The Sun. — London, England, 1845-12-25 00:00:00

REASONINGS ON DEEP SEA FISHINGS.—BY MR. DEMPSTER. f il: l Y former communications on the subject of deep s ea b o ni g , suggesting the numerous advantages that might gained to the public were those fisheries conducted 9 ° l l the same neon principle as is carried on by the English t „ Dutch I trust have been sufficiently explanatory . Scotland are that the very primitive way the fisheries of l 4 en are at present managed cause a wide vacuum , ti r a ? for -mprovement ; an improvement that might be made if once the two primary rt quisites are ma s,fnamely--the MONEY and the WILL. or th •-th t tbe quite clear to all who e AI, a mus as es at ti s the slightest degree of knowledge in nautical few or to any one else who will give the question a t h Lainutes' consideration, and may be thus stated—lf 6:b-r,eglish and Dutch can afford to come, with large - , l t T l ig vessels, a distance of 6 0 0 miles to the coast of 0 , a nd, to prosecute the fisheries, and find it a lucre e , r[tde, at the same time several thousand individuals into g thereby employed, and the inhabitants in H olland dngland can ret fish from our coast in the ver y best : t ion, both cured 6 and fresh, whilst the inhabitants of ~,e ° untry, who are within a few miles of myriads of to Y description of fish, natural to our northern lati 11'014, often find occasion to complain both of scarcity, Pr%„ l3ti ce, unsoundness of fish, &c., it is clear that the • e vi ts ri t system of fishing in Scotland must be anomalous.. s teh ueti the Dutch and English do well after coming t tt . a distance we ought to do better with the advan. vi• - h °f the fishing ground so close at had. here must be a WAY; but what is necessary to fill up k l a a nk—is MONEY to procure efficient vessels, &e., I hi e WILL to work and use them advantageously. ki n Lin , aware many persons are of opinion that the Pro e e n - r, a t and greatest difficulty to be overcome is the t h -r ing proper experienced men for such undertakings, li t t, t , t fishermen may be averse to reform their ancient cs re :, , and will say, "If there were decked vesse l s pro with f tir us to fish in the deep sea, what w ould we do L our own boats, &c.?" Such arguments as those th a t have little effect upon the public, when it is known ro t „*"e boats as at present constructed are only adapted Iste?seeuting the herring fishing, at a time when they die inshore to spawn, and are invariably foul. With b tlti ti vessels we may catch and cure herrings, as the , 4 111q1 d ,0 , in deep water, during the months of June and 4 etti ttl i When they . are then in their prime, plump, rich, and Y condition. st Present class of fishing boats in Scotland are not iii , oh _qPensive when new. Joint - stock co m p anies, de tv to improve the fisheries, might find it a n advan- Potti t° indemnify the fishermen for t heir boats, in p ro 1 04 4 % 1 to their value. The fishermen might t hen be he co e tti to embark their capital in the enterprise, and W oui ale shareholders of such companies. The boats 114, not be altogether valueless to the companies , as 14P:eight be disposed of in various ways for other Pos es • Po tt i, the west and north-west of Scotland , the Dencale kell Sea, and from Cape Wrath, through the Great lit ri j l !ettle Minch, the extensive shoal of he r r in g s that "".Y visit our shores, has never been known to miss Nse tr zte .. on their passage southward. With decked thsr s there to capture the herrings before they entered 'ts t e i e lls (which they do to spawn) herrings of the very 4 t4 r :SeriptiOn might be taken in immense quantities. b IiOVVII that those herrings are far superior to such h t4 ,: i e Caught on the east coast. The Dutch fishing toi t ,;` B never double Cape Wrath to the westward, in liiit tt t iaence of the intricate navigation towards it, and att i i:ee from Holland. The west coast deep sea herring this g being completed by decked vessels belo n g in g to l'ils al antry, could then proceed through the Caledonian gsbi to the east coast, and pursue the deep se a white D ng i , Nth ilr ng the latter part of spring, summer , a nd au , prop' the cod fi s h invariably keep out in deep wat er. the !•ts;,ebealthy ones swimming near the surface . The y 4 taf t ?neipally caught on board of smacks with short ; ;Pith Throughout the winter , when the weather ;Pith,: and frosty, the cod migrates from the dee p into and arms of the sea. They then swim low, and 44 e t i i t i,band lines are used on board of smacks for catch• ttis t e tra w l net , which is used to fish for soles and other "option of flat fish, is worked much upon the same 'Pie as an oyster dredge; excepting that the trawl C ei is constructed so as to be trailed over the surface 'le o ' ground, and not to enter it, as the oyster dred g e I. as tructed to do. 11 4 'l e , ° inns to the time the early herrings were exp ected b o e west-coast, a number of the vessels could receive ‘ ard their nets, and proceed through the Caledonian ta tm e4, Whilst some would remain on the east-coast, en- Nsj. in the white fishing, &c.; so that, with decked 1 0 44 43 to carry on the fisheries, they might be profitably its t e o 3 :ed all the year through ; and now that railways ,Intersect the country at every important point, Ire 6 doubt need be entertained as to finding a market I tta l / 4 ; wherever they can be imported in a fresh whole- Th e oudition, there will always be purchasers. iu nsheries of Scotland are one of her greatest natu tide "',unctions, from which the nation might derive con tott:ittnle b ene fi t as an art i c l e o f t ra d e . Yet, how unac lie,ks,,,,,lY strange, those treasures of the deep (which , 7 ; : 1 82 are valued according to their sterling worth) , es tr i lncip a l an d mos t va l ua bl e of all, viz., the deep sea feth 4 g and the deep sea cod, are only proper)) , fished Nl:,the inhabitants of other nations, whilst at home nature's bountiful gift. tZ t tform and improve the fisheries of Scotland must 'adi, t iPork of patriotic companies or associations. No 9114.,a 1 enterprise will ever effect the change that is "et eA ,`Li• If joint-stock companies or associations do tes t g e et it, the fisheries of Scotland may remain fur CariO i Ur es as they have already been, neglected ; a pre iNge i 3 and uncertain branch of trade to those who en tti 'a them, w hich chiefly arises from the want of effi .se: • v essels, so as to enable the fishermen to prosecut e i t calling in a ll weathers. make a beginning towards improvement, some in genees to th e fi s h ermen , by the way of indemnify in g. ; 4 1. v a na for their boats, might perhaps not be found out of lks er; a s; if they are allowed to keep them in their own some will continue to abide by their ol d, an ti;',Vived, primitive, obtuse customs the longest days of otk o J s —customs that are almost obsolete in every t Civilised co u ntry b u t this and Ireland. 1 ,:l? ORD UPON THE FREE INI 41111TATION OF CORN, AND UPON T fIE Bt I ,,enI• I I STA A LENT MEASUR F THE CURRENCY TO OE. U t he conflict of opinions as to the consequences that 1 4 I ° ll ow a repeal of the corn-laws, there is an excuse til P4 surning to add another to the many opinions ready advanced upon that subject, since from their Nltt • I ttt ariety it appears to be very much a matter of con ure, though some express an exact prediction of h at is to follow from the free admission of the first s cary of life. tZ u e opinion now ventured upon that momentous .Jeot i s s i m ply this—that, probably, no injustice or h i4e hief would arise by the contemplated measure to the n t , tc ,,e producer, if our currency be adjusted so as to t i fY the altered condition of the various classes of t htlu community, which may reasonably be expected to It • i the 8 p oss ibl e , if not probable, that with a repeal of theorn-laws and with our present system of currency, the, • e re Would be a decline in prices of the great staple C'olodities of this country of about 15 per cent. ; e h a decline of prices would so materially affect every pitie s of money, as to enrich relatively more or less some rgrties. at the expense of others, who would, to a corre amding extent, be losers. This injustice can, how ‘..)cr, b e conveniently, but at the'same time equitably, so ll/ ided by a method of an adjustment of our currency, that a compliance with the popular desire of free trade elarn m a y be unattended with the evil apprehended. T he method proposed would be to establish a paper % ..rt ency upon a basis as suggested by an article which DPeared in the columns of The Sun of the 4th Sep tetsber last, under the title of " A Word upon a Measure Of v a lue." Such a currency expanded in accordance to the suggestions there offered, would, it is thought, pre ' v eet a convulsion that many fear will arise out of an expo tituent now, to all appearance, about to be tried. ~,,Though the balance of trade or foreign exchange s :I L tilt be adverse, our home currency would not be leeted. The precious metals, as a medium of foreign :!eliang e , might be exported, but there would be no di 'inution of the bank-note money, or the home medium of exchange ; prices of the necessaries of life and other ~ ' ln uducts would, with trifling fluctuations, continue to ti nge upon an average of years, as they were during th e Period upon which the tithe commutation was based. revenue for the payment of the national creditor, and for the payment of the public expenses of the State, would net b e more oppress i ve l y f e l t i n i ts b e i ng co ll ec t e d than Iv h en prices were as above stated, for payments would be , Bd e in bank-notes, or if payments should be made in Cl ' l3 + they would be in accordance, or at the rate of, the h., 7. s it 'ltet or bank-note value of such coin. _ s lut our present system of currency would be inadequate our w an t s ; and it is delusive in principle, since ba nkers promise to perform a physical impossibility—that or c onverting the whole of their paper issues into gold at t he Mint rate of 31. 17s. 101 d. per ounce ; besides which, n i s system of currency is ever liable to be disturbed by i v. " contractions and expansions of bank paper to keep e iliarket price of gold at par ; such contractions and ex snsions affect prices, and are ruinously mischievous to the industrious classes. In short, this system of currency ' B, at best, a very ricketty affair. With abundant harvests a nd the country at peace, it may be upheld; but it could Z at ' in all probability, endure the shock of war. If, un aPPilY, a war should arise between us and France , there would, and not without reason, be a fear of in. v : si°ll . We should become alarmed a run for the pre cious metals would ensue ; a general smash of banks W°lll d follow ; and the consequences would, at such a crisis, be most fearful. To return to the subject of the repeal of the corn-laws. Let us be honest—let us be guided by the social rule of 1) 0 unto others as you would be done by." Let our currency system be adapted to the circumstances of the e ase, to our wants, an d to our state o f c i v ili sa ti on ; l e t it t built upon the solid foundation and products of our native soil. Under these conditions, there would be a 1 3 ! that th e angry f ee li ng now un h a ppily p reva iling "_°l,lld subsid e ; an d t h a t our agr i cu lt ura l, com mercial, !Is? manufacturing interests, would each advance in waited and perfect harmony. Dec. 24, L 645, J. H. TilE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, DECEMBER, 25. 1845. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDSOR, WEDNESDAY.—The Queen, attended by the Countess of Desart, walked in the private grounds within the Castle precincts for some time this morning. Prince Albert went out to hunt with his harriers this morning. The meet was at Cannon's Farm, near Bray. Mtjor-General Sir Edward Bowater, Major-General Wemyss, and Mr. R. Ormsby Gore, were in attendance on his Royal Highness. Their Royal Highnesses the Prince of Wales, Prince Alfred, the Princess Royal, and the Princess Alice, were taken their early morning airing and exercise. The Right Hon. Sir Robert Peel left the Castle this morning. Sir Henry Wheatley was prevented leaving the Castle yesterday afternoon, and took his departure this morning. In the afternoon her Majesty rode out in a pony phaeton, Prince Albert driving. In another carriage followed the Countess of Desart and the Hon. Misses Devereux and Napier; and Major-General Wemyss and Major- General Sir Edward Bowater attended on horse back. The royal dinner party included her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, Lady Fanny Howard, the Baroness de Speth, Mr. George Edward and the Hon. Mrs. Anson, the Rev. Frederic and the Hon. Mrs. Anson, Col. Sir George Cuuper, and the Hon. and Rev. Charles Leslie Courtenay. Her Majesty's private band, with some additional per formers from London, attended at the Castle after dinner this evening, and, under the direction of Mr. An derson, performed the following pieces : Historical Symphony (MS.)—Spohr. First Movement (Bach and Handel) —Period 1720. Larghetto (Haydn and Mozart) —Period 1780. Scherzo (Beethoven) —Period 1810 . _ _ Finale—Period 1840. Military Movement (Sinfonia, No. 12) —Haydn. Hochzeit's Marsch—Mendelssohn. Overture, " Euryanthe"—C. M. Von Weber. Her Majesty's royal charities to upwards o' one thou sand poor and aged people were distributed in White hall on Monday and Tuesday last, by Joseph Hanby, Esq., Secretary and Yeoman, under the immediate orders of his Grace the Venerable Lord Archbishop of York, Lord High Almoner. The royal charities consisted of small donations of five shillings and of thirteen shillings to each person, who had been previously selected from recommendations of the clergy, nobility, and gentry. The number of applications from blind and disabled per sons exceeded all former precedent. Sir Robert Peel returned to his residence in White hall-gardens yesterday morning, from a visit to the Queen at Windsor Castle. The Earl of Ellenborough arrived in town yesterday afternoon from Gloucestershire, and immediately on his arrival proceeded from the terminus of the Great Wes tern Railway, at Paddington, to the residence of Sir Robert Peel. > The Noble Earl remained upwards of an hour with the Right Hon. Baronet. The Earl of St. Germans has arrived in town from his seat, Port Eliot, Cornwall. The Earl of Dalhousie visited Sir Robert Peel yesterday. Sir Robert Peel left his residence in Whitehall-gar dens yesterday afternoon, for his seat, Drayton Manor, Staffordshire. Before his departure, the Earl of Aber deen had an interview with the Right Hon. Baronet. Mr. Thornton, Deputy-Chairman of the Stamps and Taxes, had an interview with the Chancellor of the Ex chequer yesterday, at his official residence in Downing• street. Lord Stanley left town yesterday for Knowsley Hall, Lincolnshire. The Chancellor of the Exchequer left town yesterday for Cambridge. The Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone left town yesterday for Hawarden Castle, Flintshire, the seat of Sir St' phen Gl) nue. THE SLAVE TRADE LIVERPOOL, DEC. 20.—The following protest of the Brazilian Government against an Act of the British Par liament, which passed into law on the Bth of August, 1845, whereby Brazilian vessels engaged in the slave trade become amenable to the high Court of Admiralty of Great Britain, and to any and every Court of Vice- Admiralty within the British dominions, has been re ceived by a late arrival at this port:— " Foreign-office, Rio de Janeiro, Oct. 22, 1845. "His Majesty the Emperor of Brazil, my august Sovereign, heard with the most profound regret that her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain had, on the Bth day of August last, approved and sanctioned an Act of Par liament which conferred upon the High Court of Admi ralty, and upon any and every Court of Vice-Admiralty within the dominions of her Britannic Majesty, the right to take cognisance of and adjudicate any vessel under the Brazilian flag, which, in violation of the convention of the 23d of November, 1826, may be engaged in the slave trade and be detained and captured by any person in the service of her said Majesty. " As soon as the Act was presented to Parliament by the British Government, the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil at the Court of St. James, protested against it, conformably to his duty, by a note, of which the en closed is a copy, and which, under date of the 25th day . of July last, he addressed to Lord Aberdeen, her Bri tannic Majesty's principal Secretary of State for Fo reign Affairs. " His Majesty the Emperor, to whom the protest made by his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Pleni potentiary at the Court of St. James was submitted, has commanded the undersigned, Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, to approve and confirm the said protest, and to enter into a detailed exposition of the facts, and of the right of the Imperial Government to declare itself with all the energy arising from a con sciousness of justice against an Act which so directly in vades the sovereign rights and independence of Brazil, as well as those o every nation. Such is the command with which the undersigned immediately proceeds to comply. "By the treaty of the 22d of January, 1815, the Government of the united kingdom of Portugal, Bra zil, and Algarve became engaged to abolish the slave trade to the northward of the Equator, and to adopt, in concert with Great Britain, such measures as might effectually tend to the due performance of the preced ing engagement, reserving, to be determined by a se parate treaty, the period when the slave trade should wholly cease and be prohibited throughout the Portu guese dominions. " In the faithful and effectual fulfilment of the obli gations contracted by the treaty of the 22d of Jannary, 1815, the additional convention of the 28th of July, 1817, was concluded. " By this convention, amongst other stipulations, the right of visit, and the establishment of mixed commis sions to adjudicate the prizes made by the cruisers of the high contracting Powers, were mutually agreed to, and on the same day the Plenipotentiaries of the two Go vernments signed the instructions for the vessels of war destined to prevent the slave trade, and the regula tions for the mixed commissions. " On the 11th of September of the same year of 1817, a separate article was signed in London, and afterwards duly ratified by the Portuguese Government, by which it was mutually agreed, that, as soon as the total abolition of the slave trade should take place, the two high con tracting Powers would adapt to the new state of things the stipulations of the additional convention of the 28th of July of the said year ; and it was further mutually agreed, that, in default of such alterations, the aforesaid additional convention should be in force for and until the expiration of fifteen years from the date at which the total abolition of the slave trade should take place on the part of Portugal. "By art. 1 of the convention concluded between Bra zil and Great Britain on the 23d of November, 1826, and ratified on the 13th of March, 1827, it was agreed, that, from and after the expiration of three years from the date of the exchange of the ratifications, it should be no longer lawful, under any pretext or in any manner whatsoever, for Brazilian subjects to be concerned in the carrying on of the slave trade, and that the carrying on of such trade after that period by any subject of his Impe rial Majesty should be considered as piracy. " By art. 2 of said convention the high contracting Powers agreed to adopt and renew, as effectually as if the same were inserted word for word in the con vention, the several articles and provisions of the trea ties concluded between his Britannic Majesty and the King of Portugal on this subject on the 22d of January, 1815, and on the 28th of July, 1817, and the several explanatory articles which had been added thereunto. " One of the conventions thus adopted and renewed by art. 2 of the convention of 1826 having been that of the 28th of July, 1817, which established the right of visit and the mixed commissions, and one of the explana tory articles likewise adopted and renewed by the afore said convention of 1826 havin g been the separate article of the 11th of September, 1817, by which the right of search and the mixed commissions were to cease after the expiration of 15 years from the date of the abolition of the slave trade, it is evident that the right of visit and search exercised in time of peace by the British cruisers against Brazilian vessels, and the mixed com missions established for the adjudication of prizes made by British cruizers or by Brazilian cruizers, expired on the 13th of March, 1845, the period at which were com pleted the 15 years subsequent to the total abolition of the slave trade, conformably to art. 1 of the convention of the 23d of November, 1826, which was ratified on the 13th of March, 1827. "The expiration of this period and of the measures stipulated in the additional convention of the 28th of July, 1817, were what the Government of his Majesty the Emperor of Brazil notified to her Britannic Ma jesty's Government, through the mediem of the British Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary at this Court, in a note under date of the 12th of March last ; in which note was further signified, that, inasmuch as six months had been agreed to be given to such Bra zilian vessels as had left the coast of Africa before the 13th of March to return to the ports of the empire, the Imperial Government would consent that the mixed com missions should continue in force six months longer for the especial purpose of adjudicating such cases as were pending, and such other seizures or detentions as may have occurred prior to the 13th of March. " The Imperial Government was not to blame if, prior to the expiration of the fifteen years before-named, it was not possible for the Imperial Government and the Government of Great Britain to come to a just and rea sonable agreement with the view to adapt to the new state of circumstances arising from the total abolition of the slave trade the measures contained in the additional convention of the 28th of July, 1817. " It is an incontrovertible truth, that in the year 1835, and from 1840 to 1842, the Imperial Government invari ably evinced the most ardent desire to give every due at tention to the various negotiations proposed by the Go vernment of Great Britain. If none of these negotiations could be effectually concluded or ratified, the reason was, that the Imperial Government had only the alternative of rejecting the propositions made, or of subscribing to the complete ruin of the legal trade, of the subjects of Brazil, which, on the contrary, it was the express duty of the Imperial Government to foster and protect. The choice could not be doubtful to a Government conscious of its duties. " In fact, all the proposals made within the period re ferred to by the British Government contained, inde pendently of other glaring defects, that of establishing various cases, each of which would of itself be deemed prima facie evidence to condemn any vessel suspected of being engaged in the slave trade. " Some of these cases—for instance, the fact of two boilers, though of the usual size, being on board any vessel—could not without violating the most ordinary rules of right be tortured into the remotest evidence that the vessel was intended for the slave trade ; still, accord ing to the terms of these proposals, each of these cases would be sufficient to authorise the condemnation of such vessel and her cargo to the prejudice and total destruc tion of the legal trade of Brazilian subjects. " This was declared and made evident to the Govern ment of her Britannic Majesty in the notes of the Im perial Government of the Bth of February and 20th of August, 1841, and 7th of October, 1842. Amidst these exaggerated pretensions the Imperial Government did not omit to propose to that of Great Britain such measures as, in its judgment, were deemed likely to conciliate the suppression of the slave trade with the interests of the lawful commerce of Brazilian subjects, having, in the year 1841, offered a counter pro ject which contained all the clauses adequate to the two fold purpose which the Imperial Government anxiously and sincerely sought to obtain. " Unfortunately, the discussion of this counter pro ject could not proceed, because her Britannic Majesty's Minister was not furnished with full powers, as was stated by the Minister of Foreign Affairs in the notes of the 26th of August, 1841, and 17th of October, 1842. " Notwithstanding, however, that the Imperial Go vernment could not, from the motives of justice already assigned, acquiesce in the proposals of her Britannic Majesty's Government, several Brazilian vessels were captured by British cruizers, and judged and condemned by British Commissioners, as suspected of being engaged in the slave trade in violation of the instructions and regulations annexed to the convention of the 28th of July, 1817, though in accordance with the basis of the rejected proposals ; and notwithstanding the repeated remonstrances made by the Imperial Government against these violations of the existent treaties and con ventions by means of these proceedings, to none of these remonstrances has full and complete justice yet been done. " It is thus quite evident that the Act notified to her Britannic Majesty's Government under date of the' 12th of March last was, without diminishing the earnest desire of the Imperial Government for the suppression of the slave-trade, nothing more than a faithful compliance with the treaties and conventions existent between the Im perial Government and that of her Britannic Majesty. " The especial stipulations between the Imperial Go vernment and that of Great Britain which authorised in time of peace the right of visit, and the mixed commis sions having ceased, the re-establishment of these mea sures, or the substitution of others, could only be effected by a new agreement and understanding between the two Governments. " It is a principle of the law of nations that the Go vernment of one country cannot exercise any act of jurisdiction over the property and individuals in the ter ritory of another. " The visit and search on the high seas in times of peace, as well as the adjudications, are more or less acts of a jurisdiction. That right is, moreover, belligerent. " Notwithstanding the evidence of these principles, the Government of her Britannic Majesty, by virtue of an Act sanctioned by her Majesty on the Bth of August last, did not hesitate to put into execution the threat previously made through the Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of her Britannic Majesty at this Court in a note dated the 23d of July last, by which Act Brazilian vessels engaged in the slave trade are ren dered amenable to the British Courts of Admiralty ari Vice-Admiralty. " In this Act, it is impossible not to recognise that unjustifiable abuse of force which threatens the rights of all free and independent nations. It is similar to that of which Portugal became the victim in 1839, and which likewise passed into law, despite the opposition of the Duke of Wellington, one of the most eminent statesmen in England, who, in the House of Lords, on the 11th of August, 1839, strenuously remonstrated against the right of visit and search in time of peace. " If this violence is now sought to be palliated by the great interest which exists for the suppression of the slave trade, it is unquestionable that the end sought to be obtained cannot justify the iniquity of the means em ployed ; and no surprise ought to be created, if, under the pretext of protecting other interests, the counsels of reason and universal public rights, upon which the secu rity and peace of nations depend, be substituted in the tribunals of the most powerful nations by force and violence. "To justify the legislative enactment by which the English Courts are empowered to take cognizance of Brazilian vessels engaged in the slave trade and captured, the British Government cites art. 1 of the convention which was concluded on the 23d of November, 1826, between Brazil and Great Britain, by which convention the slave-trade on the coast of Africa was abolished. "But this article is very far from authorising the right which the British Government claims and usurps. " By this article the Imperial Government is bound -Ist, to forbid Brazilian subjects to be engaged in, and entirely to abolish, the slave-trade within three years of the exchange of the ratifications—that is, from and after the 13th of• March, 1830; 2dly, to consider and treat the trade on the part of Brazilian subjects as piracy. " With respect to the first obligation, there neither is nor can be any doubt : and as regards the second, it is clear that the intervention of the British Government with reference to the trade carried on by Brazilian sub jects is limited to the right of demanding from the Im perial Government an exact and punctual observance of the treaty and nothing more. " The letter of art. 1 of the convention comprehends only Brazilian subjects, and the illicit trade which may be carried on by them. "It will not be denied that the crimes committed within the territories of any nation can only be punished by the authorities of that nation ; nor will it be con tested that the vessels of every nation form part of her territory, for this reason, amongst others, that the crimes committed on board of them are only punishable by the laws of the country to which the vessel may belong. " It would be absurd to recognise the right of the British Government to punish Brazilian subjects, either in person or in property, for crimes committed within the territory of the empire, without very express, clear, and positive delegation of the power from the Sovereign of Brazil to the Sovereign of Great Britain; and where, in the treaty, is this clear and positive delegation to be found ? " To assume, under the pretence of interpretation, the delegation of a sovereign power which is not ex pressly granted would be an infringement of the first principle of the art of interpretation, which is, that it is not allowable to interpret that which needs no interpre tation. " When an Act is worded in clear and precise terms, when its meaning is manifest and does not lead to an absurdity, there can be no reason for objecting to that meaning which the Act naturally presents. To have recourse to conjecture for the purpose of extending or contracting the meaning of an Act is tantamount to an evasion of it. _ _ . " And, moreover, to assume in this case the delegation of sovereign power on the part of the Imperial Govern ment to that of Great Britain without a like delegation from the latter to Brazil, would, if indeed any obscurity existed in the article, be opposed to another rule of in terpretation, which is, that everything which tends to destroy the equality of a contract is odious; and in such case it would be necessary to interpret the words in their most restrictive sense, in order to avert the onerous con sequences which might arise from the strict and literal meaning, or the odium which might be contained in the contract. " The spirit of the second part of the convention of the 23d of November, 1826, is not more favourable to the pretensions of the British Government to adjudicate in the Admiralty and Vice-Admiralty Courts of Great Britain Brazilian vessels suspected of being engaged in the slave trade. " The traffic is, by the said article, considered as piracy only by a fiction of law, and it is well known, and universally admitted, that fictions of law are only effectual for the purposes for which they are created. " In truth, the traffic is more hazardous than is rob bery on the high seas, less difficulty exists in discovering and convicting those who are engaged in it than in cases of piracy, and, moreover, the traffic does not threaten the maritime trade of the world as piracy does ; hence the penalty of being engaged in it cannot be as severe as that which all nations award to piracy without being deemed tyrannical. " This truth even England has herself acknowledged in the various treaties which she has been enabled to conclude with other nations for the suppression of the traffic ; for in almost all of these it has been stipulated that the penalty of detection should not be the same as in cases of piracy, according to the law of nations. " So certain is it that the piracy mentioned in art. 1 of the convention of 1826 is not the piracy acknowledged by the law of nations, that the two high contracting Powers judged the stipulations contained in art. 2,3, and 4, indispensable. " If England had considered herself authorised by art. 1 to capture and adjudicate in her Courts Brazilian subjects and vessels engaged in the traffic, she would not have sought to obtain by art. 2,3, and 4, special authority to visit, search, and capture the said vessels, to hare them adjudicated upon by mixed commissions, and various other measures in the like sense. " How the traffic can now be deemed piracy according to the law of nations cannot be conceived, when so late as the year 1807 Lord Eldon, one of the first judicial authorities of England, in opposing in Parliament the abolition of slavery, contended, that the slave trade had been sanctioned by Parliaments in which sat the wisest lawyers, the most learned divines, and the most excel lent statesmen ;' when Lord Hawkesbury, afterwards Earl of Liverpool, moved that the words inconsistent with the principles of justice and humanity' should be struck out of the preamble of the Bill (Slave -trade Aboli tion Bill) ; when the Earl of Westmoreland declared, that though he should ' see the Presbyterian and the prelate, the Methodist and the field preacher, the Jacobin and the murderer, write in favour of the measure of abolition, he would raise his voice against it in Parlia ment.' " Nor can it be conceived how the traffic can now be considered piracy according to the law of nations, when, not many years since, even England did not consider herself degraded by trading in Africun slaves, and when a short time only has elapsed since other civilized nations proscribed the trade. " A t this very period Indian slaves are possessed by Great Britain. • "Russia, France, Spain, Portugal, the United States, Brazil, and oth, r Powers, have not yet abolished slavery. " It is thus obvious that acts which are still practised by so many nations, and which some few yeas since were practised by all the w or ld, ca nnot with justice, be deemed piracy, except with nations who have expressly agreed so to consider them i n th e i r treaties. "If the African slave -trade is not piracy according to the law of nations—if by the convention of 1826 Brazil did not arm England with the right to adjudicate as piracy, and punish the persons, and confiscate the pro perty of Brazilian subjects suspected of being engaged in the slave-trade, it is evident that England cannot exercise that right by means of her tribunals without offending the sovereignty and independence of Brazil. " Nor has Great Britain hitherto considered herself armed with this right against the subjects of Brazil, who may have been engaged in the slave - tra de ; but, on, the contrary, she h as expressly acknowledged the in competency of her courts to try such cases. " In the correspondence which took place between the Imperial Government and the British Legation on the 31st of October, 1843, and other dates, in consequence of Marmot Jos.& Madena, a Brazilian subject, who having been taken on board the schooner Tartaruga, said to have been engaged in illicit trade, was detained on board the said schooner and sent to the Cape of Good Hope, the Minister of her Britannic Majesty at this court de clared, in a note dated the 12th of November of the same year, that this individual, as well as others found on board the Tartaruga, had been sent to the Cape of Good Hope, because their evidence might be necessary upon the trial of the vessel in the Vice-Admiralty Court, to prove acts of piracy ; and, in fact, as soon as the vessel was adjudicated Madena and the . other prisoners re turned to this country, asis proved by the official cor respondence above-named. " That this is the only interpretation which can be given to the treaty of the 23d of November, 1826, is fur ther proved by comparing the aforesaid art. 4 with the treaties which England has concluded with other na- Lions. " It is easy to consult the treaties concluded with the Argentine Republic on t he 24th of Ma y , 1839, w ith Bo livia under on t h t e h the a2sth dateofSeptember,ofl instruments 84 i n annexed ; 0, additional articles with Chili on the 19th January, 1839, additional articles under the same date and acts of instruments annexed ; with Hayti on the 23d of December, 1839 ; with Mexico on the 24th of February, 1841, additional articles under the same date ; with Texas on the 16th of November, 1841, acts of instruments and declaration, signed at Washington on the 16th of February, 1844 ; with Uru guay on the 13th of June, 1839, additional articles under the same date and acts of instruments annexed ; and with Venezuela on the 15th of March, 1839. " It is manifestly evident in every one of these treaties that both the high contracting Powers engage to con cert and establish, by means of conventions, the details of the measures necessary for enforcing immediately and reciprocally, in accordance with the legislative enact ments of the respective contracting Powers, the law of piracy, which will then be made applicable to the traffic, in as far as regards the vessels and subjects of each country. " If the fact of the traffic being considered piracy were sufficient to enable the nations by whose vessels the captures were made, to try the vessels and persons by their own tribunals, it would be needless either that the traffic should be declared piracy in the afore named treaties, or that the two contracting Powers be bound to enact special laws for the punishment of such of their subjects or citizens as ma y be en g a g ed in t he traffic. " If the mere declaration that the slave trade is ppeirratcyyof the did not deprive Brazilian subjects and their pro right of being tried by the authorities of their own country, so likewise their vessels were not liable to be visited, searched, and captured by British cruisers. " It has already been shown that the law of nations hpeaeßerei the right of visit British tribunals have principle, as occurred in case of the French vessel Louis, ca p tur e d in the y ear Africa for being engaged in the d aa n o t e dv s asre n i aooruteshrt times h n re i e s echo,i recognised high ss t ee i ad m s . e t h sT f 1820, on the coa st of slaveltrade. Upon this occasion the capture was declared null and void, because the right of visit and search on the high seas does not exist in time of peace. " Lord Stowell alleged, that, even admitting that the trade had been actually prohibited by the municipal laws of France (which was doubtful), the right of visi tation and search (being an exclusively belligerent right) could :not, consistently with the law of nations, be exercised in time of peace to enforce the prohibition by the British courts upon the property of French subjects. " In pronouncing the judgment of the High Court of Admiralty, in the same case, his Lordship held, more over, ' the slave trade, though unjust and condemned by the statute law of England, was not piracy, nor was it a crime by the universal law of nations.' " In fact, if such a right be vested in any one nation, it ought equally to belong to every nation, and would lead to incalculable evil, perhaps to universal war. " That this right over the vessels of other nations does not belong to England is not only recognised, but is ad mitted in the treaties concluded by that country ; for in all these such is expressly stipulated, as it likewise wa in the treaties concluded between Portugal and Great Britain in 1815 and 1817, which treaties having been continued by the convention of the 23d of November, 1826, between England and Brazil, expired on the 13th of March of the present year. "From what has been stated and demonstrated, it is evident that the Act which passed- the British Parlia ment, and was sanctioned by her Majesty the Queen of Great Britain, on the Bth of August last, under the pre text of carrying,into effect the dispositions of art. 1 of the convention concluded between the Crowns of Brazil and Great Britain on the 23d of November, 1826, cannot be based either upon the letter or the spirit of the said article, is opposed to the most clear and positive prin ciples of the law of nations, and, finally, is an infringe ment of the sovereignty and independence of Brazil, as well as those of other nations. " Therefore, the undersigned, Minister and Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in the name and by the com mand of his Majesty the Emperor, his august Sovereign, protests, against the afore-recited Act as offensive and unjust, and as infringing upon the sovereign rights and independence of the Brazilian nation ; not recognising any of its consequences, except as the result of force and violence ; claiming at once for all and every detriment, loss, and damage, which may result therefrom to the legal trade of the subjects of Brazil, to whom the laws promise, and his Majesty the Emperor owes, constant and efficient protection. " Nevertheless,,the Imperial Government, preferring to all other considerations the noble sentiments of jus tice and philanthropy, by which in all its acts it is animated and guided, will continue to employ all its efforts, in accordance with the laws of the country, for the suppression of the slave-trade ; and the Imperial Government earnestly desires that the Government of her Britannic Majesty may accede to an agreement which, whilst it respects the interest of the legal trade of Brazilian subjects, may obtain the desired end of causing that commerce to cease, the existence of which is deplored and condemned by all enlightened and Chris tian Governments. " The undersigned, by the command of his Majesty the Emperor, his . august Sovereign, transmits this pro test to Hamilton Hamilton, Esq., Her Britannic Ma jesty's Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipoten• tiars•, that the same, may be submitted to the Govern ment of her Britannic Majesty ; and he avails himself himself of this opportunity to reiterate to Mr. Hamil ton the expression of his perfect esteem and high con sideration. " ANTONIO PAULINO LIMPO DE A BREN." MYSTERIOUS DEATH of an AGED FEMALE in WESTMINSTER. Yesterday afternoon, Mr. Bedford, the coroner for Westminster, held an inquest, of several hours' duration, at the Crown and Sceptre Tavern, Chapter-street, Vin cent-square, WeAminster, on ♦iew of the body of Sarah Dozell, aged 63 years, wife of an accountant, living at 31, Douglas-street, is the above neighbourhood, who met her death, as it was rumoured, by the ill-treatment of her husband. The body exhibited two wounds in the left arm, evidently inflicted by a sharp instrument, but not of recent date, besides which, there were several bruises in various parts of the body. The first witness called was . Mary Spivey, who deposed that she was a lodger in the same house as deceased, who lived with her husband, and occupied the first floor back. Witness saw her daily, and she always seemed to enjoy good health. Her hus band was a very drunken character, and would often come home late at night and then quarrel with her. De ceased was certainly violent in her temper. About two o'clock on Tuesday morning last, Dozell came home to his wife and began quarrelling with her, but witness did not think he was tipsy on that occasion. Between seven and eight the same morning witness again heard a row between them, and a noise, as if the table had fallen over, which was accom panied by the smashing of a quantity of crockery ware. Shortly after the man went out, and deceased came down stairs, partially dressed, after him. Deceased was then so exhausted that she was obliged to be carried up by one of thelodgers. At ten o'clock witness was called by a person on the first floor, and went into the de ceased's room and found her in a fit. All the breakfast things were lyiiig about the floor broken, and the table turned upside down. Witness washed her face with some vinegar. By the CORM , lER—Deceased was not long in a fit, and upon coming to, requested that a doctor should be sent for, which was accordingly done, and witness admi nistered some brandy and water, as had been ordered by the medical gentleman. Her son was also called in. In answer, to questions, deceased replied that she had not been struck, but complained of her neck, saying that she had injured it by turning her head suddenly on one side. She also 'frequently ejaculated, " Oh, lam very bad, I shall die. 7 Soon after she had taken the brandy and water she expired. Mr. George Pierce, surgeon, of 5, Regent street, Westminster, stated that he was called to deceased by her landlord shoTtly before eleven on the morning in question. Witn'ess found deceased in a very exhausted state, lying upon the ground on a sort of bed covered with rags. She did not complain of pain anywhere, but merely said she.had injured her neck a little. Witness examined the part, and found she had the perfect use of it ; the extremities were cold, and she appeared to be suffering chiefly from exhaustion, evidently the result of great excitement. There were not the slightest symp- toms of paralysis,or apoplexy of any kind. Witness then left her, having: ordered some weak brandy and water. In a few minutes after he was recalled by the son, say ing that deceased was dead. On going to the room, he saw deceased stretched out upon the floor, and made an external examination of the body. There were direct marks of violence about the arms, which he (witness) thought must have been inflicted some days ago. There were also several bruises and discolorations in: variou., parts of the body. There were no appearances of de ceased having taken anything of a deleterious character. Other corroborative evidence of the above was adduced, showing that deceased's death had been accelerated by violence. After a short consultation, the jury confessing their doubts and ignorance of the cause of deceased's death, returned the singular and extraordinary verdict of " Death from natural causes. WEST YORKSHIRE ELECTION. LEEDS, TUESDAY EVENING.—The free-traders are setting to work in good earnest to bring Lord Mor peth forward as a candidate for the representation of this riding. The Conservates are not known to be at all stirring. The following is a copy of a large placard that has just been posted in this town, and I believe similar ones have been, or will be to morrow, distri buted through the various polling districts into which the riding is divided : " WEST RIDING ELECTION. "A vacancy having occurred in the representation of the riding, owing to the elevation of the Hon. John Stuart Wortley to the peerage, a requisition is in course of signature to the Right Hon. Lord Morpeth, inviting that nobleman to offer himself as a candidate, for the riding. Requisition-sheets will lie for the signature of West Riding electors at the Leeds Mercury office, Leeds Times office, and at the Reform Registration-office, 187, Wellington-street, till Friday noon, 26th inst., at twelve. o'clock. " HAMER STANSFIELD. Chairman of the Leeds Polling District. " Leeds, Dec. 23, 1845." CHRISTMAS-DAY IN THE WORK- HOUSES. The following report will be found to detail succinctly the treatment of the poor, both old and young, in these establishments on this anniversary. The entire number of poor in each workhouse is specified and compared with the corresponding period last year, and a careful summary of decrease and increase will be found at the end of the report. It is a gratifying fact, that there is a very great de crease of pauperism in the metropolis and its suburbs, as compared with the corresponding period last year. Sr. MARYLEBONE WORKHOUSE.—Number in the workhouse this day, 1,950 (last Christmas-day 2,158), viz., adult males, 487; adult females, 930; boys, 220; girls, 148; infants, 165. Christmas-day fare to adults, 6oz. of roast beef free from bone, 11b. of potatoes, llb. of plum pudding, one pint of strong porter, loz. f tea, a quarter of a pound of sugar, with tobacco, snuff, &c., in the evening. The children to be fed in a similar man ner, but without limitation as to quantity, and in the evening to be regaled with oranges, apples, sweetmeats, &c. The inmates of the Marylebone almshouses, pre sented by the board of directors under the will of the late Count Woronzow, will receive similar fare. De crease of in door poor, as compared with last year, 208; number of out-door poor, 4,286 (last year 5,205); de crease of out-door poor, 919; total decrease as compared with last year, 1,127; total number receiving weekly relief, 6,236. ST. MAR rIN'S-IN-THE-FIELDS.—IBMateS, 711(lastyear 706), viz., adult males, 173 ; adult females, 357 ; boys, 89 ; girls, 92. Christmay-day fare -12 ounces of roast beef, lb. potatoes, a lb. plum-pudding, and a pint of porter to adults ; half a pint to the children. A similar allowance on New Year's-day. Out-door poor, 733, viz., 100 males, 270 females, 363 children ; increase on in-door poor, as compared with last year, 5. ST. JAMES'S, WESTMINSTER.—Inmates, 560 (last year, 578), viz., men, 184 ; women, 341 ; boys, 9 ; girls, 20 ; infants, 6 ; boys at Mr. Aubin's establish ment, Norwood, 40. Out-door permanent poor, 250. This parish has also a juvenile establishment at Brent ford, in which there are 101 children. Diet for Christ mas-day, 8 ounces of roast beef, 13 ounces of bread, 12 ounces of plum-pudding, 16 ounces of potatoes, a pint of porter, and a pint of table ale , for adu l ts ; hildren fed in proportion. Decrease of in door poor this year, as compared with last, 18. ST. MARY, ISLINGTON. —Average number of inmates, 320 (last year the same number), viz., 100 men, 215 women, and 5 children. The infant establishment at Edmonton receives children from two to seven years of age, averaging in number 60. Children from the age of seven to sixteen, 55 in number, farmed at Mr. Drouet's, Grove-house, Brixton. There are but few able-bodied in-door poor, whilst the number of permanent out-door poor is 420, of which number half are females. Christ mas fare, 6 ounces roast ribs of beef, cooked and free from bone ; lib. of baked potatoes, llb. of plum-pudding, 1 pint of London porter, and bread as required. ST. PANCRAS WORKHOUSE.—Inmates, 1,352 (last year 1,397). Men, 362 ; women, 652 ; boys, 167 ; girls, 171. The board of guardians have prohibited those denomi nated " refractory," from having any extra allowance. To the other inmates the fare is 6 ounces of roast beef without bone, 11b. of plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter, with 1 ounce of tobacco each to the men, and 1 ounce of tea and 4 ounces of loaf sugar to the females ; children, 4 ounces roast beef, Vb. plum-pudding, and 2d. to each child. Out-door poor, 2,738 (last year, 3,000), De crease of in-door poor, 45 ; of out-door poor, 262. Total decrease, 307. ST. MATTHEW, BETHNAL GREEN.—lnmates 604 (cor responding week last year, 630), men, 183; women, 259; boys, 91; girls, 71. Christmas Day fare. Every in mate supplied with bread and butter and tea morning and evening; and roast beef, plum-pudding, and porter for dinner. Decrease, as compared with the correspond ing period last year, 26. ST. LUKE, CHELSEA.—(RepIy to Application for In formation.) On a former occasion, those thankless " saveall," the bone-grubbing gentlemen of Somerset House, thought proper to disallow the item for the little annual festivity of the poor, not one farthing of which, however, have they yet even attempted to enforce the repayment of. Notwithstanding the disallowance, the guardians have again provided the same extra fare as last year to the inmates of the workhouse, who number 366, viz., adult males, 129; adult females, 207; children, 33. To the two former classes, each person half a pound of roast beef of superior quality, half a pound of potatoes, three-quarters of a pound of plum-pudding, and one pint of beer. The children, at the master's discretion, farmed out at Drouet's infant establishment at Tooting, 127 children for whom sixpence per head is allowed for extra fare, which is served out ad libitum. Total num ber of in-door poor 495. Last year 518, decrease 23. Number of out-door poor 1,304. Last year 1,359, de crease 55. Total decrease 78. Out of the 368 in the workhouse, 24 are under seven years of age, 25 from seven to twenty years, 50 from twenty to forty years, 47 from forty - to sixty years, 160 from sixty to eighty years, 25 from eighty to ninety years, 1 ninety-two years, 1 one hundred years, 16 imbecile, 16 paralytic, and 3 dumb. _ _ ST. LUKE, MIDDLESEX.—Inmates of workhouse 580 (last Christmas 610) viz.—adults 480, children 100, be sides which there are 140 young children farmed out at establishments at Winchmore-hill and Southgate. Christ mas day fare—Substantial Filmier of roast beef ilb., pota tos, Vb., plum pudding lib., and one pint of strong ale each person, after which, oranges, apples, and other extras will be distributed, the authorities (so says the master of the workhouse) being desirous that the poor shall have a merry old English Christmas day. Decrease, as com pared with last year, 30. ST. JAMES'S, CLERKENWELL.—Inmates of workhouse 452 (last year no return). Men 147, women 255, boys 24, girls 26. Farmed out at Mr. Aubin's, Norwood, 87 children, 43 boys and 44 girls. Fare Boz. of roast beef without bone, and baked potatoes ad libitum, 4oz. of bread, 16oz. of plum pudding, one pint of porter, with pipes, tobacco, and snuff. To children 6oz. of roast beef, with baked potatoes, 4oz. of bread, Boz. of pudding, and half a pint of porter, with apples, oranges, nuts, &c. In the evening all have tea and sugar, and four days holi day allowed. CITY OF LONDON UNlON.—Workhorse for males at Peckham, females at Stepney, and children farmed out at Aubin's Asylum, Norwood; inmates, 1,070 (last year 1,177), viz : Men, 348; females, 450; children, 282. Ceristmas fare, roast beet, plum pudding, and one pint of beer each.. Decrease of in-door poor as compared with last year, 107; out-door, 2,425, last year, 2,472; total decrease, 84. EAST LONDON UNION (Aldersgate Workhouse, for males only).—lnmates, 200; adult male children, under 16, at Mr. Aubin's establishment, Norwood. Fare ordered by guardians, 7 oz. roast beef, llb. baked pota toes, 11b. of plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter; holi days are allowed once a fortnight, or in any other emer gency; decrease, 9. Bishopsgate Workhouse (for females only),—lnmates, 345, (last year, 370). Christmas fare, roast beef 6 oz., with vegetables, 11b. plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter each. Inmates above 60 years of age are allowed a liberty-day once a fortnight; below 60 years once in three months, dependent on good behaviour; total decrease, 34. WEST LONDON UNlON.—lnmates, 460 (last year 480); about 130 children at the establishment at Ed monton. Christmas fare, 7 oz. roast beef, 12 oz. of plum pudding, 12 oz. of potatoes, and 1 pint of porter each ; decrease, 20. STRAND UNION, comprising the parishes of St. Clement Danes, St. Mary-le-btrand, St. Paul, Covent garden, St. Ann's, Soho, liberty of the Rolls and pre cincts of the Savoy—lnmates of workhouses, 484 (last year, 582); viz., males, 162; females, 322; children farmed out at Tooting. Christmas fare, 6 oz. boiled leg of pork, peas pudding, potatoes, 1 pint of porter, 14 oz. of plum-pudding, men, and 12 oz. women. Decrease, 98. BRENTFORD UNlON—lnmates, 383 (last year, 428) ; viz., 145 men; 123 women; and 115 children. Christ mas-day fare, 8 oz. roast beef, Ilb of potatoes, lib. of plum-pudding, 1 pint of ale, and tea to each. Leave of absence on Boxing day allowed. Number of out-door poor, 1,434. Decrease of in-door poor, 45. KENSINGTON WORKHOUSE (LATE UNION). Gross number (including peor belonging to the parish of Pad dington, 76 remaining since the dissolution of the union until their workhouse is built), 258 ; viz., males, 92 ; females, 124; boys, 13 ;' girls, 29. Christmas-day fare not specified, but consists of roast beef, plum pudding, and porter. The girls and boys in the workhouse, under 4 years of age ; the remainder of children at Mr. Drouet's, Grove-house, Brixton. POPLAR UNlON.—lnmates, 437 (last year 492), viz., men, 129; women, 162; children, 136. Fare, roast beef, potatoes. plum pudding, and porter; amount not speci fied. Number of out-door poor 600 (last year 690), showing a decrease of 55 with respect to in-door poor, and 90 as regards out-door poor. Total decrease 145 : HACKNEY UNlON.—lnmates 401 (last year 424), viz , men, 105; women, 187; children, 109. Christmas - day fare, }lb. of roast beef, with mustard and horse -radish , potatoes, 1 pint of ale, 11b. of plum pu ddin g , with bread and butter at breakfast and tea. Decrease 23. GREENWICH UNlON.—lnmates 949 (last year no re turf) ; men, 297 ; women, 406 ; boys, 143 ; girls, 123. Fare to each person above twelve years of age-Boz. roast ribs of beef, 1 i b. of plum-padding, 1 pint of Bar clay's London porter ; children fed yroportionattly. Any of the inmates who express a desire to leave the house for a few day s, are permitted to do so without re striction. Nearly 100 have availed themselves of the privilege, most of whom s p end their Christmas with their friends. W AND sWORTH AND CLAPHAM UNlON.—lnmates 304 (last year 322) ; men, 135 ; women, 122 ; children, 47 ; children at Mr. Aubin's establishment, Norwood, 68. Christmas fare to adults, lb. of roast beef, 11b. of po tatoes, 11b. of plum-pudding, 1 pint of Barclay's porter, with snuff and tobacco for the aged. Out-door poor 1,770, of all ages. Decrease df in-door poor, 18. ST. OLANE'b 15kIJK.—Inmates, 309 (last year 376) o baked viz., men, 86; women, 144; boys, 45 ; girls, 3- t- Christ mas day fare, 7 ounces of baked beef, 12 ounce. 3f potatoes, plum-pudding unlimited, and 1 pint c .f porter each. Decrease, 68. WHITECHAPEL UNlON.—lnmates, 867 (last Chvis. 4 nlas 877); fare, baked beef and potatoes, boiled plum puddix:e and porter; liberty to go out is granted to those who have applied for it. Out-door poor, 1,734 (last year, 2,085); decrease of in-door poor, 10; of out-door poor, 351. Total decrease, as compared with last Christmas, 361. EDMONTON UNlON. —lnmates, 396 (last year, 410), men, 220; women, 170. Christmas-day fare by order of the guardians, 5 ounces of cooked beef, 1 pound of potatoes, 1 pound of plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter each. There are also about 200 children at Enfield. Decrease, 14. STEPNEY UNION (Mile-end Workhouse.)—lnmates, 209; adult males, most infirm (last year, 216). Christ mas-day fare, pound of roast beef, 1 pound of baked potatoes, 14 ounces of plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter each. Inmates allowed out on the Christmas morning. Decrease, as compared with last year, 13. ST. GILES'S, CAMBERWELL.--Inmates, 244 (last year, 259), viz.:—Men above 60 years of age, 52; under 60, 32; total men, 84. Females above 60, 73; under 60, 69; total females, 132. Children under 15 years, 28. The remainder of the children, 70, farmed at Mr. Aubin's Asylum, Norwood. The fare is roast beef, plum pudding, and one pint of porter each. The out door poor 6d. additional. Increase, as compared with last year, 15. ST. MARY, LAMBETH.—lnmates, 918 (last year 839). Adult males, '364; females, 554. There are also 374 children (not farmed) in the Lambeth House of Indus try at Norwood. Fare to adults, 6 ounces of baked beef, free from bone, 11b. baked potatoes, 11b. boiled plum pudding, and 1 pint of porter each. Children in pro portion. Present number of out-door poor, 3,250; last Christmas, 3,776. Increase of in-door poor, 79; de crease of out-door poor, 526. Total decrease, as com pared with last year, 446. ST. GEORGE, MIDDLESEX.—In the workhouse, 658 _ _ (last year, 666); viz., men, 212; women, 390; boys, 35; girls, 21. Besides these, there are 237 at Tooting. Christmas-day fare, roast beef, plum-pudding, potatoes, porter, tea, sugar, &c., ad libitum. Decrease of in-door poor, 8. Out-door poor, 1,126; last year, 1,166; de crease, 43 in out-door poor. Total decrease, 51. ST. GILES'S-IN-THE-FIELDS, AND ST. GEORGE'S, BLOOMSBURY.—Inmates of workhouses, 636 (last year, 650); adult males, 225; females, 360; children, 41. Old English fare of roast beef, plum-pudding, and porter, quantity not specified. Decrease, 24. ST. GEORGE'S, HANOVBR•SQUARE.—ADSWer to ap plication—" Have the goodness to refer to my report of last ear, no alteration whatever will be made." Re port of last year states—inmates, 826. Fare, roast beef and plum pudding ad libitum, with vegetables and one pint of porter each ; children at parochial establish ment, Chelsea. In addition to Christmas fare, each adult 2d., and each child ld. ; permission to take three days' holiday—same treatment on New Year's Day. ST. MARI MAGI)ALEN, BERMOND3EY.—Inmates, 598 (last year, 537) ; men, 187 ; women, 226 ; boys, 113 ; girls, 72. Christmas fare, six ounces of goo pork, cne pound of plum pudding, one pound of potatoes, and one pint of porter each adult. Children in proportion. Number of out-door poor receiving relief (including children) 1,100. Increase of in-door poor, as compared with last year, 61. HENDON UNION.—No return of numbers made. In mates of the Union to be regaled with roast beef, plum pudding, vegetables, and ale. ST. GEORGE THE MARTYR, SOUTHWARK.—Inmates of workhouse, 426 (last year, 419), 141 men, 214 women, 33 boys, and 28 girls. At the Lewisham establishment, 91 boys, 46 girls, and 10 women; total, 147. Fare, roast beef, plum pudding, and porter. Increase, as com pared with last year, 7. ST. SAVIOUR'S UNION. Inmates, 530 (last year, 394); 120 men, 268 women, and 32 children under six teen years; about 170 children farmed out at Norwood. Fare, 6:oz. roast beef, 8 oz. potatoes, 12 oz. plum pudding, and one pint of porter each person. Increase, 56. INDUSTRIAL SCHOOLS, NORWOOD (Aubin's). In mates, about 1,100 children belonging to various metro politan parishes and unions, of both sexes. Christmas day fare, roast beef, plum pudding, and vegetables, quantity not limited. In the evening, coffee, bread-and butter, &c. The children attend divine service in the morning and afternoon, performed by the Rev. T. Boodle, chaplain to the establishment. The numbers are the same as last year. ENFIELD CHILDREN'S ESTATE (belonging to the Ed monton Union).—lnmates 213 (last year 200)019 boys, 77 girls, 4 men, 13 women, children. Fare—breakfast, 50z., bread and butter, and milk and water ; dinner, six ounces of baked beef, 11b., plum pudding and vege • tables ; supper same as breakfast. The male children instructed in useful trades, such as shoemaking, tailor ing, gardening, &c. ; and the girls fitted for domestic service. Thirty children have been appointed, or left for service since last Christmas.—lncrease, 13. GROVE HOUSE ESTABLISHMENT, BRIXTON (Drones). —lnmates, 400 children (last year 300), belonging to the parishes of St. Mary, Islington, St Luke, Middlesex, Kensington, Paddington, Fulham, Hammersmith, and St. Olave's. Fare, by direction of the various boards of guardians, half a pound of roast beef, half a pound of plum pudding, half a pint of porter, with vegetables, &c In the evening, at Mr. Drouet's expense, regaled with oranges, other fruit and sweetmeats. Two days' holiday allowed. Increase this year over last, 100. INFANT POOR ESTABLISHMENT, TOOTING (Drouet's). —Number of children, 720 (last year about the same), belonging to the parishes of St. George's-in-the-East; the Strand Union, St. Luke, Chelsea ' • St. Mary, Newing ton ; and the Richmond Union. Fare, a substantial dinner of roast beef, potatoes, plum pudding and porter. In the evening tea and cakes, &c. ST. MARGARET AND ST. JOHN, WESTMINSTER, AND ST. MARY, NEWINGTON.—The masters of the work houses of these parishes have thought proper to withhold information. By the foregoing statement, it will be perceived that nearly 40,000 of our poorer fellow-creatures will not be wanting that which is denominated their Christmas dinner. Another important fact is the decrease of pauperism in the metropolis as compared with the cor responding period last year. Whilst on the one hind there will be found twenty parishes and unions exhi biting a decrease, amounting in the gross to 3,016 per sons, as compared with last Christmas, there are but seven parishes showing any increase, and which in the gross amounts to but 237 persons, leaving a total de crease of pauperism in twenty-seven parishes and unions, as compared with last year of 2,779 persons. By the Calcutta papers it appears that the London mail of September Bth reached that city in forty days, though conveyed from Bombay by the usual slow conveyance. It is confidently anticipated there that when the new arrange ments take effect the transit of the mail will never occupy more than thirty-five days, and often much less. In rail road matters no great progress has been made since the date of the regular mail. Surveys were going on in the different presidencies with activity, and an impression had get abroad that the engineering difficulties were too great to afford much likelihood that the speculations would answer in a pecuniary point of view. This was mere surmise, however, as no re ports had been made. A newspaper in the Armenian language, the first of the kind, is said to have been com menced in Calcutta. The reply of the Bombay Govern ment to the native shopkeepers who petitioned against the new municipal taxes have been published. The secretary denies that it is any new impost, or that it was ever the intention of the Government to include it in the abolition of other taxes on trades in the interior of the country, and that no hope can be held out of relinquishing an assessment which is little burdensome to the payers, and applied in a manner greatly beneficial to the community. One of the last acts of Sir 11. Ilardinge, in conjunction with the Supreme Council, previously to his departure for the north-west pro vinces, was the establishment of a central college at Kish nagur, and four English schools at other places. Besides this, it is stated in addition that no fewer than 59 scholar ships were at the same time given to the schools and col leges already in existence. The expenses thus caused would exceed, it is said, 40,000r5. (4,0001.) annually ; and it is re marked upon as a source of no small gratification to the friends of educationgenerally in India, that as Sir H. Hardinge's arrival in Calcutta was rendered memorable by a revival of the encouragement of education in the highest quarter, so the last day of his residence in the capital was distin guished by a measure which provides this large extension of its benefits. _ • VO7 L E OMINST ER POLICE • COU RT, DEC. 23.—Before the Mayor I'. Brayen, Esq., and a full bench of Magistrates. The Rev. Josiah Bartlett, a clergyman of the Church of England, was charged by his wife, Louisa Bartlett, with striking her in the face on the morning of Saturday last, and in consequence of which, and other unkind treatment, she declared herself in fear of bodily injury. The reverend gen tleman was bound over to keep the peace in his own surety of 100/., and to pay the expenses. Immediately on the pay ment of the costs, the Rev. J. Bartlett preferred a charge against Mr. Pozer (brother-in-law of Mrs. Bartlett) and Messrs. Boult (brothers of Mrs. Bartlett), and declared him self in fear of bodily injury. There weresome extraordinary letters produced, written by Mr. Bartlett to Mrs. Pozer, sister of Mrs. Bartlett, too revolting and indelicate to be published. The magistrates dismissed the case, and ordered the reverend gentleman to pay costs. The greatest excite ment prevailed outside the court, and the Rev. Mr. Bartlett remained in court until nearly eleven at night, fearing to leave, and ultimately was escorted to his cab amidst the shouts and yells of the multitude. TUNNEL THROUGH THE CALTON-HILL, &C.—The last brick in the arching of this iigantic tunnel on the North British Railway was laid on krtday. This completes the most serious part in Messrs. Lorimer and Somervaile's con tract, winch extends, we believe, to Musselburgh ; and, as preparations are now making for laying the permanent rails, we may expect that the tunnel will be ready for use in a very short time. The tunnel is 400 yards long, 26 feet high, and 26 feet in width. With the exception of about 40 yards at the east end, the tunnel is entirely through rock. Several miles of the North British Railway are now entirely finished. and, where matters are not exactly in that forward state, we understand all the heavy cuttings have been overcome; so that there is no doubt of this section of the line being com pleted at the specified time, May, 1846. The paint at which the work is furthest behind is in the neighbourhood of Piers hill Barraeks, where, in consequence of the encroachments of the line on the riding-school and hospital, the Government have made it imperative on the railway company to erect new buildings for these purposes, together with a separation wall about 700 feet long and 35 feet high. From the extent of these sections, some time must elapse before their com pletion; and until this is accomplished, the railway com pany are obliged to suspend all operations connected with the removal of the old buildings, through the centre of which the line k to pass. The stmt already expended in the construc tion of this section of the railway, will not, it is said, amount to leas than 50,000/. The operations at the other points along the line from this to Berwick are in an equally advanced state. For several months back a great number of miles have been finished especially towards the Berwick terminus, where the buildings connected with the station are in course of erection. —Caledonian Mercury. SERIOUS ACCIDENT IN THE REGENT'S PARK. — Yesterday afternoon, between two and three o'clock, a serious accident occurred in the Regent's Park, to Captain Greenlaw, of Gloucester-place, Portman-square, who was thrown with great violence from his horse as be was riding into the Re gent's Park, followed by his groom. The captain fellheavily on his head, by which he sustained severe injuries that ren dered him for some minutes insensible. • THE PARKS, ETC. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SlR,—May I claim a small space in your valuable journal to ask the following question:—Why is the pri vilege of walking in the Kensington-gardens and in the St. James's Park denied unto livery servants? To me it seems one of the most absurd regulations that can pos sibly be, the more so, as they are allowed to go in with their employers, surely there can be no possible reason why they should not be allowed to go there by them selves. The soldier and the sailor are allowed there; do thy conduct themselves with more propriety? I think not. Why is the livery servant to be longer degraded by these restrictions, unworthy of the age in which we live? Rest assured the removal of them (by which they might mingle with their fellow-creatures on a little more social terms of equality) would not make them any worse servants; it surely would be better than driving them to the public-house, to which the present system tends. Much has been said and done with a view of raising the moral condition of the black slave; might not a little be usefully applied in behalf of his brother, the white one? I feel convinced that one stroke of your powerful pen is alone needed to set something in motion in their behalf.—l remain, Sir, your most obedient servant, J. B. London, Dec. 24, 1845. RAILWAY SHARE MARKETS. LIVERPOOL, Dic. 24. STOCK EXCHANGE.-Ths sales are-Bideford and Tavi stock, 18s. 6d. dis.-Buckinghamshire, par-Cambridge and Lincoln, 31s. 6d. p.-Derby and Crewe, 2 3 / 4 p.-Dereham and Norwich, 12s. Gd. dis.- Eastern Counties, Perpetual, No. 2,4 s 6d. p.-Edinburgh and Glasgow, Half Shares, 9V, 3 p.- Grand Junction, 244-Ditto, New Quarter Shares, 34 p.- Great Grimsby and Sheffield, 3 3 4 p.-Great Westersh Quer • ter Shares, 1334-Goole and Doncaster, par-Huddersfield Canal and Railway, 4 p.-London and Birmingham, Quarter Shares, 23 p.-Direct Northern, 10s. dis.- Leeds and Thirak, 2% -Lynn and Dereham, par-Manchester, Midland, and Great Grimsby, bs. p.-Manchester' Sheffield, and Midland, par -Manchester and Le eds, Fifth Shares, 11 1 % p.-Mid land , 148-Ditto, 401. Shares, 17 p.-Northumberland and Lancashire, 12s. 6d.dis.-North Staffordshire, 3 1 /8 p.-North Wales Mineral, 4 p.-Preston and Wyre, 31-Ditto, New Shares, 3 p.-South-Eastern and Dover, Consolidated Thirds, Half Shares, 15s. p.-Cork and Bandon, 2s. Gd. p. -Central of France, 9V2 p.-Dutch Rhenish, 2 3 / 4 p.- aid Lyons (Laffitte), 7s. 6d. p. MANCHESTER, Dic. 24. STOCK EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Grand Union, 1 1 4- Leicester and Bedford, 275.-Liverpool, Ormskirk, and Pres ton, 3 3 4 c.-Manchester, Buxton, and Matlock, 795. 6d.- Manchester and Birmingham, 74-Ditto, Quarters, 114- Manchester and Leeds, Fifths, 11 3 / 4 -North Staffordshire, 5/. 4s. 6d.-North Western, 475.-Shropshire Union, 345. 6d. -West Riding Union. 5/. 19s. 6d. SHEFFIELD, Dice. 24. STOCK EXCHANGE.-The sales are-Midland, Sheffield, and Rotherham, 33 1 /. x -Sheffield and Manchester, Quarter Shares, No. 3., 5%5 -Grimsby Extension, 10s. p.-Leeds and Brad. ford, 48-Derby and Crewe, 4/. 13s. 6d.-London and York 3/. 195.-Sheffield and Lincolnshire, 3-Sheffield, Buxton Leek, Potteries, and Crewe, 16s. 6d.-Wakefield and Harm. gate, 1/. Bs. 6d. EXETER, DEC. 24. STOCK EXCIIANGE.—The sales are—Bristol and Exeter, New (in great demand), 8 1 / 4 —Eastern Counties, 20% — South Wales, 3 1 / 4 —Exeter and Crediton, 7 1 4. BRISTOL, DEC. 24. &Dam EXCNANGE. — The only sale was—Bristol and Exeter. New, 7% LEEDS, DEe. 24. STOCK EXCHANGE. —The sales are—London and Croydon, 20 3 %—East Lancashire, No. 1, 15 1 A—llitto, No. 2 (late Ac crington), 9—Leeds and Bradford. 49—Leeds and Dewsbury, 15%—Ditto, New Shares, 5 1 %—London and York, 41. is.— \Vest Riding Union, 6 1 /—Clitheroe Junction, 3—Lancashire and North Yorkshire, is. ehs.—Manchester, Buxton, Mat lock, and Midland, 38s.—Manchester and Southampton, 2% —NorthWestern, 2 1 4 2 —South Midland*, 21. 18s. p.—Wake field and Harrogate, 28. Gd. dis.—Welsh Midlands, 1% — York and Carlisle, 2. HULL, DEC. 24. STOCK 14:XCIIANGE.—The London accounts have given more tone to our market, and speculators for a further decline show some anxiety to secure themselves from loss. Old lines are firm at London pikes, and even higher rates. The sales are—Hull and Selby (10 per cent. guar.), 100—North Bri tish (Carlisle), 2% —Leicester and Bedford, 1/. 7s.—London and York, 4 —Nottingham, Erewash, &c., 2—Nottingham and Boston, I:l4—Nerth Staffordshire, 51. Is.—South Mid land, 4/. 18s.—Shrewsbury and Herefordshire, 17s. 6d. EDINBURGH, Disc. 22. STOCK EXCHANGE ' -The sales are-Aberdeen, 41. 158.- Aberdeen, Banff, and Elgin, 21.-Airdrie and Bathgate, 21.85.-Arbroath and Forfar, 251.-Ditto, Half Shares, 151.-Ayr and Dumfries, 2t 155.-Ayr and Galloway, 2/. ss. -Banffshire, 1/. 17s. 6d.-British and Irish Union, 3/. 3s. -Caledonian, 12!. 155.-Caledonian Extension, 21. 155.- Caledonian and Dumbarton, 31.-Caledonian and Northern Direct, 21. 155.-Clydesdale Junction, 191.-Direct Northern, 21.-Dundee and Arbroath, 35/. 10s.-Ditto, New, 17!.- Dundee and Perth, 71.-East of Fife, 1/. 155.-East Lothian Central, 1/. 17s. 6d. -Edinburgh and Bathgate, 31.-Edin burgh and Glasgow, 70/.-Ditto, Half Shares, 16/. 10s.- Ditto, Quarters, 161. 10s.-Ditto, New, 131.-Edinburgh, Glasgow, and Dumbarton, 155. -Edinburgh and Leith At mospheric, 1/. 14s. 6d. -Edinburgh and Leith Atmospheric Direct, 1/. 155.-Edinburgh, Leith, and Granton, 211. 108.- Ditto, Preference, 18/. 103.-Edinburgh and Northern, 31.93. -Ditto, Newport, 1/. 25.-Ditto, Lochgelly, 11. 10s.-Edin burgh and Peebles, 2/.-Edinburgh and Perth, 4/. 7s. 6d. -Forth and Clyde Junction, 2/.-Glasgow and Ayrshire, 701.-Ditto, New Stock, 23/.-Ditto, Quarter Shares, 211. 12s. 6d.-Glasgow, Dumfries, and Carlisle, 21. 45.-Glasgow and Dundee Junction, 2/. 55.-Glasgow and Garnkirk, 451. -Glasgow and Greenock, 211.-Ditto, New Stock, 101. 15s. -Ditto, Preference, 2/. 55.-Great North of Scotland, 2/. 13s. -Granton Junction, 9/. 2s. 6d.-Inverness and Elgin, 11. 155.-London and York, 41. 55.-North British, 251.-Ditto, Halves, 5/. 10s.-Perth and Inverness, 11. 15s. 6d.-Scot tish Central, ;131. 155.-Scottish Midland, 51.-Scottish North Western, 1!. 145.-Stirling and Dunfermline, 21. 10s. OUTRAGE AND ATTEMPT TO MURDER AT BUL PIIAN.—A most daring outrage was committed on Friday last, about half-past one A.M., at the house of Mr. F. Stevens, a farmer, at Bulphan Fen, in this county. Three men, masked, made a forcible entry, by breaking through a lath and plaster end of the building; and Mr. Stevens hearing them below, took the novel course of jumping out of the window, when two of the villains attacked him, and one of them discharged a pistol at him, but happily missed his per son. Mr. Stevens escaping front them ran towards a cottage, when a second shot was fired at him, but fortunately without insuring him. The fellows then made oft; taking with them a double-barrel gun, the only thing missing. Information having been given to the police, an active search was instituted in the neighbourhood, which resulted in the apprehension of a man named Freeman, residing at Itorndon, on suspicion of being one of the parties implicated in the outrage; Inspector Smith, who immediately went to London, succeeded, on Sunday evening, in taking into cus tody, in Ratcliffe-highway, another party, named James Scoble, who, from the description given, is strongly suspected to be the man who fired the pistol at Mr. Stevens. The prisoners have been removed to Brentwood to await their examination before the magistrates acting for that division. —Essex Herald. BERWICK RAlLlVAY.—Grahamsley and Reed, the enterprising railway contractors, are getting on rapidly with their works on the southern portion of this line, and in order that they may be enabled to work by night as well as day, they have laid down gas for nearly two miles, so that the country will be illuminated by night.—Berwick Warder. THE MILITIA. , --- The following circular has been addressed by Sir James Graham - to the Lords Lieutenant Of the several counties in Great Britain, in reference to the appoint ment of adjutants and the filling up•of the other va cancies that exist at present among the commissioned officers of the various regiments of militia:— " Whitehall, December, 1845. "My Lord,—l have the honour to inform your Lord ship that her Majesty has been graciously pleased to signify her commands that the permanent staff of the several regiments, battalions, or corps of the militia of Great Britain, should be completed to the number pre scribed by the. Act of the sth and 6th William IV.. cap. 37. " A communication has already been addressed by the Secretary at War to the colonels of regiments of militia, respecting the" sergeant-majors and sergeants, with a view of supplying any vacancies that may at present exist, as well as for discharging such of the sergeants as have been found by the recent inspectors to be totally unfit for the peiformance of any duty whatever, and also conveying to them a suggestion for a prospective dis charge of those who, although they have been reported unfit for duty when the militia shall be in an enrolled state, are nevertheless competent to the performance of local duties connected with the billet, enrolment, and training of that. force. It being of considerable import ance that the full establishment of officers in the several regiments of militia should be completed to the extent prescribed by .law,_ I beg leave to call your Lordship's a tt e ntion to thitt:subject, and to suggest that in the event of there bein4 • _any vacancies (that of paymaster ex cepted) in the regiment of militia in your county, such vacancies should be filled up before the spring of the ensuing year. " I have the honour to be, my Lord, your Lordship's very obedient servant, " J. G. GRAHAM. " Her Majesty's Lieutenant of the county of —." NAVY OF ;LIE UNITED STATES.—The total num ber of sailors in„the United States' navy is 6 , 100 , of w hom about 960 are native-born Americans, the rest being prin cipally English, with a few Swedes and Hanseatics. Their pay is fifteen dollars a month, and two dollars per month additional, if flay don't draw any grog ration. This is fully equal to three pOunds ten shillings per month. Without this high rate of wages it would be next to impossible for the Secretary of the. Navy to man the ships. The navy of the United States is very respectable. Taking their navy list, it appears that they have of all classes of ships, old, rotten, or on the stocks, on their rivers and lakes, in China and the Pacific, a grand 'total of seventy-six, namely, ten line-of battle ships, twelve frigates of the first-class, two of the second class, twenty-three sloops of war, eight brigs, eight schooners, eight steamers, together with four store-ships and brigs ; but it may be safely reckoned that between forty and fifty of this list are really superior, formidable vessels, and immediately available for any service or emergency. Five ships of the line, alongside of which they say, our Victory looks like a frigate, might be ready for sea in a month, and about six first-class frigates, rated as forty fours, but really more resembling our razee Warspite, which may be con sidered one of the best ships of her class. The Americans have only one razee, the Independence, fifty-four, a descrip ' tion of ship that hitherto has not been seen in any of our navy yards, hut which we shall soon have to exhibit in a few razees noweonstructing out of some old first-rates that have not seen much service. NORFOLK RAILWAY.—FATAL ACCIDENT. - We regret to learn that an accident occurred on this line on Tuesday, which' occasioned the death of the engineer, and will probably ppove fatal to the fireman. It appears that the train which ileft Norwich for London at half-past eleven, got off the lineinear Thetford, owing, as is supposed, to the great speed at which i t was travelling, and the engineer and fireman were thrown under the engine. The former was killed on the spot, and the latter had both his thighs and an arm broken, ad now lies at Thetford in a dreadful state of suffering. Two Or three of the carriages were overturned, but the passengers were not seriously injured. ally , in got no , s bti Oh 87;