The Sun. — London, England, 1844-05-03 00:00:00

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Alt arf ac %)r ao ; 3a ; 1. „ 0 31 c 1 ; Livery :son,Feb Bostl! •orn Tote °al n ok Live r "Ce and 3 1 lle Onin .10,1 i her 31 t0J . .11 0 ' ; eod o (' j, Ga r l4er ;ias the ttlok: int ro l o i ;litra sil prir don,' jail; or L„ilrnday eti g lead s :, for ch 1." Feb' 11' JO' 1,00 to o - . ;alco.t t of frot o 4fi bov izg• , it re sob ky rleb e 'a 3v Jon. .0 0 t , , 01 . 0 f StralloP e, ° ooh 1 fori• a to ' 4r i o g id e. lon. so ds Ic. It , ' 2cl COURT CIRCULAR. HER MAJESTY'S THEATRE. TUE QUIXN DOWAGEII.—FIer M a je s ty we are happy Mademoiselle Carlotta Grisi took her benefit. and her to state is much better. Her Royal Highness the farewell for the season last evening, on which occasion Duchess of Cambridge arrived at Marlberough House Mozart's chef' erceuore (we are almost inclined to say the in a pony carriage from her residence at Kew yesterday chef dceuvre opera) 11 Dun Giovanni, was perf o rmed for morning, and visited her M a je s ty. Hi s R o y a l Highness the first thee this season. Either of these causes would the Duke of Cambridge ali'o paid a visit to her Majesty. have been siegly sufficient to have produced a crowded The following bulletin was issued yesterday : •-; house ; as it was - the house was an overflowing one, by " The Queen Powager has passed a good night, and . far the most crowded house of the se aso n. C row d s beg M a j esty i s a d vanc i ng sat i sfactor i ly to recovery. besieged the doors long before they were opened—the " Marlborough House, " DAVID DAVIES. crush was terrific—within ten minutes after they were " May 2, 1844. "ROBERT HEAT E." opened the pit and gallery were crowded to suffocation, The -inquiries at Marlborough House yesterday, on and at the commencereent of the overture there was not the part of the Diplomatic Corps and the Nobility and . -a box or a still unoccupied. The cast of the opera was Gentry, were very numerous. h the same as last year, with the exception of the charac , .Tne DLCaEss OF GLOUCESTER.—Her Royal Highness ter of Donna Elvira, which was last evening sustained pasted a good night en ‘‘'ednesday night, a nd we are by Mademoiselle Favanti. She gave her opening happy to state is going on very favourably. Their scene With admirable etrect, and sang most carefully Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge and excellently in the converted pieces. The trio " Pro -visited their Illustrious Relative at Gloucester House tegga it giusto cielo" in the first act was exquisitely yesterday. The Duchess of Cambridge afeerwards pro- given by Grisi, Mario, and herself, and its repetition was seeded to her residence at Kew. loudly called for. It is clear that Favanti does not trust alone to her wonderful powers of voice—her careful execution of Mozart's beautiful music proves that she is studying diligently and practising assiduously ; let her go on in this course and the day is not far distant when she will achieve for herself a position in her pro fession which the proudest might envy. Grisi's Donna Anna was a magnificently impassi o n e d piece of actieg. Nothing could exceed the intensity with which she gave the words "E it cainefice del padre mie "—and the air which immediately follows it, " Or sai chi Ponore " in which she urges her lover to revenge her father's death. Fornasari is more at home in the Don than lie was last season, he was then rather too studied—probably from the part being new to him ; last night, however, he had the character completely within his grasp, and threw a degree of reckless abandonment into the part, which told most effectually. He rattled off the " Finche dal vino" in admirable style, while in the " Lc ci darem la mano," in which he was admirably supported by Madame Per siani, as Zerlina, he seemed the very soul of tenderness and love ? What shall we say of the glorious Leporello of Lablache. It was perfect from the first scene to the last ; whenever he was on the stage the audience was on the titter—audiences at her Majesty's theatre being in general too genteel •0 indulge in a hearty laugh. La blache, however, not unfrequently forced them to set eti quette at defiance, and to indulge in a hearty roar at his • inimitable drolleries. He is decidedly the first buffo in the vforld. Frederick Lablaehe, as Masetto, showed him self the worthy son of a worthy sire. Indeed, if his Masettte. had not been- good, it would have .been unpardonable, seeing he had Madame Persiani for his Zerlina. Nothing could exceed the beautiful and arch simplicity with which she acted the coquettish country • maiden, and her clear, silvery voice did ample justice to the beautiful music of Mozart. Her "Ba:ti Batti, 0 bel Mas.sto" was decidedly the gem of the opera, and, as a matter of' course,. it was rapturously encored. Exquie sitely; too, did she sing the beautiful cavatina in the second act " Vedrai caring." There was an air of archness mingled with tenderness about her manner Of giving this dmicious air, which told most effectively. Mario made a spirited Don Ottavio, and his last cavatina, "11 mio tesoro,' was given with exquisite tenderness and pathos, and the audience were so delighted that, at its conclusion they called for him twice to come forward to receive their plaudit,. The orchestra, under the direc tion of Costa, gave the overture magnificently, and cer • tainly it is impossible for the chef d'oeuvre of Mozart to be more effectively given as a whole than it was last evening. Between the first and second act, Carlotta. Grisi and Perrot danced, and the ballet of La Esme ralda concluded the evening's entertainments. The fair beneficiare was welcomed most rapturously when she first made her appearance, and, after every dance bou quets in profusion were showered upon her by her ad mirers. Immediately after the conclusion of the ballet, we understand, she left for the terminus of the South- Eastern railway, where a special train was in waiting to convey her to Dover, as she is under an engagement to appear at the opera in Paris to-morrow evening. Great credit is due to Mr. Lumley, for the spirit with which has made these arrangements, in order tai gratify his patrons with one more performance of La Esn.eralda, by delaying the departure of Carlotta Grisi to the last moment. The h , use continued crowded until the con clusion of the ballet. The Queen and Prince Albert took their daily walks in the Royal Gardens of Buckingham Palace yesterday. nis Royal Highness Prince Albert, attended by Colonel Wylde, Equerry in Waiting, rode out on horse baek, yesterday forenoon. The Royal F,lmily were taken airings yesterday, in the Roy a l Gardens. The Royal dinner party at Buckingham Palace, yes terday evening, included his Highness the Prince of Oettingen Wallerstein, the Duchess of Bucch uch, the Marquis and Marchioness of Nornianby, the Marquis of Douro, and the Earl of Aberdeen. The Health of Towns Commi,sion sat yesterday after noon at Gwydyr House, Whi!eliali. The Commissioners resent were the Duke of Buccleuch, the Earl of incoln, Mr. Robert Aglionhy Slxney, Mr. George Graham, Sir Henry Thomas De la Beche, Mr. David Boswell Reid, Mr. Richard Owen, Hunteriau Professor cif the College of Surgeons, Captain Thomas Denison, Mr. James Ranald Martin, and Mr. James .Smith, or eaniton. A Deputation on the suct of viar, ecnsistinn• of Mr. Charles Pott, Mr. Will bj i e am Pott, n eg Mr. Brandon, Mr. Barnett, Mr. Weight, and Mr. Payne, had an interview With the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday, at his. official residence in Downing-street. • Mr. Dean, Chairman of the Customs, bad an inter with the Right Hon. W. E. Gladstone yesterday, L'ine office of the Board of Trade. Mr. Dean had an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Yesteday, The L or d M a y or h a d an i n t erv i ew w ith Si r R o b ert Peel yesterday. • The Governor of ,the Bank of England and the Deputy -Governor had an interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer yesterday. The Harbour Commission had a meeting yesterday afternoon, at Gwydyr House" Whitehall; Admiral Sir Byiß Martin in the chair. Air. A. Lanyon had an interview with Lord Stanley Yesterday, at the Colonial-office. Mr. John Wood, Chairman of the Excise, had en interview with the Chancellor of the Exchequer Yesterday. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGI NEERS. (THE PRESIDENT IN THE CHAIR.) APRIL 30.—" A description of the method employed for repairing a chimney 120 feet high, at Messrs. Cow k!r'S cotton-mills, Glasgow," by J. Colthurst, was read. The means adopted were thus described:—The work- Man was provided with a broad lether belt, to which wa s a ttached a strong spring hook ; staple-shaped ladder irons, with flat, jagged ends, were driven into the joints, one above each other, at intervals of fifteen inches apart, by the man standing on them in succession, as he a scended, until he reached the top ; his safety was se cured by fixing the spring hook on ti the ladder iron i mmediately opposite his waist, which enabled him to Ilse both his hands when working; a roe e was also Passed round his waist, and down inside the ladder irons, to support him in case one of the ladder irons broke, or c ame out; he thus succeeded in removing some orna mental Iplates of iron which had been loosened by a at nrol• In descending, , the workman took the ladder irons Out, one after the other, the wkole operation being Performed in two days and a half—the total cost, includ ing a bonus of 51. to the workman, was only 131. The first part of a paper, by Mr. William Fairbairn. en the reduction of the magnetic ores of Samakoff crurkey), was read. It commenced with reviewing the levy attempts which had been made towards improving t he method s o f treat i ng t h e r i c h er i ron ores b oth of Eng land and of foreign countries; the great English iron makers having restricted themselves to using the lean cat bonates of iron, on account, of the facilities they offered for working; the great advantages which might have resulted, both in the quantity and quality, of the metal .producel from richer ore have been thus neglected. It is stated that Mr. Ohanes Dadian, an active and ,!, 11 'erpri s i ng A rmen i an, i n t h e serv i ce o f t h e S u bli me °rte, brought to this country specimens of magnetic ir on ore an d o f bi tum i nous coa l f oun d i n t h e di str i ct o f ' Rm akboff, in Turkey ; he had them analysed at Paris and in England, and found that the ore was nearly a pure 9xid e of iron containing about 63 per cent. of metal, that II 'as free from sulphur, arsenic, and other deleterious matter, and that there was mixei with it about 12 per vent of silicious earth. . The ore was described as being found in the form of a due sand, coverin g ex t ens i ve plains, where it had been dep os i te d to the depth of se v era l f ee t,` probably by the salon of water on the mountains around, where a simi lar ore existed in considerable masses. In consequence °t the favourable report of the essayists, and acting on th e advice of Mr. Fairbairn, Mr. Ohanes Dadian deter /flitted to persevere in his projects, and his attention being directed to the process invented by Mr. Clay for Producing malleable iron direct from the ore, as described . In a, Paper re a d at the Institution of Civil En g ineers, ..ueb.l4, 1843, he secured that gentleman's services to Z,lndoet some - experiments, and subsequently engaged ti T i to proceed to Turkey, to prosecuie the working of M. r r ` i ,,; )r e on an extensive scale. gi ven ' " - ",aY's report, and that of Mr. Hague, were fully i nl ta o t d eeso ; fem t4 7 contained details of the various ingenious oyed to work the ore, which, being in the th floe sand, either fell unmelted through the fuel to b e bottom of the furnace, or was blown out of the tl P Y the force of the blast. At length Mr. Clay, ou uri klng that if the ore could be deoxidized by a previ ., operation, it would be in a fitter state for fusion in e ar r e blast furnace, submitted it to a practical process, as e !.s causing it to form into lumps ; in that form it was „;r II Y fused, and produced cast iron of a peculiarly due .l;te, fluid, and yet strong, character, of which specimens d e re exhibited. The success of this plan was consi jre'l so complete, that the preparations were imme i'atelY commenced for erecting works in Turkey on a stale, Incidental to the subject of' the glassy scorie of the e r , " f rames, Mr. Clay mentio n ed th a t h e h a d s t u di e d t i l t a 7,ally the compo s iti on o f crown g l ass ; h e b e li eve d tne was the fi rst t o po i nt out t h e true atom i c charac fi the glass ; that its quality depended on the ingre "lts t being compound e d i n cert a in d e fi n it e a t om i c pro ort,o,s; and that crown glass was a quinquisilicate of e n , e and soda. He arrived at these conclusions in the 31.141. trrni,, 1835 ,and at the works of Messrs. Chance, at gham, it was found that, on folowing the rules of ;aid down, the production of a constant quality glass was inevitable. He then treated of the pro a uction of optical lenses, and of the make of bottle glass. l,The Paper then returned to the forms of the furnaces ' o -c rsed for working the Turkish iron ore ; the various u ‘les of treating it, and the nature of the fluxes, Szc. ; thotneeludinF the first part of the paper with the details of xperiments made upon it at Manchester and at the 4 ekbarro w works. The paper was so long, that the 8 0 e t ,mld part was reserved for the next meeting, the 7th 11 'lay, when the monthly b a ll o t f or mem b ers will take Ite e• The f o ll ow i ng papers were announce d to b e k a4 s ti ll o • 6 49 (Second Part)—" On the relative strength, hother properties, of cast iron from the Turkish and 'enaitite ore- ." b W Fairbairn, M. Inst. C. E. X () ' Y. eo , ‘ • Description of a pair of iron lock ga'es, ,l prose in 1843, for the entrance of the wet dock at c l.j. r ittos e ;" by J. Leslie, M. Inst. C. E. j4'o.Descrion of a coffer-dam used for clos- N P,he end of the buildsng-slip at her Majesty's Dock- Woolwich ;" by a Snow, Assoc. Inet. C. E. i re 670—e Account of the plan adopted by William e4 "11 'White for raising the Innisfail steamer, sunk in Asst.e er Lee. near Cork (Ireland) ;" by G. P. White, bust. C. E. C, LITERATURE. IHSTORY OF IRELAND. Strange, London, 1844. Doctor Smiles, the - author of this History of Ire land, commences with the period immediately pre creding the Anglo-Norman invasion, and closes with the passing of the Catholic Emancipation Act, in the memorable year 1829. Portions of his work are written with considerable vigour of style ; and his sketches of the Irish Rebellion in 1798, and of the debates that soon after followed in the house of Com mons respecting the projected unicn with England, when the illustrious Grattan rose from the bed of sickness, in order to protest in his place against that project, are detailed at length in a careful and circum stantial spirit. The work is written in a commend able spirit of moderation; and the author justly ob serves in his preface, that "it is in no small degree due to England's apathy and indifference as to her fate, that Ireland's present sufferings are to be attri buted. When the English people and the English Government know Ireland, they will give up attempt ing to govern her by the sword—that old and used-up instrument of despots---and betake themselves to jus tice, employing instead of the weapons of the soldier and policeman, the more powerful instrument of re dress." REMEDIES SUGGESTED FOR THE PE RILS OF THE NATION Sealcy and Burnside. London, 1844. The spirit in which this volume is written is highly commendable to the author, who exhibits him. self throughout it in the amiable character of a Christian and a philanthropist. After furnishing us with his impressions respecting the present state of the country, and lamenting the fierce hunger and thirst for gain that more or less pervades every class of the community, he proceeds to suggest remedial measures for the distressing condition to which he conceives the nation to be just now reduced. Fore most among his suggestions is one for lightening the labour-market, which is goodso far as it goes, but can go but a little way towards diminishing the evils complained of. The author also insists on the neces sity of a system of general education, which we, too, have always strenuously advocated, though with no very sanguine hopes of shortly seeing the day when the system will be carried into execution. Of the merits of the proposal for a cottage-allotment scheme, we cannot speak with any confidevce, for we do not exactly see our way through the arguments em ployed by the author; but we cordially agree with him, that an amelioration of the new pool-law is de sirable, inasmuch as it contains a great deal that is oppressive in its character, particularly as regards the poorer classes of society, whose character it proposed to elevate by instilling into them a horror of depen dence on public charity. MAGAZINES (CONTINUED). TAIT'S MAGAZINE. In his political article for the month, Tait v we are sorry to perceive, speaks in terms of .hostility to the Ten Heurs Factory Bill, adding, however, that " the triumph of Lord Ashley and the advocates of that bill, brief and precarious as it will in all likelihood turn out to have been, belongs undoubtedly to the class of great facts ; facts significant of the birth and growth of new ideas." Alluding to the Irish State prosecutions, Tait forcibly remarks :—" the Incar ceration of • O'Connell will do more to make Repeal serious and real, than two score more of monster meetings. It will make it a religion ; and there never yet was a religion that was not ready with its martyrs, as many as might be wanted." The " Spirit of Aristophanes" is an intelligent criticism on some of the leading plays of this great Greek comic dramatist. " Episcopacy in Scotland, is a dry article on a dry subject. We quote a description of " the Overlander," from a paper headed " Australian Sketches :" The men recognised in Australia by this title, are such as make - it their calling to convey stock from the middle districts to the new territories. They are a migratory class, andhave seldom any fixed place of abode. They are always changing, and always dissatisfied. When a new country is opened, the Overlander is in the very hey day of spirit ; tor he knows it will be a fortune to him. He purchases flocks and herds in the Sydney districts, and starts for the distant territory. The journey .is often one, of no ordinary hazard : to traverse a country little known, encumbered with many thousand sheep ; where the difficulty of procuring water is of en great ; and where no one, unless possessed of great intelligence, and accustomed to wander through desolate regioits, could thread his way. The Overlander, however, loves such a life for the very excitement it affords ; and he would not exchange With the easy and wealthy men of Europe. In personal appearance, the Overlanders are rough, dirty, half-shaved, and ill-attired the stranger would look upon them as of small repute in society, and as ignorant and poor. How would he be surprised to learn, that those men could tell down their twenty thou sand pounds ; that they claim kindred with the nobility of Britain ; nay, more; that not a few of them could correct a false quantity in Sophocles, and are versed in the literature of all ages. Many of them have travelled over every country in the world, and acted their part in the gaieties and frivolities of a continental life ; and they pride themselves upon theic knowledge oflanguages. Some of them have been extensive merchants ; others, army and navy officers ; others, pro fessional men ; but few of the Overlanders are of mean, extraction. Their business is not exactly confined to the transmission of stock, although this is what they' prefer : they are likewise land speculators, and extensive graziers. It is no uncommon thing for an Overlander to hold stock in nearly every district of Australia ; some of them have, also, thousands of acres of land in Australia and New Zealand. When a new township is opened, the Overlanders buy up the most promising town-lots, which they hold until the town is fairly e taolishcd, and then dispose of them at an advance of a thousand per cent. Perhaps the most gigantic undertaking of the kind on record was that of the first Overlanders, who carried stock from New South Wales to South Australia. This party started from the Port Phillip district soon after the formation of the South Australian colony, about the year 1837. The route was totally unknown, except from the vague and conflicting accounts of the abori gines. TLe distance to be traversed was supposed to be one thousand miles• ' which, encumbered by a large num ber of sheep, would make the journey tedious, even if successful. Few _expected to hear more of either the ha), IIINE BE QIIICKSILVER.—A good deal of interest t, : s'een excited in the drug market, in consequence of th avortatio n ,l or the first time, of some quicksilver b i ! ) , 111 Chiaa. This new ar ti c le o f commerce, which was bo`ittu,ght by th e . S app h o f rom C an t on , was inclosed i . n d b 't 8 containing about twenty pounds, made of a in het: lll6o c, each bottle being formed by cutting the reed e,eu two of its j o int s . The quicksilver appears to al i d e f rcil intrxluced through a small orifice at one end, it e v 4„' opening su b sequen tly s t o pp e d with melted resin. 1,:" w hole of the b o ttl e i s co v e red with linen cloth, eq 4ai oas been cemente. The quicksilver is quite qua b llty to that introduced from other sources. St at GREAT BRITAIN STEAM-SKIP.- - We have . he e' s l elsewher e th a t it was intended, this week, to haul h er G ., r Qat Britain into the floating harbour, and to moor fl o ,„'"ere while the tanks upon which she is to be 6tr o ':, (l _,through the locks into the river, are being con her .I' 4 . A slight impediment, however, has prevented 'emoval. It appears that a portion of the timber " Which she has rested has, from her great weight, ( -1 a 1 firmly fixed to her keel, and, from want ti a i,"Teient depth of water, she has been unable, with isi;: )u stacle adhe r i ng t o her, to clear the sill of the Reorl:m, notwithstanding that her draft is, at pre the " 1 Y 12 feet. O n Thursday, and again yesterday, hut this in the flo a t was ra i se d about eighteen inches, Was not sufficient to enable the vessel with her 11,1411Mbrarleo, to pass clear. On both occasions she was 14: 1 _ one-third out, but had to be hauled back again. 7:YU expedient s were resorte d t o , i n order to detach o ur oece of - timber i n quest i on , b u t w ithout success. Alt f ellow-citi zen, Mr. J. M. Hyde ( mat h ema ti ca l o f hrirlent maker), subsequently undertook, by means of the d iv ing apparatus, to descend to the bottom exa ct uc'eh, for the purpose of aseertainiug the to ld this position and nature of the impe di ment , 400„ haz ardous work he performed yesterday after dft.2 In th e most intrepid manner. He made his first N Z : et / about twenty minutes to five o'clock and re 14tervaiuhader water a quarter of an hour. A f ter a s h or t %r ope c again descended, and succeeded in fastening ship's k i ' D l arge plank, which was hauled away from the seoti_ilpttero to the surface of the water. Mr. H. sub ha e" took with him a chain which he hoped to be 110 1? 4.-7 a ffix to the main obstacle ' to the vessel's . egress . ; se far the attempt will be successful, yet remains to be l 's..7e . e,— Th e Great Britain is advertised to sail from 4t, - rool for New Y or k on the 13th July.—British ' 41 14 Of Saturday. TECE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY MORN! NG, MAY 3,. 1844. party or the stock when they entered the wilderness. - Men shook their heads, and deemed it the rash act of insanity ; yet, the party reached Adelaide in safety, al though strange to say, they were in more than one in stance indeb:od to the sagacity of the friendly natives in their party, from being cut off, or perishing in the wilderness." IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT. The Bill for finally Abolishing Imprisonment for Debt, which was read a second time in the House of Lords on the motion of Lord Cottenham, is a valu able fruit of c i v ili sat i on . Growing intelligence has by very slow and almost imperceptible steps infused into the English people an apprehension of this great maxim of legislation—that the recovery of debts should be the object of laws affecting debtor and creditor. The idea seems obvious when stated, and yet the world has been a long time arriving at it. Legislators appear to have been long in doubt whether creditors would prefer the property or the carcase of their insolvent, and to have indulged them with a somewhat capricious dominion—sometimes over the one, sometimes over the other object of desire. The stern edict of the ten tables—de debitore in parks secando, has, in spirit, never wholly expired among us. A mercy has been shown to house and land, which has been denied to flesh and blood. If the Eng lish creditor has not taken his knife, with Shylock or the old Roman usurer, he has wielded a scarcely less formi dable machinery of bolts and bars. Engines of infliction he had in plenty, degradati , ,n and confinement fur all, and starvation besides for the truly insolvent debtor. But the misfortune always was, he was yet without that for which all these instruments of evil were given him—a remedy. The landed estate of the debtor was beyond his reach. It is but lately that realty has been made liable for the debts of its deceased owner. The greater part of the property of this kingdom used to be sur rounded by a kind of magic circle, within which the laws of honesty could not penetrate ; and the Legis lature, instead of boldly breaking the charm, and paying every man's debts ont of his property, at tempted to turn the flank of the evil,—to extort justice by persecution, —to arm the creditor with powers of vexation instead of powers of sale,—to satisfy his vin dictiveness instead of his bill delivered. Most of our readers have probably heard of the peine forte et dune of ancient times. The English law, as every one knows, is exceedingly just and mer ciful, and especially is wholly unwilling to condemn any man without hearing what he has to say. But this used to beget a difficulty. What was to be done when a prisoner persisted in saying nothing? Most persons would say at once, " speak for him." Enter a plea " net guilty" if you please, and proceed with the trial. Not so the scrupulous lawyers of ancient days. They preferred to squeeze a plea out of him. They laid him - naked on his back on the floor of a low dark chamber. They placed on his body "as great a weight of iron as he could bear, and more." They gave him on alternate days three morsels of the worst bread and three draughts of standing water, and so they fed him " till he answered;". or, as it was more accurately expressed in later times, " till he (lied." The treatment of our debtors was conceived in the same spirit, though carried out with less completeness. The obvious remedy was not boldly seized by the law, but was left to be extorted by a process of gradual torture. The land was not taken, but the debtor squeezed till he gave it. This, at least, Lord Cottenharn states to have been the principle of the old law. But justice requires us to add the ingenious arrangement by which its inefficiency was provided for. The rich man who had property to pay his creditors was allowed to spend it comfortably in the Fleet or Marshalsea. On him the squeezing was neutralized. On the pennyless alone fell the horrors of real impri sonment. The screw was only allowed to be effective where nothing could possibly be effected by its appli cation. But now, at last, people are beginning to find out what they want, and how to get it. Facilities are given them for getting their money, and the debtor's carcase is redeemed from their fangs. The late Bankrupt and Insolvent Acts made consi derable inroads on the whimsical principles of other days, though not without some peculiar whifii sicalities of their own. Every one is familiar with the pious fraud by which a ruined nobleman, for the benefit of himself and his creditors, ap pears before the Commissioners in the guise of a bankrupt dealer in horseflesh ; and Lord Cottenham amusingly commemorates the learned horror which was felt on the bench some thirty years ago at the supposi tion that an insolvent debtor could be guilty of conniv ance at an arrangement for dividing his property among his creditors. Lord Cottenham's Bill is to put an end to all this. "It proposed to arrange a system under which the debtor would be enabled, without going to prison, to deliver up his property for the benefit of those to whom be was indebted, and it gave to the creditor, on his part, the power of compelling the debtor to make the conces sion. Having done this, the Bill proposed to abolish the right of imprisonment for debt altogether." Proceedings in rem are to be facilitated, in personam abelbhed—and further, the useless distinctions between bankruptcy and insolvency are to be swept away. This is what it should be—efficient, simple, and unoppressive. The law at present is none of these. It is in some re spects even worse than it was ten years ago. It was then severe, but it was available. You could catch your knave speedily, and keep hold of him when you had got him. You had him in prison before he knew y w o h i e ir rehe you cowl p: )f rha n p o s t , ice, make ap pearance, and other legal delays, which intervene between your claim and his imprisonment, give terms. vas ko a w nd th th e en pa 3 ; him ample time to take himself and all he has far be yond your reach, if only he plays his cards with tole rable dexterity, long before you have arrived at that de sirable consummation. And thus, without adopting to its full extent Lord Cottenham's startling deduction that nineteen out of twenty insolvents are injured men, be cause their creditors do not find it worth while to incur the expense and trouble of inflicting on them the full amount of possible punishment, we can fairly say that the present law is at once unjust and unavailable—in efficient against those who wish to escape it, oppressive upon those who stay to suffer by it; and we are heartily glad that we are to have no more of its useless vexations. There remains little now to observe upon, and that little our readers ought to divine before we record it. Of course the Bill did not pass without some little no tice of impediment. Of course, Lord Brougham came forward to have a finger in the pie. Of course, he was cognisant of a " document on the same subject," pre pared by a Noble and Learned Friend, which, of course, " he had himself to a certain extent revised." The docu ment, of course, embraced a most extraordinary degree of, information on the subject, and an infinity of the most valuable suggestions for the reform of the law of debtor and creditor that by any possibility could ever be brought together." Of course "15 different systems of foreign mercantile law had been examined," of which Lord Brougham glibly threw in some half dozen speci mens. Of course, Lord Brougham proposed that fur ther proceedings should be stayed till his foster child had been duly appreciated. Of course, Lord Cottenham consented with a grumble, and postponed the Committee on the Bill till that dayfortnight, when (we hope Ne may add, in conclusion) it will, of course, be carried without farther delay.--Times. THE TEN HOURS' BILL. To the Right H onourable and Hoourable the M em b ers of the House of Commons, the following Statement of Facts is respectfully submitted by the Deputation of the M as t er - manufacturers and Millowners in the county of Lancaster:— We, the undersigned, forming a deputation from the Associated M aster -manufacturers of the county of Lancaster, having taken advantage of the Easter recess to institute inquiries into the condition of the operatives in all the cotton-mills of the district, and having obtained minute returns, each of which is authenti cated by the signature of the owner of the mill, beg leave respectively to submit the results to your consideration. It will be convenient to classify these results under several heads, and to arrange them in the order usually adopted by those who have made the most serious putations on factory labour. DISTANCES TRAVELLED Br SPINNERS AND PIECERS. On this subject returns have been obtained from 377 firms, of which 308 spin up to 705., 40 from 70s. to 110 s., and 29 from 110 s., upwards ; in all cases the calculation has been made from actually counting the number of steps and measuring the distances. The following is the result : 308 mills, spinning up to 70, give an aggregate of 2,761 miles 808 yards, or an average for each operative of 8 miles 735 yards. 40 mills, spinning front 70 to 110, give an aggregate of 319 miles 1,571 yards, and an average of 7 miles 1,755 yards for each operative. 29 mills, spinning from 110 upwards, give an aggre gate of 201 mild 1,002 yards, and an average of 6 miles 1,873 yards. The general average from the whole is 8 miles 1,246 yards, which, it will be seen, is a little under the average given by Mr. Henry Ashworth, whose calculations were based upon the length of the yarn spun. It will be interesting to compare the process by which this result was obtained with the actual counting and measurement of steps. Taking the extreme case of 28 hanks of yarn produced by a spindle in. a week, the length of yarn will be 131 miles ; but, as each carriage traverses forwards to spin and backwards to wind up, we have 27 miles for each mul.e, and 54 miles for a pair of mules in a week, which, divided by six, the number of working days, gives an average of nine miles per day. This calculation refers solely to the spinner ; but the piecer, who has to traverse diagonally between the frames, would have to go a greater distance if a thread broke at every stretch ; but this is notoriously not the case. AGES AND SEXES OF FACTORY OPERATIVES. • Under this head we have returns f rom 412 firms, . 314 of which are assessed the annual sum of 179,767/. to the poor's-rate, authenticated by the signatures of the proprietors. The total number of persons employed in these mills is 116,281, of whom 95, 642 are a b le to read. They are thus classified in per centum pro portions : Per Cent. Under 13 years .. .... 3 9-20 Females 13, and under 18 ...29 7-20 {{{_!.,FFeee a mrnm le aaa s lllee e ss s /Females 1 1 6 34 1-10 18, and under 21 — l9 i Males 12 1 1 1 7 1 5 0 21, and udder 40 ...40 e a m le a s les 9l Bl 3 2-5 5 40, and upwards...... 7 3-5 Males -10 25.1 Males Married Females 91 From the returns it appears th a t 10,721 married females are employed in the 412 factories, and, as it has been taid that such employment tends to reverse the condition of the sexes, care was taken to ascertain the employment of the husbands of these women. It was found that 5,314 were employed in factories, 3,927 wore engaged in other trades, 821 had no regular employment, and 659 are unaccounted for, in consequence of the limited time given for the preparation of the returns. Out of the 412 rnillowners, 167 have reported the fo' lowing accidents occurring within an average period of 20i years ; viz.:-72 occasioning death-168 loss of limb, and 13 not specified -196 have reported that no accidents involving lo: s of life or limb have occurred in their factories, in an average period of 13i years. The proportion of accidents, therefore. appears to be about 1 death per annum in 104 mills, and 1 loss of limb in 41 mills. From 49 of the mills no returns have been made with respect to accidents. It appears, then, that 411 mills employ 116,281 persons, averaging 282 in each mill. In 104 mills, employing 29,328 persons, only one fatal accident in a year occurs. In 41 mills, employing 11,562 persons, only one accident occasioning loss of limb occurs in a year. So favourable a result as to ac cidents probably cannot be found in any other industrial occupation in this country. From the return of accidents (by coroners, &c.), sent with this return, it appears that out of upwards of 858 accidents, occasioning loss of life, only 29 (or 3 2-5 per cent.) have been occasioned by Factory Machinery, while 79 have been caused by carts, &c., and 85 in coalpits. The above return shows that no less than 82 per cent. of the whole number of factory operatives can read, while it appears from the registrars' returns for England that about one-half of the whole population of the country do not know how to write their names. Some of the millowners have neglected to make a re turn of the amount of wages paid by them ; but returns have been made by millowners employing 112,796 ope ratives, and the total amount of net weekly wages paid by them, is 57,8811. 18s. ld., or the average weekly , wages to each operative of 10s. 3kd. net, being a re duction of 2d. per week in the average wages of each operative since 1833, as shown by a similar statement then published of 151 mills employing 48,645 persons. In all the manufacturing districts there are several trades, such as those of colliers, engineers, iron -founders, machine-makers, builders, tailors, shoemakers, &e., which do not employ female labour; and to the wives and daughters of the persons engaged in such trades the spinning and weaving mills aftbrd the means of contri buting by their labour to the support of their families. From inquiries made in Bolton in 1836, it was found that there were more than 3,000 operatives engaged in those trades from which women were excluded, and conse quently a vary large number of families would have been stinted in their comforti, if not deprived of some of the necessaries of life, had the resources which they derived from the labour of their female relatives been inter rupted. It is perfectly well known that, where employ ment for females cannot be obtained in mills, it is sought for in mines, collieries, and other branches of industry, involving occupations far more injurious to health and dangerous to morals than those of mills and cotton fac tories. This is felt by the females themselves; they pre fer mills to most other occupations, and even to do mestic service. The per centage of persons above forty engaged in mills is 'only 7 2-5 per cent.; this does not arise so much from superannuation, as frost the number of mill-hands who are enabled, by their savings, to enter into superior occupations. Of these 197 have been traced in the town and vicinity of Ashton under-Lyne--the short space of time allowed, and the obvious delicacy and difficulty of such inquiries having necessarily limited the field of observation. Of these 197 we find that 14 have become master-spinners and manufacturers, 61 shopkeepers, 42 publicans and beer-retailers, 11 grocers and tea-dealers, and the rest have found other respectable' means of obtaining a livli hood. We submit that there are very few industrial oc cupations which would afford similar evidence ofadvance ment in a single locality. It has, indeed, been stated that in the year 1841 seve ral distressed spinners were found in mean and degrad ing occupations ; but it must be remembered that the greater part of that year was a season of depression, when mills were working short time. And, even if the returns were perfectly accurate. they would only prove that a compulsory working of short time, which depressed markets can enforce more strongly than any Legislatiwe enactment, deteriorates the condition of the operative, and subjects him to want and degradation. EFFECT OF A TEN IIOURS' BILL. We hare estimated the loss ou a Ten Hours' Bill from the returns of the standing charges, wages, and other expenditure of mills, which have been supplied to us by large manufacturers. Taking 100,0001 as the sum em barked in an individual concern, the following are the results : The fixed charges. taken upon the usual and admitted authority of practical men, amount to £17,150 per annum. This charge now falls upon a pro ductive power of 69 hours per week. By reducing the hours of working to 59 per week, the effective pro ductive power will be in the pro portion of 14,700 Mill-owner's loss will be 42,450 per an. The Wages:- 69 hours' wages £25,613 59 hours' wages ..., 28,913 Loss to workpeople £3,700 £6,150 per an. The effect of these additional charges, estimated upon the manufacturing cost of these concerns, will be 12 to 12i per cent., and, therefore, a " Ten Hour Bill" would virtually become a bounty of 12 to 12i per cent. on the extension of foreign manufactures. _ _ All the statements which we have made are based on the returns sent to us by gentlemen of known character and established reputation. We are not only willing but anxious -to afford every opportunity of scrutinizing the accuracy of these returns to any Members who may wish to examine them ; or, if it be desired by either House of Parliament, we are willing to have them printed for the use of the Legislature. On behalf of the Committee. R. H. GREG. T. H. BIRLEY. HENRY HOULDSWORTH. LEWIS WILLIAMS. JAMES MURRAY. THOMAS ASHTON. EENRY ASHWORTH. DAVID HARRISON. London, April 27, 1844. DUBLIN UNIVERSITY MAGAZINE. There is a moderate and well-reasoned essay in the present Number of this periodical, on the subject of "Fixity of Tenure," a subject which has of late begun to attract the attention of political economists in no ordinary degree. " Barrow's Life of Sir Fran cis Drake," is a well digested notice, accompanied by copious extracts, of one of the ablest and most authentic pieces of biography we have had for some years past. "Literati Orientales" contains some in genious specimens of Ottoman poetry. Of the few remaining articles, the best is that which is quaintly entitled "Nuts and Nut-crackers." THE EGYPTIAN HALL, MANSION HOUSE. The splendid banquetting room at the Mansion House known as the Egyptian Hall, in which the Lord Mayor entertained the dignitaries of the Church yesterday, and which has always been admired for its extent and bold ness of design as one of the finest apartments to be found in any public building in the metropolis, has re cently been subjected to a process of repairing and de corating which now renders it also one of the.most elegant and beautiful. The series of Corinthian columns ranging along each side of the hall, surmounted by the rich entablature ap-, propriate to that order of architecture, and by which the lofty concave roof is supported, gave to the apartment an air of nobility which never failed to excite those ideas of stateliness, and grandeur which are usually associated with all that pertains to the office of Lord Mayor of London. The injurious effects of time, however, had greatly obscured and nearly obliterated many of these less prominent features, which, though compara tively insignificant if regarded in detail, when skill fully blended together, become so essential in enhancing the general effect of a building, or any other object of art. The works recently executed were, therefore, prin cipally directed to the restoration of existing details to their due degree of prominence ; the addition of some further ornaments and enrichments where most needed ; and the harmonising of all the component parts, so as to ensure an unity and-consistency of appearance through out the whole ; and the way in which these intentions have been carried out reflect the highest credit upon the taste and skill of all parties who have been concerned in the management and execution of the repairs. The whole of the wall And ceilings have been painted several times, and finished off in a delicate fawn colour, the chasteness of which is considerably heightened by being what is technically called flatted, which, by pre venting the disagreeble appearance of gloss, adds much to the purity of style and colour. Various ornaments and decorations attached to the walls and ceilings, as also the statues occupying the series of niches on that side of the hall which is opposite the grand entrance, are picked out in a suitable tint to afford a relief to the general colour. The most striking alteration that has been made is in the appearance of the double row of lofty columns and pilasters, which extend from one end of the hall to the other, and the entablature and carved roof, by which they are surmounted. The length of the hall being about PO feet, and its breadth 60, there are ten of these columns and pilasters on each side, standing out, about ten feet from the walls. The whole of the shafts are being re-cut, and the arriscs of the fillets and sweep of the flutes made perfectly true, thus removing many bleinishes and irre gularities which before disfigured them. Instead of their former colour, which was in imitation of Sienna marble, they are new painted French white, a change which con tributes wonderfully to the improvement of the general aspeCt of the room, while the effect of this delicate colour is considerably heightened by the whole of the fillets of the shafts, together with the fillets and smaller toruses in the bases, and the capitals of the columns and pilasters, being gilt in pure gold. The several enriched parts in the entablature, and particularly the cor nice, with the enrichments on the modillions, and rosettes in the soffites, have also, for the first time, been heightened up in gold, and now p resen t a p ecu liarly ele gant appearance. The . concave ceiling, which extends the whole length of the hall, and across from one row of columns to the other, is divided into forty-five square compartments, or coffers, each containing a large rosette. In each of these coffers there has been added an enriched moulding of egg and tongue, corresponding in form and pattern with similar ornaments in the entablature; besides which, there has been placed along the centre of the margins dividing the coffers bold wreaths, composed of the laurel leaf, with bands at their intersections. These additional,orna ments have entirely relieved the ceiling of the•iiinintiess which formerly characterised it, and, together with' the rosettes, being all heightened in gold, make it harmonise delightfully with the colouring and enrichments of the entablature and columns. It is almost needless to mention that, in these exten sive improvements and decorations, all the incidental 'appurtenances of the Hall have received a proportionate degree of attention—such, for instance, as the frames and mouldings of the large looking-glasses at each end, which have been newly gilt, and the splendid cut-glass lustres and chandeliers, which have been also cleaned and rehung, and their brackets and supports regilt. The effect of the whole has been to render this truly noble apartment more than ever deserving of the com mendation bestowed on it by that eminent j udge in matters of taste, George the Fourth, who, when Prince 'Regent, repeatedly remarked that the Egyptian Hall at the Man sion House was one of the finest roems he had ever seen. The whole of the works have been executed according to designs and specifications prepared by Mr. Bunning, the present architect and surveyor of the Corporation. The Lord Mayor and the members of the Committee of General Purposes, particularly Deputy Thomas, their Chairman, have paid much attention throughout the pro gress of the works, and have reason to congratulate themselves upon the satisfactory result. The contractor was Mr. Joseph Taylor, who, during the last Mayoralty. fulfilled a contract ad m i ra bl y f or extens i ve repairs and decorations in other parts of the Mansion-house. The amount of the l a t e contract was nearly 1,400/. ; and, notwithstanding the extent and beauty of the works, the amount has not been exceeded by the addition of the slightest sum for "extras ," a circu ms t ance which speaks much for the professional accuracy and judgment of the gentleman who designed and executed them. THE DECORATIONS of the NEW ROYAL EXCHANGE. The following are the heads of the last report made to the Gresham Committee upon the subject of the addi tional decorations proposed to be made to this great na tional edifice alicut to be opened : "TO THE JOINT COMMITTEE FOR GRESHAM AFFAIRS." "In obedience to an order from this Committee en the report of Mr. Tite, in relation to that additional sculp ture which he thought desirable for the decoration of the New Royal Exchange, whereby it was resolved, that an amount not exceeding COOL he appropriated for that pur pose, and it be referred back to Mr. Tite further to con sider the subject, and to report to and advise with the SO-Committee thereon, we, whose names are hereunto subscribed, your Sub Committee do certify, that we have been attended by Mr. Tite, who was heard with respect to various additional decorations for the New Royal Ex change, both of a sculptured and other characters, and who submitted for our consideration the propriety of erecting statues of her Most Gracious Majesty, Queen Victoria, of Queen Elizabeth, and of Sir Thomas Gresham, and of making such other statues as might be deemed most appropriate for the vacant niches, and also for the north and south fronts of the edifice ; and that the Royal arms, with supporters should also be placed in a conspicuous situation, and was heard at length in explanation of his views ; and we having taken the subject, as well as the situations where several of the proposed statues should be placed, into considera tion, agreed with Mr. Tite's suggestion, and were of opinion they should be forthwith procured, and placed as under : " The statue of her Majesty Queen Victoria in the centre of the merchants' area. " The statue of Queen Elizabeth at the south-east, and of King Charles the Second, which stood in the centre of the area of the late Exchange, at the north-east corner of the merchants' area. " The statue of Sir Thomas Gresham, the eminent founder and patron of the first Exchange, in the great niche over the east entrance ; and " The Royal arms above the doorway at the west entrance. " By which arrangement the statues of the three-Sove reigns, in whose reigns this national edifice had been erected, would appropriately decorate the exterior. " We thereupon directed Mr. Tite to apply to several artists for sketches and estimates; and, in consequence of Mr. Tite's applications, UT received proposals.— (Here follow the details.) Your Sub-Committee having considered the said proposals, approve of the principal, subject to such alteration as may, on farther considera tion, be deemed expedient, and recommend that direc tions be given for the works, when finally approved, t o be proceeded on with as little delay as possible. "Amongst other considerations combined with the decoration of the new Exchange, Mr Tite submitted to our notice the propriety of having a tesselated or Mosaic pavement for the merchants' area, instead of the pave ment contemplated by the contract. He also submitted a design, showing the nature of such pavement; and. we, your Sub-Committee, having duly considered the same, recommend that tessalated or Mosaic pavement be pro vided for the said area, the pattern fur the same to be submitted to and approved by your Committee. . "In the course of our proceedings, Mr. Tite brought under consideration the propriety of adopting an em bellishment in the ceiling of the ambulatory, by a series of encaustic painting or paintings in wax in the forty-six compartments thereof, and laid before us a design by Mr. Frederick Long, for executing the same, which we inspected and heard him in explanation of, and we were also informed by him where works of a similar nature had been executed in this country. "We referred also to the second report of the Com missioners on Fine Arts, in which allusions are made to this style of painting, and, deeming the subject worthy the attention of the Committee, have directed Mr. Tite to make a special report thereon, to which we beg to draw their serious consideration." The Joint Gesham Committee having taken the report of the Sub - Committee into consideration, and Mr. Tite having sent in a report, approving all the suggestions and proposals contained in it, adopted it unanimously, and voted the additional sums, which were stated to be ne cessary to carry out the great object of affording appro priate and highly-finished works of sculpture for the embellishment of the building. . . , . . TITHES. REPORT OF THE TITHE COMMISSIONERS FOR ENGLAND AND WALES. TO THE RIGHT HON. SIR J. R. G. GRAHAM, FART. Tithe Commission Office, April 2, 1844. Sir,—lt is our dnty to report to you the progress of the commutation of tithes in England and Wales to the close of the year 1843. Vie have received notices that voluntary proceedings have commenced in 9,555 tithe districts ; of these notices 45 were received during the year 1843. We have received 6,877 agreements, and confirmed 6,492 ; of these, 183 have been received, and 281 confirmed, during the year 1843. 3,871 notices for making awards have been issued, of which 836 were issued during the year 1843. We have received 2,681 drafts of compulsory awards, arid confirmed 2,172 ; of these 675 have been received, and 559 confirmed, during the year 1843. - • We have received 7,525 apportionments, and confirmed 6,881 ; of these 1,074 have been received, an d 1,186 con firmed, during the year 1843. In 8,664 tithe districts, as will be seen from the above statement, the rent-charges to be hereafter paid have been finally established by confirmed agreements or confirmed awards. We have in our possession voluntary agreements and drafts of awards, as yet unconfirmed, which will include 894 addi tional tithe districts ; and make a total, when completed, of 9,558 districts in which the tithes are commuted. We have to repeat the assurance which we have happily been able•to .give in every report, that the whole process of commutation is proceeding tranquilly and harmoniously. The district of South Wales may appear to form an ex • ception. _ _ _ - As far, however, as we can jadge from our own correspon dence, and our other means of information, very little discon tent has existed 'between the real parties to the commuta tion, that is, the landowners and titheowners The occupying tenantry, however, have found grounds of complaint, in many cases not unreasonable ; they are called on to pay rent-charges, the majority of which have been agreed to by their landlords, though a smaller portion have been awarded by us. Those rent-charges are very peculiarly low, and on the average do not greatly exceed one-tenth of the rent, or of the net value, instead of amounting to one tenth of the gross value of the produce. Still, low as they are, these rent-charges somewhat exceed the compositions which the tenants calculated on paying when they hired their farms and fixed their terms with the landlord. The task of apportioning still goes on more slowly than it was calculated it would do when the Commutation Act passed ; but it continues to be effected, as it has all along been, with much less difficulty and irritation than it was supposed would accompany it. Much of the work which remains for us to do begins to assume a character which makes it advisable to draw your attention to some of its peculiarities and difficulties. In many parishes in which the great bulk of the tithes have been commuted on inclosure or otherwise, farm, or dis trict moduses have been left, which in the present state of the law it will become our duty to convert into rent-charges, and we must, partially at least, map and apportion on the lands subject to them. The expenses of such apportionment to the landowners will first be extravagant, when compared with the amount of the sum apportioned, and then the expenses of collecting will make the rent-charge valueless to the titheowner. It seems to us that iiithese cases a permission to redeem these payments for money, and thus to avoid the expenses both of apportionment and collection, would be advantage ous, and indeed is requisite to protect both parties. The managers of Queen Anne's Bounty are willing, we be lieve, to receive the redemption money ; and if they are di rected to apply it, as they do augmentation moneys, it may partially and gradually be invested in land if that seems de sirable for the titheowner. The operation of such a measure might perhaps usefully be somewhat extended. In many cases of vicarial tithe, the individual payments are so minute as to convert the collection of them into a loss. We have even been requested to strike a mass of them out of rent-charges, because, as the titheowner will be taxed upon the gross amount of them, and be certain not to receive them, the nominally giving them to him is substantially mulcting them. The redemption of such small payments would clearly be a boon to the titheowner, and as the liability to them is often felt to be a disagreeable incumbrance by the owners of pro perty-, the power of redeeming them would be, in a very many cases, also considered a boon. The state of the law, as modified by 2 and 3 William IV., c. 100, commonly called Lord Tendenden's Act, impedes our progress, And, unless cleared up, threatens to protract the close of our labours. In some hundreds of cases, and, indeed, in an indefinite number , we cannot give decisions as to th e • c o n tested rights of parties wit h an y confidence that those decisions are correct. Our own legal assistants are divided in opinion, and we are told that this division of opinion extends even to the superior. Courts; at any rate, no decision of those Courts oil the cases now before them has been obtained. We are lel to hope that sonic distinct decision may be g iven before the close of this year; if this i s no t t h e case, we may be driven to request the assistance of the Legislature. 'Whatever the law may turn out t o b e, those cases will many of them be obstinately litigated, and if our d ea li ng with them is much longer postponed, the delays of issues and new trials, and of the apportionments which must follow them, may postpone what would otherwise be the term of-our labours. In the case of parishes containing open fields, where the tithes have been commuted and the rent-charges apportioned before inclosnre, the re-apportionment -of those rent-charges on the inclosed lands newly appropriated to individuals is always desirable, and, indeed, almost indispensable. We have no power to sanction this at present. We think such a power might conveniently be given us. :The exercise of a similar power, after the close of our com mission, may be provided for by an Act, which, for that and other purposes, it will be necessary to pass before the tithe commission ceases to exist. Ina number of parishes, heretofore.inclosed by Act of Par liament, we have reason to believe that' the provisions for extinguishing tithe have been in some cases wrongly, in others imperfectly, carried out. If tithe litigation and tithe are to cease with the commis sion, some provision must be made for correcting the errors or completing the deficiencies of these inclosure transactions. Some of the railroads, one of the most extensive in particu lar, that is the Great 'Western, refuse to pay the rent-charges apportioned on the lands over which they pass. It is illegal to seize and carry away the rail, so that the titheowner's remedy by distress is nugatory, unless there is a station in his district. His remaining remedy is to take possession of the ground over which the road passes; but as it is illegal fix him to stop up a public - way, his possession is useless to him, unless he resorts to the doubtful benefit of a suit in equity, to compel an acconnt of the profits made on the portion of railroad in his legal possession. . We think that the owner of the rent-charge should not be driven to this experiment, but that whenever a rent charge is clearly due from the railroad company it should be recoverable by distress on the property of the company, on whatever part of the line found. This would not increase the legal liability of the com pany. They might still, by replevin or otherwise, dispute the legality of the rent-charge ; only, when they did not so dis pute it, they would be compelled to pay the owners of rent charges in districts where there is no station, and where those owners hate no other remedy than a suit in equity.—We have the honour to be, Sir, your faithful and obedient ser vants, WILLIAM BLAMIRE, T. W. BULLER, RICHARD JONES. FURNITURE of the LATE EMPEROR NAPOLEON. On Wednesday, at one o'clock, a sale by auction of the property of the late Lieutenant-General Sir Hudson Lowe, including some portion of the furniture which was in the possession of the Emperor Na poleon 'during his captivity at St. Helena, took place at the auction-rooms of Mr. Phillips, New Bond .street, by order of the executors of Sir Hudson Lowe, on which occasion there were several Frenchmen present, wbo appeared to exhibit a li ve l y i n t erest w h en the various articles, once the property of the late Em peror, were put up. These consisted of about twenty lots, and which in general possessed little from their intrinsic worth to recommend them. Among them were the following :—A largo. mahogany-frame in dulging chair, banded with ebony, on castors, from the Emperor's study, 15/. 15s. ; a small circular mahogany pillar and claw table, on which Napoleon burned pas tiles, 6L 6s. ; a six foot pedestal library table, formed of mahogany and yew tree, at which table he almost always wrote, eighteen guineas ; an ebonyed arm chair, with cane seat and back formed of common materials. (There was a hole in the cane seat which had been caused by being constantly used, and it was stated by some brokers in the room not to be worth is. 6d.) The auctioneer stated that from the chair being light, it was carried about by the Emperor, when he took his walks in the grounds at Longwood. It was bought for 6L An old inkstand, with two cut glass inks, 51. ; a glass cruet and stopper, with the crown and " N." engraved thereon, 11 16s. ; a swing dressing glass in pillar supports, 61. 15 s . ; a ma h ogany chest five drawers (of common manufacture), six guineas ; the Order of the Dutch Lion in gold and white enamel, as instituted by Louis Napoleon, worn by Joseph Buonaparte, and taken from the baggage of the latter a t th e battle of Vittoria, by a corporal of the 14th Dragoons, 14/. ; a very fine portrait of the Emperor, taken from life at St. Helena, eleven guineas ; the Order of the Dragon, with the collar set in precious stones. 10/. ; a valuable gold time keeper by Brequet, with gold chain and key, made to go fifty four hours—(twelve of these were made by order of the Emperor, to be distributed by his own hands to the Marshals of France, on which account they were called the Marshal watches), 23 guineas. The article which excited the greatest interest during the sale, was a picture, containing a medalli on , i ne l os i ng a lock of hair of the late Emperor Napoleon, and one of the King of Rome, suspended from three ribbons, worn by the Emperor, to the order of the Legion of Honour the Iron Crown and Re-union, surmounted by an Eagle. At the bottom of the medallion is the following certifi cate by Marchand, the Emperor's valet and executor:— "Le 20 Mars, J'ai donn6 d'amitie a M. Lemetheyer quelques cheveux de l'Empereur Napoleon, coups apres sa mort et trois cordons de la Legion d'llonneur, de la Couronne de fer et de la Re-union. " MARCHAND." At the back of the picture, which is sealed, is the fol lowing certificate of M. Lemetheyer Je d&lare sur l'honneur avoir regu de Monsieur Marchand, premier valet de chambre de l'Empereur Na poleon et son executeur testamentaire, tousles objets qui composent ce tableau lesquels ont ete retires en ma presence, du beau necessaire de l'Empereur, pour passer dans ses mains au retour de S. Heleae. Les cheveux blonds qui se trouvent au milieu du medallion soot ceux du Roi de Rome, et m'ont e:e donr e 3 par Madame Mar chand, mire berceuso du jeune Rui, s son retour de Vienne. " Paris, le 20 Mars, 1823. " Lieutenant de fre„;ate Honorais, " Chevalier de la Legion d'Honneur." The following appears in the inventory A of Napo leon's will : "Art. 2. Marchand conservera mes cheveux et en fera faire un bracelet avec un petit cadenas en or pour etre envoy a I'Emperatrice Marie Louise, a ma mece et chacun de mes freres, scours, neveux, nieces, au Cardinal, et un plus considerable pour mon file." The first offer for" the picture was fifty guineas ; a spirited competition ensued, at five guineas each bidding, when it was disposed of for ninety-five guineas. The various lots in the catalogue produced about 680/. THE WILL FORGEIIS.---It is understood that in the course of the ensuing week Barber and Fletcher will he removed from the Millbank prison on board ship, for the purpose of being conveyed to New South Wales, while it is expected that Saunders will be re moved to the New Model Prison, Pentonville. It will thus be seen that with regard to Barber the hopes, if any were entertained, of his having his sentence com muted, or of his being pardoned, are at an end. Mrs. Dorey and her sister, Mrs. Saunders, who, it will be re collected, were sentenced to two years' imprisonment, were removed on the Tuesday previous to the de parture of the male convicts from Newgate. As the sentence on the females was merely that they be im prisoned for the period of two years, they were taken to Giltspur-street Compter, and for the first day or two they were set to pi c k oakum, which coming to the knowledge of the pr o p e r au th or iti es , a n order - was sent down to take the two prisoners from this species of labour, and which, according to the regulations of the Compter, is deemed hard labour. They are now employed at needlework. Since their conviction and sentence their health has greatly improved. Previous to the removal of Mrs. Saunders she was allowed to see her husband for the purpose of taking farewell, but the parting was not of that affecting description which t oo often occurs within the walls of a prison. They merely bade each other good by, with a hope th a t th ey m i ght see each other again. While Barber and Fletcher were in Newgate they never conversed together, the former invariably doing all he could to avoid his companion in guilt ; at the same time, whenever he had any occasion to speak to those connected with the gaol, he at every op portunity declared his innocence. A short time previous to being removed from Newgate, Barber requested Fletcher to sign a declaration to the effect that he was in nocent, and that his only connection with the will forgeries was his being employed as the attorney. Fletcher re plied that he was very sorry for the situation in which Barber was placed, but he knew very well that he (Fletcher) could not sign such a declaration. On being informed that an order had arrived for his removal, Barber then for the first time appeared to sink. His spirits left him, and he evidently became convinced that all chance of escape was over. When the convicts were brought into the yard to be removed, neither be nor Fletcher took the slightest notice of each other. As the expenses of the Treasury prosecutions are paid by the Government and not by the county, the amount of the above trials cannot be ascertained, although it is supposed to be about 1,0001 . - CAPTURE or OTTEBS.—Yesterday, as some gentle men were fishing in Mr. Featherstonaugh's water, on Leigh Week, they sighted an otter, and with the assistance of a spaniel traced the fell spoiler a considerable way, till he " treed"—a feat in which otters are not generally supposed to indulge. Losing sight of him here, the piscators, by sonic . , means, had their attention drawn to the tree, a decayedlyd low, or "sally," close to the water's edge, and having knoc k ed on its trunk, a purring or squealing noise :from one, was rewarded their research. The tree, a very rotten above the water, was quickly cut into, and there, a few feet . which were seized, found the otter's nest with three fine c ubs, the inte r ior o a t n t d er a b re re n o o d w s t i w n io th e ep 3 o ,o s a se r s ; si t o i n io e ca rs s t o on w a as ug b h o . lie T v l e i d e apparently about three to be the first of the season, and f bones and fin parts of fish, ° lc t 3 te i r r. in Fe t a h h s among otter must travel all the weeks old. Close to the tree ownegr e wh o n u i P o n P h d m a ,o g re re t a h t e q r u e a m n ai tl n ty s of a salmon, so tbat either the are aware that years ago a salmon distance to Tema for prey, or p else sal 2 n o ion have been recently in Leigh brook. W . e wa s caught still higher up, viz., beyond Starling's mill, but none has been observed in the brook lately.— Worcester Herald. DEATII mom CA UTION TO PARENTS.— y ester d a y an inquest, which had been adjourned from Thurs day last, was resumed before Mr. Baker, at the Spread Eagle, llonierton, on the body of Joseph Henry Newton, an infant, seven months old, whose parents resided at No. 4, Bruns wick-place, Ilomerton. The inquest had been adjourned for a post mortem examination of the body. On the evidence being fully gone into, it was shown that a few days pre viously to his death the deceased had become somewhat fretful and peevish, and the mother, in order to quiet him, without having procured any previous medical advice, ob tained from a neighbouring chemist some opium, which she administered to deceased. The deceased almost immediately after sunk into a comotose state, from which he never rallied, and died before medical assistance could arrive. Mr. Crocom, surgeon, said he had made a post mortem examination of the body, and found the vessels of the brain much congested, which had nq doubt resulted from an improper administra tion of opium, causing death. The Coroner hoped the pre sent case would Operate as a caution to parents in general against administering such nostrums, in the absence of me dical practitioners, and the jury returned a verdict of "Died from natural causes." SUDDEN DEATH IN WESMINSTER ABBEY. — On Friday last, one of the vergers of Westminster Abbey, named Samuel Phillpotts, aged fifty, was engaged in showing some individuals the monuments, &c., contained in the sacred edifice, when suddenly he ejaculated, " Oh!" and fell speechless. He was immediately con veyed to the Westminster Hospital, where the usual means were adopted in order to produce re-animation, but without effect. The medical gentlemen who at tended him gave it as their opinion, that death had been caused by a fit of apoplexy. IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. HOUSE OF LORDS, - Mar' 2. Their Lordships met at Five o'Cloble. Mes engers from the Commons brought up several Bills, which were read a first time. Lord BROUGHAM presented a. petition from per sons engdged in the woolen manufactures in certain parts of Scotland, against any interference by the Legis lature with labour. RECOVERY OF DEBTS (IRELAND). Lord CAMPBELL laid on the table of the House a Bill to facilitate the r,covery of debts in Ireland; The objvct of the Bill was to provide a remedy fore creditors in Ireland against their absentee creditors in this country. He expressed hi: surprise that the Government li ti. nct brought such a Bill forward before this time. . The Earl of IVICKLOW defended the-GovernMent, and expressed his surprise that the Noble and - Learned Lord did not, while one of the law officers of 'the Crown, intruluce such a Bill as the present if he'theught <it was so necessary. Lord CANIPBELL said he would have done' %to had he known that the inconvenience of which he complained was in existence at the time he was in office. The Bill was then laid on the table. • Lord LYTTELTON presented a petition from' a per son named 'Wharton, residing in Stourbridge;, praying their Lordships to adopt a plan which he proposed for the payment of the National Debt.—(Laughter.) The Duke of RICHMOND presented a petition. from Sussex, in favour of protection to agriculture: =' '`" HOLYHEAD HARBOUR.' In answer to a question from Lord MONTE.OLE, The Duke of WELLINGTON said the qiieWen of facilitating the communication between this conntr?and Ireland had been under the consideration of the Go vernment, and they had determined to continue that communication by means of Holyhead With regard to granting money for this purpose, the" Government-had postponed their decision until after the railway to Holy head, which was now before Parliament, had been dis posed of. Earl FITZ WILLIAM thought a . coMmission ought to be appointed to inquire as to what . .pointa e.f the country required railways, and what parts .clid n'ot,.; and that no other railway s oug ht to b e sanctiotiK, :.4cept those approved by such Commission. The Duke of WELLINGTON said he thought the appointment of such a Commission would be like shut ting a stable door when the steed was stolen.---(Laughter.) Lord BROUGHAM thought such a commission was necessary for the purpose of protecting imlividuals. The house of Earl Grey for instance in Northumber land had been greatly injured by a railway passing close under it, and it was but poor consolation to that Noble Earl, after being driven from his house to be told, that he must yield to public convenience. After a few words from the Marquis of LANS DOWNE, Earl FITZ WILLIAM gave notice that ho would move the appointment of such a commission on Tues day next. SANATORY REGULATIONS RESPECTING, THE DWELLINGS OF THE POOR. . The Marquis of NORMANBY rose to present a pe tition from the working men of Edinburgh, praying the House to pass a Bill which would establish-better sanatory regulations with respect to the dwellings of the poor. The petitioners prayed that steps might be taken by which the dwellings of the poor might be abundantly rupplied with good water ; and they also prayed for the repeal of the duty on soap. They had formed them selves into a society on this subject, and they acknow ledged with gratitude in the petition the receipt of a magnificent donation from his Royal Highness Prince Albert towards .the funds of the society. The Noble Marquis then enlarged upon the necessity for immediate legislation upon this subject. He reminded their Lord ships that 50,000 persons annually died in this kingdom of diseases which might be prevented if there were good sanatory regulations in existence. It was now four years since he first brought this subject under the consideration of their Lordships, and he hoped that another session would not be allowed to pass without the subject being fully considered by Parliament. The Duke of BUCCLEUCH said that the Bills which the Noble Marquis had brought forward on this subject had been passed very rapidly in that House; but when they were sent to the other House of Parliament, they were found by practical men to be quite inefficient for the purpose for which the Noble Marquis • intended them, for it was found that the remedies which the Noble Marquis proposed were found to be such, that to carry them out would be attended with an expense equal to a confiscation of the property to which it applied. Lord CAMPBELL hoped the Government would take the prayer of the petition into their serious consi deration, comini, as it did from a city whi c h h a d b een properly termed' the Modern Athens, and which was worthy of the term, both on accoun t of beauty of its buildings and the intelligence of its inhabitants. Lord BROUGHAM said that if his Noble and Learned Friend had been the representative of Edin burgh now, he certainly would not have had the support of his constituents in what he had stated, for they con sidered it as an insult to have their city termed the Modern Athens.—(Laughter.) Lord CAMPBELL said that Edinburgh had produced his Noble Friend, and he was an Alcibiades, a Pericles, and a Demosthenes, in his own person.—(Laughter.) After a few words from the Marquis of NORMANBY and the I)uke of BUCCLETJCH, in explanation, the peti tion was laid on the table. WRIT OF ERROR BILL. Lord CAMPBELL rose to move the second reading of this Bill, which he had been already permitted to place on the table of their Lordships' House. A great defect at present existed in the law, and one which re quired a speedy remedy. A writ of error could be bad from all the inferior courts to the Queen's Bench, and from the Court of Queen's Bench to that House, and this was necessary to preserve a uniform administration of justice. Whatever opinion might exist as to the mode in which the House of Lords discharged its political duty, he believed there was but one opinion of the man ner in which their Lordships executed their judicial functions, and which gave the greatest satisfac tion. There was a great difficulty with re spect to what was done in cases of misde meanour, where the writ of error was brought after the sentence of imprisonment had been passed. With respect to civil cases a difficulty existed, but it was surmounted by giving good security to pay the sum adjudged to be due, the sentence was suspended until the writ of error was tried. But with respect to writs of error in cases of misdemeanor the most serious evils remained to be remedied. No writ of error could be brought on any interlocutory matter until the final judgment of the Court was given •, and when the sentence of imprisonment was pronounced it must be carried into immediate execution. He knew no exception to this rule except, perhaps, one case in Yorkshire, where the experiment was made on a small scale. He was a notorious poacher, and the Court sentenced him to six months' imprisonment, but the sen tence was not to be carried into execution until the first day of the shooting season (September), so that he might be kept in prison the whole of that period. He believed that though this was a very ingenious and salutary sort of suspension, it was yet contrary to law, for the impri sonment must commence in a court of criminal jurisdic tion from the day of the sentence being passed. If the prisoner was already under sentence for another offence, the punishment for the second must begin when the first ended. The Court had no power to pronounce a sen tence of future imprisonment, nor had any criminal court the power to suspend the execution of a sentence pending a writ of error. Even the Crown had no power to in terfere. The Crown might pardon or remit the punish ment, but it could not suspend an execution pending a writ of error. By the law of Eng land, in cases of misdemeanor the party was entitled to liberty until the law finally determined he should be punished. When a sufficient security was given that the party charged with the misdemeanor had come forward to take his trial, he was dejure entitled to be discharged; and even after the verdict of the jury he sentence was a w s r t i i t l o entitlede rror t N o v a b s e h discharged o o r n e v g i e o w o d t h s e a cu a r e i t ty te . was it not monstrous that that sentence should in the meantime be carried into execution? It might happen that a writ of error was obtained just before the long vacation commenced; the Cour t of Queen'sßench did not sit from June to November, nor their Lordships from niv ia o Ju la); must b until February, enforced eroed and during3eh t Te e sentence interval, up upon the idwhether the writ of error succeeded afterwards or not. He was not stating any merely visionary case. There were un fortunately some illustrations of it. It was contrary. to Magna Charts that such should be the case, for it set forth that no man should be deprived of his liberty ex cept by the law of the land. Yet a few years ago a case occured in Ireland, that of Mr. tadford Roe, ;vho, having been convicted and imprisoned, brought a writ of error to that to ut he House;rge andurged h y the th e case pris ne 1 1 having were b f e o n u n reviewed, N• the rind objections he was dis c h arge d , b ut not until he had undergen scandal twelve months' a i din mp i r a i i s s o tra n mtieonn of j Vt. N a a s s tie n e o , t thing a s e u d ch e a disg raee a to the law? The Bill he introduced would remedy this grievance, and he apprehended its principles were un objectionable. A writ of error, it should be recol lected, was not obtained as a matter of course, it could only be had under the fiat of the Queen's Attorney-General—the accused should then enter into such securities to be forthcoming at the proper time as would be every way satisfactory to the Court. He pro posed that when the fiat was obtained, and when the securities were entered into that the defendant would be forthcoming to receive punishment, punishment should. not be inflicted until the superior court had decided whether it was in accordance with the law, or contrary to the law, that that punishment should be inflicted. That was the principle which he now asked their Lord ships to affirm. It was said that, if such a principle were laid down, writs of error would vastly multiply ; but it should be recollected that they could be ,brought upon no frivolous objection, and on no false pretence. The sanction of the Attorney - Genet al was i ndiSpensible. and the scrutiny of the Court would a ct as a p reve ntion. A writ of error could not be brought upon the bare facts or merits of the case upon which the jury had. already decided ; but solely upon a question, of law. The Attorney-General's guarantee might he considered sufficient that the objections were not frivolous or raised for the mere purposes of delay, and they might rely on the caution of the Court that the securities were ful filled. The Attorney-General had, in other matters, great powers cnnferred upon him, and if he neglected or abused his duty in any manner, he might be impeached in Parliament. But, another objection was urged, of a very futile nature indeed, that the present state of things had been going onfor a very long time, and that no great objection had been made to the law in its present form. Surely their Lordships would not'consider these objections arguments, for the very same sort of pretexts might have been urged for the con tinuance of every bad law, and for the prevention of everyspecies of improvement.. Torture was once ay plied an this — country to 'exacta a confes'sion ficfm the