The Sun. — London, England, 1839-08-12 00:00:00

BIRMINGHAM-SUNDAY. . (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT . ) The deepest interest has been excited amongst all ,tta sses o f our f e ll ow-townsmen in the fate o f th!: three unhappy men, Howell, Roberts, and Jones, who now lie under sentence of death in Warwick gaol, for their alleged participation in the late riots and incendiarism in this town. This Ea eling is considerably heightened by a report which Is generally circulated and believed, that a project is on foot for carrying the extreme penalty of the law_ into effect in the Bull-ring or market-place, the scene of the late disgraceful riots—a recommenda tion which is said to have originated with certain military and official personages ; but for the sake of humanity, and for the honour of the British rtnY, we trust that such a statement has no foun dation in truth. The rumour is, however, in cir culation, and generally believed in Birmingham. The dreadful sentence passed upon the prisoners seems to have been altogether unexpected here, and j by hone more so than the immediate friends of the prisoners, and others who could hare given strong evidence in their favour. As a proof of this I may mention that Roberts's master, a respectable iron nilerchant of the town, refrained from going to Warwick during the trials to speak to the general cha racter of the prisoner, under the conviction that the un f ortunate man would have been acquitted, h aving - understood from his friends that he did not take the slightest part in the transactions of the night of th e 15th of July, for which he has been condemned to die. From the same feeling other ;witnesses neglected to attend and give evidence In , favour of Roberts and the other men ; but in order to remedy as far as human power (a I do, the f ata l error of which they have b een gu il ty , the!e parties are, I understand, engaged in collect lug a strong body of evidence, which will be tians , I n d Med t o t h e Secretary of State, and I have no „ u nlit, from i ts nature, an d t h e c i rcumstances o f the offenc e with which the prisoners are charged, talc into a sin g l e lif e h av i ng b een l ost ) that it w i'l be a 'r e n into favourable consideration. It may be s upposed by many, that if any evidence had existed as il t o the inn ocence o f t h e prisoners , t h a t i t wou ld t ,vebeen b rought forward in their favour. U pon l ll ." I would merely remark that, in the first place, q. no one anticipated that they would have been found guilty, and if found guilty, still less was it-expected that would they have been sentenced tto die. I would, in coneeetion with this sub ct, refer to • an observation made by M. t• Hill Each the Recorder for the borough, in hecharge to the jury on the occas i on o f open i ng first Court of Quarter Sessions in Birmingham, In the beginnin g o f t h e l as t month. On that oc-- ,easion he,rernarked, " It seems necessary, in order to remov e all obstacles to the course of justice, that ne scat of j ustice should be nigh at hand to t h e jured parties. Nor was this the less necessary fo r the due administration of justice as regarded the •aecused, for it had often fallen to his lot to bear a prisoner on his trial asked by the Court if he bad any witnesses to produce, and his ear had been Panifully struck by the answer too frequently given --- „sometimes, perhaps, not with truth, but often nines, it could not be doubted, founded on truth i l"' I have w i tnesses w h o cou ld spea k i n my u e half, but I have not the means of bringing them befo r e you ;' and wh en th e y cons id ere d that the greater number of prisoners were from the labouring classes of society, nothing was more probable than that sometimes there was a failure of justice from the circumstance, that the labouring man had not the power of - paying the expenses of his witnesses, they being fixed to the spot by the same poverty, which prevented him bringing them into Court." I'deeply regret to say that the observations here quoted were borne out with melancholy truth in the 'ease of at least one of the unfortunate men— Howell, I believe, whose brothers went to Warwick with the view of giving important testimony in his be . half—but being poor men, after remaining two days at the assizes, in the hope that the trial would have come on, finding that their means of support were exhausted, and being without money or Ifriends, they were obliged to return to Birming ham, and leave the unfortunate man to his fate. A memorial, extensively signed, has already been for warded to the Secretary of State, praying for a c ommutation of the dreadful sentence, at the Lead i of which are, I understand, the names of most, if not all, of th e i n di v id ua l s who have suffered most in the lota of property by the late riots, praying:that the dis graceful proceedings may not be rendered still more abhorrent to public feeling and the growing opinion of the country, by the shedding of blood. Another petition, of which the following is a copy, was this day exten s i ve l y s i gned by the female part of many of Elie congregations in the town, and is appro priately addressed to her Majesty : • " TO THE QUEEN'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY, cc The humble Petition of the undersigned ' Ladies, inhabitants of the borough of Birming ham, 14 sPEcTruL LY S H EWETH , r _" , That th e following persons, Jeremiah Howellf, " -is Rob erts, and John Jones, having been iund guilty •riotous of particip a ti ng i n t h e di sgrace ful and bor9l,BlProceedings w hi c h l ate l y too k p l ace i n t hi s . and sentenced to expiate the offence b y the forf e it o f their lives, that your petitioners offer no apology in favour of the • criminal proceedings for which these unhappy men are condemned,Thron e but venture to approach the 9 earnestly to beseech your Majesty to exercise towards them your Royal prerogative of mercy. your your would humbly urge that the ends by banishment bo. eo i n n f l o s r t t e a government may be fully realised a source of t 0 0 0f death, and that it will be reflect that th • _ e time for repentance, your Majesty, hereafter to the goodness of which, through been the Almighty, might yet have granted to these poor men, will not have been shorten e d L _ uy the execution of the awful sentence Under W hi ch they now lie " HINESE SUPERSTITIONS. A, fire k The chinZeneda few days ago in an adjoining street. . L . attribute it to an evil spirit ; and, to conci kd 'H; they have erected, in a public place, a long pole _corned with lanterns ; the priests have visited it for seve ri Mornings with music, and have bowed towards it. A play is aPpointed, with the hope of appeasing the evil spirit. 11on the island of Honan, which is opposite to the Euro _,ln factories, the tea tree is found; but it is not larger l kncie Sna il I very sma ll gooseberry-bush. The building of the nt Ta, or pagoda, about half-way between Whampoa 411 d Ca nton, called by th e E uropeans " t h e h a lf -way Pa opa," is 200 fe e t hi g h , an d the walls five or six feet thick. ...!! it the aide, fr om t h e top, hangs a chain a short way down. hwhin are niches for the reception of idols : in the lower a hes are al so p l aced a few. The structure, at a distance, s 41 ' appearance similar to that of the Monument near ',ern _London brid ge . I n severa l temp l es i nto w hi c h I went , Papers p aste d up so li c i t i ng o f t h e go d s a su pply o f rain which is at present greatly needed. The Chinese, amone• other methd, when inquiring their fate i n the temple b s st , have in a box a s few slips of bam boo numbered. While on their knees they shake the box, holding it with both hands, till a single slip falls out ; in the temple is a paper with replies corresponding to the number of the slips, which answer, whether felicitous or otherwise, is supposed to be the will of the gods. 11 NT PeuPle discoursed this evening about the paper al__sen the Chinese burn with gold and silver leaf on it. The paper, they say, is to represent raiment, and the gold and silver leaf money ; a ll w hi ch, when sent up in flame, are caught by the surrounding spirits. I asked if they thought the spirits had need of clothes, or were delighted by the offering. The reply gas that the did not k now . They laughed at it, but said it was the Prevailing custom, and therefore observed ; magistrates, and the Em peror himself attended to it and they could not be singu lar the usa . Th e is reasoning the Chinese said was not good, but g was not properly theirs, it w as i ntroduced by sorcerers. Confucius did not inculcate it, The obser vances were introduced by Hoshang (Bhudha Priests), against whom they entered . in to . a long declamation, and inveighed against their sloth, igoorance, and use of Robert Morrison, D . D. The Duke and Duchess of Bedford, and the Ladies Georgiana and Rachael Russell, were expected to leave Woburn Abbey, on Wednesday, for the Doune, their seat in Scotland, On Saturday, Francis Nixon, an usher at a school, whose case was heard a few days since, was called up to the Insolvent Debtors' Court, to receive the junis mfnera4t6oL. a of the d e Court. The insolvent had defended an action put his detaining creditor to 351. expense, fo r i which th e C ourt sentenced him to eight mouths' mprison ment from the date cf his vesting order.—Mary Merton, a widow; an e m b ro i dress, carrying on bus i ness i n King-street, Soho, was opposed by her landlord for putting him to la the in r ecover i ng his rent. It appeared b y her bo oks that e Earl of Harrington was indebted to her in the sum of 340/ for work done - for his Lordship. The insolvent said that the mon_ey.was tie to her son ; the assets, when collected, aro sufficient to pay 40s. in the pound. The ti ry n n cl: i n er case was adjourned for thepurpose of procuring the at tendance the Earl of Ha p rrington.—William Gibson, perty, asNseenwte-court Crutched Friars, who was opposed 300 L, on th date of th • during Hathwaite, to whom he became security for e ground of having made away with his pro need to six months' imprisonment from the . e vesting order.--The Court will sit once a week g the holidays, to take bail for in CHARTIST DEMONSTRATION. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN- SlR—Yesterday (Sunday), one of those novel demonstrations of ChartiNm, which seem to puzzle so the admirers of the eternal-fitness-of-things-sys tem, took place in Sr. Paul's Catheural, when, as one of themselves, I am happy to say that the con duct of the vilified Chartists was in all thin', - ; un exceptionable. The appearance of the great ma jority must have proved to those who saw them, that the Chartists are not the refuse and outcasts of the community. It was true that there were some whose poverty would not permit them to make as decent an appearance as their brethren in the good cause ; but though in extreme distress, their conduct as church visitors would have become many of their church-going enemies. This event, some what remarkable in itself, is deserving of notice on another account—the conduct of the City Authorities on the occasion. There was no attempt to interfere with any person, however poor; but there was an un worthy imitation, on the part of the authorities, in their conduct, of the personification of littleness in mind as well as in body. A number of the City Policemen, from privates to inspectors, disguised, were stationed in the interior, and about the exte rior of the Cathedral, and, of course, by order of the most liberal magistracy in the land. Some of those individuals were busy in their avocation, out side the Cathedral, listening to the conversation of some persons on the present and passing events. I witnessed one instance, when a person, who was speaking to two or three others, was cautioned by some gentlemen that an inspector was standing be hind him. Sir, you,- in 3e) tiol of this will oblige, Your most obedient Servant, J. J. August 11, 1839. THE CHARTISTS- The Earl of Wilton, in the Lords, on Friday night, referring to the wicked determination of the Chartists to attend church, and also to certain placards posted at Bolton, informed the House that he was about to p-o -coed to Lancashire, where he should be glad to have Lord Melbourne's co-operation with him in preserving the peace of the county ? Lord Wilton, though residing in the immediate vici nity of Manchester, is not much known amongst us, except as a very accomplished person in the art of rid ing race•horses for a plate. We are, it seems, to have him now in a new character. Insted of seeing him in the buck-skins and top-boots, the striped silk jacket and the jockey's cap, eagerly striving to be the first at the wirldng pos`, we are to witness him as the grave but energetic Magistrate, heading a troop of dragoons, and directing the dispersion of his half starved neighbours, the weavers of Harpurhey and Middleton, met to peti tion for Parliamentary Reform. We beg leave to suggest to his lordship a more ef fectual way of putting down discontent in his own neighbourhood. He has an income ample enough, supposing he relinquishes horse-racing and other still more expensive and less defensible amusements, not only to live at Heaton as a nobleman might be expected to live, in the exercise of plain old English hospitality, but to enable him to expend many thousands a year in promoting the education and relieving the physical wants of the poor people who live in close proximity to his park walls. Let him try the experimemt but for one year, and he will do more to produce quiet than it backed in his plan of coercion by a thousand dragoons. His lordship, however, would p ro b a bl y g i ve the pre ference to the system of vigour which was acted upon from 1817 to 1821, and more emphatically on the 16th of August, 1819, when a large assem blage of men, women and children, peaceably met to pe tition for parliamentary reform, was dispersed at the point of the sword, before half a dozen words had been uttered from the hustings,—A renewal of the mode in which the law was administered in those days might also be acceptable to his lordship. Old John Knight was sentenced to one year's imprisonment on no other evi dence than that he presided at a meeting on the outskirts of which one man showed another a pistol. Henry Hunt had two years and a half's imprisonment in Ilchester jail, and on what evidence ? Some time before his arrival there had been a meeting on White Moss, at which an amateur spy of the police bad been beaten. The object was to con nect the great meeting at Manchester with that particu lar breach of the peace ; and this was effected by proof that when the people who accompanied Flunt on their way to St. Peter's Field came opposite the shop of the said amateur, they stopped and groaned. Oa this evi dence Hunt was found guilty and sentenced to that long imprisonment. There was no charge of seditious words —no charge of seditious action—but his followers had groaned at the door of a man who had been beaten, and Hunt was made responsible for the heating! This was the vigour of the law then ; and no doubt his lordship of Wilton, in conjunction with the justices Hulton and others of the day, would be glad to have it revived.—Manchester Times of Saturday. THE SACRED MONTH.—We are most happy to per ceive that the Council of the General Convention have been induced, by the information laid before them, to rescind the mad vote of that body, or rather the mad vote of a small and indiscreet section of that body— for a month's holiday, to begin on the 12th of August. The powerful address of Mr. O'Connor, printed in our last number, has, we cannot doubt, rendered much service to this purpose. We perceive that the Council have adopted the suggestion of Mr. O'Connor for a holiday of two or three days. Nothing can be more clear, to our mind, than that all the practical good which can come from a month's holiday, will c)me equally from a day's holiday. The only thing the holiday can effect is the proof of union and determination among the peo ple ; and a single day's cessation from labour will decide that. We are not of those who love double dealing. We have ever been, and we purpose to be, always, can did and sincere in what we say. It has been charged upon the Chartists, by their enemies, that under colour of a National Holiday, their object was to organise a na tional fight, to attack property, and resort at once to aggressive violence. We do not believe that any Chartist ever so meant it. If it have ever had this turn given to it, it must have been eider by some very short-sighted person, or some villanous spy. If this were indeed the meaning of the Month's Ho liday-, we should then so much the more heartily denounce it, and that for two reasons : first, because we have always denounced, and do still denounce, any resort to aggressive violence by the people. We have always maintained that the moral power of the people was irresistible otherwise than by brute force ; but we have always maintained, and we do still maintain, that if they should be illegally attacked by physical violence, they have the natural right of self-defence, which, by all laws, human and Divine, they would then be justified in exercising.—Ecrthern Star. 1~ EV YNING EDITION. CASE OF BOLAM. In passing sentence upon Bolam for manslaughter Mr. Baron Maule remarked to the prisoner—" You have been fortunate in the Jury by which you have been tried." This, however, was but a part of his good fortune, for he was fortunate also in having been tried by the same Judge who directed the acquittal of Sir John.Millbank. Indeed, when we read Mr. Baron Maule's Charge to the Jury, it seemed to us that the Learned Judge had forgotten that prisoners have now the benefit of an advocate's ingenuity and zeal in their defence, and that the Judge bad no longer to imagine that he had to perfo-m the part of counsel for the prisoner. On comparing the speech of Mr. Dundas, Bolam's advocate, with the charge of Mr. Baron Maule, the latter appears like a stronger speech on the same side. The fireman, Appleton, stated in evidence— " I went round to the front of the Arcade. The engine was pla)ing in at the windows in Manor street. In the Arcade, I saw a man named Wardle, who is since dead. He had the branch pipe belong to the Newcastle Office fire-engine. H e was di- recting the pipes towards the safes is the waiting-room. I requested him to play on the door leading into the front room From the waiting-room. I went up to the door, and pushed it open a little way, and it forced itself back. It • repelled back.' I tried it three times, and it came back the same way. After a little, I put my foot against it to force it open. One of the panels came down on my shoulder and the door opened easily." Upon this the Judge obsers:es— " According to Appleton s account, the partition door was difficult to open. It is difficult to say what inference is sought to be drawn from that fact, and probably the fact itself may be imputed rather to the imagination of Appleton, and the tendency of the mind, already referred to, to supply some little circumstance to make it suit a particular rind." The inference to be drawn from the fact is obvious enough to every mind but the Judge's. The inference is, th at Bolarn (for it could have been no other person) was behi n d t h e door resisting the entrance o f Apple ton, to gain a moment's time for the preparation of ap pearance. As to Mr. Baron Maule's remark, that Appleton's feeling the door forced back against him might have been imagination, the sama easy and arbitrary supposi tion may apply to all evidences of the senses whatever. While evidence against the prisoner is disposed of in this off-hand way, mark the large and strained allow ances for Bolam's contradictions •' It would seem that the murdered man, after having received some of the wound s which caused his death, bad endeavoured to get out of the door, and that the poker was the instrument by which the murder was committed. The prisoner states lie opened the door with his own key and l e t hi mself in, and probably, if MiLies key was then en the inside, he could not have done so—but this he may have said under a mis-recol ection, confounding his actual conduct that evening with what was his usual practice when Millie was not there." The probability was, in Mr. Baron Maule's opinion, that Bolam could not have opened the drve...--;: s : n his key, if Millie's key was then in - . .... ; ; ( j e. Why, how could he possibly have Gone so? What qu es ti o n of probabilitY e1_5.7. 1 .:1 there be upon such a point ? While on" tey is in a lock another cannot be turned in the wards, and the conjecture is most unreasonable that Bolam could have forgotten the difficulty of opening the door, and confounded an extraordinary circumstance, in so cventful a night, with the usual course of things. Finally, Mr. Baron Manic " Left it to the jury to say whether they were satis fied that Millie c ame b y hi s death through the means stated in the indictment, and whether those injuries had been inflicted by the hand of the prisoner. If they were not, or if looking at the whole matter they thought the facts proved were not sufficient to convince them one way or the other, they would acquit him. If they thought that the act was done by the prisoner, but done in the cause of a sudden unpremeditated quarrel in which blows had been given on both sides, and that in the course of a scuffle so arising the deadly weapon had been used, it would be open to them to find a verdict of manslaughter." Here was the suggestion of the verdict which the Jury found—a verdict unsupported by a particle of evidence—upon which afterwards Mr. Baron Manic ob ;erved— " The jury, in taking that view of the case, have come, I think, to a most mitigated and mild conclusion, on the conviction that they must have entertained that you had caused the death of Joseph Millie. They must have thought that you did this act under some sudden excitement in the course of some sudden quar rel which had arisen betweon you. You say you are innocent. I cannot act on that declaration, hut upon the verdict of the jury, from which I cannot say I dis sent. They have fonnd you guilty. of manslaughter, and if that alternative bad not been presented to them their verdict probably would have been wilful murder. You have been fortunate in the jury by which you have been tried, who, convinced that you were concerned in this man's death, have been able to take this view of your conduct." The Judge, while he approves of this verdict, thus admits that it is not the verdict which might have been given according to the evidence. Had there not been the alternative of manslaughter, he says the Jury would probably have found wilful murder. They had thus, in the Judge's opinion, sufficient evi. dente for a verdict of wilful murder—or the evi dence was stronger for a verdict of murder than for a verdict of acquittal ; but, haring the choice of another verdict, involving a lighter degree of punishment, the Jury preferred it as a compromise. The verdict is not,. then, founded on any belief of the special circumstances which would justify it, but is taken as a mean between the fear of subjecting an innocent man to the punish ment of death and the fear of letting an assassin escape. In such a mean truth and justice have obviously no place. The prisoner was entitled to an acquittal if the evidence failed, or truth and justice required his con viction if the evidence were sufficient. The mitigated conclusion upon which Mr. Baron Maule complimented the Jury is not within their province. Their business is with facts. The powers of mitigation and mercy are vested in another quarter. The practice upon which we are commenting, of find ing a milder verdict in cases of doubt as to guilt, owes its origin to the severities of the law, and the current stories of Juries which have acquitted prisoners of sheep stealing, but declared them guilty of robbing hen-roosts. and other such pleasantries, are the exaggerated illus trations of the error. It is to be observed that Mr. Baron Maule's charge was a charge for an acquittal, discrediting all the cir cumstantial evidence tending to the conclusion that Bolam killed Millie. How then, consistently with this charge, does he approve of the verdict of manslaughter, and sentence the prisoner to the full punishment ? The effect of the charge was this, there is no good evidence to go upon against the prisoner, but if you will ?onvict him without sufficient evidence, convict him of manslaughter withont any evidence whatever, rather than of murder upon slight evidence. _ _ But, after this charge and the precedent of this ye:- dct, the question is, what is murder ? If a man be crafty enough not to discover the malice which he has conceived against another, it appears that he may kill without incurring the penalty of murder. To kill impromptu, it seems, is not murder in the eye of the law—at least not in that eye of the law which is set in the head of Mr. Baron Maule. Yet upon this point there is some doubt. Merchant, for example, was hung for the murder of the girl Paynton, though they had been apparently as good friends as Bolam and Millie up to a p,eriod but an hour before the.murder. Greenacre was on amicable terms with his victim up to a short time before the crime, and he in vain pleaded the sudden quarrel and the unlucky blow. Why, then, is so much to be supposed in one case and not in others ? The lesson to be drawn from Mr. Baron Maule's charge, by persons disposed to be assassins, is, that when they conceive deadly malice against any one, all that they have to do to avoid hanging is not to dis cover their and to keep up appearances of friendship till the opportunity occurs of taking the life —upon which event, unaccountable because of such show of amity, all appearances will be most favourably construed, and, in the worst turn of things, manslaugh ter the sentence, and transportation the penalty. In the case of Bolam the fact has not been at all ad verted to, that, if he was guilty of manslaughter, he was guilty of the arson also.—Examiner. s UN, LONDON, MON DA V, AU GrST 12, 1835, THE IFURKIsH EMPIRE. Extracts from " The Present State of the Turkish Empire," by Marshal Marmont, Duke of Ragusa, &c. CONSTANTINOPLE. " The appearance of the Bosphorus, from its entrance to Constantinople, is beautiful beyond the power of imagination to conceive, and we are led to believe that we have reached the capital of the world ; but this bright illusion quickly vanishes, and then an afflicting picture meets the eye in all directions. For we find the population in a state of wretchedness ; the houses small and built of wood ; the streets pestiferous, ill.formed, and narrow ; the numerous coffee houses filled with idlers ; all the intervals between the quarters occupied by tombs ; and animals disgusting in appearance, and without an owner, seemingly in undis turbed possession of the place." MAIIMOUD ON HIS WAy TO MOSQUE. He embarks in a boat superbly gilt and manned by twenty•eight rowers, who are beautifully dressed. It is followed by another equally handsome, and the poop of each is covered by a magnificent crimson canopy. "On quitting the shore, the Sultan is saluted by the whole of the fleet, each ship of war firing twenty one guns. " When dynasties are falling, etiquette becomes the substitute for power ; human nature, always inclined to shrink from the confession of its real weakness, clings to the external signs of strength when the reality has ceased ; and monarchs are disposed to seek for homage, when they can no longer show their greatness by thei r noble acts. " At the period of the lower Empire this same country presented such another picture. • " The boats passed through the water with the swift ness of an arrow, and as if by magic reached the shore to which they steered. The Sultan disembarked and entered the mosque ; but being then at two great dis tance to see him distinctly, I placed myself in a suitable position for observing him on his return. " A part of one of the cavalry regiments of the guards, dismounted, was drawn up in line in front of the mosque. and a numerous body of officers, of an irregular appearance, had assembled on the spot. " After remaining about twenty minutes in the mosque, the Sultan quitted it, and mounted his horse. Although he has neither dignity in his manner, nor ex pression in his countenance, still he is handsome ; and notwithstanding his features are strongly marked, yet there is not that appearance of harshness in them I had been led to expect. " Being informed of my presence, he looked at me several times with much attention. " His retinue consisted of several Generals, among whom were the Seraskier, the Capudan Paella, and Halil-Pacha, the Sultan's son-in-law. According to custom, perfumes were burnt before him." INTERVIEW WITH THE LATE SULTAN MAHMOUD. " The Sultan having desired that I should be sum moned to his presence, I ascended to the first floor, where the state apartments are &tuatcd, and after passing through three halls, was ushered into a room on the right hand, where I found his Highness sitting on a couch. I was placed opposite to him, in the midst of seven or eight of his chief Paellas, those of inferior rank remaining near the entrance. Having told the Sultan that I considered myself most fortunate in being ad mitted to an audience of a Prince whose great actions had so distinguished him in Europe, be replied, that he had heard me spoken of and was glad to make my acquaintance. The Seraskier then stated, that we were old friends, and, on my confirming this, I found he had previously spoken to the Sultan of our former good understanding. His High ness having inquired my opinion of his troops, I felt that the question was embarrassing, but extricating myself with the best grace in my power, and avoiding in my reply either much departure from the truth or any offensive observation, I hastened to pass some sincere and well merited eulogiums on the crew of the Admiral's ship. I added, that I should be much gratified in seeing the school of the guards, which Namik Pacha had pro mised to show me, and seized that opportunity to im press upon the Sultan the great importance of well organized and well-conducted schools, and the influence they might exercise over the fate of hi s new army He observed that there were already other schools, and that he should establish still more I" The Sultan adverting to the great number of years that had elapsed since my name had first been heard of in Europe, I observed to him that I was in ' de bte d for this melancholy advantage to two causes, in ' I the first place to my being an old man, and secondly, to my having in very early life emerged fr by a series of fortun. , , : . that when 1 , ~.. .... .., circumstances, so . on , ".aty-tour years of age, I had attained the rank of general officer. Having invited me to inspect the `,',".7. Itc.; crowd, 1 cavalry regiment quart ere d a t C oucou l es , and to be present at the maoceuvres it would perform, the Grand Signor diSmissed me in the kindest manner, saying that every thing would be shown to me that I desired to see at Constantinople. In withdrawing I was accom panied by persons of the highest rank, and in particular by Halil-Pacha, the son•in-law of Mahmoud, who pro fessed a great regard for me." THE REFORMS OF THE LATE SULTAN AND THEIR TENDENCY. " Their fame has resounded throughout Europe, and it has been thought that the Sultan has created a new order of things, and commenced 'an era of civilization in Turkey, whereas in reality, little more has been effected than the destruction of the Janissaries, and the esta blishment of the new military force. The former was an useful and important act, for which the Sultan id deserving of the highest praise ; but the troops by which the Janissaries have been replaced, are far from realiz ing the hopes that were conceived of them and as to the boasted reforms, they bear only on matters of a frivolous nature, such as the change of titles or of dress. Thus the turban has been proscribed ; the Reis-Ef fendi has changed his name to that of Minister for Fo reign Affairs ;' the power of the Grand Vizier has been curtailed ; the extent of some of the provinces altered ; and the army is recruited by conscription, according to the arbitrary will of the Paellas. • • " The great Timars' or Fiefs, which existed in Asia, and were wisely governed, furnished the Empire, in time of war, with twenty thousand good cavalry ; but the Sultan -has destroyed these fiefs, and as his agents cannot exercise over the population the same degree 131 authority that the original owners possessed, he neither receives troops nor money from these districts, which are a prey to disorder. Everything, in short, exhibits weakness, and the elements ef dissolution are spreading in all directions. A remarkable change has taken place in the cha racter of the Turks, who, instead of the profound respect and veneration which they formerly entertained for the blood of Othman, feel a sentiment of estrange. ment for the Sovereign who frequently forgets the prin ciples of the Koran ; imitates the customs of the Chris tians, and attempts to force their institutions on his people. Their fanaticism, once a powerful bond of union, has been subdued, and as they have no privileged classes of society, or hereditary distinctions, the sever ing, or even loosening of the ties which they acknow ledged, leaves to them only separate interests, without moral power, or real force. 0 The Turk is guileless, honest, and truth-speaking, but proud, ignorant, and . apathetic. These peculiari ties have undergone no alteration, because there is scarcely any impulse capable of rousing him. The sensual enjoyments he derives from repose, his pipe, or from the pleasures of the harem, and the regular per formance of the prescribed prayers, constitute his only occupation and excitement. His mind, naturally of a law standard, would require the most powerful stimu ants to bring it into action ; but such an existence as we have described, the insipidity of which causes both discouragement and disgust, must produce a state of ' lethargic stupor and inanity, pervading the entire nation. The only important result of the changes that have taken place is a softening of the national manners." AN ARAE GUIDE. " Throughout this day's journey we were under the guidance of a young Arab, named Dyes, whom we engaged at Sassayack, a miserable village at the top of Anti-Libanus, and about two leagues distance from Baalbeck. He was a Christian of the Greek Church ; of a kind and lively disposition, finely proportioned, and very active. Like the rest of his nation, he had a strong affection for his horse, and he possessed a degree of practical philosophy which rendered him compara tively indifferent to the course of passing events ; and, regardless of the future, he contented himself with en joying the present, and recollecting the pleasures of the past. His fervid imagination, constantly excited by the charms of a beautiful climate, sweetened his life, and created an imaginary existence far surpassing any reality. 'I his man was such as eastern tales depict the Arab, winning upon those whom he desires to p'easc by his simplicity, and by the truth and guile lessness of his character, and exciting their astonish ment by his natural enthusiasm for everything that is magnanimous in sentiment, or beautiful in nature. I derived great pleasure from conversing with this young man ; his observations always bore the stamp of sound judgment, and showed that he possessed a feeling and generous soul. basked him if he were married, and he replied in the negative, but added that he had a beau tiful mistress ; and on my inquiring if he would defend her against those who might try to tear her from him, he exclaimed, with a degree of energy and feeling that I shall never forget, ' Against ten would I defend her, and even until death, if she be faithful to me ; but not against a single arm, or even for a single moment, if I could suspect her to be false.' What a noble sentiment to spring from this simple-hcaited, but right-minded youth !" ANTI-CORN-LAW LEAGUE. From No. 9 of the Anti• Corn-law Circular, pub lished this week, we learn that the standard of repeal has been fairly unfurled in Scotland, and that multi tudes of its intelligent and determined people are rally ing round it. In Glasgow an extensive Anti-Corn-law Association has long existed, which we believe owes much to our friend Mr. Weir, late editor of the Glas gow- Argus. Now that he has left that city we trust that his quondam fellow -townsmen will cherish the noble spirit of enthusiasm in this righteous cause of which he set so brilliant an example. In Edinburgh an associa tion, embracing manyof the leading names of the city, has just been formed ; and in Aberdeen, Dundee, and other important towns of Scotland, similar organization with a view to co-operation with the " League," is rapidly going on. The present alarming state of things, arising from the scanty harvest of 1838, and the fear of a simi lar calamity in the current year, is forcing open the eyes of the public to the enormous evils inflicted on the community by the foolish and iniquitous corn laws. Not only among the lower classes, but upwards through every grade of society, the question is assuming an ex tensively practical character, and men, from being mere speculators and talkers on the subject, are beginning to feel and to act. The press teems with forcible reason ings and impassioned denunciations against the Bread Tax. In almost every discussion in regard to the con dition of the people, both in and out of Parliament, whether education, police, poor-laws, or factory-laws, we find the important bearings of the corn-laws taken into account ; and every thing indicates an advance of public opinion on the subject which must act powerfully on the Legislature in the next simultaneous national effort for the destruction of the odious monopoly. Along with these symptoms there is an ominous silence on the part of the monopolists, from which their consciousness of the indefensibility of their cause is fairly to be infer red. For these important results we are deeply indebted to the Anti-Corn-law League, which, by means of its lecturers and its valuable circular, has been of in calculable service in diffusing information and concen trating public attention upon the subject. The present number of the Circular contains " A Voice from Scot- _ ;and," which is a continuation of an article that ap peared in the last number, and the object is, by selec tions from the evidence given before the Parliamentary committee of 1836, on agricu!tural distress, to show the comparatively healthy and prosperous condition of the landed and farming interests in Scotland, which bus resulted from their improved system of management in that country. The writer argues from the evidence adduced, that where the landlords and farmers of Eng- land t a o n d p i u l a t v their e s h , o t u h l e d y e r s in t i gohtthsoeonwhreeleile v e a s a i t h p o a s r e t of s from their perplexities by rendering the Corn-laws a dead letter, through the diminished price which would result from the increased amount of production. The number contains a second brief article in vindication of the course adopted by the League, in demanding total and immediate repeal in preference to any compromise ; also a Corn-law Hymn, by Ebenezer Elliot, with original music, notices of the lecturers, and several short articles which we need not enumerate, one of which we have quoted in our last page.--illatichester Times. THE POLICE OF MANCHESTER.—Lord John Russell has introduced a bill, similar to the one in pro gress for Birmingham, to take the management of the f g o l r y the Tories re police force of Manc hester out of the hands of the corpo ration and of the poli ce commissioners, and pulnafcaevoiutr,abtillel the dispute betwee n these two bodies b e sett l e d i n t h e courts, in the hands o f government. We are at present certainly raiptn p eag l y a tc c ti ail e sen d e np orr i e n ta st cebai e via legallyetvi situation iocnd o bfyt ch t e e) hl xlpeececeateeceodedr oration, and the The plain and straightforward remedy would have beer, to have passed a short declaratory act that the new corporation should have the same power of rating as the old. But this mode of proceeding is unpalatable to Sir Robert Peel and the Tories in both houses ; and Lord John, in obedience to their dictation, has recourse to a temporary bill which wia give to the present government a poorer over our police, and will lead the way to the establishmen`, by his Tory st s cessor, Sir Robert, of his much-loved system of centrali sation. A B LIND Jeßoll.—ln the course of an inquest held before Mr. Waklcy, on Friday, on the names of the Jury being called over it was discovered that one of them was totally blind, and when Mr. Bell, the Coroner's clerk, remonstrated with Tiffin, the summoning officer of the dis trict, for making such a selection, the latter replied tint the coroner had ordered him to pay no respect to persons ; but summon the rate-payers indiscriminately. In accord ance with that order he had summoned the gentleman in question, without reference to his being blind, and added he, " I see no reason why a blind roan should not be ena bled to hear evidence as well as his brother jurors who have their eyesight." The Coroner said the logic of the beadle was very good, so far as it went, but he should recollect that the oath of a juror expressed, in language not to be misunderstood , " of whose b ody you shall ha v e the view." The summoning officer immediately had his eyes opened by this quotation , and another juror was in stalled in the place of the blind one. PROTEST AGAINST LORD BROUGHAM'S RESOLUTIONS. Ist—Because the two last resolutions contain ab stract propositions relating to the principles on which a poWer, vested by the Constitution in the Crown, should hereafter be exercised. And, although it be the, undoubted privilege of the hereditary advisers of the Crown humbly to suggest to the Throne the excl.- 'else of such Royal. j prerogative in s p ec i a l cases , w h ere according to their judgment such exercise is necessary or expedient, as well as on the other hand to offer their advice against any exercise thereof w hi c h appears to them hazardous or injurious to the public interests, yet we are not aware that it has been usual, or can be con stitutional, or becoming in this House, spontaneously and unnecessarily to lay down certain abstract rules for the guidance of the Crown in the use of powers which are placed by the Constitution at its discretion, and the proper exercise of which may depend upon circum stances which it is impossible for us to foresee. Such proceedings must have a tendency to fette r th e prerogative and limit the discretion which the law has intrusted to the Prince and his responsible Ministers, and the impropriety of such a course appears more manifest, inasmuch as it is calculated to give counte nance to a suspicion that the Lords of Parliament, not contented with the high functions assigned to them by he Constitution of the country, are desirous of ob iiining a share in other prerogatives which it has placed elsewhere, though it has subjected the exercise of them to responsibility. Idly,—Because the power of pardon, which Mr. Justice Blackstone emphatically describes to be " the most personal and the most his own" # of all the pregogatives of the King, —appears to us the last which can invite or justify the interposition of one House of Parliament with new regulations and restric :ions on its exercise. The obligation attempted to be imposed by these re solutions, namely, the necessity of previous consultation with the Judge, would in many possible and some not improbable instances be at variance both with the theory on which the prerogative of mercy is preserved in our Constitution, and with the duties which the judicial cha racter supposes in our Judges. The best writers on the principles of general law, as well as the ablest commen tators on our own, have justified the prerogative of mercy, inherent in the Crown, on the acknowledged maxim that " The power of judging and pardoning a criminal should never centre in one and the same per son."t Yet the practical effect, if any, of these resolu tions, would be virtually to transfer from the Prince and his responsible advisers, to the Judge who tried, the power of pardoning the criminals be had condemned, thereby, on the strong language of the above cited au thorities, " obliging to contradict himself, to make and unmake his decisions, tending to confound all ideas of right among the mass of the people, and rendering it difficult to tell whether a prisoner was discharged for his innocence, or pardoned through favour or compas sion.l 3dly,—Because, although a Judge can unquestion ably afford the best and most satisfactory testimony to all the circumstances of doubt or extenuation which have appeared on the trial, and consequently should, wherever mercy is extended on such considerations, be previously informed and chicly consulted, yet we apprehend that there are many and strong motives to mercy, moral, prudential, and political, on which persons officially intrusted with the strict interpreta tion and application of the law are far from being the most competent judges or the safest advisers. Set , vices rendered by the prisoner before or subsequent to trial, discoveries and disclosures of past delinquen cies, or of designs actually on foot, proofs and con sequences of his entire and sincere repentance, toge ther with various other reasons of state and policy, may all furnish legitimate grounds for the exercise of mercy as long as our Constitution preserves inviolate to the Crown that Godlike attribute, and yet the considera tion of such circumstances are surely peculiarly un fitted, and perhaps even unwholesome, for minds en gaged in the stern and impartial discharge of the duties required in a Criminal Judge. (Signed) VASSAL HOLLAND. Hudson (Falkland). Minto. Barham. Foley. Stanley of Alderley. Mostyn. De Mauley. Nethuen. Duncannon. Colborne. Lurgan. Fitzwilliam. Stuart of Decies. - Ilatherton. Clarendon. Albemarle. Plunkett. Sundridge (Argyll). Seaford. Montfort. Fingall. Lilford. Dinorben. Lovelace. Gosford. Clements (Leitrim). Blackstone, Vol. IV., Commentaries. It is termed by other great legal authorities, " One of the most distin guishing features of a monarch ; and elsewhere, " The most amiable prerogative of the Crown, and inseparably in eiden t to it. 1- Blackstone, Vol. IV. f President Montesquieu on Blackstone, Vol. IV. MANUFACTURE OF CIGARS, AT HAVANA. I must now come to One . of the most important sub jects which Havana presents to a philosophical foreigner, namely, the manufacture of cigars. In spite of the great increase of their great consumption in England, it is surprising how little is known about them, and what errors prevail regarding them. It is generally believed, that one has nothing else to do than to go to Havana, and that the best cigars can be found in every quarter : this is a great mistake, and I have no hesitation in saying, that those of the English gentry who can afford to pay a good price to the hest dealers in London and Liverpool, smoke better cigars than the average of the inhabitants of this city. The reason is so obvious, the demand is so great, that no manufacturer can keep a stock by him ; they are sold as soon as made, and are generally smoked quite green and raw, whereas they should be made, at least, two or three months before they are used. However, I do not think that the very finest qualities go to Europe, and for the very simple reason, that they are not fashionable : they are generally dark coloured, and the public, in the old world, prefers a lighter coloured, smoothly rolled cigar, to the strong and highly coloured rough looking ones, which are most held in estimation among the Havenese. Indeed, some of the best which I ever tasted in my life were given me by an English gentleman, who had sent them to a friend in Liverpool, and they were returned, as being too coarse and ugly! The voyage twice across the Atlantic had ripened them, and they were the most per fect vade-mecum imaginable for the meditative philo sopher. The greatest manufacturers are Cabanas, Hernandez, (known to the smoking world under the nom de guerre of Dos Amigos,) Silva, and Reneureuil, who exports chiefly to Holland and France ; but, be sides these, there are hundreds of manufacturers who make from ten to one thousand per day. The cigar is composed of two distinct parts, called here the " tri pas," or inside," and the " capa," or " cover ;" for these, two different kinds of leaves are used, of which the latter is generally finer in texture as well as more pliant. Those leaves which are to be made upon Tuesday are damped on Monday evening, and allowed to remain so all night, and when rolled, they are placed on a large table, where they are divided into the various qualities of first, second, third, &c., and priced accordingly. Those which are most carefully and beautifully rolled are called " regalias," and are sold at twenty-two, twenty three, or twenty-six dollars a thousand, while the second best, which are of the very same tobacco, and made by the same . man, (only with a little less attention to sym metry of form), are sold at fourteen dollars ; others, again, at twelve dollars, and some as low as six dollars ; these last do not find their way to England, as the duty would amouct to more than the prime cost. D. Her nandez (Dos Amigos) employs about fifty men in his manufactory. Of the best common cigars a good work man can make a thousand in a day, of the regalias six hundred, so that the daily issues from this immense pbrica are about thirty thousand cigars, which, at four teen dollars per thousand, would give nearly 1001. a day. They pay an export duty of half a dollar per thousand, and an import in England of nine shillings. Allowing for freight and insurance, twenty per cent. profit to the importer, 'and twenty to the retailer, the best Havana cigars should be sold in London at 51. per thousand, which is 18s. per lb., or about 1-4-d. a piece, instead of which they are generally charged 30s. to 4Cs , and some times 60s. per lb., and from 3d. to 6d. a-piece.—The Hon. C. A. Murray's Travels in North America. LATE MR. CIIADBORN, OF GLOUCESTER.— Some evidence was given on the inquest to show a singularity of conduct on the previous evening ; and the jury, under the direction of the Coroner, immediately re turned a verdict of " Temporary insanity." The deceased was between fifty and sixty years of age. He had attended Divine service at the Cathedral on Sunday morning last, when the Sheriff's Chaplain preached before the Judges of Assize. The text was, " We must all appear before the judgment seat of Christ :" and the deceased is said to have been observed to shed tears during the sermon, and to have been much affected. He was a married man, and has left a widow and two married daughters to de plore his untimely end. He is said to have taken leave of his wife on the previous evening in an unusually affectionate manner. Some letters written on the previous evening, and sealed with black wax, were found directed to sonic of his friends. Their contents did not transpire at the inquest, but it is thought they may throw some light upon the circumstances which led to this deplorable event. Various rumours have been circulated, as might be expected, as to the cause of Mr. Chadborn's dis tressing and untimely end, which it is needless and perhaps scarcely proper to particularise. All, however, concur in the belief that the anxiety and turmoil, and perhaps in some measure the disappointment experienced by him in refe rence to the late Mr. Wood's will, added to some family affliction, materially injured his health and depressed his spirits ; and it is well known, that from the situation in which he stood with reference to the will, his attention has been almost wholly engrossed with the proceedings conse quent upon its disputed validity, and that he has scarcely passed a tranquil_hour since the decease of his celebrated and miserly testator.- MUTUAL ADVANCEMENT. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Sir—l beg to call your attention to a Society which has been formed in this city under the title of the • United Advancement Society, the obj ect of which you will find stated in the Stamford Mercury which has been forwarded to you. In a few days upwards of three hundred of the working classes have become members. The interest which you take in any plan which may have a tendency to raise the condition of the labouring population (of which 1 am one), will I doubt not prompt you to give publicity to this as well as the remarks in the respectable journal 1 have named. That the industrious classes are suffering from the errors of bad legislation, and that the difficulties which they have now to contend against will increase from the competition of neighbouring nations—if a free seope be not permitted to our commercial enterprise, is felt by all who look at our position dispassionately. That our governmental evils are pressing with undue weight on every artizan, can never be denied, so long as that incubus, the corn monopoly, is permitted to exist. These will never be removed, until the people possess a controlling power, We want a cheap and efficient government—one that will husband the resources of the nation. But what will so readily obtain this, as examples of personal pru dence and economy among o u rse l ves ? This it is, and this only, that will sh a me o u r r u l ers f rom their present profligate expenditure nay, it w ill d o m o re, it will place us inaposition to demand such a ch a nge. No thing is striking so severe a blow at the independence of the masses, as their poverty—their poverty and con sequent want of intelligence has been the' - plea for with holding from them the franchise, and it is poverty which is the apology for the many abandonments of principle which we witness in those who possess it. Great as are the burthens which press on us and which are likely to continue—yet, in dispite of them, our condition may be much improved—it can be done by ourselves if we will resolutely unite for such a purpose—we need no assist ance but our own to obtain it. Those who have been and who are now exerting themselves to check the abuses to which we are subjected, and whose energies are directed to obtaining for us a sharer the repro senta' ion, deserve our best thanks—but these even if obtained will not cure the social evils from which we suffer most—these can be remedied only by our• selves. The plan which we have adopted is a very simple one—it is merely the contribution of sixpence weekly by each member, which, it is confidently be lieved the working classes and others can spare from that which is spent needlessly, and in many cases worse than needlessly. By this subscription a fund is to be raised, and invested in the most profitable manner ; thus, you will find, that in any town where five hundred can be induced to unite, the first year will produce a fund of 65U—if the number continue, the second year will give them 1,300/., besides interest—so that, in the space of two years, is a sum collected by which a few acres of land may be purchased ; and in another year or two their means vi ill permit them to build on this land—or, if thought more advisable. extend their estate ; thus these trifling savings give us what we hear so much babble about, " a stake in the country.' We become landed proprietors. See the result in a few years, if the money is properly spent. If only 5 per cent, is obtained in ten years, there is a capital of near 8,000/. ; in twenty years, 23,500/. ; but if 10 per cent. is got, which is not too much to anticipate, in ten years, the property would amount to near 10,000/., in twenty to near 38,0001., and after this period the accumulation is immense. If, then, a small locality could produce such a result, see what might be done by its adoption by the indus trious class throughout the kingdom. Suppose six millions were thus to unite their sixpences, the result would be an annual fund of near eight million pounds. It requires no stretch of the imagination to see the change which this would work in a few years in our con dition, both politically and socially. These sixpences, which seen alone, look so contemp tible, would in much less than half a century, if properly invested, amount to a greater sum than that source of so many evils—the National Debt. Now look at the personal shares—and one feature of the plan is, that we shall be able to draw out our deposits at any period. Our sixpences, with a profit of 5 per cent., will amount in 20 years to 441. ; in 30 years, 88/. ; in 40 years, 160/. At 10 per cent. for 20 years, 75/. ; in 30, 2151; 40,. 580/. ; in 65 years to upwards of 6,0001. Of course a man and wife both contributing for 30 years, will have at their disposal 430/. There is this advantage in a man and wife and others of the family entering, if they can spare the amount, that in the event of illness, want of employ, or badness of trade, the share of one might be drawn out for their wants, and leave the others un touched. Thus in a few years would be dispelled all fear of po ,- rty, all dread of future want, from the minds of such communities —they would no longer be the slaves of others, but on all occasions be the representatives of their own opinions. These are no mean advantages, and such as you, and any liberal-minded man, would be anxious to see realised. Your insertion of this will oblige, ONE OF THE WORKING CLASSES. Lincoln,27th July, 1839. On this subject the Stamftrii Mercury says— The plan for ameliorating the condition of the workin g classes by forming a Mutual Advancement So ciety has been very actively taken up in Lincoln, all parties praiseworthily co-operating to establish and give it stability. The working classes themselves embrace the scheme with great eagerness. The roll of the So ciety already numbers 250, so that now to harbour a fear of the Society's proving ephemeral would be folly. The advantages to be derived from a number of indi viduals throwing their small weekly savings together are so manifest as to need no recapitulation. But this So ciety promises advantages far superior to those the members of which on secession are entitled only to their amount of savings, and a small per centage thereon : the capital, when sufficient is accumulated, is to be embarked in a series of safe end profitable undertakings. Thus, frequently recurring profits may be realised, and these added to the capital will in a few years so swell the bulk as to enable the Society to make investments yielding a large rate of interest. By this plan each person's share would in ten years perhaps treble the sum due to him had he put out his savings at 5 per cent. interest. .Meetings on Friday and Monday nights last were held at the Guildhall on the subject. One very gratifying feature of these meetings was, that all per sons present—Radicals, Whigs and Tories—cheerfully united for the common interest. Party prejudice and spleen, in whatever institution they find vent, are sure to disorganise and destroy it : throwing aside political feeling, all on the above occasions acted zealously and in unison to promote the desired object. At the meet ing on Friday night, after a long and able discussion and explication of the object in view, the society, with the concurrence of all present, was organized, and Mon day night was fixed for passing the rules. On that night the rules were read singly and after receiving several emendations, met with unanimous concurrence. An interesting debate took place as to what should be the limitation in the amount of each member's weekly deposit —some were for adhering to the first proposed plan of Gd. each, but as this threw the single man very low in the scale compared with the married man, it was stur dily opposed. Various amendments were submitted : one for extending the shares to 2s. Gd. each : this was met with a double plea : it did not obviate the former objection, and would be courting the middling classes to make deposits, so that the Society would not, in fact, be a poor man's Society. To the last plea much was urged in replication, and ultimately the rejoinder wasjput in its real bearing. The question resolved itself into the simplest of all trading principles—whether the person commencing with a small or the one with a large capital traded more advantageously ? Finally a plan was struck out which conciliated all parties—namely, that single persons be allowed to hold five sixpenny shares, and a married person (either the husband or wife) the same number ; and if the family exceed five, then an additional share for each member above the fifth. Up wards of two dozen persons joined in this debate ; and the temperate manner in which it was conducted was exceedingly gratifying. Thursday was then appointed for choosing the different officers, and the meeting broke up. On Saturday, at two o'clock, an inquest was held at the Red Lion Tavern, Greenwich, on the body of Mrs. Marder, whose husband is a retired brewer in the Albany-road, Old Kent-road. The deceased, it appeared, had accompanied her husband on Friday to Greenwich, on a visit to a lady, but not wishing to disturb her at the din ner hour, they went into a public house and ordered a few oysters. When in the act of swallowing the first one, her eyes all of a sudden protruded, and she seized hold o f her husbsnd's arm, and pointed to her throat. She expired in five minutes afterwards. Mr. Relate, surgeon, et' Green- wich, who attended her, stated that the cause of the oyster choking her was the exceeding smallness of the passage of her throat, which was not a fourth part the usual size. The oyster had stopped up the air, and by that means caused death. Verdict—" Suffocated in attempting to swallow an oyster." On Saturday CORONER'S INQUEST.-- an In quest was held before M r. Wakley, M. P., at the Plough inn, Harrow-road, Kensal-green, on view of the body of Mr. James Taylor, aged sixty-three years, who was killed under the following circumstances: —It appeared from the evidence that the deceased gentlema.n, who was connected with the house of Messrs. Williams and Harper, of Upper Thames street , re sided at Wentworth, in Dorset s hi re •h% r bad lately come on a visit to his son at R'ckmauswortb, and .1 in r h o e w n n the u deceased, th e vLh i e w l ' e li:o on Monday morning la-t, wishing to come to town, his, son lent him his gig, and his groom to attend on hintOn the weighed i o: c id nt t y li . the horse s s te e ne sb , Y w e a d s ' immediately picked up in a state of insensibilityHe was and carried into the inn, where he was bled by NI Mr. Rymer, a surgeon's and on the arrival of his son, , Sir Astley Cooper was also se nt for. It was found, however,i to be a hopeless case, and the deceased expired on Thursday morning. Subsequently m a post morte examination was entered into by Sr Astley Cooper, when five of the vessels of the were heartfound to be ruptured. In the bladder were also found one hundred and ninety stones, some of which were as large as a bean. Deceased was f per ectly sober. Verdict—Accidental i Death. EVENING )d:DIT I ON. THE POLES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SIR-You will not wonder that the Poles " op: pressed with wrongs, and therefore full of fears, ' should feel more than ordinary pain, whenever their character and their fair name, now unhappily the only thing left them, are exposed to an unmerited and uncalled for attack. The invidious remark, therefore, made by Mr. Francis Baring in the House of Commons on Wednesday last, with respect to the Polish refugees, must have inflicted on their hearts a very deep wound, as, on the other side, it cannot fail to draw reprobation from every generous mind in England. On that day Mr. O'Conn,:•1 1 called the attention of Government to the grievances of some of the Poles, who have been most arbitrariij' deprived by their Paymaster of their share in the Parliamentary grant. Some of them relying upon the liberty given them, and never questioned before, to absent themselves from England for the benefit of their health or for the sake of seeing their families, went abroad for a few weeks, and found on their return their monthly allowances stopped, in conse quence of an order of the Lords of the Treasury (which enacts that the Poles, who go abroad, shall. forfeit henceforth their claim to the subsidy during their absence) —an order, be it observed, of which they have not been aware before their departure, and which even has been issued after their return to this country, and after their having made a formal application for the arrears. One individual has been suffered by the Paymaster to wander in the streets homeless and penniless, or to subsist upon the charity of his own countrymen, for the space of seven months, only because his pri vations and his sufferings brought on him that state of madness in which he, formerly a stu dent at the University of Warsaw and a well-edu cated man, is unable, horresco refereizs, to sign his own name. To such charges brought by the Hon. • and Learned Member for Dublin, for whose mani fold services the Poles cannot be sufficiently grate ful, Mr. Francis Baring, said, that he knew enough cyrthese parties (he meant of course the Poles in general) to pause before he credited any statement coming . fi - om them. Now, Sir, I shall not stop remark ii upon g ,u, h i t c he ungenerous only could and dictate suchist i a ann l t i o kefee expression ; neither shall I advert to the injus tice of casting reflections, without adduc ing sufficient proofs, upon a body, of whom I aver it most solemnly, Mr. Baring does not know anything except through the Paymaster, who has from the first rendered himself obnoxious to the exiles by his unkind, overbearing, and arbitrary proceed ings, and to the offensive u nfairness of throwing a doubt upon statements attested by Lord Dudley Stuart and the Literary Association of the Friends of Poland, composed as it is of men of the highest standing, character, and talent in this country. This I shall leave to others. My only object in view is to contrast the spied in which Mr. Baring's remarks were conceived, with that which manifests itself among the representa tives of the French people, whenever the question of subsidy to the Poles comes on before them. It is known that this year the French Cham bers have voted again the sum of one hundred thousand pourd3 fur the Polish exiles, and even in consequence of their tried and most praise worthy conduct, have freed them from some re strictive measures formerly rendered necessary by the unsettled state of the internal affairs in France. On that occasion the Committee appointed by both Chambers have presented reports most flattering to the Poles. I quote, in preference, that made by the Peers, as a body less calculated to indulge in exaggerated statements or enthusiastic expres sions.y On the Sth of last July, Count d Har court, the reporter of a Committee, composed of the Dukes of Caraman and De Crillon,—Counts -de Jean, d'Haudenarde, and d'Harcourt, and Messrs. Cousin and B e llmare,—presented a re port, of which, as officially printed in the Moni teur of July 9, 1539, I beg to quote the following extracts : France has always thought it its duty to give shelter to political refugees, amongst whom the. Poles have at all times excited our liveliest in terest. Their long misfortunes, their unalterable attachment to France in the hour of danger and calamity, have secured to them our warmest friend ship. There does not pass a year, without the reprsesentatives of the nation in both Cham bers endeavour to soften the hardship of their situation with at least a few friendly expressions of sympathy. Even the Government itself has manifestations of national feeling s, And in the discussions brought on by that subject, it stated I always, that in its foreign relations it never forgot to call urgingly for a faithful execution of treaties, which have secured to Poland a political existence. Yet the Government could not fail in guarding the country against the consequences which might flow from hospitality offered to so great a number of persons. The refugees, oppressed with misfor tune, irritated by constant calamities, coming to a foreign country without any knowledge of its lan guage and its laws, were naturally subject to be easily misled and to yield to many errors." " Amidst our internal dissensions it was to be feared lest the refugees should become instrum ents of the disaffected. We were obliged, therefore, to be careful and vigilant. Thence the restrictive laws enacted in 1832 aid 1834. It is, however, a subject for co ngratulation that experience has shown that the severity of those laws has become super fluous, and the necessity which commanded their enactment has now disappeared. " The Reports of the Administration clearly show that for a long time no emigrant had taken share in our civil contests ; that one half of the refugees devote themselves to different kinds of industry, that almost all those who arc able to work are pursuing most diligently their industrious avoca tions. Thus, that brave nation which has fought with us on so many battle-fields, comes also to enrich our soil with their labour. " France, gentlemEn, has been always, a country of hospitality. But nothing can be more cal culated to give a still nobler character than the manner in which it is dealt out, than considerations, owned and strictly kept in view, lest the delicacy of men bending under misfortune should be offended—considerations so well under stood by all generous minds, and without which all benevolence becomes but a humiliation.' t h a t trust, Sir, that this piece of advice, t h a t this example of truly generous feelings, shall not be lost on Mr. Baring, mid all those who, because they have been most reluc tant, and onl y obliged by the humane and liberal spirit of the British nation, to afford relief to patriots, victims of unparalleled tyranny, are now trying , by ever y unfair means, by harsh measures and un-English chicane, by false aspersions and insidious inuendoes, to disgust the Poles, to embitter still more their hardships, and to defeat those generous intentions and that liberal spirit in which Parliament has voted the grant, and in which they meant also, no doubt, it should be distributed. I am, Sir, your obedient servant, London, Aug. 10, 1839. S. K. His Prussian Majesty, King Frederick William, entered, on the 3d instant, the 70th year of his age. Bee nadato, King of Sweden, is the oldest of the rcigring Et 3 • vcreigns of Europe, being front the 26th of January in his 76th year. The Pope eon es next, then the King of Den mark, the King of Prussia, and Louis Philippe, King of the French, Who will be 67 years old on the 6th of Co tober next. BRENTFORD PETTY SESSIONS.—On Satur- ' day a young man, of the name of William Manning, was sentenced by the Bench to pay a fine of five pounds or be committed in default for two months. It appeared that the eay complainant, Mary A nn F o ot, whose parents live at Twick enham, was o n W e d nes d a y l a st returning home from Straw- I b Hill, when she was met by the defendant, whom she asked what o'clock it was. He told her that it was put one o'clock, upon which she exclaimed she must make baste home. The prisoner hereupon said he wanted to speak to her, and that he had a bird for her ; but she replied that she did not want such a thing. Upo n receiving this answer the prisoner laid hold of her by both her hand s, and dragged her over some rails int o a shrubbery, near tc the house of Mr. Briscoe, M. P. She screamed very much, but he stopped her mo uth ; and, her down, pulled out a knife , with which he threatened to avi cut her throat if she made a noise. She accordingly, from alarm, remained quiet. Ile then rubbed back with s ome was nettles, and as he was finishing that h op er eration ... alarmed by the sound of voices in the road, upon which he let her go. r 0 1 ni She ed mv, i r m :i m o B e Hrh d i eas i acdto ,ryas,beenseulotlmaoolrkwkeei d nvogef ir: however, pursued, ophauaurtwds had a r eo a ddm n , hsb t ah o pue - t. wares the gentlemen related what had occurred, during vihich time the defend. s h er e v r an st ts ate h ant made his e scape. o h b e o r n ;t e e n d without success at that moment. The complainant then statement w w i i t t h h. ! respecther to her back having been rubbed with the nettles. 1 The Bench said it was one of the mast shameful cases that p w e e n n e t d a , T n a d h n il n s b girlse s en t motheror. e corroborated r r t h a d ever been -before them. •