The Sun. — London, England, 1844-01-04 00:00:00

• THE SOUTHERN COAST OF THE BLACK SEA. • TREBIZONDE, SEPT. 11.--Trebizonee, hesides being the port of Erzeroum, Tabriz, and Teleran, has become the chief entreptit between Central Asia and Europe, and it is not difficult to perceive that from its geogra phical position it must henceforward maietait: this im portant character. Access to Central Asia from the eastern coast of the Black Sea is precluded by the towering range of the Caucasus, as from Syria it is ren dered inconvenient by the desert that fill:; up the great triangle formed by the Euphrates, the Mediterranean, and Arabia. The interval between these two approaches is occupied by the peninsula of Asia Minor, and hence the rise of Smyrna when the navigation of the Black Sea was prohibited, and caravans traversed the length of the country from east to west ; but now that restrictions on Euxine navigation are removed, Trebizonde, on the northern and extreme neck of the peninsula, affords such convenient access as to monopolize: the intercourse with turope. Its importance is shared only by Aleppo, which supplies the southern literal of its own continent. The last year's transit trade through Trebizonde in English manufactures, when unusual obstacles existed, was 28,000 bales ; of Belgian cloth, 4,600 bales. The gross exports in transit to Constantinople were in value only a little above 300,0001., while the total imports were over 1,200,000/. The last item includes the Russian trade to Georgia, chiefly in English beer and spices (3,4001.), and grain from the Danube and Russian ports for the consumption of the pachalic (32,0001.) The district of Janik, extending over 240 miles of coast, of which Samsoon is the chief town, may be cited as an example of the state of administration in this por tion of Turkey. Janik is to this coast what the Banat is to Transylvania—widely extending plains, of strong and rich soil, are diversified by mountainous features peculiar to the rest of the pachalic. More than one third of this district has become the private property of the Hasnadar family, who for thirty years have con ducted its administration. Its chief productions are hemp, linseed, tobacco, and silk. The hemp, of which about 25,000 quintals were raised lastyear, is nut allowed to be exported. This article is subject to a levy of 7,000 quintals annually, free of charge, after which the remaining crop is appraised and purchased by the Pacha, for the use of Government. To make up the Govern ment quota of hemp every individual is taxed propor tionably, and those who do not grow their share pay a commen surate value in money. Little could be said against this imposition, did it, as at its institution, e xempt from military service ; but it appears singularly -unjust, since the privilege it once conferred on this agricultural population has been forgotten. The con scription is now as rigorowdy enforced in Janik as else. where, and recruits for the Redif are frequently seen chained by the neck in companies of 100, who have their irons knocked off only at the moment of embarcation. About 30,000 bales of tobacco are yearly raised in Janik. The duty is farmed by . the Pacha from the Porte. Last year the Porte disposed of the duty for 125,000 plasters, when subsequently the Pacha resold his right at a profit of 160,000 piasters more. After this duty, which is on the green produce, there are additional custom-house duties on exportation. Silk, which might be extensively brought forward, is burdened with internal duties on the raw produce to the amount of 23 per cent. ; but, even under present restrictions, is slowly improving both in quality and in the manner of reeling. Besides these and other taxes on produce, there is the Saliahn, an irregular exaction of 100 piasters on each male adult, occurring three times or more in the course of the Tear ; and another most oppressive griev ance—the felling and preparing of timber without charge according to the demand from the arsenal at Stamboul. So much for administration in Janik, the kernel of the rieh pachalic of Trebizonde. I shall next. illustrate a few traits in the character of its governor. A few months since some Austrian leech merchants purchased a firman conferring on them a monopoly for the fishing of leeches in Janik daring a single season. 70,000 piasters were paid to the Porte for this privilege. When the firman was shown to the Pacha of Samsoon, that functionary at once informed the merchants that un less they consented to other terms, be could promise that their speculation ',Veld be a losing one ; and thereon proposed that the merchants should sell their firman to him, and that he (the Pacha) would thou undertake to furnish leeches at the ordinary price paid to the peasant collectors, namely, 20 piasters for each oke. The Tacha then offered 5,000 piasters for the firman that a week before had cost the merchants 70,000 piasters, and the merchants knowing that otherwise they ran a risk of losing their whole outlay, accepted the Pacha's terms. The Pacha thereon soon fulfilled his promise as to the large supply of leeches he could obtain—his stock amounting in a few months to 5,000 ekes, which he sold to the merchants at 20 piastres the oke, as agreed upon. lie obtained this supply by compelling the peasantry of the leech district to furnish, on pain of tine, a certain amount of leeches weekly, and for which he paid at the rate of 2f piastres the oke. By this manoeuvre he pocketed exactly 395,000 piastres, which otherwise would have been shared between the speculators and the pea sant collectors. For the truth of this nefarious story I can personally vouch, and there are others of equally recent date and oppressive character which could be au thenticated. And why, it may be asked, do not those Austrian merchants complain in such an instance to the Porte? Yes; and in the course of their business go next year to Janik and have their trade ruined by t he same "Paella or his successor ! I agree with such sufferers, that avhosoever'e duty it may be to oppose such an abuse, it does not fall on them individually when at the expense of their interest. What I have said of Janik applies in general to admi nistration throughout the other portions of the coast. These frontiers were not included in the enactments of Gulhane, nor is it probable they ever will be. Arbitrary government, therefore, and the old system of imposi tions, are everywhere in force, and monopolies, although nominally abolished, still virtually exist in the hands of the Pachas ; while the produce, es regards foreign ex portation, is additionally burdened with the compensa tion duties of the European treaties. Conniption and force are the prevailing features of the local stlministra- Lion. The internal taxes of the Porte are mostly farmed and paid in advance by the Pachts.s, elm are afterwards left to exercise an unlimited exaction over the people. As a natural consequence of the above state of things, the head Government suffer in their pecuniary interests equally with the general mass of the population. In demnity is sought from the griping rue:usurps of the Pachas by evading the external duties that remain in the hands of the Porte. In such instances, Russia, by the conduct of her local agents and flue nature of her treaty, suffers herself to be the instrument by which this further demoralization is effected. The article of wax, for in stance, of which the Puchalic furnishes about 20,000 okes annually, being supplied alike front the Russian shore, exporters purchase certificates at the Georgian stations, declaring that the wax is Russian produce, and so pass it at the Stamboul Custoin•house at 3 per cent., avoiding also the internal duty. The payment of the 3 per cent. is all that can happen in such an instance, but by the perfected system of underletial compromise car ried on by Russian agents at the chief Casotte.hause, it is seldom but they can compromise the matter fur less. Notification certificates—an i/ reehefee— are intended to guard against such fraud (the cer.ificate is necessary previous to exportation, and has to ha returned within a certain period, endorsed from the head Custom-house, stating that the internal duties were paid on the tinkles epecitied) ; but, however effectual this epee!: may be to the-subjects of other Powers, it is none to the Russian, or the native who relies on his assistance. ,although the different branches of this std.:it-et would admit of considerable enlargement, I believe it will be needless to say more to prove my assertion as to the degree of existing mill-administration. It affects a divi sion of the empire regarding which but little is known, yet where more than usual interest shout { be attached. its well from its relative position as the energies it is still easpable of receiving, and the ,increasee. importance tin, iltsteality has acquired from cotninercialevents.—Thnes. On Thursday afternoon a end est.ole !),longing to the East Eaten Coal Company blew op, v, hid 0 proceeding up the Hartlepool Railway, and a poor woman, ah was upon the engine at the time, was killed upon the spot. Both the engine man and stoker were severely scalded. On Tuesday night last, `sir ‘Filter Tart., was returning to hi 3 residence at the PaLcr, Ma'dstobe. when, 4011 passing the mill-head of Mews. Mercer and l'arton's mills, the lion. Baronet met a man and woman, and immediately afterwards heard a splash in the water a:-t1 a cry of distress. Sir Walter hastened to the spot, and seeing ;t.methiog on the surface of the water, which is at this spot about six feet deep, and runs with a rapid current under the mill, without hesitation lie plunged in with all his clothes on, and succeeded in saving from a watery grave the woman whom he had passed just before. —Maids tone Journal. MoS,TALIT Y AMONGST CHILDREN.—NeasIes, ac companied with inflammatory symptoms of a very severe cha racter, are very prevalent amongst ehildren in the crowded dis trict betwe en Great Coram-street and Ru,sell-square. This rim:tains many close and confined courts and ill •ventilated houses, and severe fatal cases have occurred within the last few days. In the neighbourhood of flattle-bridge and the Fever Hospital, and particularly in the close and ill-drained districts adjacent to Maiden-lane, cases of confluent small-pox have been very common the last few dajs, many of which have proved fatal. PRoPosta) CONF ERENC V. OF DISSENTEUS.—It will have been seen from the Patriot and ;he Nonconformist that a General Conference of those who are decidedly opposed to the union of Church and E;t:t.c bus been de termined on. The proposal originated in the midland counties, and has been acceded to at it meeting of leading Dissenters in the metropolis. We augur well from this combination of purpose. Let all Noneonfurrnists unite, and they will ultimately triumph. We dare not promise the Provisional Committee the active and open co-opera tion of the Wesleyan ministers; but we can confidently assure them that they will have the best wishes and the ardent prayers of many of these gentlemen ror the sue c‘os of their labours. The lay member; of the Wesleyan chur.:43, however, are under no restraint which needs preclude them from acting out their convictions in any way that may promote the cause of religious freedom. We trust, therefore, that when the list of the Provi sional Committee appears, we shall have the pleasure of seeing several Wesleyan names upon it.—Wesleyan Chronicle. A WELSH VERDICT.—The result of the Coroner's inquest on the body of Mr. Thomas, who was supposed to have been murdered, was the following verdict That the said Thomas Thomas, on the lo th day of . December, in the year aforesaid, in a certala brook, culled Merles, running between and dividing the several parishes of Llanfihangel-rheaycorn aforesaid, and hat L thla negwad, in the sai d county, was_ found dead. th e said Thomas Th omas died from a concuss . ion of the brain, occasioned by a blow received by bun on her upper part of the left s ide of his forehead ; .but whet the said Thomas Thomas received the said blow by a tfull from a foot-bridge over the said brook, near a place ,where the said Thomas Thomas was so found dead, Nwhiel. was in a dangerous state, er how otherwise, no vvidertoe thereof doth appear to the said jurors. And Oat the said Thomas Thomas was, at the time of his des Ail; in the 71st year of his age." TUE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EWING, JANUARY 4, 1844.1 SPIRIT of the PUBLIC JOURNALS. I FROM TAE DAILY PAPERS Or YESTERDAY. GLOBE.—The " thorough" Tories have always been emphatically the party of personal slanderers. Addressing ignorance and prejudice, slander, of course, is their readiest weapon. The " thorough" democrats have ignorance and prejudice for their audience in like manner—the distrusts and grudges of those who stand lowest in the scale, against all above them just as the " thorough" Tories address themselves to the contempt of the vulgar great for all below them. Nothing can be more natural, there fore, than the sort of coalition in (calumny esta blished between the Ferrands and Hobsons—the Standards and Northern Stars. We request our readers to pay more attention than provincial and per sonal disputes for the most part can challenge, to the report of proceedings in the Leeds Town Council. The original subject of those proceedings was first brought under the attention of London readers by a blazing leading article of the Standard, showing up Leaguers as described by themselves. The authority on which the Standard proceeded was that of a certain Mr. Joshua Hobson, a town councillor of Leeds (whom the Standard promoted, of its own mere motion, into an alderman), and publisher of the O'Connor Chartist paper, the Northern Star. The charge against the Anti-Corn-law party in Leeds, which the Standard brought forward for the gratification of its Tory readers, on the authority of its Chartist ally, was reiterated as follows by Mr. Hobson—in a letter to a Morning Contemporary : " Some weeks ago, at a large public meeting in the town of Leeds, I took occasion to relate a circumstance that had come wider my observation, with reference to the strike of 1842, which seriously implicated the conduct of an Alderman of Leeds, the said Alderman being a well-known Whig. a member of the Anti-Corn-law League, and once a member of the watch committee of the Common Council of Leeds. " That circumstance was, that in the month of February, 1843, I received a certain letter from a Member of the House of Commons, inclosed in a note to myself, desiring me to tii - ake the following inquiries:— " 1. Whether such a person as the one represented to be the writer existed ; and " Whether, if there was such a person, he was prepared to maintain the truth of his statements ; and further, whether he was worthy of credence. " The reason assigned by the Member of Parliament for wishing these inquiries to be made was, that he was fearful the letter was a hoax, intended to lead him into error. " That the said letter purported to be written by a master machine-maker in Leeds, name and address being given. " That the writer averred that some fortnight before the strike occurred an alderman of Leeds, whose name was mentioned, sent for him (the writer) and informed him that a general strike would in a short time take place ; that when it reached Leeds, he would greatly serve the cause if he would turn the men employed in his machine-shop eut, with a hint to draw the plugs of the boilers ; that as the men were mechanics, they would be useful in teaching others how to draw the plugs ; and that they would also, if it were needful, know hew to blow the boilers up. " These statements were said to be made voluntarily, and from just and patriotic motives; and the writer declared his readiness to make oath as to their truth at the bar of the House of Commons. " That in accordance with the request to me I ascertained— " 1. That there was a master machine maker of the name and at the place set forth in the letter ; and "2. That he bore a character for fair dealing, probity, arid honour." Now we beg attention first to one simple considera tion, which does not seem to have occurred to the " Member of the House of Commons" (who turns out to be Mr. Ferrand), nor to the Standard, nor to the Northern Star branch of the calumny coalition. If this Anti-Corn-law Alderman of Leeds, who is thus said to have sent for a master machine-maker of the same place—a man of fair dealing, probity, and honour—really did send for a respectable fellow townsman to propose such infamy to him—to serve the cause by drawing the plugs of his boilers, and, if need ful, blowing the boilers up—ifthis extremely probable proposition was made by one capitalist to another—and accompanied with timely intimation that a pre meditated scheme for performing such operations " would in a short time take place' in Leeds as else where, by the particular desire of the Anti-Corn-law League—Forewarned, forearmed—what would the machine-maker of fair dealing, probity, and honour, have done ? If the impudent liars, who fabricate, publish, and republish such things, were not as stupid as impudent—if the Tory-Chartist coalition had all ounce of brains, any more than a scruple of honesty — if their one Member of Parliament, Their knight o' the shire, who represents them all, —were not, in gross swallow, as in foul tongue, pre cisely their fit representative—how could it have failed to occur to some of the crew, whether inven tors or retailers, that the tale stultifies itself—that the man was a public criminal, who could keep it secret, when notice to the local authorities, or the Home Secretary, might have prevented the whole outbreaking of August, 1842—who could bottle all this up till February, 1843, and then only write it—to Mr. Ferrand—that famous depository for authentic matters of fact from all quarters. The story-teller, therefore, put himself out of court by his own story. But it was not amiss to track him out notwithstanding, and detect who he is. This is what has been done by the discussion at the Leeds Town Council. It appears, then, that this Leeds Titus Oates, who stores up conspiracies in bottle for the Tory-Chartist coalition, and whom Mr. Joshua Hob son, of the Northern Star, guarantees as a man of fair dealing, probity, and honour—according to his esti mate of those qualities—is a certain William Smith, a fraudulent bankrupt, who could not obtain belief on his oath before the Bankruptcy Court--but who has been more fortunate in obtaining a witness to his "probity" in Mr. Hobson of the Northern Star, a correspondent in Mr. Ferrand, Member for Knares borough, and a copyist in the editor of the Standard. STANDARD.—" A farmer," said Mr. Cobden, in one of his late incendiary harangues, " has four sons ; he can give his farm but to one—the other three must go into trades. He has, therefore, three times as much interest in trade as in agriculture." I'he proper reply to this fallacy was the questions— into what trades were the three young men to go ? What trades or professions are there from which all, without a command of money, are not excluded by you monied capitalists ? What trades are there that you are not destroying by your grasping monopoly ? Has it not come to this, that in your unbridled lust of gain you now seek to rob even the labour of the, agriculturist, and leave even the fourth son without a means of living? The competition among the class of mere labourers is the lightest and least distressing competition of our day. Go into any family, from the artisan or the petty retailer up wards, and ask how its younger members are to be disposed of, and you will hear the same melan choly complaint, that the bead of the family does not know. His own trade or professio❑ is already overstocked ; as far as he can learn all other trades and professions of corresponding rank are over stocked also ; what is to become of his offspring ? He cannot tell, for even the classes below him are suffer ing from the common repletion. This is a description of the present state of society, which must be familiar to every one. Is the evil beyond the reach of cure? We trust not; and we are cm; luraged to hope a remedy possible, by a consideration that a very slight degree of relief, would produce effects far beyond its seem ing influence, that a subtraction of but a tenth or a twentieth from any class, profession, or trade, would go far to place it in a healthy state, just as the taking of a few ounces of blood frequently subdues a fever. What is the remedy ? The Foreign and t'olonial Quarterly tells us, colonisation—colonisation which affords a twofold relief in its inception, relief to those who emigrate and relief to those who remain,' and which, in its completion secures to the empire a twofold profit upon an indefinitely increasing com merce.. The present relief allbrded by judicious eolonitition is far greater than at first sight may appear. We have been led to reflect upon the twitter by ,what has offered to our own experience. Living in a very narrow and sufficiently humble circle, we have seen, within the last year or two, pass into the East India Company's army 10 or 12 young men, of higher or lower rank, of different degrees of talent and education—some of noble families, some of families less exalted, some• from the Universities, some from schools, and all within our own acquaintance. What would have been the destiny of these young men, if the Indian army, now almost the only resource, had not been open to. them ? Must they not have fallen back upon trades or professions, already choked by competition—ren dering by so much worse the state and prospects of all already committed to these trades and professions ? But call these 10 or 12, 10,000 or 12,000—and in the United Kingdom there must be more than twice that number of young men of respectable rank who would eagerly embrace opportunities like those which our young friends gratefully received as instances of good fortune, and surely you will do much to lighten the competition at home. Open your colonies, however, and you will have even larger drafts than this upon your youth of all classes. The benefit of such colonisation to the colonies themselves, and through them to the empire at large, will be great beyond calculation. Hitherto our colonisation has proceeded upon a principle altogether erroneous ; we sent out none hut the criminal, and destitute, and ignorant ; this was to lay the founda ticn, not of civilisation, but of immorality, ignor ance, and barbarism, A merely rude society— which has never been anything hut rade—may, and often will refine itself, but the sifted offal of a country —the people whom you send abroad because they are ' intolerable at home—the unhappy beings to whom your civilisation has taught, at least, the theory of vice, though circumstances, tor which they envy and hate you, have forbidden them the full indulgence of its practiac ; such offsets will only propagate the disgraceful and eorrapt part of civilised so ciety, and to their children's eliildren they will be queath an undying hatred of those their first insulting connection with whom must be a reproach for ever. Such, however, were the early British colonists, and lest their natural evil tendency should suffer any re straint, we sent them into the wilderness without any instruction. There were 80 Church of England clergy men among four millions of the Americans before the =evolutionary war--that is, one to each of fifty thousand scattered through the desert. To what the colo nists grew in the course of a century we have painful knowledge; but to what else could they grow ? The history of the first settlers is known; we left them as they were, and " like to like," says the proverb—the reinforcements that they received from England were like themselves, instead of that constant stream of affectionate British feeling with which it would be the wisdom of our country to supply her colonies, the Ame rican colonies served as a sink to draw off whatever was worthless, disgraced, or discontented in the me tropolitan state; and we had our reward. A better system of colonisation seems to have arisen spon taneously in Upper Canada ; the faithful few— the men of religion, loyalty, and honour driven from the southern provinces—the small band of American loyalists, laid the foundation of the colony, and they invited to their society kindred spirits from England, from the north of Ireland, and from Scotland. These men saved the whole of the British dominions in North America in the late rebellion, and they show not only what class of colo nists ought to be selected, but also what is the value of such citizens. It is but to keep the channel of colo nisation to Canada, as well as to the other colonies, constantly open and constantly clear, and the British spirit, with the language and religion of Britain, will cover the earth as the waters cover the sea." Nothing can be as absurd as jealousy in this 'matter; send out good men with good feelings towards the parent nation, and the same goodness and the same good feeling will be found at the end of centuries ; send out bad men and enemies, and their descendants to the remotest generation will be bad men and enemies. NAVAL INTELLIGENCE. - --- PORTSMOUTH ' JAW. I.—The Firebrand steam-frigate is to be commissioned immediately. She is likely to prove one of the fastest steamers in the service. During her passage from the River to this pert she beat the Cyclops three miles an hour. The Cyclops, however, had all her stores on board, and, con sequently had a deeper immersion in the water than the other, and her engines are only 320 horse power, whereas those of the Firebrand are of 430 horse power, although both vessels are of *the same class. The first and one of the most im portant improvements in marine steam-engines was made by Messrs. Seaward and Co., in the introduction of the Gorgon, or direct action engine, into the Cyclops, as that vessel has now engines of 320 horse power and 350 tons of coal in a space that was formerly occupied by engines of only 220 horse power and 250 tons of coal. In fitting the engines of the Firebrand they have effected a farther improvement, by which she can carry engines of 430 horse power, and 450 tons of coal, in a space eighteen feet less than that originally required for engines of 220 horse power and 250 tons of coal. This is in consequence of the introduction of tubular boilers, which arc not half the weight, and do not require half the space of the boilers upon the old plan, and therefore allow of a considerable reduction of the engine -room, with an additional quantity of fuel and an increase of power. Another important advantage gained by this improvement is in the reduction of the consumption of the fuel, as the Firebrand's engines require very little more than half per horse power than the smaller engines of 220 horse power in the Medea, Salamander, Phoenix, &c. When hese vessels undergo a repair there will be no difficulty in the adap tation of the tubular boilers to the old engines, whieh the Ad miralty will, no doubt, cause to be done, for the experiment has already been made in the Prometheus, by which a space of nine feet has been added to her accommodation. The Vindictive, 50, Captain Toup Nicholas, is on her pas sage home to England, from the Pacific. The Wanderer, 16, Commander G. H. Seymour ; Pelican, 16, Commander Philip Justice; Nimrod, 20, Commander F. H. H. Glass; Childers, 16, Commander George G. Wellesley; and the Clio, 16, Com mander James Fitzjames. are on their passage home from the East Indies; and the Pantaloon, 10, Lieut.-Commander Chas. H. Lapidge, and Bonetta, 3, Lieut.-Commander E. E. Gray, from the coast of Africa. The last-named vessel has arrived. The completion of the magazines of a first-rate and 84 gun ship, according to the plan directed by the Lords of the Admi ralty, has been accomplished at this port, and the improvement bids fair to be one of the most perfect and efficient that can be resorted to, and reflects great credit on Sir Thomas Hastings and the parties who have been carrying their Lordships' plan into effect. The subject is one of the deepest importance as regards the security of the lives of all on board, and the pre servation of the ship from the.terrific effect that may be pro duced by the shells recently introduced into the service. It is now well known that powerful steamers like the Penelope, armed with the shot and shell guns, have the facility of taking any position they may deem expedient over sailing ships; hence the great importance of this improvement in the magazines, which are now so placed that the upper part or crown is about six feet under water, and protected at the sides by water and other means, that it arroants almost to an impossibility that the explosion of a shell can affect the internal part of the magazine. The Hyacinth, 18, Commander Francis Scott, has arrived at Plymouth from the coast of Ireland. She is to have her masts reduced, and to receive an additional quantity of ballast, of which she has already received forty-five tons. Her lower masts are to be shortened four feet. It appears she is not able to carry her present sail, and that altogether she has too much top-hamper ; although the Rover, 18, recently paid off at Chat ham, also a corvette, had sufficient stability to carry, during the whole time she was in commission, similar masts and spars to those about to be reduced in the Hyacinth, and that, too, without any ballast. The Helena, 16, Commander Sir Cornwallis Ricketts, is still at Spithead, but will in all probability sail to-morrow or Wednesday. She is the sister ship to the Siren, 16, Com mander William Smith, now in the East Indies, of whose capabilities the most flattering accounts have repeatedly been received. The Albion, 90, Captain N. Lockyer, will proceed in a few days from Pl ymouth to Cork, where she will beeom• the flag ship of Rear-Admiral Bowles. The Caledonia, 120, Captain Milne, will return to Plymouth on the arrival of the Albion at Cork. Ship at Spithead—The Helena. Ships in Harbour—The St. Vincent, Victoria, Excellent, Victoria and Albert (Royal steam yacht), Penelope (steam frigate), Fearless and Echo (steamers), Satellite. STATE OF TRADE. (From the Manchester Guardian.) MANCHESTER.—There was a good inquiry yesterday for nearly all descriptions of cloth, with a slight advance upon those descriptions which are in the most general request, anti especially on shirtingQ. For yarn, too, there was an im proved demand for the home trade, and an advance of id. to id. per lb. was obtained on some descriptions suitable for that purpose. On the whole, the new year opens un der farvourable auspices for spinners and manufacturers, unless their prospects should be blighted by a speculative advance in the price of the raw material at Liverpool; of which there seems to be some danger, but for which, as it seems to us, there is not the slightest grounds. The spinners, however, have the remedy in their own hands. In case of an advance arising from speculative purchases, all they have to do is to buy only for their immediate wants ; when the pressure of the stock, and of the coming imports, will very soon restore the market to its proper and natural state. We may probably give some further observations on this subject in a future number. ROCHDALE FLANNEL MARKET, MONDAY, JAN. There has been a dull market to-day, few buyers having attended, and the business transacted has been very limited. TEMPERANCE AMONG THE INDIANS.—There is no thing connected with the progress of civilisation among the western Indians more lamentable than the fact that wherever the Whites- have gone they have invariably introduced the use of intoxicating drinks among the savages, and thus effected a deeper and more permanent injury than they could have done in any other way. A great deal of this sin lies at the door of the detachments of the United States army which have been stationed along our extreme frontier ; and we are glad to see, by a letter from an officer in the in fantry at Fort Towson, Arkansas, published in a re cent number of the Black River Journal, that they have undertaken to remedy the evil so extensively done by the only means in their power, the promotion of temperance principles and the establishment of tem perance societies among the Indians. A society was organised among the soldiers about a year ago which has weekly meetings, and numbers 150 members among the soldiers themselves. The members, officers, and all connected belong to the army, and courts mar tial and military offences have almost wholly .disap• geared. At a small village named Doatsville, about a mile from the garrison, a society has been organised among the Indians, of whom 400 or 500 have become members. The cause of temperance is said to be making very rapid progress among the Choctaws in that vicinity. New York Paper. THEATRES IN ITALY.--The recent death of Cata- lini renders Sinigaglia, her birth-place, a spot of interest to the musical world. The city is remarkable for the brilliancy of its theatrical performances. Last year they bad Frezzolini, Barbieri, Nini, and Pionthanti, as prime donne, Poggi, Castellan, and Lucchesi, as printi knot i, and Porto, as print° basso. In 1842, Teresa Brambilla was one of the in ime donne, Ivanhotf and Lucche ii were tenors, Tamburini, Itosi, and Fallar, basses. An at tempt was made to produce Guglielmo Tell, under the name of Rodolfo di Sterlinga , but a Government decree prevented its performance. The opera of Bonifacio di Gerund, by Prince Ponistowski, has been played with great success at the Teatro Argentine, at Rome, and was supported by Teresa Brauibilla, Giacomo Roppa (tenor), and Sebastiano Ronconi, Carlo Porto, and Francesco Faller (basses). The theatre is celebrated for the ori ginal production of Rossini's Barbiere. - Sebastiano Ron coni, according to an "indignant" correspondent, has be come a superior actor to his brother Georgio ; and cer tainly, from our recollection of Sebastiano at the Lyceum in the opera of Furioso, and of Georgic), at her Majesty's Theatre, in 1842, we have no reason to discredit his statement. THE NEW COMET. —I think this comet's approach to our system should be considered as one of the proxi mate causes of the fine weather, and mild temperature of November and December. For as the transit of comets is one of the most powerful causes of perturbation in the meteoric action of the atmosphere (as proved by those of 1840, 1841, and 1842), and that the periods of the ap proach or these bodies into the solar system is unknown, such a thing as absolute certainty in calculations of the weather is of course not to be expected on the seasons when they occur. The vteather has been wonderfully mild all this month, with the barometer remarkably high and steady. The thermometer was on Christmas-day at 50 degrees, and as the present high state of the barome ter shows a great atmospherical pressure, which accord ing to the nature of things cannot last long, then probably great depressions will follow with snow storms. I am every day expecting a change to cold—if it is delayed till about Old Christmas-day then expect a severe winter (which is the time severe winters generally set in) the great frost of 1740 began at that time.—G. SUGDEN. TIOWdeD, Pm 57, A STRANGE ANIMAL.—The Courrier de Lyon gives the following most wonderful story as a rare and singular instance of sympathy between the canine and feline race. We can hardly, believe, however, that our contemporary is serious: An inhabitant of this place has brought up a cheinchat (a hybrid between a dog and a cat is, we presume, meant). The whole of the body is covered with hair like that of a spaniel. One half of the head has all the character of the canine race, the other moiety resembling that of the cat. The paws are furnished with the claws of a cat. The animal snaps and barks like a dog, but when enraged mews like a cat. When caressed it shows its satisfaction by purring like the frequenters of the garret§ and gutters." LAW INTELLIGENCE. INSOLVENT DEBTORS' COURT, Jan. 2. IN RE JOHN CAMPDELL. This case had been partly heard on a former day, when the insolvent was opposed by Mr. Cooke, and the hearing adjourned to produce a person named Langdon, who held a bill of sale of all the insolvent's property, which had been executed in July, 1842. That person had allowed the property to remain in the insolvent's possession up to the present time, the bill of sale being in possession of an individual who resided in his house. Mr Langdon having refused to give up this document, Mr. Cooke intimated that, under the Ist and 2d Vic. c. 110, sec. 61, the bill of sale was valueless, it being enacted that un less the goods were sold before the insolvent went to prison, they belonged to the assignee. Mr. Langdon said he could not help that, as the circum stances now stood. Mr. Cooke said the assignees were determined to bring an action against Mr. Langdon, to try the merits of the case. The insolvent was eventually ordered to be discharged. WINTER ASSIZES. IVES7ERN CIRCUIT. Chester, Jan. 2. MORMONITES.—Jonathan Pogmore (44), and Thos. Cartwright (28), were indicted, the former for having, in the township of Monks Coppenhall, on the 23d November last, seized Sarah Cartwright by the neck, and feloniously, wilfully, and negligently cast her into a certain brook, in which she was choked and drowned ; and the other prisoner, Thomas Cart wright, was charged with aiding and assisting in the said man slaughter. The Attorney-General, and Messrs. L. Trafford and Towns hend, appeared for the prosecution , and Mr. Tem p le for the prisoner. The ATTORNEY-GENERAL said the two prisoners at the bar were charged with manslaughter, by killing and slaying a person of the name of Sarah Cartwright by negligence. This was rather a notorious case, and would require the best at tention of the jury. It appeared that the prisoners were what were generally called " Latter-day Saints," a sect of religionists in the neighbourhood of the railway station at Crew. The deceased was the wife of the prisoner Cartwright; and one of the tenets of the sect was to baptise those per sons who joined their body. The person for whose death the prisoners were upon their trial, was persuaded by them to be baptized, and the place where the baptism was to be per formed was at a brook called Coppenhall Brook, about a quarter of a mile from the residence of the prisoners. Pog more and Cartwright accompanied the woman, who went volun tarily into the brook, when Pogmore immersed her in the brook once or twice. She struggled and got loose from him, and was drowned. The brook was much swollen at the time, and the question was, whether the death of the woman was owing to a want of ordinary caution on the part of the pri soners. The Learned Gentleman was then about to call his witnesses, when it was found that no one was present whose evidence was of the slightest use in the case ; neither was the attorney in Court. The Court waited some time, and his Lordship asked the name of the attorney in the case. Mr. Lowe, the attorney (of Nantwich), was called frequently, but he did not answer. After waiting some time his Lordship said he would not wait ; the case must. proceed in the usual course. It was well known that the case was to come on this morning. The Attorney-General then called the following witnesses : Miahael Linty, a police constable, said. that on the morning after the death of the woman, Pogmore showed him the place where they went into the brook. When the water was low, it was two or three to four yards broad, and not more than a foot and a half or two feet deep in ordinary times. Upon this occa sion there were seven feet of water in depth, and it appeared that the water had been nine feet deep. James Moore was next called, but did net answer. After some time, the following witnesses came into Court:— George Bazely—l live at Crewe, in theparish of Monks Cop penhall. I went on the morning after this occurrence to search for the body of the deceased. The brook is about three quar ters of a mile from the railway. I found the water swollen, and the body was amongst some trees on the bank of the brook. There was only a flannel singlet on the body. I assisted in carrying the body home. Cross-examined by Mr. Temples—l never saw the river Jor dan nor any of the waters mentioned in Scripture. The brook is in a retired valley. Lucy Massey—l am a dressmaker at Monks Coppenhall. I knew the deceased, Sarah Cartwright. She was about 30 years of age. I saw her on Thursday, the 23d of November. She said something to me.—(Mr. Temple objected to the witness stating what took place. )—lt was about one o'clock when I spoke to her. She was quite well then. I saw the ' body the next day. It was the body of the wife of the prisoner Cartwright. Ann Peace was called, but she could prove nothing material. James Moore was next called, but not appearing, he was ,called upon his recognizances. William Robinson, Mary Awn Moore, and George Slater, were also called upon their recognizances. Mr. Lowe, the prosecuting attorney, at length came to Court, but he did not explain the reason why either he or the witnesses had not been attendance. His LORDSHIP said he would not suffer the public time to be wasted in this scandalous manner, and he ordered the recog nisances of all the witnesses who had not appeared to be estreated. Mr. Temple submitted that the prisoners must be acquitted. The JUDGE—Yes. But there is a great failure of justice in this case. I shall not allow the costs of the prosecution. The jury, under the direction of his Lordship, acquitted both the prisoners. Mr. Temple said he heard his Learned Friend, the At torney-General, talking about the coroner's inquisition. He called upon his Learned Friend to proceed at once upon it, or to enter a nolle prosequi. Mr. Hill—l shall use my own discretion. The prisoners have, not yet been arraigned upon the inquisition. The prisoners were then removed, and the Court proceeded to try a prisoner for a burglary. Robert Howe was indicted for a burglary at Staly, and found Guilty.—Sentence was deferred. The prisoners Pogmore and Cartwright were next arraigned upon the Coroner's inquisition, for the manslaughter of Sarah Cartwright. The ATTORNEY - GENERAL said he should not offer any evidence in the'case. The JUDGE, addressing the jury, said, no evidence was offered for the prosecution, and very properly. A bill had been found by the grand jury, and in consequence of the culpable neglect of the parties who ought to have attended on the part of the prosecution, they had been acquitted. He thought it would be too much to try them after having been acquitted. Addressing the prismters, his Lordship said—With your peculiar tenets I have nothing to do. but it was most culpable and incautious on your part not to examine the state of the brook before you went in. Let the event which has happened, and the distress which I have no reason to doubt you both must feel, he a warning to you for the future to be more cautious. There were three witnesses who did attend. Let them have their expenses, but let no other person have expenses of any sort.—The prisoners were then discharged. THE Mu envy. AT DELAMERE.—This afternoon the Grand Jury brought in a tr ue bill a g ains t Samuel Maddocks , for the murder Baileyg gamekeeper to George Wilbraham, Esq., a t D August last, and ignored the bill against John A a of d de Matth ias oiacin k s e, hisrein Au brother. OXFORD 61RCUIT.—Stqfford, Jan. 2. (Before Mr. Baron Rotex. ) HIGHWAY ROBBERY.- Thomas Ward and John Hodgkin son were charged with highway robbery on the person of Edw. Rowley. Mr. Allen conducted the case for the prosecution ; the prisoners were defended by Mr. Woolrych. The prosecutor' an elderly man, whose answers to the ques tions put to him by the Learned Counsel occasioned consider able merriment in Court, stated that, as he was returning home from Abbot's Bromley, about half-past ten on the night of the 20th of September, he was suddenly attacked by the prisoners, who plundered him of his watch and some silver that lie had about him ; and as his despoilers, whom he had known for ten years, were inhabitants of the same village where he resided, he jest no t i me in giving the alarm and procuring their apprehen sion. The prisoners had been absent from home during the whole of the night, and on searching Ward, two shillings were found secreted in one of his boots. For the defence, it was urged that the prosecutor was in such a state of inebriation at the time in question as to render it im possible for him to speak with any degree of certainty to the prisoners' identity, and several witnesses were called to corro borate this view of the case. They failed, however, in con vincing the jury of the inaccuracy of the old man's statement, for they immediately returned a verdict of Guilty. They were sentenced to be imprisoned and kept to bard labour for 15 calendar months. The remaining cases will be easily disposed of in the course of the day. CENTRAL CRIMINAL COURT. OLD COURT. (Before Mr. Justice ERSKINE.) John Clinch and Thomas Horne, two Kensington omnibus drivers, surrendered in Court, to answer a charge of feloniously killing and slaving William Knott. Mr. Adolphus prosecuted, and 'Messrs. Clarkson and Wilkins appeared for the prisoners respectively. The circumstances under which the charge was made were of rather a novel character. The indictment alleged that the defendants drove furiously and improperly past a certain dray, of which the deceased was the driver, and that in consequence of this furious driving the horses in the dray became terrified and started off, and threw down the deceased, the wheel of the dray going over him and inflicting injuries, of which he died. To support this charge several witnesses were called, but the testimony was of a conflicting character. It appeared that on the 9th November the dray, which was one of Messrs. Gosling and Co.'s, was proceeding along the n Kensing ton road towards London, the deceased, not being the regular driver, hut having the horses placed I , in his charge by th e d r i ver, w ho was riding at the time in the dray. The priso ners , who w ere each driving an omnibus , came up to the d ray near Kens i ng ton Church, and both of them attempted to p ass th e d ray, one o n the near, and the other on the off-side of th a t ve hi cle a nd, ac cording to the testimony of some of the wit nesses, i n con sequence of the speed t he y were going at, th e d ray -h orses were f r i g htened, and started off, and the deceased, i n attempting to s t o p them, was thrown down by the dray, and rece i ve d the in j ur y o f which he died. The evi dence was not by any means c l e ar as to the precise manner in which the ac c id ent occurred ; and the evidence as to the s p eed at which th e p r i soners were d r i v i n g was very contradictory, some of the witnesses stating that they were galloping, and others, that they were going at a very moderate pace; and, so far as the prisoner Horne was concerned, it appeared pretty clear that ewes not driving fast at the time the accident happested. The case for the prosecution having closed, Mr. CLARKSON asked his Lordship whether he thought there was any case to go to the jury against his client Horne ? Mr. Justice ERSKINE said the case certainly was very weak, but still he did not think he ought to withdraw it from the consideration of the jury. Mr. CLARKSON then addressed a few observations to the jury on behalf of the prisoner for whom he appeared. Mr. WiLeirrs took some technical objections to the indict ment, but they were overruled by the Court. The Learned Counsel addressed the jury for Clinch. He called Mr. C omm i ss i oner B u llo c k to speak to his character, and that veral years as coa c h man t o some l a di es o f his acquaintanee, gentleman said he had known him for se and he always bore a very good character. Mr. Justice ERSKINE having summed up, 'the jury, after a short deliberation, returned a verdict of Not Guilty. The prisoners were ordered to be discharged. John Goan, 59, was i n dicted for cutting and wound in g Maria Caffyn, with inte n t t o d o her grievous bodily harm. Mr. Clarkson prosec u t e d, an d Mr. Ballantine defended t he prisoner. It appeared that the prisoner had assaulted the prosecutor, who is his wife, with a poker, but it was clearly shown that he was at the time in a state of insanity. The jury accordingly acquitted him on that ground, and he was ordered to be detained in custody during her Majesty's pleasure. The RECORDER sat in the evening, but the cases disposed of were of no public interest. On Tuesday a General Quarter Session for the pre cincts and liberties of the Tower of London, was held at the Court-house, Wellelose- s quare, Thomas Wa lsh, Esq., in the chair. Both grand and petit jury were sworn, but there being no businesi whatever to be transacted by either, they were disobarged. POLICE INTELLIGENCE (YESTERDAY.) MANSION-HOUSE. Several omnibus drivers and conductors were summoned for having loitered on their way through various parts of the City. In one case the defendant was charged with having loitered beFore an Ealing omnibus, while another omnibus was follow iug for the purpose, as wai evident to all, of preventing the Ealing vehicle from obtaining a fair share of passengers. It was stated that the driver of the omnibus which the others were endeavouring to injure, was a well-conducted respectable person, who was obedient to the directions of the officers ap pointed to superintend the arrangements of the streets. Sir GEORGR CARROLL, on inflicting the full penalties upon this defendant, said that in adjudicating in that manner, he carried out the intentions of the Lord Mayor,particularly as the defendant had joined with another in the endeavour to prevent the Ealing driver from gaining bread for his family. He also stated that upon any occasion in which such suspicions were proved, he should take care to act with two-fold severity to the offending parties, and he directed the police to observe the con duct of all persons who engaged in such unfair courses with pe culiar strictness, and to report them punctually. The defendant asked what would be the consequence if he refused to pay? Sir GEORGE CARROLL—One month's imprisonment in Bridewell. The defendant paid the fine and costs. Another omnibus driver was summoned for having, four different times, violated the law by crawling along Cheapside and other streets. _ The defendant made a great number of excuses, and per sisted in talking, although several times called upon to be silent. He was fined. _ _ . We are requested to acknowledge the receipt of 51., by the Lord Mayor, for the Poor-box, signed " Ingleter," and 11., the produce of a wager upon the result of the last election for the Mayoralty of the City of London. BOW-STREET. A well dressed young man, named George Smith, was charged with stealing a large cigar case, containing a quantity of cigars, from the counter of Mrs. Anna Maria Lyons, No. 2, Wellington-street, Strand. It appeared that, at one o'clock yesterday morning, F 4 observed the prisoner in Wellington-street, just above the pro. secntrix's shop, stooping down over a cigar box, from the compartments of which he was filling his pockets with cigars. He could not give a satisfactory account of how he became pos sessed of the box, so he was taken into custody. Upon in quiry, it was found that the box had been stolen from the counter of the prosecutrix's shop the night before. The prisoner said he found the box lying in the street. He was committed for trial. Mr. Simpson, the landlord of the Albion Tavern, in Little Russell-street, was summoned before Mr. Jardine for having his house open on Sunday night last for the sale of spirits. Inspector Logan proved that he went into the house on Christmas morning at a quarter past one o'clock, and saw several persons in the defendant's house drinking spirits. . The defendant said it was impossible to clear his house in less time than half an hour. The theatres were not over till twelve o'clock, and he was placed in great difficulty, as he could not order them to go out. lie frequently had 150 persons in his house to supper. Mr. JA UDINE said it had been proved that spirits were sold in the house after twelve o'clock at night, and he should, there fore, fine the defendant in the full penalty of 51. and costs. The money was immediately paid. Mr. Robert Flagg, landlord of the Red Lion, Houghton street, St. Clement Danes, was fined N. for a similar offence. The defendant expressed his determination of appealing against the decision of the Magistrate. CLERKEN WELL. John Trebble, lately discharged from the N division of po lice, was charged with stealing several publicans' pewter pots. The charges were fully proved against the prisoner, who wus fully committed for trial. By a strange coincidence the policeman whom the prisoner succeeded, and whose letter and number he bore, was tried and convicted for a similar larceny. Charles Alfred Freem ,, n, a footman in the employment of Mr. May, a solicitor, residing at 14, Queen-square, was charged with attempting to violate the person of Frances Wilde, his fel low.servant, and threats ning to murder her. The case, which was of an aggravated character, was fully es tablished, and the prisoner committed. John Green, alias Roon, was committed for trial, for a bur glary at the house of Mr. Jackson, a gentleman, residing in Charles-street, Clerkenwell. FIGHT amongst the ABORIGINES. (From the New Zealand Mercury.) On Tuesday last, a great number of the abori gines, amounting to more than 100 men, women, and children, passed through the town to Camp bell's 11111, for the purpose of holding a corro bery. It was evident from their manner that they were two hostile parties, and that one was somewhat suspicious of the other. They en camped at different places on the bill, near the old Black Swan, and held their corrobery during the night. One party consisted of the Mait land tribe, and a few of the Sugar Loaf, Wollombi, and Glendon tribes; the other of the Port Stephen and Paterson tribes. About eight o'clock on 'Wednesday morning they com menced fighting in a paddock at the back of the Old Black Swan, and the Maitland tribe and their friends were driven by the others to a paddock near Mr. Pilcher's house. Here the Maitland tribe rallied, and the noise they made attracted the attention of several of the residents in the neighbourhood, who repaired to the scene of action. The Maitland party had not less than six muskets amongst them, of which the Port Stephen blacks seemed to be much afraid. Mr. C. Prentice, who was on the ground, endeavoured to quiet them, or at all events to induce them to lay aside the fire-arms, and whilst he was talking to them, constables Tonge and Grant, who had been called upon by a half-caste female belonging to the Port Stephen tribe, came up. On seeing them, those blacks who had the muskets retreated into the bush, and hid them. The withdrawal of the muskets seemed to give fresh courage to the Port Stephen party, for they immediately raised their war cry, and sent a shower of spears and boomerangs upon their opponents. The whites upon this declined to interfere, and left the nas tives to settle their dispute according to their own fashion. The Maitland tribe and their friends stood their ground fur a short time, and fought with their spears and waddles, but they presently gave way, and retreated towards where the muskets were hid. They were pursued by their enemies, but the barrels of two muskets pointing from behind a tree stopped the latter in the pursuit, and another shower of spears was sent by each party. Presently one of the muskets was fired at a Port Stephen black, who was in a crouching position, and was endeavouring in that man ner to make his way to some of his friends who were fighting under cover of a fence. The ball struck Mtn in the nose, and he instantly fell. The Maitland blacks then retreated in the direction of Mr. Holden's house, and were pursued by the Port Stephen men, with loud yellings. The chase continued for about fbur ' or five hundred yards, when they came up with a black of the - Wollombi . tribe, at whom 10 of twelve spears were thrown, but none of them took eflect. Al length one man came up ' with him, and knocked him down with his waddle ; he was then speared in the thigh and knee, and three or four coming up they knocked out his brains with their waddles. The back part of the poor fellow's head was lite rally beaten to pieces. The Port Stephen men apparently satisfied with this retaliation, gave over the pursuit, and returned to Mr. Pilcher's paddock to the man who had been shot, and who was not then dead ; he died, however, shortly after wards. The Maitland blacks and their friends re treated into the bush near Stoney Creek, and the Port Stephen and Paterson tribes almost immediately left the ground, and, corning down the hill, crossed the river. Two or three hours afterwards two of themseturned and buried the man who had been shot. There appeared to be about fifty men on each side. The cause of the quarrel could not be clearly ascertained. One of the Maitland men told constable Tonge that it had arisen from the Port Stephen blacks having stolen their blankets ; but this Can hardly be correct, as the fight appears to have been deter- mined on for some time past ; some of the Mait land men having been heard to say early in the week that they expected the Port Stephen tribe to come to fight then' during the race week. Some of thent have told other persons that the quarrel arose from the Maitland blacks having some time ago killed one of the Port Stephen tribe. An inquest was held on the bodies of the two men who had been killed on Thursday afternoon, at the Northumberland Hotel. The Coroner was anxious to discover, if possible, by whom the blacks had been furnished with fire-arms, as there is a penalty of 20/. upon any person so doing. It appeared from the evidence of constable Tonge, that one of the blacks of the Glendon tribe said that the arms were given to them by Mr. Scott, of Glendon, for the purpose of shooting ducks. A musket which had been hid in the head of a tree, and the lock of which was a good deal out of repair, and an empty powder-horn marked P., which had been found after the battle was over, were produced at the inquest. The jury returned a verdict of Wilful Murder against some per sons unknown, supposed to be aboriginal blacks, and the Coroner said he should cause an inquiry to be instituted, to ascertain whether the arms had been given them by Mr. Scott, and for what purpose. A post mmlein examination was made on the bodies of both the men who were killed, by Dr. Sloan ; the body of the one who had been buried being exhumed for that purpose, He was buried in a very shallow grave, near the spot where he was shot, wrapped in his blanket, and a sheet of bark laid under him, with his broken waddle by his side. INCENDIARISM IN BEDFORDSIIIRE.—We under stand that Government have sent down three detective police men to assist the constabulary of this county in the detection of the villians who have committed the late acts of incen diarism on farming property. We are happy to state, that the farmers are also exerting themselves for the protection of their property and the prevention of this crime,- by placing watchmen on their premises ; and, as instances of the advantages of this system, we may state, that on Thursday last, William Bone was fully committed to Hertford gaol, by the bench of magistrates at Luton, for setting fire to Mr. Rudd's farm, called Gouche's farm, near Dunstable. On the 26th Robert Truett, a labourer in the employ of Mr. Swannell, was remanded by the Rev. J. B. Magenis and the Rev. Vere Alston, until Monday, on a charge of having set fire to the farm of Mr. ; Swannell, at Telmersham.— Cambridge Advertiser, HINTS TOUCHING TAXATION. • The following hints are written, not for those who understand the subject, but for those who do not ; by their friend, W. G.:— TWO QUESTIONS, WITH ANSWERS. First—From what source is it that taxes are paid ? Secondly—ls a high scale of prices, with equally high wages, or a low scale of prices, with equally low wages, best for the labouring people of England? ANSWER TO THE FIRST QUESTION. The source from whence taxes and other such imposts can be raised, without impoverishing the people oralienating their property, is those things which may be very properly termed increase. This term, increase, is meant to embrace every thing of the Ibllowing description, beyond our present and future necessary stock or capital of such things ; that is to say—all such things as accrue, from season. to season, through the bounty of Providence; and every thing which, from time to time, may be obtained by art and labour, and which shall be valuable in the esti mation of the public, be that what it may. There is no other source which can supply the demands of taxation, or other such impositions, for any considerable length of time, without causing the alienation of property, or beggaring the great bulk of the people. I think it is generally believed, that persons of property contribute, out of such property, most largely towards defraying taxation ; but my view of the case is, that many such persons scarcely contribute anything towards supporting that burden. The landowners, who are entitled to the spontaneous increase upon their lands, may, from that source of increase, so far as they can avail themselves of it, be con sidered as contributors thereto; but that spon taneous increase forms but a small portion of the increase from the land, raised by means of the labour and time of others. If the premises be true, then all those persons who are entitled to the spontaneous increase from the land, and all those who labour or apply their time and talents in raising or procuring in crease of the description betbre given, are, as, one body, the payers of taxes. The following question has been put to me. When a rich man drinks wine which is heavily taxed, does not he pay that tax ? My answer was —No; not necessarily so. He may lend or ad vance the money for a short time, until he can re pay himself' from the only tax-paying source in existence, that is increase. For suppose he be a non-labouring landlord who drinks the taxed wine. In the first place, he advances the money to pay for the taxed wine ; after that, at the next rent day, he receives, or expects to receive, from his tenant, that money which shall repay the expense of the wine. But the tenant is not, therefore, the ultimate payer for the wine (ex cept so far as his own labour is concerned), for be obtains the money by the sale of increase raised by labour on the farm. It is therefore from increase that the tax is paid in this case ; and they who are most instrumental in producing such increase are the greatest payers of the tax. Again, suppose the taxed wine is a moneyed man, who had lent his money on Interest to a manufacturer. He, like the land- lord in the preceding case, first advances the money to pay for the taxed wine; after that, at the set day, he receives, or expects to re ceive from the borrower, that interest money which will repay the expense of the wine. But the borrower is not therefore the ultimate payer for the wine, (except so far as his own labour and skill are concerned), for he obtains the interest money by the sale of increase produced by art and labour. _lt is therefore from increase in manufactured articles that the tax is paid in this case;--and they who are most instrumental in producing such are the greatest payers of the tax. To suppose otherwise; that is, to suppose taxes were not paid out of increase, but out of capital or stores, then see the result. The non-labour ing owner of land, without :any other property, who should let his land lie without cultivation at all, would not be in the receipt of anything wherewith to pay taxes; and the only means lie would have of paying taxes would be by giving up portions of his land, year after year, until the whole were gone out of his possession. The moneyed man too; who should not labour or possess other kind of property, and who should lock up his money in a chest, would not be in the receipt of anything wherewith to pay taxes : and the only means he would have of paying taxes would be by giving portions of his money, year atter year, out of his chest, until the whole were gone. And now, conceiving that what has been here stated sufficiently shows that it is from increase alone we are enabled to pay taxes, rents, interest of borrowed capital, &c., with this understand ing, I shall proceed to answer THE SECOND QUESTION, Which is this,—ls a high scale of prices with equally high wages, or a low scale of prices with equally low wages, best for the labouring people of England? I would just remark before attempting to answer, that as increase is mainly acquired in this country by means of thp labour and time of a hardworking population, so they are most deeply interested in the right decision of this se cond question. I have often heard it said, and I think it is generally believed, that if we of this nation can not have things cheaper, that is, as I understand, at lower prices, our manufacturers cannot com pete with foreigners. Now whether they can compete with foreigners or not, I do not know; but of this I am sure, that they can do it better with the very reverse of that which they call cheapness; that is—better with high prices than with low prices. This may seem 'strange, but it is certainly true. In order to prove this proposition, I say first, that increase of things to us is our only means'of paying taxes, without the payers becoming' .poorer and poorer. I think this position is herein before proved, and shall therefore assume that it is admitted by all. Next, I set down the amount of our taxation at forty millions of pounds in a year. It will not affect the argument whether it be more or less. And now [ will [put a case, which, though it cannot happen in reality, may be imagined. It is this.—Let ill the increase of one year, from the land, from the manufacturers, and from every other source, be brought together into one market; and let those who have laboured to obtain it, or are the owners of it, come together to the same market. Then let this question be first put to the assembly : Shall we set a high price or a low price upon all these things? After that question has been put, suppose then, one in the assembly should stand up and say to the people—" Remember that you have to pay forty millions of pounds for taxation out of these very things ; and know, that out of nothing else can you afford to pay : and if you determine to put a low price upon them, you must of course part with a greater bulk to raise that sum than if they were put at a higher price ; and thus, by parting with a greater bulk, you will have less remaining for yourselves. On the contrary, if you put a high price upon these things, you need not part with so much to raise the forty millions ,• and the differ ence will be your own ; which will enable you to sell, so much as you may have to sell, to fo reigners at a reduced price, or give the differ ence to them if you please, without being in a worse condition titan you would have been, by fixing the prices low." In continuation of these imaginary proceed ings, let us suppose an extreme case ;—that the assembly should put so low a price upon the year's productions, as that the total thereof should amount to no more than forty millions of pounds; it is plain then that the year's taxa tion would have swept away the whole ; and the assembly might then go to their homes, with out taking back anything to sell at all. Again, take another view. Suppose the price of things were to be reduced to one-half of what they are now, so that the manufacturer, instead of giving one pound to a workman for a week's wage, should get two week's work done for the same money. Now tben, what would be the result in this case ? In the first place, we may see that taxation would be doubled; fbr the fund holder would still receive the same number of pounds as at present; but every pound of his would purchase two weeks work like the manu facturer's instead of one only as the matter stands now. And, likewise, every pound of the fund holder's would purchase twice as much of every thing else, because everything is, by the suppo sition, understood to be reduced to half-price. The fund-holders, thereby, would possess a double portion of the goods of the nation with out doing anything to merit more than the half. But some may say, Oh yes, but think how much work may be done for half the cost. Would not that enable them to compete with the foreigner, and get large profits too ? I say, No.. For, besides the drawback of double taxation, making an increase thereto of forty millions a year, but few in England could better afford to give more than half the price for goods they had been used to give before; and so there would be no advantage in that part of the affair. Then with regard to foreign trade. It may be admitted th at if go ld and silver could be brought home in return for exported goods, there would be a greater profit to those concerned in the trade, if it could be carried far enough to out-balance the increased taxation attaching to the trade, 13nt it has been said, and probably truly said, in answer to this, that a trade upon such terms as require the bringing back of gold and silver, cannot be long carried on ; for that foreigners have those metals not in such plenty; but .corn and other foreign produce must be taken. If so, then little or no advantage would be gained in foreign trade by having half prices at home, because such fo reign produce, when imported into England/ could not be sold above such English half prices. What prospect is there then, under the circum stances of this supposed case, of any foreign trade being so carried on as to counterbalance the extra taxation of forty millions a year, which it has been shown it would entail upon the tax' paying people generally of the nation ? Hence it may be seen that lower prices in' crease taxation, and on the contrary, that higher prices reduce taxation : and therefore the second, question is answered by proving—a high scale et prices with equally high wages is best for the labouring people of England. And now it may be asked, How is this thing to be done? I apprehend, if it be done, it must be through a judicious enlargement of our pre' sent circulating medium of exchange—that is , money. It cannot be done with our existing stock of gold and silver. These are nothing like enough for the purpose, for these can it:pre' sent but a small portion of our immense produc tions, at our present prices. But all I shall nos! further say on this point is, that to establish hie prices there must be a commensurate circulating medium. W. G• ANTI-CORN-LAW MEETING AT OLDHAM. On Tuesday evening, pursuant to placards and advertise; meet, a large public meeting was held in the Town-hall, s e Oldham, in aid of the great Anti-Corn-law L eague Fund 01 100,0001. Mr. Joseph Gillham, senior head constable, ,Pr e sided. Though admission was only h a d by tick e t s , price 6,t the large room, which is capable of holdi ng upwards ' of I,t'" persons (having an area of 242 square lards), was well filled , with a respectable assemblage, including a number of ladle!' The room, which was tastefully decorated, was brilliant o : l lighted by three handsome candelabra, of bright and burnishe d gold, each containing eight argand gas burners. These caw delabra have just been fixed in the hall, and greatly impr° °6 its appearance. They cost 100/. Owing to a delay in the starting from the Manchest er station of the railway, of the principal speakers of the evesii o o' caused by the immense number of Oldham persons returnill from Manchester (so that the train whi c h s h ou ld h ave 0 11 , 1.° ,, at five o'clock was three-quarters of an hour l a t er ), the ees' was not taken until seven o'clock. The CHAIRMAN, in opening the p r oc ee di ngs , rea d letter s from Mr. Alderman Brooks, Mr. Brotherton, M.P., end g r ; James Lees, of Delph Lodge, e xp ress i ng th e i r regret a t bein g unable to attend. The meeting was then addressed by Colonel Thompson, ie b efi l l usual quaint and pithy s tyl e ; by M r . C o bd en , i n a power'', and argumentative speech, addressed chiefly to the worki n r classes, and considering the corn-laws as a wages an d loos ( question ; and by Mr. R. R. Moore, who showed by detsi t '' respecting the hat trade of Oldha m , an d th e expor t s o f bst'' that with high prices of wheat our experts fell off, and i l l ; creased when wheat fell. He also explained the progress of th League, and how it had employed the large sums previee s ., contributed, and concluded by calling on the me e ti ng to ber the new year well. The CHAIRMAN said, he was not able this year (as 4 losses had been severe) to double his subscription. He IN" give 100/.—( Applause.) Mr. Mooaa then announced other subscriptions :-IVies' r b ' . Lees and Mills, Waterhead Mill, 401 . (d ou bl e l as t y ear 's 55 j, scription) ; Messrs. Gartside and Mayall, 40/. ; Messm i ; and H. Nelson, 301. (double); Mr. J ames Cheetham, 2°;; Mr. James B u tt erwor th, Greenacres Moor, 20/. (quadrupiec Messrs. Seville and Wolstenholme, Lower Moor, 20t.; gess ; Marsden and C o lli nge , o f H o ll ins Mill, 201 . (d ou bl e ) ; John Bentley, head-constable, 10/. ; Mr. Eli Lees, Soho, i;, O Messrs. Whittake r , o f R oyton , 10/ . (d ou bl e ) ; M essrs . Holden and Brothers, H o ld en F o ld, 10/ . ; Messrs. Oe°::, Holden and Son, Roy ton -l ane , 20/. (d ou bl e ) ; Lees and Barnes, Soho, 20/. ; Mr. John Peatt, oa r ' r , ford Iron-works,lo/. (double) • Mr. James Greaves 301. (double) ; Mr. John Cha dwick,Mill, Rhodes la ; • 4., William Wilde, Belfield, 10/. ; M r . J ames Wild e , Mumps. ',„O, Messrs. James Cheetham and Sons, Cl oug h Mill, Crolorg 10/. (new) ; Mr. Thomas West, Union-street, 5/. ( last t lt ., 21.) ; Mr. Joseph Baxter, Hollinwood, 51. (new) ; Thomas Mellor, Royton, Si. (five fold) ; Mr. Samuel 1 1 1%, Market-place, S i. (last year 21.) ; Messrs. Dyson a nd Bret,'„, Greenacres, 101. (double) ; and at least 150 other s ubseVr o tions varying from 20/. to one shilling. Among other to tle o d of subscriptions were—" A Bolus for Peel," 20/.; Tote ° Ai. ; Immediate Repeal, and No Compromise," 20/. ; A F r iend• l l ' o l A Few Friends from Waterhead Mill, 301.: maki ng a tots ) Eight Hundred and Sixty Pounds.—(lmmense c heering' ' Mr. concluded by proposing " Three c h eers f or Rep" (, which were given with hearty good will. . n es The CHAIRMAN proposed a vote of tha n k s t o th e gentle7, o , who had addressed the meeting, which passed by acelamet'" and was acknowledged by 11:0 3B Mr. CoaretN, who said he f e lt gra t e f u l pl easu t e an. A - astonishment. For the size of the meeting, he had neve r d tended one with more spirit than th e p re s en t one . H e 0 1 °' r r vote of thanks to the Chairman, which passed with three che e m . The CHAIRMAN called for " three cheers for the Quie which:were given with spirit. Mr. ALEXANDER TAYLOR moved a resolution of symP s o i e with Mr. Alderman Brooks, whose absence was caused bf serious illness of his only daughter. Mr. MOORE moved a vote of thanks to the ladies, ss being passed by acclamation, the proceedings terminated minutes after eleven o'clock. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. J ibe SlR,—From the accounts in the ne ws p a p er s, P - t be don appears in a tumult respecting remedies for, existing distress, its crisis have actually reacheu n g ears of a Bishop. But in all this anxiety for afforie i 'd relief, I see nothing aimed at to prevent that w". o g appears to have led to the extensive inquiry now g ° `b on—l mean the victims found in the Park. Th oll the Bishop of London has consented to becom e I Christian, and move in this wide field of his clu t Yble see no mention (in this as in every other c haritt i v exertion) of the Duke of W e lli ng t on . S t ill t he D might do a great deal. I n thi s respect ree ill ,c O J his superior, he doe s su b scr ib e to char i t i e s. 4,1 e it shall be related of him, when his plal l !",06 tongue has ceased to wag, that at a ' 3 " 0 3 of intense and universal distress, caused ~ ,t o continued in some degree by his own obstinacyl - e ii time when mothers were weeping over chil" 1 0 crying for bread—at a tim e w h en thous 3 6 l3 either died from actual starvation, or the se beJ of death were sown by want—he subeer'oe five thousand pounds for building churches. tie s , people asked for bread and he gave piles of at ° , 0 The large subscriptions paraded in the newspaPe;ol the present time, are a wicked mockery of the Hat s distress. But to return to the Duke. It was alleged - 110 think, the Morning Herald, that the victims fanned the park were from the country, they had foli ° di' the soldiers, by whom they had b een d e bauche d, 0 11 seased, and then deserted : and I observe a pargg• o esl in your paper of the 21st ult. from the Leeds i t ip', headed " Regimental Love Scene," which, beivg o ol terpreted, is merely an account of the manufact o similar victims, by the same parties, the military' a ble The account is evidently intended as a latle p o' affair, and no doubt would be so only for the e ° ,,iz. , quence, any one can see, must have ensue o, oo ,4 disease, desertion, &c. The scene "craning of L o i women up, four or five at once into barrack s ' Is e laughable ; and " some few more devoted of the 1 6' tually contrived to hide themselves in the 1 r 0 4 carriages, and went forward to Manchester , bicP also be laughable ; but of the less devoted" o u s t 0 seems to have been the greater di v i s i on , no ac C , 0 0 given, " some few only' rea c h e d Manchester, t he no doubt became victims. Sov e ' The position of the Duke just now, and the ~, or" reign now on the Throne, gives him a fine c't ' ~) ~ t , tunity of doing honour to himself and his S ever , ' st i by adopting some means to check the s ysteii - to licentiousness of the army. It is a disgr ike :bor t the British soldier that he cann o t, even for a- , ill time, be quartered in any place, but h e leAv - dio" marks of demoralisation in living charactell,'," re / him. Private soldiers are somewhat like cbiL"pco they faithfully copy the manners of those J tit e above them ; and 1 fear imitation of officers 1 5 5 i ` j principal source wh ence spr i ngs t hi s rec kl e ssr i n e r dei morals. The milit ar y seem to enter a tool r n .es 0 termined to ruin its fair inhabitants; the raslo peace are exc h ange d f or the ravages of war. iero blJ This licentiousness the Duke might consi e f iii s' check by a general order, carrying a penalt.Y ° ca l ! missal to all o ffi cers gu il ty o f seduct i on or crillihiss' and making them ineligible to hold any cot: 01 1 1 6 kc'' in the service. In the case of privates, corpcit per / they could b e pun i s h e d b y con fi nement, and 5 .; 0 °3 . 4 of pay f or a certa i n t i me. I d o not expect ch'd of " Josephs," but something should be dons t ° pot' this wholesale system of making victims f °r and other places. V)S' Your Constant Read e r, Id , X., COMMERCIAL TRAV- Clonmel, Dec. 27, 1843. 4 . t. , 0 PEAS AT WHOLESALE Y 1 4'4i 1. Good Common Black 3s. Od. Flue Pekoe Soucho .....45, D 1 Strong Cor.gou ... ....... .3s. 4d. Superior ditto ......... ..0. Fine ditto, Peko e llavour..3s. Bd. Finest ditto imp ort ''' . eil 0 ea' COFFEE. I°' Good Common Os. 9d. Finest Java ............ .0. o p Ceylon,sound and sweet—ls. Od. Ditto Cuba ....•••..'..'." Fine do., recommended ls. 2d. Finest Mocha ...... '''' Fittest C e yl on , r i c h and " . mellow floods delivered in all parts of Town daily' a Country orders amounting to 5L , sent free to all P ar ts Britain, n side" MANSELL and CO., 2, Bucklersbury, Che a p 10 BIRTHS. Or : r of 1 On the 25th of Nov e mb er , a t C or f u , the wife I .0 0 Fitz Herbert, of the Rifle Brigade, of a daughter. the VI On the 30th ult., at Bish o p sga t e - s t re et Without , ' O• Mr. James Frith, wine -merchant, of a daughter. ve g. C . On the Ist inst, at St an t on , th e l a dy of the D' Cotes, of a son. 1 1 ' MARRIED. gf• do t On the 3d inst., at St. James's Church, Piccadinl l ; oo el L. Jones, of S a lt-hill, Ki ngstown, near D u blin, to / daughter of Ale xan d er L owe , E sq. 6 , „d, On the 19th o f J u l y l as t, D at IE WellD i ng t on , New Z eal °. Hunter, Esq., Major of that settlement. to - lc - O t OY ° I Loudon : Printed and Published by MURD Ott No. 112, Strand, at The Seal Office, No. 11% 44. A le the County of Middlesex, Thursday, January -* T O THI Clark e I do n . a ai add resgs The g Ind th e 1, released June, i t , cessful re h sPeetfu 11° `e Prc When Court, I ro7er of voting b en rnlnuni that p t i either b raissinri I he., L andot ts is h oog It° P Nun Jrre m i iin , Ja nua , th e cool N O . 29, A Bo 111, Corr - anuary effect e d c harge is The fie li ce enr y B z . t,'n• Bra Witli a Joh n T. Z, Alexandi Rivcro pcclo Bait °, John Chi N ur , 140 D o , 400 Do; P;i; 10 3 . 6 CA LANI ivrap p cont a i 8e at Sok nattot Op 11 Dor f day Fle, h fi to, k r ern ,± row'4 T o o u Of M