The Sun. — London, England, 1839-09-12 00:00:00

Id:VENrgG EDITION. MAIL CONVEYANCE CoNTRACT. , 'Miler this title the House of Commons has printed the agreement entered into by the Govern ment with Mr. Cunard for the conveyance of the North 4 - I.lrierican mails. It stipulates that the mails shah be despatched twice every month from Liver pool to Halifax and twice every month from Halifax to Liverpool. For executing this service Mr. Cunard is to provide and keep a sufficient number of good and efficient steam-vessels, furnished with engines of not less than 300 horses' power. Mr. Cunard also undertakes to convey the mails and de spatchei twice every calendar month to Boston from Halifax and to Halifax from Boston, and when the St. Lawrence is unobstructed by ice, from Pictou, in Nova Scot;: a , to Quebec, and from Quebec to Pic tou, IY; good and substantial steam vessels, pro vide'l with engines of not less than 150 horses' rower. The contract is very specific as to those vessels being properly found, and pro vided with a sufficient crew of able seamen. The / Commi s io ners o f t h e Ad m i ra l ty ate to appo i nt f the two days in each month when the steamers are to leave Liverpool and Halifax respectively, and 1 ti . siey are to proceed, without loss of time, direct to ' the end of their voyage. The despatch of the mail ivont Halifax for Boston is to take place as soon as possible after the a;rival of the mail at Halifax, whi c h is I;kewise to be the case with the Quebec mail after the mail has reached Pictoe. The Com missioners ',nay also alter the days of sailing at theirp.l r.sur e , but t h e y must give three months' Itotic!'e. At the same time they may always delay th.e departure of the vessel for not more than twenty-four hours. II at any time, from stress of weather of other unavoidable circumstances, the vessel should be un able to reach the Mersey, the Naval Officer in charge of the malls or despatches may order the trial's erg be landed at Bristol, Faimouth, Pli mouth, Southampton, Portsmouth, Dover, or Deal. For the Nav•al Officer, who is to he sent in charge of the mails ar,d despatches, the contractor is to provide a suit . al)le first-rate cabn, and suitable accommodation for a servant, and is to victual the officer like a cabin-passenger. If the Admiralty please to en trust the malls to the C. pain of an of the vessels, it is authorised to do so, and the Captain will be f hound to take charge of them. A boat of not less than four oars is to be provided for landing the officer and the mails. Any stoppage, delay, or Plating back into port, not sanctioned by the Naval Officer, will be subject to a fine of 100/., and a delay of 12 hours in not proceeding on a voyage from either Liverpool or Halifax after the ap pointed time, subjects the contractor to a fine of 500/., as well as a further 5001. for every additional twelve hours' delay. A similar delay in the smaller vessels carrying the mails from Halifax to Boston will be subject to a fine of 2001. Not less than fear of the large steam-boats for the voyage R.tross the Atlantic are to be always kept sea --worthy and in complete repair ; the num ber ei the smaller ones is not stipulated. The con tractor binds himself to introduce and adopt all im -erovements directed by the Admiralty or suggested by the progress of science. To secure the good ness of the vessels, the Naval Officer in charge of the mails, calling other persons to his assi-stance, has full power and authority to survey and examin e the vessel whenever he shall think fit ; and repairs which he shall direct in writing, must be made as soon as possible, under a penalty of 1001. The Lords of the Admiralty, also, reserve to thetraeives a power to survey the vessels and to orde r any improvements to be made in them which I tiey think expedient, and the contractor must carry those improvements into effect to the satisfaction of the Admiralty, or forfeit 5001. All these fines and penalties may be stopped out of the money to be paid to the contractor by the Admiralty. In addition the contractor is to carry, if required, two chief cabin passengers, from Liverpool to Ha lifax, or Halifax to Liverpool, for 301. each, and two fore cabin passengers at the rate of 151. each ; and each seaman, soldier, or marine, at 4/. The price '.o be charged for such passengers 'from Halifax to Boston, or from Pictou to Quebec, is to be, respec tively, 51., 31., and 21. Moreover, the contractor is to take on board, and carry, free of charge, all small packages, directed by the Commissioners ; and naval stores not exceeding five tons weight, on re ceiving two days' notice that such stores are to be sent. In return for all these services, and maintaining all these vessels, the Admiralty agrees to pay to Mr. Cunard 60,000/. per annum in quarterly pay-. merits. The contract is to commence on June Ist, 1840, or an earlier day if so agreed on, and to con- 1 titiue in force for seven years from the commence ment, and thenceforward until 12 calendar months' notice in writing, shall be given by either party. No part of the contract is to be underlet, and no Member of Parliament, agreeably to Act of Parlia ment, is to have a share of it. The whole con-1 eludes by Mr. Cunard binding himself in a pe nalty of 15,0001. to fulfil his part of the contract. When this contract comes to be acted on it will ensure a certain, speedy, and constant inter course between the mother country and the colonies of North America, and between our several North American colonies and the United States, greatly to the advantage of them all. It seems, therefore, a very wise plan, and as the provisions we have quoted secure the adoption of every improvement on board the mail packets, we Cannot find any fault with the number of years it is to last. The provisions for securing punctuality and avoiding all kinds of delay, deserve ❑otice and praise, as they will give to this service regularity and certainty, and make every person feel a just reliance ort,reaching the end of his voyage in a specified time. We pretend not to give an opinion whether the sum to be paid be large or small, but we would rather that the contractor should make his fortune by it than that such an enterprise should be nipped in the bud by the parsimony of the Government. We presume that the port of Liverpool has been chosen because that combines, in itself, proximity and trade to America beyond every other port. To carry out goods and passengers must of course form the prin cipal means by which Mr. Cunard will be re munerated. In conclusion, let us state that the outline of the agreement has already been pub lished, hut, nevertheless, we think an abstract of the contract will be acceptable to our mercantile readt rs. SUDDEN DEATH.—On Tuesday morning, about :even o'clock, a man named Geavcs, who kept a chandler's :hop in Eaglecourt, Strand, was found dead in his bed by the side of his wife. He had retired to bed intoxicated. A surgeon was immediately ca!led in, but be stated life had been extinct some Lours. COMFORT OF CHILDREN.—CaII not that man wretched who, whatever else he suffers as to pain in flitted, or pleasure denied, has a child for whom he hopes um! on whom he doats. Poverty may grind him to the (!ust, obscerity may ea,t its darkest mantle over him, the ~ g of the g ay may be far from his own dwelli ng , hi s ;ice may be unknown to his neighbours, and his voice may ti e . u..heeded be those emoeg whom he dwells—even pain hut he m*y rack hi s j o i nt . , an d s l eep may fl .e from his pillow; has a def ! i ng „ gum, with w hi c h 1)(:' . would not part for wealth mputstion, for fame filling a world's ear, for the luxury i 0 the higliet health or for the sweetest sleep that ver sat u p o n a mortal's e) e ' —Coleridge. TURKISH del y. the door was , ' A BSTINENCE.—After a half-lio ir s ~steonce inure thrown open, and a vene rab'e Old r „ v „,,.,.1 :,, 1 ~:e1 ; he salaamed three rimes most ne , ..__, ~ ~, , ... 4, ; . ii, t.-, h • ~ , : 1t,,,i, decii:ling at teen.t •n li. ' . .• ~, ,);,, .. i g.-..‘t ! .tr e of his ls.mcl, our invita clAlly due . d :',„ is , „ 1 ; - ~ s' . ' :n l ief .'x persuins, ali ~plent he r.iik and inoportat.e e of their c . 'i i . l',7"'"'" and manm'c, as his visit had but o ne o b ject _ our convivial Conceiving that, to h ob eustoms—we immediately resented otirserve ffered them gasses. As one after one the efficera v o e f s, a e x s e c v e e p w r t e a l o i ) y n the filled our declined, the Effendi's household passed round the apartments, a goblet of Champagne, which they with a polite but solemn smile—all savage-looking Turk, with a must ferocious scowl, and the largest black 13,,ard I ever beheld. He did not w9 and con tent himself with a mute refusal of our offer, ,but, stoppin g suddenly, he raised up hi; hands above his head, and muttered some words in Turkish, which one of the party informed us was a very satisfactory recommendation of the whole company to Satan for their heretic abomination. The procession moved slowly round the room, and when it reached the door again retired, each member of it sniaaming three times as they had done on entering. Scarcely had they gone, than we burst into a loud fit of laughter at the sat-we-looking fellow who thought proper to excommunicate us, and wet- , about to discuss his more than common appearance of diTust at our proceed'ngs, when again the door opened, and a turbaned head peeped in, but so altered were the-feautures that although seen but the moment before, none of us could believe them the art s ame. The da r k comp l ex i on —th e l ong an d bushy were there—bot instead of the sleepy and solemn character of the oriental, with heavy eye and closed lip, there WAR a droll, half-devilry" in the look and partly-open mouth, that made bead-dress. He eloozeiTost hiughable contrast with the that ai stealthily around him for an in mg 41 ., _watt) expr ess i on I s 7as right, and then, with an I 'tall never forget, said, " I'll ta i w , )4,1,- ine, gentlemen, av it be pleasing to ye.''...... ---- • siV Barry Lor requer . • ,~ AMERICAN INSTITUTE• The near approach of the " twelfth annual fair of the American Institute," as it is termed, which falls this year on the 7th of October next, and is held in New York, appears to be exciting much interest in the United States. In its chief features this institution resembles the periodical exhibitions of national industry and ingenuity held in Pari s , of which one has so lately been witnessed, with the differenee that in America it is an annual affair and unconnected with the Government, Whilst in France it is A State instead of an associate or in dividual undertaking,. The American exhibition, too, embraces a wider scope, and is proportion ably on a larger scale of action, than that of the French, for although in its main characteris tics it is clearly an imitation, yet the imitation has been carried out and extended into those more gi gantic proportions into which enterprise, of what ever description, seems naturally to gross!, it may be said, and is alone understood, on the other side of the Atlantic. Thus, whilst the French exposition is restricted to the products of manufactnring and mechanical skill and invention in all departments, to scientific improvements and discoveries, and generally to show the progress of all branches of the arts, the American exhibition more am bitiously includes and invites the products of the soil and even the choicer specimens of the various breeds of stock. In the preliminary out line of proceedings and objects it is observed that " the consideration that agriculture lies at the foun dation of all production, has induced the Institute to resolve on another cattle exhibition and sale. Ac commodations will be provided for pure blood cattle, horses, and extraordinary breeds of sheep, swine, &c., contiguous to the garden. Certificates of pedigree should be provided. Much the greatest proportion of manual labour applied in pro duction is applied in agriculture. Here, then, is presented the widest field for the in troduction of labour-saving machines." Accord ingly it is announced that among other improved agricultural machinery a "sub plough," promising great utility, will be presented, and, what must be an object of greater curiosity still, a " steam-plough," which had already been sent for trial and use to the " western prairies." From these inventions and improvements a great saving in horse labour is anticipated, for, it is remarked that many of the ploughs in common use require from 25 to 33 per cent. more team to work them than those of the best construction. " Even in Great Britain, with all their boasted culture, it is estimated that more than 1,000,000 horses are employed in husbandry, and to a great extent the ploughs in use require 33 per cent. more team than those of the best formation." Millions of horses, it is argued, might be saved every year in the United States by the substitution of more perfect agri cultural machinery. For some time past an immense excitement has prevailed in the United States in favour of the cultivation of the growth of silk, for which the climate, in many parts of the Union, is said to be found excellently well adapted. For months past there has scarcely been one Ame rican Paper which was not full of the subject, and with details of the successful progress of this new branch of industry wherever attempted. The im mense sum annually paid for silks imported is ear nestly dwelt upon. The conductors of thi p lnstitute remark, that whilst the " wholesexported products of the United States from all our boasted fisheries, with all the exports from our forests of skins and furs, lumber, masts, and all our manufactures of wood ; our naval stores, tar, pitch, turpentine, pot and pearl-ashes, &c. ; and also from our almost innu merable farms ; all our exported beef, tallow, hides, and cattle, butter, cheese, pork, bacon, horses, mules, sheep. &c. ; with our entire exports of wheat, corn, and flour superadded," did not in 1836 equal 12,000,000 dollars ; the " imports of silks the same year exceeded 20,000,000 dollars, and, by including silk and worsted goods, of which silk constituted an important part, they amounted to over 23,500,000 dollars." This, indeed, is somewhat absurdly qualified as an " alarming" statement ; whereas it ought rather to be accepted as evi dence of national prosperity, provided the per contra account of native produce raised and shipped in return to the country whence the silks were imported, or to other countries whence the accruing balance might be liquidated, remained equal and progressive, or in excess in amount. The progress already made in the growth of the raw product, and in its subsequent conversion afterwards into goods, will be evidenced by the full display to be expected at the " fair " of American silks in all forms, from the cocoon to the finished fabric. Every variety of the mulberry-tree which has been found best adapted to different soils and climates, according to district, is to be col lected, with such facts in detail respect ing each as may assist in promoting their extended cultivation. It is remarked with sanguine anticipation, that should " the enthu siasm for its propagation continue, America will soon afford more sustenance for the silkworm than the whole globe besides." She would, in fact, be come for the silk what she is for the cotton manu facture. The effect upon the labour market at home would, it is calculated, be an absorption of all that portion now positively or comparatively unproductive ; that is, full employment would be found for all the " women, children, and in firm persons" scattered through the immense ter ritory of the Union, without other means of occupation than such as to the female part of proper age consisted in the performance of do mestic duties, necessarily of no very arduous na ture, excepting in the more immediate vicinity of manufacturing towns or isolated manufacturing establishments, in which an inconsiderable number of young women were able to procure engagments. The sort of work in which this otherwise not only dead weight," but drawback upon productive labour, in the case of the poor and infirm naturally entitled to support, and receiving it more particu larly, would be, too, of the most wholesome and grateful kind—that is, it would be of the nature of household work as practised in the infancy of all manufactures, and as even now constituting one branch of household employment in countries wholly agricultural, or even, as here, in countries far ad vanced in, and largely devoted to, manufacturing pursuits. There are many people yet living in this country who remember in their earliest years that the winding of cotton yarn, when spun upon the rudest jennies into cops for twist, and from the twist cops upon warping-mills for warp in preparation for the loom, was a common occupa tion in every farm-house for the females and younger branches of every family, and at over hours or on days when the labours of the field or the farm-yard permitted, the yarns thus pre pared, were woven into cloth by the male part of the family. This was, in respect of health and morals, and still is by many, regarded as by far the most favourable era in the cotton and woollen manufacturing industry. In th e same li g h t t h e adaptation of silk to the purposes of household in dustry would seem to be regarded by the American Institute, and accordingly the construction or im provement of a machine suitable for the elementary processes has engaged its attention, and forms an object of its encouragement. It is observed that •‘ the reel ought first to engage our attention. For ostlinary household use it should be cheap and simple in its construction, and its merits should be made public. For this purpose a gold medal will be awarded at the coming fair" for the reel which will best answer the above description. It is estimated thus that before the lapse of many years, the 20,000,000 dollars now annually paid for supplies of Foreign silks imported will be entirely saved, that is produced at home, by hands now unoccupied or otherwise considered unavailable. The exhibition of manufactured articles from cot ton and wool at the latter fairs held is alluded to in terms of warm approbation, and it is confidently anticip ate d t h at th i s year t h e s h ow w ill mani fest the rapid attained " New to perfection in all descriptions of plai n an d fancy fabrics to which the manufacturers have :: New machinery," it is slated, "for the spi nn i ng of flax, has been co nstructed." " Speci mens of they,rnroduced, witbdetails of the mode of preparation, and p of the workine and cost of the machinery, wou l d, it was hoped, be forwarded to the exhibition. Flax, it is observed, was once one of the principal staples of the country, but for the last 50 years it had been on the decline ; but it would again be extensively cultivated when once machinery was perfected, by which a demand would be created. The progress already made i n t h e manufacture of hard ware " is referred to with satisfaction. Domestic hardware," it is remarked, " was scarcely known in the New York market 25 years ago." In 1836 ii t is asserted to have been ascertained that more than ,600,606 dollars wofth of the hottie-Made wares had actually been disposed of in that city. With respect to the manufactures of leather, hats, glass, and wood, particularly household furni. ture, " useful and ornamental," it is asserted that foreign competition is so little to be feared, that not only is the home market almost entirely supplied, but a considerable export trade in them carried on upon advantageous terms to markets where they successfully oppose the same industrial products from other countries. The specimens of iron cast ings, and varied products from malleable iron, shown at the last fair, are spoken of as reflecting the highest credit on the manufacturers and iron masters. The American Institute has had a charter con ferred upon it by the State of New York, in terms so liberal as to include in whatever advantages may be derived from it all the other States of the Union. It is held in Niblo's garden, in the City of New York, and this year the accommodations have been greatly extended. Among other improvements, two rooms, each 110 by 25 feet, have been added. Such has been the favour with which it has been received already, that more than 150,000 per sons attended the last exhibition, of whom a large proportion were ladies, whose " delicate and tasteful" contributions are adverted to with warm commendation. There were about 1,800 per sons offering as exhibitors, from whom contributions were selected, however, only to the extent of 1,500, as being those deemed most worthy attention. At the four last fairs 120 gold medals, 600 silver me dals, and about 1,500 diplomas were distributed. Models and specimens of all kinds are received free from charge, both for contributors and visitors, and those most ingenious and deserving returned to the owners free of charge. These labours for the improvement of national industry are highly creditable to those more intel ligent citizens of the United States, a class not few in number, by whom more particularly un dertaken, as well as to the State of New York itself. It is thus that " the development of the resources" of the Union may be most beneficially and legitimately promoted, without the interven tion of loans, by which the States are burdened with enormous debts for the accomplishment of projects, of which, however advantageous in the long run to the people, in the shape of railroads, canals, &c., or much more questionably so in that of the endowment of State banks, few are likely ever to reimburse the State itself, in its capacity as such, for the immense outlay incurred. The case, indeed, might have been different, had those charges been incurred and defrayed in the foundation of the slower, but safer process, of the annual savings of a surplus revenue out of ordinary expenditure. With the un bounded elements of national industry and wealth arising out of the possession of territory so vast in extent, so various in its productions, and yet in pro portion so scantily peopled, it is a source of satis faction to perceive that there are those by whom the only true interests of the country are so well under stood and so actively promoted. Their patriotic labours may be advantageously contrasted with those of that endless swarm of schemers by whom, in the Legislatures and out, the different States have been plunged into debt for the attainment of objects of which the utility cannot be commensu rate with the objects upon which the monies so easily borrowed have been more easily and lavishly expended ; by whom also the creation of banks and the indefinite multiplication of paper money have been delusively held forth as the signs of national progress and wealth, instead of what they are and have been, the sources of national embarrassment and commercial distress. It were to be wished that a similar spirit, of en terprise were found prevalent throughout the British Colonies, and among those in this country connected with colonial interests. There seems no sufficient reason why the cultivation of silks in particular might not be undertaken with prospects as promising in the various West India Colonies as in the United States, and as being a less laborious and exposed employment than field work under the heat of a tropical sun, in the cultivation of sugar and coffee, it would doubtless be found more acceptable among the Negro population. At a time when the manu facture of sugar from bect 7 root is making such rapid strides everywhere, for even in the United States it has already been largely followed with extraordinary success, it seems time for the planters to bestir themselves, and, like their neighbours, to betake them to new and more profitable kinds of industry, now that the old channels to wealth are being dried up. “THE FRIENDS” AND THE POOR- LAW. TO THE POOR-LAW COMMISSIONERS. The following Memorial, on behalf of the Reli gious Society of Friends, commonly called Quakers, is respectfully presented : Whilst we acknowledge the full opportunity afforded, by the courtesy of the Commissioners to a deputation from our body, of verbally representing the difficulties which have been felt, in regard to the operation of some parts of the new Poor-law, as hitherto administered, the nature and importance of these difficulties render it-desirable, in our view, that a written statement of them should be laid before the Board. The Christian Society of Friends has now existed nearly two centuries as a distinct religious body. From their rise to the present day they have felt themselves required, on conscientious grounds, to refuse the payment of tithes and all other demands of an ecclesiastical character. Political considera tions have had no part in this refusal ; its sole ground has been the conviction that such imposts are repugnant to the doctrines of the New Testa ment, and to the whole scope and design of the religion of Jesus Christ. The open yet patient and peaceable maintenance of this refusal is felt, as it ever has been, to be a matter of conscience with us, as a testimony to the freedom and purity of the ministry of the Gospel, and to the spirituality of the reign of the Messiah. That we may not unduly extend the present memorial by a fuller development of our views on this subject, we herewith present a few copies of a document explanatory of them, issued by the Society some years ago. We feel that the appointment of chaplains of the Established Church to act as the ministers of the Union houses, and the imposing upon us the payment of their stipends, however small in amount, out of the poor -rates, are fresh violations of these religious scruples. 'We consider the appointment as a new addition to the Establishment, and the pay ment of the stipend out of the poor-rates as a serious infringement of the rights of conscience. We consider, further, that the regulations and provisions under the new Poor-law, in regard to religious care and instruction in the Union houses, are calculated (so far as we have seen the working of them) to favour an exclusive system, alike unfair to the inmates of these houses, and inimical to those great principles of religious liberty, to which it is our firm persuasion that the prosperity of our beloved country is, under Divine Providence, greatly indebted. And in reference to this part of the subject we would respectfully express our regret that other teachers than those of the Established Chinch are, by some recent regulations, in danger of being wholly excluded from giving instruction in the Union house=, except to the inmates of their own reli gious persuasion individually, and to them only when such inmates request it. It is in our view highly objectionable thus extensively to collect a portion of the community in one building, and there to restrict the religious instruction of them collectively to a particular class, and refuse an admittance to all other Christians, who in love to their Lord and Saviour, and to the souls of their fellow -countrymen, may feel it their duty to address them on the solemn truths of the Gospel and their eternal interests. Far indeed be it from us to object to the exercise of religious care over the inmates of these houses. But such is the sacred nature of the truths to be conveyed, and such ought to be the religious feelings of the instructor, that we think it dero gatory to this high duty to fix that it shall be per formed for money. And we further believe that if the instruction be freely conveyed, if it be im parted purely from Christian love to the souls of the hearers, and wholly unconnected with pecu niary emolument, it would be more beneficial in its character, more likely to be blessed in its fruits. We would further submit that whilst the Board of Guardians are invested with a controlling power to determine what religiously concerned individuals shall be admitted to the Union houses, and under what regulations, no practical inconvenience is likely to result from the liberty for which we plead. THE SUN, LONDON, TiatntsDAir, SE:PTEMBER 12, 1839. Many of the members of our 'religious Society have been appointed Guardians under the new Act/ and have cheerfully rendered their aid. We feel a lively interest in the temporal and spiYitual comforts of the poor. We readily pay the rates for t1;;',!! relief, and we are not indifferent to any m easure which promotes the moral improvement of the com munity. We love out cotiritry and it is our warm desire, our earnest prayer, that pure and genuine Christianity may, under the power and authority of the blessed Head of the Church, be more and more taught, and felt, anti practised amongst We thus present our case to the Cot iiiissiotierss earnestly entreating them to provide an ettectual remedy for the gtieyances to which we have ad verted ; and we ash this ill the conviction, that by so doing, they will best promote the real welfare of the objects of their charge, and most advance the common weal of the country. Signed in and on behalf of a Meeting, represent ing the Society of Friends in the intervals of the Yearly Meeting, and held in London, the second day of the eleventh month, 1838. PETER BEDFORD, Clerk. to a certain church and there baptised by the Cura / The settlers of Texas are of British origin— speaking the English language, and under the influence of English common law, The a dvances they have already made show them to he worthy a= . occupying one of the most beautiful and productive countries on the face of the globe. Towns are rising up as if by magic, steam-boats are plying on the waters, newspapers are published wherever readers tan be found, corporations are in successful operation—railroads projected—shipments of cotton made direct to Liverpool—and society rapidly assuming the orderly and enlivening aspect which it wears in ancient and flourishing communities. An Englishman Who has formed a commer cial establishment at Matagorda, in Texas, informed me that, " in a commercial point of tiew i it would be for the advantage of Great lAritaiii to acknowledge the independence of this young and thriving Republic without delay, as it would, in a few years, be of more importance to England than the United States." Not only would it supply our market with cotton of the best qua lity, and take our manufactures in return, but it would, by abolishing all import duties, and esta blishing complete freedom of trade—as the leading citizens desire and design to do—effect a revolution in the Commercial systems of the neighbouring na tions. The political advantages that would result from the establishment of an independent power friendly to Great Britain, on the Southern flank of the United States, will not be overlooked by those who are capable of estimating the great and growing resources and restless energy of that Republic. If reason be substituted for wild and passionate declamation, it will appear that the scheme pro pounded by Mr. O'Connell is both unjust and im practicable—unjust, because we have no right to in termeddle in the internal affairs of other States ; and utterly impracticable, because if Texas were un able to resist the meditated interference, it would never be permitted by the United States, by whom any such plan of colonizing would be regarded as a blow directed against themselves. I would refer those who may be disposed to question the latter assertion to the debates on the subject of slavery during the last Session of Congress. The adoption of Mr. O'Connell's views would not benefit the Negroes, but would render more remote the period of their emancipation ; it would alienate a people favourable to England and her interests--it would promote the designs of France, which casts a covetous eye towards Mexico—and it would retard the progress of civilization in coun tries blessed by nature, but cursed by a system of rule founded on the cast-off superstitions and tyran nies of Europe. And whether the British Govern ment recognize the independence of Texas now or hereafter, the interests of our commerce will ere long render it necessary to adopt that step, to delay which is to deprive the act of its grace, and ourselves of much of the advantage that would accrue from it. Texas will in a few years abound in all the elements of power, and were it driven to extremity while comparatively weak, it might perhaps be added to the United States, but under Mexican or European snay it will never fall. If it were added to the States, a war with England would probably be fol. lowed by the conquest of Mexico and British North America, and England would repent, when too late, of a policy which had furnished new arms to that gigantic democracy whose colossal growth is already contemplated with alarm by the most saga cious cabinets of Europe. It cannot be too strongly impressed upon the minds of those who labour for the freedom and elevation of the Negro, that the Anglo-Saxon re publicans of America may be influenced by per suasive argument, but will yield nothing whatever to violence and threats. The cause of emancipa tion has retrogaded in the United States, owing to the intemperate zeal of the Northern abolitionists. In many respects, the situation of the slave-holding planters is too unhappy to justify-the odium usually attached to those who are so unfortunate as to have a right of property in their fellow-creatures. if pro perly addressed, they readily admit that slavery is a grievous evil, but they dread emancipation as pregnant with evils yet more formidable. In my opinion, then, the true course for English philanthropy to pursue is to work out, steadily and vigorously, the experi ment in process of trial in the West India Islands. Let us act upon the Americans by precept and example, and not disturb their peace and awaken their animosity by ill-digested plans of propagan dism, contrary to the usages of nations, which might be retaliated with interest upon ourselves. Let us prove by our administration of the West India colonies that the African race has been slan dered by those who pronounce the Negro incapable of reaching the average standard of civilization. Whenever sound morals, education, and well-ap plied industry are found to characterise the commu nities of the people of colour in the West India Islands, slavery on the American Continent will die a natural death. In the meantime, its ex tinction will not be promoted by preaching a cru sade against Texas. Instead of Mr. O'Connell's black colony, which never can be created, I would recommend that British emigration be directed towards the young Republic. In my opinion, the salubrity of the climate renders slave labour unnec cessary to the cultivation of the land, and the superior cheapness of free labour, where there is an adequate supply, would induce a preference, apart from all other considerations. In Texas—a small country compared to the United States—the lands will speedily be in the hands of individual pro prietors ; consequently, the farmer and planter will be enabled to retain their labourers, who, induced by high wages, abundance of food, aid the cheap ness of imported articles, will remain there, instead of purchasing lands for themselves in the adjacent countries. A correspondent of the Morning Chronicle at tributes Mr. O'Connell's Anti-Texan vehemence to partiality for Catholic Mexico. The people of the United States are certainly not friendly to Ca tholicism, which they conceive to exercise an influ ence over its professors inconsistent with Republi can institutions ; but the intolerant superstitions of the Mexicans cannot surely be the mode of faith which any rational Catholic of Great Britain would identify with his own. " Whatever there may be in other Roman Catholic countries," says Latrobe, " m Mexico there would seem to be no medium between the grossest and most debasing supersti tion and idolatry, and scepticism and infidelity." I have the honour to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, WILLIAM KENNEDY. September 2, 1839. THE OPIUM TRADE. TO JOHN HORSLEY PALMER, ESQ. We have, as yet, no very detailed accounts, but it is sufficient for my object to know that, under forcible re straint, Captain Charles Elliot, the chief superintendent of trade, and Consular representative of the British nation, was compelled by the local Chinese authorities to sign agreements to deliver up to them all the opium belonging to British subjects, which was then in the vessels at several anchorages off the mouth of the river leading to the port of Canton. The quantity of British property is stated at about 20,000 chests, which at 400 Spanish dollars per chest, and at the exchange of as. per dollar, amounts in value to no less than 2,000,0001. sterling. Th; main features of the case are before you ; but there is yet one—the act of the said superintendent— which must cause considerable discussion in this country as to its validity —namely, his promise of indemnifica tion to the holders of the said opium, on behalf of the British Government. I will now advert to the Opium trade, that being put forward as the proximate cause of all the evils our countrymen are enduring at Canton. Agitation has al ready commenced against it in England and America ; publications have issued from the presses of both coun tries, loudly condemnatory of the traffic, and the use of the drug, and p r i zes are o ff ere d f or th e b est essays against it. Until the close of the last century opium was admitted into China, paying duties as a medicine. It was then nominally prohibited by an Imperial Edict, but still the Chinese authorities at Canton (with whom alone foreigners have any intercourse) permitted the warehousing ships to remain permanently at Whampoa, about 12 miles below Canton, where all foreign vessels discharge and receive their cargoes, About the year 1820 or 1821, owing to the increased importa tion of opium, the warehousing ships were or dered out of port, but the trade was steadily continued ; the ships anchoring at Lintin, Canton, Cap-sing-moon, Cum-sing-moon, or other places conve nient for the Chinese purchasers. They having arranged the scale of bribes payable on each chest to the Governor of the province, commander of the troops, commander of the fleet, and the chief officers of police, customs, &c., especially the latter, resorted in well manned boats to the British and othe r f ore i gn ships having opium on board, and having paid the cost, either on board or at Canton, received the drug in quantities, varying from a single chest to 150 at a time. When the said Govern men t officers could not place confidence in their country men for the due payment of the fees, it was arranged that a mandarin should, at fixed periods, go on 1o nl the ships, when eeeli commander stated the month's de livekes, and the mandarin received the amount of dol lars agreed upon fo e ;each chest. It is lamentable in jeed that such a stt;te of -trade should have existed, but the Chinese local Government was the blameable pariy.; Their ill-paid officers have made bribery and evasion o the law ti►e rule —conformity the exception of their conduct. But, say the anti-opititu party, that traffic is pre eminently sinful, and all who aid in it ere involved in the sin, as are all who use or abuse the drug, Ido not intend to advocate the use of this or any other st;,:uu lent ; nevertheless, scarcely a nation exists which has not one or more commonly taken by its people to ex hilarate or inebriate, as their desires may prompt. Ardent spirits, of various sorts, in Europe and America; crude opium in Turkey, India, and amongst the Malays ; bang (a preparation of hemp-seed) in parts of India ; in most countries, tobacco, wines, &c., are used, to the in jury, often, of the health and morals of millions. It would be a blessing, indeed, could all men be induced to forego such indulgences ; but since that is not to be effected, I boldly assert, from the experience I have had of Chinese habits, that I prefer, as a national vice, the use of opium, prepared in the mode pre valent in China ; to the use of any ardent spirit, and a happy thing would it have been, since stimu lants we must have, had the British people adopted the opium in lieu of gin, whisky, &c. The abuse of either, no doubt, leads to disease and death, but a moderate use is quite compatible with the enjoyment of health and long life. The European spirit-drinking de bauchee is a violent, often a furious madman. Crimes of all degrees of heinousness are committed by him, and he ends his days, perchance, under the just sentence of the law for those crimes. The Chinese opium debau chee is a dreaming, quiet, and useless member of society. He, too, ends his days in a pitiable state ; but he does not superadd those violent crimes so injurious to others, which the former constantly does. Each dies beggared and despised, but the former often causes the death or destruction of the property of his nearest relations. I have known many Chinese, who habitually used the watery extract of opium (the only preparation of it in their country) for smoking, without feeling the slightest injury. They were moderate men, like our gentlemanly wine drinkers. As well, then, might we denounce our gentlemen, our wine and spirit merchants, for using or selling their commodities, because many low-minded creatures become drunken sots, as denounce the Chi nese smoker or opium dealer because many of his coun trymen took the drug in excess. From the observation of Chinese customs, habits, and general system of trade, I have long since come to the conclusion, that our trading in opium (which is there as great a national luxury as tea with us) is as little sinful as the trading in any other stimulant with other nations ; and, could the British Government induce the Chinese to authorize its admission on payment of fixed duties (as was proposed by many of the members of the Im perial Council in 1836), we should, in my opinion, have no cause whatever for self-condemnation. The opium trade has only by circumstances been made to appear more one of defiance to the Chinese laws than many other branches of trade which have been very extensively carried on by the ves sels of every nation resorting to that empire. The law there prohibits the exportation of silver and of metals generally, and imposes such heavy duties on many articles, as cassia, camlets, ginseng, pearls, precious stones, cornelians, watches, mechanical curiosities, raw and wrought silks, &c., that established prices for evad ing regular duties have been openly agreed to between importers or exporters and the Chinese authorities to allow of the possibility of any trade in them being con tinued. In former years, before spelter was so largely sent from Europe to India, one of the chief returns for Indian cotton was that metal called tutenague to a very large annual value, and the whole was smuggled down to the ships. It would seem, then, that setting aside opium dealings, a considerable portion of the trade of China is conducted by setting at naught what are termed duties. The prohibitions and high arbitrary exactions on many things preclude the possibility of our merchants making returns for imports consigned to them otherwise than by the local Chinese autho rities continually aiding in the shipment of Sycee, &c. The Honourable East India Company even, during the last few years of their trade with China, must either have inundated great Britain with teas, or do as other foreigners—ship Sycee as returns far their cotton, &c. They did so extensively and profitably, receiv ing the Sycee silver from the opium ships at Lintin on board of the Hon. Company's ships. Are we to scorn those who bribe for the introduction of opium, camlets, pearls, &c., and admire those who bribe for the carry ing off Sycee silver dollars, spelter, cassia, &c.? Why, the very residence of any foreigner permanently in China, at least in Canton, and the mainland gene rally, is against the laws of the empire. To learn its language by the aid of natives, to employ them as ser vants, to build or possess houses, and many other things, constantly and of necessity done, are breaches of the law ! Shall we condemn every one who has been by the peculiarly undefined state of international commerce compelled to such breaches? Rather may we cast blame on the natives of the world, who have so long submitted to that undefined intercourse. The Chinese Government, after encouraging by various means an enormous foreign trade, in cluding that in opium, suddenly, with a view to the annihilation of that branch of it, commits unprecedented outrages on our Consul and merchants ; by force compels them to yield up an immense value of property ; causes the greatest derangement in the operations of all concerned in the China trade, both in India and Great Britain ; destroys a large item of the revenues of India ; and wholly, without condescending to make known its intention to foreign States, wages a cowardly war upon their unprotected merchants and their commerce. on the plea or a revival of morality amongst the Chinese Ministers and people, and a dread of the silver bullion of the empire being too largely ex ported as the balance of its general trade. The use of opium, and with it the export of silver, have certainly extended most widely since the great reduction of the former in price, which the competition of growth be tween the East India Company's territories and the free Malwa States has brought about ; but it is erroneous to suppose that the abolition of the cul ture of the poppy in India would cause the disuse of the drug in China, or that Sycee silver would cease to be exported, should commerce with other na tions be continued, and the balance remain on the general trade against China. Read what one of their great officers of state, Censor, &c., says in his memorial. He is named Choo Toon, and was the chief opponent of the plan for legalizing the opium trade, when that ques tion was agitated in the Pekin councils. He admits that in six provinces the poppy is extensively culti vated,and,speaking of Yun-nan province, he says, " The poppy is cultivated all over the hills and open cham paigne, and that the opium annually produced there cannot be less than several thousand chests." How is it possible for any Government to destroy a confirmed taste in its subjects for such a luxury ? Is not the con trary proven from the fact which he reports, that " while nominally prohibited, the cultivation of it has not really been stopped" in those six provinces? Would not the cessation of the foreign import of opium merely cause a general culture of the poppy in China ? We may reply affirmatively, and adduce tobacco as an example. It is not generally known that tobacco, which was not indigenous in any part of the East, was introduced into China and other parts by the early navigators. It was, like opium, deemed a noxious drug in China. Edicts were fulminated against its use, pro hibitions attempted against its introduction, and the difficulties thus created caused the price to be from 300 dollars to 400 dollars per picul (1331 b.) No effort of Government could restrain the people from its use ; it was found to grow luxuriantly in many districts of the empire, from seed imported by foreigners ; and now what is the result? The edicts and prohibitions are forgot ten ; men, women, and children, use it universally ; and the price is about one-hundredth part of the former pe riod, or 3 dollars to 4 dollars per picul. I propose now to assign some causes for this unusua step of the Chinese Government in seizing foreigners, and their property, during a state of perfect quiet and peaceable intercourse, which had existed for many years without interruption. It is evident that of late years the state censors have brought before the Council at Pekin many argu ments respecting foreign intercourse. The free dis cussion of the opium question is proved by the pub lished memorials of Choo Tsun and Heu Naetse, the one against the other, for its being made a legal import. We have but slight means of knowing what passes at Pekin, but natives, in connexion with high offices of state, have at Canton asserted that in the Imperial Council parties were divided on the question of ex and that it was not unfrequently pelling all foreigners, agitated, especially as regards the English nation. We have heard much of Russian influence and in trigue against our power in the East. It has been pretty clearly shown to exist in many parts of India, Western Asia, Persia, Burmah, &c. ; and, although the grounds for the belief of such intrigue may not be always well s ubstantiated, we may admit that the spirit of her policy is to undermine the British supremacy everywhere. It is reasonable, therefore, to infer that a t Pekin, where a Russian college is maintai ne d, an d numerous functionaries, the same policy would be pur sued. What more effective mode could Russia adopt to cripple our efforts in the north-west of India than by annihilating our trade a n d revenues in the East India Company's t err i tor i es, and thereby causing discontent am ongst t h e people under their do minion ? It is pr o b a bl e t h at from the influence of Russia, China may have had her fears excited as to our intentions, our acts in India having been quite adequate to cause her great alarm. I allude to the large arms'• ment and warlike preparations in all parts of our Indian territories in 1837 and 1838, and the progress of our army to the north-west of India, by the latest accounts successfully as far as Candahar, and in progress towards Cabul. It is quite overlooked in England that our army rapidly approaches the western borders of the THE REPUBLIC OF TEXAS AND MR. O'CONNELL. [We published in The Sun, on August 27, a letter from Mr. O'Connell to Mr. Sturge, on the subject of slavery in the Texas. As this is a very important ques tion, whether considered in relation to our commerce with that newly-founded Republic, or in relation to humanity, we think our readers will peruse the following letter, in reply to Mr. O'Connell, with interest. Mr. Kennedy is a well-known man of letters, and as he has recently visited Texas his testimony will be considered as extremely valuable.] TO JOSEPH STURGE, ESQ. SlR,—Permit an Englishman, and a recent tra veller in Texas, to submit to you a few dispas sionate remarks on the subject of Mr. O'Connell's letter of the 26th of August, which is going the round of the English newspapers. A publication more replete with misstatements of fact and erro neous assumptions, or more mischievous in its tendency, has been seldom laid before the public. Mr. O'Connell insists, as a preliminary to the recognition of Texas by the British Government, that the Republic " consent that the slave trade shall be deemed and treated as piracy." Now, what is the fact ? A copy of the Texan Consti tution, printed at Houston, is in my possession, and by an article in that document, the slave trade is emphatically prohibited under the penalty affixed to piracy. It is true that the planters of the Southern States, divided by the Sabine river from Texas, are permitted, as settlers, to bring their slaves into the country ; but the removal to a more productive soil, and healthier climate, operates fa vourably for the negro, who enjoys a much larger portion of physical comfort than the unfortunate peasantry of Ireland, or the overtasked population of our manufacturing districts. The " assent of Mexico" is also demanded by Mr. O'Connell as a condition preliminary to the recognition of Texas. After the rejection of the overtures made by Texas, in May last, for the peace ful adjustment of differences, there is, I imagine, only one way of obtaining this assent—namely, by force of arms—to which the Texans have no wish to resort, provided they are left unmolested. Should they, however, be driven to adopt this course, per sons acquainted with their superiority over the motley and semi-barbarous population of Mexicj cannot entertain a doubt as to their ultimate ascen dancy. It is impossible to surmise on what portion of the Modem territory Mr. O'Connell would " locate" his colony of free men of colour. He speaks of placing it between the Texans and the sea ; but, if he will examine a good map, he will discove that the seaboard, from the Sabine to the Rio Grande, is occupied by the Texans ; and, further, if he will make due inquiries, he will also find that towns have been built by this enter prising and intelligent people, and that a small but efficient navy, commanded by an able officer, trained in the excellent service of the United States, cruizes in the Gulf of Mexico for their protection. " The gang of land pirates," sayi Mr. O'Con nell, " who have settled themselves on the Mexi can territory, actually make negro slavery the basis of their association, and propose to take away from their intended Legislature the power of abolishing domestic slavery." Foul names prove nothing. If the worst allegation of Mexico and its partisans against the Texans were admitted, their offence would be of no darker hue than the occupa tion of Hindostan by the East India Company. But the treatment which they received from Mexico and its military despots fully justified them in strik ing for independence, which they did with reluc tance, and only for the protection of the rights guaranteed to them by the Mexican Constitution of 1824. Negro slavery was not the basis of the association of Texan settlers; but population being essential to the very existence of the State, Ameri can planters were received on the only terms that could induce them to transfer their capital to the soil. As to the "intended Legislature," it has been a reality since 1836, and its enactments for the advancement of education, and the security of persons and property, are in the highest degree creditable to its wisdom and public spirit. The laws regarding slavery are similar to those of the United States—where Congress is destitute of the power of legislating on the subject. Mr. O'Connell talks of " permitting the Texans to succeed in their odious scheme." Their inde pendence has ceased to be a question of permission. It has been recognised by the United States, who have a Minister at the capital and Consuls at the seaports. The Republic will be speedily recognised by France ; and its non-recognition by England, while it may affect its credit as a new country for a time, will operate still more injuriously on our commercial interests, which are intimately inter woven with its prosperity. I cannot believe that Mr. O'Connell could have entertained " a very high opinion" of Santa Anna, if he had known much of his character and proceed ings. An unprincipled intriguer, he has veered through all points of the political compass—his master motive being self-aggrandizement. He abolished the Federal Constitution of Mexico, and placed himself at the head of a party whose in struments of rule are superstition and the sword. With 4,000 Mexicans he, after a protracted siege, and with a loss of 1,500 men, succeeded in storming the fort of Alamo, defended by 140 Texans, not one of whom received quarter. When the body of Major Evans, of the Texan artillery, was pointed out to Santa Anna, he drew his dirk and stabbed it twice in the breast. On another occasion, in con tempt of a treaty signed by his General, Urrea, he massacred 400 Texan prisoners in cold blood. And it is under the auspices of such a man that huma nity is invited to foster its projects, and to denounce a people who, after these acts of atrocity, having de feated and captured him at San Jacinto, generously granted him both life and liberty I Compare th e i n h a bi tants o f Texas and Mexico —the former of the Anglo-Saxon race, the ci vilisers of the world—the latter a mixture of Spanish Creoles, Mulattoes, Mestizoes, Aboriginal Indians, Negroes, and Zamboes—the offspring of Negroes and Indians. Education, rational religion, com merce, agriculture, and free institutions have found a congenial soil in Texas ; in Mexico they are the in his et e t e "Ram of stifled by th e grossest i gnorance an d superstiti on . Charles Jo sep h Latrobe, an unexceptionable au thority, thus de scribes No one who has ever sp ent a month i n M exico w ill pretend t o say that its p resent state i s fl atter i ng to the advo catesthbe "Rambles country—" in u ntr M y— ex , i , ce, " of Republicanism. He detects want of sys tem—want of public and private faith—want of legitimate means of carrying on the Government, of enforcing the laws, of maintaining order—total absence of patriotism—general ignorance—indiffe rence to the value of education, linked to overwhelm ing arrogance and pride—an incredible absence of men of either natural or acquired talent of any description, and intolerant support of the darkest bigotry and superstition. The meanest partisanship stands in the place of patriotism. The Government of the moment has not the power of effectually governing, even if it had the desire. No party is trusted ;no man in the country can command even the respect, much less the co-operation of all. Why ? Because self-seeking and aggrandisement are the purpose of all. They vapour about patriotism, and know not the signification of the word." To illustrate the condition of the Mexicans as regards religion, Mr. Latrobe menti ons t h at h e had heard as a fa c t, that two Engli s h d ray -h orses imported into Vera Cruz were pelted with stones, and execrated as heretical, by the populace, who would not permit their owner to use them, until they had been brought EVENING EDIT""I' ON. 2 h d ef milit ar y sta i Chinese Empire Tl:ibet.. Their tions on that frontier L , •re at Yarkar. and Ca s bgar, and those cities carry on extensive t raffle w ith t h e natives of Turkistan and cent i guous State , s :lice C s a u n ch it an supposed that China views with incline: . army in motion from our posse ‘ssions? The,.memory of our Nepaul war, in 1817-18, an, d the fears then ex cited at Pekin, would set aside such a !;.;upposition. For many years she has known England i• 3 the East as an aggres sive power. She has seen us increase in India from a mere mercantile factory to become the conquerors of all Hindostan. She has seen tie spread our settlements to Singapore—attempt the capture of Macao and Ma nilla—forcing our trade with every port known to the Chinese, or visited by that peopi s e, and apparently will ing to ncic ‘ avour similarly to enel'oach in China. She therefore, ag w,e advanced, closed th 0 ports formerly fre quented by our vessels, restricted us to the trade at Canton alone, and now, urged by he.- fears, and pro bably by Russian inflo.ence, takes the bold measure of seizing and confiscating British property,. millions in value, and imprisoning our country men under the na tional flag, which should have prot.cted them, every insult having been previously offered to it and them by making the site of their dwellings a cam mon execu tion-ground. Is it too much to anticipate, that the next accounts from Canton may inform us of the secure and execution of the Consul, or our leading merchants, as has been already threatened, if all the demands of the imperial commissioner are not complied with punct wally ? It remains to be seen what step flat British Govern ment will adopt on the present occasin n. She has been passive hitherto under every insult offered to her by China, but now to endure patiently wh at has occurred, without demanding redress of all injo.ries, and relief from the existing oppressive system of the Chinese au tharitieg, would be most unwise. Our former threats and petty attempts against them, whether by the chiefs of the Hon. Company's factory, or the lamented Lord Napier, lowered us greatly in the consideration of both Chinese and Europeans ; but the time has now arrived when we most not bluster but act—when we must insist on full inderunification for all losses sustained and complete redress of the many grievances to which we, as well as other nations, are subjected in China. We must be content to forego all the existing advantages of our extensive trade with that empire—all the opening prospects of its indefinite extension to the many nations contiguous to its border, if we tamely assent to the justice of her late aggresoions—or, on the other hand, we may command and insure; all those benefits by a proper exhibition of our national power and the enforce ment of international rights. We have now justice. on our side. And surely it would not be unreasonable for Great Britain, through her Foreign Secretary, to declare to the Government of China that the ordinary rules adopted by enlightened States for the conduct of commerce between their respective nations being totally disregarded by China, refusing all treaties, all courte sies, and all official communications with foreign Powers, it cannot longer be expected that those Powers, especially Great Britain, now so deeply ag grieved, should be bound by their ordinary- conduct to reciprocating nations in regulating their intercourse with China ; we must not be content with ever varying commercial laws, enacted by provin cial authorities, but demand, in the highest towe, defined treaties, both political and commercial, or the alterna tive to China of an aggression on her territory, or the occupation of an island, to secure the due protection of our subjects and their property. If, as is to be hoped, the British Government can be roused to insist on redress from the Chinese, let them equip a force promptly, to be sent under secret orders to the Canton rives; and run ning directly (and without any communicatioi whatso ever with the shore) up to the Bocca (or Bogue, as it is called), take possession of the forts, the men-of-war de fending and blockading that entrance. No one who has seen that position but must assent to the facility . of the enterprise, well conducted. Those forts are, by the Go vernment, deemed the portals of Canton city and pro vince. The consternation in Canton was extreme when • the two frigates, in Lord Napier's time, passed them, and many natives asserted that if they bad been taken possession of, the English might have commanded anY terms ; in short, that the city and province would be at their mercy. Since Russia is admitted to trade with the land fron tier of China, and to have represeitatives at the CoaTt of Pekin, and Portugal has been allowed to colonize and fortify Macao and islands adjacent belonging to the Chinese empire, why may not Great Britain demand similar privileges ? To us the settlements of Macs°. I would prove most valuable—far more so than anY the numerous islands lying off the coast. I t has ! superior advantages as a port ; its harbour might easily be much improved, it lies at the entrance of the river leading to Canton, by the inner as well as the outer passage, and arms of the sea form channels to various towns and cities on the mainland. It would not be a difficult matter, I presume, previous to the expedition proposed, to treat with Portugal for the relinquishment to us of all her rights at Macao, which, in truth, are to her of no value but rather a burden on her resources. Holding the forts at the Bogue, we might compel the Chinese to grant us, with the sanction of Portugal, the posses' sion of Macao. Thither our ships an the Chinese vessels would resort to trade, each local government would be free to adopt such fiscal regulations to secure its revenues as might seem requisite, and inde pendently of each other ; and I have little doubt, that in a few years that possession would become an iro• mense entrepot of trade, situate, as it is, on the high road to so many populous nations. In conclusion, I would ask whether the western world can any longer submit to the illiberal maxims of non intercourse maintained by China, Japan, and their)zlepen dencies ? If those nations deny to the other portions of the globe the national rights belonging to all men, of peaceful intercommunion, let them reap the conse quences of such a policy. But, on the ether hand, how greatly beneficial would be to all parties the fair system of trade, as conducted with all other nations, under defined treaties, which insure peace and prosperity in lieu of aggression and plunder? Believe me, your's faithfully, ONE LONG RESIDENT IN CHINA. London, August 10. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE ENGLISH AND IRISH CONTRASTED.—I grant without difficulty that the Irishman and Englishman have very opposite characters , not only in their actions, but in their opinions and habits of thought. Let us take, for example, the most prominent trait in the English character--that firmness of soul which presides over all its enterprises, that unalterable persever ance in overcoming obstacles, that steadiness which never abandons the task till it is completed. Assuredly we find nothing like this in the Irishman. He seems, on the con trary, naturally fickle and inconstant, ready to pass from despair to hope, from exertion to despondency. Full of ardour, imagination, and spirit, he wants entirely, that consistency which predominates with the Englishman, and supplies the place of these qualities in which he is defi cient. All that can be done at once, and by sudden effort, the Irishman will execute better than anybody else, be cause no one is more enthusiastic than he is ; he rushes to' encounter an obstacle without measuring the difficulties ; but if he fails in the first attempt, he turns back and re nounces the enterprise. It is assuredly difficult to find two nations subject to more opposit e di s p osi tions ; and r am tempted to believe that there is something in the hereditary character of the one race which leads to bold ness of enterprise, whilst the disposition of the other is, from its very origin, more cold and less expansive. —l) de Beaumont's Ireland, Social, Political, and Religious. JAIPLICIT BELIEF OF CHILDREN.—Children dispute not ; they believe as they are taught ; the whole soul of a child is pure simplicity. —Martin Luther. PRIZE CUPS.—New and Second-hand SIL VE II PRIZE CUPS are offered at very REDUCED PRICES, ang selestioa may be made from a great variety, both of Sizes an d Patterns, at T. COX SAVORY'S, Goldsmith, and Watch maker, 47, Cornhill, London (Seven Doors from Gracechurch street).—Drawings of Cups will be forwarded in answer to post-paid application. N.B. It is desirable Letters for Drawings should mention either the size or about the price of the Cup or Cups that may be required. PLATE.—A. B. SAVORY and SONS , Manufacturing Silversmiths, N o . 14, Cornhill, (opposite a!! Bank of England), offer th e b es t r i c h SHELL-BORDERv SILVER WAITERS, of every size, with plain centres, at v s ' per ounce, or with chased centres, at 9s. 6d. per ounce. Price, with Chased Centres. X. s• Diameter. Oz. l4 a 0 A round silver W a it er , w i t h s h ell border, 8 in. 12 at SS. 64 . - 0 I n A round Silver W a it er , w i t h s h ell border, 9 17 S .lO v A round Silver W a it er , w ith s h e ll b order, 10 20 15 5 A round Silver Waiter with shell 12 30 , A round Silver Waiter,, with shell border, border, 15 42 IS 10 : 40 1, 10 - A round Silver W a it er, w i t h shell border, 18 E 6 58 9 A round Silver W a it er, w i t h shell border, 1$ 124 ten- The Plate rooms of this Establishment, which are ejate, sive, contain a large and choice selection . of Silver P t er- Plated Goods , and every article requisite to complete ,a , tee . vice. List of Prices gratis. A. B. Savory and Sons, . 1 : 7 4 the facturing Silversmiths, No. 14, Cornhill, London, 01 3 1 03 ' Bank of England. BIRTHS. On the 9th inst., at Brighton, the lady of Sir Thomas Biome" field, of a dauhter. On the Ist inst., the lady of Major J. S. Winfield, Beng al Army, of a daughter. On the 3d inst., at Hurst-house, the lady of FrederiCk Willis, Esq., of a daughter. MARRIED. On the 11th inst., at St. George's, Hanover-square, Jamest Bonar, Esq., of Kimmerghame , B erwickshire, to Mary, lde of daughter of the late the Hon. Sir Patrick Murray, Baronet, Ochterfyre ' Perthshire, on e of the Barons of the Court of Ex chequer in Scotland. On the 11th inst., at C la p ham Church, Holdsworth Hunt, Esq., of the Inner Temp le, barrister-at-law, youngest o gent of Dr. Hunt, of the Wi lderness, Dartmouth, to Ellen, you daughter of Joseph Barber, Esq., of Clapham Rise Surrey. DIED. On the Bth inst., at.Coopersale, near Epping, Essex,!Munde ford Allen, Esq., aged 70. On the Bth inst., in Manchester -street, Manchester-squ are, Anne, the wife of C. F. Sorensen, Esq., aged 73. On the 10th inst., in Portland-place, Ann Casebournit aged 73. On the 11th inst. , at Camden - hill , Kensington , Lady Fraser, wife of General Sir John Fraser, G. C. H. L . NG o f London: Printed etc' Published by MURDO YOV No. 112, Strand, at The Suit Office, No. 112, Strand, "I" the county of Middlesea.—Thursday, September 12, 1839-