud of the progress of his age, but he longs for " wisdom." " Knowledge comes, but wisdom lingers." This is the complaint of the earliest and most passionate of his poems, " Locksley Hall," and in one of his latest and most pro found, the same idea recurs. If Byron's ima gination was of the " earth earthy," Tenny son's, did he know Heaven, did he see, that is to say, the great supernatural world with the eye of faith as Dante did, or as, in our own day, the author of the " Dream of Gerontius," his imagination might have risen in a nobler and higher flight than any he has yet compassed. —TVestininster Gazette. Forelzu blail Packet List, MAILS DEE. kuatralia and New Zealand, via Southampton March 28. Ditto, via Marseillea •—• • •-•••• ••.Marcli 22. Ditto, via Panama .. March 3). drazil, Buenos Ayres, and Monte Video April 6. Ditto, by Leto-nail packet • ••• March 2Z Cape Verde, by Brazil packet . A,jril 6. !Jape of Good Hope. Ascension. and St. Helena March , 2. Chins, Penang. and Singapore, via Southampton March 21 Ditto, via Marseilles Fmkland lolanda Gibraltar, via Southampton .. March 15 ludia,via Southampton March 15. Ditto, via Marseilles Ualta, Egypt, ,Sto. \larch 25. Ditto, Marseilles.. March 9 nauritius, Cape of Good Hope, and Natal, via Southampton Mar,.th 21. Ditto, Marseides Nlarch 15. ewf oundla nc Portugal .... April 6 Ditto, by pr. Ito ship to Oporto ... Ditto i Ato to Lisbon United States, t. anada, California, &c., by British packet Ditto, by L Lited States packet Ditto ditto 'New York) Ditto oitto Ncw York) Ditto dittk (Baltimore) Ditto, by Canadian packet . March 13. West Coast of Atria. Madeira, and Teneriff March IS. West !males and ra..;itic ;except Mexico and Baha- mas) Cab L and , lexico Bilit.nas, via New I.l2raiuda, via Halifax March 16. liarch 30. Uarch 25. - • • ...... March 11 The total receipts of wheat in Great Britain from the United States last year were 4,188,013 cwt., as compared with 1,177,618 in 1865, and 635,239 in 1866. By a grand effort at the close of the year, the United States nearly brought up its wheat deliveries to Great Britain in 1867 to a level with those made by Prussia; but they were still immensely below tho supplies of wheat received from Russia. The annexed statement shows the deliveries of wheat made by the United States to Great Britain during the ten years ending 1867 inclusive :-1858, 2,576,791 cwt.; 1859, 159,926 cwt. ; 1860, 6,497,335 cwt. ; 1861, 10,866,89 1 cwt. ; 1862, 16,140,670 cwt. ; 1863, 8,704,401 cwt ; 1864, 7,895,915 cwt.; 1865, 1,117,618 cwt.; and 1867, 4,188,91 3 cwt. The diminution in 1865 and 1866 is attribuiablo to the exhausting effects of the conflict between the North and the South. Churchmen in England will be interested in learn ing the result of the latest statistics of the Church in the United States. There are now 34 dioceses, 41 bishops (" as sistant bishops" being appointed in too many sees), 2,55 0 priests and deacons, 2,370 parishes, 178,102 communicants, 19,897 Sunday-school teachers, 180,152 Sunday scholars. These statistics aro exclusive of the diocese of California , and Kansas and of missionary jurisdiction. 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Important Caution.—Beware of the 111 D".4 unsavoury and more than sloppy imitations to which, with?% authority, Baron Liebig's name is most audaciously attachetl:T. In tins at is. 14d.; 1 lb., 2s 9d. ; 2 lbs., 4s. 6d, ; 5 lbs. 11 :7: 12 lbs., 225.; 24 lbs., 40s.—BARRY Du BARRY and Co., N Regent-street, London; also Fortnum and Mason, 182, PiccaSl,l,lYs: and at 61, Gracechurch-street; 4, Cheapside; 63, 150, and Oxford-street; 330, Strand; and all grocers and chemists. Births. -- --- COLLIER—On the 9th inst., at Wickham-terrace, ClaPt ol3 ' Mrs. Vincent J. Collier, of a son. FORBES—GO the 9th inst., at 28, Queen's-gate-terrace, P l' Forbes, of Newe, of a aughter. Marriages. GREEN— ROSE On the 4th inst at the British Cons ul l , Palermo, Sicily, Frederick Green, Esq., of 17, Stra tfer ! , place, London, to Sophia, eldest daughter of James IZ ( m" Esq., of Palermo. LOVELL—PINK On the 10th inst., at New St ro'n e r e r Church, Clement Lovell, Esq., of Warwick-road, VI)Pi, Clapton, to Lucy Pink, relict of the late John EL Esq., of -Leighton-road, Kentish-town. Deaths. CROSLAND—On the Bth inst., at Gledholt, near Iludderil: field, Thomas Pearson Crosland, Esq., M.B. for V g dersfield, aged 52. E de'. Dix—On the 7th lest, Old Steyne, Brighton , Dix, M.R.C.S., aged 69. ro d GRAY—On the Bth inst., at Edmonton, Sophia Gray , "" 92. ° ro, DIONTAGU —On the 9th inst., at Stowell Lodge, Marlb Wilts, Admiral James Montagu, aged 77. Berl o4 OusELEv—On the 9th inst., at Langford Vicarage, yorb. Elizabeth Sophia, widow of Major-General Sir Ouseley, aged 89. - - o London : Printed and Published by WILLIAMAN D° „c 0/, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tan SON ODIC°, NO o f Strand, in the Precinct of the Se voy, the C° ul ' Bliddlesa.—Wedxoo7, !larch a, Is6B. A' At Londui LIIN( Higi &c. P hENT 0 On a p.m. to KI: This Prize .)1 It is I Sold . the Age Obser haw's L w TJnpr plcasiu ana thi NV. WA (from t Bishc Miss B the Gr( Tho in the r at 3litcl St. Jam o'clock. Spool King, a _ B L, CA: ENGA BLON tho wo o'clock JACK , includi Talkin Evans Crysta with Villars Stall 'VP Recei Right E Open AR' This 1 having, by Mew for the Solo Co Ful number or unfu hoods n square. nous] 0 iIDRC E all desc for outl Humph tiuns of transfer ini; Ho SPA speedill ss. 61; stamp s . all Che W' This pi hours, for 60 Chemis HA curls LL Sold at and 144 ~~ ~ colour fectly 6d. ; se/ Claemis 13 , nioves 1 Without S 1• ; 8, IpIM VEGE' sallow n Sta mps. all Chei H A seven o remains sta mps. and all ,et lJ i vs u g the uorn, I. AIR scriPiio springs the nut , pals b 3 colour ever bi extract support ranteed teeth cation. lIEALT Du,