The Sun. — London, England, 1845-03-24 00:00:00

the earth-works are of such a light nature that they can be executed by the ordinary surplus labour of the district, the estimates, founded upon the experience of the last year or two, may not be greatly exceeded, but upon such works as those which have been described, and in the vicinity of London, it is impossible to doubt that a very large allowance must be made on the score of increase in contractors' prices, and in the wages of labour. Notwithstanding these deductions there is no doubt ghat many permanent causes of superior economy exist as compared with the period when the first great rJil ways were constructed. The cost of land may reason ably be expected to be considerably less, and the ex perience which has been acquired by engineers and con tractors, and by the managers of rains ay undertakings, will enable them to avoid many sources of expenses. The saving that can be effected in the purchase of land, and in incidental and preliminary expenses cannot, how ever, exceed a small proportion of the total cost, as will appear evident from the following annalysis of the ac tual cost of one or two of the principal railways:— Land RAILWAYS. 1,500 2,500 38,280 I 3,0 40,000 i 4,81 4,000 18,450 12,350 may be well to consult the analogy of ther railways somewhat similarly circumstanced, which, in our opi nion, affords, generally speaking, a much safer test upon which to rely, than the usual estimates of traffic. Re ferring to this test, it will be difficult to satisfy ourselves that the estimate of 61/. per mile per week over the whole of the London and York scheme is at all likely to be realised. The Eastern Counties, and Northern and Eastern lines, from London to Colchester and Bishop Stortford, with 86 miles open, commanding the whole traffic of the rich agricultural counties of Essex,, Suffolk, Nor folk, and Cambridgeshire, with the metropolis, averaged during the year 1844 only 371. per mile per week. The average receipts for the same period of the Midland Railway, with 163 miles open, and enjoying a monopoly of the whole through traffic from York and the North, Hull, Leeds, and the West Ridin g , & c ., b o th t o L on d on and to Sheffield, Derby, Nottingham, Leicester, Bir mingham, &e., and of those largo manufacturing towns with one another, was only 411. per mile per week. The existing through traffic from York, Hull, &c., to London, is stated only to amount to 97,0001. a year, which is not 61 per mile per week on the 327 miles of the London and York scheme ; and when we consider /jug that a very large proportion of the Scotch traffic will, in acs t all probability, go south, by the Caledonian route, while tile. at present, probably, nearly half of such as there is takes the eastern route, it does not appear probable that there will be anything in the mere circumstances of the open _ ing of the Newcastle and Berwick, and Berwick and Edinburgh lines, or in the shortening of the journey to York an hour, or an hour and a half, to cause any very excessive increase of this through traffic. An inspection of the map will also be sufficient to show that the London and York scheme, for a consider able part of its length, can hardly expect to command an average mileage from local traffic For the first 76 miles, from London to Peterborough, it traverses only a few small towns, such as Barnet, HatfieH, Hitahin, Biggleswade, St. Neot's, and Huntingdon, the united population of which does not exceed 22,000 or 23,000. Between Peterborough and Bawtry the " loop" and main line form, in fact, two railways, of 70 and 86 miles in length respectively, dividing the traffic of the follow ing pla'es:— Population. Peterborough . Stamford Grantham 8,786 Newark... Tuxrord 1,079 East Retford 2,680 Bass-try Spaldieg Boston Lincoln Gainsborough Again, in the portion of the scheme north of Bawtry, the Sheffield branch and the branch from Doncaster to Wakefield, are directly competing lines with one another for a considerable portion of the traffic of Lincolnshire with Manchester and the manufacturing districts. The latter branch also would be competed with to a certain extent by the Doncaster and Swinton, or any line from Doncaster to the North Midland Railway and Silkstone Coal-field, and also by the Wakefield, Ponte'ract, and Goole line. Moreover, the main line from Doncaster to York runs so close to the existing North Midland and York and North Midland lilies, that its local traffic would be much restricted. Under these circumstances, it appears highly impro bable that the average mileage receipt over the wh o l e 327 miles of the Lo n d on an d York scheme could equal that of such lines as the existing Midlards or Eastern Counties. Another check on the probable amount of receipts is afforded by the traffic estimates of other competing par ties in the same district, which are certainly not likely to be under-rated, the object being equally to obtain subscribers to the undertakieg, by showing an ample return in capital. The traffic estimate of the Cambridge and Lincoln line shows a gross r ceipt of 166,0001. per annum upon 83 miles of railway, or of 401. per mile per week. That of the Lincoln,York, and Leeds line, which takes credit fer nearly all the principal sources of traffic of the London and York scheme north of Lincoln, a, well as of the IVakefield, Pontefract, and Goole line, shows a gross receipt of 238,0!'0/. per arnum fur 90 miles of railway, or of 50/. per mile per week. It is evident that the London and York scheme, if sanctioned, could not command an average mileage re ceipt equal to either of these schemes, which concentrate the same principal sources of traffic over so many fewer miles of railway. These considerations, combined with those already stated in regard to the probable cost of construction. render it et ident to us that the London and York scheme, if sanctioned in its integrity, could hardly be expected to afford such a reasonable return as would justify the outlay of such an immense amount of capital ; while in the event of a return to anything like the standard of cost which prevailed during the construction of' the prin cipal existing railways, the concern might become utterly insolvent. Under these circumstances, the question naturally forces itself on our attentien—What possible security could a new company afford for the completion of such a gigantic undertaking in its integrity, supposing it to re ceive the sanction of the Legislature ? Or agein, what security could they rafted for the maintenance of the undertaking, if completed, in a state of efficiency and ill-- dependence ; and a hat prospect would the public have of obtaining cheap and liberal accommodation, and of participating in the advantages resulting from the pros perity of the company ? Thee considerations appear to us to derive great force frem the peculiar circumstances the lines pro posed, and of the districts to be accommodated. A new trunk line between London and York will, as we have already seen, be necessarily exposed to the comp( tition of existing lines ; and the whole experience Of railways tend to show that it is only by a system which, from its economical construction and ample resources, shall be able to escape pecuniary embarrassments, that we can reasonably hope to prevent combination. The benefits likely to result to the districts traversed, will also materially depend on the ability of the railway company to afford the means of communication at very low rates. The districts in question are almost exclusively agri cultural, and a great part of the benefit which is expectd to accrue to them from the introduction of railways will be derived from the transport of coals, lime, corn, cattle, and agricultural produce. From the evidence which has been submitted to us, we are induced to believe that by the adoption of rates of charge upon these artic'es very much lower than have been usual hitherto upon the principal railways, but still not lower than are con sistent with an adequate return upon the capital roqu!red for the construction of an economical line, such extensive benefits may result to the great agricultural interests concerned as to amount to a consideration of national importance. The total cost attending the transmis,ion of a quarter of wheat from the interior of Lincolnshire by sea, from the port of Boston to London, including freight, insur ance, lighterage, commission, and other charges, is stated to amount to very nearly Bs. The charge by railway, per quarter (alloaing five quarters to the ton, at the rate of lid. per ton per mile, at which the esti mate of the Cambridge and Lincoln Railway is taken), would not exceed 25., and the remaining charges are cal culated not to exceed 2s. Gd., thus showing a benefit to the corn-grower and to the public of 3s. 6d. per quar ter, occasioned by the saving of the sums now paid for insurance, delay, hiss in weight, depreciation of quality, lighterage, &c. A still more important advantage to the farmer is afforded by the opportueity- given by railway communi cation of availing himself promptly of the most favour able market. It frequently happens that, owing to the delay and difficulty of transmission the farmer is com pelled to s 11 his wheat at the nearest provincial market, at a price considerably below the average rate, and to lose the advantage of a temporary rise. Whatever tends to equalize prices and to prevent ex cessive fluctuations, cannot but be considered as a benefit both to the producer and to the consumer. We are satisfied that much may be done in this way by an econo mical and well-arranged system of railway cotnrnunica tn,,, line, and of local accommodation, united with the cer tainty of low charges, can be obtained by an economical combination like that of the Cambridge and Lincoln scheme, it would be bad policy to risk those great ad vantages by preferring a scheme like that of the London and York, so much more expensive that it must remain problematical whether, if sanctioned, it would be com pleted, or if completed, could be efficiently worked at low rates of charge. The same observations would apply equally to any new trunk line out of London, between the lines already sanctioned from London to Cambridge and London to Birmingham. The line to Cambridge was originally sanctioned by the Legislature as the first link of a trunk line to Lincoln and York, and the same route has been subsequently recommended by the Cemmissioners who have reported on the subject. We should not consider that this circumstance in itself gave any vested interest to the existing Cambridge line in the northern commu nication, provided a line better for public purposes had been proposed in a different direction. But, independently of considerations of expense,it is by no means clear to us that the proposed line of the London and York, by Hunting don, Hitchin, Biggleswade, and Barnet to King's Cross, deserves a preference over that by Cambridge. As a through line, we have already stated our opinion that the superior gradients and metropolitan terminus of the Cambridge route fully compensate for the disadvantage in actual distance. The town of Cambridge, both from its population, its market, and as the seat of the Univer sity, is by so much the most important town between London and York on the eastern side of the kingdom that it is highly desirable to place it upon the main line of communication. A large proportion of its traffic, especially of that connected with the University, is also towards the north, and the addition of this tr..ffic could not fail to give considerable support to the main line, and to facilitate the running of frequent passenger trains. The extension of the Cambridge route also affords ac commodation between Cambridge and Peterborough to St. Ives, Ramsey, Whittlesea, and a larger amount of population than the L endon and York route, which only supplies Huntingdon. The advantages w hich, from the statements submitted to as, appear likely to result from the metropolitan ter minus which it is proposed to afford by the Cambridge route, constitute another important feature in its fa vour. By the proposed Tottenham and Farringdon street Extension, a terminus will be afforded in the im mediate vicinity of the Post-office and of Smithfield, and the principal markets, and at least a mile nearer to the Bank and the West-end than that proposed by the Lon don and York Railway at King's-cross. This line will also afford a station at the most convenient point for the warehousing and distribution of grain, produce, and other articles brought up by the railway, and for the collection and transmission of heavy goods of every de scription—viz., at the City Basin, on the Regent's Canal. Its proximity to Smithfield and Is!ington markets may also afford a means of obviating many of the in conveniences which have been proved to exist from the confined state of the former mark- t, and from the driv ing of beasts through the crowded thoroughfares in its vicinity, and of carrying out the views of the Select Committee who reported upon the subject in 1828. In addition to the advantage of the Farringdon- street terminus, the connexion with the Eastern Counties line will afford an alternative terminus, and a means of access to the river, for the carriage of corn, coals, timber, and heavy articles. It must be borne in mind, also, that the advantages of these improved termini, although they can only be ob tained by the adoption of the Cambridge route to the north, which alone could justify the requisite outlay, will be participated in by a great portion of the traffic of Norfolk, Suffolk, and Cambridgeshire, which would otherwise be confined to the remote and inconvenieu terminus of Shoreditch. Against all these considerations in favour of the adop. lion of the Cambridge route, the London and York route has nothing to oppose but the accommodation of an ad ditional district he twcen London and Peterborough. The most important town in this district, Bedford, is already proposed to be supplied by a branch to the Lon don and Birmingham Railway, which will afford it the double advantage rf a communication towards London. and towards the manufacturing districts. The popula, tiun of the other towns in the district is very small, viz.:— Barnet 2,485 Hatfield Hitchin Biggles‘N ade St. Neot's Huntingdon . and, even if the direct line could have been carried through them at a moderate expense, it would be ♦ery ques►ionable whether this vas a sufficient consideration to outweigh the advantages of the Farringdon-street station, and of placing Cambridge on the main line. When we find, however, that the object of a direct line can only be attained by the construction of a line for the first 112 mi!es out of London, almost equal in extent of works to the London and Birmingham, while all the principal objects of local accommodation may be attained sufficiently well by comparatively cheap branches, without endangering the success, or rather without almost certainly insuring the failure, of the great object of a comprehensive scheme for a new trunk line to tho north, and for connecting the principal agri cultural districts of England with the metropolis, with the coal fields, and with the manufacturing districts, it is impossible for us to arrive at any other conclusion than that the rout() by Cambridge should be selected as the first link in an extension to Lincoln and York. (To be continued.) THE WEST INDIA MAIL SOUTH A MPTON, SUNDAY.—The Royal Mail Corn pan) 's steam-ship Severn, Captain Vincent, arrived last night, at nine o'clock, bringing the usual mails in charge of Lieutenant Oldmixon, Admiralty agent. Her dates of departure arc :—From Carthagena, Feb. 6 ; Deme rara, 19 ; Trinidad, 20 ; Jamaica, 23 ; Barbadoes, 24 ; Jacmel, 25 ; Grenada ; 26 ; Porto Rica, 27 ; St. Thomas's, March 1 ; Fayal, 15. The Severn brings as freight a quantity of gold dust valued at 140,339 dollars, a box of peat's, value 3,800 dollars, 641bs. of p!atina, and a small quantity of coffee, being the first ever imported in any of the Royal Mail Company's steam-ships. Her Majesty's sloop of war Scylla was at Jamaica, on the 19th of February, but left on the same day for Chagres, with Mr. Pritchard, her Majesty's Consul for the Pacific. The Eurydice arrived at Port Royal on the 12th of the same month, from Antigua, and sailed on the 17th, for Vera Cruz. The Spartan also sailed on the 17th from Port Royal, for Havaanah. The Pickle schooner arrived at Port Royal on the 15th, from Nassau. Her Majesty's ship Electra, Commander Darley, left Port Royal on the Bth February, for a cruise ; an d h er Majesty's steamship H e rm es , Lieut. Carr, left on the same day fur Bermuda. Jamaica papers are remarkably barren of intelligence. It appears that the small-pox has been raging with great virulence at Aux Cayes, Gonaives, and several other places in the island of St. Domingo, and great fears were entertained that the pestilence would be introduced into Jamaica. The Governor, Lord Elgin, laid the foundation stone of the new General Penitentiary, at the east end of Kingsten, on the 18th February, and made an admirable speech on the occasion. The building is to be of great extent, and the boundary wall will encompass rather more than an area of nine acres. Their Excellencies Sir C. Fitzroy and Sir Henry M'Leod, and their ladies, had been on a visit to Lord Elgin, who has given a series of entertainments, consist ing of a ball, &c., on a most liberal and splendid scale. A public entertainment was also about to be got up in the city, in honour of the distinguished visitors. From Grenada we learn that the island was in a very healthy state. 'There had not been any rain for some weeks. At Tobago much sickness prevailed, and a great num ber of deaths had taken place ; amongst them was the Governor, General Darling. There was scarcely a family in the town some of whose members were not afflicted. '1 he principal disease is scarletina. It also prevailed in some Farts of British Guiana. It appears that the account of the late fire in the island of Barbadoes has been somewhat exaggerated. A calcu lation has been made, and it appears that the outside amount of damage sustained ;s about 100,000/. The principal sufferers are the merchants. The extent of the fire, too, is not so large as represented, not more than a fourth part of the town having been destroyed. Two men have since died of the injuries received at the fire. At Demerara 220 emigrants had arrived from Sierra Leone, in the barque Arabia. They were all in high pirits, and seemed pleased with the change. It is ge nerally thought that the system of emigration will be found to answer Exceedingly well in every respect. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDSOR, SUNDAY.—Yesterday Prince Albert, at tended by Major-General Sir Edward Bowater, rude on horseback in the forenoon. The Queen and Prince Albert rode out in a pony phaeton yesterday afternoon, his Royal Highness driv ing. Major-General Sir Edward Bowater attended on horseback. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Alice, were taken an airing in a carriage and four yesterday, aecompanit.d by the Dowager Lady Lyttelton. Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, attended by the Countess Wratisluw and Sir George Couper, joined the Royal Circle at dinner yesterday. Major. General Wemyss had also the honour of dining with her Majesty last evening. This forenoon the Queen and Prince Albert took their early morning walk in the Home Park, and the grounds adjacent. The Unfavourable state of the weather prevented the Royal Family from being taken out this morning. Her Majesty and Prince Albert, the Duchess of Kent, the ladies and gentlemen attached to the Court, and the Domestic nous( hold, attended Divine service to day in the private chapel of the Castle. After the service, :he Holy Communion was administered by the Hun. and licv. Charles Leslie Coortenay. TILE GRAND DUCIIESS STEPHANIE Or BADEN._Her Roykl Ilighness attend e d Divine service ye s t er d ay morning in the chapel of the Austrian embassy. In tl:e afternoon the Grand Duchess paid a visit to her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester, at Gloucester House. On Saturday a dinner party was given at the Duke of Hamilton's residence in Portman-square. The company to meet her Royal Highness consisted of M. Dedel, the Netherlands Minister ; the Russian Minister and the Baroness Brunnow, Baron Gersdorff, the Saxon Minis ter ' • the Duke of D evons hi re , t h e M arqu i s of Douglas, the Countess of Malmesbury, Viscount Cantalupe, Lord and Lady Dalmeny, and Lord Dudley Stuart. ,Madame D'Eithal had the honour of attending in the evening, and of p e rf orm i ng on t h e harp b efore the illus. triouts c i rcle. Mr. Edmund Nugent, agent for Antigua, bad an in. tcrview with Lord Stanley on Saturday, at the Colonial office. , Preliminary and j Incidental Ex penses, per Mile. Parlia mentary Law Charges, Engi neering,, Direc tion, &c. Ex penses. London and Bir mingham 650 Great Western l,OOO London and Soitth Western land ;Compen , sation, 'per Mile, 6,300 6,300 !Railway Carr , Works Vista and Sta- liAhm lions, per - mile. per 31 At the low - est calculation which could be safely ad milked, these 112 miles, including a metropolitan ter minus, would, in all probability, require more than half the capital that is proposed for the whole undertaking of 327 miles ; while there appears to be nothing to warrant us in considering it as a result beyond the range of possibility that this portion of the line might absorb even a larger proportion of the whole amount. On the whole, therefore, we believe that we should not be warranted in assuming, as at all a probable event, that the London and York scheme, as now proposed, could be completed, with stations, metropolitan terminus, and the requisite working stock of engines, carriages, &c., for a less sum than 8,000,0001. ; while it is by no means im probable that the amount might be 9,000,0001. or even 10,000,00 1 0/. _ _ On the other hand, the cost of the Cambridge system would be as follows : Length. Es:imated Capit.d. Miles. X. Cambridge and Lincoln Line Direct Northern Line from Lincoln to York Tottenham and Farringdon-street Extension 5 ... 800,000 1454 ... 3,274,00 To which must be added the fullowing branches, which are proposed by the Cambridge and Lincoln Corn who pledge themselves to apply for powers in order to carry them into effect, in order to complete the accom modation of the districts proridel fur by the London and York system:— Length. Estimated Capital. Miles. Cambridge and Lincoln:— floston Branch 240,000 Spalding and Stamford Branch 20 8 With the Biggleswade branch of the Eastern Counties Company, of twenty-five miles in length, and about fifteen miles to complete the communication between Doncaster and Gainsborough. Total length of new railway to be constructed, about 218 miles; estimated capital (including the Tottenham anti Farringdon-street Extension), about 4,250,0001. This comparison does not include the lines which upon either system would be equally required for local purposes, or tie complete the lateral communications, such as the Nottingham aid Lincoln, the Newark and She ffield, the Srwinton and Doncaster, and the Wake field and Goole, but is confined to what may be consi dered as the integral parts of the two great competing schemes. The whole of the lines of the Cambridge scheme, almost without exception, are of a singularly easy cha racter. For a great portion of the distance the rails may be laid almost on the surface of the ground, while the course of the line bete cen Cambridge and Lincoln, pursuing the verge of the fen country, is stated to avoid, to a great 'extent, interference with the drainage, and the necessity for frequent bridges, while it keeps upon sound ground, and at no great distance from the materials re quisite for the construction of the road. It is thus, in every respect, most favourably situated in regard to economy of construction ; and although, from the rise in the price of iron and of labour, the original capital will doubtless be exceeded, there is still every reason to believe that the whole line from Cambridge to York, with the different projected branche7, may be executed for an exceedingly small average cost per mile. There seems to be quite as much reason for consider ing it as a probable result that the whole Cambridge system may be completed for a sum not exceeding 5,000,00' or 6,000,0001, as that the London and York system, as above described, may be completed for 8,000,0001. or 10,000,000/. Another important difference between the two schemes is in the number of miles of railway that will require to be worked in order to accommodate the same princi pal sources of traffic. By the London and York system, as we have r cen, 327 miles of railway must be main tained and worked. The Cambridge system would re• quire, as above stated, about 190 miles of new railwayto be worked, in addition to 51 miles of the existing Northern and Eastern line from Tottenham to Can ; which, however, must be worked at any rate, and would be in a great measure supported by a traffic of its own from Cambridgeshire and Norfolk. On the whole, therefore, the London and York scheme would, in all probability, involve an additional outlay, as compared with the Cambridge scheme, of 3,000,000/. el. 4,000,0001., and would le quire nearly 90 (or it we ex clude the line from Londlei to Cambridge, nearly 140) snore miles of railway to be maintained and worked. The average expenditure per mile for the year 1842, upon the 1,500 miles of passeng( r railway than in ope ration in the United Kingdom, amounted to 1,300/., and the cost. of maintaining and working a good passenger line of fair average traffic cannot be safely taken at less than abeut 1,000/. p er m il e per annum. r This, for in sta' oe, is the cost upon the Midlands Railway, a li:ch is in many respects similarly circumstanced to the proposed London and York line. Including, there ford, the extra cost of working, and the interest upon additional outlay, the London and York scheme would be more expensive than that by Cambridge and Lincoln, by an amount represented by an annual charge of from 150,0001. to 2C0,000/. Is there any probability of a traffic sufficient to war rant or to support this additional cost ? The London and York estimate of traffic makes out a gross annual receipt of 1,076,0001, ; i. e. of 20,000/. per week, or of 611. per mile per annum on the whole 327 miles. It is impossible for us to enter into a minute analysis of the traffic estimates submitted to us, or to attempt to check the accuracy of their details ; nor, indeed, would such an attempt be of much use, since experience has abundantly shown that such estimates, even when taken with care, and sifted by evidence before Committees of both Houses of Parliament, afford a very fallacious idea of the results actually realized. In the present instance, however, there are ene or two obvious exaggerations which materially affect the estimate before us :- 1. The passenger traffic is taken for the most part at at an average of 21d. per passenger per mile. Now ee must beer in mind that, in the first place, there is the competition of steam-boats, &c., for much of this traffic; in the naft place, that of other railways in a situation to carry on a most effective competition, and already charging much lower ; and, finally, that the Com pany themselves propose to run at least two third class trains, coveted and seated, at the ordinary 'peed, at fares not exceeding 1,1, a mile. Under similar circumstances the Cambridge and Lincoln Com pany have taken their passenger traffic at an estimate of only lid. per mile; and it appears obvious that this is as high can be safely assumed. 2 It is assumed that the railway will get the whole traffic that exists, while it is perfectly obvious that a great part of it will have to be competed for, and divided with existing companies. A slight advantage in distance is not sufficient to enable a line to command the whole treffic, especially of goods, fled of second and third-class passengers, to whom money is a greater object than a little gain of time. The Midlanda, and London and Birmingham Railways, must run a number of trains at any rate every day for other purposes, and it miry be worth their while to carry, in addition, all the traffic they can abstract from the Lon don and York line, at very low rates, rather than not obtain it. The actual cost of transport upon goods and passen gere, when once set in motion upon a long line of rail way, is exceedingly small, and a difference of an hour or an hour and a half in the time of the journey from York to London, and of a quarter or half an hour from Leeds and the West Riding. would be scarculy perceptible on many descriptions of traffic. Even where the competing route was much more circuitous, as from Lincoln and Ntrark, rid Nottingham; or from Peterborough, rid NOlthanipten, or via Ely and Cambridge, to London, the difference of distance would hardly be sufficient to prevent a competing company from regulating prices and abstracting traffic from the shorter route. Many instances of this might be quoted from the experience of railways, but it may be sufficient to reel- to one, that of the com petition carried on for Manchester and London traffic, by the extremely circuitous route of Normanton and Derby, which laved fora considerable time, and vi as at length only terminated by an arrangement, by which the direct line consented to pay a certain sum to buy off the competition. The certainty that any new line between Londcn and York must be exposed to this description of competition, renders it the more desirable that economy of construc tion should he attended to as far as possible, as other wise the chances would be greatly increased of the new Mn.' losing it 4 iudcpecdccec e er being compelled to enter lati) *erne compromise. To rotor's, bovi ever , to the inveatigation of the proba ble amount of tra f f ic the London and York line, it Making every deduction that can be safely admitted for the superior cheapness of land and economy of con struction, it seems difficult to believe that a railway of the same length out of London, involving works of a very similar character, and passing for a considerable distance through the London clay formation, which is peculiarly unfavourable, can, with the present prices of iron and labour, be constructed at a cost per mile so very much less than the London and Birmingham Railway, as would be required in order to bring the estimate of the London and York line within anything like approxi mate accuracy. _ For the transmission of fat stock to the London market, and to those of the manufacturing districts, such a system would afford still greater advantages, the loss of weight, and deterioration of quality under the present system of driving, amounting to a heavy per centage. The loss of weight in driving to Smithfield market from the rich grazing districts of Lincolnshire, is estimated to average more than 281bs. per beast, and 71bs. per sheep per head. This ameunt, under a low scale of railway charges not exceeding the actual cost of driving, would be entirely saved ; and at an average rate of sd. per lb., the sum thus saved annually would exceed 50,000/. Great facilities also would he afforded for the transmis sion of slaughtered meat, by which a still larger saving would be effected. In the article of coals, the importance of a cheap rail way communication between the mineral fields and the eastern agricultural counties can hardly be over esti mated ; the supply at present depends entirely on the water communications, and when those are impeded, as is frequently the case in winter by frost, and in summer from want of water, the price of this indispensable ar ticle frequently rises to an excessive height. During the present winter coals could, at one time, not be ob tained in many parts of the district in question, under 40s. or 50s. per ton. By railway o :it the char ge of ad. per ton per mil e , w hi c h h as b ee f roved to be remune rative, a constant su pply o f coa l s would be afforded, at prices varying from 10s. to 205., according to the prox imity to the coal field. Even in London, it is calculated that Derbyshire coals could be introduced at a price not exceeding 205. per ton. Such are a few of the more obvious advantages which may be anticipated to result to Lincolnshire, and the important eastern agricultural districts, from the intro duction of railways. It is true that these advantages might be, to a certain extent, secured by any railway however expensive ; but to a very great extent they de pend upon the possibility of introducing a much lower system of rates than has hitherto been adopted ; and 016 is an experiment which, upon lines of economical construction, may be tried with safety, and the enforce ment of which may be guaranteed by legidative provi sion, while no such security mild be given, or if given could be depended upon, by a concern so costly as to afford no adequate remuneration to its promoters. More over, if we look to the future, in the event of the experi ment of low fares proving successful, and of the traffic of the country continuing to increase, still larger advan- tages than are now in contemplation would be obtained from a prosperous concern under the operation of a revi sion of rates after a certain limit of profit is attained, while such advantages would be postponed indefinitely where the original amount of capital invested had been excessive. Also, with a view solely to the local accom modation of the district, more might be obtained if the capital saved in the construction of the principal lines or comtntinicar.lon. wore Mich:B4ly invested in brunette* and transverse lines. All tht se considerations teed to convince us that when all the principal advantages of an equally good trunk THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY _EVENING, MARCH 24, 1845. - THEATRE ROYAL, DRURY LANE. FIRST NIGHT OF A NEW COMIC BALLET, For the Debut of Mdlle. POLLS and Mons. GASI'ERINI (Principal Dancers from. the Grand Opera at Berlin), And of the Demlles. LOUISE and AI)ELE, with the full Corps do Ballet of this popular Theatre. THIg EVENING • Will be performed RORER r THE DEVIL. Robert, Mr. W. Har rison ; Rertram, Mr. Stretton ; Rahnbaut, Mr. D. W. King ; Isabella, Miss Rainforth ; A lice, Miss Romer. After which will he produced, a New Comic Bullet, entitled RORER I' AND BERTRAND. Dances in the course of the Ballet : Pas de Deux, by Mdlles. Adele and Louise. Pas de Deux, by Mdlle. O'Bryan and Mr. A. Webster. Grand I'as de Caracture, by Mdlle. Polin and M. Gasperinl. A New Polka, by Mdlle. Polin and M. Gasperini. Bolero, by Mesdames Louise and Adele. La Esmeralda, by Mdlle. Polin, and A MAZURKA, by the l'rincipal Ballet Performers. The Eminent Tenor, M. DUPREZ is engaged here for Twelve Nights only, and will shortly make his appearance In his cele brated character of ARNOLD, in GUILLAUME TELL ; and is also preparing himself for his unrivalled personation of EDGAR, In Donizetti's popular Opera, TILE BRIDE OF LAMMERMOOR, for the Performance of which, an Engagement has also been ex pressly entered into with Mdlle. EUGENIE GARCI t. The .Box-ottlee will he opened this day, as usual, under the superintendence of Mr. John Parsons, THEATRE ROYAL, HAY MARKET. LESSEE, MR. B. WEBSTER. THIS EVENING Will ho repeflted a New and Original Comedy, entitled TIIE SHERIFF OF TIIE COUNTY. Principal Characters by Messrs. W. Farren, Strickland, Buckstone, W ebster, Mrs. Glover, Mrs. IV. Clifford, Mrs. Humby, Miss Julia Benn e tt , & c. After which, a New Grand Classical E xtravaganza, entitled THE GOLDEN FLEECE. Principal Characters by Messrs. C. Mathews, J. Bland, Madame Vestris, and Miss P. Horton. To conclude with YOUNG ENGLAND. Major Martinet, Mr. Strickland ; Mr. John James Pooley, Mr. Buckstone ; Mrs. Pooley, Mrs. Humhy ; Mrs. Smiler, Mrs. Stanley THEATRE ROYAL, ADELPHT. UNDER THE DIRECTION or MADAME CELESTE. THIS EVENING Will be repeated a New and Original Drama, entitled THE GREEN BL SIZES ; or, A Hundred Years Ago. Connor O'Kenncdy, Sir. Scihy ; George, Mr. Hudson : Wild Murtogh, Mr. 0. Smith ; 11uster Grinnidge, Mr. Wright ; Jack Gong, Mr. Paul Bedford ; Geraldine, Mrs. Yates ; Nelly O'Neill, Mrs. Fitzwilliam ; Miami, Sladame Celeste. After which, will be produced a New Grand Epereal Exposition, called ST. GEORGE AND THE DRAGON. Principal Characters by Messrs, Paul Bedford, Wright, John Saunders, Selby; Miss Woolgar, Miss Brooks, and Miss E. Chaplin. To conclude with MOTHER AND CHILD ARE DOING. WELL Mr. Snngsby, Mr. Lambert ; Lieutenant O' Scupper, R.N., Mr. Paul Bedtbrd ; Mr. Felix Fluffy, Mr. Wright ; Emily, Mi ss lortescue. PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD -STREET. LEnSEE, MR. J. M. MADDOX. THIS EVENING, Will be pertbrined the Play of THE STRANGER, The Stranger, Mr. Graham; Baron, Mr. Archer; Count Wintersten, Dlr. Courtney ; Mrs. Haller, Miss Cushman. After which, Mr. SANDS and his INFANT BROTHER, MAURICE, will appear in their Pleasing and Wonderful Entertainment, DE SALON, FREAKS OF FANCY. To conclude with a New Grand Oriental Melo-dramatic Burlesque Extravaganza, In Two Acts, called TIMOUR THE CREAM OF ALL TIIE TARTARS. Timour, Mr. °sherry ; Zorilda, Miss E. Stanley. Stage Manager, Mr. H. I. Wallack 1 Stage Director, Mr. Emden ; Machinist, Mr. Edmund Bradwell. • Superbly decorated, and with extensive alterations! forming one of the most Elegant and Comfortable Theatres in the Metropolis THEATRE ROYAL, LYCEUM. 'UNDER THE MANAGEMENT OF MRS. KEELEY. This elegant MONDAY, MARCH 24. THEATRE WILL RE-OPEN THIS EVENING , The Performances will commence with a Comedy called THE RECRUITING OFFICER. Supported by Messrs. Vining, F. Mat thews, Emery, Meadows, Bellingham, Wigan, and Keeley ; Mrs. Keeley, Miss Viliars (her first appearance in London), Mrs. Wigan, and Miss Dawson (her first appearance). After which, a Now Farce (never acted), entitled LOWTHER ARCADE. Characters by Messrs. Keeley, Meadows, F. Matthews; Miss Dawson, and Miss Grove. To conclude with a Burlesque of English History, Pourtraying Olden Ideas and Modern Notions—lnvested with all the Pomp and Display of Scene—Painters engaged expressly—Costumes according to Fancy—Mechanism, Ballet, Music, and Novel Stage Arrange ments—to be called, WHITTINGTON AND HIS CAT Dick Whittington, Mrs. Keeley; Muley Moloch, the Lien Tamer of the Dessert, Mr. Keeley ; th e C at, Mr. Collier, supported by Messrs. Emery, F. Matthews, Box-office is open d a il y, under the direction of Mr. Grogan. and Wigan ; Miss F a i r b to th e r, and Mina G rove. The ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE. (Under the Direction of Miss Davenport.) THIS EVENING Will be produc e d TH E GAME COCK OF THE WILDERNESS, Colonel Mereville, Mr. H. _Mellon; Roderick, Mr. Binge; Samson, Mr. Marble ; Mabel, Mrs. Griffith. After which, THE PLAGUE OF PLYMOUTH. To conclude with THE SEVEN CHAMPIONS OF CHRISTENDOM. ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. P ROPMETOR, MR. W. BATTY. The Public is respectedly informed that this Establishment, having undergone 1 - ar ous Embellishments, WILL ICE-OPEN TIIIS VENG. The Performances will commence with lN a Grand Military Equestrian Drams, entitled THE MAID OF SARAGOSSA. Scenes in the Circle, introducing M. and Mdme. Demos, the cele brated French Equestrians. To conclu.'e with THE SLEEPING DRAUGHT. DAVIDGE'S ROYAL SURREY THEATRE. GREAT ATTRACTION FOR THE EASTER HOLIDAYS. win be produced a Ne TH w DIS EVENI NG rama, called MARGARET CATCH. POLE. Supported by M essrs. 11. lo Hughes, Hicks, Fredericks, 11, limner, S. Cowell, Hesp, Lewis, Mrs. Daly, Mrs. Lewis, and Mrs. It. Homier. After which, THE IRISH TUTOR, in which the Infant Power, Miss Heron, will appear. To conclude wifit THE MOOR MAIDEN, in which Messrs. Hicks, Neville, Fredericks, Lewis, Mrs. Finches, Miss Martin, and Mrs. 11. Vining will perform. Places and Private Boxes to be had of Mr. Kerschner, at the Boa. office, from Eleven to Four. ROYAL VICTORIA THE., — wni I'm produced MARG T HIS EVENING ARET CATCHPOLE, The Female Horse stealer. Oncga and Pechualla (Red Chieftains), Messrs. Cony and • -- Blanchard ; Margaret Catelipole, Miss Vi ncen t . After which, HER CULES, KING OF CLUBS . To conclude With THE KNIGHTS' OF THE CROSS. L •1N.....M1MM0W.M........ Mr. John Drummond 1:1 1 of the late Consul- General at Tangiers, is to succeed his father in that office. Mr. John Drummond Hay has been actively em ployed of late in assisting his father, and more particu larly during the recent hostile transactions between France and the Emperor, and, having previously resided for some time in Morocco, he has become intimately ac quainted with the language and character of its people. The First Lord of the Treasury, who has not since coming into office occupied his official residence in Downing-street, has given instructions to have several of the principal apartments prepat ed for the aecommoda .. tion of the Duke de Broglie and Dr. Lushit . tg!on 0 acing the negotiations connected with their commas: ..., . . .. able provision has been made for fl- - - vuF- '.'t" ,49 respec t ive i secretaries. His Excellency M. Dedel, the Netherlands Minister, had an interview with Lord Aberdeen last Saturday, at the Foreign-officy. Sir H. Peel left town on Saturday for his seat, Drayton Manor, Staffordshire. Dispatches from the Governor of Jamaica, and also from the Governors of the West Indian Colonies, were received yesterday at the Colonial office. The Right Rev. Dr. Hughes had an interview on Saturday with Lord Stanley. Dispatches from the Governor of Hong-Kong were received on Saturday at the Colonial-office. Dispatches were sent off on Saturday from the Colonial office for the Governors of the Mauritius and South Australia. Lords Sheffield, Ashburnham, Erne.3t Brace, Belhaven, Cantalupe, Fitzroy, Wharncliffe, Somerton, and Parker ; Ladies Wharncliffe, Stuart de Rothsay, and Belhaven, attended Divine service yesterday, in the Chapel Royal, St. James's. The prayers were read by the Sub-Dean, the lessons by the Rev. Dr. Wesley and the Rev. Mr. Packman, and the Communion service by the Bishop of London. The sermon was preached by Archdeacon Wilberforce. The anthem, "If we believe that Jesus died" (Boyce) was sung by Messrs. Wylde and Brad bury. Mr. Turk presided at the organ. After the ser vice, the Bishop of London administer,- d the Sacrament ; between fifty and sixty of the nobility and gentry com municated. SPANISH PASSIVE BONDHOLDERS!! CAUTION. Do not be tempted by the tritlingriSe in this Stock to sell. Your Stock is now scarce, and remember M. Mon, the Spanish Minister of Finance, has pledged himself to propose to the Cortes a settlement of the whole Foreign Debt of Spain. Is the Active Stock, then, only to be converted, and our Interests be neglected ? Believe it not. rOll7 tOOl. Road is now worth but 71. If you will but be firm, another month will make them worth 17/. In the press, in 3 vols., post Svo. YBI L. By B. D' ISItA E L I, M.P. AUTHOR OF CONINGSBY." •• The commonalty murmured, and said, there never were so many gentlemen, and so little gentleness."—Bishop Latimer. henry Colburn, I'ublisher,l3, Great Marlboremgh-street. Orders received by all booksellers. HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. The Nobility, Subscribers, and the Public are respectffilly informed that this THEATRE WILL RE-OPEN TO-MORROW EVENING • When will be repeated (fourth time in this country), Verdi's new Opera, ERNANI. In Four Parts—let., The Bandit; 2d., The Shiest ; 3d., The Pardon ; 4th., The flask. With new scenery by Mr. Marshall. Elvira, Madame Rita liorio ; Giovanna, Mdlle. Benin ; Roy Gomez, Signor Fornasari ; Don Carlos, Signor Botelli ; Ernani, Signor Mordant. It i 3 respectfully announced that in consequence of other novelties the highly successful Opera of ERNANI cannot be repeated until later in the Season. To conclude with an entirely new Ballet, by M. Perrot, entitled EOLINE ; on, LA DRYADE. The Music by Signor Pugni. The Scenery by Mr. Marshall. "rincipal Characters—Eoline (betrothed to Count Edgard), Mddle. Lucile Grain; ; Rubezahl (le Gnome), M. Perrot ; Count Edgard, M. Toussaint; Prince of Silesia (brother of Eoline), M. Gosselin. In the course of the Ballet the following Dances will be introduced : Waltze Selesienne, by the Coryphecs of the Corps do Ballet. Pea -de la Fiancee—Mdlle. Lucile Grahn and M. Toussaint, Pas de Chu! (composed by M. Gosselin)-3ldlles. Louise Weiss, Fer dinand, Demellsse, Cassell, and Moncelet. Mazourka D'Extase—Mdlle. Lucile tir , hn and M. Perrot, Fourth Tableau. Grand Pas des Dryades by Mdlle. L. Grahn and the Ladies of the Corps de Ballet. Madame Anaide Camtellan, of the Imperial Theatre St. Petersburgh, is daily expected in town, and will make her first appearance forth with in Donizetfi's Opera of LUCIA DI LAMMERMOOR. applications for Boxes, 6talls, and Tickets to be made at the Rex- Mike, Opera Colonnade. HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. It is respectfully announced that A GRAND MUSICAL FETE, Comprising the unpublished manuscripts of the celebrated FELICIEN DAVID, Will be executed, for the first time in this country, ON THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 27, With the original Melodies and Choruses. Grand Descriptive Symphonic Ode of THE DESERT, produced for the first time with the most enthusiastic success at the Conserratoire Royal, Paris. LE DESERT. Ode, Symphonic, Orieniale—divided in three parts with grand orchestra. The orchestra and chorus will include upwards of 200 per formers. The whole under the Direction of Signor Costa. Solos by Sigs. Morlani and Core PROGRAMME. Part I.—Entrance to the Desert. Glorification: of Allah; grand chorus and orchestra—Arrival of the Caravan—Departure of the Caravan—Tempest in the Desert— Return of the Calm—The Caravan resumes its marsh. • Part 11.—Night. The Evening Star—Halt of the Caravan—Hymn to the Night : air sung by Signor Morianl—Arabian Fantasia—The Dance of the Alines—The Liberty of the Desert : grand chorus with orchestra— Evening reverie: melody sung by Signor Morianl, with chorus and orchestral accompaniments—Sleep ! I'art Ill.—Sun-rice. Call of the Muezzin; original Arabian melody, with the Arabic words—The Caravan starts once more on its journey —The Cara van gradually disappears in the distance; grand chorns and orehes tra—Silence in the Deeert—The Song of Thanksgiving—Allah. Grand chorus final. Introductory fart-Ist. Fragment of Grand Symphony in E flat-2d. Melodies imitative a Grand Orchestre : Les Hirondelles, sting by Signor Moriani-3d. Melodic Orientate : Le Clabouque 4th. Soiree du Printemps Fragment tire des (mann) Salmons de Felicien David, executed by all the string instruments. Applications for Boxes, Stalls, and Pit Tickets to be made at the Opera-ofilee, Colonnade, Haymarket. Doors open at Eight o'clock ;to commence at Half-past Eight. judgments of an offended Godhead on the form religious faith which they had adopted, or on them for that adoption—" which renders it impossible for her to be buried in the church-yard ? I refuse her burial there." The italics arc this humble-minded parson's ; and so is the law announced in this passage ; his law is as worthless as his divinity, and his logic still worse than his law. For what has the abstract criminality of a profession of "damnable heresy" to do with the physical " impossibility" of burying in the churchyard the dust of her who professed it? It might make it impossible for his exalted consent to given, and that was probably what this man of double adverbs and a triple armour of folly, bigotry, and in• humanity meant to say. "If you choose to have her buried, without any service, you may do so." Gentle spirit! Permission freely given for what he had it not in his power to refuse. This, however, is but a little gratuitous impel tinence. Let us now mark how far a bigot's gratuitous insolence may carry him. To this of I man, fur seven and fifty years the husband of the respectable woman deceased (themselves and their children having been reared and nurtured as parishioners of Warminster), he adds, " Or lest I should appear to deal harshly with you" (never suspecting, holy man, that his harshness was an obdurate, strong, heart-tearing fact), " I wiil pay th e charge for her burial, in the unconsecrated ground at Townsend; but in the church-yard, with the burial service, she shall not be buried." He pay the charge of the poor woman's burial Had the widow's husband submitted to such contume‘ lions charity, he would have been guilty of a " heresy" to domestic affections, to the cause of those civil rights, to the vindication of which every man is bound by the condition of their enjoyment, more " damnable" than we shall trust ourselves to describe. Least of all could we trust ourselves to the calmness necessary for such a purpose, after the miserable hy pocrisy of the sentiment which follows :—" I trust Almighty GOD may open your eyes to repentance"— (of what crime ? The not having attended this Mr. FANE'S Church, to be edified by his personal ex ample of meekness, charity, and love ?) He proceeds, " if such a thing may be, but I fear you have sold your Saviour for thirty pieces of silver." This metaphor is utterly inexplicable to our dull apprecia tion. If it have anything to do with some fancied analogy in the treason of JUDAS ISCARIOT to the con duct of Mr. HAINES, Mr. PANE may be in posses sion of the application ; an exclusive secret, we should say, likely to remain as long undiscovered as that of the composition of the Whitby Doctor's nos trums, but by no means calculated to prove as profit able to the discoverer. The humane and lowly parson, who had so abruptly hailed his widowed parishioner as plain " HAINES," concludes as drily and abruptly by writing himself " ARTHUR PANE," without one ",;vale" of any sort, or one addendum of any kind to his own designation ; but for the Wiltshire _lndependent we should never have discovered that the letter had been written by a clergyman. But we have a little " vale" for the Reverend Mr. PANE. He may take our word for it or not, as he pleases, (we grant him as unlimited a leave in this matter as he gave about burial in unconsecrated ground, and fur just the same reason—namely, that we cannot help it); that he will find, in the .event of any legal proceedings against bin,, it is a very difficult matter to sustain, on the grounds upon which he rests his denial of HaiNEs's application—the refusal to bury in his churchyard a once baptized member of. the Church of England. The law of these cases was most laboriously argued in two or three great cases before the late Sir Jousr Nicnom., and has been still more recently affirmed by Sir HER BERT JENNER DUST. We stare this, be it observed, in the absence of all allegation that the deceased was ever a relapsed or abjuring member of the Church of England. Her baptism seems clearly proved. The Rev. Mr. PANE may yet have to learn that he has done "awfully foolishly," as well as cruelly, in ne glecting the injunction of a layman and a poet, whose divinity really seems to us of a higher strain than his own—in his prayer—(we quote it from memory) Let not my weak and erring hand Presume thy bolts to throw, Or deal damnation round the land On each I deem icy foe." THIRD EDITION OF « THE SUN." K s have received many complaintsfrom Subscribers who are frequently disappointed in not receiving the Third Edition. The fault rests en tirely with the News-agent who serves them, and who thereby not only injures the paper, but does injustice to his customer. This injustice is still further aggravated by an extra charge of a hajfpenny (the Post office fee) being made for NOT supplying the latest or Third Edition. This Edition contains the Latest News: Parliamentary Debates up to a Quarter to Seven—The " Gaiettes" on Tuesday and Friday, together uith the " Prices Current" of all the Markets, as well as Officia Prices of Shares in Radical's, ,Lc. &c.—The Beling at Tattersall's on Monday and Thursday—The latest (closing) Prices of the Funds— The Proceedings in Railway Committees up to the close—and all other news arriving in London after three o'clock in the afternoon, when the Second or Evening Edition goes to press. In distant parts of the camtry, the Third Edition contains news TWELVE HOURS IN ADVANCE, a matter of importance to those who want early intelligence. In those places "here the evening mail arrives in the middle of the night, Ole " MORNING SUN," containing ALL the Debates, &c. &c., will answer best, and Subscribers can suit themselves accordingly. Respectable Agents will always supply the proper paper; but where any wilful neglect is experienced, we recommend parties to write to " The Sun" office, 112, Strand, where prompt attontion will be paid to their representations. THE WEATHER.—SuN OFFICE, MARCH 24. THERMOMETER, Lowest, 40 ; Highest, 49; Noon, 4 BAROMETER, 30.1.—WIND, W. N. W. Nora.—The figures which follow the words "Lowest" and " Highest" denote the lowest and highest state of the thermometer during the preceding twenty-four hours. All the other obserrations are made at noon. HUM WATER AT LONDON -BRIDGE THIS DAY. Morning .. 10 minutes after 2 I Evening .• 29 minutes after 2. 41. *lt IF•ig ) 111:\P.; ' , • -„ pill,, 2 •os ~. \ r . , IT SECOND EDITION: etrifltfl.7.l.l3l; LONDON, MONDAY, MARCH 24, 1845, The Established Church of this country appears to have fallen, in our times, upon evil fortunes. We are sorry for the fact; but we still more sincerely deplore the aggravation of her mischances, which she must experience in the knowledge that they are almost exclusively visited upon her by the misconduct of her own ministers. It is our profound respect for her doctrine, our grateful recollection of the signal occasions on which she has nobly identified her own independent existence and action with those of civil liberty, that have caused us to view the progress of Puseyite innovation, bigotry, and contumaciousnes s with so much apprehension and disgust. Civil and religious liberty is too noble a " birthright," God knows ! to be sacrificed for " a mess" of ceremonial mummery. Yet there are scandals more disgraceful to the character of the Church, so far as this is to he collected from the deportment of her ministers, than the wildest follies, the most solemn impertinences of that ecclesiastical coxcombry, which is now vexing her peace and compromising her welfare. Of these scandals none are so flagrant, or so offensive to all the common sympathies of our nature, as the ebullitions of intolerant bigotry which certain country parsons appear to be given to, from a self-consciousness, one might almost infer, of inability to attain dis tinction in their calling by any more le gitimate means, such as the orthodoxy of their doctrine, the purity of their lives, the extent of their learning, or the superior Christian charity and humility of their bearing. We read in the Wiltshire Independent a case of "Clerical Bigotry Extraordi nary," stated to have recently occurred at War minster, which would have seemed scarcely credible to us had it been told even of some remote village in the heart of Spain,—the head-quarters of priestly domination and of lay ignorance. An aged and re spectable female, whose parents were Members of the Established Church, and she had been herself bap tized a member of it, married, many years ago, a member of the Unitarian Church of the same place, and with him had since attended its service. After being afflicted with many years of ill hea]th, she was seized with a sudden affection on the 6th of this month, which next day terminated her existence. She had brought up a family of fifteen children. Four of these lie buried in the parish church-yard of Warminster, one of them having been interred there only last year (the victim, we infer, of some distress ing casualty.) Of the survivors, many are respect ably settled in life. Her widowed husband, mourn ing for his aged partner, to whom he had been united for fifty-seven years, applied to the parish sexton to re-open the grave which had so lately closed upon their daughter, with whose remains it was her wish that her own should be deposited. The Vicar, Mr. FANE, interposed his written veto, in a notice addressed to the widowed husband, in its tone so unmanly, so unchristian, so inhuman, and withal so insolent, that we should com promise our duty as public journalists were we to abstain from holding up this precious document to the public indignation it so richly merits. The old man, bowed down with years and humbled by his recent affliction, was overwhelmed at finding himself, at such a time, and under such circumstances, the object of animosity and accusations which he knew to be so unfounded. But his present anxiety being to fulfil the last wishes of his wife, by laying her bones near those of their daughter, he obtained and exhibited a certificated copy of the entry of her baptism from the parish-church register, concluding that—as we we are fully prepared to contend it legally was—this document would be sufficient to obviate the difficulty which had been raised to the burial of the deceased according to her instructions. But all further nego tiations were fruitless; and he was at last compelled to commit the body to unconsecrated ground, apart from the mortal relics of the children and family with whom, in life, she had been so fondly con nected. The matter has been since brought under the notice of the Bishop, who has promised to insti• gate inquiries into the facts. We now come to the letter itself of this Reverend Vicar. It is a production, in point of style, feeling, and expression, every way worthy of the persecuting spirit and paltry bigotry which dictated it, and though as a composition it be absolutely beneath criticism, it is not the less expedient to analyze it, paragraph by paragraph. The time has arrived at which, if the Established Church is to retain its former influence over the attachment and respect of its flock, the high-flying pretensions of these " chur lish priests," must be distinctly and permanently put down. If the superior clergy, the diocesan or the spiritual courts will not or cannot interfere with effect for such a purpose, the Legislature must do so by express declaratory enactments, for nothing short of these will satisfy the growing impatience of the public for the repression of these offensive outbreaks of petu lant intolerance and spiritual tyranny. Let it not be objected to us that we are prejudging the merits of the case before us, pending the result of investigations which the Bishop of the diocese has promised to institute. No investiga tion can alter the admissions of this amiable Vicar', own letter to the ancient widower. We assume that the Wiltshire Independent has not been imposed upon by a forgery, and we, therefore, without hesitation, denounce the language we are about to quote as equally presumptuous and cruel. What says this minister of peace—this servant of Him, whose Divine mission it was to proclaim " on earth, peace and good will towards men "—to the aged and sorrow-stricken parishioner, desiring to have the remains of his wife committed to the same grave which had formerly , received those of her daughter ? Ile commences his letter in a strain of unornamental address, such as— out of the Church—we apply rather to dogs than to men. From the " HAINEs" which " leads" the papers all margin of pity, recognition, or concern, in respect of a suffering fellow creature, is carefully cut off. His pointer Ponto, instead of his parishioner, might be the animal address& by this meek Vicar; but a tcuch of the odium theologicum, in its full intensity, soon shows itself :—" HAINES—I understand your wife has died as 'awfully suddenly' as others of your family." The purport of this in uendo developes itself in the next sentence--" She has died in an awful and damnable heresy" Humane, gentle, considerate, soothing, Christianlike pastor! Just the topic this, and just. the time to discuss it, for a wounded spirit. If t l ..e reverend writer conscientiously believed that his Unitarianism was a " damnable, awful heresy"—and just the happy selection of the moment for this pal pably hinting that the "awfully-suddenly" departings of the deceased and of her children before her were the ire have ken favoured with a copy of one of the ablest pamphlets which has yet appeared on the ex tensive sultject of "Commercial and Financial Legis lation." It has been printed, we believe, for private circulation only ; but its merits—the importance of the statistical contents which it embodies and the cleverness of their arrangement—will not long, we apprehend, withhold it from an extensive diffusion to the public. It does not often happen to us to fall upon authors in any department of economic know ledge who sufficiently attend to the cogent necessity for a clear statement of the elementary principles which it is necessary for those, in the first place, to become thoroughly conversant with whom it is proposed to initiate into the infinite field of deductions and con clusions which lies beyond them. Those deductions and conclusions are indispensable stepping -stones to all progress in these branches of political knowledge. They are carefully ascertained and repeatedly -tested facts or quantities, which we must assume in eco nomics, as we reason upon axioms in philosophy. It is, therefore, of the highest moment that as the mass of facts, quantities, and results, to be digested and classified, accumulates, the rules or course to be established for the order in which they should be dis cussed and arranged, be of the soundest possible cha racter. For, otherwise, either it will be impossible to embrace the extensive scope of the matters to be cal culated and recorded; or operations, which have been pushed through many series, will require to be renewed and recast on account of not having been properly commenced, or of having been irregularly and intermittingly pursued. Entertaining these views, we have been struck by the philosophy of an opening passage in the introduction in the very clever paper before us. We cannot do better than commend it thus at length to the favourable attention of our readers : "In estimating the elements of just commercial and financial legislation, we should not only be well ac quainted with the physical power and resources of our own, but also with those of other nations, as regards their geographical position, configuration, natural produc tions, and population. An able legislator should also understand the political and moral power of nations, so far as their respective Governments may, in a corn parative view, be considered as advancing or retarding national prosperity, or as limiting or extending public liberty and individual happiness. Then, and not be fore, in the present age of the world, can he com prehend in legislative usefulness the wise adaptation of those elements of national - power which comprehend the income and expenditure. the occupations of the people, and the productions of labour. " This division of legislation embraces the following sub-divisions : "I. Finance, or Revenue and Expenditure. "11. Occupations of the People, whether in agricul ture, manufactures, or in any other way connected with the product've operations. "111. Commodities, whether they be of the growth m the soil, of the productions of mines, of fisheries, and 01 manufactures. or as regards the arts, of wild and do mestic animals, for their skins, ivory, h orns , b ones, flesh, oil, tallow, and fur,—and " IV. Commerce, or the interchange of raw and ma nufactured commodities. " The three last can only be made equitably subser vient to the first, so far as the obligations of the State justifies taxation; no one of the three, viz., the occupa tions of the people, commodities, and commerce, should be taxed at th e expense o f the other." 'The paper then divides itself, after a sort of natural order, into various sections, which are thus headed —lnterchange of Commodities; Taxes upon Con sumption ; Financial Revision ; Stamp Duties ; Post office; Excise Duties; Revision of the Customs Duties. These are illustrated by tables of the arti cles, and quantities thereof charged with duties of Excise for 1832, and of the net annual Customs for the two years before and following the Tariff of 1842. These are succeeded by an article entitled a pro forma Scheme of Finance. Under the section entitled "Interchange of Com modities," a clever, though rapid, sketch is given of the origin of municipal inland and transit duties levied at frontier stations of independent kingdoms and territories, and of Customs taken on foreign goods at the outports. We may conclude our present notice with the following extracts applicable to the principles of free-trade, the history of their develop ment, and of tariffs in modern Europe; and espe cially to the operation of wars upon countries, re spectively maintaining them under different circum stances, associations, or exigencies : "The sound principle of unrestricted international trade, although laid down long since by Adam Smith, in oppo sition to the more specious theory of Colbert, has in British legislation only been practically attempted by the Government, during the first four years of Mr. Mitt's Administration, and during the time Mr. liuskisson was l in power, an d, a l ti - n le ‘ arils, to a li m i t( d exte nt, r3l • Sydenharn. The not elven:Ave and liberal re' c i i , the Uritish Cit,t ,, ms duties, since 111 r. Pat's 131 . 1787, is the tariff of 1842. "In France, neit her the Government nor the Leg ii d have admitt e d t v4 .11 the principl e o f f ree - tra de. the limited coma' erce of that country with o thtril, which, in rega r d to impor , s, is restricted; eitecrP smuggling, nearly altogether to raw materials ()It'd necessity to her manu t acturcs, as cotton, wOO l , ll- dyestuffs, &c. 'There was one remarkable, but bet l a l pt ception t o th e genera ll y unsound commercial legi:jer) of Franc e . Th at except i on consisted of the 010 duties on imports into France from England, as 6° 90 on Mr. Pitt's ce l e b rate d treaty sigred a t Versa' the 26th of S e p tem b er, 1786 * eter " A war o f mater i a l i nterests, or, more s,t,‘ speaking, of ma t er i a l i n j ur i es—that is, a war of c ; s o homes or fisc a l f orts , w i t h t h e i r garrisons o f re rf, officers and servants, has long be en declared andf re on between m ost E uropean nations. This warnioii interests, or i n j ur i es, h as net ceased with t h e bloodshed, and it we may ever expect sectuity apr a recurrence of the calamities attendant on, and Dieoo pent to the latt er , it w ill b e in destroying the oetrodi of the former—in short, by the extensitn of fre e. between all nations." „ ” *The Revo7ution annulled, at the same gr treaty and its Lhiral principles of commerce and 0 „' y thin. It is Ly far the most remarkable cornmereiltel on record. Ac cor di ng to i ts stipulations, the 31 and inhabitants of the respective dominions of the bo o sovereigns shall have liberty freely and securely O l ! e s, license or passport, general or special, by land or 1 00 ,i , or in any oth er way, to enter into the kingdoms, oaf nions, provinces, counties, islands, cities, villages , ', c ol. walled or u nwa ll e d , f ort i f i ed or unfortified, ports or 'of tories whats oever , s i tuated i n Europe, of the Ow 601 reigns, and t o return f rom thence, remain there,°rt.;sll through the same, and therein to buy and pureii„- t w things necess ar y f or t h e i r su b s i stence or use, an d shall mutu a lly b e treated with all kindness and Iticor Provided, however, that in all thes e matters the) sn ie form them se l ves to the laws and st a t u t es .' The' € The freedom wr.s extended to ships and merchandise. 0 1 duties to be p a id on F renc h commodities in Ong of were rated as follows :—Wines, no higher duties th sP o , those of P or t uga l. (I n I reland no more than the lc initial duties then paid on foreign wines.) Vinegsrsof than half the previous duty. Olive oil, the lowest AO' paid by th e most f avoured nat i on. Brandy, seen, ,i e d lings per ga ll on . Th e follow i ng duties were to be'd reciprocally in both ki ng d oms: v i z .—H ar d i eares i e o cutlery of all kinds, and of whatever metals, ees wares, furniture, turnery, &e., not higher than I ° „ r ol cent. ad va l o r em . C otton an woollen-manufactUre'ot all kinds ( exce p t m i xe d w i t h s i lk) 12 per cent. 6501 of all so rts 10 per cent. Linens, same d itt i es as fin d , from Holland. S a ddl ery , 1 5 per cent. Millineod 12 per cent. Plate and glass wares, porcelain earthenware, 12 per cent." ' The latest accounts from Switzerland are to the 19 ree lp inst., and n o t very sat i s f actory. T he Diet canno t sg o I on the cour se w hi c h s h ou ld b e pursued w i t h re garu o the three questions at issue. The Diet met 011 18th, and continued the debates for nine houe• majority declared for the expulsion of the Jesut while the minority said their; cantons would r e d, any summons to remove the Jesuits from their V ibe tories. The prop os iti on o f th e ma j or i ty, declaritig 0( t total expulsion of the Jesuits, was adopted by te n two half-states, namely, Berne, Soleure, 200 Schaffhausen, Argau, Vaud, Thurgovia, G rp l¢ Glaris, Zurich, Exteri or A ppenze ll , and Best country. The cant ons w hi c h d ec l are d eg sl t i, entertaining the Jesuit question at all are- - 0 , Schweitz, Untervvald, Zug, Lucerne, Friburg, Ia rior Appenzell, Valais, and Neufchatel to (eight; a half states). This division, it a pp ears , w ill les' ar no result, as it requires twelve votes to teak th e ba t cision valid. On the 19th the Diet again In et ,' bli t nothing decisive was d one . It was un d er stood ' a , the question relative to the Jesuits would b e ° oe , journed till the Deputi es cou ld rece i ve f res h instr o f tions from the different cantons. At the mee tivg ., o % the Diet on the 18th the President made the follol y. announcement respecting M. GUIZOT'S note to " When the French Ambassador waited upon it me present his dispatch he declared to me at the WI i t , of that France had n o i n t ent i on to me ddl e i n t h e e",",,de. Switzerland—that s h e wou ld a l ways respec t her -(114 pendence, and that th e s t e p h e t h en tco k was dictate, 0, lriendly motiv e s. I rep li e d, t h at I accepte d his de c „ s n if tions with pleasure, and th a t it was on t h a t co nditioci t he I could consent t o rece i ve the copy o f the dispatch o f the French Cabinet. I n com pli ance wit h the wistlee ° " o o Committee of the Diet, I have thought proper to el'`' to the Swiss Chat-Le d'Affaires, at l'aris, a dispatch c taining a vindication of the rights of Switzerland fi! zo t. independent pow er , an d a rep l y to t h e note o f 31. 61110 A copy of it will b e g i ven to t h e A m b assa d or o f Frs,- , ;; Ir and the document aft erwar d s commun i cate d to the vw federated States." Madrid journals of the 16th have been recei/ e4' The Chamber of Deputies was engaged in discu s ; in,; the Bill for restori ng th e unso ld Ou r property. Little opposition is made to the measure, and as it is regarded as a peace-offering to the r °r e t it will pass without molification. The Commi tte e ; to whom the new electoral Bill had been refi'l le il ; were favourable to the principle, and that als°, W s become a law. Generals ARISTIZABAL and d tl : t d. AMETTLER have been permitted to return to Ma de s l l The Three per Cents. closed on the 15th at 3 0 : at 60 days; the Four Cents. at 24 at 60 days, i , s t 1 per cent. premium; the Five per Cents. at 26 the 60 days ; the Coupons at 28i at 40 days; and /I /I Debt without Intere s t a t 7 11-16 f or cas h, and at 60 days. . _ The Journal des D e b a t s con t a i ns an a rticle on 1; Bill for preventin g gam bli ng i n railway selletehist which embodies just observations, no t only °°.;,, - , i t measure but many oth ers , w hi c h f rom so me ac's to or whim on the part of a few Members give ri . s , e ;pg unnecessary legislation. This is one of the bese" og sins of the House of Commons, for while the on sti- i o laws are sufficiently stringent and even apPlie B , lll : if most cases, meddling persons bring in neW Bi lAs A l • their only object were to obtain notoriety a nd crease the severity of the law against the tin' 6 sented portion of the c ommun it y . A ccor ding to ` the able French j ourna l th e l aw now prov id e s f° l. " to punishment o f f rau d u l ent sc h emes, wh i c h aPPlies-. railway compani es as we ll as ot h ers. It is i ncti n i o f bent upon the Legi s l a t ure ," i t says , I , to aPr itself to reform, and even to prevent, ° bus is ' It is, therefore, right that the coma: l e r %, and penal cod es s h ou ld prov id e aga i ns t the ,c, o bi , sequences of jobbi ng , an d restra i n t h e prac tice. ' tai , is what has made the authors of our codes inArn er i , o • They have nullifi e d a ll ti me b arga i ns, b ec ause t 'if are a cloak in whi c h gam bli ng l oves t o c lothe W e d , They have inflicted pains and penalties on ail 5 4 . 11 „, c , tricks on the Stock-E xc h ange as t en d t o create '" os titious rise or fall. They have stopped there, end n o , without having well considered the question, beetle they have been afraid to confine the freedoin of money transactions, of restricting the circular/ee capital, which is th e essence o f commerce . They bare moreover believed that th e p u bli c m i n isters of Ju s- o f would be vigilant, and take care that all v iolation s the law should be pu n i s h e d, an d th e p u blic mile/tee have done their hest. They have in like We rai rd , given to these laws a general character, gt is oc h ing themselves a ga i ns t l eg i s l a ti ng upon e f e lt species of jobbing, because they bev e ke that by attempting to d o thi s they would re - e , t e r ceive code an endless vol ume . Th ese , if we do no t to ceive ourselves, are good precedents whichshould ee os t be departed from. H ave a h o l y i n di g nation 0 111 . , 0t jobbing, and the world w ill app l au d you ; but (If' make laws ab irato, for they would be at best ile i ti r rs plicable, which is always an evil. Now, it aP . r the to us that the Hon. Proposer of the Bill „ i ll ' ks , Chamber of Peers, and the Minister of Public iv Co'°o who rivalled Count DARU in zeal, and the wise tho mittee which has laid both the propositions 01 , 0 ciertoo` Minister and of the C o u n t u p on th e slips in or fit them together into one only, have listened much much to the counsels of their own generous illat ve tion, and, under the infl u e nce o f this noble rag e ' the lost sight of the excellent examples given illustrious authors of the codes, and the introduced by them into our monuments of leg bee ls i 0 tion. They have forgotten that there havel vigilant Procureurs du Roi attached to the tri . bil . Li t o f who knew how to be strict ; they have lost sigh t i t the Council of State and the Ministers, w hose de _Y oe is to scrutinise, article by article, the statutes of 0 : 00 panies ; they have, in fine, acted as if there we t r . ob , prescripviulty, other jobbing than in railroad shares, and that) bing attacked in that point must of necessity render at discretion." in The observations made by Sir RouERT r° o f the House of Commons, relative to the effi lir ;t s i o o Greece, have attracted the notice of the OpPl,wia, journals, and it is curious, in reading their renl3'r; to see how exactly they imitate certain London Puof nals, in throwing the blame of any untoward the Greek Government on their o pponents. IST lot :i l fi l g the French Minister at Athens is said to be against English interest s , th e C ons tit u tionne/ serrrh-at •L''' only culpable foreign agen t i s Si r E. LYONS. ) ",, f - r • journal quotes Si r R OBERT P E E L 'S reply t o CO , C W EIR e AN s t a l a l n d no t t he s n ay a d t d h s a at this little discussion -13' 1 •••,,....., ... though t but a r.di. turn to sr to 115 gi or(! i has set 1 of the Fr Grpti i lii M. Piieat Xing Otl veringly When it is It is, it ea for th e Al litre are Sir E. Ly , nets, Tor , their lager; !xtremity. inconvenie contrary belonged t called: A Sir R p t e The fo Into most official ev, I Nheh me per Three IN New Lc c 4 .1 c 4 Nl o 4 33 Zk rran i 44:114 rives, 1 11,„ Duke eg t he re orth Ettopt \_ _ ~`