The Sun. — London, England, 1851-06-05 00:00:00

PURSUANT to a DECREE of the HIGH COURT of CHANCERY, made in a cause CRAIGHILL at ainst CRAIGHILL, the Creditors of WILLIAM CRAIGHILL, late of Orthwaite, in the parish of Uldale, in the county of Cum berland, yeoman (who died in the month of December, 1846), are forthwith to come in and prove their Debts before RICHARD TOBIN XINDEBEILLY, Esq., one of the Masters of the said Court, at his Chambers, in Southampton-buildings, Chancery-lane, London ; or in default thereof, they will be excluded the benefit of the said becree. June 2, 1851. ALLEN and NICOL, AS, Queen-street, Cheapside, Plaintiff's Agents. L ONDON AND NORTH - WESTERN RAILWAY. RETURN TICKETS. With a view of enabling parties visiting London during the Great Zihibition to spend their 'Sundays in the country, notice is hereby given. that on every SATURDAY, until further notice, TICKETS, not transferable, will be issued from the Euston-square Station only, bl allY train, and to any station at which the trains stop, on the London and North-Western Railway, returnable on the following Monday, at ONE FIRE for the DOUBLE JOURNEY, according to the class of train by which the tickets may have been issued. By order, MARK }WISH. General Manager's Office, Euston Station, May 23, 1851. CHEIHN DE FEIN, LONDON and NORTH WESTERN (Londres and Nord Quest.) BILLETS D'ALLEE et RETOUR. Afin do donner aux voyageurs visitant Londres pendant l'Exposi tpn les facilites necessaires pour passer le Dimanche a la campagne, administration de la Compagnie fait savoir par le present que Jusqu'i nouvel ordre, it sera orris tons les Samedis a la Station d'Eus ton-square seulement, pour tons lee trains et pour tons les points de la route oq les trains s'arretent des billets avec lesquels on aura la facilite de revenir jusqu'au lundi suivant. Le prim de cos billets sera le memo que pour un soul trajet et cette Ogle sera generale pour tous les trains. Par ordre, Bureau do Directeur General, Euston Station, MARK HUISII. 23 Mai, 1851. LONDON und NORTH-WESTERN EISENBAHN. lIIN-UND-ZURUCK BILLETTE. Um den Herren Fremden, welche sich wihrend der grossen Aus stellung in London aufhatten, die Gelegenheit zu geben, den Soon tat anf's Land zubringen zu kiinnen ; wird es heimit an gezeicht bis aid welter° Ankundigung, Billette jeden Sonnabend nur bei der Euston-square Melon zu erhalten sind, fur jede Abfalirt und anfiede Station auf der- ondon und North-Western Eisembahn, hei ''elchen der Zug anhlilt. Fur solche Billette wird nur einfaches Faingeld fur die Hin•und-zuruck - Fahrt v e rlan g t, und die Zuruck. fahrt mag mit einem zug derselben Klasse fur welche das Baet ge nommen wurde, am forgenden Montag stattfinden. Auf verordnung* der Direction, MARK HUISII. Bureau der General Direction, Euston Station, 23ten Mai, Mil. AS CO T R A C E S. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY. SPECIAL TRAINS will run between Paddington and Windsor. Omnibuses at moderate and fixed fares, as well as a large number of carriages of every description, are provided to convey passengers between the Windsor Station and the Race Course. In addition to the Booking Offices at Paddington, tickets may be procured on and after Saturday next, the 31st inst., at Messrs. Tat tersall's, Hyde-park Corner; at the Company's Offices, 27, Ring• Street, Cheapside ; 449, West Strand ; Peacock, Islington ; and the Boar and Castle, Oxford-street. Full particulars of the Trains, &c., are given in separate hand bills, which may to had on application at the Railway Stations, and at the abave•named places. Paddington Station, May 2Gth, 1851. SCO T R ACES. The Proprietors of the London Conveyance Company and the Paddington Conveyance Association beg to inform the public, that they have arranged for a plentiful supp l y of well-appointed Omni buses, to work from the Windsor Station of the Great Western Bail- Way en all the Four Lace Days, which will be conveniently placed in the Station-yard at Windsor on the arrival of the several Trains. Each Omnibus will be conspicuously numbered, so that gentlemen may easily recognise in the afternoon the vehicles that conveyed them in the morning. Fares from Windsor to the Course and Back. Tuesday, June 3.... ss. I Thursday, June 5 • 7s. Wednesday, „4 .• 4s. Friday, „ G• • 4s. May 27, 1851. GREAT WESTERN RAILWA Y. CHEAP EXCURSIONS. Open Excursion Carriages will be attached on week days to the 1 0.30 A.m. and the 3.30 P.M. down trains from Paddington to Wind sor, calling at Intermediate stations ; and to the up trains leaving Windsor at 7.20 p.m. and 9.45 P.M.. except on the 3d, 4th, sth, and lith of June, on which days they will not run. On Sundays, the Open Excursion Carriages will be attached to the 9 A.M., 9.15 A.M., and 3 P.M. trains from Paddington; and the 1.45 pm., 6.35 r.m. and 9.45 p.m. up trains from Windsor to Paddington. Fares to Windsor and Back, in Open Carriages, 2s. Paddington Station, 26th May, 1851. EASTERN COUNTIES RAILWAY. CUE tP TRIP TO CAMBRIDGE. On WEDNESDAY, Juno 11, a SPECIAL TRAIN will leave liishopsgate Station at 9 A.M., returning at 7 r.m., due in London at 9 P.M. Fare to Cambridge and Back, 3s. A limited number of Second-class Carriages will be provided at the fare of ss. each passenger. EASTERN COUNTIES R AILWAY. First and Second-class Return Tickets are issued at a SINGLE FARE from all Stations between London, Peterborough, and lirandsn to Yarmouth or Lowestoft, each Friday, Saturday, and Sun day, and are available for the Return Journey until and including the following Thursday. EASTERN COUNTIES RAILWAY. WHITSUNTIDE HOLIDAYS. First and Second-class RETURN TICKETS taken on the 6th, 7th, and Bth June, 1851, will be available for the RETURN JOURNEY on any day up to and including the 14th. COLOSSAL GLOBE.—Mr. WYLD' S Model of the EARTH, in Leicester-square, is now OPEN to the p ublic. A.dnkission— Five Shillings. NELL GWYNORNE'S EXHIBITION F 1551. Messrs. ARCHER and HOLT take this opportunity of returning thanks to their friends and patrons for the support they have re ceived since they first opened the portals of TIIE NELL GWYNNE TAVERN AND CIIOP-HOUSE, which is situated in the most cen tral part of the metropolis, BULL INN-COURT, STRAND, three doors east of the Adelphi Theatre, and opposite Adam-street. NELL GWYNNE'S EXHIBITION consists of an excellent TABLE D'HOTE daily at Six o'clock (Sundays excepted). Fish and Joints, 2s. Irish Stew on Fridays, and Rump Steak Pudding on Saturdays. Chops, Stakes, and Kidneys, all Soyer. Choice Wines and Spirits. Barclay's Stout, Salt's Ales, &c. Private Dinner and Supper Rooms and Good Beds. NELL GWYNNE'S PUNCH in high perfection. TEETH. -13, Old Burlington-street, Bond-street. For Loss of Teeth, consult Mr. MOGGRIDGE, who, during the last year sueceedel in upwards of a thousand cures, in many of which other practitioners had entirely failed, and whose numerous beautiful specimens on view have been noticed with high approba tion by the Times, Morning Chronicle, Herald, and Post, as the nearest approach to perfection in the dental art, c3mbining Parisian lightness with the utmost durability, defying detection by the closest observer, remaining perfectly firm in mastication, and not requiring the ex traction of stumps, or any painful operation in the adaptation. As a guarantee against risk, no fee expected until perfect articulation and Mastication be restored; and in order th..t the most economical may enjoy the advantages of his superior system, with pure gold and pro per materials, the following moderate charges will be continued : An Upper Set, Ten Guineas ; a Lower Set, Ten Guineas ; a Full Set of Artificial Teeth, Ten Guineas ; a Single Tooth, One Guinea. Stopping, Cleaning, &c. Attendance from Ten till Five o'clock. For the completion of a full set, one visit only required. Consultation free. 13, Old Burlington-street, Bond-street. VIOLENT SHOCK TO TRADE Unreasonable people are complaining grievously of the present state of business ; they say they can sell nothing, and get no orders ; others are going on as if trade was at its best. and doing more than their share. Those who are doing nothing, find various causes for their paucity of trade. One says it was the repeal of the corn-laws ; another says it is the Great Exhibition ; a third it is the Popish aggression ; a fourth it is the Kafir war ; a fifth that it is the state of France ; and so they run the gauntlet through fifty alleged causes, while the right one is kept out of view altogether. Giles Go a-head built twelve houses. from which he was to derive his income, but being a whole year without letting ono house, he considered himself a loser of six hundred pounds. London had overbuilt itself, too many people lived in one house. Everbody took lodgings to save taxes ; the window duty and twenty other eau+ es passed throughail es's mind ; but a neighbour took the liberty of calling his attention to the real one—they were ten pounds per annual too much rent. Giles took the hint, thought four hundred and eighty pounds was a better income than nothinr, lowered the rent, and let them all immediately. Besides that, he found his four hundred and eighty pounds went quite as far as he once made six hundred go. And the real cause of a large class suffering for want of trade is, that they strug ;le against the change of system, they will stick for large profits, and the day for large profits is gone by. Since E. MOSES and SON set the example of trading with large capital, and throwing all tits advantages of that capital into the hands of the public by adopting small profits. it has opened the eyes of the public to their true interest. Those who attempt tl trade updm the old system gradually lose their customers ; but let any one step into the Establishment of E. MOSES and SON, will they see anything like a paucity of business there? No. On the con trary, hundreds of hands are actively employed, there is an immense stack of the finest clothing in the world constantly going off, and as rapidly being replaced, and all arising from their being contentwith small profits and turning out first-rate articles forty per cent. less than used to be charged under the old system. It is nei ther the Papal Aggression, nor the repeal of the Corn-laws, nor the Great Exhibition, nor the Kafir war. nor the state of France, that makes business with some people bad. It is the folly of attempting to keep up the system of large profits. Trade has had a shock, but it was electric, and should have been, and would have been, benefi cial to all alike, had all acted properly ; but those only who, at once, like E. MOSES and SON, adopted the system of small profits on good articles, and large returns, reaped the advantage of the change, and the public will stand by them who set the example. This Establishment will be closed on Friday next, June 6. A handsome Almanac, for the year 1851, can be had gratis, on . _ application. The new edition of "Everybody's Book, containing a frill report of the late important trial, may be had gratis, on application, or by letter, post free. B. MOSES and SON have no connexion with any other house or out of London, except the following : London City Establishment, 154, 155, 156, and 157, Minories, 83, 84, 85, and 86, Aldgate, opposite the Church, all communicating. London West-end Branch, 506, 507, 508, New Oxford-street, 1,2, and 3, Hart Street, all communicating. Bradford " Yorkshire" Branch, 19, Bridge-street. Sheffield Branch, 36, Fargate. Hosiers, Furriers, Boot and Shoe- Tailors, Clothiers, Hatters, makers, and General Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen. The Establishments are closed fr . om sunset , Friday to sunset Ba turday, when business is v•srmacl till Twelve o clock. Ici I'on parle Francaise. Qui si parla Italiano. Hier epricht man Deutsch. Aqui se habla Espanol. IN SIX LANGUAGES—FORTIETH EDITION. CON"rAINING THE REMEDY FOR THE PREVENTION OF DISEASE. lati.strated by One Hundred Anatol:alai Coloured Engravings on Steel. ON PHYSICAL DISQI7ALIFICATIONS, GENERATITE INCA PACITY, AND IMPEDIMENTS TO MARRIAGE. A Now and Improved Edition, enlarged to 196 pages, price 25 - 6d. by post, direct from the Establishment. 3s. 6d. in Postage stamps, All Communications being strictly confidential, the Intkors have discontinued the publishing of Cases. SILENT FRIEND, a Medical Werk on the exhaustion and physical decay of the system, produced by eviessive indulgence, the consequences of infection, or the abuse o mercury, with explicit directions for the use of the prevent ive lotion,f followed by observations en the Married State, and the disqualifica tions which prevent it. Illustrated by 100 Coloured Engravings. By R. and L. PERRY and CO., 19, Berners-street, Oxford-street, Lon don. Published by the Authors ; and s old b y Stran g e, 21, Pater noster-row ; Hannay, 53, and Sanger, 150, Oxford-street ; and Gor don, 146, Leadonhall-street, London. PART I. treats of the anatomy and physiology of the re-productive organs, and is illustrated by 29 Coloured Engravings. PART 11. treats of use consequences resulting from excessive in dulgence, and their lamentable effects on the system, producing mental and bodily weakness, nerveus excitement, and generative incapacity. Illustrated by 10 Explanatory Engravings. PART 111. treats of the diseases resulting from infection, either in the primary or secondary form, and contains explicit directions for their treatment. This section is Illustrated by 62 Coloured Engrav- US* F AR T Tv. contains a Remedy for the Prevention of Disease by a 'Ample application, by which the danger of infection is obviated. This important part of the Work should not escape the retder's notice. Emir V. is devoted to the consideration of marriage, and its du ties. The causes of unproductive union are also considered, and the whole subject critically and philosophically inquired into. Tria COZDIAL BALM or STRIACUM is exclusively employed in t re ating nervous and sexual debility, impotence, &c., lls. and 335. par bottle. The Concentrated Detersive Essence, an anti-syphilitic remedy, for purifying the blood in cases of infection, secondary symptoms, eruptions, and the abuse of mercury, l Is. and 355. per bottlo. Peril's Purifying Specific Pills. 2s. 9d., 4s. 63., and I Is. per boa, a certain remedy for gonorrhoea, gleet, stricture, and chronic inflammation of the bladder. Consultation fee, if by letter, V. A. minute detail of the case is required: ago, habits, and posi tion In soc iety. SI. Packets, with advice, to be had at the Este blis eat by which the foe. IL, is saved. Messrs. Perry, km are in attendance daily at 19, Berners-street , Oxford-street, Lou. from Eleven till Two, and Five to Eigkt ; on Sunday, from Woven to One, n•sloop, had her mein to low . em' led that his ar n-iloop, 3riek to Sinclair d. ; Si" I of al° 851. bat the ecieion mild be , r d'l. ' II. .. 1 AND 65 1 . you 6 lm the 3 01 11 / °rifle d I °9 rd ; 9vr ll r e ob vet. FP• r N°.18,315.] LONDON, THURSDAY E rt ENING SU N, JUNE 5, 1851, On Monday will be published, in ono vol. crown Bvo., price ltis., A B D-E L-K A D E R. A POE In Six Cantos. By Viscount MAIDSTONE. London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. TEIE EXPOSITOR of this week contains in the Walks amongst the Niach!nery, British and Foreign, at the Great Exhibition, by an Engineer and Practical Machinist, a com plete Review, with numerous diagrams, of Screw and Paddle Pro p ilsion—Engraving of Messrs. Jackson and Graham's elaborately carved Oak Sideboard—The Carved Altar-piece, by Geert's, of Lou vain, from a Daguerreotype by Claudet—American Carriage— Gothic Marble Font—German Original Articles on the Shilling Visitors of the Exhibition—The naming of the New Planet—Early Closing of Shops—The Week's Receipts of the Exhibition—The Jewellry Expositor—Letters tram a German in London about the Exhibition to Friends at Home—Miscellanea--Patents and Regis tered Designs. Joseph Clayton, jun., 265, Strand and Piccadilly. NEW WORK ON STRICTURE AND SPERMATORIZEREA. Just published, Bvo., in cloth, price 3s. 6d., by post (free), 45., ATREATISE on the CURE of STRICTURE of the URETHRA ; containing the True Reasons why that Disease so often assumes such an intractable character; with Rules and Instructions for the successful Treatment of every Form of Urethral Contraction, based on the results of extensive and pro longed experience. To which is added, Practical Observations on the Treatment of Spermatorrhcea by Cauterization. By F. B. COURTENAY, "These who complain most loudly are those only who know not how to use the eommon instruments. . . . . The prac tice of surgeons has been marked with all kinds of violence, and in difference about the simple cure of diseases, and a passion for operations, and all the excesses and horror of surgery."—John Bell. 11. Bailliere, 219, Regent-street, London. CATHOLIC LAW AND GENERAL LIFE ASSURANCE COMPANY, 8 , NEW COVENTRY-STREET, LEICESTER-SQUARE, LONDON. The FOURTH ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING of the Proprie tors of this Company took place on the 25th instant, at the Head Office, at One o'clock precisely. The following is extracted from the report, which le too lengthy for publication : During the past year no claims have arisen from deaths in England. and but two in Ireland—one for 5001. and the other for 2501.—making together 7001., which have been paid. This is far below the expected mortality, and is especially favourable, when it is remembered how severely the life offices generally suffered from the epidemic of last year. The number of lives assured between the Ist of June, 1849, and the 31st of hay, 1850, was more than double the number issued in the twelve months preceding. Proposals were made for 138 Policies, amounting to 52,9631.25. 6d.: of these 123, comprising 106 lives, were accepted for 45,125/. 6s. gixteen Policies lapsed, representing 6,0481., upon which 3201. as. was received by the Company in the shape of premiums. Since the commencement of the Company to the Ist of June last, assurances were effected to the extent of 110,9721. lbs. 6d., pro ducing in annual premiums 3,732/. I Is. 6d. Of these 54 lapsed, amounting to 23,9501. 16s. 6d., of which the annual premiums were 7411. Is., leaving the yearly income on the let of June last equal to 2,991/. 15s. 11d. Since last meeting loans were applied for to the extent of 17,700/., but 1,183/. 1 ls. 10d. only was advanced. The Directors were also highly gratified to report that within the last four months they had considerably extended their business on the Continent, having appointed, as Head Agent in France, Monsieur de l'Etang, a gentleman of high standing in Paris, distinguished for his integrity and ability in financial and in all assurance matters, who, under the sanction and patronage of the Archbishop . of Paris, the Cardinal Archbishop of Lyons, and Monseigne ur Paris's, Eveque de Langres, has already within the last three months effected a con siderable amount of business, not only in Life Assurances, but in An nuities both Immediate and Deferred. After various resolutions, approving of the Report, and returning thanks to the Right Reverend Chairman, Bishop Morris, the Vice- Chairman, Actuary, Secretary, and Medical Officers of the establish ment, the meeting separated, highly gratified at its present results and future prospects. Foucault's Recent Experiments, De•nonstrating the Rotation of the Earth, is shown Mornings and Evenings at the ROYAL POI, YTECIf NIC LN BTIT LITTON Important Deposits by the Gas-fitters' Association, illustrat ing the econo,nical application of Gas for Cookir_g and various other purposes.—Lecture by Frederick Chatterton, Esq,, on the History of the Harp, from the time of the Egyptians, with Vocal Selections by Miss Blanche Younge, R.A. of Music, and illustrated by Drawings of the Harps of various Nations.—Lectures by J. 11. Pepper, Esq., on Chemistry, with brilliant experiments ; and on Natural Philosophy by Dr. Bachhoffner.—Two splendid Series of Dissolving Views :—One illustrating the Holy Land, painted by Charles Smith, Esq., &c., &c. Open every morning and evening.—Admission, Is. ; Schools, Half-price. LAURENT'd GRAND CASINO, Licensed by Act of Parliament. ARGYLL ROOMS, GREAT WINDMILL STREET, ST. JAMES'S. Sole Lessee, Charles Emile Laurent, jun., 57, Brompton-square.) OPEN EVERY EVENING, With LAURENT'S UNRIVALLED BAND. Principal Cornet-a-Pistons, M. Boulcourt. Doors open at Half-past Eight o'clock —Dancing to commence at tilne and terminate at Half-past Eleven o'clock precisely. Admission, One Shilling. BATTY'S GRAND NATIONAL HIPPODROME, Kensington, open every Evening, to com mence at Six o'clock. Daily crowded with rank and fashion to wit ness the most startling novelties ever presented in England. Doors open at Five. Performance to commence precisely at Six On Saturday, June 7, a grand Day Performance, to commence at Two o'clock. Admission to the Reserved Seats First-class do. Second do. - Third do. - 35. Od. - 2s. Od. - Is. Od. - Os. 6d. CREMORNE GARDENS. This Mammoth Establishment is NOW OPEN for the Season, nnler the direction of Mr. T. B. SIMPSON, with a new Grand Gala, entitled THE FEAST OF ROSES, of a novel and startling description, illustrative of T. Moore's beautiful poem, " Lallah Rookh"—lmmense concentration of talent and attraction — new Fairy Pallet, entitled THE STAR OF BEAUTY; or, The Imp of Fire, composed and produced by Herr DetilM, with entire new scenery, by Messrs. Gray and Devignes—New Tableaux Vivants, representing the Six Prize Medals of the Exhibition—New Chinese Pagoda—Orchestra and novel Platform, 100,000 feet, brilliantly il luminated, and decorated with luminous flowers—Dancing al Fresco to tlorini's celebrated Band—W. G. Pell (the original Bones), De Brenner, and Ledger—The Three Brothers Elliott in their surpris ing exercises—Madame Millen, the Female 'Wizard—War Exercises and Domestic Customs of the Bosjesmans, illustrated by a Family of that Tribe, on a new stage, with appropriate scenery—Professor Tay lor and the Double-sighted Youth—Splendid Pyrotechnic display on the Polychrome Palace, by Chevalier Mortram—A new mid intricate Maze—The Gipsey in her Tent—Shooting Gallery and Archery Grounds, and numerous other Entertainments. Mons. Franconi, Director of the Cirque National de France, and and his unrivalled Troupe of Equestrian Artists are engaged, and will arrive shortly. THIS DAY, June b, a Grand Gala of Venetian Lanterns will be repeated. Admission, One Shilling—Children Half-price. Doors open at Three. On Sundays, no charge for Admission, except by Refreshment Card, price Sixpence. The Proprietors have made arrangements with the Iron and Ci tizen Steam-boat Companies to convey their patrons to London after the entertainments, DR. CULVERWELL'S NEW WORKS. To be had of Sherwood, 23, Paternoster-row ; Carvalho; 147, Fleet-street ; Mann, 39, Cornhill ; or direct from the althor ,rice One Shilling each ; by post, ls. 6d. ENJOYMENT OF LIFE. "Health, Recreation, and rational Use of Time." CONTENTS :—Early Rising—Spring and summer Momings—Ex mrsions about the Environs of London—The Parks, Lanes, Hills, orestn, Fields, High-roads, and other pleasant places—Country trips and Rambles—The Sea—London at Night —Evening. at Home —Mus , o—The Drama—On Eating, Drinking, Sleeping, Bathing, Air, Zest, Ease, Occupation, &c., &o. IL FRAGMENTS FROM THE MOUNTAINS. Two Vol& Voll. e VISIT TO THE LAKES; SKETCH:OF EDINBURGH, too. Vol. 11. SZE LAKES or KILLARNEY ; DUBLIN, &e. rCZOt HI. WHAT TO EAT, DRINK, AND AVOID. "That three seore years and ten our course may MM." A popular review of almost every form (cause and cure) of ner rously-debilitated health and enfeebled constitution, that harasses the young, besets the man of pleasure, business, er study, and em )lttere old age, with tables and rules for the diet and physical rep ation of every-day life. IV. THE PASSIONS. "'What passions hurt the body—what improve, Truths as relined as Athens ever heard." SUBJECT : -Life's pilgrimage, itom infancy to old age. The advent of the passions. Chastity and its infringements. The casualties o. icentionsness and dissipation, with illustrations, graphic, narrative, Ind remediative. Advocacy of early marriages.: V. THE MARRIAGE STATE. " To be or not to be, that is the question." Notlasatram:—Laws and obligations of nature, society, and re it:len regarding marriage, to be observed by either sex. Time and ; nice, on both sic cs, as to age, temperament, complexion, and igure, to secure healthy offspring, with the art of rearing them. Physical defectivoness and its removal. Sterility and its conversion. Oases, Scre. By E. J. CULVERWELL, M.D. (1841), M.R.C.S. (1827), L.S.A. 1824). Twenty-five years Medical and Forenaie Referee in these ratters. Reesotlers hours .laily till Ave. Lvilnings.sevan till nine. 10 &roll-Warta. Ttostant-strept DR. LA'MERT ON THE SECRET INFIRMITIES TURITY OF YOUTH AND . With Plain Directions for their Prevention and Care. FIFTY COLOURED ENGRAVINGS ON STEEL. lust published, in French, English, German, Dutch, Spanish, and Italian, in a Sealed Envelope, 25. 6d., or post-free, from the Author, for forty-two Stamps, QELF-PRESERVATION; a k_.7 Medical Treatise on the Physiology of Marriage, and on the Secret Infirmities and Disorders of Youth and Maturity, isaally acquired at as early pigged of life, which destroy the physical and mental powers, diminish and enfeeble the natural feelings, and exhaust the vital energies of Manhood ; with Practical Observations on the certain Prevention and successful Treatment . of Nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, Syphilis, Stricture, and all Diseases and Derangements resulting from Inelis rction, as adopted by Lallemand, Ricord, and other eminent mem bers of the faculty in France. With Fifty coloured Engravings, Illustrating the Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Re and the various injuries that are produced in them by solitary habits, excesses, and infection. BY SAMUEL LA'MERT, M.D., 37, BEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON. Doctor of Medicine. Matriculated Member of the University of Edin burgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society, Licentiate of Apothecaries' Hall, London, Member of the Hunterian Medical Society of Edinburgh, &c., &c. This work contains a plain and complete description of the ana tomy and physiology of the reproductive organs, and of their relative conditions in health and disease. The author, who has taken the highest medical honours, as evidenced by the diplomas and testimo- , male inserted in the work, is the only legally qualified medical man by who has exclusively, and for many years, devoted his studies to the treatment of these complaints. He may be consulted with ad vantageallliwtsthrhoaestreeedwb,yhose constitutions may have become debili tated through secret practices acquired is youth, or by the excesses of of m la a t rr er ia y g e o ar fr s an th d e pleasures sten" i o t f ae lif if e re ar n e d ' e m rod arrod a , t t e h nn e o o b f je un cte . ceasing misery and regret. 63, Oxford-street • Starie, Titchborn-street' Published by the Auth or , an d may be had of J. G i lber t , 49 Pater flaymarket ; Gordon, 146 nos ter-row ; HannaY, e Leadenhall-street • Mann, 23, Cornhill may be ens salted on these disorder s p ersonally, or by letter, dally, free by post for forty-two stamps, fro m the a i uthor's residence, who from tan tilt two. and from six tin eight. any two or three of whom might have been called before his Lordship?. The only way in which his assertions could he met was by calling these people; but it was quite against the rules of evidence that such statements should be made by third parties. The Learned Ser geant then cross-examined the witness, who, in reply to his interrogatories, denied that he ever gave legal ad vice, and stated that he was paid in proportion to the amount which he recovered. If nothing was recovered , he got nothing, but if he brought an action for 101 . , a n d got a verdict for SZ, ho received his full amount. Ho admitted that he had attended before Mr. James, and had been repremanded by him. By Mr. James, he had been accused of extortion, but not by Mr. Ramshay; nor had Mr. Ramshay ever prohibited him from practising in the court. As regarded the clerk's bringing the ledger and day-book, the attempt was to show by whom the orders were given; and Mr. Ham ..;hay's objection was to their admission as evidence of any such thing. The name of the clerk whom the judge called a " stupid, mumbling old blockhead," witness did not know. The principals in the several cases he cited were not present. Mr. Stone, the High Bailiff (pointed out to him) witaces knew, and after some hesitation he admitted that on ono occasion he and Mr. Statham had complained openly in court of his extortion. In answer to Mr. WHITMoRE, witness attempted at some length to explain away this charge, which ho ad mitted had been made, but which he asserted had origi nated in a misunderstanding, rendered the more easy by the fact that one of the under clerks, who communicated the fact to Mr. Stone, " was not altogether on the most friendly terms" with witness. The charge before Mr. James he explained as the act of "an illiterate woman, who kept her accounts in chalk." Mr. M'Connel, draper, of Lord Nelson street, Liver pool, was the next witness called—About this time last year he had brought an action in the County Court against a person named Wright, the mate of a ship, for goods sold and delivered. Amongst these goods was a muslin dress. He proved the sale and delivery to Mrs. Wright, wife of the defendant; but the judge said it was very imprudent in witness to sell a muslin dress to a mate's - wife. "A. dross of 3s. 6d. was quite good enough for her to buckle up her sleeves and scrub the floors in." On this ground, her being a mate's wife, and for no other reason that he knew, the claim was reduced from 14s. to 4s. by Mr. Ramshay, who thought the more expensive article should not have been supplied to a person in her sphere. On other occasions witness had attended the court, and heard the judge use very uncourtecus language to suitors, both plaintiffs and defendants. He had heard him cull them " stupid fools," "moldering," and " mum bling fools," and ask " what were they grinning at?" At the same period us that of the first case, to which ho hed referred, Richard Martin was suing his employer, who said ho had turned him away for being drunk. Martin said he was not, and could not he drunk, having been in the open air many hours, and having had only one glass of bandy. The judge then took up the case, and said to the defendant that plaintiff could not be drunk, having only had one glass of brandy, for he (the judge) had had three himself. [This statement Mr. Ramshay appeared utterly to deny—conversationally, however, as he was not being examined.] He nonsuited the plaintiff, and gave judgment for the defendant. Cross-examined by Mr. Sergeant Watems—Witness said ho knew nobody present who could corroborate his statement about the brandy. By Mr. WHATELEY-21r. Ramshay was apparently labouring under great irritability, whether of health or temper he knew not. He had hoard him threaten to commit a man if he did not give his evidence as he (the judge) thought fit. His manner was very violent. He sometimes sat up, and then just in the middle of a statement would fall back, shut his eyes, and seem un conscious of all that was going on. Witness had seen him get up and ask what they were talking about. Mr. Henry Moss gave evidence to the same effect, and said that he had been told by Mr. Ramshay that his cases were got up in a shameful manner, and that he had sub sequently withdrawn everything from the court. On cross-examination he admitted that, though since Mr. Ramehay's illness Mr. James and Mr. Lowndes had sat for some time, he had not gone before them with his causes; and his explanation of this was, that it was al ways uncertain whether they or Mr. Ramshay would sit. To the Learned Sergeant's next question, why, with this uncertainty in his mind, he had not hesitated to sign—as he had signed—the memorial, which stated that during the sittings of those other gentlemen the busi ness had increased, the witness gave no answer. Alexander M‘Cay examined by Mr. WHATELEY, said he was a coal agent living at Paddington, Edghill, Li verpool. In December last he appeared for some par ties in some cases at the County Court—one against a person of the name of Fairclough, for coals supplied by Rebut and William Ford. This case had been brought forward twice, once in June, once in December. The first time it came before Mr. Ramshay, the carter was called, and proved the delivery of the coal. He stated that a man was present who called himself Mr. Fair clough. To that the judge said, "How do you know that he was Mr. Fairclough?" The plaintiff was non suited. Before it was so, witness proposed himself to give evidence, and stated to the judge that hs knew Mr. Fairclough quite well. That he had received the first order from him personally, and that Mr. Fair clough had come to the office with the second or third. Then the carter proved delivery to a person calling him self by that name. But the judge said there was no proof at all; the whole evidence was no evidence at all. The witness cited another case of nonsuit on the ground of insufficient proof of the identity of the party to whom the goods were delivered. The carter had previously delivered a load at the same place, so he knew the person very well. This was after an adjourn ment, and the judge—who nonsuited him—appeared to be labouring under the accumulation of bodily disorders, having such an effect upon his mind as to unfit him for presiding; an d f urt h er t o ba confused in his own mind as to what be was about; it appeared too as though he was acting under the influence of wine. All these things together rendered him absolutely unfit to deal with any matters of the kind. When he came into court—carried by two or three men, as he generally was when witness noticed him—and supported by a hair cushion in front, ho sat almost unable to speak fur some time, except in a whis per to Mr. Stone, who sat at his left. Mr. Sergeant WILKINS, at this paint, rose to protest against a continuance of this sort of evidence. My ' Learned Friends are here to convince your Lordship that Mr. Ramshay is unfit to discharge the duties of a judge. His present appearance hero surely sets at nought all that has been, or can be said, of his infirmity, and I apprehend that common humanity will make your Lordship refuse to take these topics into your conside ration.t°that Mr. Ram shay, They are painful and useless t and, after all, if ring under he the they indisposition o 'al l ow under which he was said to labour , was yet determined at all sacrifices to do his duty p ersonall y , so f ar as in him lay. But capable though t he y be of thi s construction, these topics are of such a cha racter that the y ought not to be intro duced at all. The Earl of CARLISLE thought here must be some inquiry on this point, as one of the allegations involved it; but he agreed with Mr. Sergeant Wilkins that the witnesses should confine themselves to answering posi- Live questions, and not volunteer statements on the subject. hy ViT HAT ELEY—Mr. Ramshay seeme d very fret ful and peevish, and ra ther v io l e n t than otherwise. Mr. Sergeant WILKINS—I labour under this immense disadvantage. I cannot cross-examine th ese w it ne s s es, for I have not been furnished beforehand with the charges which, on behalf of Mr. Ramshay, I have to meet. If we had kno wn what they were to be we might h a d opposing witnesses !present, inquiry. Mr. might have have ;andpoints Of • dy with topics been ready Mr. W HA TELEY—The charges would have been fur nished if an application for them had been made. Cross-examined—The witness said he had not had very many cases in the court. He had only twice been t all• He had .had six eases non before Mr. Rams ha y a • that Mr. Rsmshay had said, " You agents, without any knowledge of the law, are ten times more expensive to suitors than solicitors would be." Their scale of charges was, it appeared, 3s. 6d. for every case in which they recovered, and, besides, 10 per cent. on sums under 51., 7i per cent from 51 to 101., and 5 per cent. above 101. They did not charge anything when they did not recover. Mr. Sergeant WILKINS No cure, no pay ?"—Ez aotly so. Mr. Joh❑ Macfarlane, by Mr. WRITMORE, deposes inter all% that the judge, in the course of examination, had told him he was " a stupid. drunken fellow, only fit to be a lumper about the docks." In cross-examination by Mr. Sergeant WILEINS the witness added nothing to the information he had given, but explained some of his own antecedents. William Edwards, a cart-owner, examined—Had been reprimanded for apparent though unintentional disre spectful demeanour towards Mr. Rtimshay, and was given into custody, whore he was kept from one till half past six o'clock, and then pardoned on en apology. Cross-examined—The witness admitted that, after having been told to stand up and change his deportment, on the occasion in question (when he was giving evi dence), he was walking away, and saying, " I came here to speak the truth, and if you won't hear me I shall go away." He had kept a public-house. He had fought when he was put out. He could not say how often he had fought. He was getting a great age. Was forty-seven years old. Had been married since 1829. The Earl of CARLISLE—Have not you fought since you were married? Witness—No, my Lord. John Jones, clerk to Watson and Webster, Liverpool, offered some evidence similar in character to that which preceded it, and of which it was remarked by Sergeant Wilkins that, if taken at all, the parties themselves should have been called to prove it. Messrs. Charles Aldred, Moore, and Baker, Liverpool, reporters, were examined as to the truth and animus of various reports by them, which appeared from time to time in the Liverpool Mercury and Journal. These they verified, and asserted to be free from bias. __ At the request of Sergeant Wilkins, an adjournment Was then granted. The Learned Sergeant not being prepared to defend this week, and the Noble Earl having to be out of town next, the hearing was postponed till Tuesday, the 17th inst. Mr. John Grocott, a solicitor Your conduct is more • • f ft Liverpool), was next examined, and said he . ha fard Mr. Ramshay suited in all. beir ‘ e , him such epithets as like that ,of a lanatic than anything else," and in one apply ,Eo o "Fool," persons ,,y ou a mightppe case, " You appear to be a fool for the purpose of covering your knavery. Both words were'thed. a be in a g fool, He also recol lected a man of the name of Price, a collector of debts in Liverpool, coming into court with six: or eight cases. Price's enunciation was not very distinct, so the judge said to him, "Don't go on mumb,lV,and jumbling there; what are you talking about?" ` bat do you say? You are a mumbling old fellow; what business have you here? I suppose you are a hedge lawyer?" The colloquy pro ceeded thus:—" Witness—No, sir, id 'm 'm not. Judge— Have you ever appeared here befat a ? Witness—Yes, sir, for several years; I have a right ju , age—l shall dispute your right; you are a greaenuisance, and it is a practice I will put a stop to. Witaees—l look at the statutory law, and I find it stated that the plaintiff may appear, or some person for him. Judge—Who are you to talk about that? You seem to ba eating your tongue. Witness—l am too honourable to be stupid. Judge— Walk out of court; bailiff, turn Mtn out.' Two other cases the witness mentioned; in the first of which he alleged that the judge, in reference to an insufficiency of evidence, said, " I smell a rat; I don't believe the de fendant or her witness;" whilst ill .the second witness stated him to have remar ked, in reference to the accent of an Irishman who appeared, " You are an Irishman; I don't understand Irish; I must sweir in an interpreter." Those were all the remarkable worth he used in those in stances. He recollected a man, a very respectable trades man, and his Honour said to him, among other matters, " You seem to have no more sense' than a child of two years old." Witness was sorry to sa— y that in temper the judge had seemed " indomitable; 9apricious, and self willed.' Witness had never " had:sly -4 sparring" with him, except twice, and then it passe off with the occa sion. Witness considered him 41a:excellent nisi prius lawyer, with an admirable memo!y. Ho had never known him lose a point in summing up. He had met every one, and sifted exceedingly complicated cases in a most extraordinary manner. - rs Alfred Jacob, accountant and esttlte agent, examined by Mr. Whateley, gave evidence oPthe same character as that which had preceded it. '9,tw , ' , . . Cross-examined by Mr. Sergeant 'Miami' —lle Mated rADvERTHEmENT]. — THE (TREATA Lvaluable, newly-invented, very small powerful waistcoat pocket glass, only the size of a walnut, to di re i f ee o t: l tomru d ee to e ob jects at a distance of from four to five miles, be invaluable at the Exhibition, and to Sportsmen, Gen and Gamekeepers. To be had at 39, Piccadilly, opposite the York-hotel. Opera and Blesses with wonderful powers—a small object can be clearly seen from ten to twelve miles distant. Telescopes —a new andy most important invention in Telescopes, possessing such extra ordinary powers, that some, 3i inches, with an extra eye piece, will show distinctly, Jupiter's Moons, Saturn's Ring, an d the Double Stars. They supersede every other kind, and are of w s A c h i e b i r e e n b i : aa inute all sizes, for the waistcoat pocket, shooting, military, and sea purposes. Messrs. S. and B. SoLostoss, Opticians, have invented invaluable preserving Spectacle Lenses Immediately they are placed before imperfect vision, every object appears clear and distinct, the most aged defective sight becomes bright and brilliant, is brought to its youthful, natural and original state. The Invisible Organic Vibrator, and all kinds of acoustio instruments for relief of extreme deafness. 39, Albemarle street, Vicodilly, oppo4ite the York Hotel. 11 . c---- , 4 . 0666. ;_ ,, z-t / -: . _. '.-/-----------;-- ''--1.1-'.(-:----- . , •II • , . . . 1---" e' ~ .. . -- . r .. „,----e--C-- .. -- 10'... .... ' at, .. ..-i.., ' . l-. > . 6 lj ... ... . ) g, ,10‘,;die A. • ~,A.,, . _ ' ;/-.... : ... , ,-/ iik ' . P I V , m it . o:tr r • 3 2:1 • .„ .54,.1• ___,_ \ ' '" -(1. - 1 , e -,''' ' ' —"• e ' 0 v ''''. 0 y V ' e. - r C____ .. .4 .. . ' - 1 , (...., \':--, . AAl if + ) .l 4 .l l k' ' is ' . t - 0* . - :A. •• • f . . ,.. P 1 ' ..3ii•;' ' 4", , • ,‘• ' ------ 0 , 4.-'s ,:'" -, .‘; 1 14 ,.. , - 'MM., • , •'''' '.• ;„ ' );,?, ,--a. , irr ; 41111 016..... ..., .. 4 141,' '''., vlj`,'W r '' "?s,i„ ",•1 1 3 " . <Zit._ -, 11) 210IT., :' lb 1 . ~, DI %V . ,g 1 ~, ~,,,,,ro%, ~. ..-- .." A. -2,-,4 ) ___ [PRICE SD. sengers was daily increasing? Yet this was the exact kind of folly that Cobden committed, when he promised more trade and limited the quantity of money. Peel had asked, " Why should not money fetch its price in the market equally with every other commodity ?" The answer ie, because money does not resemble any other commodity. Legislation puts an arbitrary limit on the amount of money ; but it does not put any limit on the production of commodities. When bankers charge a high rate of interest for money, the charge is nut made for its legitimate mercantile use, but for its artificial scarcity—a scarcity deliberately caused by an ignorant and cruel Act of Parliament. It is not money that calls out trade; but trade that calls out money. The writing of letters calls out postage stamps; but the creation of postage stamps does not cause letters to be written. Suppose Parliament were arbitrarily to limit the number might b o increase. a form of I usury, u suchryjust a s t case, us much people as pl ae grinding might have rate of postage sta m p s; th en it i s c l ea r that the transmis sion of lett ers mus t b e li m i te d, however much the popul a ti on m i g h t i ncrease, or h owev er much the desire or necess i ty o f wr i t i ng more letters to pay sixpenc e o r a s hilli ng for a s i ng l e stamp . Thi s would of interest; and i n b ot h cases people would have to pay, not for the fair use, b u t f or t h e leg i slative scarc i ty of the instruments they required. Mr. Duncan then explained the system of money that he recommended for adoption. This we reported in the last 'limber of the Standard, when describing the meeting of the merchants held at the Cotton Sales-room.—(A gentleman in the audience asked whether the Americans would take our taxation money in payment of debts due to them?) Mr. Dun can answered in the negative, and showed that was ono of the greatest advantages of his system•, for the evil now was that foreigners took away our gold coin, which to them was a merchantable commodity; and when that happened, the Act of Parliament compelled the Bank of England to contract the issue of its notes, on which the rate of interest was raised, discounts became almost impossible, trade was suspended, the factories closed, and the operatives dismissed.—(Cheers.) But if we had a paper money of national character, having no intrinsic value as a commodity, but deriving all its conventional value from the authority of the Crown, such money would never be sent out of the country, since no gain could be derived from its expor tation, but it would permanently remain among us, per forming all the legitimate functions for which it was issued. This led to an explanation of the theory of the foreign exchanges. It was contended by Mr. Duncan that foreigners only dealt wish us on the prin ciple of barter, and that it was a matter of perfect in difference to them what denomination we placed on our monetary instruments. If our paper pound would only exchange for 2} clefts. of gold, instead of 5 dwts., its present value, the foreigner would draw a bill on England for two hundred of our pounds instead of a bill for one hundred of our pounds. What the foreigner in this e-Lso would require would be 25 ounces of gold, and provided he got that quantity of metal be would be satisfied. Now we coin our ounce of gold into four pounds, so that one hundred pounds represent 25 ounces of gold; but if wee coined an ounce of gold into eight national pounds, then two hundred pounds would repre sent 25 ounces of gold. It is a matter of utter indif ference to the foreigner what value we put on our coins or our paper; he demands a definite weight of gold, and makes his calculation so as to obtain that definite weight. He deals with us on the principle of barter values, while we ought to deal among ourselves on the principle of taxation values.—(Hear, hear.) Bat how will this affect our manufacturers in their export trade? In our pro ?osed paper money wages will rise, and therefore prices will rise. Will not then this enhanced cost of produc- ndelre: gs ionpn a une t anayorh hsi:t, 0 _ai to tion drive our manufacturers out of the market; of the world? By no means; for the price will be a nominal rise expressed in taxation money, which will depreciate exactly in the proportion that taxes are imposed. Take a case. Our manufacturers create goods worth 30,0001. in oar paper money; but if that paper money is they excised ma nufacturer w, coiaocnlro brings rso d tuui e rinh p leci r hesc e aso c ss. i me, a () t p3oT e eoo d th, 000 i son b aoin y bsie.r et our oorsaufede f: wug t bir a etu x hnl td e a taxes, foreigners eohri national t inangl fetch in the markets of the world 7,500 ounces of gold, stibirouuyft;ahectanthtuliwntsmhei he now competes, selling at the cheat► barter level. Ho is indeed greatly benefited; for under the present sys tem ho must sell cheap both at home and abroad; but under the system proposed, ho would sell cheap abroad and dear at home. This would ensure high profits to the employer, and high wages to the employed.--(Loud cheers.) Mr. Duncan then explained the difference be tween VALUE and PRICE. Value expressed simply the labour condensed or embodied in commodities ; price denoted any act of government or of society which added to the cost of production without adding to the value of the product. Thus, if x represented value and y:represented taxation, then x + y was the expression of price. If x denoted four pounds and y denoted two pounds, then six pounds was the price that the COllllllO. dity ought to sell for i❑ our market ; for if the pro ducer could not raise his price to this level, he could not recover the tax ho had advanced to the Govern ment, in the shape of customs and excise ; and if he is disabled from doing so, then all taxation must rest per manently on the labour of the country, while the pro pertied classes would be exempt from all fiscal burdens. Let us apply this principle to free imports. If the foreigner is wholly untaxed, he can sell for simple va lue, that is, for four pounds; what then becomes of our producers, , who require six pounds, since they have paid two pounds of taxation? It they continue to compote, they must lose two pounds on all they sell, and to per severe in this would make them bankrupts; but if they ceased to compete, then they must abandon business, and cease to give employment to our labourers. !if it be objected that the foreigner does pay some tax to his e o t hn w e own na hGovernment,commodity will no t w compete whose answer e e condensed ni du e on is, if d market,i f h e value pays isi n fourt which h o i poundsch poundsc ase free trade and free import becomes a nullity; but if he pay a less tax than two pounds, then he has an ad van tagetag,e is our loss.—(Hear, hear.) Why does Govern- over more heavily taxed ße p ct r ha o ue ducers, and his adv-an -8 fair i i rf he trader d e e a r n sellw who ewh does eu t meat p ayi punishng the a tax, h he smuggler? injures pay the tax; and Government affixes pains and penalties to smuggling that this unjust competition may not in jure the honest tradesman; yet in utter violation of th• moral principles here involved, the ports are thrown open to the untaxed foreigner, who is actually invited, nay encouraged, to ruin our fair traders who contri bute to the burdens of the State; while the British smuggler, when detected, is severely l e e _ Dished. This free-trade cheapness makes the incomes of the idle rich go further, for as prices tall, the purchasing power of fixed incomes rises. Thus our present legislation appreciates wealth, and depreciates tabour ; it augments the dividends of the fundholders, and reduces the wages of industry.—(Cheers.) Mr. Duncan then pointed out several of the contradic , aons and absurdities of what is called " Free Trade." Thus, the duty was taken off raw cotton, because it was the raw material of manufacture, but when the refuse or sweepings of the cotton-mills is converted into paper, the paper is liable to a tax of ;300 per cent. Our gra ziers are not allowed to extract the saccharine pi , )per- ties of barley by any malting process to enable them to fatten their cattle, but they are compelled to compete with the foreign grazier who may malt his barley. We tax soap 100 per cent., and spend vast sums to promote sanitary reform, withholding from the poor the means of cleansing their bodies. We profess a desire to prornote trade, and put a tax on advertisements which are to the e best means of attracting trade. We pretend onb anxious for popular education, and tax the paper rss _ ong which books are printed. In a word, l our p Eti o t f h e u.s i iss. and our practice are directly • oppose ( e xamined the tic applause.) The lecturer question of direct taxation, collection, we al together impracticable. With the cos property require a revenue at 60 millions: the present five millions; and income-tax at three per cent. yiel ds must be raised to therefore to raise 60 millions, the tax professions are exempted, 3G per cont. But if trades and . from realised pro perty,and the whole revenue were raised raised to 70 per cent., which the tax must be . cation.—(llear, hear.) Mr. would amount to confiscation.—(Dear, w th n e en da e n u g r er p t r o ed t u h e e ti f v u e nd c h l o a l s d s e e r s which hiheecntoenftended wens from the presen colonies, our a griculture, our maritime supremacy, our general m p e o t r in e c e te on ; i d a m e n e u d r i cial policy. It was ruining our Duncan then com fundholder, now profiting by the general distress of' in mte andeora were 1 means e r oo employing h a t)dino paying n t hct classes sadseibaredividends i d esnudbss reducedist subsistence woulden byvbaa vanish; ie h s h e cheap p a n profit,d wages,t thee be eue protectedas rt in dustry, expanded, n would da p p labour whileab a s e e punished m) moneya market? Hk eot ? concluded i for s ma always his wr .a s Duncanl bimyi shortsightedtreed presumed:atni selfish ness by the advent of a national bankruptcy, —(gear m p loofy eachm ent l toec lecture, working vote ht e h f classes thanks than w as the whole controversy hinged on the doctrine of employ ment, and the problem to be solved was this:—Can trade dir,ally withdrawn, by Act of Parliament? Can free im ports give conclusionmor more e seat amidst the long-continued applause of the meeting. A t t g h i enthusiastically carried to the ' eloquent lecturer for his able lecture; and so effectually had he anticipated all the objections to his system, that no question was asked by any of the several parties present who evidently did not coincide with some of Mr. Duncan's views. able W 13 Standard,cloenatrenhapforroamry,thotherepLoirvteirnpgoolcolutan (From the Morning Herald.) principle with Mr.. Jonathan Duncan, a gentleman of repute tor his . labours on questions of currency, has been columns o f that our delivering lectures, which have attracted. no small degree of attention, in exposition of his peculiar views on the same subject, before respectable assem blages of the most experienced and enlightened members of the mercantile community of that great city. Wh en we say his peculiar views, however,. we are underrating the importance of the school . to which avowedly he be longs,;and of a class of writers and reasoners throughout him, and who are establishing a position in public opinion which is daily adding to the number the country who concur . on . the general .. of their proselyte' c an d the weight o f their influence. Th e a h D unc an informs us , i s that of Mr. John Taylor fir. of this metro polis—a name well known for his lab ours in the ospeoial branch of economical science, and not less re spected than known even amongst those differ with the faith b e holds, and the who may most process of ratioci- nation, as well as the logic of facts and experience, by which he expounds and defends it. Although it is beside our present purpose to enter for ourselves upon a currency discussion, yet it is 'Duncan, more than a fitting mark of respect to Mr. 'Duncan, and the shool so presided over, of which he is no unworthy member, that we should endeavour to make the public more extensively acquainted with the tenets of his belief, and of the means or combinations by which he would practically develope them. We proceed to state, therefore, that, in the first place, he entirely repudiates gold as a standard of value, and by consequence silver also, equally with any other metal or commodity. In effect he refuses to recognise the possibility of any standard whatever. " The popular belief was," said he, " that we had got a standard of value, but he would undertake to prove that this was a perfect fiction. In the first place, it was important to separate in the mind the idea of standard from the idea of measure, for these two terms were constantly confounded by writers on political eco nomy, except by those who belonged, as he did, to Mr. Taylor's school. He was the first writer who had accu rately distinguished between standard and re easure. All standards were fixed in nature, and were et(xnal as the God of nature; but all measures were fixed by men, and they were so arranged as to bring the virtues of standard most efficiently into service. For instance, the diurnal revolution of the earth around its axis, arid its annual revolution round the sun, were true indexes of time; they were unerring, and astronomers had never perceived the slightest fractional alteration. A standard must be immutable; if it were not so it ceased to be a standard; but he should show in a subsequent portion of his lecture that our standard of our value of money was a weathercock which veered round with every wind." We presume there can he no qaestion that, so far as for value, there can be no real unerring standard disco verable by the ingenuity of man, for all values, tl let is, commodities possessing the quality of intrinsic vab ae , are necessarily arbitrary and fluctuating in their relations with each other from day to day, and neither go ld nor silver differ in this respect from any other comr nudity. In linear measure, and measures of capacity and Weight, we may arrive at the solution of a standard approctiable by any one, but although in connexion with, it is deter minate of no fixed or especial rates of value. The b ushel of wheat may obtain only ss. to-day, whilst to-m sorrow it might command 10s. Mr. Duncan proposes to super sede a metallic standard of value purely of fictitious pretence, since it has been found to vary from 10 to 20 per cent., by " an instrument irstriasically valuele as," by which only "we could keep the relative value of all other commodities in parallel." This instrument ,is, of Course, paper money. We profess not exactly to com prehend what is meant by the process of keeping the " re lative value of all other commodities in parallel." The paper instrument being "intrinsically valueless," is, of course, not a commodity, strictly t 3 speak, and there fore " other" must be taken as a mere verbal eseal If equal rates of price are to be understood, we have yet to be told what are the relative values of commodities to each other, which opens the wide field for debate ( if de mand and supply, production and consumption. We infer, however, that with cre di t or paper money anfet tered by capricious standard and bank laws, Mr. D mean would merely contend that the paper-money agent, or intermediary for operating or measuring exeha ages, rising with the legitimate demand, and descending• pro portionally when not so much called for, but alway a and at all times easy of access, upon moderate equitable con ditions, to all possessed of the necessary guars .tees, whether of securities, or the position and cho,rae ;ter of parties, would tend to prevent the undae depres Sion of prices, and in so far to conserve a certain dega e ,, o f parity of relationship between the values of all co: a, mo difies. That such would be the effect of a paper-n koney system judiciously fiunded upon solid property, or upon a national consideration equivalent, or by a combii it , tion of both, is, we think, far from improbable. An .d this brings us to the scheme by which Mr. Duncan prop ores to carry out these desirable objects, based, as it will be seen, upon conditions of undeniable safety and c cave nienCe "He proposed that the money cf:the State, to na tional money, should be i ssue d under - the control r and by the advice of Parliament, and that it should be limi tted to the annual amount of taxation; whether that tax was 40 50, or 60 millions sterling, such should be the qu an City of national State money—based not only upon the nar row margin of gold that was in this country, but bl ised upon the 6,000 millions of real property, which svat isti cians tell us is the aggregate wealth of this max dry. Therefore the 60 millions of taxation would ha re no insufficiency of security, nor could the money ev , sr de precate, since it was an express condition that it s hould always be limited to the amount of tixes voted by Par liament; nor could it ever depreciate from any at her circumstance, inasmuch as the Crown would be ob li ged to take it back at the same price at which it had .been issued.—(Hear, hear.) Then as to the money of om merce, he proposed the security of banks which should be incorporated, the proprietors having given to Go rvern meet a tangible and convertible security in case the. hank should fail." The security for the issue of the commercial plipee money would consist of the deposit of Consols, or •t► ther State or State-secured stocks, as in the case of the - New York banks ; against which the incorpc fated banks should be authorized to issue for I Iree fourths of the value. Any proposed incree Ise of issues subsequently to he preliminary cover( d in the same proportion. With this sketch of Mr. Du nom's plan or theory we conclude for the present. At asn ore convenient season wa may be able to enter morel into detail, and exhibit the mischievous workings of °yr p re sent currency laws, as ho also has forcibly descx ibed them. In the meantime we may observe that it is a singular anomaly in our legislation, that we hay. a, or must have, free trade in anything but money or er a dit. We havela fixed price—the only fixture of price exi: in `ng —for gold, and we have also restrictive laws for pi Ip er money. But iniquitous laws carry the seeds of t,h eir own contravention or cure in them. Thus, if we ca)x not have a circulating paper-money payable on demand, be yond a certain fixed amount, in the shape of bank-ni )iles, we may, and actually have, a bank-cheque circuit t ion so payable, and that circulation is on the increase I sloth in town and country. It amounts to many million: i al ready; it will reach tens of millions more; it posse is sea all the facilities of the bank-note in passing from hand to hand, is returned no sooner for payment to the I ►anke upon which drawn, and, in despite of the law , 'is be coming the common form of remittance between I daces hundreds of miles apart. BOOKS, 6-c., TO CANADA AND TVE lONIAN ISLANDS. GENERAL POST-OFFICE, JUNE, 1851.—The Lords; of her Majesty's Treasury having authorised by wan :lint, the extension to Canada and the lonian Islands of the reduced rates of postage and the regulations rec sntly established for books transmitted by the post to the British Colonies in the West Indies, &c., in fatal all printed books, magazines, reviews, and pamph lets (,The. ther British, colonial, or foreign), may be sent by post between the United Kingdom and Canada or the I /oni an Wands, at the following reduced rites of Tcs it age; viz.. —For a.. d. limn packet not exceeding ilb. in weight (11. 6 11b. 1 o Ditto exceeding ilb. end not exceeding 21b. 0. 0 Ditto exceeding lib. and not exceeding Ditto exceeding 21b. and n ot exceeding 1b 3 . 3: 0 And so on, increasing ls. for every additional poun. 3 or Traction of a pound. Provided, however, that the following condition: t bo carefully observed : 1. Every ouc h packet must he sent without a e. trot, or in a cover open at the ends or sides. 2. It must contain a single volume only (whother printed book, mag azine, review, or pamphlet), th e. venal sheets or parts thereof , when there ore more tt an one, being sewed or bound together. 3. It must not exceed two fe(t its length, breath]; width, or depth. 4. It must have no writing or marks upon the cover or its contents, except the name and addrJre of I • per son to whom it may be sent. 5. The postage must be prepaid in full by outside the packet or its cover the proper number of stamps. If any of the above conditions be violated the packet must be charged as a letter, andtreated as such to all respects. To prevent any obstacles to the regular transmission o of lettere, any o ffi cer of the Post-office may delay transmission of any suc h packet for a time not exce e din g twenty-four h ours from the time at whi c h the a would otherwise have been forwarded by him. . ch would As no book may be sent by any route w entail an expense of transit postage on the a de s i artment. d only to these regulations apply, in respect to vitt books, &c., sent by the British pac ketsc . ontr i C a s c a . t: B Islands, only to Halifax, and in respect to the lonian 1 books, &c., sent via Southampton. The above instructions are not t fere with the transmission of p rinted ex tend to or inter apve orsteasllaonwdedprt°:epeads; ings of Parliament, or of prin t ed by the post under the newspap e r privilege, all of whi c h regulations. will continue to be subject to theexist i ng Tuesday E E LIT t o It w i l a l t ( 3 3r . —lt having been offic iall y R ed lN o G a Tu GREAT ExnIBICION. ...de W term AT i E ri the elm trees in the north-westem department, which were so sadly drooping for want of moisture, the carriages be neath were quickly wheeled on one side, one of shaidereg very forc ibl e small portable fire, &c. en g i nes b orrowed, its reservoir stand filled by gutta percha leading pipes from the ma in, and in less than a d quarter of an hour every leaf, twig, and branch, some over feet high Were thoroughly satu rated with several barrels of wat er. It was worked without Fire • an y mercy by two of the Brigade, who have shown a great preference for these engines; anot h er gu idi ng its jet pipe, at the end of a small copper riveted hose from the top of a short step-ladder, causing much attraction te the visitors in the surrounding galleries, and at the same time very plainly showing there is no danger of a fire spreading to any very alarming extent there, every part liable to such a con tingency being so easily accessible. In the dead of the night a single police or fireman can seize one of these engines with one hand, carry a bucket of water with the other, and with out any help get up a.stream of water 45 feet high, or to a distance of 60 feet, with unerring sin'. [ADVERTISEMENT.] —Holloway's Pills, an effectual Cure for Dropsy.—Extract of a lette r from Mr. W. Tomlin son, of Ban gor , d ate d May 1, 1851' To Profe ssor Rollo way. Sir,—For several years I was severely afflicted with dropsy; at times my feet and legs were so much swollen that I was quite unable to walk. I consulted many doctors, and tried remedy after remedy with hopes of obtaining relief, but I was disappointed in all until I tried your invaluable pills, which I gatefully acknowledge have been the sole means of effecting a cure of ray complaint, and I am now in the enjoy ment of excellent health.— Sold by all Druggists, and at Pro fessor Holloway's Establishment, 244, Strand, London. TUB EXETER SYNOD.—The Bishop of Exeter has determined that the representatives of the metropolitan and provincial press shall not be admitted to report the pro ceedings of the forthcoming diocesan synod in the Cathedral Church of 'Exeter. An application having been made to the Right Rev. Prelate, his Lordship has returned an answar / to that effect. DUCHY COURT OF LANCASTER. (Before the Right Hon• the Earl of CARLISLE, Chancel lor, attended by Mr. ELLIS, Q.C., Attorney-General of the Duchy.) This Court sat yesterday for the hearing of statements in support of a memorial presented to the Chancellor of the Duchy, praying for the removal of Mr. Ramshay, Judge of the County Court at Liverpool, from the office which he now holds. The following is a copy of the memorial, upon which the hearing was granted : " To the Right Hon. the Earl of Carlisle, Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. "The humble Memorial of the Members of the Liverpool Guardian Society for the Protection of Trade, and of the Inhabitants of Liverpool generally, " Showeth,—That your memorialists are greatly in terested in the due administration of the laws affecting debtor and creditor, particularly those passed for the more speedy recovery of debts under the system of county courts, recently introduced in this country. " That your memorialists had hoped to partake of the general advantage thus conferred upon the country; they considered it was a boon to them, which offered increased facilities for the recovery of debts by less ex pensive remedies than had theretofore been provided; but in this your memorialists have been grievously dis appointed, by reason of the appointment of a judge of whose conduct they are constrained to make serious re presentations to your Lordship. " Your memorialists would beg most respectfully to submit that no system, however excellent or perfect in itself, can work beneficially or advantageously to the public, unless presided over ,by an individual properly qualified for the office. " That a judge of a county court should not only pos sess sound legal knowledge, but also a cool, calm, and courteous demeanour and temper; and be willing to bear with, and assist the poor, but unskilful and inexperienced plaintiff or defendant in the management and conduct of his claim or defence. That in this respect, the judges of the superior courts have less to contend with, inas much as they are uniformly approached by a bar of learned and competent advocates, whereas the judge of the county court has the case presented to him by the parties themselves, who are often ignorant of the rules of evidence and the mode of conducting a cause. " That Mr. Ramshay, the Judge of the Liverpool County Court, lacks the latter qualifications above al luded to to a lamentable degree. That he appears to be labouring under some painful and wearying bodily ma lady, which renders him physically unfit to discharge the laborious duties of a judge. That he is almost carried to and from the bench, being totally unable to support himself erect. That he is not able to put the questions to the parties and their witnesses, which office is conse quently performed by the High Bailiff or some assistant. That he cannot take any notes or memoranda of the evi dence adduced, so as to assist his memory, and ade quately discharge his responsible duties. That his men tal powers cannot fail to partake, to some extent, of the infirmities of his body. That his temper and disposition seem so sowed by these or other infirmities as to render him rude, uncourteous, and positively insulting to the suitors who appear before him, and very many persons will not hazard taking proceedings in his court to tear of personal insult. "That respectable tradesmen, and others, are fre quently subjected to gross and unmerited abuse by him; that they are called fools, idiots, described as brainless and senseless, and are, otherwise, the objects of offen sive and disagreeable observations, when they happen not to bo stating their case, or giving their evidence, in accordance with the taste or whim of the judge. That scenes of this painful nature were almost daily to be ob served in the court whilst he presided in it. That in con sequence of such conduct the business was greatly dimi nished. That whilst a deputy afterwards presided, in stead of the judge, the business immediately increased to a very great extent, the deputy having given univer sal satisfaction. That your memorialists cannot calculate with any certainty on an efficient deputy being con tinued, and are kept in constant apprehension of a return to the unsatisfactory state of things they have before de scribed ; and, as the remedy is in your Lordship's hands, they appeal with confidence to your wisdom and justice to relieve them from this state of doubt and un certainty. "Your memorialists, therefore, humbly pray that your Lordship will be pleased to remove Mr. Ramshay from the office of judge, and appoint a gentleman in his stead possessing the necessary qualifications to discharge the responsible duties devolving on a judge in this important community." Mr. Whateley and Mr. Whitmore appeared for the Liverpool Guardian Society, and Mr. Sergeant Wilkins for Mr. Ramshay. Mr. WHATELEY begged in the outset to be permitted to assure his Lordship that he appeared in this case with the greatest pain it had ever been his lot to feel in the discharge of any professional duty. He had had for several years a professional acquaintance with the gen tleman whose conduct was now impugned, and from that experience should have said that his acquirements would have qualified him well to fulfil the task imposed upo❑ him as judge of the County Court of Liverpool. Having said thus much it became necessary that he should offer evidence in support of the memorial just read, a docu ment which had been signed by 3,525 persons of un doubted respectability and character, and which proved, what it was impossible to deny, that a great and a very widely extended feeling prevailed against the conduct of the judge therein mentioned, since the date of his ap pointment in May, 1850. He (Mr. Whateley) was in formed that then, or soon afterwards, Mr. Ramshay was afflicted with a severe bodily illness, to which a good deal might be attributed; but whether it was to be at tributed to natural infirmity of temper, or whether the temper had been acted upon by the disorders of the body, it would, ho feared, be too clear that that gentleman had not conducted himself in the way to obtain, or even to preserve, the respect of the suitors in his court. Witnesses," however, should be called, and from them his Lordship would best learn the ex pressions and behaviour of which the people of Liver pool complained—complained so much that tradesmen having a variety of causes which they wished to bring forward often declined to do so in consequence of their uncertainty of the judge. There were other cases, not so numerous hut more important, in which Mr. Ram shay, where, as he thought, parties had not brought for ward sufficient evidence, had ordered verdicts to be given for the defendant, instead of merely nonsuiting the plaintiff. So that the latter, instead of being able to bring his case forward in a more efficient state, has, in consequence of tho temper of the moment, been barred for ever of his claim. Of the witnesses to bo called some would be parties who bad failed in their suits; some, parties who had succeeded; others, reporters who were present. Of the first section it would be said they had motives; but this would not, at least, apply to the re porters, and to those who had succeeded, and whom he was about to examine. The matter was one which in dividuals could not settle; it was in the aggregate these things were important; and the question came simply to this, whether the general demeanour of the judge had not been such as to render the court actual , less effi cient than it ought to be, and under other circumstances would have been. John Holbert Joyce, the first witness called, said he was a general commission agent and collectorof accounts in Liverpool, and had been in the habit of attending the county court since the appointment of Mr. Rau:tabu. He had remarked that gentleman, and observed that his deportment was very uncourteous. Mr. Sergeant Mimes—Give instances; you are not asked fur general observations. Witness—Had heard him call plaintiffs or their wit nesses "fools," " idiots," " stupid blockheads," and say, " you must be drunk, what are you mumbling about?" That had been frequent. Not on every occasion. He had called him (witness) an " impertinent, stupid fel low." That was in a case of Quigley v. Scott, of which witness gave the particular& The plaintiff first went into the box to prove the sale and delivery of the goods, and to him the judge said, "You don't understand your own book-keeping. You can't satisfy me." Witness then gave his evidence, and though behaving by no means disrespectfully, but just as on the present occasion, was termed "an impertinent, stupid fellow." The plaintiff was nonsuited. In another action the same plaintiff was nonsuited again, and after that Quigley would allow witness to take no more cases into court, preferring to lose his accounts rather than to issue a sum mons. He told witness to call upon parties and try to get the money, bat not again to summon them to the County Court. Witness recollected the case of Dodson v. Ec cleston. He attended before the county-court judge with the plaintiff's brother. It was proved by plain tiff's brother that the goods had been delivered to the servant of the defendant. Witness himself proved hav ing called at the residence of the defendant some two months before, and his having seen the lady of the house, who promised payment at a given date. The judge on this tension gave the verdict for defendant. He at first was about to nonsuit the plaintiff, but then immedi ately recalled his words, and ordered the clerk to enter a verdict for the defendant. The judge said something of the plaintiff's brother, but witness forgot the words. In another case cited by witness, Moss v. Hughes, he had attended at the County Court on behalf of the plain tiff and accompanied by plaintiff's clerk, who brought the day-book and the ledger, first to prove the receiving of the orders; and secondly, to show that they were taken from defendant, defendant's wife, or defendant's servant. Witness proved an admission by defendant of his liability, and his having made various arrange ments to pay by two instalments, 4/. 9s. ld. being the whole amount. He having given that evidence, and plaintiff's brother having given his, the judge nonsuited them, and called the plaintiff's clerk, an aged man, a member of the Society of Friends, " a stupid, mumbling, old blockhead." The defendant did not appear, nor any person from him; but he called afterwards at plain tiff's shop and paid the amount. Witness had since had many cases from Moss, who had instructed him to exert himself al much us he could to recover the accounts without proceedings, but if they were large, and not otherwise to be obtained, to issue a writ in the Borough Court. Moss said that witness should not go into the County Court, for he could not depend upon the decisions of the ,judge. The witness was proceeding to give evi dence as to similar instructions which, as he alleged, he had received from various other tradespeople, when Mr. Sergeant Weetents asked whether a man was to be allowed to give evidenoe for some eight or ten people, FREE TRADE-CURRENCY--PRO- TECTION. (From the Liverpool Standard.) On Tuesday and Thursday evening last Mr. Jonathan Duncan delivered lectures on Free Trade, Currency, and Protection, et the Concert-hall, Lord Nelson-street, which we never saw filled with more attentive, intelligent, and respectable audiences. On the first evening, Mr. J. Smith was in the chair; and although, as a free-trader, guarding himself against being supposed to agree with the whole of Mr. Duncan's views, enforced upon the audience the great importance of the monetary question, which Mr. Duncan was about to explain. Previously to Mr. Dun can's opening the lecture, the audience was briefly ad dressed by Mr. Robert Jones, an operative, who declared that he, and the working classes generally, had been disappointed in their anticipations of the effects of free trade; that they had less work, less wages, and had found themselves less able to procure bread, notwith standing its cheapness. He was convinced that the erro neous monetary system of the country was the cause. On Thursday, Mr. Brodribb presided; and at the close of the lecture expressed himself strongly in favour of Mr. Duncan's currency. Both lectures were most suc cessful, and have created a great sensation amongst the people of Liverpool. Mr. DUNCAN commenced by stating that his object in addressing the merchants, shipowners, tradesmen, and operatives of Liverpool was t o reconcile the antagonism that now exists between the conflicting principles of Free-trade and Protection; that in his humble judg ment both of these rival parties were in error; and that the error mainly arose from over looking the true principles of Money, for it must be obvious, on the least reflection, that Money forms one-half of every bargain. Free-trade, as a principle of commercial action, was partly sound and partly vicioee. It was sound in reference to the several counties into which Great Britain was divided, since the inhabitants of Lancashire were under the same laws and general circumstances as the inhabitants of Middlesex; but the extension of this principle to inde pendent nations, governed by laws peculiar to them selves, and whose general circumstances differed from those of surrounding kingdoms, was vicious. —(Hear, hear.) There were three special reasons why interna tional free trade might prove injurious ; Ist. where there was a difference of soil and climate ; 2dly, where there was a difference in the standard of living ; 3dly, where there was a difference of taxation. In regard to the first of these reasons, it was notorious that the virgin soils of Russia and America possessed more na tural fertility than the soil of England, which had been worked for centuries; and this differentia was admitted by the Free-traders, who, conscious of the disparity stated, urged our farmers to study agricultural chemis try, and expend large capitals on artificial manure. Now, a free trade should also be a fair trade; but to be fair, the competitors ought to be in parity of relation and circumstances, which is not the case when the earth, the raw material on R hich they labour, is endowed with different degrees of fertility. In reference to the standard of living, the Rus sian', serf and Polish peasant were fed . on the coarsest food, meanly clad, and squalidly housed. Therefore their general subsistence cost their employers very much less than the farmers of England were in the habit of paying to their labourers.—(Hear.) Are we then pre pared to drag our people down to the low level of Russian serfs and Polish bondsmen?—(No, no.) Or ought wo not rather as a Christian community to seek to elevate those oppressed people up to the higher standard of Englishmen ? In reference to taxation, our na tional debt equals in amount the whole national debt of Europe. There are 220 millions of people on the continent of Europe; in these islands there are but 30 millions. The taxation pressure on each of us is therefore sevenfold as great as it is on each inhabitant of the continent. Under such circumstances, free-trade competition is tiniest because it is unfair. As, in a race, any cab-horse in Liverpool could distance the Flying Dutchman were the latter compelled to carry a ton weight on his back, so the foreigner, who bears a feather weight of fiscal burdens, can easily conquer or undersell the Englishman, whose back is bent to the ground by im perial and local imposts. If you insist on free and fair trade, make the weights equal between the competitors. In the three cases stated, free trade is the grossest injustice to our productive classes, and protection becomes the sacred duty of a paternal government. The prin ciple of free trade, thus modified in its practical ac tion by the three special circumstances referred to, leads to this rule :—Admit duty free what we cannot produce; exclude what wo can produce. For instance, we cannot produce tea, and yet our free trade legislators impose on its inferior qualities a tax of 300 per cent. ; but on hate, shoes, gloves, &c., that we can produce, no duty is levied. If we reversed this policy, the consumption of tea would be doubled; and, far from displacing native industry, it would double employment, in paying for the increased quan tity in a proportionate increase of British commodities. Freights would be doubled, and all the complicated divisions of industry to carry on this fair and free trade would be stimulated into productive activity, and re ceive a corresponding reward.—(Hear, hear.) But if you admit articles that we can , produce, then fo reign industry comes into conflict with native industry, and deeply aggravates the ruinous competition which is already grinding labour into the dust. Free-trade is not a practieal measure, because it does not de pend exclusively on the will of the Parliament. We must secure the assent of foreign Governments, and these have refused to meet us on terms of reciprocity. They aro eager to sell in our markets, but they will not allow us to sell in their markets. The palbable truth is that we are now mistaking free imports for free trade. The theory of the Manchester school is to destroy the plough in England, and the loom in Europe and the United States. It is proposed that Cobden and Co. shall become the Moses and Son of the habitable globe; and for that privelege they offer to surrender to foreigners our bread and beef markets. Mr. Duncan quoted some striking passages from the evidence of Mr. J. 1). Hume, in answer to ques tions 1,361, 1,364, and 1,393, showing that the object of the Free-traders was to cut down the wages and reduce the dietary of the working men of this country to the continental level; and ho also cited from Mr. Mac gregor, in answer to question 332, that he would admit Prussian stockings, " whether that would destroy the trade of Leicester or Nottingham or not. He then little two definitions of cheapness. Much labour fo rich money was a form of cheapness, wh ich made the rloicnhger, hoursby de o p f reca to ti i n l g ; wbaugtes muchal necessitatingmoney little labour was the form of cheapness for which the industrious classes ought to the str ri struggle. - . mfor It was popularly said that of for employs the primary object of life was employment, ment was the mother of wag es, without possessing which the working man could neitherd command food , clothin g , ary objecth but for the,angd great o atitbwodays t f o o t o h th e e w rich never working ng ho class ne p v o, e s r laboured; o g r ua lodging.unless af earn by which he could them that when free deluded the people b y p romising C w o o b r b e e r tt ed h u a o d e d o t n o g o n s e i n p c o e nn s shown w i t n w t o h u a l t d i f b e t h o o t trade was established, three masters would be running ButEr i x se p , e o r oa i m e n n ind c , e o nw h i a ts d he n ssou shouldch practically r is e , have taught the deluded, that if three masters ran after rlittl t : money ? The League had e s are wages paid at all ? Evidently to create afterfo d un e t e e t d r in i n toah e nni o wPw f rsoegdr c eki h gcmt e im a a P nnu n s e t s s gwasive much e u m c o h lis m h e o d n . ey Ffoorr what wrthhey-e products. But if tho products are to be sold cheap, how can the confineetfmho a p t l employer t p r a a y d dear e w would u ford lead their mcreation trade.? nab ß le u soo t wm h Pcu o rao w smnt c ish a see n eldl you have more trade, unless you have more monied instruments by which alone more trade can be carried on? Now Cobden voted with Peel to limit the amount of money; so that while he promised the end, he withheld the means. What would be thought of the con duct of a body of:railway directors who refused to add to the number of their carriages, while the number of pas- ne. 2 1 g nu Mori 3; sir totter' from n and r Rot' ht, for Din' or the 1, for port 0 the 6, ill oda, z IA U le. torlit 12, in n late land, r. , law, 1011. I il., sy B► I lat. at. 9 9 SI gi/ gat ICITO ped bite NM rade j on and the erne ley, the qr. .ie sort IteS un lies otch 33 f 's gig las