The Sun. — London, England, 1821-05-30 00:00:00

s 'LI C =:~:- '✓ 4 1 * . " 6 'l•;t*lP Al*" YT•~ ~ t E `, 4 Z;ss'4), 1"..i 0 P • •}ti rl r, „qv 0. r" 4/..d t ir 7,/),(4, •< 1 4t • e oz4-ITii-oJEcc NumEttt. 8973./ WEDNESDAY, MAY 30, 1821. PRICE SEVENPENCE. FOR. THE SUN THEATRE ROYAL COVENT-GARDEN. T' MISS DANCE'S . O-MORROW EVENING, NIGHT May 31, IS2I Will lie ievived Tobin's admired C.onedy,of THE HONEY MOON. The Duke, (first time), by Mr. C. NEMBLE, Count, by Mr. COMER, Rolando, by Mr. JONES, Balthazar, by Mr. EGERTON, • Latinpedo, by Mr. BLANCHARD, Lopez, by Mr. BARNES, Campillo, by Mr. ATKINS, Jaquez, (the Mock Duke), by Mr. LISTON, Olmedo, Mr. LOUIS, Pedro, Mr. KING, Juliana, (first-time), by Miss DANCE, Volante, by Miss FOOTE, ' Hostess, by Mrs. DAVENPORT,.. Zamora, by Miss BEAUMONT. After which, the Popular Interlude of PERSONA rioN. • Lord Henry, by Mr. ABBOTT, Lady Julia, - by Mrs. C. KEMBLE. To which will be added, the Musi'cal Farce of .NO SONG NO SUPPER. Frederick, by Mr..PYNE, Robin, Mr. FAWCETT, Endless, Mr. LISTON, Crop, Mr. TAYLOR, Thomas, Mr. mgAns. - William, Mr. J. ISAACS. Louisa, by Miis DESUMONT, Nelly Miss E. GREEN. • - Dorothy, Mrs. LISTON. ol llar garetta, (for That NighfOnly), by Mi ss DANCE. Lee • hcts and Places to be had of Mr. Brandon, at the Box -3,lre ur of Mr. Dan c e, 1 . 7, Manchester-street, Manchester ; from Two o'Clock till Five. V ICTITII,LING-OFFICE, May 22, 5,21. HE COMMISSIONERS for VICTUAL— ot; 1 - I NG His .111,1J.ESTY'S of VY do hereby kire cc, Mat on Friday theist June next, th e y will be A ,.Y t o rec e i ve •• 7 enders. in wr iting (sealed up), and treat One Thousand Sacks of BISKET MEAL. thle tfundred Thousand Gallons. of WEST INDIA (of the strength of 5. pir cent. under proof by Sihes's Hy drometer.) 41 "`i Fifty Tens of COCOA, to be answerable to Samples (of not ,:,ss• than two pounds wei g ht eac h), t o b e pro duced witi the Tenders. ,The whole to be delivered into His Majesty's Victualling rat r 1 at Deptford, i n the s p ace o f one mont h , an d to lee date.fur 6 8 ., y payable, with o ut i n t eres t, s i xty d ays af ter • The conditions .of the Contracts may be seen at the Secre tary's Offi ce . ,-A0 I.e.:ord will he had to any Tender in which the Price not be inserted Irords at length, or that shall not % ; 4/4/ice:red to the B oar d before One o'clo c k on th e sa id 7 4.21: rtit ' , ?l, the l i t o f J une next ; nor unless the Person who es th-e Tender, or some Person on his behalf, attends, !o unsi c u, .en called for. CLERGY ORPHAN CORPORATION, St. John's Wood, Mary-lc-bone. Presul • Patron—THE KING. ent—The Right Honourable and Right Reverend the V Lord Bishop of .LONDON. Ni ce- President,--The Ilight• Hon. Lord KENYON. TICE° is hereby given, that a QUAIL- Pp 4** TERLY‘ GENERAL MEETING of this INCOR RATED SOCIETY for CLOTHING, MAINTAINING, EDIT TING 'POOR- ORPHAN ILDREN of "RGYMEN of G the F.STABLISHED CH CHURCH of CGLAND, until . of AGE to be put APPRENTICE, will'he W, t °4 n at the F REEMASONS"fAVERN, Great Queen eet, Lincoln's Inn-fields, on THURSDAY, th e 3I st i ns t. "r • tr,f,l4lf-past Tw o o'Clock precisely, f or t h e purpose o f ep ee C'TING CHILDREN into the. SCHOOLS, and other Affairs. J. R. MORGAN, See, RO YAL - EXCHANGE ASSUAtANCE OFFICE, • . 23d May, 1821. I. COURT of DIRECTORS o f t h e ' (nie,7°YAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE, d o h ere b y g i ve ,t l liN i n t 'lt their TRANSFER BOOKS will 'be shut, fr o m 'uth of i'AY, the 14th of June next, to TUESDAY, the (:uti,„,.,4."iy following, and that a General Court of the . Td 1 1.1 r will be holden at their Office, on WEDNES boon: 2 0th of June next,- at Eleven o'Clock In the Fume ' 4° consider 'of a Dividend. "4* -1, SAMUEL PENNING, Jun. S ecre t ar y. e- Chair will be taken at Twelv e o 'Cl oc k p rec i se l y. at th7'.• Attendance is given, daily, at the said Office,. and ( loe,d e .. Nice in Pall Mall, for the Assurance of Buildings, ssL ii r Mer ehandizes, and Ships„, ib Harbour, in Dock, or tt is bliiiding, from Loss or Damage by Fire ; and also for and granting Annuities on, Lives. Zle.ant ''. HANTS. le - ,...` ' l "dern HOUSEHOLD FURNITURE, Magnificent pi a '. 'tinel Chimney Glasses, 2160 Ounces of Fashionable '4 . bte, China, cut Cilass, choice WineS,Ac. See. WEI T S -,9 1 . 1 ) .by AUCTION (on the PREIIIISES). _b y_ N . f u r ; ti, ll .-F•rt, on MONDAY, the 4th JUNE, 1821, and F i 'c w ittg days, at fwelvc o'Clock, 1 ,, . . ~E• Genuine, Modern, and Elegant:llo USE.- _ zioLD- FultNiTußE, valuable Plate. China, Glass, il;)tj,e,;Vines, Hot and Green-house Plants of the late RICH. iti re e `'` .l ", EN. of Hill-place, in the Parish ' of Droxford, , tuiles from Bishop's Waltham am! Wickham. P '4l 4llr' •. . °, IV r ,i„ 'sing very superior large bedsteads wills carved malici sattefr',ldrs, and. beautiful chintz pattern furnitures most 4,t5,411). made top with corresponding French window cur "se ‘lerY excellent bordered hair and flock mattresses, prime Ou t ., feather beds, fine blankets, Marseilles quilts, with a ttail „,41'4sserublage of cabinet art ides of the best materials 451 d "!'lltianship'; a magnifieelit pier glass, in a rich . carved 1)44 !!ltehitritished gold frame, plate 86 t miles by 62 inches; lieusustri hiiiine 4;sses-, plates 6 y 36 inches ; Axminster, li ght „- s t 'cud Kitderminster Carpets; a brilliant tone up t'Ulle r'afto by Stodhart, a square ditto by Broadwood : 2160 Cl q " of excellent fasctionable plate ; 113 don Itlddeil;a' ttlon7, Teneriffe, Bucellas and Port wines ; orange ti ,, d te - ( Nee re " , 'reen house plants, ' 70 fine pine plants, chiefly i,',,'', anS23O succession plants. ti e , ffe cts may be viewed' un Friday and Saturday preced • •3afe II -4 'lo • '" ad.i4ues at. ts. each, may be had at the principal Inns of Me, crt ''',lt 1141rket To ' ivils • and Dolphins, Southampton; r Lib rati 'l3%irs Printing 011i . e l e, Bath ; Plough, Cheltenham; — "dotr e . - ' lurtlatton: George; Portsmouth; Auction Mart, find of Mr. WELLER, Chichester. pr e US PILL invented by ED pre .w aity _ .., .., - „ p Paratipn -tisIALLAM, Surgeon y ard A mihecary. This for its a reCable arid certain P be s t t 4 r ti : r l) by wZic ti t Y e ' s t tee f m f ne . ( t i nall , remotes all Inaction or 4 - t t oi li Litifeutl. o f . the Stomach amid 3 Bowels . ,.vvhetherarisin a g t•utaach “"ndigestion, Flatulency, or Cold ; S ic kness . . 1 , ol t or s,slead-Ache &c It operates by dislodging acrid . Q 1 14 5, °rier crudities' reta ined ' in the Intestinal Canal, and Aut,• to an Alterative to the system generally. Free from any I,as Aut,•ta ~ n i a l or Alcreorial Prevrations it is at all times safe; t .t itet o b ,„", n giren with singu lar good effect ' during pr . e b omincy. 'lt t '. IS particularly adapted to Persons of Bilious Ha -111, soti<•els those of sedentary lives, ►there a sufficient action of " . 1:ai l , ' el s is not kept rip, and crudities retained in those Ach es are frequently producing Pains and Distensions, Head ,pr,l4tlgUor, and Giddine-s s , or a sense of Weariness and —s ' 0 II• A trial will fully convince the Patient of "h e ir,,,, z _ a , , . single .14. ce., " . V . e } • Ihe worst cases of Bilious or Sick Head-Aches . 1e .1 4 1.-s y than..ll removed by a single Dose, and in a much shorter hitt could be crtdited, but from experience. The Pro aft! t o thinks it proper to remark, they will be found not ttt,, their immediate action ceases, free from that costive 'i4wltich generally succeeds the operation of laxative Me -4,50. ON ',by E. Edwards, 66, on the Footway, Paul's Church- N'.l--undon, price 2s. 9d. arid 4s. 6d. per Box. Sold also 'A R . , ',,f4er and Chandler,Oxford-itreet; Ward, Holborn: Strad witxellange; and Willinott, London Bridge. ikisq,enre also may he procured, S PILSBUItY's PATENT A: . "CORBUTIC DROPS, a Remedy in Scurvy, Gout, bitr,(l_trituisui, and Scrophirlous Diseases. Prepared at the 11, 217;!IIY, 15, Soho-square, London, price Gs, 10s. 6cl. and .1-luty included. The Genuine has a Bla ck Ink Stamp. BECKENHAM, KENT. Eierit Miles from London. TO be LET• UNFURNISHED, otherwise fit for immediate occupation, a, large and excellent MANSION, with every requisite attached and detached Office, extensive walled Garden and/Lawn, Stdblin4,.Geach-Housee, &c. Cards, to view,' may he hurt of Messrs. Good and Adams, Paper-hangers, 68, Strand. STATE PAPER. CIRCULAR FROM COUNT NESSELRODE. FRANKFORT, MAY 22.—We have good groUnds for believing- the authenticity of a circular dis patch addressed from Laybach fo the legations of his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias at fo reign Courts; and we communicate with confi dence this interesting document to our Readers : " Sea—lt is now precisely a year since we found ourselves under the, necessity of making known the principles which the EmPeror had resolved to follow, with respect to States which, to tha calamity of experiencing a criminal and violent Revolu .. don, shouhladd that of sanctioning its fatal consequences. -" Since that period, and from the d a t e o f tie opening of the conferences at Troppau and Laybach, our successive communi cations must have demonstrated to all the Ministers and Aents of the Empe ror a t F ore i gn C ourts, n ot only that the principles of his Imperial Majesty would not vary, but further, that our august master would be always ready to concur, by all the means in his power,' in the success of the measures which he had agreed upon with his Allies, in the general interest for the repose of Europe. "By our Circular of the 27th of Feb. (11th March) we in formed you that, in consequence of the determinations entered into upon this point by his Imperial Majesty, he had decided to prolong his stay near his Imperial and Royal Apostolic Ma jesty, notwithstanding the close of the Congress of Laybach. Our despatches of the Bth (20th) March very soon showed to you that the foresight of the Empertir had been but too com pletely justified, and that, faithful to his promises, Russia, at the request of Austria, and the legiti ma t e sovere i gn,o f the king doth of Sardini a , had' marched an army of 100,000 men, in order to avert the calamitous and too probable effects of the mi. litary revolt which had just broken out in Piedmont. " Auspicious events have succeeded those which the artificers of troubles and of discord provoked. Every thing authorizes us to hope that order will be effectually re-established in the States of his Sardinian Majesty. The Royal Government there has availed itself of the proximity of the Lombardo -Venetian kingdom ; and it is the temporary assistance of a corps of oc cupation; composed of Austrian troops, • which it has required to restore to Piedmont the enjoyment of an internal, saeure, and solid peace. " All our wishes seek this great and salutary result ; but as the measure of safety which it requires, and which the Sardinian Government itself has solicited, is about to become the object of a direct arrangement between Sardinia and Austria, under the guarantee of the Allied Courts, and as the presence of our troops would be henceforth useless, the order to retrograde has already been dispatched to them. On the other hand, the more the resolutiOn to make them operative was energetic ' the more salutary and usef u l h as been - the impression produced solely by the intelligence that they were in movement, and the more es sential is it in the eyes of the Emperor that all the Cabinets of Europe should know and appreciate the serious considerations which induced his Imperial Majesty to have recourse to arms, and the noble and pure intentions which would always have di rected tht employment of them. " The experience of all ages and countries warns nations of the calamities which form the inevitable train of crime and re bellion. But last year these great and eternal lessons were con temned. Catastrophes succeeded each other with an appalling' rapidity. Naples demonstrably evinced the - dangers of perni cious example. Become herself the theatre of revolution, and the centre of the activity of sects, this state menaced Italy with a general conflagration; and Austria, seeing a portion o f h er provinces exposed to imminent peril, claimed in the first plate the moral support of her allies. The sincere friend of his Im perial, Royal, arid Apostolic Majesty, and convinced, like that august Monarch, of the evils which would once more inundate the world, if the disregard of all duties should obtain the apo logy of a lasting triumph, the Emperor espoused with since rity a cause which his conscience told him was that of Europe, of laws, and of treaties. He did more. As an intimate union has been established, by solemn acts, between the European powers, the Emperor offered to his allies the aid of his arms, in case new commotions should excite the dread of new dangers. We have already seen how the anticipations of his Imperial Majesty have been verified. Sectarians, acting in the darkness which they so much needed to veil their guilty projects, excited in Piedmont an insurrection, which might, by its consequences, retrard the progress of good in the Two Sicilies, and by com promising the army, which was then adVancing upon Naples, encourage revolt throughout the whole peninsula. Already alarming symptoms justified disquietude for other countries ; and from that moment the Russian troops were bound to march. They, in fact,, did march ;—not to extend the power of • Russia, or to make the slientest infringement upon the bounds of territorial posseasion, guaranteed to all the Governments of Europe, by the treaties concluded since 1814 ; • but to succour the Allies of the Emperor; and this, as we have said above, at the express solicitations of his Imperial, Royal, and Apostolic Majesty, and of his Royal Highness the Duke de Genevois. They marched, not to over throw institutions which have emanated from legitimate autho rity, but to prevent insurrection from usurping a power which would be a universal scourge. Finally, they marched, not to obstruct the development of public prosperity in any state what ever, but to further the re-establishment of order in countries where the workings of evil men had ultimately rendered the as sistance of a foreign force indispensable. " Such has been, such will always be, the sole intention of the Emperor, should he ever find himself again under the neces sity of putting his armies in motion. No burden would have resulted from their march, or from their temporary presence. They would have traversed peaceably the immense space which separated them from Italy; and as soon as the object was at tained for which two inonarchs solicited their aid, the Emperor would have issued his orders for them to return to their country. " We are justified, therefore, in repeating and affirming, that never did the love of war, never the ambitious thought of exercising an exclusive influence in the councils of other Mo narchs, or upon the destinies of people confided by Providence to their care, direct the policy of his Imperial Majesty. " Irrefragable facts now attest the sincerity Of this language. " Malevolence ascribed to Russia hostile views, with regard to the Porte. Dist ur b ances man if este d t h emse l ves in Walaa cilia and Moldavia; and our conduct, as well as our declara tions; has shown that we are determined to observe the rights of nations and the faith of treaties in our relations with the Turkish government. " They were pleased, _ afterwards, to insinuate that we had abandoned our projects against Turkey, to invade the western territories of Europe. A signal contradiction has confounded I the authors of these odious accusations ; and the march of our armies, supported and maintained by all the strength of the em pire, was stopped the moment we were certainly assured that the legitimate Government had recovered th e pl eni tude of its au, thority in the kingdom of Sardinia. " Thus, Sir, it is with the confidence of having fulfilled the duties of a friend and of an ally—it is with the determination of always fulfilling those duties, and the consoling persuasion of having contributed to the tranquillity of Italy and of Europe, that the Emperor is about to quit Laybach. " He will set off on the Ist (13th) May, and will proceed to St. Petersburgh, by way of Warsaw, happy-to lend his assist. ance to his allies, if it should become necessary —more happy still to enjoy for along 'future the spectacle of a peace, the blessings of which Russia feels, and in the maintenance and consolidation of which she is interested as much as any other power. " The political system of our august master not being de stined to undergo any change, all his Ministers and agents will continue to follow and to execute the general instructions which they have hitherto received. " The present circular will regulate their language, with re spect to the events of which it treats ; and the Emperor even authorizes you, Sir, to make known, and deliver a copy of it to the-Government to which you are accredited, &c. (Signed) " NESSELRODE." Laybach, 28th of April (10th of May), 1821. 4 ' • It is asserted that Austria also expedited, on the same day, a circular of similar tenour to all its diplomatic agents at foreign Courts. ON THE PAST AND PRESENT CIRCUMSTANCES O'F THIS COUNTRY, WITH A VIEW TO THE RELIEF OF AGRICULTURE, MANUFACTURES, AND COMMERCE. It is generallyacknowledKed that the principles 'of Political Economy were more fully andaccu rate ly explained by Dr. ADAM SMITH than by any other writer. In the present day our opinions are chiefly grounded upon his doctrines. , In attempting, therefore, in the existing circumstances of this country, to consider by what means greater ac tivity might be restored to industry ; extended freedom given to trade; increased employment opened to capital; and the more effectual deve lopement of our resources might be encouraged ; we humbly conceive it to be desirable to understand upon what particular circumstances of this .conn try Dr. ADAM SMITH founded hit-liberal and en lightened views,_ and to consider whether there be any, and what, alterations.. in those circum stances, which have obstructed the natttral pro gress of opulence. In this attempt we shall be as concise as pos sible consistently with any degree of utility or perspicuity. In the first place, we shall briefly .state the principal circumstances of our political. economy about the middle of the last century. Then, trace the subsequent alterations in those circum stances. And, 'as we proceed, stibmit some practicable means of improvement. The attain ment of truth being our object, we deprecate prejudices, and invoke investigation. About the middle of the last century England was essentially an Agricultural Country; al though our Manufactures and Commerce were considerable and prosperous. The Public Debt had not become an object of general consideration or alarm ; and the opera tion of taxes upon the prices of commodities had not been much observed. The •Revenue had been 6,762;0001. at the commencement of - the reign of GEORGE 1., 1714 ; 8,522,0001. at that of GEORGE IL, 1727 ; and at the commencement of his late MAJESTY'S reign in 1763, 8,800,0001. About one fourth part of the amount was raised by the Land Tax, which being a direct tax' on property, not on commodities, could not -enter into, or compose any part of the price' of - Commo . - dities. - When the celebrated ADAM SMITH published his incomparable work in 1775, which had been in preparation, it is said, the ten preceding years, the average amount of the Revenue of 'that period was 9,500,0001. Considering' the depth of his penetration, his perseverance in re search, and that nothing seemed to escape his observation which was involved in his subject, if the Taxes had been considerable, in enumerat ing the component parts of the prices of domestic commodities, he would have mentioned the Taxes. In treating, however, of the component parts of the price of - commodities, he laid it down, as a principle grounded upon the existing state of things, that the price of every commo dity resolved itself into some one, or other, or all of three component parts; namely, labour, rent, and profit. (chap. 6, book i.) In the price of " Corn, for example, one part pays the rent Of 44 the landlord, another part pays the:. wages'or 46 maintenance of the labourers and labouring " cattle employed in producing'it, and the third cc pays the profit of the farmer. These three 66 parts seem either itrimediately or ultimately to " make up the whole price of. Corn." The growing price of Wheat in England was then only twenty-eight shillings per quarter. The market price had been gradually declining for sixty years. The average of Wheat had been 355. Bd. per quarter for 20 •years to 1720. It gradually declined the subsequent forty years' to 30s. Bd. per quarter down to 1760. From 1740 to 1750 the average price of Wheat was only 265. Bd. per quarter on account of several favourable seasons._ From 1760 to 1765 the average was 30s. 7d. per quarter ; and the ave rage Revenue of the period was, less than nine Millions. From 1760 to 1763 the price of the quartern loaf fluctuated between 42d. and 6d. Dr. ADAM SMITH mentioned this material cir cumstance ; 44 The corn of Poland, in the same " degree of goodness, is as cheap as that of 44 France, notwithstandinc, the superior opulence " and improvement of the latter country. The " corn of France is' in the corn provinces, fully " as good, and inmost yews nearly about the " same price with the corn of England, though " in opulence and improvement, France is .per- C 4 haps inferior to England." Upon the authority of ADAM SMITH' and Mr. CHAkLES SMITH'S Corn Tracts, it appears, that even in times of the greatest scarcity, the average quantity of corn imported amounted only to" the " five hundredth and seventy-one part of the an " nual consumption ;" the average quantity of corn exported to " the one-and-thirtieth part of " the annual produce." And according to a re port of the Lords' Committee of Trade, Bth March 1790, it appeared that " upon an average " of nineteen years from 1746 to 1765 the corn exported from this country is supposed. to have " produced a net profit of not less than 651,0001. " per annum." The circumstances of the great body of the people had improved in the preceding half cen tury, according to AnAm SMITH'S opinion. Not only the money price of labour had increased, but still more the real recompence. Bread, clothing, and other necessaries and comforts had become cheaper and better for the price. He observed, " in Great Britain the wages of labour seem, in " the present times, to be evidently more, than " what is precisely - necessary to enable the la " bourer to bring up his family." Again, 44 the " common complaint that luxury extends itself " even to the lowest ran‘ks of the people ; and that 44 the labouring poor will not now be contented " with the same food, clothing, and lodging 44 which satisfied them in common times, may " convince us that it i n s not the money price of " labour only, but its real mompence which has 46 augmented." The sum expended on the poor on the average of the years 1748 to 1750 was 689,9711. and the total raised by poor rates 730,1351. per ann. The National Debt at the Peace of 1763 was 138,865,4301. And previously to the Arneric6t War in 1775, 1 0,281,7951. were paid off; nearly one-thirteenth Part of the whole debt, or nearly oue-bixth part of the debt which had been con tracted in the seven-years war preceding- 1763. In 1775 the debt amolinte'd to 128,583,6351. and the annual charge to 4,471,571/. The imports in 1715 had been less than five millions, official value, on the average of . fifteen years ; and the exports seven millions. They increased progressively to 1765, wh en th e im ports exceeded ten millions, and the exports fif teen and a half millions. The official rates of value were established in 1696, and continue the same for the purpose of comparing quantities of goods. Again, Professor MALTHUS, adverting to the ,eculiar circumstances of this country about the middle of the last century, observes—" About the " middle of the last century we were genuinely, "_and, in the strict sense of the economists, an cc agricultural nation. Our commerce and ma— " nufactures were, however, then in a very re " spectable and thriving state ; and if they had " continued to be in the same relative proportion " to our agriculture, they would evidently have " gone on incr e asi ng cons id era bl y w i th the im proving cultivation of the country. There is " no apparent limit to the quantity of manufac " tures which might in time be supported in this " way. The increasing wealth of a country, in " such a state, seems to be out of the reach of all " common accidents. There is no discoverable " germ of decay in the system; and in theory there " is no reason to say that it might not go on in " creasing in wealth and prosperity for thousands "of yeats. We have now, however, stepped " out of the Agricultural System into a state in " which the Commercial System clearly predo " minates'; and there is too much reason to fear, " that even our commerce and manufactures will " ultimately feel the disadvantage of the change." These were the principal circumstances in the political economy of this country about the mid dle of the last century, upon which the cele brated ADAM SMITH grounded his enlightened views of the freedom of trade, as suited to the then existing circumstances. We conceive they well deserve attentive consideration, in devising measures of improvement in our own times. A maxim regarding the inferences to be drawn from the price of labour calls for serious contem plation towards exciting exertions for relieving present difficulties. " The liberal reward of la " bour, therefore, as it is the necessary effect, " so it is the natural symptom of increasing na " tional wealth. The scanty maintenance of Cl the .labouring poor, on the other hand, is the " natural symptom that things are at a stand, and " their starving condition that they are going cc fast backwards." After this period material alterations in the cir cumstances of the country took place. About the year 1764 we ceased to export a surplus of corn. According to the report of the Lords of Trade, "in the eighteen years from 1770 " to 1788, by setting the value of corn imported " against that of the corn exported, and deduct " ing the amount of the duties received thereon " from the bounties paid during the same period, " it will appear that this country has, upon an " average, sustained a loss in this trade of. " 291,0001. per annum ; which sum it has annu " ally paid foreign nations for the supply of its " inhabitants." The amount of Revenue, and the market price of wheat, progressively increased after that period. Omitting the prices from 1765 to 1775, on ac count of several unfavourable seasons; from 1775 to 1780, the average price of wheat was 41s. ad ; and the average net revenue of the period eleven millions. From 1780 to 1790, the average price of wheat was 445, 9d ; and the average net revenue of the period fourteen millions. From 1790 to 1792, the average price of wheat was 475. 6d ; and the average net revenue of the period seventeen millions. From 1764 to 1772 the price of the quarters loaf in London fluc tuated between 6d. and 81t1.; and in 1790 to 1792 between 6d. and Bd. Our manufactures and commerce, which had, previously to the year 1765, doubled the im ports and exports in fifty years, made such considerable advances after that period, that they were doubled in the succeeding thirty years. In 1796 the imports exceeded twenty-three mil lions, and the exports exceeded thirty millions, official value. We imported continually an in creasing supply of foreign corn. We departed from a system essentially agricultural, and ex tended our commerce and manufactures towards a sys.em essentially commercial. It 1792 the total debt of, Great Britain and Irel .nd, both funded and unfunded, was 252 684,471/. ; and the annual charge 9,534,2671. exc.uding the sinking fund. • The slim raised by poor rates in England and Wales, on the average of 1783,4, and 1785, vas 2,167,7481., and the .sum expended on the poor about two millions per_annum.. The amount of ..Revenue, and the market price - - of wheat, increased subsequent to 1792 in more rapid progression on account of the war. Average Market Average net Price of Wh eat . Revenue. 1793 to 1799, in c lu s i ve Omitting two d ear years. 80s. Od. p er qr . ......... 19,000,000. 1802 to 1808, inclusive B4s. Bd. per qr. 1809 to 1811, do. From 1:79.,, to 1812, th e p r i ce of the quartern loaf in London fluctuated from 7 s td. to 18d; omitting the dearest times, when it was 221d.L ss In the same period the price of every other ue:-. cessary of life increased considerably. The most important circumstance in which a ma= terial alteration has taken place is in the com ponent parts of the price of commodities, meaxf_ ing the natural price, as defined by ADAM SMITH.—" When the price of any commodity is neither more nor less than what is sufficient to " pay rent of the land; the wages of the In " bourer, anti the profits of the stock employed in "-raising, preparing, and bringing -it to market, cc according to their natural rates, the commodity " is then sold for what may be called its natural 46 price." . Although, about the middle of the last century, taxed had so little entered into the prices of things, that ADAM SMITH did-not enumerate them in the component parts of the natural price of corn or' other commodities, as forming an essen tial- part of the prime cost ; and although down to the sear 1792 the prices of things had not so advanced as to render the alteration obvious,: if we compare the effects of taxes on. the prices of commodities; which became an object of suspi cion, and their subsequent effects, with their al most imperceptible effects in ADAM SMITH'S time, when he considered the component parts of the price of corn, for example, were -not more than labour, rent, and profit, we shall no longer dis , guise from ourselves the important fact, that in our times a very considerable addition to the natural price of corn, for example, has been made in taxes. That although previously to the year 1792 the direct and indirect operation of taxes upon the prices of things had progressively is some slegree enhanced their prices, this circtun. stance was growing more and more into impoits-. ance ; and the subsequently. increasing scale of taxation, which became necessary during the War; raised the taxes combined, directly and indirect 4. ' ly, with the natural price of- every commodity' s into a very material additional component part tif price. Consequently, instead of three, the natui .ral price' of every commodity has, especially, within the last thirty years, resolved itself - int 6 four component parts, namely, labour, taxes-, rent, and profit. Dr. ADAM SMITH'S observation regardings.th accumulating effects of taxes, -is in our times; - therefore, worthy the utmost attention : 66 The " observation of Sir MATIIEW DAKER, that eer " tans taxes . are in the price of certain goods; " sometimes repeated . and accumulated four 'or. " five times, is perfectly just, with regard - to CC taxes upon the necessaries of life. In the 'mice Cc of leather, for example, youmust pay, not 011 if " for the tax u p on t h e leather of your own shoes, ' 4 but for a part of that upon those of the shoe. cc maker and the tanner. You must pay too for cc the lax upon the salt, upon the soap, and upon " the candles; which those workmen consume. " while employed in your service, and for -the " tax upon the leather, which -the salt-maker; " the soap-maker, and the candle-maker cons " sume. while employed in their "Service. In " Great Britain, the principal taxes upon the /4 necessaries of life are those upon the four cc commodities just now mentioned, salt, leather', cc soap and candles." Since 1792, the taxes upon salt, soap, candles, leather, glass, malt, beer, have been increased. Their having enhanced the prices of those corn. modifies is unquestionable. Their accumulating effects upon the prices of all the other necessaries of life: have therefore increased. -As, for exs ample, it requires the labour of nearly one Ilan , dred persons to Make a piece of fine woolleis• cloth, and each of these persons must consume the taxed necessaries of life, as well as all the persons employed in producing necessaries for those manufactures ; the wages of the people; and consequently the price of the cloth -must comprehend such taxes, to enable the clothier. and his labourers to live by their industry:. Again, the price of the quartern loaf must com- - , prebend the taxes interchangeably paid by all-, persons employed in producing i 4; and even the duty on the salt consumed in making bread for this community, may amount to at least four hundred thousand a year, although not to a far thing per quartern loaf. And bread being unis- - versaily consumed by all producers, the accumu:- 'talon of this tax in the prices of commodities is beyond calculation. It is true, that machinery has in some cases counteracted these effects-, and this is remarkable in Manchester goods, many of which; by improved machinery, have been reduced below the old official rates of value,. So in all articles of hosiery, improved Ma chinery has diminished the price in the course of years'. But if- we contemplate the doubling and trebling the price of a 'gentleman's coach within thirty years ; that a coach - -maker employs more than forty different tradesmen ; and these subordinate division-s of labour, perhaps we shall find nothing in the price of which the accurnu hating effects of taxation has made a greater im pression in the course of years." • We might, however, - even confine these views to the growing price of bread corn, as being-the article of first necessity ; as essentially governing the price of labour, and therefore the price of commodities. Food- also constitutes the princi pal part of the riches of every great land Nations I'he land constitutes by far the greatest, ttie .