The Sun. — London, England, 1845-03-24 00:00:00

the earth- works are of such a light nature that they can be executed by the ordinary surplus labour of the district, the estimates, founded upon the experience of the last year or two, may not be greatly exceeded, but upon such works as those which have been described, and in the vicinity of London, it is impossible to doubt that a very large allowance must be made on the score of increase in contractors' prices, and in the wages of labour. Notwithstanding these deductions there is no doubt that many permanent causes of superior economy exist as compared with the period when the first g reat rail ways were constructed. The cost of land may reason ably be expected to be considerably less, and the ex perience which has been acquired by engineers and con tractors, and by the managers of railway undertakings, will enable them to avoid many sources of expenses. The saving that can be effected in the purchase of land, and in incidental and preliminary expenses cannot, how ever, exceed a small proportion of the total cost, as will appear evident from the following annalysis of the ac tual cost of one or two of the principal railways:— Preliminary and I Incidental Ex- I penses, per Mile. Land Railway n ., rying and Works `'"' Law RAILWAYS. Parlia- : Parlia- Charges, Compen- and Sta- ~..um . ..-. sation, imentary Engi- s ' P er " pe ' r uil' Ex- neering, per Mile. Mile. Mile. penses. Direc tion, &c. X £ £ £ £ London and Bir-1 mingham I 650 1,500 6,300 38,280 3,000 Great Western 1 1,000 2,500 6,300 40,000 4,800 London and South Western ... 650 900 4,000 18,450 2,350 Making every deduction that can be safely admitted for the superior cheapness of land and economy of con struction, it seems difficult to believe that a railway of the same length out of London, involving works of a very similar character, and passing for a considerable distance through the London clay formation, which is peculiarly unfavourable, can, with the present prices of iron and labour, be constructed at a cost per mile so very much less than the London and Birmingham Railway, as would be required in order to bring the estimate of the London and York line within anything like approxi mate accuracy. At the lowest calculation which could be safely ad mitted, these 112 miles, including a metropolitan ter minus, Would, in all probability, require more than half the capital that is proposed for the whole undertaking of 327 miles ; while there appears to be nothing to warrant us in considering it as a result beyond the range of possibility that this portion of the line might absorb even a larger proportion of the whole amount. On the whole, therefore, we believe that we should not be warranted in assuming, as at all a probable event, that the London and York scheme, as now proposed, could be completed, with stations, metropolitan terminus, and the requisite working stock of engines, carriages, &c., for a less sum than 8,000,000/. ; while it is by no means im probable that the amount might be 9,000,000/. or even 10,000,000/. On the other hand, the cost of the Cambridge system would be as follows : Length. Estimated Capital. Cambridge and Lincoln Line Direct Northern Line from Lincoln to York Tottenham and Farringdon-street Extension 800,000 1451 ... 3,274,000 To which must be added the following branches, which are proposed by the Cambridge and Lincoln Com who pledge themselves to apply for powers in order to carry them into effect, in order to complete the accom m-idation of the districts provided for by the London and York system:— Estimated Length. Capital. Miles. Cambridge and Lincoln: — Boston Branch . Spalding and Stamford Branch 20 With the Biggleswade branch of the Eastern Counties Company, of twenty-five miles in length, and about fifteen miles to complete the communication between Doncaster and Gainsborough. Total length of new railway to be constructed, about 218 miles; estimated capital (including the Tottenham and Farringdon-street Extension), about 4,250,0001. This comparison does not include the lines which upon either system would be equally required for local purposes, or to complete the lateral communications, such as the Nottingham and Lincoln, the Newark and Sheffield, the Swinton and Doncaster, and the Wake field and Goole, but is confined to what may be consi dered as the integral parts of the two great competing schemes. The whole of the lines of the Cambridge scheme, almost without exception, are of a singularly easy cha racter. For a great portion of the distance the rails may be laid almost on the surface of the ground, while the course of the line between Cambridge and Lincoln, pursuing the verge of the fen country, is stated to avoid, to a great extent, interference with the drainage, and the necessity for frequent bridges, while it keeps upon sound ground, and at no great distance from the materials re quisite for the construction of the road. It is thus, in every respect, most favourably situated in regard to economy of construction ; and although, from the rise in the price of iron and of labour, the original capital will doubtless be exceeded, there is still every reason to believe that the whole line from Cambridge to York, with the different projected branches, may be executed for an exceedingly small average cost per mile. There seems to be quite as much reason for consider ing it as a probable result that the whole Cambridge system may be completed for a sum not exceeding 5,000,0001. or 6,000,0001., as that the London and York system, as above described, may be completed for 8,000,000/. or 10,000,000/. Another important difference between the two schemes is in the number of miles of railway that will require to be worked in order to accommodate the same princi pal sources of traffic. By the London and York system, as we have seen, 327 miles of railway must be main tained and worked. The Cambridge system would re quire, as above stated, about 190 miles of new railway to be worked, in addition to 51 miles of the existing Northern and Eastern line from Tottenham to Cam bridge ; which, however, must be worked at any rate, and would be in a great measure supported by a traffic of its own from Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. On the whole, therefore, the London and York scheme would, in all probability, involve an additional outlay, as compared with the Cambridge scheme, of 3,000,000 L or 4,000,0001., and would require nearly 90 (or if we ex clude the line from London to Cambridge, nearly 140) sore miles of railway to be maintained and worked. The average expenditure per mile for the year 1842, upon the 1,500 miles of passenger railway then in ope ration in the United Kingdom, amounted to 1,300/., and the cost of maintaining and working a good passenger line of fair average traffic cannot be safely taken at less than about 1,000/. per mile per annum. This, for in stance, is the cost upon the Midlands Railway, which is in many respects similarly circumstanced to the proposed London and York line. Including, there ford, the extra cost of working, and the interest upon additional outlay, the London and York scheme would be more expensive than that by Cambridge and Lincoln, by an amount represented by an annual charge of from 15010001. to 200,0001. Is there any probability of a traffic sufficient to war rant or to support this additional cost ? The London and York estimate of traffic makes out a gross annual receipt of 1,076,000/. ; i. e. of 20,0001. per week, or of 611. per mile per annum on the whole 327 miles. It is impossible for us to enter into a minute analysis of the traffic estimates submitted to us, or to attempt to check the accuracy of their details ; nor, indeed, would such an attempt be of much use, since experience has abundantly shown that such estimates, even when taken with care, and sifted by evidence before Committees of both Houses of Parliament, afford a very fallacious idea of the results actually realised. In the present instance, however, there are one or two obvious exaggerations which materially affect the estimate before us :- 1. The passenger traffic is taken for the most part at at an average of 21d. per passenger per mile. Now we must bear in mind that, in the first place, there is the competition of steam-boats, &c., for much of this traffic; in the next place, that of other railways in a situation to carry on a most effective competition, and already charging much lower ; and, finally, that the Com pany themselves propose to run at least two third class trains, covered and seated, at the ordinary speed, at fares not exceeding ld. a mile. Under similar circumstances the Cambridge and Lincoln Com pany have taken their passenger traffic at an estimate of only lid. per mile; and it appears obvious that this is as high as can be safely assumed. 2. It is assumed that the railway will get the whole traffic that exists, while it is perfectly obvious that a great part of it will have to be competed for, and divided with existing companies. A slight advantage in distance is not sufficient to enable a line to command the whole traffic, especially of goods, and of second and third-class passengers, to whom money is a greater object than a little gain of time. The Midlands, and London and Birmingham Railways, must run a number of trains at any rate every day for other purposes, and it may be worth their while to carry, in addition, all the traffic they can abstract from the Lon don and York line, at very low rates, rather than not obtain it. The actual cost of transport upon goods and passen gers, when once set in motion upon a long line of rail way, is exceedingly small, and a difference of an hour or an hour and a half in the time of the journey from York to London, and of a quarter or half an hour from Leeds and the West Riding, would be scarcely perceptible on many descriptions of traffic. Even where the competing route was much more circuitous, as from Lincoln and Newark, via Nottingham; or from Peterborough, via Northampton, or via' Ely and Cambridge, to London, the difference of distance would hardly be sufficient to prevent a competing company from regulating prices and abstracting traffic from the shorter route. Many instances of this might be quoted from the experience of railways, but it may be sufficient to refer to one, that of the com petition carried on for Manchester and London traffic, by the extremely circuitous route of Normanton and Derby, which lasted for a considerable time, and was at length only terminated by an arrangement, by which the direct line consented to pay a certain sum to buy off the competition. The certainty that any new line between London and York must be exposed to this description of competition, renders it the more desirable that economy of construc tion should be attended to as far as possible, as other wise the chances would be greatly increased of the new line losing its independence, or being compelled to enter into some compromise. To return, however, to the investigation of the proba ble amount of traffic in the London and York line, it may be well to consult the analogy of other railways somewhat similarly circumstanced, which, in our opi nion, affords, generally speaking, a much safer test upon which to rely, than the usual estimates of traffic. Re ferring to this test, it will be difficult to satisfy ourselves that the estimate of 611. per mile per week over the whole of the London and York scheme is at all likely to be realised. The Eastern Counties, and Northern and Eastern lines, from London to Colchester and Bishop Stortford, with 86 miles open, commanding the whole traffic of the rich agricultural counties of Essex, Suffolk, Nor folk, and Cambridgeshire, with the metropolis, averaged during the year 1844 only 371. per mile per week. The average receipts for the same period of the Midland Railway, with 163 miles open, and enjoying a monopoly of the whole through traffic from York and the North, Hull, Leeds, and the West Riding, &c., both to London and to Sheffield, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Bir mingham, &c., and of those large manufacturing towns with one another, was only 411. per mile per week. The existing through traffic from York, Hull, &c., to London, is stated only to amount to 97,0001. a year, which is not 61. per mile per week on the 327 miles of the London and York scheme ; and when we consider that a very large proportion of the Scotch traffic will, in all probability, go south, by the Caledonian route, while at present, probably, nearly half of such as there is takes the eastern route, it does not appear probable that there will be anything in the mere circumstances of the open ing of the Newcastle and Berwick, and Berwick and Edinburgh lines, or in the shortening of the journey to York an hour, or an hour and a half, to cause any very excessive increase of this through traffic. An inspection of the map will also be sufficient to show that the London and York scheme, for a consider able part of its length, can hardly expect to command an average mileage from local traffic. For the first 76 miles, from London to Peterborough, it traverses only a few small towns, such as Barnet, Hatfield, Hitchin, Biggleswade, St. Neot's, and Huntingdon, the united population of which does not exceed 22,000 or 23,000. Between Peterborough and Bawtry the " loop" and main line form, in fact, two railways, of 70 and 86 miles in length respectively, dividing the traffic of the follow ing places:— Population. Peterborough . Stamford Grantham 2,786 Newark... 10,218 Tuxford 1,079 East Retford 2,680 Bawtry 1,083 Spalding Boston Lincoln G ainsborough Again, in the portion of the scheme north of Bawtry, the Sheffield branch and the branch from Doncaster to Wakefield, are directly competing lines with one another for a considerable portion of the traffic of Lincolnshire with Manchester and the manufacturing districts. The latter branch also would be competed with to a certain extent by the Doncaster and Swinton, or any line from Doncaster to the North Midland Railway and Silkstone Coal-field, and also by the Wakefield, Pontefract, and Goole line. Moreover, the main line from Doncaster to York runs so close to the existing North Midland and York and North Midland lines, that its local traffic would be much restricted. Under these circumstances, it appears highly impro bable that the average mileage receipt over the whole 327 miles of the London and York scheme could equal that of such lines as the existing Midlands or Eastern Counties. Another check on the probable amount of receipts is afforded by the traffic estimates of other competing par ties in the same district, which are certainly not likely to be under-rated, the object being equally to obtain subscribers to the undertaking, by showing an ample return in capital. The traffic estimate of the Cambridge and Lincoln line shows a gross receipt of 166,000/. per annum upon 83 miles of railway, or of 40/. per mile per week. That of the Lincoln,York, and Leeds line, which takes credit for nearly all the principal sources of traffic of the London and York scheme north of Lincoln, as well as of the Wakefield, Pontefract, and Goole line, shows a gross receipt of 238,0001. per annum for 90 miles of railway, or of 501. per mile per week. It is evident that the London and York scheme, if sanctioned, could not command an average mileage re ceipt equal to either of these schemes, which concentrate the same principal sources of traffic over so many fewer miles of railway. These considerations, combined with those already stated in regard to the probable cost of construction, render it evident to us that the London and York scheme, if sanctioned in its integrity, could hardly be expected to afford such a reasonable return as would justify . the outlay of such an immense amount of capital ; while in the event of a return to anything like the standard of cost which prevailed during the construction of the prin cipal existing railways, the concern might become utterly insolvent. Under these circumstances, the question naturally forces itself on our attention—What possible security could a new company afford for the completion of such a gigantic undertaking in its integrity, supposing it to re ceive the sanction of the Legislature ? Or again, what security could they afford for the maintenance of the undertaking, if completed, in a state of efficiency and in dependence ; and what prospect would the public have of obtaining cheap and liberal accommodation, and of participating in the advantages resulting from the pros perity of the company ? These considerations appear to us to derive great force from the peculiar circumstances of the lines pro posed, and of the districts to be accommodated. A new trunk line between London and York will, as we havo already seen, be necessarily exposed to the competition of existing lines ; and the whole experience of railways tend to show that it is only by a system which, from its economical construction and ample resources, shall be able to escape pecuniary embarrassments, that we caa reasonably hope to prevent combination. The benefits likely to result to the districts traversed, will also materially depend on the ability of the railway company to afford the means of communication at very low rates. The districts in question are almost exclusively agri cultural, and a great part of the benefit which is expectd to accrue to them from the introduction of railways will be derived from the transport of coals, lime, corn, cattle, and agricultural produce. From the evidence which has been submitted to us, we are induced to believe that by the adoption of rates of charge upon these articles very much lower than have been usual hitherto upon the principal railways, but still not lower than are con sistent with an adequate return upon the capital required for the construction of an economical line, such extensive benefits may result to the great agricultural interests concerned as to amount to a consideration of national importance. a The total cost attending the transmission of a quarter of wheat from the interior of Lincolnshire by sea, from the port of Boston to London, including freight, insur ance, lighterage, commission, and other charges, is stated to amount to very nearly Bs. The charge by railway, per quarter (allowing five quarters to the ton, at the rate of lid. per ton per mile, at which the esti mate of the Cambridge and Lincoln Railway is taken), would not exceed 25., and the remaining charges are cal culated not to exced 2s. 6d., thus showing a benefit to the corn-grower and to the public of 3s. 6d. per quar ter, occasioned by the saving of the sums now paid for insurance, delay, loss in weight, depreciation of quality, lighterage, &c. A still more important advantage to the farmer is afforded by the opportunity given by railway communi cation of availing himself promptly of the most favour able market. It frequently happens that, owing to the delay and difficulty of transmission the farmer is com pelled to sell his wheat at the nearest provincial market, at a price considerably below the average rate, and to lose the advantage of a temporary rise. Whatever tends to equalize prices and to prevent ex cessive fluctuations, cannot but be considered as a benefit both to the producer and to the consumer. We are satisfied that much may be done in this way by an econo mical and well-arranged system of railway communica tion. _ _ _ For the transmission of fat stock to the London market, and to those of the manufacturing districts, such a system would , afford still greater advantages, the loss of weight, and deterioration of quality under the present system of driving, amounting to a heavy per tentage. The loss of weight in driving to Smithfield market from the rich grazing districts of Lincolnshire, is estimated to average more than 281bs. per beast, and 71bs. per sheep per head. This amount, under a low scale of railway charges not exceeding the actual cost of driving, would be entirely saved ; and at an average rate of sd. per lb., the sum thus saved annually would exceed 50,0001. Great facilities also would be afforded for the transmis sion of slaughtered meat, by which a still larger saving would be effected. _ In the article of coals, the importance of a cheap rail way communication between the mineral fields and the eastern agricultural counties can hardly be over esti mated ; the supply at present depends entirely on the water communications, and when those are impeded, as is frequently the case in winter by frost, and in summer from want of water, the price of this indispensable ar ticle frequently rises to an excessive height. During the present winter coals could, at one time, not be ob tained in many parts of the district in question, und e r 40s. or 50s. per ton. By railway, at the charge of id. per ton per mile, which has been proved to be remune rative, a constant supply of coals would be afforded, at prices varying from 10s. to 20 5. , according to the prox imity to the coal field. Even in London, it is calculated that Derbyshire coals could be introduced at a price not exceeding 20s. per ton. Such are a few of the more obvious advantages which may be anticipated to result to Lincolnshire, and the important eastern agricultural districts , from the intro duction of railways. It is true that these advantages might be, to a certain extent, secured by any railway however expensive ; but to a very great extent they de pend upon the possibility of introducing a much lower system of rates than has hitherto been adopted ; and this is an experiment which, upon lines of economical construction, may be tried with safety, and the enforce ment of which may be guaranteed by legislative provi sions, while no such security could be given, or if given could be depended upon, by a concern so costly as to afford no adequate remuneration to its promoters. More over, if we look to the future, in the event of the experi ment of low fares proving successful, and of the traffic of the country continuing to increase, still larger advan tages than are now in contemplation would be obtained from a prosperous concern under the operation of a revi sion of rates after a cer t a i n li m i t o f pro fit i s a tt a i ne d, while such advantages would b e pos t pone d i n d e fi n it e ly where the original amount of capital i nve st e d had been excessive. Also, with a view solely to the local accom modation of the district, more might be obtained if the capital saved in the construction of the principal li nes of communication were judiciously invested in branches and transverse lines. All these considerations tend to convince us that when all the principal advantages of an equally good trunk THE SUN, LONDON, MONDA Y EVENING, MARCH 24, IMS. line, and of local accommodation, united with the cer tainty of low charges, can be obtained by an economical combination like that of the Cambridge and Lincoln scheme, it would be bad policy to risk those great ad vantages by preferring a scheme like that of the London and York, so much more expensive that it must remain problematical whether, if sanctioned, it would be com pleted, or if completed, could be efficiently worked at low rates of charge. The same observations would apply equally to any new trunk line out of London, between the lines already sanctioned from London to Cambridge and London to Birmingham. The line to Cambridge was originally 'auctioned by the Legislature as the first link of a trunk line to Lincoln and York, and the same route has been subsequently recommended by the C•romissioners who have reported on the subject. We should not consider that this circumstance in itself gave any vested interest to the existing Cambridge line in the northern commu nication, provided a line better for public purposes had been proposed in a different direction. But, independently of considerations of expense,it is by no means clear to us that the proposed line of the London and York, by Hunting don, Hitchin, Biggleswade, and Barnet to King's Cross, deserves a preference over that by Cambridge. As a through line, we have already stated our opinion that the superior gradients and metropolitan terminus of the Cambridge route fully compensate for the disadvantage in actual distance. The town of Cambridge, beth from its population, its market, and as the seat of the Univer sity, is by so much the most important town between London and York on the eastern side of the kingdom that it is highly desirable to place it upon the main line of communication. A large proportion of its traffic, especially of that connected with the University, is also towards the north, and the addition of this traffic could not fail to give considerable support to the main line, and to facilitate the running of frequent passenger trains. The extension of the Cambridge route also affords ac commodation between Cambridge and Peterborough to , St. Ives, Ramsey, Whittlesea, and a larger amount of; population than the London and York route, which only supplies Huntingdon. The advantages which, from the statements submitted to us, appear likely to result from the metropolitan ter minus which it is proposed to afford by the Cambridge route, constitute another important feature in its fa vour. By the proposed Tottenham and Farringdon street Extension, a terminus will be afforded in the im mediate vicinity of the Post-office and of Smithfield, and the principal markets, and at least a mile nearer to the Bank and the West-end than that proposed by the Lon don and York Railway at King's-cross. This line will also afford a station at the most convenient point for the warehousing and distribution of grain, produce, and other articles brought up by the railway, and for the collection and transmission of heavy goods of every de scription—viz., at the City Basin, on the Regent's Canal. Its proximity to Smithfield and Islington markets may also afford a means of obviating many of the in conveniences which have been proved to exist from the confined state of the former market, and from the driv ing of beasts through the crowded thoroughfares in its vicinity, and of carrying out the views of the Select Committee who reported open the subject in 1828. In addition to the advantage of the Farringdon-street terminus, the connexion with the Eastern Counties line will afford an alternative terminus, and a means of access to the river, for the carriage of corn, coals, timber, and heavy articles. It must be borne in mind, also, that the advantages of these improved termini, although they can only be ob tained by the adoption of the Cambridge route to the north, which alone could justify the requisite outlay, will be participated in by a great portion of the traffic of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, which would otherwise be confined to the remote and inconvenient terminus of Shoreditch. Against all these considerations in favour of the adop tion of the Cambridge route, the London and York route has nothing to oppose but the accommodation of an ad ditional district between London and Peterborough. The most important town in this district, Bedford, is already proposed to be supplied by a branch to the Lon don and Birmingham Railway, which will afford it the double advantage of a communication towards London, and towards the manufacturing districts. The popula• tion of the other towns in the district is very small, viz.:— Barnet 2,465 • Hatfield Hitchin Biggleswade St. Neot's Huntingdon . 3,507 and, even if the direct line could have been carried through them at a moderate expense, it would be very questionable whether this was a sufficient consideration to outweigh the advantages of the Farringdon-street station, and of placing Cambridge on the main line. When we find, however, that the object of a difeet line can only be attained by the construction of a line for the first 112 miles out of London, almost equal in extent of works to the London and Birmingham, while all the principal objects of local accommodation may be attained sufficiently well by comparatively cheap branches, without endangering the success, or rather without almost certainly insuring the failure, of the great object of a comprehensive scheme for a new trunk line to the north, and for connecting the principal agri cultural districts of England with the metropolis, with the coal fields, and with the manufacturing districts, it is impossible for us to arrive at any other conclusion than that the route by Cambridge should be selected as the first link in an extension to Lincoln and York. (To be continued.) THE WEST INDIA MAIL. SOUTHAMPTON, SUNDAY.—The Royal Mail Com pany's steam-ship Severn, Captain Vincent, arrived last night, at nine o'clock, bring ing the usual mails in charge of Lieutenant Oldmixon, Admiralty agent. Her dates of departure are :—From Carthagena, Feb. 6 ; Deme rara, 19 ; Trinidad, 20 ; Jamaica, 23 ; Barbadoes, 24 ; Jacmel, 25 ; Grenada, 26 ; Porto Rica, 27 ; St. Thomas's, March 1 ; Fayal, 15. The Severn brings as freight a quantity of gold dust valued at 140,339 dollars, a box of pearls, value 3,800 dollars, 641bs. of plating, and a small quantity of coffee, being the first ever imported in any of the Royal Mail Company's steam-ships. Her Majesty's sloop of war Scylla was at Jamaica, on the 19th of February, but left on the same day for Chagres, with Mr. Pritchard, her Majesty's Consul for the Pacific. The Eurydice arrived at Port Royal on the 12th of the same month, from Antigua, and sailed on the 17th, for Vera Cruz. The Spartan also sailed on the 17th from Port Royal, for Havannah. The Pickle schooner arrived at Port Royal on the 15th, from Nassau. Her Majesty's ship Electra, Commander Darley, left Port Royal on the Bth February, for a cruise ; and her Majesty's steam-ship Hermes, Lieut. Carr, left on the same day for Bermuda. Jamaica papers are remarkably barren of intelligence. It appears that the small-pox has been raging with great virulence at Aux Cayes, Gonaives, and several other places in the island of St. Domingo, and great fears were entertained that the pestilence would be introduced into Jamaica. The Governor, Lord Elgin, laid the foundation stone of the new General Penitentiary, at the east end of Kingston, on the 18th February, and made an admirable speech on the occasion. The building is to be of great extent, and the boundary wall will encompass rather more than an area of nine acres. Their Excellencies Sir C. Fitzroy and Sir Henry M'Leod, and their ladies, had been on a visit to Lord Elgin, who has given a series of entertainments, consist ing of a ball, &c., on a most liberal and splendid scale. A public entertainment was also about to be got up in the city, in honour of the distinguished visitors. From Grenada we learn that the island was in a very healthy state. There had not been any rain for some weeks. _ _ _ At Tobago much sickness prevailed, and a great num ber of deaths had taken place ; amongst them was the Governor, General Darling. There was scarcely a family in the town some of whose members were not afflicted. 'I he principal disease is scarletina. It also prevailed in some parts of British Guiana. It appears that the account of the late fire in the island of Barbadoes has been somewhat exaggerated. A calcu lation has been made, and it appears that the outside amount of damage sustained is about 100,000/. The principal sufferers are the merchants. The extent of the fire, too, is not so large as represented, not more than a fourth part of the town having been destroyed. Two men have since died of the injuries received at the fire. At Demerara 220 emigrants had arrived from Sierra Leone, in the barque Arabia. They were all in high spirits, and seemed pleased with the change. It is ge nerally thought that the system of emigration will be found to answer exceedingly well in every respect. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDSOR, SUNDAY.—Yesterday Prince Albert, at tended by Major-General Sir Edward Bowater, rode on horseback in the forenoon. The Queen and Prince Albert rode out in a pony phaeton yesterday afternoon, his Royal Highness driv ing. Major-General Sir Edward Bowater attended on horseback. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Alice, were taken an airing in a carriage and four yesterday, accompanied by the Dowager Lady Lyttelton. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, attended by the Countess Wratislew and Sir George Couper, joined the Royal Circle at dinner yesterday. Major- General Wemyss had also the honour of dining with her Majesty last evening. This forenoon the Queen and Prince Albert took their early morning walk in the Home Park, and the grounds adjacent. The unfavourable state of the weather prevented the Royal Family from being taken out this morning. Her Majesty and Prince Albert, the Duchess of Kent, the ladies and gentlemen attached to the Court, and the Domestic Household, attended Divine service to-day in the private chapel of the Castle. After the service, the Holy Communion was administered by the Hun. and Rev. Charles Leslie Courtenay. THE GRAND DUCHESS STEPHANIE OF BADEN.—Her Royal Highness attended Divine service yesterday morning in the chapel of the Austrian embassy. In the afternoon the Grand Duchess paid a visit to her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, at Gloucester House. On Saturday a dinner party was given at the Duke of Hamilton's residence in Portman-square. The company to meet her Royal Highness consisted of M. Dedel, the Netherlands Minister ; the Russian Minister aid the Baroness Brunnow, Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minis ter ; the Duke of Devonshire, the Marquis of Douglas, the Countess of Malmesbury, Viscount Cantalupe, Lord and Lady Dalmeny, and Lord Dudley Stuart. Madame D'Eithal had the honour of attending in the evening, and of performing on the harp before the illus trious circle. Mr. Edmund Nugent, agent for Antigua, had an in terview with Lord Stanley on Saturday, at the Colonial office. His Excellency M. Dedel, the Netherlands Minister, had an interview with Lord Aberdeen last Saturday, at the Foreign-office. Sir R. Peel left town on Saturday for his seat, Drayton Manor, Staffordshire. Dispatches from the Governor of Jamaica, and also from the Governors of the West Indian Colonies, were received yesterday at the Colonial -office. The Right Rev. Dr. Hughes had an interview on Saturday with Lord Stanley. Dispatches from the Governor of Hong-Kong were received on Saturday at the Colonial-office. Dispatches were sent off on Saturday from the Colonial office for the Governors of the Mauritius and South Australia. Lords Sheffield, Ashburnham, Ernest Bruce, Belhaven, Cantalupe, Fitzroy, Wharncliffe, Somerton, and Parker ; Ladies W harncliffe, Stuart de Rothsay, and Belhaven, attended Divine service yesterday, in the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The prayers were read by the Sub-Dean, the lessons by the Rev. Dr. Wesley and the Rev. Mr. Packman, and the Communion service by the Bishop of London. The sermon was preached by Archdeacon Wilberforce. The anthem, "If we believe that Jesus died" (Boyce) was sung by Messrs. Wylde and Brad bury. Mr. Turle presided at the organ. After the ser viee, the Bishop of London administered the Sacrament ; between fifty and sixty of the nobility and gentry com municated. SPANISH PASSIVE BONDHOLDERS!! ~CAUTION. Do not be tempted by the trifling rise in this Stock to sell. Your Stock is now scarce, and remember M. Mon, the Spanish Minister of Finance, has pledged himself to propose to the Cortes a settlement of the whole Foreign Debt of Spain. Is the Active Stock, then, only to be converted, and our interests be neglected ? Believe it not. Your 100/. Bond is now worth but 71. If you will but be firm, another month will make them worth 171. WHISPER. In the press, in 3 vols., post Svo. SYBIL. By B. D'ISRAELI, M.P. AUTHOR OF " CONINGSBY." " The commonalty murmured, and said, there never were so many gentlemen, and so little gentleness."—Bishop Latimer. Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great INlarlborvig,h-street. Orders received by all booksellers. HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. The Nobility, Subscribers, and the Public are respectfully informed that this THEATRE WILL RE-OPEN TO-MORROW EVENING When will be repeated (fourth time in this country), Verdi's new Opera, ERNANI. In Four Parts-Ist., The Bandit ; 2d., The Guest ; 3d., The Pardon; 4th., The Mask. With new scenery by Mr. Marshall. . _ Elvira, Madame Rita Boric); Giovanna, Mdlle. Bellin ; Ruy Gomez, Signor Fornasari ; Don Carlos, Signor Botelli ; Ernani, Signor Morianl. It is respectfully announced that in consequence of other novelties the highly successful Opera of ERNANI cannot be repeated until later in the Season. To conclude with an entirely new Ballet, by M. Perrot, entitled EOLINE ; ou, LA DRYADE. The Music by Signor Pugni. The Scenery by Mr. Marshall. principal Characters—Eoline (betrothed to Count Edgard), Diddle. Lucile Grain ; Rubezahl (le Gnome), M. Perrot ; Count Edgard, M. Toussaint ; Prince of Silesia (brother of Eoline), M. Gosseihi. In the course of the Ballet the following Dances will be introduced : _ . Waltze Selesienne, by the Coryphees of the Corps de Ballet. Pas de la Fiancee—Mdlle. Lucile Grahn and M. Toussaint, Pas de Cinq (composed by M. Gosselin)—Mdlles. Louise Weiss, Far. dinand, Demelisse, Cassan, and Moncelet. Mazourka D'Extase—Mdile. Lucile Gr ihn and M. Perrot, Fourth Tableau. . _ _ Grand Pas des Dryades by Mdlle. L. Gratin and the Ladies of the Corps de Ballet. Madame Anaide Castellan, of the Imperial Theatre St. Petersburgh, is daily expected in town, and will make her first appearance forth with in Donizeti Ps Opera of LUCIA DI LA3IMERMOOR. Applications for Boxes, Stalls, and Tickets to be made at the Bex office, Opera Colonnade. HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. It is respectfully announced that A GRAND MUSICAL FETE, Comprising the unpublished manuscripts of the celebrated FELICIEN DAVID, Will be executed, for the first time in this country, ON THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 27, With the original Melodies and Choruses. Grand Descriptive Symphonic Ode of THE DESERT, produced for the first time with the most enthusiastic success at the Conservatoire Royal, Paris. LE DESERT. Ode, Symphonie, Orientale—divided in three parts with grand orchestra. The orchestra and chorus will include upwards of 200 per formers. The whole under the Direction of Signor Costa. Solos by Sigs. 3loriani and Corelli. PROGRAMME. Part I.—Entrance to the Desert. Glorification ofTlfaii; grand chorus and orchestra—Arrival of the Caravan—Departure of the Caravan—Tempest in the Desert— Return of the Calm—The Caravan resumes its march. Part ll.—Night. The Evening Star—Halt of the Caravan—Hymn to the Night : air sung by Signor Moriani—Arabian Fantasia—The Dance of the Almes—The Liberty of the Desert : grand chorus with orchestra— Evening reverie : melody sung by Signor Moriani, with chorus and orchestral accompaniments—Sleep ! Part lll.—Sun-rise. Call of the Muezzin; original Arabian melody, with the Arabic words—The Caravan starts once more on its journey —The Cara van gradually disappears in the distance; grand chorus and orches tra—Silence in the Desert—The Song of Thanksgiving—Allah. Grand chorus final. Introductory Part-Ist. Fragment of Grand Symphony in E fiat-2d. Melodies imitative a Grand Orchestre : Les Hirondelles, sung by Signor Moriani-3d. Melodic Orientale : Le Chibouque 4th. Soiree du Printemps Fragment tire des quartre Saissons de Felicien David, executed by all the string instruments. Applications for Boxes, Stalls, and Pit Tickets to be made at the Opera-office, Colonnade, Haymarket. Doors open at Eight o'clock ; to commence at Half-past Eight. TIIEATRE ROYAL, DRURY LANE. FIRST NIGHT OF A NEW COMIC BALLET, For the Debut of ➢idlle. POLIN and Mons. GASPERINI (Principal Dancers from the Grand Opera at Berlin), And of the Demlles. LOUISE and ADELE, with the full Corps de Ballet of this popular Theatre. THIg EVENING Robert, ju r p 3. r w. . W . I n a g r -; Isabella, Miss Rainforth ; Alice, Miss Romer. B 1 r 7 tt on ' 1 DEVIL. ris 7 n ll ; l be r. p e e rtr rfo a rm m, ed iu ß r O . Atter which will be produced, a New Comic Ballet, entitled ROBER P AND BERTRAND. Dances in the course of the Ballet : Pas de Deux, by :Mlles. Adele and Louise. Pas de Deux, by Mdlle. O'Bryan and Mr. A. Webster. Grand Pas de Caractere, by Mdlle. Polio and M. Gasperini. A New Polka, by Mdlle. Polin and M. Gasperini. Bolero, by Mesdames Louise and Adele. La Esmeralda, by Mdlle. Polio, and A MAZURKA, by the Principal Ballet Performers. The Eminent Tenor, M. DUPREZ is engaged here for Twelve Nights only, and will shortly make his appearance in his cele brated character of ARNOLD, in GUILLAUME TELL ; and is also preparing himself for his unrivalled personation of EDGAR, in Donizetti's popular Opera, THE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR, for the Performance of which, an Engagement has also been ex pressly entered into with 3ldlle. EUGENIE GARCI The Box-office will be opened this day, as usual, under the superintendence of Mr. John Parsons, IS EVENING Will berepeated LESSEE, a New H TIIEATRE RMOYRALB,. IIwAEYBMsATERRKE. and Original Comedy, entitled THE SHERIFF OF THE COUNTY. Princip a l Ch aracters b y M essrs. W. Farren, Strickland, Buck stone, Webster, Mrs. Glover, Mrs. W. T Clifford, Mrs. Humby, Miss Julia Bennett, &c. After which, a New Grand Classical Extravaganza, entitled THE GOLDEN FLEECE. Principal Characters by Messrs. C. Mathews, J. Bland, Madame Vestris, and Miss P. Morton. To conclude with YOUNG ENGLAND. Major Martinet, Mr. Strickland ; Mr. John James Pooley, Mr. Buckstone ; Mrs. Pocky, Mrs. Hamby ; Mrs. Smiler, Mrs. Stanley THEATRE ROYAL, ADELPIII. UNDER THE DIRECTION OF MADAME CELESTE. T HIS EVENING or, A Hundred Years Ago. Connor O'Kennedy, Will be repeated a New and Original Drama, entitled THE Mr. Ilildson : Wild Murtogh, Mr. 0. Smith ; Mr. Wright.V ; Jack Gong, Mr. Paul Bedford ; Nelly Mrs. Fitzwilliam ; Geraldine,Gl Rr Muster E Selby EN G B r; i L n3 S in sd l .Eg George,eS, Yates Madame Celeste. Af ter w hich, will be produced a New Grand Epereal Exposition, called ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. Principal Characters by Messrs, Paul Bedford, -Wright, John Saunders, Selby ; Miss Woolgar, Miss Brooks, and Miss E. Chaplin. To conclude with MOTHER AND CHILD ARE DOING WELL Mr. Snugsby, Mr. Lambert ; Lieutenant O'Scupper, R.N., Mr. Paul Bedford ; Mr. Felix Fluffy, Mr. Wright ; Emily, Miss Fortesene. PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD-STREET. LESSEE, MR. J. M. MADDOX. THIS EVENING, Will be performed the Play of nal STRANGER. The Stranger, his INFANT BROTHER,MAURICE. Archer; Count Wintersten, Mr. and Wonderful Entertainment, DE w , I SALON, A: Courtney;l . After aeprp appear aFhrui Graham; Alithn: : :3 their Mr. SANDS h.asoi ßaron,. iFt.eiNr. e3aissi 1 Cushman. l:anisnrgd. FANCY. To conclude with a New Grand Oriental Melo-dramatic Burlesque Extravaganza, in Two Acts, called TJMOUR THE CREAM OF ALL THE TARTARS. Timour, Mr. Oxberry ; Zorilda, Miss E. Stanley. Stage Manager, Mr. H. I. Wallack I Stage Director, Mr. Emden ; Machinist, Mr. Edmund Bradwell. Superbly decorated, and with extensive alterations ! forming ene of the most Elegant and Comfortable Theatres in the Metropolis I THEATRE ROYAL, LYCEUM. UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF MRS. KEELEY. This elegant THEATRE WILL RE-OPEN THIS EVENING, MONDAY, MARCH 24. The Performances will commence with a Comedy called THE RECRUITING OFFICER. Supported by Messrs. Vining, F. Mat thews, Emery, Meadows, Bellingham, Wigan, and Keeley ; Mrs. Keeley, Miss Villars (her first appearance in London), Mrs. Wigan. and Miss Dawson (her first appearance). After which, a New Farce (never acted), entitled LOWTHER ARCADE. Characters by Messrs. Keeley, Meadows, F. Matthews ; Miss Dawson, and Miss Grove. To conclude with a Burlesque of English History, Pourtraying Olden Ideas and Modern Notions—lnvested with all the Pomp and Display of Scene--Painters engaged expressly—Costumes according to Fancy—Mechanism, Ballet, Music, and Novel Stage Arrange ments—to be called, WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT I Dick Whittington, Mrs. Keeley; Muley Moloch, the Lien Tamer of the Dessert, Mr. Keeley ; the Cat, Mr. Collier, supported by Messrs. Emery, F. Matthews, and Wigan ; Miss Fairbrother, and Masa Grove. The Box-office is open daily, under the direction of Mr. Grogan. ROYAL OLYMPIC TIIEATRE. (Under the Direction of Miss Davenport.) THIS EVENING Will be produced THE GAME COCK OF THE WILDERNESS. Colonel Mereville, Mr. H. Mellon; Roderick, Mr. Binge; Samson, Mr. Marble; Mabel, Mrs. Griffith. After which, THE PLAGUE OF PLY3IOUTIL To conclude with TIIE SEVEN CHAMPIONS OF CHRISTENDOM. ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. PROPRIETOR, MR. W. BATTY. The Public is respectfully informed that this Establishment, having undergone var:ous Embellishments, WILL RE-OPEN THIS EVENING. The Performances will eommence with a Grand Military Equestrian Drama, entitled THE MAIL) OF SARAGOSSA. Scenes in the Circle, introducing M. and Mdme. Dumos, the cele brated French Equestrians. To conclude with THE SLEEPING DRAUGHT. DAVIDGE'S ROYAL SURREY THEATRE. GREAT ATTRACTION FOR THE EASTER HOLIDAYS. THIS EVENING Will be produced a New Drama, called MARGARET CATCH. POLE.: Supported by Messrs. H. Hughes, Hicks, Fredericks, R. Howler, S. Cowell, Ileslop, Lewis, Mrs. Daly, Mrs. Lewis, and Mrs, R. Horner._ . _ After which, THE IRISH TUTOR, in which the Infant Power, Miss Heron, will appear. To conclude with THE MOOR MAIDEN, in which Messrs. Hicks, Neville, Fredericks, Lewis, Mrs. Hughes, Miss Martin, and Mrs. H, Vining will perform. Places and Private Boxes to be had of Mr. Kerschner, at the Box office, from Eleven to Four. ROYAL VICTORIA THEATRE. THIS EVENING Will be produced MARGARET CATCHPOLE, The Female Horse stealer. Onega and Pechuana (Red Chieftains), Messrs. Cony and Blanchard ; Margaret Catchpole, Miss Vincent. After which, HERCULES, KING OF CLUBS. To conclude with THE KNIGHTS OF THE CROSS. Mr. John Drummond Hay, son of the late Consul- General at Tangiers, is to succeed his father in that office. Mr. John Drummond Hay has been actively em ployed of late in assisting his father, and more particu larly during the recent hostile transactions between France and the Emperor, and, having previously resided for some time in M orocco , h e h as b ec ome intimately ac quainted with the language and character of its people. The First Lord of the Treasury, who has not since coming into office occupied his official residence in Downing-street, has given instructions to have several of the principal apartments prepai ed for the accommoda tion of the Duke de Broglie and Dr. Lush ing t on during the negotiations connected with their commission. Suit able provision has been made for their respective secretaries. THIRD EDITION OF ~ THE SUN." W., have received many complaints from Subscribers who are frequently disappointed in not receiving the Third Edition. The fault rests en tirely with the News-agent who serves them, and who thereby not only injures the paper, but does injustice to his customer. This injustice is still further aggravated by an extra charge of a halfpenny (the Post office fee) being made for NOT supplying the latest or Third Edition. This Edition contains the Latest News: Parliamentary Debates up to a Quarter to Seven—The " Gazettes" on Tuesday and Friday, together with the " Prices Current" of all the Markets, as well as Olivia Prices of Shares in Railways; &c. &c.—The Betting at Tattersall's on Monday and Thursday—The latest (closing) Prices of the Funds— The Proceedings in Railway Committees up to the close—and all other news arriving in London after three o'clock in the afternoon, when the Sceond or Evening Edition goes to press. In distant parts of the country, the Third Edition contains news TWELVE Mugs IN ADVANCE, a matter of importance to those who want early intelligence. In those places where the evening mail arrives in the middle of the night, the " MORNING SUN," containing ALL the Debates, &c. &c., will answer best, and Subscribers can suit themselves accordingly. Respectable Agents will always supply the proper paper; but where any wilful neglect is experienced, we recommend parties to write to " The Sun" office, 112, Strand, where prompt attention will be paid to their representations. THE WEATHER.-SUN OFFICE, MARCH 24. THERMOMETER, Lowest, 40 ; Highest, 49; Noon, 47. BAROMETER, 30.1.—WIND, W.N.W. No Tic.—The figures which follow the words "Lowest" and " Highest" denote the lowest and highest state of the Thermometer during the preceding twenty-four hours. All the other observations are made at noon. HIGH WATER AT LONDON-BRIDGE THIS DAY. Morning • • 10 minutes after 2 Evening .. 29 minutes after 2 • s _9. • 4)3 t. '• 7 1t;1 1-: oft **o:- 7. •„,k,e‘ ~„dopi, i lliu MIME SECOND EDITION: itening .)It'lt LONDON, MONDAY, MARCH 24, 1845. The Established Church of this country appears to have fallen, in our times, upon evil fortunes. We are sorry for the fact ; but we still more sincerely deplore the aggravation of her mischances, which she must experience in the knowledge that they are almost exclusively visited upon her by the misconduct of her own ministers. It is our profound respect for her doctrine, our grateful recollection of the signal occasions on which she has nobly identified her own independent existence and action with those of civil liberty, that have caused us to view the progress of Puseyite innovation, bigotry, and contumaciousness with so much apprehension and disgust. Civil and religious liberty is too noble a " birthright," God knows ! to be sacrificed for " a mess" of ceremonial mummery. Yet there are scandals more disgraceful to the character of the Church, so far as this is to be collected from the deportment of her ministers, than the wildest follies, the most solemn impertinences of that ecclesiastical coxcombry, which is now vexing her peace and compromising her welfare. Of these scandals none are so flagrant, or so offensive to all the common sympathies of our nature, as the ebullitions of intolerant bigotry which certain country parsons appear to be given to, from a self-consciousness, one might almost infer, of inability to attain dis tinction in their calling by any more le gitimate means, such as the orthodoxy of their doctrine, the purity of their lives, the extent of their learning, or the superior Christian charity and humility of their bearing. We read in the Wiltshire Independent a case of " Clerical Bigotry Extraordi nary," stated to have recently occurred at War minster, which would have seemed scarcely credible to us had it been told even of some remote village in the heart of Spain,—the head-quarters of priestly domination and of lay ignorance. An aged and re spectable female, whose parents were Members of the Established Church, and she had been herself bap tized a member of it, married, many years ago, a member of the Unitarian Church of the same place, and with him had since attended its service. After being afflicted with many years of ill health, she was seized with a sudden affection on the 6th of this month, which next day terminated her existence. She had brought up a family of fifteen children. Four of these lie buried in the parish church-yard of Warminster, one of them having been interred there only last year (the victim, we infer, of some distress ing casualty.) Of the survivors, many are respect ably settled in life. Her widowed husband, mourn ing for his aged partner, to whom he had been united for fifty-seven years, applied to the parish sexton to re-open the grave which had so lately closed upon their daughter, with whose remains it was her wish that her own should be deposited. The Vicar, Mr. FANS, interposed his written veto, in a notice addressed to the widowed husband, in its tone so unmanly, so unchristian, so inhuman, and withal so insolent, that we should com promise our duty as public journalists were we to abstain from holding up this precious document to the public indignation it so richly merits. The old man, bowed down with years and humbled by his recent affliction, was overwhelmed at finding himself;at such a time, and under such circumstances, the object of animosity and accusations which he knew to be so unfounded. But his present anxiety being to fulfil the last wishes of his wife, by laying her bones near those of their daughter, he obtained and exhibited a certificated copy of the entry of her baptism from the parish-church register, concluding that—as we we are fully prepared to contend it legally was—this document would be sufficient to obviate the difficulty which had been raised to the burial of the deceased according to her instructions. But all further nego tiations were fruitless; and he was at last compelled to commit the body to unconsecrated ground, apart from the mortal relics of the children and family with whom, in life, she had been so fondly con nected. The matter has been since brought under the notice of the Bishop, who has promised to insti gate inquiries into the facts. We now come to the letter itself of this Reverend Vicar. It is a production, in point of style, feeling, and expression, every way worthy of the persecuting spirit and paltry bigotry which dictated it, and though as a composition it be absolutely beneath criticism, it is not the less expedient to analyze it, paragraph by paragraph. The time has arrived at which, if the Established Church is to retain its former influence over the attachment and respect of its flock, the high-flying pretensions of these " chur lish priests," must be distinctly and permanently put down. If the superior, clergy, the diocesan or the spiritual courts will not or cannot interfere with effect for such a purpose, the Legislature must do so by express declaratory enactments, for nothing short of these will satisfy the growing impatience of the public for the repression of these offensive outbreaks of petu lant intolerance and spiritual tyranny. Let it not be objected to us that we are prejudging the merits of the case before us, pending the result of investigations which the Bishop of the diocese has promised to institute. No investiga tion can alter the admissions of this amiable Vicar', own letter to the ancient widower. We assume that the Wiltshire Independent has not been imposed upon by a forgery, and we, therefore, without hesitation, denounce the language we are about to quote as equally presumptuous and cruel. What says this minister of peace—this servant of Him, whose Divine mission it was to proclaim " on earth, peace and good will towards men "—to the aged and sorrow-stricken parishioner, desiring to have the remains of his wife committed to the same grave which had formerly received those of her daughter ? He commences his letter in a strain of unornamental address, such as— out of the Church—we apply rather to dogs than to men. From the " HAINEs" which " leads" the papers all margin of pity, recognition, or concern, in respect of a suffering fellow-creature, is carefully cut off. His pointer Ponto, instead of his parishioner, might be the animal addressed by this meek Vicar; but a touch of the odium theologicum, in its full intensity, soon shows itself :—" HAINES-I understand your wife has died as awfully suddenly' as others of your family." The purport of this inuendo developes itself in the next sentence—" She has died in an awful and damnable heresy" Humane, gentle, considerate, soothing, Christianlike pastor ! Just the topic this, and ust the time to discuss it, for a wounded spirit. If the reverend writer conscientiously believed that his Unitarianism was a " damnable, awful heresy"—and just the happy selection of the moment for this pal pably hinting that the " awfully-suddenly" departings of the deceased and of her children before her were the judgments of an offended Godhead on the form religious faith which they had adopted, or on them for that adopticn—" which renders it impossible for her to be buried in the church-•yard ? I refu.se her burial there." The italics are this humble-minded parson's ; and so is the law announced in this passage ; his law is as worthless as his divinity, and his logic still worse than his law. For what has the abstract criminality of a profession of " damnable heresy" to do with the physical " impossibility" of burying in the churchyard the dust of her who professed it? It might make it impossible for his exalted consent to given, and that was probably what this man of double adverbs and a triple armour of folly, bigotry, and in humanity meant to say. "If you choose to have her buried, without any service, you may do so." Gentle spirit Permission freely given for what he had it not in his power to refuse. This, however, is but a little gratuitous impertinence. Let us now mark how far a bigot's gratuitous insolence may carry him. To this old man, for seven and fifty years the husband of the respectable woman deceased ' (themselves and their children having been reared and nurtured as parishioners of Warminster), he adds, " Or lest I should appear to deal harshly with you" (never suspecting, holy man, that his harshness was an obdurate, strong, heart-tearing fact), " I will pay the charge for her burial, in the unconsecrated ground at Townsend ; but in the church-yard, with the burial service, she shall not be buried." He pay the charge of the poor woman's burial ! Had the widow's husband submitted to such contume lious charity, he would have been guilty of a " heresy" to domestic affections, to the cause of those civil rights, to the vindication of which every man is bound by the condition of their enjoyment, more " damnable" than we shall trust ourselves to describe. Least of all could we trust ourselves to the calmness necessary for such a purpose, after the miserable hy pocrisy of the sentiment which follows :—" I trust Almighty GOD may open your eyes to repentance"— (of what crime ? The not having attended this Air. FANE'S Church, to be edified by his personal ex ample of meekness, charity, and love ?). He proceeds, " if such a thing may be, but I fear you hare sold your Saviour for thirty pieces of silver." This metaphor is utterly inexplicable to our dull apprecia tion. If it have anything to do with some fancied analogy in the treason of JUDAS ISCARIOT to the con duct of Mr. HAINES, Mr. FARE may be in posses sion of the application ; an exclusive secret, we should say, likely to remain as long undiscovered as that of the composition of the Whitby Doctor's nos trums, but by no means calculated to prove as profit able to the discoverer. The humane and lowly parson, who had so abruptly hailed his widowed parishioner as plain " HAINES," concludes as drily and abruptly by writing himself " ARTHUR FANS," without one ",,vale" of any sort, or one addendum of any kind to his own designation ; but for the Wiltshire Independent we should never have discovered that the letter had been written by a clergyman. But we have a little " vale" for the Reverend Mr. PANE. He may take our word for it or not, as he pleases, (we grant him ai unlimited a leave in this matter as he gave about burial in unconsecrated ground, and for just the same reason—namely, that we cannot help it); that he will find, in the event of any legal proceedings against him, it is every difficult matter to sustain, on the grounds upon which he rests his denial of HAINES'S application—the refusal to bury in his churchyard a once baptized member of the Church of England. The law of these cases was most laboriously argued in two or three great cases before the late Sir JOHN NicuoLL, and has been still more recently affirmed by Sir HER BERT JENNER FUST. We state this, be it observed, in the absence of all allegation that the deceased was ever a relapsed or abjuring member of the Church of England. Her baptism seems clearly proved. The Rev. Mr. FANE may yet have to learn that he has done " awfully foolishly," as well as cruelly, in ne glecting the injunction of a layman and a poet, whose divinity really seems to us of a higher strain than his own—in his prayer—(we quote it from memory) : •' Let not my weak and erring hand Presume thy bolts to throw, Or deal damnation round the land On each I deem my foe." We have been favoured with a copy of one of the ablest pamphlets which has yet appeared on the ex tensive subject of "Commercial and Financial Legis lation." It has been printed, we believe, for private circulation only ; but its merits—the importance of the statistical contents which it embodies and the cleverness of their arrangement—will not long, we apprehend, withhold it from an extensive diffusion to the public. It does not often happen to us to fall upon authors in any department of economic know ledge who sufficiently attend to the cogentnecessity for a clear statement of the elementary principles which it is necessary for those, in the first place, to become thoroughly conversant with whom it is proposed to initiate into the infinite field of deductions and con clusions which lies beyond them. Those deductions and conclusions are indispensable stepping-stones to all progress in these branohes of political knowledge. They are carefully ascertained and repeatedly-tested facts or quantities, which we must assume in eco nomics, as we reason upon axioms in philosophy. It is, therefore, of the highest moment that as the mass of facts, quantities, and results, to be digested and classified, accumulates, the rules or course to be established for the order in which they should be dis cussed and arranged, be of the soundest possible cha racter. For, otherwise, either it will be impossible to embrace the extensive scope of the matters to be cal culated and recorded ; or operations, which have been pushed through many series, will require to be renewed and recast on account of not having been properly commenced, or of having been irregularly and intermittingly pursued. Entertaining these views, we have been struck by the philosophy of an opening passage in the introduction in the very clever paper before us. We cannot do better than commend it thus at length to the favourable attention of our readers : "In estimating the elements of just commercial and financial legislation, we should not only be well ac quainted with the physical power and resources of our own, but also with those of other nations, as regards their geographical position, configuration, natural produc tions, and population. An able legislator should also understand the political and moral power of nations, so far as their respective Governments may, in a coin parative view, be considered as advancing or retarding national prosperity, or as limiting or extending public liberty and individual happiness. Then, and not be fore, in the present age of the world, can he com prehend in legislative usefulness the wise adaptation of those elements of national power which comprehend the income and expenditure, the occupations of the people, and the productions of labour. " This division of legislation embraces the following sub-divisions : "I. Finance, or Revenue and Expenditure. " 11. Occupations of the People, whether in agricul ture, manufactures, or in any other way connected with the productive operations. " 111. Commodities, whether they be of the growth of the soil, of the productions of mines, of fisheries, and of manufactures, or as regards the arts, of wild and do mestic animals, for their skins, ivory, horns, bones, flesh, oil, tallow, and fur,--and " IV. Commerce, or the interchange of raw and ma nufactured commodities. " The three last can only be made equitably subser vient to the first, so far as the obligations of the State justifies taxation; no one of the three, viz., the occupa tions of the people, commodities, and commerce, should be taxed at the expense of the other." The paper then divides itself,.after a sort of natural order, into various sections, which are thus headed : —lnterchange of Commodities; Taxes upon Con sumption ; Financial Revision ; Stamp Duties ; Post office ; Excise Duties ; Revision of the Customs Duties. These are illustrated by tables of the arti cles, and quantities thereof charged with duties of Excise for 1832, and of the net annual Customs for the two years before and following the Tariff of 1842. These are succeeded by an article entitled a pro forma Scheme of Finance. Under the section entitled "Interchange of Com modities," a clever, though rapid, sketch is given of the origin of municipal inland and transit duties levied at frontier stations of independent kingdoms and territories, and of Customs taken on foreign goods at the outports. We may conclude our present notice with the following extracts applicable to the principles of free-trade, the history of their develop ment, and of tariffs in modern Europe; and espe cially to the operation of wars upon countries, re spectively maintaining them under different circum stances, associations, or exigencies : "The sound principle of unrestricted international trade, although laid down long since by Adam Smith, in oppo sition to the more specious theory of Colbert, has in British legislation only been practically attempted by the Government, during the first four years of ]?,lr. Administration, and during the time Mr. Iluslusson was in power, and, afterwards, to a limited extent, by . 1 4`tjj Sydenham. The most extensi ve an d lib e r a l reforin; the British Customs duties, since M r . Pitt's Wig 1787, is the tariff of 1842. "In France, neither the Government nor the Legi 2l4i ,. lll e : have admitted even the principle of free-trade. 13e ' 0 ,' the limited commerce of that country with other nat'fbf which, in regard to imports, i s restricted, except smuggling, nearly altogether to ra w ma t er i a ls of the' slii ,, necessity to her manufactures, as c o tton, wool, raw , dyestuff's, &c. There was one remarkable, but brief,! ception to the generally unsound commercial legisl°: o of France. That exception consist e d of the niec le i ;el duties on imports into France from England, as erabe w , on Mr. Pitt's celebrated treaty signed at Versailles u" the 26th of September, 1786.* sly " A war of material interests, or, more props speaking, of material injuries—that is, a war of mote l ; houses or fiscal forts, with their garrisons of revel e d officers and servants, has long been declared and Car r 4 on between mast European nations. This warfare of interests, or injuries, has net ceased with the W 4 ',‘ bloodshed, and if we may ever expect secuiity a recurrence of the calamities attendant on, and cosset, quent to the latter, it will be in destroying the elern e :de of the former—in short, by the extension of free - t r between all nations." " *The Revolution annulled, at the same time, 6 treaty and its liberal principles of commerce and nark tion. It is by far the most remarkable commercial t rel o on record. According to its stipulations, ' the subj e , o and inhabitants of the respective dominions of the ill sovereigns shall have liberty freely and securely W 31 15 8 %. license or passport, general or special, by land or by o r or in any other way, to enter into the kingdoms, " 0 0 nions, provinces, counties, islands, cities, villages, Il i, walled or unwalled, fortified or unfortified, ports or te . , e , tories whatsoever, situated in Europe, of the two sore, reigns, and to return from thence, remain there, or through the same, and therein to buy and purchssehei things necessary for their subsistence or use, and 0 , shall mutually be treated with all kindness and fsv e ir Provided, however, that in all these matters they e s ° o o form themselves to the laws and statutes.' The 6 Tbe freedom was extended to ships and merchandise. yd duties to be paid on French commodities in 812g.„ 0 n were rated as follows :—Wines, no higher duties tv-o those of Portugal. (In Ireland no more than th e le ss minal duties then paid on foreign wines.) Vinegart i oi than half the previous duty. Olive oil, the lowest lig. paid by the most favoured nation. Brandy, seven s'ca lings per gallon. The following duties were to be l ev sn i reciprocally in both kingdoms: viz.—Hardwar es, cutlery of all kinds, and of whatever metals, cable wares, furniture, turnery, &c., not higher than 10 of cent. ad valorem. Cotton and woollen manufactur e o all kinds (except mixed with silk) 12 per cent. G ! of of all sorts 10 per cent. Linens, same duties as a ll rf , from Holland. Saddlery, 15 per cent. lillin 12 per cent. Plate and glasswares, porcelain earthenware, 12 per cent." -New The latest accounts from Switzerland are to the 19 _, 11j inst., and not very satisfactory. The Diet cannot aft; on the course which should be pursued with regally the three questions at issue. The Diet met on A 18th, and continued the debates for nine hau l ' majority declared for the expulsion of the tie s° i j while the minority said their: cantons would 1 4 , any summons to remove the Jesuits from their °toe tories. The proposition of the majority, declariegsoi total expulsion of the Jesuits, was adopted by ip o, two half-states, namely, Berne, Soleure, o va Schaffhausen, Argau, Vaud, Thurgovia, 61 7, ip 1e Glaris, Zurich, Exterior Appenzell, and A O country. The cantons which declared ag ' entertaining the Jesuit question at all are a o , Schweitz, Unterwald, Zug, Lucerne, Friburg , „n rior Appenzell, Valais, and Neufchatel (eighto to a half states). This division, it appears, wil l l e de , no result, as it requires twelve votes to mak t h e bet cision valid. On the 19th the Diet again la et ; t bot nothing decisive was done. It was understood the question relative to the Jesuits would b e c , journed till the Deputies could receive fresh insof tions from the different cantons. At the_ineet i 7o% the Diet on the 18th the President made the follow announcement respecting M. GUIZOT'S note " When the French Ambassador waited upon ewtioe present his dispatch he declared to me at the seil l ,o o that France had no intention to meddle in the aP o ar Switzerland—that she would always respect be r tm abl pendence, and that the step he then took was dictscior friendly motives. I replied, that I accepted his, c. le ijo sli tions with pleasure, and that it was on that conclitle of t y I could consent to receive the copy of the dispaull o f th e French Cabinet. In compliance with the wishes d ,/ Committee of the Diet, I have thought prope r tO et co te to the Swiss Charge d'Affaires, at Faris, a dispatches 0 Wining a vindication of the rights of Switzerltinci,oo independent power, and a reply to the note of ISL,'"roch A copy of it will be given to the Ambassador of s coo' and the document afterwards communicated to the federated States." ISM it . fe l lladrid journals of the 16th have been rec -1 6 e The Chamber of Deputies was engaged in disc ti ing the Bill for restoring the unsold Cluitoe, property. Little opposition is made to the me° rot and as it is regarded as a peace-offering to t he pace' it will pass without modification. The CoraT, i rte d, to whom the new electoral Bill had been rele pill were favourable to the principle, and that als e je o become a law. Generals ARISTIZABAL andisyla' AMETTLER have been permitted to return t O I‘ The Three per Cents. closed on the 15th a t w it) at 60 days ; the Four Cents. at 24 at 60 dar o ' 6 lo l 1 per cent. premium; the Five per Cents. at dO 6 60 days ; the Coupons at 281 at 40 days ; an d ii Debt without Interest at 7 11-16 for cash, an at 60 days. t he -eon The Journal des Debats contains an article l ete eo Bill for preventing gambling in railway fl e e th. t , which embodies just observations, not 014 measure but many others, which from some a ripe • to or whim on the part of a few Members g ive unnecessary legislation. This is one of th e be%ipti• l 4 sins of the House of Commons, for while t he e ,bie laws are sufficiently stringent and even aPP l ,. ic .n e 0 most cases, meddling persons bring in new P i an d is their only object were to obtain notoriety or 0 ,9 crease the severity of the law against th e u te sented portion of the community. According /or th e able French journal the law now provides l ies I° punishment of fraudulent schemes, which W I , railway companies as well as others. "It" t° ' o ppli bent upon the Legislature," it says, 001 itself to reform, and even to prevent, rae ecis It is, therefore, right that the CO he cep: and penal codes should provide aga;nst sequences of jobbing, and restrain the praet ice ' o orw' is what has made the authors of our code s i" 3 so thep They have nullified all time bargains, hee l ' le,' are a cloak in which gambling loves to clotheii et c They have inflicted pains and penalties on t o 10: tricks on the Stock-Exchange as tend to creal;o not titious rise or fall. They have stopped there/ beef eo g i without having well considered the questien'edoef °Ol they have been afraid to confine the fre i e tioa money transactions, of restricting the circubey o v; capital, which is the essence ofcommerce. fiustief moreover believed that the public minister s ° to ps ° A would be vigilant, and take care that all vie's' iota; the law should be punished, and the public panne, have done their best. They have in lik e g ieg ti s given to these laws a general character,n esc,l el ing themselves against legislating 11.1eo f ye ke species of jobbing, because they e"; that by attempting to do this they W e ': n ot v e t the code an endless volume. These, if we u'"deel ceive ourselves, are good precedents whic h shoo opetool be departed from. Have a holy indignatlfut do jobbing, and the world will applaud you ; I L 5 t in k make laws ab irato, for they would be at . I jape ie plicable, which is always an evil. Now, I , ii in y o . to us that the Hon. Proposer of the I.'o Slo t Chamber of Peers, and the Minister of re b l ip° O tD o who rivalled Count DARU in zeal, and the. w ., s of to mittee which has laid both the propositi.oPopiertoo Minister and of the Count upon the slip sn te pea_,, , fit them together into one only, have oir o much to the counsels of their own generous a ge+ h ie tion, and, under the influence of this noble Dl, OO lost sight of the excellent examples g ive se eif t :', illustrious authors of the codes, and the P r of jeg a o introduced by them into our monuments , s , t e tion. They have forgotten that there " tr ivia, O f vigilant Procureurs du Roi attached t° the st o igb t i; t l who knew how to be strict ; they have I° os , da o / p e the Council of State and the Ministers, vv il to o fc p o is to scrutinise, article by article, the sta tu re *fe te io lr panies ; they have, in fine, acted as if t ile d tbs t ; o r other jobbing than in railroad shares, al l p itf bing attacked in that point must c nee° io render at discretion." II"' la of r ed 6 The observations made by Sir Rep -e se' sa te. the House of Commons, relative to tho Greece, have attracted the notice of tile rela v il; journals, and it is curious, in reading t li o d• oni c o ; to see how exactly they imitate certain nals, in throwing the bl ame of any 119 %0. in itift the Greek Government on their oPPa ne- be ~g t h y the French Minister at Athens is said t ° 0 31 9 against English i n t eres t s , th e Condit:o%o, D jf only culpable foreign agent is Sir E. p journal quotes Si r ROBERT PVEL ' S reh . 0 9 1• ° COCHRAN ' cl E and then adds : Oca s " We shall not say that thie - - N 44 11 Five pet Three p L New L( C 45 of Franc 4Z i tank, can Bank.. Fives, 1 1 Pour-al Two-ai "wati Active Three; Passiv, 1/4-.ltaese Fiv The 1 passin g 41 kic.rt]