The Sun. — London, England, 1839-11-16 00:00:00

ETENING- EDITION. The four make about 380 tons of pig-iron per week, fr .m Which they make about 270 tons of malleable iron, and tho remainder is made into castings, Sic. We nazt arrive at the Varteg Iron Company's works, where you will find five furnaces all in blast, four blown "frith hot, and one with cold air. They produce about 350 tons of pig-iron per week, from which they make about I♦o tons of bars - and rails, about twenty tons of castings ter engine uses, &e., and the remainder is sold for foundry Purposes. Pursuing our course for two miles further up this valley, we arrive at the works of the Blaenavon Iron Company, where we find five furnaces all in blast, blown with cold air, emit aim others erecting. This mineral property, I am told, is one of the best and most valuable in the county of Mon mouth, and these works have been long distinguished for the superior strength, and general excellence of their iron. These five furnaces produce about 400 tons of cast-iron per week, about one-half of which is refined, and part of it Blade into cable iron, and the remainder of it is sold for tin plates and foundry work. This company is erecting ex- Wash's forges and rolling-mills, and will, in a few years, contribute largely to the supply of bar-iron and rails. We have now arrived at the extremity of the first avalley, nd crossing the mountain, we will descend to Abergavenny. The rolling-mills on the left-hand side ar, those of the Garndyrris Iron Company, and have been worked for many years by the late firm of Messrs. Hills and Wheely, They are now united to the Blaenavon Iron Works, and are carried on by the same Company. By the time we have reached Abergavenny, I strongly suspect that you will feel disposed to enjoy the comforts of a good dinner, an evening walk in that delightful coun try, and a refreshing sleep—for all of which gratifications you will here find the most ample provision. Next morning, after the usual and very necessary. preli minaries, we resume our tour, and in about five miles we reach the works of the Clydach Iron Company, at Llanelly. Here are four furnaces at work, and all b lown with cold air. They produce about 320 tons of pig-iron per week, from which they make about 230 tons of bars, &c., and the remainder is run into castings and ballast iron. The Nant-y-glo Works are the next we arrive at, tu tuated, as their name i m ports, in the Valley of Coal. Here, some years ago, was expended . upwards of 50,000/. in attempts to est ablish a profitable iron work, but without success; and not until the property was pu rchased by the present talented and en t erprising proprietors, Messrs Joseph and Crawshay Bailey, was any remuneration rea- H im & These works now r . ank amongst the very first class. M ess rs. Bailey have, within the last few years, purchased the Beaufort Iron Works. At the two establishments they have fourteen furnaces in blast, ten blown with cold and four with hot air, and I am informed that they intend erecting four others very soon. Their make of pig-iron is from 1,200 to 1,300 tons per week, from which they make about 750 tons bars, rails, and rods, and the remainder is sold for foundry purposes. Near the Nant-y-glo works, and situated in the same valley, are the Coalbrook Vale Compam's works, consist ing of three furnaces, all blown with cold air, and another is about to he erected. The make of the three furnaces is I*o to 180 tons of cast-iron per week, all of which they Mike into castings, or dispose of for that purpose. A mile lower down this valley you reach the Blaine and Cwm Celyn Iron Company's iron works. These two properties have recently been purchased by a joint stock company, and promise well for their proprietors. Messrs. Russell and Browns, the former proprietors, are the ma naging directors. At Blaine they have two furnaces in blast, and one about to be erected, all blown with cold air, They yield about 120 tons of pig iron per week, which ,is nearly all made into castings on the spot. At Cwm Cetyn they are building four furnaces, the entire produce of which is to be made into malleable iron. We have now finished our inspection of the works in the second valley, and will proceed to the third, which is called Ebbw Vale, from the river Ebbw flowing through it. The first works we reach are the Beaufort, which I have already informed you belong to Messrs. Bailey, and their produce I have included in the return for Nant-y-glo. Proceeciing onwards, we arrive at the Ebbw Vale Works, the property of Messrs. Harfords, Davies, and Co., who are also the owners of the Sirhowey Iron Works, situated in the next valley. At Ebbw Vale they have three furnaces in operation, and are building a fourth. They blow one fur nace with hut, and two with cold air. These furnaces are very productive, yielding 100 tons per week each At Sir hiewey they have four furnaces in blast, and one undergoing nepoirs ; two are blown with hot, ant two with cold air, Then, • furnaces also make about 100 tons per week each, so that ,at the two works they make about 700 tons of cast iron week.!e ; the whole of which is converted into bars, rail., and roar. Their make of malleable iron is from 600 to 630 tons per week. One mile lows* down the Ebbw Vale, you will find the Victoria Iron Works, recently established under the able superintendence of Hopkins, Esq. These works belong to the Monmouths:-ire and Iron Coal Company. Only one furnace is yet at v‘C'ky but another is ready to be blown in, and they are erecting •two others. They have just commenced the manufacture of L :ssr iron. I have oeen informed that they intend building ten additional furnaces lower down the valley, n ea r to Auercarner.• When in full operation they calculate on making 1,000 tonsof wrought or iinalleable iron per Week; but this expecta.'",n w ill pro bably require a few years for its accomplishmesq. Having seen all the works in the third vaileys we proceed to the fourth. and we here find, fir: t, the Strhowy Works, to which I have already alluded a ad, next to these, the works of the Trede g ar Iron Company. At Tredegar they have five fu rnaces iu operation, all blown with cold air; they are build ing two others, and contemplate the erection of two more, making sine altogether. They now produce 400 to 450 tons aast-iron weekly, which is nearly all made into bars, rails, and rods; of these they make about 330 tons per week. We must now travel on to the fifth valley, in which we find only the Rhymney and Bute Iron Works, belonging to the joint stock company of that name. This is a very extensive and most valuable mineral property, and these works bid fair very soon to rival the largest establishment i ; n South Wales. They have now six furnaces in blast, two blown with hot and four with cold air—and they are building four others. They make about 550 tons pie-iron per week, from which they produce 450 to 480 tons mal leable iron in the same period of time. The whole of the works we have visited since we left Newport, send their iron to that port for shipment, and it is conveyed chiefly down tramroads by locomotive engines and by canals. We must now take a stretch of five or six miles to the westward, and this will bring us io the hitherto unrivalled establishment of Sir John Guest, Lewis, and Co., at Dow lais. Here you will find fifteen furnaces in full activity, and four others building. I find that I have omitted to no t e how many were blown with hot, and how many with cold air, but if my memory serves me correctly, I think five with the former and ten with the latter. These fifteen furnaces make, on an average, 1,350 tons of pig iron per week, nearly the whole of which is converted into malleable iron, say about 1,000 tons bars, rails, and rods per week. At this establishment they employ upwards of four thousand bands. The next works we reach are those of the Pen-y-darran Iron Company. They have six furnaces in blast, and one out, making about 400 to 500 tons cast-iron per week, and they convert nearly the whole of it into malleable iron, of which they produce about 410 tons per week. I believe the whole of these furnaces are blown with cold air. We have now, gentlemen, performed a very good day's work, and I am sure you will heartily join me• in a proposal to take up our quaaters for the night at the Castle Hotel, at Merthyr Tydvil, where I give you my word that you may make yourselves comfortable if you chum, e- You must take care to muster for breakfast at eight o'clock to-morrow morning, and at nine we will go to see Mr. Crawahay, who is a very early man of business. The preparations of the morning over, and our arrival' having been announced at the Cyfarthfa office, we are now on our way to see the Cyfarthfa Iron-works, belonging to Messrs. Crawshay and Sons, and shall no doubt be willingly accompanied by Mr. Williams, their talented engineer. These works are, in my opinion, the neatest and best ar ranged in all South Wales, and Mr. Williams, I am sure, will have pleasure in showing you the whole of the machi nery. Amongst other interesting objects for your attention, you may here see the largest pump I ever heard of. The diameter of the working barrel is six feet, and the length of the lift in the barrel is four feet. It pumps up the whole of the river Taff, and the water, after turning all the wheels about the works, is discharged into the bed of the river. This may appear, at first view, an expensive way of obtaining power, but experience shows that it is cheaper V than erecting a number of small engines, or transmitting power through complicated machinery. Besides the Cy. .ferthfa, Messrs. Crawshay have the Hirwain works, which am situated about some six miles from Merthyr. At the twcr establishments there are, in the whole, fourteen blast flu-naves, twelve at work, all blown with cold air, and two inoperative. They make about 900 tons of cast-iron per week, wad the greatest part of it is made into malleable iron, of which they produce 600 to 650 tons per week. We next visit the Plymouth Iron Works, belonging to Messrs. Richard and Anthony Hill. Here are seven fur.. Tile ") all in blast, and all blown with cold air, making 700 tons of cast-iron per week on an average, and from whichthey make about 600 tons into bars, &c., weekly. About six m il es f rom M ert hy r , ove r a mountain, ar e situatedL th e works of the Aberdare I ron C ompany . Thoy have six ,furnaces in blast, two blown with hot, a nd fount n with cold a i r, producing 350 to 400 tons cast-iron per week. The the remai nder make about 220 tons bar-iron per week, and purposes. At the Pent yrcle of their produc e i s di s p ose d of for foundry Iron two furnaces in blast , Works, near Cardiff, there are iron ma de aasuiro : blown with cold air, and making about 150 tons I' he whole of the works is shipped at ca ' rd i i i ff, m4de at the seven last named a vary commodious dock has recently been constru cte d no W oont ill m ia o m da of b y the Marquis of Bute, under the superintendence C tio u n bi o tt f , ve T s c o f F. R. S., C. E., for the better entering that port. is The statistical information I promised found I should have great difso. to obtain, even had my business engagements pYermuil, procuring-, ,devote the time that would have , r ted me to th e efficient accomplishment of my be ob jeo e t rire_d for desirous of ascertaining for you the numb er of I was of :each sex employed at the respective works , and their different rates of wages , the s tate of education , amongst the people, and also the proportion of religious instruction enjoyed by them, distinguishing the sourc es from whence it was supplied ; but I am compelled t o offer you, on these subjects, the opinion of an excellent friend of mine, who has ample means of forming a to• lerably correct estimate. His remarks are very general,, and as such I offer them. He says, " To make 1,000 tons of bar-iron weekly, requires about 4,000 persons of every description, but I cannot give you the proportionate numbers to each process. The rates of wages for men range from 12s. IV 0., r women 6s. to 10s. an for boys 74 to lls. per we 6 e s k' fo He further says, " ' The d state of moving very much in this neighbourhood" Merthyr Tydvil-..." a very great propoic ig can read, and many of them CS n 'emery days, those who belong to Sund3 y t rocession to the number of 5,000 rrs f the Temperance Societies ar e and also the Odd Fellows, both of whicl 1 lit in walking as often as possible it i public procession, on which occasions they apte a r quite as respectable as we see them on festival day , in England. In the houses of the workmen there is a I marked improvement ; most of them have good oak chests of drawers, bright as silver, cupboards, with a di,play of fancy china cups and glasses ; some o f they ounger women have a veneered work -box, and all these little things display an attention to the lesser comforts and luxu ries of life, of which, a few years ago , t he y had no id e a. On the whole, I should say there is a decided improve ment in the general condition and circumstances of our workmen—but you must bear in mind that these are very flourishing times." There is another branch of the statistics of the iron trade on which I felt desirous of affording yousome informa tion, and in obtaining this I have been somewhat more suc cessful, though it was not procured without very great dif ficulty—l mean the proportions of the materials used in each process, and the waste of the iron. I am glad to say that I can inform you on these most important points with the utmost exactness. Fifteen furnaces, averaging ninety tens each per week, will produce 1,350 tons of cast iron, with a consumption of 50 cwt. of coal per ton of iron, inclusive of calcining—say 3,375 tons of coal to furnaces and calcining, and to the blowing engines 10 cwt. of coal per ton of iron, or 675 tons. If the furnaces make 1,350 tons of cast-iron, 100 tons may be deducted for ballast iron. Then, refining 1,250 tons, at 22 cwt. 1 qr. of pig to the ton of refined iron, will produce 1,110 tons refined metal, with a consumption of 9 cwt. per ton, or about 500 tons of coal weekly for the refine ries; 1,110 tons refined metal will yield of puddled iron, at 21 cwt. per ton of the metal, and 18 cwt. of coal per ton of iron, 1,045 tons, with 940 tons of coal ; and then the rolling-mills, at twenty-two and a half cwt. of puddled iron, and 20 cwt. of coal per eon, will produce 916 tons of merchant bars, or what is called No. 2 iron, with a consumption of 915 tons of coal. And here, Sir, had I been addressing you three years ago, my remarks en the iron trade of South Wales, as well a s our, I hope not uninteresting excursion, might have euded. There certainly were a few small works in the western part of the county of Glamorgan, but their pro ' duce was comparatively trifling, and their accounts would have formed but a very unimportant feature in my paper. To the curiosity of those persons not immediately con nected with the trade, this part of the country affords, even at the present day, but few gratifications ; so, with your permission, I will leave you to enjoy yourselves at Cardiff, whilst I go and explore a district in which recent dis coveries have created quite a new era in the history of the iron trade. Within the last three years, Mr. George Crane, of the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, has discovered that, by using heated air, he can melt iron ores with the anthracite coal. When I was last in South Wales I visited Mr. Crane at his works, near Swansea, in order that I may see and judge for myself of the merits of this discovery. To en able you to form some idea of its value and national im portance, I need only inform you that it has added to the available resources of this kingdom, for the purposes of its iron trade, a district sixty to seventy miles long, by six to eight miles broad, abounding with the anthracite or carbon coal, lime, and iron-stone ; and, further, that it has already trebled the value of this extensive mineral property. The Third Annual Report of the Swansea Philosophical Literary Institution, for the year 1837, in alluding to Mr. Crane's discoveries, states— " The benefits likely to arise from this valuable discovery will be extensively felt, but it will no where be found of more immense importance than in our own neighbourhood ; for it will be the means of opening to commercial enter prise a portion of our extensive coal-field, which, though abounding in the metal pronounced the most useful to man, has hitherto been excluded from the influence of that inge nuity by which he moulds it to his will." Mr. Crane received me in the most gentlemanly manner, and accompanied me over the whole of his works, to afford me an opportunity of seeing to the full extent his mode of operation. He had three furnaces in blast, all blown with heated air, and he is about to erect two more. To con vince me of the superior strength of iron made with anthra cite coal alone, be requested one of his men to break a pig for my inspection. The maw took the first pig he could lay hold stf, and placing it flat on the ground, struck it fitty-three blows with a sledge hammer, about twenty to twenty-two pounds weight, but was not able to break it. The strongest pigs of iron made in the ordinary way may be broken by from three to six blows. This iron of Mr. Crane's I found to be so rich and soft, as well as strong, that it flattened, or rather plated, under the action of the hammer, and shelled off in pieces about the size of a siiil ling, such as I now show you. Before the pig could be broken, it had to be cut with a chisel, the marks of which you may see on the piece of iron I have brought for your inspection. Mr. Crane has two furnaces at work, and it is really astonishing to see the anthracite coal toming out of them quite uninjured, even after having been exposed for five days to the intense heat required for the smelting of iron. These two pieces I picked up from the scorim, as the fluid ran from the furnace, when they were red-hot, and had been five days in passing- through. Mr. Crane has vet only one small cupola furnace, in which he uses anthracite exclusively; for firing the other two, he uses two-thirds of anthracite to one-third of coke ; and by using anthracite in this comparatively small propor tion, be effects a saving of 121. to 13s. per ton in the cost of making iron, and very materially improves its quality. His furnaces also yield a better produce, in proportions of 35 to 50 p'r cent. His small cupola furnace, No. 2, from which, vvliel using cold air and coke, he could obtain only twenty to twenty-two tons of cast-iron per week, by being fired with anthracite coal alone, and blown with hot air, has produced, on an average of many months, thirty-five tons per week, and the larger furnaces, in which he uses the proportions I have before stated, have increased, the No 1 from thirty four to thirty-five tons up to forty-five to forty-nine tons, and the No. 3 from fifty to fifty-five up to sixty-five to eighty tons per week. All his furnaces are very small, and his blowing machinery not so good as it ought to be— hence his very limited produce. The quality of this iron is very highly spoken of—Mr. Crane has received assurances from several parties who had used it for various purposes, that, " for bars it had given great satisfaction ;" " for foundry work it was admirable ;" that, " in re-melting, it was found very fluid, and at the same time very strong"—a union of qualities most desir able, but rarely to be met with. With respect to the economy of this process, Mr. Crane has, on the average of several months, produced the ton of cast iron with the before unheard of small quantity of 27 cwt. of coal, and he entertains the greatest confidence that he will be able to reduce the quantity still further, say 22 cwt. His main bed of anthracite coal is 18 feet thick. I produce a sample of it as obtained from the mine. The maturing of this most important plan has cost Mr. Crane much time, and money, and anxiety, and it is so be hoped that he will be most amply repaid for his valuable services ; though, lam sorry to say, that attempts are making by some persons to deprive him of his just due and only means of remuneration—viz.: one shilling per ton on the iron they make according to his patent, improved as, they have admitted to me on se veral occasions, it is, both in fluidity and strength, .and quadrupled in value as the mineral property of this ex tensive country is by this most important discovery. This new feature in the iron trade soon attracted the attention of capitalists, both here and in London, and the counties of Pembroke, Carmarthen, and the western part of Glamorgan, give fair promise soon, at least to rival Monmouthshire and the eastern part of Glamorgan, in the manufacture of iron. I will first enumerate the works already in operation in the Swansea and Neath districts, and then intorm you of the extent to which new establish ments are being erected and others contemplated. The Maesteg Iron Works are worked by Messrs. Robert Smith and Co., with bituminous coal and hot air ; they have two furnaces at work, producing from 180 to 200 tons per week of cast-iron. A part of this they make into malleable iron, but I am not aware of the exact quan tity—perhaps about sixty to seventy tons per week. ' The make of Mr. Crane, at the Yniscedwyn Iron Works, I have already acquainted you with. The Neath Abbey Iron Company have two furnaces in bl ast, blown with heated air, and fired with three-fourths bit uminous, and one-fourth anthracite coal. They make abo ui' 160 tons of cast-iron per week, the chief part of whi eh is made into castings on the spot, for their very ex tensive engineering establishment. The Millbrook Iron Company have two furnaces in blast, producing about forty tons per week, blown with cold air. The works erecting in the anthracite district are the Venallt, in ale vale of Neath, and belonging to our enter prising townswen, Messrs. Jevons and the Messrs. Ar thur, of Neath. They are carried on under the firm of Jevons, Arthuv, Wood and Co. They are building two furnaces, and hope to be in blast by the end of the year. They have a very abundant supply of both kinds of coal and ironstone. The Ystal-y-fera works, near Swansea, are also being erected by a Liverpool company, at the head of which stands our spirited and excellent fellow-townsman, Sir Thomas Brancker. This Company is building four furnaces, and I am told that they intend building four more. Their fuel is all of the a nthracite kind. The Cambran Iron Company are erecting four furnaces near Pile, on bituminous coal, and I have been informed, intend building four furnaces in the anthracite district. Messrs. Mellins and Co. have one furnace near Pile. The Gwendrath is a new work about to be established by a London company near Swansea, but I could not ascertain the extent to which they intend going. Mr. Crane informed me that he knew of twelve to fourteen new iron works, of from two to eight furnaces each, erecting, and about to be erected, in the anthracite district, the existence of which will be solely attributable to his invaluable discovery. The aggregate number of furnaces in blast i n S out h Wales we have foun d to be 122 ' • out of blast, 7; buildi ng , 31 ; and contemp lated, 91 ; and, allowing for the twelve works that Mr. Crane alludes to, as being likely to be erected soon, only five furnaces each, Or sixty in a ll, we thus find that probably within the next five years th e number of furnaces i, South Wales will be doubled, and number 244. Allowing an average produce of eighty tons per week for each furnace, we have the astounding quantity of 1,015,040, or, in round numbers, 1,000,000 x ons of cast-iron produced in this district alone—a 9, uan_ ti,*y equal to that produced last year in the whole of lereat Beitaire I fancy I bear some of you remarking that we shall cer- I tainly have iron very cheap soon ; and doubtless the vastly increased production will have its effect on the market. But I have nos the most distant apprehension of production ever outstripping consumption to any great extent. We may have, as we have hitherto had, occasional depressions and fluctuations, but there will always be found that power ful and very sensitive governor, self-interest, which. with its sleepless eye, will not fail narrowly to watch, and ulti mately to regulate,. the proportion between our wants and their supplies. When we look at the increased consumption of the last ten b via I r o tt s t. e to s for hniln only et which rhyat h tehi recentlys years, and bear t a in mind the multifarious pur p us b t ee b n e found'a now bold tebe used, and to which it man d e cannot place limits to its demand any more than to its production. Eighty-eight years ago there was scarcely one blast fur nace in South Wales; snd what conceivable reason be assigned wby the requirem ents o f this century r il can n ' increase in a rats° at ]east e qual to that of the past. a ' As a people, I trust we are growing wiser and better, and that we shall never again madly indulge in wicked toliy of wastmg tee strength and th, , the nation in inflicting the devastations, the horrors, the complicated mental blightings and physical miseries o war, but that, on the contrary, our attention shall con tinue to be turned to the promotion of useful works, such as railways and steam-boats, and other improved means of intercourse between man and map, and nation and nation ; and that when our own country shall have ceased to require all our materials and talents for these really beneficial pursuits, we shall be tound ever ready and willing to extend those humanising influences to every quarter of the globe, and find Christianity, philan thropy, and science traversing their utmost bounds, and diffusing their blessings over the whole human race. Strange as it may appear to some of those who hear me, these elevating principles and pursuits have a most powerful influence on the commerce of our country, and on none of its branches is this influence more immediately or more directly felt than on the iron trade. Whether we choose to transport ourselves, or our productions, across the nighty waters of the ocean, in vessels made of wood or of iron, and wafted over their bosom by the winds of heaven, or in others taught by steam to " walk their surface like a thing of life," we are still dependent, more or less, for a supply of this most valuable metal ; and, even when we come to require loco motion on land, it matters not however rude or however finished the means of transit we avail ourselves of, we must still have iron ; and it has not unfrequently occurred to me, that in proportion to our increased wants of this very necessary material, have been our increasing means of obtaining it ; and I think we may rest satisfied, that so long as British skill, and energy, and wealth, and enter• prise shall exist, we shall never be at a loss either for minds to devise, or hands to execute schemes that will enable us to improve, to their full extent, the inexhausti ble stores of elementary materials, with which a bountiful providence has surrounded us; and, by converting them into the active instruments of social comforts, promote the happiness of all our fellow-creatures, and thus fully carry out his wise and beneficent purposes. THE CURRENCY AND THE CORN LAWS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Six,—There was once, according to history, a Greek wrestler named Milo, so formed by nature and exer cise that he could carry a live bull a mile and kill him with one blow of his fist. Infuse a particle of putrid matter into the veins of the said Milo, and his mighty frame sinks by its own weight. If this be a fair illus tration, the Corn-laws are that obstreperous burthen which the vitality of England is able to bear or able to remove without danger, until the circulation is irreme diably vitiated and no longer,— Till more capricious than the Southern gale, Commerce on other shores has spread her sail; And nought remain of all that riches gave, But towns nnmann'd, and lords—without a slave. It may appear presumptuous to speak on two sub jects so intricate, hut they throw a mutual light on each other. Lord Melbourne said, it would be the maddest thing possible to repeal the Corn-laws, and leave the landed interest no protection. But this should be taken in connection with what he had long before declared, namely, that this repeal would be ridiculous, without adjusting the monetary system. Besides, it appears in modern times quite de rigueur for Statesmen on the ere of grasping the highest offices to say, they should he mad, or worse than mad, to think of such things. Such, in terms, was the apology of Napoleon, Wellingl.on, and Brougham, a few days before their respective eleva tions, and, perhaps, this little attention was due to ex piring machiavelism, that Lord Melbourne, the servant of the Queen and the interpreter of the people to her ear, should qualify by the vocable madness a plan so lofty as arranging these vast questions. If this was his meaning, never Minister spoke so wisely, or so well ; bud if, moreover he will except O'Connell as a respecif monitor and grateful ally in Irish affairs, he will mtain a rank which Napoleon himself had not wisdom to ..1- tempt. It would, indeed, be "madness" to say to 0.0 industry of the country, pledged to a vast public (':• , t Your liabilities have been doubled i by a series of mistnl, s, but they shall remain doubled. It would likewise madness to say to a nobility loaded with mortg,.. s, True, your mortgages have been doubled, but your i , t shall also be lowered. Lord Roden stated, that an 1: i,ii gentleman of 5,0001. a year had usually about 700! to spend : can he be expected to give up that 700/. ? le industry and the nobility of England are jointly and se verally in the situation of that debtor who rushed into the Roman forum covered with wounds, and thus ro ducal not merely a revolt but a revolution. What rash ness, to treat such a claimant with jeers about " ii re deemable paper," " mere traffic," "a few more or a few less one pound notes!" The exclusion of corn, though in the peculiar em barrassments of England far less injurious than , ur contracted and perfidious currency, deserves a sor; of precedence because it is on pretence of a necessity :or gold in case of a bad harvest, that the Bank claims „he right of throttling industry at discretion. In a hapless hour the present Corn-laws were represented only as hurtful to particular interests and particular counties : they are still more injurious to agriculture itself and to business in general. It is well known, for example, that the prosperity of Liverpool, and its dangerous har bour withal, is owing to the salt and coal which prevent any ship from leaving the port in ballast, so that the principle of exchange is never departed from. The efT , !ct of the corn exclusion is not only that it derogates from profits by increasing expense of production, but that ,11 business in corn is done or left undone at a loss to all parties. While we are talking about reciprocity the Corn growing nations are not allowed, however willing, to insti tute channels of commerce with us. Ina general way, the ships which bring corn must carry back not goods ut gold. Gibbon says, that in the latter times of the Ro man empire famine was unknown, the plenty of so-ne provinces always supplying the scarcity of others ; how much more applicable is this principle to our own times, with an inconceivable breadth of land adapted for tillage and the command of the sea still ours! But the main pressure of the Coin-law is on farmine. itself. The heart of agriculture has been mentioned, ' but the land is out of heart, and the state of farm buildings displays this to the most careless observer. Variety of crops is the essence of tillage. Belgium is enriched by a rotation of eight or nine different crops, and Mr. Jacob found a district in Germany where wheat is never grown on the same spot more than once in thirty years. Among ourselves it is well known that clover ought not to recur with a less interval than seven years, but let the wisdom of Parliament set a premium on clover and this circumstance would be forgotten. The same is true of white crops, and yet the famous four course shift includes two of thes-i in four years, while in Ireland they get three of the same in four years, and then " turn out the land," (which is immediately covered with the finest white clover never theless). Such is the corn tax. If the nobles like protective duties, let them protect their Irish tenants, and let the tax on ejectments amount to prohibition when the tenant has no fault but being poor. Have we not seen, at Pleasure's lordly call, The smiling, long-frequented village fall ? Seen Opulence, her grandeur to maintain, Lead stern Depopulation in her train? Is it a time to talk plaintively about " squaring farms," and' clearing estates," because " disfigured" by cabins ? k In fact, there is little or no georgic simplicity among the fashionable agricultural interest. Destroy the foxes or the pheasants, and how many would then patronize the ' country? The legislation of Peers has long hinged on this perqui site of theirs, 60 per cent. or more, on all bread copse nod. When Canning died of his wounds, some of his men served under the Duke of Wellington : the latter c,isily saw what was,the key of the position ; Mr. Huskisson, attempting to throw supplies into the country. was cashiered on the spot " and no mistake," which phrase remains a cant vulgarism ever since. And yet exclusion has never profited them ; the ani musfurandi which, perhaps unconsciously, lurked there has prevented it. Rents have been lowered, by neglect of the principles of trade and money which regulate prices, by exhaustion of the grae,nd in defiance of every principle of agriculture, and by the grlut which exclusion itself produced ; f or i n th e l atter year : of the war the p o rts were utte r ly c l ose d, w hi c h seeme d,Coto hold oat a price beyond the dreams of avarice ; thou nand of acres were broken up, and in particular the quanti . ,ty of Irish corn was more than doubled in two years. Th t$ caused the low prices of 1815—but did the Lords re) 'oice in this plenty, this independence and defiance of ether nations ? No, they sought only to raise prices, tt'k eY stood out for. their petits profits, their so s ' of England alarmed at the moment by Bonaparte'e descent from Elba, and always too easily " t i re d o f agitation." in de; site No landlord seems to deny the evils of fluctuating prices, because no one is permanently interested in deny ins, it. In Ireland particularly, the ejectments for arrears and the consequent agrarian miseries have never been ex tensive except when leases have been nullified by a great fall of prices, ribandism being merely an inflam mable train laid ready for disgust and despair to apply the torch. This important truth I have frequently stated, and never been contradicted. Perhaps the privilege of being answered is reserved for mor,. dis tinguished persons ; but the real answer is, that under the present law no business can be done in corn with out artificial fluctuations. The merchants take care not to leave more than a fortnight's consumption with the farmer at harvest time, as appeared in evidence ; ttiey hire the press, and stimulate the thrift essential to farmers into avarice, by proclaiming a general tarnine. Th e prices of 1838 were raised in this way till the cheap foreign corn was admitted by the sliding scale of duties, ala sold at high prices, after which they fell to their naturA level ; and even the prices of 1839 sPern to have been kept up by similar speculations, for the Home Secretary in his place in Parliament last Se 'ion, denied the existt'uce of scarcity here, while even the b u lls' of the Core Exchange acknowledged the har vests on the coast of the Black Sea to be immense, and those of America favourable. Probably, the spe culators (us the Continent have followed our example ; in numerous towns and cities the people, under the in fluence of these protracted illusions, have forcibly pre vented exportation, though Governments whose safety was concerned well knew there was abundance. It was in order to conceal the extent of fluctuation - oducti - on — is P im . p w r q ...,\,f....ll.l;iolesning about e young ~:e---. : } lil t anniv, .. ~. :._ 4 4,,,60 1 alk in 1 t, , . `‘150:10. t ": i %Deo ,- ; 4 ( f p• '4,40 -`" ;i4.., j ,i,../, deligl ...0 , •m ...... 1 4,, ,i m _ --- ...,, ..... .1441 ,N 1 14 4 THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 16, 1839. by giving an irhilt;nna! twig' to the averages. that th - Corn-laws (0 16:2::: and were passed, re turns with all their defects are in general competent for comparison, but the corn returns are distorted and ren dered useless. For instance, the annual average of wheat in England and Wales for the five years, 1802-6, was 71s. ; the annual average of 1825-9 appears much less, appears 625. ; but in the first instance of 1802-6, the average was so taken as to be only 10 per cent. below the accurate and uniform prices of best wheat re gistered at Eton College for those years ; whereas in 1825-9 the averages were so taken as to be 28 per cent. below the Eton prices for those years, (all per imperial quarter) and add'ng the difference, 18 per cent., it makes the latter period of five years dearer than the former, instead of much cheaper, as appears at first sight. Add to this the scarcity and preciousness of money, which has kept, for instance, the total exports of England at a lower numerary price than in 1801. though, in the meantime they have perhaps trebled in quantity and real value, and when these two points are considered, it is probable that wheat has remained dur ing the last twenty years at a really higher price than the 80s. coveted in 1815.. The slightest inspection of the returns shows, that the general course of prices has always been governed by changes in currency. The dis missal of a manager from one of the banks in Cork was enough to show the principle ; this circumstance immediately became a party matter, and the banks were obliged to take precautions which lowered the price of corn in that town, five shil lings per quarter. During fifty years, excepting the glut which followed the great exertions made to supply the waste of war, excepting also the bad harvests of 1795, 1800, and 1816, prices have varied in the most evident manner even for periods so short as five years, with e followingcurrency, and th e w ithd rawa l o f sma ll notesw the grea t es t d epress i on o f a ll. T are not intended as scien tific i h t the a sfoll extent propositionsw o o f followed by novelties, but as absolute truisms. It seems evident 1. That any changes in the proportion borne by cur rency to transactions affects the remuneration of all persons actively concerned. If labour in 1815 was worthy of its hire, if it has since increased three-fold and currency remained the same, every industrious per son has been mulcted two-thirds of his reward, or there abouts. 2. That an influx of bullion is only valuable as a sign that industry flourishes ; that scarcity of money, while debts and taxes remain the same, depresses in dustry more than all other causes, consequently the means adopted with the feigned object of regulating exchanges have tended to keep them against us. 3. That any considerable expansion of currency with out small notes is confessedly impossible ; that the cia mour against them originated with Cobbett, who would never have cried down the small notes if he had had plenty of them in his own pocket, and who cried up gold in the Register, as he did locust trees and rutabaga ; that instead of panic arising among the holders of small notes they were proved by two directors to have stopped the panic of 1825 ; that panics never occur in Scotland where they circulate ; and that during twelve years, from 1797 to 1809, they were taken at full value in England, even when incon vertible, while the depreciation, which commenced 12 years after suspension of cash payments, had reference merely to our military chest in the Peninsula. (Gar wood passim.) 4. That if industry were not defrauded of payment by change in value of money, encouraged by " protection" where it is impossible, and literally deprived of bread by the Corn-lam, the metals would always tend to Britain. 5. That fundholders and all salaried persons have ana- t ural bias towards increasing the rarity of money and so raising the value of fixed incomes. The salaried Ministers ;laving never acquired influence enough to bring about any national financial exertion have trusted entirely to loans, from a state nectssity of giving unlimited profits to fundholders, so that lenders may never be wanting. Yet an expansion of currency would, if any thing, raise the price of funds, because it would affect both the annuity and the price. As to the original bargain with fundholders, why not consider them as purchasers of a fixed annuity in such a currency as is required, and would be required if fundholders had never ex isted, by the general business of the country ? Other biassed supporters of a restricted and totally insufficient currency are not wanting ; especially the Bank Direc tors who contrive to wield it exactly at their will and prefer their own allies in dispensing it, also the private bankers who retain without paying interest such masses of the annual dividends, also the dealers in bills and bullion who prefer being paid in so portable a medium as gold, while its continual vicissitudes every where but here give them a profit on each transit. Here we have the Ministers, the fundholders, the bankers, the money-changers, all arrayed against the real interests of trade ; the press, unhappily, swells the triumph and partakes the gale. To place our trade in such a state as may secure the constant tendency of specie towards Englund may not be the work of a day ; but in the meantime the difficulty of retaining bullion is, charitably speak ing, imaginary. The sovereign being intrinsically worth more than twenty shillings, when bullion is required as now, the sovereigri is exported and not the twenty shillings. In the case of importation, the shillings would be imported and not the sovereign ; so that the gold, whose presence is made the test of our solvency, can never be found when wanted, nor does the Bank, obdurate in the system of contraction, make any great efforts to find it. In fact the gold of the whole world will not suffice for English and American trade. Silver bap always been " the pale and common drudge 'twixt man and man." Even now, by an Order in Council, (for where is the use of discussing tlis subject in a house of twenty members ?) let notes be paid in bars of silver at the most ancient weight and purity of standard, and let the price of gold vary with the exchanges ; then ex tend the currency by small notes, thus virtually making " silver as stones," and let every security which the Bank would have been justified in holding at any time , be held by them at all times, at a rate of interest to be fixed as soon as possible. Let notes be convertible a►s in Scotland, but don't convert them for us with a ven geance : Either the people like small notes or they dis like them : possibly they approve a system by which no sum under 51. can be sent by the new Penny Post— then try them, by issuing papers bearing two ten-shil ling notes capable of being separated, and just observe how many return from circulation divided and how many undivided. How is it possible to unite the sage maxim that the 11. note drives out the sovereign, with that other which attributes panics to the holders of small notes running for sovereigns ? The American President Van Buren spoke in 1836 as if the metals could not be had for exportation except by being suddenly withdrawn from internal circulation, and this perhaps is .:he one fatal theoretic blunder which has given the bank its pretences all along. So, when the absence of specie from Scotland is remarked, people say that if the Scotch had foreign trade to conduct they would circulate gold, as if forsooth gold could be ob tained by no other channel than the domestic currency, whereas the commerce in bills and bullion engages the constant attention of the Jewish fraternity. The French Solomon draws on the English Levy and sells his bill to his neighbour Israel who indorses it to his English cousin Abraham. When Solomon can draw no more bills on , England because England owes him nothing, gold is wanted and Moses furnishes it. Surely gold may be had at market price with as much certainty as cochmille or indigo, and silver still more certainly. The necessity of metals for exportation must be a reason the more for not hiding them up and dow n and recalling them by a most dangerous process. Again, when the public act on the Bank and bring no tes for gold, the circula tion is of course diminished- —unavoidably if the unfa vourable exchange is unavoic table ; this, however, is the moment chosen by the Bank . for refusing advances and contracting still more. The Bank of France was un derstood to pursue an opposite course in 1836, or the comparatively slender thread of French credit would have been absolutely broken. And yet every attempt to re .medy this asphyzie, this suffocating vacuum, is oppose d with unmitigable hosti lity. Mr. Rice disparaged . Toint-Stock Banks, Mr. Clay said that Scotch banking was usually considered a phenomenon not reducible to any known rules, and I perfectly remember a similar r emark in the City article of the Times, when some Quis.ote threw a considerable fortune into O'Connell's bank, , as a proof of unlimited 4 confidence in him, and as a met ins of introducing capital i t : to Ireland by making the ab , origines themselves capi taliso in a small way. So in 1 826 it was determined to knock up Ole free and sound circulation of Scotland, whet: the Let'ers of Malagr owther, by Sir Walter Scott, produ ce d a.:l e xt ra ordinary impulse and saved the the country fr om ruin. S u ppose Scott had failedisters in Min that extraordinary w ,in effort, le would ha‘ of that d ay ac ted as unjustly as the Presid ent Jackson in ; t simila r specie ord er o f 1836 sudden!, v re fused to take the notes Pd their charter, and wrote th em down in all of the U n i te d S tates Bank h i pay . ,nentcaosfer, who evenueb, with drew it h h i : drew the G overnment balanc :es, veto - the , pape es, avowedly be cause they voted against him 4.t his election. If our Government in 1826 had surseenti led in their caprice of assimilation, what would have 1 )ecome of this bankiog " phenomenon ?" The canny ' Scots have resisted all attacks, and reclaimed their cot antry from poverty and feuds by th e i r elastic cur, icy i A local small notes, but England rema i ns with a beavet iof brass and an earth of iron. D ur i ng 800 years we ' o.re scarcely seen a foreign army, consequently ou r pill A tuality and good faith are proverbial ;our labour, cons equently we n ork more hours in the day climat e i s suc h as never to interrupt and more in those hours than any other people ; give , ~, forward valuable : ns a little Scotch prudence and we could well maint ,in a perfectly convertible cur rency of 100 millions. After b s t e a te advanced cxpe oe expenses, t t h h e e paying 29 millions to stock nolders, besides sinecures and r m em o a st m p d i, ej t of o t n h a g t e l n o u o i n m e i t l r l iaotnl would transactions . n s brinninc , p ftroc l uc e to justify the ad vances, and leavi ng the cur rea r , s till too small to repre sent the further transarAions cy arising o ut of that pro duce. If the industry arid p lj , netZity of a nation are their transactionF sire infnit . equiri , d prodigiously large ; such America or an y other Id th e.kse Wtt The good effects of an ample currency in raising wages, in reviving confidence, and in lightening the taxes, that is, the debt—were seen during the war ; the evils of falling prices are obvious, for who would work on falling wages and have the same enor mous taxes and debts to pay ? Possibly, a rise of prices and of wages might go on con tinually among and the pi v country follow diem tro.n inabily ) to compete with I's. Possibly the gold se-, free and the gre ex.imple credit and confidence would give a tu.l currency to to the Cordillera, and produce an affect similar to what the humble Scotch banks have led to in Eligieind. Be this as it may, our ptesent scarcity of mangy is a izonsens. and prices should be a:lowed to ri,c till th. annual 29 mil ions will not be worth ouch :►n immetisity thankless labour. It 'Li detest dale to say that an eat currency is connected either as cause or eff., t wit it accommodation : bank notes advanced on fictitious cretin return immediately to the bank of issue, and no power can keep them out. But it may be said that specu lation flouts them for a time : this depends much on the law of debtor and creditor : it also depends on thn banker's taking good bills ; with a real plenty of money such bills would always be offered, and they must be supposed to understand their own business better than to refuse them. Analyze the declamations in support 01 an arbitrary scarcity of money, and they will be found to rest on the enormous fallacy of presuming that banks of issue make a general rule of preferring bad bills to good ones. Such a circulation of 100 millions would be one sort of plenty of money. Look on this picture and on that. The Peel currency of 18 millions barely suffices to pay half a year's dividend to fundholders and other annuitants, none of whom, as such, can be in business. To these were added Lord Stanley's rash 20 millions, the purchase of the " dead weight," and other sums, none of which, like the issues of the French or Scotch banks, were for the pro motion of trade ; for in those countries, if one may use the expression, every bill has its billet, and habilitates a specific object of well-directed industry. In 1832 Mr. A. Baring stated that money might be had in Lom bard-street at two per cent. ; but such plenty of money, whether loaned to Carlist and Christino or buried in the funds, is merely scarcity of profit, paucity of transactions, plenty not of circulating but of buried money, undis tinguishable from the bricks of the vault containing it : such plenty had the Dey of Algiers, doing no one any good, as Rothschild pithily remarked. A full currency among other advantages would enable us to pay off a large portion of the public debt, and thus provide for a very obscure and cloudy future. During the three last years of the war 225 millions sterling besides loans were paid into the Exchequer : this amount exceeds one quarter of the debt. In nzagnis voluisse sat est, but with the present currency such an effort would be ridicu lous. The landholders at present area mere plutarchy,and even the Savings Banks cannot palliate the odiousness of their claim so long as they absorb the whole currency. but be liberal to trade also and no one will grudgc them the letter of their bond. It is difficult to imagine hoe little money would circulate, and consequently how little business be done, if we merely suppose the remote case that the fundholders were to decline drawing dividend: during a year. The frequent contractions when money most wanted, besides the injury to the parties r,° fused, generally the most solvent, because the mos, formidable rivals, fall with the greater severity, inasmuci as the whole operation takes place on the trifling surplu remaining to trade after the pound of flesh is delivered to fundholders, who contribute little to the welfart of society, and still less to its burthens. Traci, and manufactures only exist to make them comfort able : the funds are a great market of idleness, when money may be had at three per cent. ; the poor bill o exchange pays six, even when the jus vague: of th , bank, and the evident, caprice, if not partiality, of three tors, allow it the good fortune of being " approved." In the case of Fauntleroy, they refused to dis count his acceptances and thus converted him int. a demon vowing revenge. If they had any particula reason for distrusting him, why give him a ileens• as to powers of sale which they ought not to hay. allowed a Secretary of State ? Then, when hi, schemes had destroyed their profit for many year&• they paid dividends out of their capital : what woub they say now if a joint-stock bank should follow thei, example in any respect ? Considering the bankruptcie! and quasi bankruptcies which have occurred among th Directors, it seems dangerous to intrust them with ° th, dispensing money at discretion without the shadow o law or even system. The private bankers are grew holders of Bank stock ; these as constituehts refuse to question or disturb the management which makes money so scarce, because the fundholders, as trustee: and otherwise, lodge vast sums with them on which ne interest is paid. In all this policy the Bank of Ireland coincides : Mr. Wilson, its Governor, confessed that in 1836 he hag lowered discounts to 31 1 , while the Bank of England raised their's to 5 (not 41 as stated ). He was merely blamed for n'ot supporting his correspondents in their assumed public duty of regulating exchanges : but in their private and real policy—contracted currency, partial distribu tion, the giving no interest on deposits, and the neglect inn induitry-J-he co-operated but too well. lowered rate of discount was intended to ruin the Joint stock Banks there, by first urging them into impru dent extension of business and then refusing advances ; while, on this side the water, the Bank of England was campaigning against the very same rivals, and re fusing most unexpectedly to discount the best paper if it had accidentally passed through their hands. These rivals are supplying, more especially in Ireland, what they have already supplied in Scotland—An aflluen• currency distributed on fixed principles of business ; and they are also paying interest on deposits, which the pri vate bankers refuse. The nobility are the greatest losers by the old system, from the vast amount of fixed sums which they owe, half of their estates being often mort gaged to purchase the other half, but they are too much in the power of their bankers to com plain ; on the other hand, the Jews must have smiled when Rothschild deposed before the Committee of 1832 that he believed the management was good be cause his own business prospered under it ; he also stated, truly if not candidly, that if money be abundant this country gets all the trade of the world, but if it gets scarce then the trade goes elsewhere. He meant that industry is what commands the ex . changes ; but the soi-disant policy of the Bank f, correcting the exchange is, to refuse the usual ad vances, to exhibit poor old Bull " selling off at and tremendous sacrifice." Their theory, so simp le so false, is, that scarcity of money lowers price but it is f and induces foreigners to take our goo d s ; ac and history that whenever the Bank has been frightened and relaxed the contracting screw, trade has revived , consignments have been made, the bills drawn on them have been purchased and sent abroad instead of gold, and so the exchanges have turned. And even suppo , - ing that this Celestial Chinese policy gets the goods out, it does not keep the gold in : Sir R. Peel observe,: very appositely that in 1838-9 the exports had increased immensely—but that did not prevent the gold from going also. Falling prices not only excruciate trade by taking away the instrument of exchange, but they also falsity contracts to the disadvant tge of the debtor, and prevent him from ever getting beyond his fixed charge, which even at best are intolerable. Why then torment that industry which alone eau bring the balance of trade in our favour? In India the ingenious native converts a few handsful of wool into a shawl worth a hundred guineas ; in Tuscany two acres of straw suffice to fabricate all the " Leg horns" and " Tuscans" in the world ; accordingly, in botn countries there is a tendency to influx of specie produced by such skill as other nations cannot rival, and which leaves the balance of trade permanently in their favour : but how different are the two governments ! The rajahs and maharajahs of the East secure their bar baric pearls and gold on hilts of swords and daggers. or hide it in the earth ; but in the parallel case of Tus cany, a country which is known to command the ex changes, their acute good sense forbids the idea of losing a real profit for the pleasure of hoarding gold, as we do, as Jackson did, as the Dey of Algiers did, til, Marshal Bourmont handed it over to his own account with Laffitte ! Suppose the Tuscans were so situated as to establish a credit currency, in that case more in dustry would be created by such facilities, the payment of notes, in silver of course, would be as rare as the demand of specie in Scotland : the prices incidentally would rise, but would Europeans go without silk, or olive oil, or marble ? No ; the payment of 1,000 and 1,200 per cent. duties on particular articles is enough to show that no enhancement, such as can proceed from the most ample currency, will prevent foreigners from paying a price so far increased, for objects which they require and can get no where else. The retention of specie being a great object with Chinese as well as English statesmen at the present mo• meent, it behoves us to "examine and judge." The indus try of bounties, and drawbacks, and protection, never can command exchanges. Thus the antique system holds together, and hence the feeling which has made the Tories secede from politics, namely, that their principles if once touched must fall. Conscious of deserving little from an essentially industrious people, they do not like the chapter of accidents which may follow. Some think, manufactures ought never to have ex- isted, others forget, they do exist and must be fed ; si Nan paristi, occidisti. Nothing shows the failure of the Reform Bill more than the outrages on trade acid trading towns which it professed to admit into the constitution. The Morning Post vociferates bon myatie to manufac tures ; Sir J. Graham echoes the shout—hut will the Chartists submit so easily to han;shment ? What political reverses have ever happened which might not be traced to reiterated pecuniary errors, and what else ean explain the various insults our Sag receives from foreigners, as well tho plans seriously attributed to Russia, because they know we cannot afford new topmasts or a few suits of sails ? And yet we are cautioned against a little %Tar !" Nothing less than h grande guerre el la haute the legacies of Bonaparte, is good enough for John. Te dious debates smother .41 contemporary history, prolix ~h anlikeship o,gani,es suflic ,,, nc, pule. to arrest a population, legislativeness preps!• s penal colonies where death is no penalty—to receive them. Every where the county jail scowls over the town, crowded with statutable offences agaidst game and excise, or with crimes which statutable poverty and ignorance have suborned, and no other tolerable building strik , -.3 the eye except soon. churches hwaiii tile Oil ones are Prow T— M•qllltlier:t Lo[i•i•.,i I: Ito, • • rn,,p; f ru a le 4,11 , 1-,PS 111. W 01 ire P.tpi,! h fir , to the , o.k.n. M .-www tin t , h. , -•;111- iww,; pait 111 t y twit to tie. sluns &alb-war rints ! Suet c.-withot be the principles which under the auspicious name of Victoria are to retrieve tie cause of Monarchy Itself and reined .) . evils of which mown-y, as usual is the snot Toer,• is a pnlicy, seldom tried but ,I)t of rill . . ore of .iire,ss—it is the , i! our !iragoon.! N,, s) St ct hi,•u if-peiiiis on a sihglo ulitary g• 11 Us, 11.,,ever i ust u,us, eau be maintetoied oug, i•vt•ri styposing tho ludividU II to lice for ever. 1 iipe, Si., )i.O will exeu-e the diffus,:ness of this letter, .11(1 remain, &c. Loudon, Nov. 15. ARGENT. FROM LAST NIGHT'S GAZETTE. WAR-OFFICE, Nov. 15, 1839. 3d Regiment of Light Dragoons—Lieut.-Gen. Lord C. S. Manners, K.O 8., from the 11th Light Dragoons, to be Co [oriel, vice Lord G. Beresford, decea-ed, Nov. 8. Bth Regiment of Light Dragoons—Lieut. the Hon. R. H. Browne to be Captain, by purchase, vice Twine, who re tires, Nov. 15. Cornet J. C. Carden to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Brown, Nov. 15. W. H. Cooper, Gent., to be Cornet, by purchase, vice Carden, Nov. 15, 11th Regiment of Light Dragoons—Major-Gen. P. Philpot to be Colonel, vice Lord C. S. Manners, appointed to the command of the 3d Light Dragoons, Nov. S. Captain J. Douglas, from the 79th Foot, to be Captain, vice Lawrie, who exchanges, Nov. i 5. Scots Fusilier Guards—Capt. B. W. Knox to be Captain and Lieutenant-Colonel, by purchase, vice Gilliess, who retires, Nov. 15. Lieutenant C. I'. Jones to be Lieutenant and Captain, by purchase, ♦ice Knox, Nov. 15. Ensign Sir A. K. Macdonald, Bart. from the 29th Foot, to be Ensign and Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Jones, Nov. 15. Ist Regiment of Foot—Gentleman Cadet J. IL Dickson, from the Royal Military College, to be Ensign without pur chase, vice Walker, whose appointment has been cancelled, Nov. 15. 6th Foot—Ensign W. T. Hall to be Lieutenant, by pur chase, vice Montagu, whose promotion has been cancelled, Nov. 15. Gentleman Cadet R. E. Stratton, from the Royal Military College, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Montagu, de ceased, Nov. 15. 25th Foot—Ensign R. H. Lindsell to be Lieutenant, by pur chase, vice Long, who retires, Nov. 15. E. Wellesley, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Lind sell, Nov. 15. 26th Foot—Lieutenant W. T. Betts, from the 94th Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Sweeny, promoted, Nov. 16. 29th Foot—J. W. Richardson, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Sir A. H. Macdonald, appointed to the Scots Fusi lier Guards, Nov. 15. 31st Foot—Cornet T. Shaw, from half-pay of the 7th Dra roon Guards, to be Ensign, vice Duncan promoted, Nay. 15. Ensign F. Atty, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Shaw, who re tires, Nov. 15. 40th Foot—Gentleman Cadet R. Carey, from the Royal Military College, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Irwin, .leceased, Nov. 15. 41st Foot—Ensign J de Blaquiere to be Lieutenant, with nit purchase, vice Whittell, deceased, Jan. 29. Ensign T. 0. Evans to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice de Blaquiere, whose promotion on the 7th May, 1839, has peen cancelled, May 7. Ensign J. Mannin to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice arpointed to the 94th Foot, Nov. 15. G. D. Hutton, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Evans, Nov. 15. W. W. Jo'inson, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Mannin, Nov. 16. 46th Foot—Cornet W. Terry, from half-pay of the 7th Dragoon Guards, to be Ensign, vice Martin, promoted in the Ist West India Regiment, Nov. 15. G. S. Bigland, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, v.ce Terry, who etires, Nov. 15. 55th Foot--Ensign H. H. Warren to be Lieutenant, with- Jut purchase, vice Codd, deceased, Feb. 4. nsign D. M'Coy to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice War •en, whose promotion, by purchase, has been cancelled, Nov. 15. 62d Foot—Assistant-Surgeon H. Mapleton, M.D., from he Staff, to be Assistant-Surgeon, vice Carr, who exchanges, , lov. 15. _ _ . 70th Foot—Lieutenant J. Johnston to be Captain, without ourchase, vice Murphy, deceased, Aug. 28. Ensign J. Hackett to be Lieutenant, vice Johnston, Aug. 28. Ensign J. A. Ambrose to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice 3errard, who retires, Nov. 15. F. V. Horegood, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Ambrose, Nov. 15. R. Hay, Gent., to be Ensign, vice Hackett, Nov. 16. 79th Foot.—Captain F. R. H. Lawrie, from the 11th Light Oragoons, to be Captain, vice Douglas, who exchanges, Nov. 11i. _ 94th Foot.—Ensign W. T. Betts, from the 26th Foot, to be Lieutenant, without purchase, vice Farren, whose promotion has been cancelled, Nov. 15. Cornet C. W. Evors, from half-pay of the 4th Dragoon Guards, to be Ensign, without purchase, Nov. 15. F. H. X. Gwynne, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Evors, who retires, Nov. 15. _ _ _ Ist vest India Regiment--Lieutenant J. Palmer to be Cap tain, without purchase, vice Douglas, deceased, Aug. 28. Lieutenant W. Burke to be Captain, without purchase, vice Delomel, deceased, Sept. 15. Ensign 11. J. H. Moffat to be Lieutenant, vice Palmer, Nov. 15. Ensign H. W. Wily to be Lieutenant, vice Burke, Nov. 15. H. St. Clements, Gent., to be Ensign, without purchase, vice Birch, deceased, Nov. 15. Royal African Colonial Corps—Lieut. R. Taylor to be Cap tain, by purchase, vice Jevers, who retires, Nov. 15. Ensign T. V. E. Reynolds to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Taylor Nov. 15. W. N. Tinley, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Rey nolds, Nov. 15. UNATTACHED.—Lieut. J. Nunn, from Staff-Adjutant, at Edinburgh, to be Captain, without purchase, Nov. 15. STAFF.—Lieut. W. O'Neill, from the 65th Foot. to be Staff Adjutant, at Edinburgh, vice Nunn, promoted, Nov. 15. Hos PITAL STAFF. --To be Assistant-Surgeons to the Forces. —Assistant- Surgeon G. Carr, from the 62d Foot, vice Ma pleton, who exchanges, Nov. 15. T. H. O'Flaherty, Gent., vice Twining, deceased, Nov. 15. COURT OF QUEEN'S BENCH. MICHAELMAS TERM, 1839..--3 n VICTORIA. Nov. 15, 1839.—This Court will, on the 26th instant, hold Sittings, and will proceed in disposing of the business in the Peremptory Paper on that day; and in the New Trial Paper on the 27th and 28th instant ; and in the Special Paper on the 29th and 30th instant; and, on the last-mentioned day, will give judgment in cases previously argued. _ lltY THE COURT. •kly Liabilities and Assets of the 20th August, 1839, to the 12th Lsive, published pursuant to the Quarterly Average of the Wee Bank of England, from the 2 November, 1839, both inclu: Act 3 and 4 W. IV., cap. 98. LIABILITIES. ASSETS. Circulation ...... 1:17,235,000 Securities 1:23,873,000 Deposits 6,132,000 Bullion ... 2,545,000 23,367,000 Downing-street, Nov. 12, 1 26,418,000 DECLARATIONS OF INSOLVENCY, SAMUEL DALTON, straw-bonnet-maker, Aldgate High street. JONATHAN BUNCE MORGAN, laceman, Southamp ton-row, Bloomsbury. SAMUEL HUNTON TOWNSEND BISHOP, iron merchant, Upper Ground-street, Blackfriars. JOHN GLOVER, painter, Stafford. BANKRUPTCIES SUPERSEDED. WILLIAM ELKINS, bookseller, Oxford-street. JAMES MARTIN and MARTHA HALL, linen-drapers, Waterloo-place, Limehouse. BANKRUPTS. OSBORN HILLS, grocer, Bow, Middlesex, to surrender Nov. 21, at two, and Dec. 27, at one, at the Court of Bank ruptcy. Abbott, official assignee; Bell, Broderick, and Bell, Bow, Churchyard. THOMAS M'DONNELL, boot-maker, Pall-mall, Nov. 26, at eleven, and Dec. 27, at twelve, at the Court of Bank ruptcy. Whitmore, official assignee, Basinghall-street ; Dick son, Bucklersbuey. HENRY PARRY, tailor and draper, Birmingham, Nov. 28, at three, and Dee. 27, at one, at the New Royal Hotel, Birmingham. Clarke and Medcalf, Lincoln's-.nn -fields ; Tyn dall, Birmingham._ JOHN LIIGGE LUCAS, druggist, Birmingham, Nov. 30, and Dec. 27, at one, at the Swan Hotel, Birmingham. Dalby, Tonbridge-street, New-road, St. Pancrab. VINCENTHENRY GARMAN, chemist, Stratford Bow, Middlesex, Nov. 22, at half-past eleven, and Dec. 27, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Abbott, official assignee; Cooke and Saunders, New Inn, Strand. WILLIAM HILL, ironmonger, Bridge-street, Lambeth, Nov. 21, at twelve. and Dec. 27, at eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Green, official assignee, Aldermanbury ; Holmer, Bridge-street, Southwark. ARTHUR GUY and LOSCO DAKIN, fustian-manufac turers, Manchester, Nov. '29, at eleven, and Dec. 27, at two, at the Commissioners'-rooms, Manchester, Norris, Allen, and Simpson, Bartlett's-buildings, Holborn, London; Norris, Manchester. JOHN BOOTH, clothier, Rawdon, Yorkshire, Nov. 23, and Dec. 27, at eleven, at the Court-house Leeds. Wilson , Southampton-str ee t, Bloomsbury -square, ' London ; Payne , Eddison, and Ford, Leeds. JOHN PRESCOTT, shoe-maker, Leeds, Yorkshire, Nov. 23, and Dec. 27, at twelve, at the Court-house, L e et.ase.dll3)aueater, Ye ' Fisher, and Sudl ow , Ch ancery- l ane, L on don; Airfield, near De ws b ury , Y or k s hi re . JOHN ROLLING, a l e - me rchant, Alfreton, Derbyshire, Nov. 23, and Dec. 27, at eleven, at the Red Lion Inn, Belper, square, London ; Hall, Alfreton. _. hall-street. Derbyshire. Abbott and Arney, Charlotte-street, Bedford- DIVIDE s Aylesbury, W. Medley and A. O. Medley, T . Peppin, wine -Merchant, At the Court of Bankruptcy,N Buck inghamshire, Dec. 12, at twelve —T. v h rch-street, Dec. 9, at half -past -pas Fenchurch-buildings, Penc DB bankers, a s ing Sussex, die draper, Brighton, Dec.• 9, at half-past ten—W. Bo die, ri-draper, Southampto n , D ec. 9, at twelve—W. James, lin e half-past eleven. In the Country. • timber merchant, Dec. 6, at 'one, at Larnbley's F. Deakin, . h i ham—G. Rice and L. 'Smalley, grocers, Royal Hotel, Birmingham—G. g l7, at Wigan, Lancashire, . Dec.• two, at the Swan Inn, Bol le Moors, Lancashire. ton- - CERTIFICATES.. DEc. 6. H. NV. Gibb, ship owner, Liverpool —NI. and J. C. Hatton, w ine-merchants , Liverpool—R. Kennon and S. Jones, wholesale clothiers,Liverpool—W. K nowles,linen-merchant, Manchester Wetherspoon, share-broker, Liverpool—T. Fitch, cheestN. monger, Leadenhall-street, London PARTNERSHIP' DISSOLVED. NV. Freeth and T. Bartlett, Lamb's Conduit-street, London __J. Brown, T. F. Beals, and J. E. Beales, white lead grin ders, Manehester_T. E. James and R. J. Wallis, linen-dra peßarws,strLonou3d.sT'-hterrace, Knightsbridge—A. Ramsbottorn. bridge, R. Otley, T. A. . Chester—J. Davison,mn, and R. Grime, calico-printers, Man• Cockin,C o Coates, s a , njdun J. A . 1 1.. s Taylor, par kes hough Pottery Company, Yorkshire (as far as regards G. Coates, J Taylor, W. Fairbrike, T. A. Cockin, and J. M. , W. Middles Fair SParKes)—C Fox and G. Stanton, woollen-drapers, Regent street, Middlesex—M. H. Schwabe, A. Gobert, and H. Lee, ana Nalntaci j Manchester. jing ste r o(baisfar, pot asr a e t g o a e : dea ds l E er .H Hol land . EVENING EDITION. „ .7 3 . . . dill G. L.. Durn,thorpe, patent com.Jing machine-makers, Leicester—D. Wood, G. Armitage, and J. Hall, scribbling-millers, Aleltham, Aidmonbury, York shire—P. Anichini and J. Bailey, brokers, Fenchurch-street , London—H. and M. Guedalla, merchants, Finsbury-square G. Brookman and D. ll'Brayne, letter-press printers, Glasgow —F. Putt and J. Stewart, wine merchants, Glasgow ,;( 11 . C1-1 sEQui-:s•nt TIONs. (;E(III.GE MARQUIS of HUNTLY , EARL A ii(cf , rl-I.‘VEN an.i GLEN .. i , . • d-e , I, and Doc. 12, at 1 V11,1,1,‘ S ol ' ail JOH N I'ENN YCOOK, builders, Hill head, near I.a. , ;‘a,te, Ett , nburgh. \ov. 18, a d Dec. 9, at two, at the Old Signet Hall, Royal Exchange, Eeinburgh. JAMES HUTCHISON. manutacturer, East Wemyss, Fife shire, Nov. 18, and Dec, 16, at twelve, at M'Glashan's Inn, Kirkaldy. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE HUNTING APPOINTMENTS. Her Miij: sty s s aghounds will meet on Monday, at Farn ham Common ; ‘lcdrie,..day, at the Stag and Hounds, Bintield Friday, at George Green—at eleven. The Brighton harriers Monday, at Patcham ; Wednesday, at the Race-course ; Friday, at the Dyke--at a quarter-past ten. The Brookside harriers Monday, at Newmarket Hill ; Thursday, at Telscombe Tye. Mr. H. Villebois's staghounds Monday, at Gayton ; Thurs day, at Mr. Filby's, ;;arton—at eleven. Mr. Webb's harriers Wednesday, at New Inn, Ridgeway ; Saturday, at Cleeve Hill—at eleven. Herefordshire hounds Tuesday, at Berrington ; Friday, at Aconbury Priory. Mr. Candler's foxhounds Monday, at Goose Hill; Wednes day, at Cotheridge ; Saturday, at Lickey—at half-past ten. Mr. Leeche's foxhounds Thursday, at Gresford ; Saturday. at Bangor—at half-past ten. The East Su sex hounds Monday, at East H bath y--at quarter to eleven. Mr Bulteel's foxhounds Tuesday, at Newnham Park; Fri day, at Torr Bridge, Yealmpton—at half-past ten. Mr. A. Smith's hounds Monday, at Dare Hill ; Tuesday , at Shoddesden Gate ; Thursday, at Hurstbourn Tarrant ; Fri day, at Charlton Clumps—at eleven. Mr. Ili,rlock's hounds Tuesday, at Sandy Lane ; Saturday, at Scye Park. The Wynyard and Durham foxfounds, Tuesday, at Rushy ford; Friday, at Stotfold—at half-past ten. The Marquis of Hastings's hounds Monday, at Ticknall Village ; Wednesday, at Bunny ; Saturday, at Shipley. Mr. Meynell's hounds Monday, at Bretbv ; Thursday, a t Snelstone; Saturday, at Rolleston. ALL HALLOW FAIR. This great annual fair, which commenced on Tuesday the 12th, was held on the Dean Farm, Queensferry. road. The weather was very fine. From the gradual advance which has taken place in the markets sfac° July, high prices were expected, and particularly from the rise at Falkirk and Doune markets. The number of cattle brought forward was about 8,000, which is from 3,000 to 4,000 less than last year, and the show was a very inferior one. We have never seen so small a num ber of cattle at this fair. The show of short horns and country cattle was confined principally to two-year-old s and stirks. Prices were, for two-year-olds, from 101. 10s. to 141. 14s. ; year-olds, 71. 10s. to 101. 10s. Fife, Angus, and north country cattle were scarce ; three-year-old s, 9/. 9s. to 15/ Iss. ; two-year-olds, 71. 10s. to 101. 10s. Of West Highlanders there was a great number -three-year-olds, from 8/. to 101. 10s. ; two-year olds, from 41. 4s. to 61. 6s. ; stirks, from 21. 10s. to 4/. 10s. One prime lot of 20 short-horned cattle rea lised 191. per head. The pri c es altogether realise d an advance of from 25 to 30 per cent. on the price s of last year, and were fully 15 per cent. above the mark ets at Falkirk and Doune ; the dealers, therefore, must h ave had a glorious harvest on this occasion. There were a few fat cattle brought forward, the better description of which realised 9s. per stone ; inferior from 7s. 6d. to Bs. 6d. per stone. WEDNESDAY.-The stock which remained unsold yesterd,ly were brought forward to-day, amounting to somewhere about 1,200 ; they fully supported yester day's prices. From 200 to 300 cattle left the market unsold, but we have no doubt they would find pur chasers in the course of the evening. Altogether, this is generelly allowed to have been the best market of the season for dealers ; and such a Hallow Fair as has not occurred for many years.-Edinburgh Courant. THE DUCHESS OF ST. ALBANS' MEMOIRS. —A Hie of this very extraordinary woman, whose ca reer was so plethoric of good fortune, and whose sin gular destiny placed her in so many and so varied situa tions, in which persons of every rank in life were in volved, has at length been written. It would be next. to impossible for us to give even an analysis of volumes so full of interest ; every page teems with proofs of the late Duchess's kindheartedness and good sense, whilst the numerous anecdotes, thickly interspersed, at onc e at tract and instruct. These volumes are written w;,th that taste and good feeling which must command general ap prJval, and will obtain the patronage not only of those interested in theatrical matters, but of those who are watchers of the great stage of the world,—Age. A WONDERFUL AND CERTAIN CURE FOR GOUT AND RHEUMATISM.—If those who suffer with these dreadful complaints would persevere for a time with " Holloway's Ointment" as an external applica tion, and his " Extern a l Di sease Pill" to b e taken a t I the same time, these reme di es wou ld effectual era dicate from the system th e most inveterate Gout o r ' Rheumatism that ever assa il e d i t . N ot hi n g is mar certain than that they p er f orm t h ousan d s o f most f or traordinary cures in every clas s o f E x t er nal DiserAses.: and no family should be with ou t th em . Every refT ect able chemist throughout the ki ng dom keeps them,, or they may be had at 13, Broad-street Buildings, C i t y' the establishment of the Proprietor, where advic e Is given gratis. THE ROMANCE OF PRIVATE LIFE. B • 1 Miss BURNEY.—This work is rather calculated to v i in the favour of the reader by graceful and elegant: de scription of real scenes and events, than to arrest atten tion by fearful and astonishing incidents that electr if y and make us pant for breath. The moral of such tales is more potent and useful than that of the marvellou'A fictions. Wild and romantic adventures where the hero or heroine is now plunged into the abyss of misfortune, and now elevated to the pinnacle of wealth and hap piness—like the vessel in a storm, aut neersa profundo, aut sidera cambens—fall to the lot, of few. " The Ro mance of Private Life" offers sage and useful hints, illustrated by graceful character. With the readers of refined taste, delicate, but natural, sensibility, and po' lished manners, these volumes will be especial and der' able favourites.—Bath Herald. RAILWAY ACCIDENT.--On Thursday - morning last, as a boy about eleven years of age, the son of M r ' Waterworth, butcher, of Skelton, was stan d ing upon 9 bank near a t em p orary li ne o f t h e Nortki o f Englan d Railway, between Overton and Popplet,on-bridge, th e earth gave way, and he fell w i t h hi s han d s upo n the rails. A waggon, loaded with bri2ks, drawn by a hor se ' was passing at the time, and. tlae little fi n ger $: 6 severed from one of his hand s, an d two ot h er s Per t l so. It was expected that the limb would have to be amputated.—York Courant. THE KEIGHLEY MURDER. The York Cou rant gives the confr,ssion of Charles Burton, who mur dered his sister at Keighley some weeks ago. Th e u 0 - =II fortunate creature d escr ib es at l engt h the manner which he accomplished th e mur d er, an d the various at'''. tempts he afterwards made on his own life, but we el: not see any good that would arise from publishing ; tails of deeds so revolting to humanity, too by a fellow-creature labouring under suc:n awful" fatal delusions. BRUNSWICK, Nov. s.—The Si;ssioa of our , yet little 9 Estates will open at the end of this month, Yet nothing is known of the business beinre the in fact the public interest in our r epresentative cons ti tution tution grows less and less, and soon be quite like tinct. The defects of tb.e Elec.cive systems the l ik e g o and conanaitteel s itu? e, of publicity, which is - appareut from the auto' with closed doors, tly 4 debates in which do not transP r oa though those ill office (as for instance in the debate for the contirrap.tion. of the iron railway) have no cause secrecy, sufficiently account for this indifference. sty ST. PETERSBURG, Nov. 9.—His g a i e the Emperor has had to-day a grand review as Ill s , every spring and autumn. Th e w h o l e o f the gu ar infantry, cavalry, and artillery, in all 40,000 mot , te e as sembled here some days p rev i ous ly. Irnr.nedi a a fter the review those regi ments w hi c h are n o,t cant o) in the Capital returned to th e i r usua l w i n ter. qu arters 1 the environs. SETS OF PLATED DISH COVERS, pith STRONG,att SILVER EDGES, may 'oe selected of e Patterns, price 161. the Set, or Sets of the same Patters is t: o. Argentine Metal, quite equal 'co plated is appearance, pries 6 °T," and a Half Guineas the set. The Set consists of one ooze. 20, 18, 14, and 1' inches in d i ameter. A Set of Fear P. c 111 :, yet Corner Dishes and Covers are offered, . complete, for le* Guineas ; or a Set with richly o rnamented Edges , Il en ' t ioe &c., for Ten. Guineas. The Handles take if the Coverer Set thus for ms Eight Dishes, when required. T. COX SAVORY, Workino- G C 'Goldsmith, Silversmith, and Watchmaker , 479 , hill, London (Seven doors from Gracechureb - s treet. ) BIRTHS. Marlin On the 11th inst., at Kingston Lisle, ',he lady of .hort Atkins, Esq., of a daughter, who survivrid the birth o nl y period. ri of O ch n a t r h le e s l H 2t e h nr i y ns s t. t , ed a na t U an p , t E on s - q h . :ni o . f e a , s W on a . tford, Herts, th e i e zd re l , On the 13th inst., at Ewell, the lady of Captain Lemp of a son. Onntgheel3thi, barristernst ~in'orrington-,quare, the lady lady o f A wahi r, Esq. rnola MARRIED. On the 14th inst., at St. James's,:lirestminster, the 13.0/' Henry Palmer, of Yor k-street, St. James's-square, to LP ° Sarah, }oungest daugh ter of the late T. W. M arso n, Esio Newington, Surrey. DIED. On the 12th inst., Emma, the wife of Mr. G. H. Alt, °f Chichester- rents, Chancery-lane, aged 29. On the 13thinst., at Clapton, Henry Soames, Esq., of 13rad field-house, Hert,ordshire, aged 80. On t he 13th inst. , i n W oburn - place, George Kilgour, Esq" of Balcairn, Aberdeenshire, aged 73. On the 14th ult., at Madeira, the Rev. Edward Ashe, A•M" Rector of Harnbill, and Vicar of Driffielid, Gloucester. London . Printed and Published by PRDO YOUN G °f N o . /12. strand, at The Sun Office, No 11 0 , Strand , in " e coon v Nliddlesex.—Saturdav, November 16,1839.