The Sun. — London, England, 1845-09-24 00:00:00

wb en not prote"Pq r gan of the min, pa o,r. kindness can rep m e for medi cal treat the the moral tment ep r the storm bAs sta ti s tics of this, ul'— ura ble, in the v at. 4 o e, 1' - s are employ ed se w h a well organised sys" , rich and the elevated )f this class? Ti diffi cu lty to be Fro ever-watchful kindndt i sc harge of duties efzeiu tins the ready ? n g; :heer and amuse: pp l e d resources ~or suv le private family, vilereed ,refinement in a rnotalo elation, to expiate fair °l lr , This is a blot ch on ~ enta l ne ighbours a l e a 1 to ", elas! it will continne t and selfish pride that be )r fellow-creaturds, ;it fe sr i or arrangements, s'' "", soun der views and of the voluntary be e many) who dreau t Se treatment of a Pr, h ' l e; ids, renders ituliess'). D medical men that tr, 3 might be altereduli. t oluntary resort such patients its uiries and ins the same inapnertud s, important 0 ,ro 'nes resulting °lrmo/ e recter of the 0: ow ,O s on which it is n g od ecome an hospital, ost e so extensive l y agai„ Id with insanity, physician acknowleded, I. Persons so attacesa e calculated on, 1010_ promptly transferred rl, that kindness and ilitdiac restrained from se ri "' ib s mistaken kinduess_,,,, Id duty, the time is cv db , and fears; and when fly eives a poor fellowlo ire wasp ossible, but 1 ' reek, doomed to live .75." of the noblest facult,lie; ther organs of the botir m be moderated an d 5 0- ; and snake progreSs h morbid changes In ti r ably incapable of Per ana tio , then, ma ke an ecel)'• tin, which experience, Id and to other orgini_al'ottgls could be absurd ".ster Iness, quiet, and weer be less wise or lespiagr lan in that of the ' v es the cerebra action 5t me that the vief,t; anged on this Pio importance now 0011 irge (rendered s ° ,. t ics' indness) and its_,Sr:f ttO out of every Wu - 1 60 .4 insanity. The Pe ll ' 0 11 3 on the connunitYroilig ▪ desolation and Well °t ' ,ess and hope; t I ca oi l s on the importanbe core for arrangemen tslo pe j es as follows :--- ider all respects, to the nP tho not acquaintod; stcg y asylum at al 0319:0 be. for the rich oltglit and ly practicable to proL svery means for and bappiness, Cul; improperly detainew clO that a coroprehensiloo: ent and liberal a!hc,, )ve the reach of ti or, uld not be so• tact' decide that of ti_3:isio t :, g several rooms, sr - to tr , should contribute to, rger sum in proportiollve4 e accommodation 1)701 11 1 rinciple on which a.,e, 'ls of public entolnle'rito )f this kind, in the .: 3 g lilt Eculty, person s pa3,-,tePt, 3C01., might be pros un k nown either in ' ms, as they are at )peal esta blilb a of such an ee of philanthroPicdr-oe.'ll-it that every imPr°ve 0014 Kperience should be beati,st ngements for tbe ova' turns in the presen va A 4 0 v or cefal msT ; ji ff y, WY, 40 50 to pjo yer to 5/ 15s; ij os to t h e e i y S ttrati to 505 ; [al.' 1 66 lover ot heat Straw, 11 160 . 4 1 11 ' t Hay, 4140 to 51; ;Ile Ilf o , Os to 51130; Clon t, Wheat Straw, l mod o her dull. New to 5/ 5s per load. , ce Current o f iSer ~41 Sugar market alls bl2l '40170( a lities being upon ~ re Ts at a decline on re P less demand for bretlir, vere not so firni,°,l: ; per . . et 01l 11 standard lumPsu_,, so, lected, an d price,' r' _of 1 1 17 ,1 iality. le desire manifested toprti, nv parcels dispOSed of 0, 0 0 °Ft 1 a good demand b t hos e , have been equal t° lo ge or d under 54 5 p er f ur Wtgol,/ zire wanted, but Pocee Ifr, and a decli ne in P 010,4 ellers of yellow' Os o pet ttlt the business tr'peeitpt° floating cargoes fora g 300 chests at 295, S ° ''' ,r low to fine qualitl%prlitp, public sale of any l eap t et ttention privatell I 49s per cwt for IoS iness, an d have re 'has :u of all description° OS° if' aid a - e fully equsl t°,4110 has been in eS'-oio, Twankay has ro et k .r 0 / 0 des given are rat.' 'nest, and command jlopi m are fully as big_„ l4 „pt l i o4 Gunpowder has D''".,lolP ricer have assunted i d 0 11 , 4 11 0 with attention, and a, c lot- Oht stiffer rates. of a. o f Rum are for the 1:0°°10ff a il the purchase 9 In ade nds fully late rat e t . „ 10 test at Is 10d *-,1019;05ej., Previous rates Are 115,,d ° 01? rates are asked, I)°,t, e of British Cote 6 6 " m .- 1 hr is sale 26 bu tts s jprj nat 321 per too• ta ct 00 f I purchased with N e w Pale Yellow ooito for first sort, old 40° 1•P ; of the year a t 41s i° of the . 54 , STaAITS.--lin.giVi! 9 e aef, Reid, front iesday, with a cl i ler of oil. The PO/ t tco i ; is OW PO, t Mr. John inveLti il oo ' 3 ' e l)" - 9 sposed. The t se t p it, line since, A answer to inclu ir T:igia was, that he ho st. '" tO) its recovery„ isP 19 TO THE 8A51,,n090,,, from 20,000 to 30, , he IP East Indies wit hip .:ted to retu rn a le ______—_—..... ir, N 1' It.it Dr )* 4 i-lane .ExpreSS), dtbeefl9 he northern Pe r `,, s 1)01801' ng tone of the pi- e, . ‘ pe ti tio oisterous weathertin otietoctlio Lion of the crop 5 0 0A/ ;ent difficult to b e . 5 rei, i.r, has been done 10104 fil -e an immediate roteelir',{ ay be serious. yield o_ ,. 4ot in well the Yl',erav rife'il ted to prove aa 4 o it ;he deficiency ie,c1,.0 pe e A h greater than v.- f O5 r i 0 64 fg / 9 6-eather e:gPe - e ..,titf „e i j oi a eat qUa'fartVia ,10 lumber; w hils t he tw it tit ta al produce of the„,i; . ot''d • have been serll° O manner in wh ich fbele'tllo,„. itly influence theiloifee_ or,/ ble results of tile 0 00 j ej -ourable; /nu fi l e ci 5 tic' admitted d e ns -ell de 0 w jo ey and oats , e i at we i lie inferior to W''' d J o 'at ° of Vi 111Plijj10° CC'll with the co ec o int io, 00 ;e ; nor do tb.llo, ser'",ori,j weight alone Pre, ptioopt,;el ne to be 311) : c ieret e ,h e e Cili ti ° hich is a heat of v", t erel,o 4 xiduce of wow - tlig ti, at 20,000,0 v.—, 011 rence of a 'vlify. o,e sv 4 pi F X°l7(l/ 7 OF 1 11 !9,r 7.'/VT TO i o i i'4 if 49 t/' Opi ------rTpO 1 ' : , ,d. by 3,--1) '&60 ,, 02 10 t The ,)us _... OP the Saoy, fii. ezaiber 241 1•,'": _O. 16,570 th ße i ar dil as Ig the ac rea bl e d e fi c i ency littl e canyet be au • enneally known • but from the dissatisfaction generally ih ras tPi red by farmer's who have put the matter to the ttst of a rn ate g , there is reason to suppose that there will also be nal falling off in that respect. o f These_, considerations have had some influence withhold . e aa rs wntat, and the disposition to sell at present prices__sn 0 _ 111 01 , 1 11'h diminished. Those parties who have still stocks ;,:',.._ !?aturally conclude that the superiority of last year's a ready over that of the new will cause it to command h e e 4 ,`,,s e ale at any period ; and, though fair supplies_ ,t o v f e n r e e w_ t ii ,J ) e brought forward by the growers , they la. aro v•i , tonsell except at enhanced rates. The haveincrinely un tinhaittihrableerreports relative to the potato crop ago had ton e , r Weight; and the trade has assumed a decidedly firm Wheth any immediate advance roe _ value of wheat will probably depend, in a great of importance . will occur t oit 'cuje, on the weather ; but, however auspicious the latter . stelf,, us eculle, we feel tolerably ' sure that the price of bread • N o - t a tst, later in the year, rise materially. h as is only is the crop short in this country, but the harvest Enro:,'sen defective over the greater part of continental r. tai nQ i c i s ',_ In Holland and Belgium the fact is so well asc_e as deenieclulat th e Government of the former country h . nieurrn • aii • 't Prudent to reduce the duties on grain to the into Bel point Alreagla ; whilst all restrictions on the import of corn have been removed for a given period. den), An 3 numerous orders have been received from Rotter are iii i tw rP, &e.; reduced moderate stocks of bonded corn if not a e'3 . to be shortly into a very narrow compass, tall, e!idirtusted by shipments to countries whence, in o!di- of our 3rrs, we are in the habit of drawing some portions .ntoot e °reign be In the Baltic ports Great viand ;util e /1 1 3 _ect to be out by the Dutch and Belgians ital v , „ h a ck Sea wheat has lately been bought up . to supply e N e , re 1. tee crops are stated to haveyielded indifferey. in thisselllN therefore, that unless prices advance material ly_ 'whe at f °llll try we are not likely to draw any quantity of At tie : a l l abroad. la st cl. , 3' all the leading provincial markets held since our t TuF,sda;an,uecl rates have been obtained for wheat. Up to Peri o 4 • t there was not much excitement ; but since that n ee . nnselerable an • t has been manifested by all par- A L t ° L gt i nto of k xle Y d NT Pool °e • 43'; still .„ business was comparatively quiet on Tues wheat• r at ' a dvance of 2d. per 701 b. was established on acti ve; and er in the week the demand became much more b at tha t Port " Rriday large speculative purchases were made ,j - d e ,l l , s, and r , -7 , lint only of wheat, but also of oatmeal, beans, '''h, m e iks• Wheat commanded a further rise of 2d. per arti cles ! sold at ls. above previous rates, and all other Th e ac '_nse in the same proportion. diara eier 'nulits from Hull, of Tuesday, are not of a lively 1'14 ' 3 nOt , and though the turn was against the buyer, wheat da, %nerally quoted higher. At Leeds, on the quarter; th e „,7 a v e iue of the article advanced ls. to 2s. per letahee, and C cement was, however, paid with some' re u The eas e ,47asoPerations were on rather a restricted scale. °wi ne to . very different at Wakefield on Frielay,when o , f th e ra i n the unfavourable reports respecting the effects Pitch " " the outstanding crops, the millers were eager to 'andigh er as t e h the rates realised were at least 2s. per quarter day,, he prices at which sales were effected vn that m lua lght• risi u — tee west and north-west we have also accounts of teediaP.rices. At Bristol, on Thursday, the rise did not o el- - ed t o o t n 2 s• ; but at Birminghamthe improvement am "gilt fo h ro „ -s to 3 rwaras. per quarter, and the whole of what w as consuPWard movement has not been confined to the great t rg a e t rea nv - ,;',ng towns, the rise having been quite as gre the piss' the markets in the agricultural districts as at the material ou_,, the named ; and, though the inferiority of CI 4 " 13r of the n " T n, a u i t'ueur e r wheat mast m in us t t he te d n o d ty to may eep the averages ki ngdom later in the year. The last gene-cal be re t expected t,ni fo r therte o. ecar ocp °l4 1545• ld.) was ls. Pd. lower than that for_ the 13 the ( I% W ek ; and the aggregate of the eix weeks, by which_ (th e 4 `Y 18 regulated, was just id, per quarter below 565. q,._rate required to cause the duty to decline to 16s. per fall - 7 is u :ni ); 08t there is, consequently, no chance of an immediate Vitt :w 17 s. ; and it is now pretty certain that importers T h „ ° ‘ enter for home consumption. Portant intelligence from Elcotland this week 7,..qtiandq;uestionably .`that which relates to potatoes. e Ine ar; ' e ase so prevalent in the south has attacked the plant th e ' a ils Parts of Scotland. This disc; )very , together . with . _ 'ails change of the weather and the animated .eetitiats eit e from the English markets, had produced much ex- P n t• At Edinburgh, on Wednesday, wheat rose 2s. liepclUarter, and most other sorts of grain and pulse were asks at enhanced terms. At Glasgow higher prices were also e o „, el l; and pretty generally obtained, whilst a further rise was k,•unently calculated on by the holders of corn. that--"nte of our letters from Ireland begin to express fears but the crop of potatoes had net . escaped in that count'y t te o ,_ ...e reports thence on the subject are not of so definite . g 4 racter as from other parts of the kingdom ; and we still Cla 'Pe that the failure may be confined to this side of the t . th a/Itiel. The fine weather broke up . ther h e a a d b b o e u e t n t a h r e re sa ste m d e I -e as with us, and all harvest operations by the • e rain. ,_ The arrivals of wheat re c po oas rt t e w d i u se p to into th i sL (Saturday)ond on hav tuoderate, the quantity 3,,t even ing amounting to 5 quarters. The show at Mark-lane by land carriage samples from the borne counties has been very small, and we are inclined to think that the supplies will for some time be trivial, as far- Il lers must soon begin to think of preparing the land for kturrin sowing. On Wednesday there were only a few runs Essex and scarcely anything was exhibited either it, and on F ri d a y e tZ,it these or moredistant counties. Nearly the whole tle: 1 , on the fist-named day was sold at prices Is. per it above those current in the beginning of the week, Pror em snt sales subsequently effected were at a further im (lharte"retlt, making the total rise since Monday Is. to 2s. per Tii th„ e , London average is id. per quarter higher this week on:::,et, though the sales comprised in this return wer . b efore the late reaction in prices, as . far as London is hav e tried ; therefore we are inclined to think we shall not TO lower of than 565., or thereabouts. has been air of business done since our last 1 4 ,, uner sorts of free foreign wheat, and a similar enhance l't to that established on. English has been obtained. . to or si a lded parcels have been in great request. In addition li ve era from Holland and Belgium, a good many specula e erellases have been made, and the transactions have, i niee st e wit nle, been rather important. The rise from the qoarte p o int of l as t week must be estimated at 3s. to 4s. per at 4 6 , r ; good qualities of Lower Baltic red having been sold mot , : per quarter in granary ; Dantsic at from 445. to 485., low's'ornanY holders of the latter have refused to accept he liesid s. Per quarter for only moderately good qualities. h un iii, t - ii r ti ;:at has changed hands on the spot, some contracts ;hi pped closed for floating cargoes and parcels still to . be continental ports , a branch of business in which, fac tl iuroe o r i s s , t w a ee k : 11 , very little had been done. pri e , ,g,', 1 0 the p e rllers agreed to fix the nominalo h as s 4 e ll t ur at 49 ssack on Monday last, the rise which place in wheat has led many of the menu article ,_ a : refuse to sell at that rate ; the real value of the et.ne e4l_,tlierefore again become unsettled. Ship flour gi g n oood i nbgroaeuf 3; Is, per sack dearer at the close than in the be o },ridt week. bilinuadlntv;iwilithii a very brisk demand was experienced for flour and upwards of 12,000 barrels changed hands, e e e e r t e it s 3l : ' th e inq u i .s. hils t tlPletireftv°l:gusliz.n :Tierde b r ar i re!. The r • l i l bu e aerl U e United States readily bringing 245. the foreiTgetderells o f or this grain has continued of home growth have been small, sluggish; all other articles has been rapidly .pareeYfisor foreign free barley has improved as th e nettle sl o 1 - . , the have been held above the limits of tnie il l 3 : r ;e de r : e a t : l ivi , . sales have not been so extensive this Malt h as mn Previo us weol barley in need w b •Y, the demn,ndha d v o been made. ; point of riche continued ia ln g ess ia in se rh e e e, however, no variation has THEiq _ ---__...._.........___ -btISIAN CAMPAIGN IN THE ‘l4;rithhteeenblnurs67e the Black gives, from , ce„AetiCCASUS• ekr o ,„ ; Y . a Russian officer, the following account of h and a said letter to dated have f h r et o_ e m ne "Count'ga in the Caucasus th 4 most Woronzovv has executed the boldest, but also 41410 rt sanguinarY campaign that ever a Russian f arm tu y . 4 _, . n this country. But it must be confessed, i . in or eY th t ot a e , at the successes which have been obtained have lost b, amPensation for the losses. The Russians vtesi,,:e:trealthan 3 ,000 men, amongst whom were some . lltiriAistinguished officers. The bad weather ac i c t om of th e eel thena as far as Andy. The summ et,o. so to th c e ha h ih eig w h a t s s c o o f ve ß r e ed teh w e tth N sn o o tw w it t h o st t a h n e din s g ou t t h h e , fortcr‘,"id, the troops laboured at the embankmenteso,tnto k: ./ tne provision stores. The avant-posts, the were e l „IP of Ai, ; ! b'o --s lam, and the militia of the Caucasus, ye tervation in face of the enemy ; they repulsedeach itiletaehments which attempted to advance. mare _ u T po h n e Andy of the mountaineers during the as Viitli'til'flLS no t vigorous. They did not attack, t hem. a ward and bayonet, and frequently contented bletijeNa with rolling upon our tirailleurse fi n r o s r t m t o h u a s t th ey swot stone from rocks. It was thought at eves esul tap po a re short of ammunition. Some persons had been ex ar ,,. s ed that their reputation for courage :71ce-e!rae4orteed. The General-in-Chief neglected nothing __TA .. Its th e !' up the courage of his troops, and the latter sang ce,_ Y terniinated their labours. The temperature ne favourable, and the order to march was day 1 ,;„ ati the 17th of July. On the following . did 0.!. eellimes, including the native auxiliary corps, iet4,7,‘ exceed 10,000, and were composed exclusivelyf _ . etre . e e , _ who h t i' d 4-eeßus.sians had with . them only 400 Cossacks, tatinte great difficulty in passing through the wooded t ele? , Y and over the steep rooks. The convoy was _ aught only of the strictly necessary number f Nyhi Rht horses, and the soldiers had to bring only those Genera]ere absolutel wanted. Each soldier under 6o msGrabbe had to y carry 601 b. of baggage. The 4 4 ,1 a g tk e of the chain of the Retchel, which divides Andy Rrie e r a c ountry of the Gumbet d'ltschery from the Rev,, eti netschnai a , was gained without resistance. v asit a4 ,the barg northern s l opes of this wooded mountain a r css ai ee the chief object of the expedition. of ti !" uas become, since the destruction of Akulcho, one_ h i, : retreats of Schamyl, who had collected there all It In 1118' ammunition, and provisions. He has also buil gitisat%que for the Auls driven from Daghestan and Les t - s oe te a lle who come to say their prayers and make repo h r Ari g ,' t e disposition of the country ; Schamyl . is bot a tis eos ,, f aad a military chief. The principal par fre o•'' Sehatnyl also make this their rendezvous. They Iv q en tlY change their residences going to inflame ..e eetiasgainst the Russians to collect the taxes, and raise or e , rs • ins army has ' been increased lately by rein sf:nts from R.istes de Unguschesp, Avares, and even Atl 11.4e8g.instan. The march of the Russians . upon t lil t , V_ad Net the whole tribes in motion. Daro is no, er k i tinagl_lo, defended by steep rocks, but by immense_ . diffieui'' Wrests, which render access to it extreme!) leav e t " every side. In 1842 General Grabbe en fai,_ ure t i , - 0 aPproach Dargo on the northern side, but 114 1 and this hazardous enterprise lost him both altoosain fame. When the vanguard entered, through_ Itseher MiPracticable gorges, into the dense forest of trea t e' the enemy attacked him on every side with with fierceness, The Circassians had formed barricades oonsilortions of the rocks and trunks of trees, which 'C ade erftblY impeded the advance of theirobstacles shots told, and ,ho I vuY aimed at such officers as did not concea l • - _ r ' \ • .2 1 0( ' LONDON, WEDNESDAY, SEPTEMBER 24, 1845. LITERATURE. _ LAW OF RAILROADS, 6-e. By Leonard She?ford, Esq., of the Middle Temple, Barrister-at-Law. A work of this description—properly executed—must be found of great use to railway companies, directors, &c., as well as to the respective shareholders, but at the present time, when such vast works are in progress, it becomes indispensable. A few of the subjects on which the work treats will show the nature of the plan. The author gives at length the general Acts for the regula tions of railways, and especially those of last session, with explanatory notes. These notes are important in regard to many of the acts passed before last session, as they embody the decisions of the Courts of Chancery, as well as the Law Courts on disputed points. For in- stance : " When large powers are entrusted to a company to carry their works into execution without the consent of the owners and occupiers of the land, it is reasonable and just that, any injury to property which can be shown to arise from the prosecution of such works, should be fairly compensated for 1 to the party sustaining such injury; and where the intention to give compensation in such a case has been clearly ex pressed, every fair intendment ought to be given to effectuate that intention. (Reg. v. Eastern Counties Railw. Co., 2 Railw. C. 73G., pp. 752, 754.) Lord Cottenham, C., observed, It is extremely important to watch over the interests of those whose property is affected by these Companies, to take care that the company shall not, in any misrepresentation they may make, if they have made any, be permitted to exercise powers beyond those which the Act of Parliament gives them, and to keep them most strictly within the powers of the Act of Parliament. The powers are so large and so injurious to the interests of individuals, that I think it is the duty of every Court to keep them most strictly within those powers; and if there be any resonable doubt as to the extent of their powers, they must go elsewhere and get enlarged powers ; but they will get none from me by way of construction of their Act of Parliament.' (Webb v. Man chester and Leeds Railway Company, 4 My. and Cr. 120; 1 Railw. C. 599 ; Scales v. Pickering, 1 M. and P. 195 ; 4 Bing. 448.) These companies procure ample powers to be bestowed upon them ; but it not unfrequently happens that in the course of their works they find that they have not powers sufficient for perfecting all they contemplated ; when that is the case, they must either make what bargain they can with the persons whose rights are adverse to them, or they must again apply to Parliament to have their powers enlarged. The Court of Chancery does not sit to enlarge such powers, but to keep both parties within the limits which the Legislature has prescribed. (Kemp v. London and Brighton Railway Company, 1 Railw. C. 508.") It treats also of " Incorporation of Railway Com panies," " Transfer of Shares," " Liability of Railway Companies as Common Carriers," "Indictments against Companies," &c., &c., and furnishes a list of cases which had been decided by the respective Courts, fur nishing altogether a very comprehensive and intelligible book of reference with regard to a new species of pro perty which has been created within the last few years, and in which the whole nation is interested. PARIS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. THE POTATO DISEASE.-...SITTEIG OF SEPTEMBER 15. Several communications were received relative to the disease which has this year manifested itself in the potato. The writers who treat on this subject scientifically are divided in opinion as to whether the disease is the result of the invasion of a parasitical mushroom, or solely attributable to the unfa vourable nature of the season. One writer thinks that the pa rasitical invasion alluded to is common to the potato, and that it has been developed more extensively by the coldness and dampness of the summer. With due deference to the scientific gentlemen who have turned their attention to the visitation, we beg to observe that it is comparatively of little importance whether the disease have one origin or the other. The great questions to be considered are, first, whether the diseased potato is, as people suppose generally poisonous, or in any way injurious to health ; secondly, whether, supposing this not to be the case, the disease has deprived the tubercle of its nutritive properties ; and, thirdly, whether these dis eased potatoes can be used as seed for the next year's crop M. Philippon and M. Pouchet say that they have eaten pota toes in their diseased state without suffering from them in any way. This is tranquilising news ; but these gentlemen do not tell us to what extent the potatoes which they ate were diseased, or whether, supposing that the diseased potato is not poisonous, it has not in its affected parts lost all its fari naceous character. We have examined diseased potatoes of the present year in all the stages of the disease, and have eaten some of those which were least infected, first, how ever, removing all the unsound parts with a knife, and cer tainly we did not experience any ill effects. This shows that the malady has only invaded such parts of the tubercle as give evidence of its existence ; and there cannot be the least doubt that such parts as remain sound are fit for food, whe ther for man or b eas t. As to the diseased parts, we have no hesitation in saying that they are wholly unfit for food , whether they be poiso nous or not, for they can have no nutri tion •h remainate\-r. sound Ast i o t whether mae n n t h nat diseased safely used f or see d f or the next crop, we do not think it re quires much scienc e t o g i ve an answer . If any part of the and produce as good stock as that f rom a potato that is not diseased, and it is very improbable that the diseased portion should have the power of propagation, for it is a mass of putrid matter; but it re mains to be seen whether the malady will not continue its ravages between this time and the period for planting, and so deprive the tubercle of the power of propagation. A letter then was read from M. de la Rive, of Geneva, on the pos sibility of rendering the electric light available for the use of the workmen iu mines. This gentleman states that five of six elements of a pile of copper, and an amalgam of potassium sufficed to render incandescent two cones of charcoal inclosed in a small glass globe. Messrs. Ledoyen and Raphaol in. formed the academy .that.they had obtained a liquid of great utility for the purpose of disinfection in the emanations from animal excretions, by dissolving 125 grammes (4 oz.) of ni trate of lead in two two pounds of water. This is a valuable discovery for Paris, half the hour es in which are infected by these emanations to an extent which is dangerous to health as well as repugnant to the olfactory organs. There were a few other chemical and some medical communications read in this sitting, but they did not possess general interest. WOOL AND POPULATION. (From the Sydney Herald.) Thirty-seven years ago the population of this colony consisted probably of tween 6,000 and 7,000 souls ; the increase within that period has been about twenty five fold. The quantity of wool then exported (i.e., in the year 1807), was 2451b5. ; the increase has been up wards of fifty-five thousand fold ! The relative increase of population and wool within certain periods during the last 22 years, has been as fol lows : Per Cent. From 1822 to 1825.—Population increased l7 Wool ditto l3B From 1625 to 1828—Population increased Wool ditto From 1828 to 1833—Population increased Wool ditto lOB From 1833 to 1836—Population increased Wool ditto ll3 From 1836 to 1841—Population increas ed Wool ditto 127 From 1841 to 1844—Population increased Wool ditto Another and not less interesting point of view in which the relation between wool and population may be regarded is, that of the average quantity exported per head of the community, in successive years. In 1832, exported 71bs. per head of population 1825, ditto 131bs. ditto ditto 1828, ditto 231bs. ditto ditto 1833, ditto 291bs. ditto ditto 1834, ditto 341bs. ditto ditto 1836, ditto 48ibs. ditto ditto 1841, ditto 561133. ditto ditto 1842, ditto 591bs. ditto ditto 1843, ditto 771bs. ditto ditto 1844, ditto 781bs. ditto ditto It is thus seen that within the last ten years the ratio of wool to the population has considerably more than doubled itself. The population in 1834 was 66,200 souls ; in 1844 we estimate it at 172,000 ; being an increase of 105,800, or about 160 per cent. The quantity of wool exported in 1834 was 2,246,9001b5.; in 1844, it was 13,542,1701b5; being an increase of 11,295,2701b5, or upwards of 500 per cent. It is worthy of remark that the export of wool during 1837 to 1840, was less than three-fifths of the quantity exported during 1841 to 1844. In the first four years, the export was 26,022,0001b5. ; in the last four, 44,065,000 ; being an increase of 18,043,000, or nearly 70 per cent. Thus, while bankruptcy was stalking through the land, and the croakers were crying out that the country was ruined, and would soon become a desert, the real wealth of the colony was silently advancing with rapid strides. THE CARRIAGES OF THE SHERIFFS ELECT. These very splendid carriages, which have not been out-done by any former exhibition of the kind, are to be seen at Mr. Manners' coach establishment, in Oxford. street. The follow ing is a description :—Mr. Chaplain's carriage is a beautiful dress chariot, with side lights hung upon a handsome perch carriage, the whole painted a pale yellow, relieved with ultra marine blue and gold, and highly varnished, the doors and panels of the body emblazoned with the City arms, richly ornamented, the front part and quarter panels emblazoned with the arms of the Innholders' Company, supporters two white horses en pedestals, the dOor and hind rails ornamented with the Sheriff's arms within crimson velvet mantles. The body lined with superfine white cloth and rich figured silk, white silk radient roof issuing from embroidered silk, City arms in the centre, the whole trimmed with very handsome ' broad silk lace with scarlet edging. The coachman's box mounted on richly carved standards and blocks, and covered with an elegant superfine scarlet cloth hammock trimmed with a blue fringe and silk hangers of white and yellow. On each end the City arms chased, chased lamps with the City crest, and the roof mounted at each corner with the Civic cap. Mr. Laurie's carriage is equally splendid. The body painted with bronze green, relieved with lines of white and gold. The carriage painted a delicate white, relieved with lines of green and gold, the City arms on the panels, and the arms of the Saddlers' Company. Supporters two white horses. The Sheriff's arms on the rails. The body lined with white cloth, white satin, and white silk lace, scarlet fringe to festoon ; hammock cloth white, trimmed with green fringe ; silk hangings of white, green, and scarlet, and chased lamps. By the New Fishery . Act, all rivers in England andW ales are to be closed on the 18th of September in each year; and any person catching or having in his possession any trout mea suring in length less than seven inches, from eye to fork, will subject himself to a penalty not exceeding 101. nor less than 51. A brisk trade in potatoes is now carried on from Cork to Plymouth, where this produce of the south of Ireland affords an abundant supply in the markets. SURREY ZOOLOGICAL GARDENS.—These grounds were on Monday enlivened, in addition to the usual attrac tions of music, fireworks, pictorial representations, wild beasts, and birds, &c., by the visit of the boys of the Royal Hospital School at Greenwich, who arrived at the gates, where they were received by Mr. Tyler, the proprietor, a little after six o'clock. The juvenile party was a large one, muster ing seven hundred an d fifty ' strong. They marched into the gardens in military order, their own band preceding them, and playing " Here's a health to all good lasses." The band of the establishment struck up " Rule Britannia" as the boys ad- Ivanced, which compliment was acknowledged by three hearty cheers. Between the acts of the concert the juvenile band played several popular airs in very good style. After the fireworks, which were exhibited lawaxly after d k, the boys r*Ted 4 ldghly diatghted with tbeiziviattrlipi. Mae • 145 ightiftv*Ot tO RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. NORTH KENT (VIGNOLES') LINE. A very numerous meeting, convened by the Mayor, was held on Monday at Canterbury, for thepurpese of taking into consideration the projected line of railway proposed by the Directors of the Vignoles' North Kent Railway Company. At half-past one Mr. J. BRENT (the Mayor) was called to the chair. His Worship having read the requisition, stated that he had in pursuance of that requisition, which was very respectably signed, called the meeting together ; but he re gretted its having been called for the purpose of taking into consideration the merits of any particular line, instead of the consideration of any line which might be brought forward, regarding only the interests of the city of Canterbury and the general interests of the country. The great objects which they had, to consider were the celerity and cheapness of railway communication between the cities of Canterbury and London, and they ought to support the line which offered in the greatest perfection these advantages.— (Hear, hear.) He hoped the meeting would not decide too hastily as to the particular line which they should give their sup port to,, for it was a very important subject of consideration. There was sufficient time for considering the various lines that might be projected between this period and the as sembling of Parliament, and he hoped that they would avail themselves of that time for selecting the best line of commu nication.—(Hear, hear.) For his part, he was actuated only by one object—namely, the establishment of the most eligible and advantageous line, as regarded the interests of the city of Canterbury.—(Hear, hear.) Mr. MArrisEws proposed the first resolution, which was to the effect that it was the opinion of the meeting that a direct line of railroad along the old post line of communica tion with London from Dover, through Canterbury, Was greatly required by the wealthy and thickly-peopled districts of North Kent, which would thus be brought into direct connexion with the metropolis. He said it was unnecessary for him to dwell at any length upon the very great advan tages which must necessarily result to the city of Canter bury from the establishment of a direct line from London to Dover, through Canterbury—the line was called Vig noles' North Kent line.—(Cheers.) They were aware that the prosperity of the city of Canterbury depended in a great degree on the establishment of a line of railway communica tion direct between Canterbury and the metropolis.—(Hear.) The South-Eastern Railway Company had given an intl. mation of their intention to propose a line as a substitute for that line; but he did not see anything, either in their finan cial operations, or in the amount of accommodation which they afforded to the public, which could induce him to forego the advantages which would result from having the com munication direct between the city of Canterbury and the metropolis, and in the hands of an independent line, the Directors of which would have the interests of North Kent close at heart. Mr. Matthews concluded by proposing the resolution, which was seconded by Mr. Thomas Cooper, and carried unanimously. The next resolution was proposed by Mr. W. J. COOPER. It set forth that, in the opinion of the meeting, the line pro jected by Mr. Vignoles, termed the North Kent Railway, appeared to be best adapted to meet the wants and promote the interests of the county generally, and of that district (the neighbourhood of Canterbury) in particular. He was satisfied that every inhabitant of Canterbury who heard him approved of that resolution.—(Cheers.) There was, in fact, so little ground for doubt or question as regarded the advan tages to be derived from a direct line to London from Dover through Canterbury, that the only subject of consideration was which line they ought to adopt.—(Hear, hear.) Looking retrospectively at the proceedings of the South-Eastern Rail way Company, he should say that he did not consider it ad vantageous to the city of Canterbury. It could not be denied that the effect of a line which did not give an independent terminus to Canterbury, and establish a direct communi cation between that city and London, must be injurious to the city of Canterbury, no matter however liberal spirit in which such a railway might be carried out. It was the duty of the citizens of Canterbury to see that it was made a main trunk station, for nothing short of that could be suffi cient to supply the just claims of the city of Canterbury for railway accommodation.—( Cheers.) Ile (Mr. Cooper) had for the last thirteen years enjoyed the opportunity of witness ing the condition of the passenger traffic through their city, that great thoroughfare of traffic to the Continent. lie re membered a timewhen the constant passage of carriages -and four and stage-coaches was a great source of wealth and profit to the inhabitants of that city; but that was now alto gether changed, so that it was a novelty to see carriages and-four pass through on their route to the Continent ; and it was not until within a recent period that they saw any examples of such intercourse revived, in consequence of the misgivings of some timid persons who were thus in duced to adopt the old coach road and travel in their car riages-and-four. Tbey had seen, too plainly to admit of doubt, the effects which had been produced in Canterbury by drawing away the capital which formerly she enjoyed.— (Hear, hear.) They had seen shops shut up, and a tenant not to be found for them, in those positions which were the best calculated for business of any in the city; and he was sure they must all feel convinced that it was their duty to make the most strenuous exertions to restore the city of Canterbury to that prosperity she formerly enjoyed, and to which her position entitled her.—(Cheers.) They ought to make the most strenuous and energetic exertions to - secure for their city her proper share of traffic, founded on a libe ral and enlightened basis. They ought to exert themselves to procure for Canterbury a direct communication with the metropolis, which was the only communication by railroad that was capable of conferring real and substantial benefit upon them. He was not there to oppose the South-Eastern Railway—be had nothing to do with that line; but he could not agree to their proposition to make another line to Dover, in contradistinction to the North Kent line, which had been projected by Mr. Vignoles, and which had received the universal support and assent of the citizens of Canterbury.—(Hear, hear.) The line to which he alluded, as being proposed by the South-Eastern Company, would go (if carried) through thinly peopled parts of the county of Kent, whilst it would leave untouched those which were of far more importance from their greater wealth and population ; and that he looked upon to be in itself a very serious ojection to it—( Hear, hear)—whilst it was in opposition to a railway that would not only go through the most populous and prosperous dis tricts in the county. It had been urged as an objection against the people of Canterbury, that they on a former occasion opposed a line through their town ; but the truth was, that they had been always opposed to the principle of inflicting upon Canterbury the evils which would result to her from any other but an independent and speedy communi cation with the metropolis.—(Hear, hear.) He trusted soon to see their view carried out, by the establishment of the North Kent Railroad, which would, perhaps, have the effect of increasing the prosperity of their city, and of bringing back a traffic such as they had once before enjoyed.—( Hear, hear.) He felt that the establishment of a direct line from Canter bury to London was the only true mode of increasing their prosperity.—(Cheers.) He looked upon the North Keut Railway, as projected by Mr. Vignoles, to be the line which was best calculated to develop their resources and increase their prosperity; and therefore had great pleasure in propos ing the resolution.—(Cheers.) It was seconded by Mr. W. H. TRI3LNEI., who expressed himself dissatisfied with the present state of the railroad communication between Canterbury and London by the South- Eastern Railway, and stated that it required to travel fourteen miles by coach from Canterbury to Ashford, to join the trains going to London or:Dover. That city, which had assembled its inhabitants upon that occasion, was one of the oldest in the empire, and he thought it not only ought to have a terminus on an independent line, but ought to be the nucleus from which all the other railways in the neighbour • hood should radiate.—(Hear, hear.) And the best w a y to ensure that was to proce e d energetically with the North Kent line.—(Cheers.) By having such radiating lines though all the important towns and villages in the neigh bourhood, they would be enabled fully to develop all the resources of the wealthy and fertile district of North Kent. Mr. BRENT, junior, wished to say a few words before thought rethere solution was put from the chair.—(Hear, hear.) He .the requisition calling the meeting restricted them too closely to Mr. Vignoles' line, instead of allowing them, as it ought, to select from all the lines which might be brought forward by different projectors that which they might deem best calculated to advance the interests of Canterbury, and secure for them cheap and rapid transit.—(Hear, hear.) He thought they ought not to be prevented on that occasion from considering which of the proposed lines would secure to them the most speedy and the most rapid communication with the metropolis, for he thought these were the two most important elements in railway communication.—(Hear, hear.) They had heard of the South-Eastern Company's intention to pro pose a competing line with the North Kent, and he felt it proper to state to the meeting that there was still in contem plation another that had great advantages, he meant the atmospheric line. It was a line which, in his opinion, offered more advantages than the North Kent, as being more speedy and cheaper in its mode of working than any other, being at the same time re markably safe. These were the advantages which the promoters of the Great North Kent Atmospheric line offered to the public, and it would, he was sure, be admitted at once that they were very great advantages : indeed, when they were told that a velocity of eighty miles an hour could be attained without risk, or any inconvenience being felt by the passengers, they would at once perceive the facilities for speedy communication with the metropolis which such a power afforded, and when they had such a project before them, he thought the meeting ought at least to pause before they decided at once on adopting another line which did not possess those advantages. There was suffi cient time to consider the relative merits of the different competing lines, and, under the circumstances, and con sidering the vast improvements in motive power which were making every day, he thought they ought to pause before they determined definitively on one particular line in preference to all others. The Great North Kent Atmospheric line had another advantage which he ought to have mentioned, namely, a power of overcoming gradients which could not be surmounted by other locomotives, and the effect of this was to save a great deal of expense to the proprietors in the I purchase of land, as they were from this cause often enabled to avoid the necessity of going through' gentlemen's de mesnes or such pieces of land, the purchase of which was very expensive. It would at once be seen that a line upon the atmospheric principle ceuld be worked with less capital from this cause, as it could be laid down from Canterbury to London at considerably less expense than any other de scription of line, whilst its scale of fares for passengers would be very low, thus offering the greater inducement to travellers to pass frequently on the line, whilst its economic working would allow a fair profit to the proprietors from these reduced charges. Sir LIONEL GOLDSIVID, as a landed 'proprietor in Kent, and chairman of the projected North Kent Railway, felt called upon to address a few observations to the meet ing, deeply interested as he was in the success of the pro posed direct line between Dover, Canterbury, and the me tropolis. Such a communication had long occupied his thoughts, not as a chairman of a railway company, but from a desire to obtain for his tenants in Kent an opportunity of more favourably disposing of their produce than they now enjoy.—(Cheers.) They had been recommended by a gentle man opposite to wait for new projects, but they had waited so many years in vain for a direct railway communication with the metropolis, that he would advise them to exert them ymnaotul°rnedg,er.a—nd(Laughter and cheers.) it would have been s T e i l i v is es, p an ro j d ec w t a l i v t as pat w ie e n i t l l brought out in 1841 but from an accidental circumstance, and he thought the time had now come when North Kent ought not to be any longer deprived of tfie advantages of such a communication with the metropolis.—(Hear, hear.) Under such circumstances, he did not see how they were called on to wait for any longer period, and ho thought that such a delay would be peculiarly inopportune at the present moment, when the public mind was so much occu pied with the subject of increased facilities.--(Hear, hear. The promoters of the North Kent Railway had the interest of that district and of the city of Canterbury at heart ; and he was of opinion that any line which was brought forward by parties avowedly for their own views, ought not to bee- f ferred to it.—(Cheers.) It was, in fact, the projected line o which called the competing lines the e xist Kent R d ai h lw h ay oned that such an o p position would into cutistencol au- -- 0 • .. not be advocated by those who had an interest in the city of' Canterbury and the district of North Kent. They had united for ten years without any beneficial result, so far as regarded the introduction of a direct line through Canterbury to London, and it was now time to bestir themselves. With respect to the introduction of the atmospheric principle, which one gentleman brought forward as an argument for delay, it ought to be recollected that the atmospheric prin ciple could be introduced on the line at any future period, if its application were found to be desirable.—(Hear, bear.) He thought the North Kent Railway could not be in better hands than the present Company, and he thought there would be infinitely more security with them than with a Company which was constantly changing its Directors and engineers. He had looked at the share list of the North Kent Railway, and he could say that he never saw a better one.—(Cheers.) ➢ir. WILKINSON, one of the Croydon Atmospheric Railway' Company, said that, when be saw the requisition at first, he had some doubts as to the propriety of his, attending, 'inas much as it was to be a meeting for the purpose of specially considering the merits of one partichlat line, namely, the North Kent Railway. However, as" he belonged to a Com pany who had on. that day - brought forward another pro jected line, in. .a tangible shape, he thought it would I hardly have been respectful towards the citizens of Canter , bury if he did not avail himself of that occasion to state to them the views whicn he entertained with respect to the projected line of railway with which he was connected. As to the motives for the introduction of particular lines, there was no doubt that all the projectors had motives of their own. Sir Lionel Goldsmid had acknow -1 ledged that his motive was to serve his tenants, and he (Mr. Wilkinson) had a desire in the same way to serve his own constituents; but the great question for the public to consider was, which line would be most advantageous to them.—(Hear, hear.) He should not have thought of pro posing a line which' was different from the projected line of the North Kent, if he did not think that he had a better one than it, and he would ask them if he produced a better plan than that of the North Kent, and one which was better cal culated to secure the sanction of Parliament, would they not support it? He should be happy to go into details when a more detailed statement was made on the other side, but until the citizens of Canterbury had more detailed informa tion with respect to the different lines, he hoped they would not decide in favour of any one in particular. He believed that the atmospheric system afforded means of carrying pas sengers more cheaply than the other system; indeed, such was the nature of the atmospheric principle, that it almost compelled any company which applied it, to convey passen gers at a cheap rate, as they would be obliged to dispatch trains very frequently, in order to economise their power. Mr. POOLE said that the North Kent had been first in the field, and had long since proposed the line of the old coach road to London as the most direct. A desultory conversation here took place as to the compa rative length of the proposed lines of atmospheric and North Kent, after which Sir J. M. TILDEN addressed the meeting, and stated his impression that the atmospheric principle would be generally adopted on all railways, and he gave the Croydon Company credit for availing themselves of the experience of that prin ciple on the Kingston and Dalkey line, but he did not think the line they proposed as a competing line with the North Kent was calculated to be successful. The people of Canter bury wanted one direct line to London, and this the North Kent line proposed to give them.—(Cheers.) Mr. SLADDEN (solicitor) moved an amendment to the re solution, to the effect that it was not expedient for the meet ing to come to any definite decision until the details of the plans of all the projected lines were before the public, and that a committee of the citizens of Canterbury should be ap pointed to decide which of the lines was best deserving of support. The amendment was negatived, and the resolution was carried, with about half-a-dozen dissentients. Mr. WARD moved a resolution to the effect that the local interests of Canterbury could not be so efficiently served by a company in possession of a line already, as by an inde pendent and competing company. The resolution was agreed to. Another resolution was agreed to, pledging the meeting to support the North Kent line; after which the meeting separated. LONDON AND YORK. LINCOLN, SATURDAY.—A special meeting of the Town Council of this city was held in the Guildhall this day, to take into consideration several matters materially affecting the interests of the citizens, arising from the intention of pro: secuting the projected London and York, and other lines. The TOWN-CLERK read the clauses of the Loudon and York Bill, as affecting the navigation of the river Witham, from the high bridge of the city of Lincoln, through the port of Boston, to the sea, also the Fossdyke navigation from the city of Lincoln to the river Trent, from which it appeared that the material provisions are to secure a five foot water- course in each navigation, and to reduce the present amount of tonnage by one-third. Mr. Alderman RUDGARD thought the Railway Company, who were to derive the profits of the navigatiOu, ought io rebuild the bridges over that part of the river whiCh connects the two navigations together. In case of refusal, he should propose that application be made to the House of Lords for leave to oppose the London and York Bill, unless clauses for protecting the public interests as regards the bridges and navigation were introduced: - fit r.'nved that the Town- Clerk do attend the Board of Directors, and make the request of them. Mr. Alderman WETHERELL, a Director of the London and York Railway, considered the proposal of Mr. RUdgard as fair and reasonable, and as he was going to town on Monday to attend - a meeting of the Board of Directors on Tuesday, he would take care to represent what were the feelings of the _ _ citizens of Lincoln on the. subject. He was certain - it was the wish of the Railway Company to render the navigations complete, and to aid the - object in view ; he requested a written atement to lay before the board, in order that an engineer might be appointed to inquire into the matter, as he expected before anything could be done, Mr. Cubitt, or some other competent person, would be consulted. The TowN-Cilunx remarked that the river interests ap peared to have been • forced upon the Railway Company by the alteration of the line-and the adoption of what was called the loop along the line of the rivers, or he thought the Direc tors would have been inclined to have thrown that part of the scheme overboard altogether, if they could have done so consistently as men of honour. Mr. RUDGARD said, if he were a Director, he should urge on the Railway Company to comply with the request, to pre vent the opposition of the citizens ; for as regarded the ma jority of the people in Lincoln, they were most decidedly op posed to the London .and York scheme.—( Hear, hear.) At length a resolution was unanimously carried, calling upon the London and York Railway Company to take upon themselves the rebuilding of the three bridges. A ;Committee of seven members of the council was then appointed to adopt means with a view of carrying out ex tensive improvements in the city, . rendered necessary by the opening of railways. IMPORTANT RAILWAY MEETING AT DUDLEY. DUDLEY, MONDAY, Six O'CLOCK.—To-day a numerous and most respectable meeting of the inhabitants of this borough was held in the Town-hall, for the purpose of considering the propriety of supporting the South Staffordshire Junction Railway. The meeting was called for twelve o'clock, and shortly after that hour the chair was taken by Edward Terry, Esq., Mayor, who opened the business by observing that he felt highly pleased at meeting on that occasion so numerous, re spectable, and highly influential a body of gentlemen as he had then the honour of presiding over. On a former occasion he had the pleasure of introducing to the inhabitants his friends who were connected with the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton Railway, and on that occasion it was unanimously resolved that they should support that under taking, and they all knew the result of that resolution. They had fought a hard battle, but they fought and won.— (Applause.) Having won one battle in connexion with the interest of that distri.A, it now became them to consider another line which was to act as a feeder to that great and important line which they had obtained, and that line was the South Staffordshire Grand Junction. They had then present a numerous deputation from that company, who would explain the nature of the undertaking, and lay before them the claims which that company had to their support. Of the importance of such a line of communication between the town of Dudley and Wolverhampton, and all those great towns into which it would bring them in direct communica tion there could not be the least doubt. They had already secured a communication with the south of England, and by the proposed line they would gain a connexion with the north of England and all the great outports. As all these advan tages would be more fully and ably set forth than he could possibly detail them, he should not detain them longer, but call upon Mr. Mathews. WM. MATHEWS, Esq., then rose, and in a very powerful and effective speech pointed out the advantages which would result from the proposed undertaking. He com menced by saying that it was only 12 months ago since the inhabitants of Dudley met in that place to consider the propriety of supporting a line of railway which was to afford that accommodation which their great commercial transactions entitled them to expect. The opinion of the inhabitants of that important town, with respect to that accommodation, was heard, and attended to in the manner in which it ought to . have been. The town of Dudley was then not placed upon a level with the surrounding country, and the general opinion was that it was impossible to afford the necessary accommodation to the town on account of its elevated position. Previous to the meeting 12 months ago he had connected himself with the project of a line through that district, but according to their plan they were not to embrace Dudley, but leave it one or two miles out of the main line. His Hon. Friend, Mr. Badger, with two other gentlemen connected with the town, expostulated with him upon the impropriety of leaving Dudley out of the main line, and he then thought it necessary to communicate with the engineering department of that line, in order to place Dudley in its proper position ; and Dudley was accordingly placed on the main line. He then hazarded an opinion that Dudley would not only not be placed in a worse position than other towns in the neighbourhood, but that it only required the perseverance, diligence, and public spirit which the men of Dudley always evinced to place it in the best position. He knew that there were great difficulties in the way of effect ing that object. He knew that there were great obstacles to contend against arising from influential parties, and he said to the men of Dudley, "Do not make us put Dudley upon the main line, unless you give us such support as will enable us to ensure the passing of the Bill for the making of that line." The gentlemen of Dudley assured him they would give to the undertaking that support which it deserved, and the result was that which they were all well aware of, and he was there that day to say that the gentlemen of Dudley had redeemed their pledge honour ably, nobly, and efficiently, and he had no hesitation in saying that one of the main ingredients in their triumphant suc cess, was the important support which they received from the inhabitants of this important place. Having gained that object, he ventured to state it as his opinion, that if the gentlemen of Dudley continued to make the same de monstrations with that prudence and caution and propriety which they had hitherto manifested, instead of being placed in a worse position than other towns, they would be placed in a better position, and he now thought the facts he had to state would bear out the grounds up which he came to that conclusion. He thought the animus that guided the parties who opposed them would fully justify the inhabi tants of that town in disclaiming any overtures from that body in any shape in which it might be presented to them. He need not say that no demons tration was made upon the part of that rival body until they were obliged to ally them selves with other parties who w ere o pp osed to the interest of the Oxford, Worcester , a nd Wolverhampton line. These ginebnatbleimtaeunte, dibdut nottbeyaffotrbdrewanyevearyccomobmstuodaolteioniutotbtehier way. They not only denied them their assistance to carry out their project, but they offered every resistance that could be given to stop the proposed railway commu nication through that town. The inhabitants of Dud ley were of necessity compelled to ally themselves with the important line to which he has already alluded ; and having now witnessed the accomplishment of that great pro ject—tutving seen a victory pined over dif f iculties unpa. emblems of their rank by putting on the cloaks belonging to some of their men. The enemy recog nised them, without doubt, by their not carrying muskets, Nothing is to be done with cannon against barricades—they were to be carried by the bayonet. The Georg an companies and the militia of the Caucasus did'not exhibit much courage ; it was found necessary to replace them by other battalions. As soon as one of our men fell, the enemy carried off his arms and his cartridges. As to our dead, they left them ; but they concealed their own dead in the forest. The natural and artificial barricades which opposed the march of our army, the wild shrubs which covered the soil of these virgin forests, and the narrow and steep roads did more harm than the obstinate resistance of the enemy. Not withstanding their impetuous courage, our battalions could only advance slowly, at the rate of one werst and a half per hour. Our avant- guard, however, reached Dargo before night. This Aul is situated on the slope of a mountain, at the edge of a gorge, and was composed of sixty to seventy small houses built of stone, and a few other more solid buildings, which appeartd to be of very ancient date. Schamyl, seeing that the Russian troops were advancing notwithstanding the vigorous resistance of his own soldiers, set fire to every point. Before the setting of the sun the chasseurs of Lithuania occupied the aban doned villages. It was already night when the staff arrived at Dargo and had the tents pitched. The fire of the buildings served for those of the bivouac of our head • quarters. On the 19th of July there was a murderous battle. Schamyl occupied, with an army of 5,000 Tschetschenzes, on the nearest point to Dargo, a high mountain which commanded our position. Ho even threw some balls into our camp, and, although the shots did not generally go true, it happened, however, that a ball fell near the tents of the staff.. It was a six-pounder, coming probably from one of the cannons which Schamyl had obtained possession of after the taking of Unzula. According to the report of the natives, these pieces are served by Russian deserters. However, the enemy rarely uses them, either through fear of losing them, or in order to save powder. The Commander-in-Chief ordered General Labinzoff, with five battalions of in fantry and a large body of cavalry, to drive the enemy from their position and seize on the guns. Our sharp-shooters climbed up the mountains, but were forced to give way, for the mountaineers defended themselves vigorously. However, the heights were at last taken at the bayonet's point ; but the guns bad been removed into the forest. Our columns being furnished with provisions for only five days, it was found necessary to order up a convoy. Six battalions were detached, under the command of General Pluke de Pluge neau, to serve as the escort to it. This column, ou its march, was surrounded by numerous bodies of moun taineers ; but the real attack took place on the return to Dargo. The convoy was half a league in length, and Schamyl directed in person to attack at the head of his determined Murides. Two Russian generals, Wicktoroff and Pasek, were killed in the combat, by a discharge of balls, like General Fox, a few days before, but by the edge of the sword. Seeing the impossibility of defend ing the convoy, General Pluke had renounced covering the whole line. The enemy had seized on some Russian trumpeters, whom they forced to sound in the forest, in order to deceive the Russians, and draw them into a snare. Some Russian sharpshooters, led astray by its sound, followed a false direction, and the unfortunate column reached Dargo in the most deplorable state, af ter having left 1,300 men dead in the forests. The enemy loaded several waggons with the spoil, and upwards of 300 mules and horses laden with baggage fell into their hands. On the 25th July we marched on the valley of Axai, and as soon as the troops got into the forests the combat began afresh. Continual reinforcements were found necessary to prevent the chasseurs from perishing. General Freytag, who had received dispatches, suc ceeded in forcing his way through the enemy with 6,000 infantry and 300 Cossacks. He arrived at last at the bivouac of the army, and the two corps, thus united, proceeded towards Irselaul. The more the forests were left behind, the greater weakness and irresolution the enemy showed. On the Ist August the fortress was reached. Numerous bands of the enemy are still within two days' march of the valley of Ances. Schamyl has retired with his cavalry to the interior of Tsches tehnaya." The Constitutionnel, after quoting this account of affairs in Circassia, says, " It is easy, from the details which reach us successively relative to the last expedi tion of the Russians in the Caucasus, to form an idea of the new plan of operations which the Russian Govern ment has adopted to reduce the mountaineers to obedi ence. The Russians are fond of comparing the war of the Caucasus to that of Algeria. This comparison pleases the Emperor. He would have cause to congra tulate himself; in fact, if it were exact, and if the success of his army in the Caucasus were as positive as that of ours in Algeria. The expedition of General de Woron zow, was, therefore, traced out after our razzias in Algeria. In the impossibility of seizing these roving mountaineers, he aimed at reaching them through their property ; he thought he should find collected in the village of 1 largo all the gunpowder, muskets, and stores of the army of the mountaineers, but this was quite an erroneous cal culation. A heavy blow could be inflicted on Abd-el-Kade.• by seizing his stores, for the Emir had an army to pay ; but the mountaineers of the Caucasus com bat for their independence at their own expense, and expect nothing from 'their chief beyond the order to precipitate themselves on the enemy ; they carry their powder about with them, and never lay aside their arms, which, in fact, constitute their whole riches. There are flocks in the Caucasus as there are in Kabylia, but in time of war they are so well guarded that the Russians can never reach they . ). Dargo was burnt down by Schamyl him self, and the Russians did not find there a single gun or barrel of powder. Still more, it was on the Russian army itself ithat the razzia was made, for the consider able convoy which General Pluke was bringing up passed entirely into the possession of the mountaineers, and thus the pleasure of booty was added to the love of independence. The loss of Dargo was thus more than compensated for. In fine, this campaign renders the situation of the Russians worse than ever. It cannot fail to encou:rage the mountaineers, and augment the discouragem.mt which is spread through the Russian army. The symptoms of this feeling are above all manifested amongst the native auxiliary troops, who had previously been distinguished for their spirit against the mountaineers, us the latter are very disagreeable neigh bours. The Rt issian Government will probably abandon its new system of razzias, as it has abandoned twenty others. Mean while it has obtained for Count de Woronzow the title of Prince. A few years before a similar attempt drew disgrace and dismissal on General Grabbe." PROTECTION TO BRITISH PROPERTY ON VIE FRENCH COX rr.—A letter from Lloyd's agent at Boulogne mentions that some Frenchmen had been fined and impri soned for pluiftdering the British vessel Trinidad, Brown, from Manilla to London, wrecked on the coast there, and that the tribunal ha. 1 directed the restoration of the stolen goods. As some reports injurious to the French character were afloat at the time of the destruction of the Conqueror on that coast, the above instance of French justice deserves mention. HARBOURS IN THE UNITED KINGDOM.—Mr. Fiume moved in the last sessions for a return (which has been is sued within the last few days), showing the receipt of every harbour in the United Kingdom, for each of the last three. years, setting forth the several heads of income and expendi ture. The return extends to 91 pages, and contains a mass of info' mation. The total income of the harbours in the United Kingdom amounted, in the following years respec tively, to the sums mentioned:-1841-2, the sum of 783,782/, 14s. 40. ;1842-3, the sum of 805,4181. lls. sid ; and 1843-4, the sum of 830,3231. 9s. si-d; of which sums the harbours in England and Wales, and islands in the British seas, produced respectively in the years 524,724/. 10s. Oid., 547,1231.45. 114 d., and 554,645/. 10s. 11d. ; whilst those in Scotland, in the same period, realised 168,626/. ls. 104 d., 163,879/. 18s. lid., and 177,123/. 16s. 9}d; and those in Ireland, 90,432/. 2s. 54d., 94,415/. 7s. 6id., and 98,554/. ls. 9d. The harbour dues are collected under Acts of Parliament. It appears, midst the immense array of figures presented by the lengthened return, that the income of the port of London in 1841-2, was 13,1821. 4s. 11d. ; 18-12- 3, 13,385/. Is. 4d ; and in 1843-4 it was 13,207/. 18s. 7d- The expenditure waR, in the years respec tively, 8,1414 95., 8,310/. 17s. 11d., and 10,623/. 17s. sd. The excess of income is annually invested in Govermnent securi ties towards forming a fund to provide for the reduction or ultimate extinction of the duties, and the fund now amounts to 39,568/. THE ROYAL EXCHANGE. — The frequenters of this noble ornament of the City have been much interested lately by the proceedings of the workmen in fixing the permanent gates at the north entrance, facing Bartholomew-lane. It will be recollected, that at the time of the opening of the new Royal Exchange by her Majesty the Queen, last October, all the gates were temporary, and of wood, it having been found impossible by the architect to get those very ela borate specimens of ironwork in such a state as to justify the fixing of them on that occasion. The merchants acknow ledge that the delay was most judicious, and there seems to be but one opinion entertained as to the perfection of the workmanship in the gates now being fixed. The gates them selves hate a highly ornamented and enriched frame. They are made oi`' wrought iron, the decorations being in cast iron. In the centres of the gates, on either side, are the arms of the City of London, and of the Mercer s' Company, with the cypher of Sir Thomas Gresham, T. G., very ingeniously in troduced. In the ornamental heads of the gates the rose, thistle, and sh amrock appear entwined. Though of enormous weight, the gates are so well poised as to be capable of being moved with the least impulse. On the gates are the names of Grissell and Co., who, we are informed, are the founders. The Exchange having four entrances, there will, of courr, be four pair of gates. Those to the east and south, will, we are given to understand. be similar to those which the workmen are employed in fixing. Those to the great western entrance will be much larger, and will be even more deco rated than the others, and will contain, besides the arms before referred to, the arms of all the twelve great com panies. It is understood that the Gresham Committee are making arrangements for erecting the pedestal and the statue of the Queen, by Lough, in the merchants area, and that as the merchants complain that the asphalte in the open part is found to be cold from its non-absorbant character, they have resolved to lay down the old Turkey stone-pave ment which has been preserved, adopting some ornamental devices in stone of richer colour. WEST RIDING REVISION.—IMPORTANT DECISION Ix FAVOUR OF THE FREE-TRADE JOINT-VOTERS.—TIIC revision of the lists of Parliamentary voters for the West Riding commenced at Sheffield on Wednesday. The Tories made it their great point to strike off the new votes created by the free-trade party, to the whole of which they had objected. Mr. Baxter opposed the votes, as ren dered illegal by the Splitting Act, and the case was gone into at great length. The Revising Barristers, however, unanimously de cided that the votes were good ; and Mr. Blanchard, the senior bar rister, said distinctly, that "it was rather meritorious that any person should desire the privilege of a vote, and should purchase property to secure it ; it could not be made an objection to him, that that was his primary object in the acquisition of the property." This decision will, we believe, take away the only ground on which fram 1,500 to 2,000 of the Tory objections rested ; and it, therefore, most materially affects the relative strength of parties in the West Riding. At Sheffield the balance on the revision was 173 in favour of the Orange or Libera l p art y ; at Barnsley it was 100 in their favour, and at Rotherham 56. At Doncaster the Tories had an ad vantage, but the balance on those four districts is 333 to favour of the 1414vra5.—Leati Mercury. --41-111 A.... ' ''.l '-- f 1 ' • '' ' _ _.a. . • ' - ' • .-. ' ' ) r _I. .i._ ~.._ _ _..-. .• . . --ii....:^ • - ---,----- - - "*" - -...-c , -.0 0.-- . • ~. . ; . , ....!..., , • .. ."''''.• ... ;is . : .:: -i• ~- , ...t 'IL: II .. 1 ~... .t.. - : 4... ••:/ ---- tt... - AV / i ~~~~~~ '774 ~it?~~ -tir ..4 ... ,. 4t. talleled in'the history of railway competition, the inhabitants of that tairn had, in the past conduct of the men who' came before them on a former occasion, sufficient to justify them in relying with confidence upon them for the fulfilment of any other - reasonable project which they might bring for ward. When the promoters of the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton Railway came before them, they did so with an express assurance that their, only object was the public welfare. They showed to a demonstration that their in terests were those of the inhabitants ; and having established the fact, they readilYobtained their support, and with it the most triumphant 'success. They had iaow come before them to recommend another project, which was one intimately in connexion with the forroer, and which might' be said to be a part of the natural Consequences of the former undertaking. The great consideration' with the inhabitants of that town was how'they should best proceed from Dudley to the east and north-east part of the kingdom, and looking at the im mense amount of gooda -to be removed from Dudley, it was quite evident that they stood in need of the most direct line which they could make from Dudley to the north-east point. The Hon. Gentleman theri proceeded to point out the line of route which it was intended to take by the company' which he had the honour of representing, and, having done so, ob served that the line brought foiward by their opponents might be said to occupy the same grbend, and, in fact, was identical ; so that 'in considering one line they might be said to be considering both ; and if it was only a question of district, the inhabitants of Dudley Might say they did not care which line they had, provided they got a good line; but there were other circumstances connected with the ques tion at issue, which when properly considered could not fail to weigh with the meeting in favour of the project which he that day brought before them. Mr. Mathews then adverted to the Trent Valley and Midland line, and referred to the al liance of Colonel Anson's line with the Birmingham Canal Company. There had adlready been a meeting in Dudley to obtain the sanction of the town to the proposed line of rail way running along the banks of the canal, which it was pro posed should be done, the Railway Company giving a gua rantee to the Canal Company. He would just remind the meeting that where guarantees were given by one. public body to another, in the end the public themselves had to pay for them. A guarantee could not be given for any sum beyond faitprotits without the public being injured thereby.—(Hear, heal%) The South Stafford shire came before the public unfettered .by any of these gua rantees; at the same time he was not surprised that the Bir mingham Canal Company should want this guarantee. He did not deny but that the Canal Company had, in former years, done much by opening the traffic to various parts, and they were entitled to just consideration for that; but the Canal Company had derivedgreat advantages by so doing,. and the shares that cost 17/. 10s. eacb..were now worth 94/. ; so that whatever convenience the Canal Company had afforded the public, the latter had paid handsomely for it.:—(Hear, hear.) The Canal Company, however, did not say, come and guarantee us on the 17/. 10s., but they wanted it upon 100/. each, just six times more than they originally cost. The project was one which the public had no right to recognise. He wished to be understood, that he did not object to the scheme of having a line of railway from Dudley to Birming ham, and if that was all that was proposed, he should offer no opposition to it. But looking at the circumstance, that the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverharapton line, which would cost so much money, would well accommodate the pub lic between Dudley and 'Wolverhampton, the question then was, whether the proposed railway on the banks of the canal should go to Wolverhampton, or whether it should not stop at Dudley, and there join the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolver hampton line, which would have . a double line of rails laid down to suit carriages for either gauge, so that there was no excuse, nor could they say that they. could not be accom modated.—(Hear, hear.) The Oiford and Worcester. Co mpany then would say, "We do not object to your line from Birmingham coming to Dudley, but we do object to your taking it on to Wolverhampton, when we have been to Par liament and are in. possession. of the ground on which we offer you accommodation.—(Applause.) He had, he hoped, shown the meeting that the line on the canal was not ne cessary from Dudley to Wolverhampton, and the public would have to pay for it. So far, then, dismissing the guarantee, he would say that if the project came before them, in a legitimate way, from Dudley to Birmingham, he for one, connected with the Oxford and Worcester Com pany, would not oppose it.—(Hear, hear.) There was another project afloat that would mostmaterially affect Dud , ley, and he thoUght, when he came toy tell the meeting the bearings of that project, that the parties present would say that the gentlemen who, a short time ago, made a crusade into that district Must have drawn largely upon the credulity of the parties they addressed. The 'project he alluded to was this—that at' Smethwick a line should pass through Old bury to Stourbridge,' Stourport, and other places' in the Stour Valley - district. The distance from Spon-lane to Stourbridge, through Dudley, was eight and a half miles, and by the line 'proposed by' the Stour Valley it would be eight, so that they could not claim the sanction of Parlia ment on the ground of - a saving of the distance. They would, instead of using the Oxford, 'Worcester, and Wol verhampton line, divert their line, and take a great deal of traffic from Dudley which ought to pass through it.— (Hear.) He would say nothing of the proposed line cutting through their great feeder for traffic—the coal-fields of the district—but he spoke on the ground that the scheme proposed would take the traffic from Dudley a distance of three or four miles. He thought he need not tell the meeting of the sort district the proposed line would - pass through, west of Stourbridge, and that at present it did not require a railway through it. True, it was a districtiMed.7ith pleasant asso ciations, full of green fields and murmuring brook?.., but it was very scant indeed of the necessary materials of traffic.— (A Voice—" There is not enough for one omnibus.") There were a few works in the neighbourhood of Dudley, which removed more goods along the line of railway than the Stour Valley district he had referred to did altogether. If that district then went upon the ground of the goods they removed he might as well apply for a separate 'Act of Parliament because he moved the same number of tons in a week. The question of a branch from Smethwick to Stourbridge bad been mooted in the Committee of the House of Commons, and he (Mr. Mathews) bad been ap plied to because of his local knowledge. He told them that he did not care who made that line, providing not us, but that if no one else would make it, and subse quent improvements in the neighbourhood rendered it necessary, we should be obliged by our Oxford, Worces ter, and Wolverhampton Act of Parliament to make it. He would again refer to the gentlemen who had been in Dudley in support of the Stour Valley line, and he would say that they must make great allowances for them, as they were using their energy to avoid suffering in their pockets, for he did not think that any other motive could have in duced them to come to Dudley to ask support for a project that would take away traffic from the town. He could assure the meeting that he, with many men of experience, was of opinion that no scheme was so likely to benefit the town of Dudley as the South Staffordshire line, and would therefore commend it to their consideration and support.—(Cheers.) G. B. TIIORNEYCROFT, Esq., next addressed the meeting as one of the deputation from the South Staffordshire Junc tion line, and in doing so said he had the honour of ap pearing before them twelve months ago in connexion with the project then on band. The inhabitants told them what their wants were, and be had the satisfac tion of saying that he and his colleagues had supplied those wants.—(Hear, hear.) He stated then emphati cally that if the inhabitants of Dudley would give them their unqualified support, they would obtain an Act of Parliament which would supply them with good railway . accommodation. The inhabitants did give him their support, and the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton Company obtained the Act.—(Loud cheers.) He and his colleagues had now come before them with another mes sage.—( Hear, hear.) He said to them, give us again your unqualified support, and we will give you the benefit of another good line.—(Applause.) The Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton line came before them twelve months ago, when their wants were many, and no one to supply them ; but no sooner had they , made their appearance than other gentlemen tendered their services. And who were those gentlemen? Were they gentlemen who solely and entirely , consulted the wants of the inhabitants, or were they gentle men who wished to increase their own monopoly, and drive the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton Company out of the field ? After that came another company, and, in fact, they had many offers ; but the inhabitants well knew who really were their friends, and they had nobly supported them. The inhabitants of Dudley well knew that the promoters of the South Staffordshire Junction line were like those of the Oxford, Worcester, and Wolverhampton line, identified with their interests. They had no objects in view not identical with the great commercial interests of that district. They came there untramelled, and they were not pledged to any guarantees. The company which he represented were the first in the field. It was projected, advertised, and registered before the new line made its appearance, and they were en titled to public support.—(Applause.) He, therefore, claimed their support, and boldly asked them would they give it? T. BArtaiEn, Esq., moved the first resolution. In doing so, the speaker remarked upon the great injury that Dudley had sustained by a want of direct railway communication with London and other places, and that Dudley had remained like a devoted town, so high in the clouds that nothing could reach it. Some twelve years ago an attempt was made to have a railway from 'Wolverhampton to Dudley. Unfor tunately that was not made, and nothing more was done till last year, when he (Mr. Badger) was called upon to support a line from Shrewsbury to Birmingham, which was to pass through Dudley. He wished here to be understood that he did not think a more honourable man existed than the gen tleman at the head of that line, the Hon. Mr. Clive ; but afterwards he (Mr. Badger) was told that Dudley must be left out. And who was it that caused that to be done but the London and Birmingham Company ?—(Hear, hear.) When he found that Dudley was to be left out, he (Mr. Badger) immediately withdrew his name from the list of supporters, finding that, though railways were passing through all other towns, they could not come to Dudley. After expressing his opinion that the proposed South Stafford shire line would be of the greatest benefit to the town of Dudley, Mr. Badger concluded by moving the first resolution, which was seconded by Mr. Thomas Wood, and passed unanimously. After a few observations from Mr. W. FELLOWES, in sup port of the proposed South Staffordshire line, JAMES FISHER, Esq., proposed the second resolution, which was seconded by Mr. England, who contended that the people of Dudley were bound in common gratitude to support a measure emanating from the Oxford, Worcester, and Wol verhampton Company, who had already offered so much to the town of Dudley. The resolution was then put to the meeting, an d carried unanimously. ADGER, Esq., The next resolution was moved by ISAAC B and was briefly seconded by Mr. STErriwncosrt, hem division of Mr. BULLER, formerly M.P. for th the county of Stafford, then addrnerndteethdebnaideebteineng shownin favour h of the proposed line, which ahteeoothat he came forward on the the various speakers. present occasion on alclcioetioisntt boefnteliiiet in a te e res c t ou h n e ty fe i l a t in any I object which tende, he had spent his life. They must recollect that the South Staffordshire line was supported by the Grand Junc tion Oxford, Wo rcester, and Wolverham p ton Com panies, w hile the other was supported by the London and Bi r mingham, together with " the Railway King," and the Midland Company; and, looking at the various allies, he thought they could not do better than unite themselves with the South Staffordshire Junction. The Hon. Gentleman re sumed his seat amidst loud applause. A vote of thanks was then unanimously carried conveying the thanks of the meeting to the Chairman, Vice-Chairman, and the Provisional Com m itt ee o f the South Staffordshire Junction. C. S. FOSTER, Esq., Chairman, and Mr. CRAWNER, Deputy- Chairman of the Committee, acknowledged the compliment. A vote of thanks to the deputation of the South Stafford shire Company who had attended that meeting was then carried unanimously. Capt. Dvorr returned thanks in a very excellent speech, in which he compared the merits of the rival companies, and said if there was any point upon which information was required, he should be happy to afford it. s : - ( e , , f , , , •c_ ; 4- :".5 ~.--...N : ty . q?i,'''-,,-- -- L - ...1 - ::-=-,".\ .., .9. 1 :. ;; ;. , ;-,--., : 4 .,... z ..•.-2..i. , ;.;.Nta. he t• - ,.. - - - ,L)=:'-:' l'io.' - if. - ‘ - ' l l --- ‘tli 5-k k:',; , .... 4.7 . - • I *-i•-?0 .1 • , P - ii ~-, .r.t\tt , , .-- 1- ../ kaii ; ._ :,.....,...... : ~: GRATIS: A vote of thanks to the Mayor was then carried, of it which the meeting broke up. The parties afterwards sat down to an excellent dinner at the Royal Hotel. ~ _ GREAT CANAL CONFEDERATION.—On Thursday a meeting of the proprietors of the Ellesmere and Chester Canal, who have formed a confederacy with the Birmingham and Liyer pool, the Shrewsbury and Montgomeryshire, and other canal interests in the north, for the conversion of their canal pos sessions into railways, in conjunction with the promoters of the Worcester, Shrewsbury, andCrewe, and Shrewsbury and Trent Valley union lines, so as to furnish a complete system of rail ways to the district west of the Grand Junction, between Chester on the north and Worcester on the south, met at Chester on Thursday, when the proprietors confirmed the arrangements made by the Committee for carrying out the proposed conver sions of the several water-ways into railways, by means of a Company to be tailed the Shropshire Union and Canal. The Earl of Powls heads the movement, and surveys have already been made by the Company's engineers, Mr. Cubitt and Mr. Robert Stephenson, for five miles, namely :- 1. From the proposed Birmingham, Wolverhampton, and Stour Valley, at Wolverhampton, by Autherley, Brewood; Gnosall, Norbury, Market Drayton, Audlem, and Nant wich, to the Chester and Holyhead and Chester and Birkenhead lines at Chester. 2. Prom the Manchester and Birmingham at Crewe, by Nantwich, Wrenbury, Whitchurch, Ellesmere, Oswestry, and Welchpool, to Newtown. 3. Front the Trent Valley at Stafford, by Gnosall, Newport, and Wel lington, to Shrewsbury. 4. From the main line near Wem to Shrewsbury. 5. From the Birmingham and Gloucester, in the valley of the Avon, passing the Severn at Worcester, and proceeding through Bewdley and Bridgenorth over the Severn, below Coalpert to Wellington. A general conversion into Railways of the entire canal interest of the kingdom is inevitable. Those that remain untnetamorphosed must speedily become bankrupt, so that a canal, in time, will be as great a curiosity as the almost obsolete stage coach. RICHMOND AND WEST-END.—The usual notice required by Act of Parliament to be given to the holders of land on new lines having expired, with reference to the Richmond and West-end, and there being but slight objection to the works being proceeded with, 1,000 labourers have been hired to com mence operations. The Directors have announced that theline will be completed from Wandsworth to Richmond by Christ mas next. In order to do this, both ends will be commenced at the same time, half of the men are to be employed between Richmond and Putney, and the remainder between the latter place and Wandsworth, where the line will join the South- Western. - The most difficult portion of the work .is near Wandsworth, where it will have to cross aa--immense osier . , bed; full of deep ditches, and very swampy, and where it is said the workmen will have to dig a depth of upwards of 20 feet before they obtain a suitable foundation ; and in some places a great quantity of bricks will have to be sunk, in order to make the foundation solid. The surveyors of Mr. Lock's line, the Salisbury and Yeovil Junction, are engaged in the necessary examinations. ' A meeting of the engineers, solicitors, and others connected with the lines to Yeovil was held on Saturday last. The Directors of the Northumberland Atmospheric line promoted by Lord Howick in last session, have announced that they are prepared to return 2/. 3s. 4d. per share to the ehareholders, having deducted 16s. Bd. for Parliamentary expenses. KENDAL AND WINDERMERE.—A survey has been made of the projected deviation. It is now supposed that the junction between this line and the Lancaster and Carlisle will pass through Kendal, and afford that town the benefit of a station. The works on the Tynemouth Extension have been com menced. It is stated that the Welsh Midland have brought up, or are about to do so, the Brecknock and Abergavenny Canal. The works on the Furness Railway, equally withthose on the South Devon, have suffered much frornthe recent storms. - YORK AND NORTH MIDLAND.—This company propose the following extensions in next session :-1. A new line from York to Leeds, eid Tadcaster, adopting a portion of the existing lines of the York and North Midland and the Leeds and Selby Railways, and connecting the latter line with the North Midland and other . stations at Leeds. 2. A line- from York to Pocklington, Market Weighton, Beverley, Driffield, and Hull, with a branch to Selby, and extension lines to Horsea and Patrington. 3. A line from the Whitby and Pickering, commencing near the Tunnel Inn to Lealhohn Bridge, Stokeley, and Yarm. Other minor ex.; tensions are, we understand, in contemplation. WHITBY AND 1 3 ,1cEr.vtG .—Workmen are now engaged in driving piles for the widening of the railway bridges in this town, preparatory to the - laying down another line of rails on the Pickering branch of the York and Scarborough. THIRSK AND MALTON.—Mr. Hudson has given direc tions for the survey of a line from the Great North of Eng land at Thirsk to Mahon, with branches to Helmsley and Kirbymoorside, it being intended to apply to Parliament for power to construct a line through that large agricultural district. The Midland Company have, it is said, made arrange ments for laying down the narrow gauge between Glouces ter and Bristol, so as to produce uniformity in the northern lines. DIRECT NORTHERN COUNTIES OF SCOTLAND RAILWAY.... A line under this title has been proposed, between Inverness and Wick, to complete the line of railway communication from Land's-end to John o'Groat's. It is to proceed from In verness by Bennly, Dingwall, and Novar, through the coun ties of Ross, Sutherland, and Caithness, containing many im portant pastoral districts. It has already, we are informed, received the report of a great many landowners and others along the line, D a d. the plans and surveys are to be imme diately executed. - From the main line there will be branches to Tuin, Thurso, and other towns in the north. TELEGnArnic PROGRESSION.—TIIC electric telegraph is rapidly advancing over the country. It is already established. or in the course of formation, to an extent exceeding 500 miles, upon the South-Eastern, South- Western, Great Western, London and Birmingham, London and Croydon, London and Blackwall, Liverpool and Manchester, Grand Junction, South Devon, Yarmouth and Norwich, Maidstone and Tunbridge, Northampton and Peterborough, North Midland, Sheffield and Manchester, Preston and Wyre, Leeds and Manchester, Edinburgh and Glasgow ; and Chester and Holyhead. The surveyors fur the Great Western. Railway Company have been engaged in the neighbourhood of Dolgelly for the last fortnight, in levelling and surveying for the line from Worcester to Porthdynllaen. It is generally believed that Wales does not present so many natural difficulties as was at first supposed. THIRD CLASS.— On Friday last the Manchester and Bir mingham Company commenced lighting up their third-class carriages, leaving other companies to follow their example. LONDON AND BIRMINGHAM, AND MANCHESTER AND BIR MINGHABL—The terms between these companies were, it is said, settled last week. The terms are an amalgama tion of the latter with the former in perpetuity, at eight per cent. for the first year, nine for the second, and ten for the time to come after. Of the new stock to be created one third is to be given to the Manchester and Birmingham proprietors alone. A new line from Macclesfield to Lich field is to be made by the two companies jointly, and when completed, the Manchester and Birmingham proprietors to come in rateably for that and all new stock afterwards to be created by the Tring Railway. Since then it has transpired that it is a simple amalgamation at eight for the first year, nine for the second, and London and Birmingham dividend afterwards. The Manchester and Birmingham debentures are to be funded and reckoned as capital stock as they fall due. The next Manchester and Birmingham dividend rests on its own basis. The amalgamation comes into operation when ratified by Parliament. MANCHESTER AND LENDS AND MIDLAND.—We are in formed of a private meeting having taken place between Mr. Hudson and the stirring spirits in the Manchester and Leeds Company, on Thursday last, with the view of an amicable arrangement of all differences. We are not aware that the result was anywise final of an agreement, but we trust that it is an earnest of so desirable a termination to a feeling of profitless rivalry that has long subsisted between the powerful Midland and Manchester and Leeds.—lierapath. THE NEW LINES. Constructive operations on nearly all the new lines granted last session have been commenced, and will be in full operation before the close of the year, affording to the working population of the kingdom permanent supplies of winter work. The East Lancashire, comprehending an im portant group of lines in the north, is about to commence its works, extending from Colne to a junction with the Leeds and Bradford. The works in connexion with the South-Eastern line at Canterbury, Ramsgate, and Mar ate, and those on the line from Brighton to Lewes and Hastings, are in active progress. The South Devon works are drawing to a close ; and during the last fortnight the masonry com posing the sea-wall has had to undergo the severe test of a tremendous storm from the south-west. The extension lines in connexion with the Midlands are proceeding, and the branches in connexion with the Birm ing h a m are being laid out. The whistle of the locomotive will soon be heard echoing over the lakes, whose population are now employed on the Kendal and Windermere and Lancaster and Carlisle. The Richmond branch of the Great North of England will be commenced at the close of the month. The construction of eight miles of the Edinburgh and Northern is to be in the bands of the contractors by October. Five miles of the permanent way and works of the Exeter and Crediton will be in hand probably before the termination of October, to gether with 1,000 tons instalment of the necessary iron rails. Engineers and navigators have made their appear ance in seven or eight miles of the Manchester South Junc tion and Altrincham, on which there is to be a viaduct of 1,000 yards. The Leeds, Dewsbury, and Manchester, com mence operations with a continuous contract of 22 miles, embracing a viaduct over Churwell Valley ; and the New castle and Berwick, one of Hudson's lines, proposing to complete the international chain of railways between land and Scotland, in conjunction with the North pritish, takes a first stupendous step in its construction ot for the 53 miles from Etherton to Tweedmont% purpose whole legions of laboure Birmingham begin their tributary branches.ding en route, a Tho Man ffour meter or and miles to Ashton and Macclesfield, drnßallymena, Cork and. tunnel of 330 yards. The Belfast e fo a r ls a o commenced io o n pe o i rations, and will open up em r p e Y ortion of the hired labour of Bandon, Dundalk and Enniskiilole. the Irish population. A the Great Western to Fishguard and ni a e lni r a i t v Wales will be called intoag Portion by the South. Wales line from Pembroke, 182 miles; by the North Wales, from Porthdynn ' Been to Bangor, 28 miles ; by the Aberdare line, near the Taff Vale, 8 miles; by the North Wales Mineral, 12 miles; and by the Monmouth and Hereford, 36 miles; by which collectively between three and four million sterling will be expended in the district. The Wilts, Somerset, and g o l f an te l2 gr 9 ea m t il a es rte h r l ie l s en f g or th t , r b aL n el ch th in ro g ug o h ft t N i V ie eY l m Ve u st til' of o E ne n from the Great Western, with its termini at Salisbury and Weymouth, will place upwards of one million and a half at the disposal of the labour market of that district, to which the Berks and Hants, also a Great Western offshoot of 40 miles, will add 400,000/. more. The East Anglian line, including the Eastern Counties exten sions to Cambridge, Huntingdon, and Ely, 40 miles; the Eastern Union and Bury, 26 ; the Ely and Huntingdon, 22 ; the Lowestoft, 11 1 ; Lynn and Dereham, 26 ; Lynn and Ely, 37 ; will contribute their quota to the total outlay of upwards of two millions, and 162 miles of new locomotion for those districts. The Great Grimsby and Shef field have commenced expending, between Gainsborough and Great Grimsby, 59 miles, 600,0001., and the Hud dersfield and Manchester, 22 miles, and Huddersfield and Sheffield, 15 miles, between their termini, 1,162,000/., the outlay of the former being 630,000/., and of the latter 532,000/. Leeds is to have laid out on it and the dis tricts adjacent between two and three millions sterling, by the construction of the Leeds, Dewsbury, and Manchester, 20 miles ; Leeds and Bradford, 31 ; Leeds and Thirsk lines, 44—giving a total new route by railway to that district of nearly 100 miles. Liverpool is to be overlaid with a com plete lattice work of new lines, preparations for which have been commenced on the Liverpool and Bury, with exten signs to Bolton, Wigan, and elsewhere, a length of 40 miles, alb an outlay of nearly two tallow. 14m of thirty ~- ~=Y~ ...