The Sun. — London, England, 1844-03-16 00:00:00

HOUSE OF .COQ i itiOws, March 15 The SPEAKER took the Chair at the usual hour. Mr. F. MACKENZIE moved that it be an instruction to the Committee of SelectiOn to refer the Edinburgh and Glasgow:; the Slamannan ; and Edinburgh, Leith, and Nevt haven Railway Bill s t o th e same C omm i ttee . The Haltwhistle Inclosure; and theGlosset Market Bills were read a second time. - SOUTH-EASTERN AND HASTINGS RAILWAY. On the motion that the South-" Eastern and Hastings Railway„Eill be read a second time,-being put, Mr. HO YE; with much emphasis, rose for the purpose of moving that it be read that day six month's. He thought the House would but badly consult their own dignity, if they allowed this Bill to occupy their time any further: It was concocted for the purpose of serving the private interests of some gentlemen at Rye. Ile, tlyrefore, with. out hesitation, moved that the Bill be read a second time that, day_six months. Mr. OURTEIS supported the second reading of the Bill, and contended that all the, transactions of the par ties supporting it had been open and fair. He would. not go into details, but he called upon the House not to sanetien an imaginary line when two fair competing lines were prepared to go into Committee, and be" judged by their respective merits.. •14Ir. E - LPHINSTONE requested - the 1 - fon.'. Member to withdraw the motion ; he thought the House was no place to enter into the merits of the respective lines: - - Mr. DA BY said that. where' there were two com peting lines, the public were likely to suffer between them. lie was willing that the Bill shoud be discussed in the Committee. The amendmentwas withdrawn, and the Bill was read a second time. RIBBLE NAVIGATION Mr. WILSON. PATTEN brought up the Report of the Committee on the Ribble Navigation Bill. _, WILLS IMPROVEMENT BILL. Sir W. HEATIICOTE brought up the Report• on the Wills Improvement Bill. BIRMINGHAM • CANAL NAVIGATION BILL. Mr. GREENE brought up the Report of the Com mittee on the Birmingham Canal Navigation Bill. • Mr.lt. HINDS presented a petition in favour, of the Hartlepool Dock Bill. 31.r.,11A.RDY presented a petition' against the Scar borough and Leeds Railway_ DUELLING. . . Captain POLHILL - gave notice that,. on the motion of the Hpn. Member for Truro (Mr. Turner), to intre duce a,- Bill . for the•abolition of duelling, ho would move as an athendment, " - That it is the opinion of this House that it is inexpedient to interfere with the existing law, which is already sufficiently stringent on the Subject of duelling." NEW POOR-LAW. Ix. W. 0. STANLEY gave notice that in Commit tee on the New Poor-law Bill, he would move f or instructions to th e Poor-law Commissions authorising the payment of Dissenting ministers for attending inmates of their own per , uasion. SUFFRAGE. Mr. S. CRAWFORD' gave notice th a t on th e ear li est convenient day after Easter, he should move for leave to bring in a Bill to extend the. Parliamentary suffrage, and to make other provisiens for securing the full, fair, and fiee representation of the people. INCLOSURE BILL. Mr. H. BERKELEY gave 'notice - that in Com mittee on the Inclosure — Bill he should move to in sert a Chmse to the effect 'that nothing in the Act should authorise the inelosure of any common land si titatecCwithin ten miles of ilie cities of London or West niinster, or within 'four miles of any town having a po pulation of 4,000, or within two miles of any town hav ing 2;000 inhabitants ; the number of inhabitants, in every case,' to be ascertained by the last Parliamentary census. Mr. W. E. GLADSTONE brought up the report of the Committee on Joint-Stock Companies. The report was received and ordered to be printed. THREE-AND-A-HALF PER CENTS. On the motion of the CHANCELLOR of the EX CHEQUER. the Tbree-and-a-Half per Cent. Annuities Bill was read a third time and passed. On the metion of the _same Right lion. Gentleman the Three-and-a italf per Centum Annuities (1818) Bill was read a third time and 'passed. On the motion also of the same Right Hon. Gentleman the Consolidated Fund (8,000,000() Bill was read a third time and passed. Messengers from the Lords brought up a Bill, the name of which was not heard in. the gallery. IRISH WORKHOUSES. Mr. S. FRENCH' wished to know from the Right Hon. Secretary (Sir J. Graham) when the report on the Irish Workhouses would be ready for Members? Sir J. GRAIIA.M said he had received the report from Mr. Parrythorn, audit should be laid on the table of the House without delay. Mr. P. IL STEWART also wished to put a question to 'the Right nob. Baronet. The Lord -Advocate of Scotland had introduced a Bill into the House, which proposed great alterations in, the divisions of parishes in Scotland, and aff ec t e d i mportant interests in many other ways. This Bill had only been introduced on. Mon day last, and was appointed for a second reading on. Monday next. Now.the draft of the Bill could only be received in several parts of Scotland yesterday and to-day, and, -under these circumstances, he hoped the Right Right HOn. Secretary for the Home Department (Sir James Graham) would give a pledge to the . Hot's_ ,e on the p ar t o f t h e G overnment, that it. should not be further proceeded with until after, Easter, or, at all events, until a reasonably distant time frOm the present. Sir JAMES • GRAITAM said that the measure which had been introduced by the Lord Advocate of Scotland was very similar. ,in fact, almost the same—as the. mea sure he had himself introduced last session. He would not.say that he would not postpone the second reading, but he thought it desirable that the principle of the Bill should be discussed at an early period. Mr. P. 'M. s'm WART wished to ask if the Bin was proceeded with before Easter, it would be on the under standing that the second reading would not be proceeded with until after the Easter 'recess. The LORD ADVOCATE was understood to reply in the affirmative. EcCLESLASTICAt• COURTS (IRELAND) BILL. Sir .11. W. BARRON, referring to the Bill introduced last session relating to the Irish Ecclesiastical Courts, wished to ask the Government if, after all the reports which had been made, and discussions which had taken place for the last 25 years, they were prepared to bring any measure for remedying the gross abuse of the Ecclesias tical Courts in Ireland ? Sir'R. PEEL said that the jurisdiction 'of the Ecclesi astical Courts, in Ireland properly belonged to the Lord Primate. The LOrd Primate had stated when the vacancy occurred last year in the Judgeship of the Pre rogative Court, that he was perfectly ready to waive his -right to the appointment, and leave it to the nomi nation of the Government. When that appointment warmade by the Government it was accompanied by a distinct stipulation that it was subjected to any altera tions that might be made in the constitution of the Court, and if there should be an increase of duties thrown upon that_ officer, he was not to be entitled -to an increase of salary. - That- appointment was made towards the close of last session, and that &tic- - HOUSE OF LORDS, March-15.: • The Earl of SHAFTESBURY; in the absence of the Lord Chancellor, took his seat on the Woolsack at Five o'Clock. YORK AND SCARBOROUGH RAILWAY. Earl FITZWILLIAM -presented a petition, very numerously signed 'by the inhabitants of Scarborough, against the contemplated fine`of railway from york to that place, He thought . the prayer of this petition ought to receive the serious attention of their Lordships, and also that it behoved the Government, when a hne of railway was proposed to a particular place; that they should have a right to determine whether slid'. a line was required or not. He thought it - was not too late for the Government to • take some step - in; this subject, and he hoped, therefore, they would not fail to do'so. The Duke of WELLINGTON said he would mention the subject ifi the proper qiiarier, and . he had'no doubt that propernquiry would be made. THE CASE OF THE REV. MR. MARSH. Lord CAMPBELL, referring to the case of the Rev. Mr. Marsh, said the Right Rev. Prelate opposite (the Bishop of Peterborough) the other nighthad stated that the reason he did not interfere in this'case was, that the offence was not committed •in his diocese, and conse quently he was not empowered by the . Church Discipline Act to interfere. He (Lord Campbell) had referred to . the Act of Parliament, and 'he discovered that it was provided, that the Bishop of any - diocese in which any offence had been committed bye clergyman, should have the power, if he pleased, of referring the case at once to the Court of Arches. - The Bishop of- PETERBOROUGH -thanked the Noble and Learned Lord - for having • set him - right upon this subject. The NOble --and - 'Learned Lord had stated' truly that he a (the 'Bishop -of Peterbo rough) had said that he did not interfere in this case on account of the offence, having been committed out of his diocese. The principal reason, however, was the question of time. The offence was corn rained four years " ago. It. 'must be admitted that he had shown the disposition to investigate tbe circumstance. - He was informed that the offence was committed during the period of about a fortnight four - years ago. This was all he had heard, and he cer tainly did not feel a disposition to proceed - harshly against NIT. Marsh, considering that at the - parsonage • house an excellent mother was living, who was in such a delicate state of health that any agitation might have been fatal to her. It must be borne in mind, however,, that at the time he made his inquiries, the facts which came out on the trial were not revealed to him. This person was paid 8001. or 9001. a year, while the duty was discharged by a curate for 1001. per annum. Such cases as those-now before the House were of rare occur rence, as was proved by the universal surprise which they excited in the public mind when they occur ; for if they were of common occurrence, the universal - aston. ishment expressed at the late scandal would not have been so strong or so general. He could assure - their Lordships that the prelates of the Establiihed Church of England took the deepest and most painful interest in all the matters connected with the purity and discipline of that Church, and were determined strongly and empha ,tically to denounce everything which should bring scandal on its members. With respect to the ordination• a the members, he could also state that the greatest care was taken to examine the character and qualifications of all the candidates for the clerieal office. - Lord LILFORD rose, but from the-low and indistinct tone of voice, i n which e spoke, and from turning his back to the Reporters' gallery, we could hardly hear one word he said. We understood him to say that their Lordships must be perfectly satisfied with the explana tion of the Right Rev,"Prelate. The matter then dropped. A message from the House of Commons brought up the Consolidated Fund Bill and the Three-and-a. Half Per Cents. (1818) Bill, which were read a first time. Their Lordships then adjourned. THE SUN, LONDON, SAT:TT - RD - AY MARCH 16, 1844. tionary was now in communication with the Govern ment on the question of a change in the Ecclesiastical Courts. IDOLATRY IN INDIA. Sir R. H. INGLIS said he would take that opportu nity of putting the , question of which he- had given notice, in reference to the measures taken by the .British Government, with respect to idolatry in India. The House would recollect that he had put a question in the latter part of the last session with .regard to the separation and disconnexion of the European servants of the East India Company from Mahommedan worship -and Hindoo pagodas, and also whether steps had been taken to stop the pension or allowance granted -to the idol of Juggernaut.- - The answer *as - perfectly satisfactory with regard to the Presidency of Bombay, and all but satisfactory with regard to that of Bengal ; but it was not at all so with regard to that. of-Ma dras. What he wished now to ask was, -whether all connection of the European servants of the Com pany with this worship was to , be discontinued?-- Whether it was not correct that the subject had been re ferred to the authorities in India as regarded the pledge Of continuing the allowance to the idol of Juggernaut, and that the answer was, that no pledge , to continue *that allowance had been given? He also wished to know whether his Right Hon. Friend would have any , objection to lay. On the table of the House the dispatch which had been sent with the pamphlet •of Mr. Strachan to the Governor-General ? Sir R..PEEL said, the House, would recollect- that it was stated in the pamphlet of Mr. Strachan that 60,000 rupees were paid by the Indian. Government for the sup port of the idol of Juggernautin consequence of a stipule-- - tion to that effect; and he also stated thatthepilgrimages in honour of the idol were sanctioned by . the Indian Go : ierpinent. A copy of, the pamphlet „was• immediately transmitted to the Governor-General. He had .no objection to communicate the dispatch which had . been- sent on the -. subject by the Court of Directors. On : seeing the dispatch his Hon. - Friend would be best able to judge how the matter stood as far as regarded the British Government. With regard to.the continuance of the assistance of the servants of the Company at the pagodas, he , had, to state that in Bombay, a Committee was appointed, -which took the Management of the funds out of the hands of those who managed them before. The same rule prevailed in the Government, of , Bengal. He was enabled to state exactly what had been done in the - GOvernment of Madras ; but he hoped that the arrival of the next mail would enable him to inform the . Hon. Gentleman of the. steps which had been taken by . the Government of India on this subjeq. He should be prepared to lay .on ihe tee all the correspondence re lating to the subject. EXCLUSION OF ROMAN CATHOLICS FROM JURIES. . Mr. BELLEW rose to put the question to the Noble Lord, the Secretary for Ireland, of which he had given notice, .on the subject of the exclusion of Roman . Catholics from juries in Ireland. the recent trial in the county of Monaghan, of the " Queen v. O'Halloran, IPKenna, and others;' which was a charge of Bibbonism, there were twenty jurors returned ;, of these eight Catholics. were _challenged by the • Crown, and the prisoners had no right of challenge. The result was, that of le twelve jurors sworn, only one. was a Roman Catholic, and the general impression on the.pub lic mind was, that the Catholic jurors had been chal lenged solely on account of their religion. In that case there was noluestion of Repealer or Anti-Repealer, the case was one merely of Ribbonism. He wished to ask if the 'Noble Lord: could state why the Catholic_ jurors had been thus struck off. He also wished to put a question respecting the empleyment of the,.,grown., witness. It appeared that the Crown witness , had, been employed as an approver._ before the late assizes. He had been out on bail, and, during ;that time and while he was in communication with the police, he had continued to attend . Ribbon, Associations, and, he had admitted that he had taken an oath of secresy at a meeting. .of a Ribbon , Asso ciation since he had been in comninnication with the Law Officers of the. Crown. He ,wished to ask the Noble Lord how happened.,.that the Crown had excluded from the jury all Roman Citholica except one,. and how they,could justify the employment of such a person , as the approver and prin cipal witness for the .Crown, with a proper regard for the due administration of justice ? Lord ELlarregretted that he w!as not in a position to give a, saas.faetory answer, to .. the Hon. Gentleman. On the day On which th e H on , Gentlemanhacl given no, tice of Ins intention 'of asking the question he (Lord Eliot) had written to the Crown Solicitor on the North Eastern Cirguit on the subject,. yeceived an answer from that gentleman stating , that he was .still on circuit . and had not the ,papers with him which would enable him. to return a satisfactory an swer; but that he should return to Dublin op.:Wed nesday, when he would furnish, the necessary papers ; but he deplored that no j uror had. been set aside solely. on the ground that he was a Roman Catholic, httt that he Slould be able to assign good and valid reasons for the rejection of every one that he.. had at aside. The Honourable Gentleman must be aware, that the instructions on this subject issued by Chief Jtisilee v Brady in 1839, , and .which • had been laid on the table of that House, were.still in existence, and the Attorney-General for Ireland and -the other Jaw officers of the Crown in that country had addressed cir culars to the crown solicitors on the various circuits, re questing that those directions should be rigidly adhered to; so that if there were any deviations from those instructions the responsibility rested with the Crown Solicitor and not—on the G overnment . Mr.' Maxwell, the Crown Solicitor alluded to, had been appointed in 1831 by the Marquis of Anglesey. He had held the office ever ` since, and had,given satisfac tion to all the different Governmcnts, since, and he would not, believe that ,he had failed to exercise a judicious discretion in the present instance. With regard to the last question, as he had received no notice from the Hon. Gentleman on the subject, he was not in a condition to ,return an answer. the franchise of Ireland, of which some notice had been already given. He wished to know if the Right Hon. Gentleman would name a day for bringing it forward, and whether the Bill would be printed before Easter. Sir JAMES GRAHAM would on Monday next give notice of the day upon which he meant to intoduce the measure, and that day would be before Easter. FEES AT QUARTER SESSIONS. On the Order of the Day for going into Committee -on the Factories Bill being read, • Mr. ESCOTT wished to put a question, of which he had given notice to the Secretary of State for the Home 'Department. Previous to putting the question, a few observations were necessary. • The Right Hon. Gentle man would recollect that in the last session of 'Parlia ment he (Mr. _Escott) had , called the attention of the House to a sytem - of certain illegal fees; which were taken .by the Clerks of .the- Crown in Courts, and by Clerks of Assize, and Clerks of the Peace, at Quarter Sessions. The statements which were then made by his Right Hon. Friend, and by the Noble Lord, the Mem ber for London, would, he thought, have put an end to the practice, for . both stated, in the clearest possible manner, their abhorrence of- the practice. At the end of the session, he (Mr. Escott) . moved for a return of the number of those 'taken ,in the'. proceeding. year. That return showed, that 20 counties had abolished the prac tice, hutthat 32_counties still retained it-to a greater or less extent. Now, the practice was simply this :-The Clerk of the Assize-or Clerk of the Peace demanded a sum of money.from every defendant 'previous- to his pleading guilty and taking his trial. It had been contended -that this was legal, - because an Act of Parliament gave to the Judges of Session power to "settle the amount of fees ; it was therefore Con-' tended„ that the clerks had a' right to demand • a. certain amount of fees from defendants. He .was .quite certain that no 'Hon. Member in that House, acquainted with the subject of criminal jurisprudence, could think that the clerks were _on that ground entitled to take 'one sixpence , from defendants. The practice never would have endured, to the .present time 'had it been generally known. He was sure when he introduced the subject -last:session t 6 the House, there was scarcely an Hon.. Member, or at least not snore than one •or two, that was kite pf the, practice. ‘ Neither -his Right Hon... Friend, - thelirst Lord of the Treasury, nor the Attorney-Ge neral, nor the Solicitor-General, knew anything of the :practice, nor of . the magistrates he had spoken to, ex cept one Chairman of Quarter Sessions.. The practice was carried, on in ~secrecy, and in the dark. By those secret means sums of money were extorted.- There was no ease in which this extortion 'had been practised, that an indictment -for extortion would not lie 'against the nfficelS of the Court who made the charge: He wished to ask his Right 'Hon. Friend, 'the Secretary -of State. fir the Home Department, who had Made a very strong' declaration on the - subject last session, again to express his opinion, so that this. abomina,blef-system-Might be 'put an end to. .He hoped the power of the Executive , would be exerted to , crush it.. • There. • was no need for' , Airther, interferenceon.the part, of the Legislature. -The' laws were quite strong enough if they were put in . force. • .Sir -T. GRAHAM-agreed -with his Hon.: and Learned ,Friend in thinking this a very vile practice, and a state , of things that ought to be. speedily remedied. He would: not presume to•say that any bpinion expressed by • him would have the effect'. an ti c ip a t e d . by the Hon. and Learned Gentleman ; but he felt, bound to say that these practices were at variance with the first principles of law. 'He did not think the defendant should be. called upon to, pay anything in: proving his -innocence, nor should he be mulcted when a 'jury of hil countrymen pronounced an acquittal. Such demands were onlyjusti fiable• when the:judges of the' Court hid sanctioned,them; but the demands sanctioned bythe ' judges were 'not' at variance with . the law. Those :observed upon .hy the . , Hon. and Learned Gentleman were al) origine illegal. FACTORIES. BILL. - . " • The Order otthe,Day ass then read, and ~• -' :. Alr.•- HINDLEYi -before going into Committee, wished to present a petition in. favourof an eleven hours' fac tory' Bill from itho inhabitants of Bolton. ' - ' . •-, - . . .-Lord-ASHLE-Y 'presented petitions from Birmingham, Leeds, •and Stockport, in favour of , a ten hours' Factory Bill. . . , . , - • MAI-SHARMAN CRAWFORD ptesented'a petition from manufacturers and mill-owersinTewkesbury, in Yorkshire, against the seventh - clause of the proposed FactOriesßill; on the ground that ittvotild cause areduc- On of wages. : . - ~ . , .- , . ', . • . .qtr. M. GlBSONpresented several: petitions of a simi.• lar nature. •:: i..-- . . • • MA STRUTT. 'presented two petitions from Derby againit the Bill. •. - • - • . • • •• • . -11r.•WALLACE- said 'it h a d . been hiS 'intention t o move an instruction to the Committee-On the Factories Bill, that - they' should' extend its operation: to. other branches of industry -,' hut -as there was so strong .a de. sire eXpressed to get the Bill passed into a law,"he should 06stpOne ,to a .future,oceasion; the _motion of which he had given notice. .- • ? . • . . t The House-then went into Committee, Mr. GREENE in. the Chair. ,' - - - , -The preamble of the Bill was posponed, and Clause i Was agreed to-withont-discitssion.- • • • .. • - ' •, On Clause 2 being proposed, , . • LOrd ASHLEY moved the amendme nt of which he had giVen notice. • Ile'said , it required some preliniisery eiplatiation; He meant that' the ‘wnia ` o night" - in this clause Should.be taken to Mean from six o'clock in the evening. till . six o'clock, in the morning.. During the -mummer months the range of a Factory. Bill would then. be fbutteen hours—twelve for - work, andtwo for meals in the - winter months - it, would be twelve: hours. With a view to Conciliate opposition,' he 'would mpose to -take eleven hours till 'the' Ist Of Octo ber this. year, and ten '`hours in the year -:1845. - lifowche would proceed to the subject under discussion. MOO' Years' had elapsed since- he 'made* proposition lea similar nature to the House, which he would now renew. But - not at that time did he approach the sub ject with, half the anxiety . which, he now did, notTfrom any.fearof any personal pique, because, • " Disappointment is the badge dell our tribe," ,but fr om fearlest;lhroiigh 'any inabilitY-on his part,' he 'would not be:able io . discharge his duty towards those !whorhad cotifided their • interests -to his keeping. ' He :wislYed,. hou'e'ver; • to ' anticipaie- an - accusation made 'against him of.being hostile to the owners of mills. 'This charge - was altogether unfounded. ' It was a .promine nt question before the ' public eye in 181'5, when he first undertook "'the subject .It was a.subjeetpainful ,for many reasons, tint it was. one uppn•which he thought an inquiry ought to "take place. Ten years' experience proved to him, even if he doubted it. before, which he did not, that avarice and cruelty were not peculiarly in herent in any class of men, or in any one occupation: They would ever be found where means of profit were cembined•with a virtually irresponsible power, whether landlords or manufacturers. And where men possessed such knower,. there ought to be a close supervision— (Hear, hear)—some supervision—some public control some restraints on - the indulgence of those .passions, Which otherwise - might be indulged with safety and-im punity. - How many evil things were connived at when they adivinistered to our profit or even our convenience! They Might take as example -the awful sufferings of the dressmakers and milliners of - London. For whom were they 'working out .their lives night and day ? Was it not to meet the sudden caprices of fashion ? Here were no manufacturers, no. landlords.—(Hear, hear.) They Must ascribe it in many -i ns t ances to the in . . difference of, the tender sex, and he was ' ashamed to say that amongst them were many of his own intimacies and his own connexions.. There , were many instances - of kindness among the manufacturers. If there were many bad-men amongst them there were .likewise Many good men, who went even to considerable expense for the comfort - of theirworkers; he would even admit that many of them were the victims of a bad system., He•knew that in what he would now state, and lay be fore the House, he would excite a spirit of hostility; but he would - say now, as he said before," strike me, but hear me." He would not go into the commercial part of the subject-not' because he was unwilling, or, perhaps, : unable to do so--but would Confine himself to the dura tion of the hears of, labour. In other European coun-• tries the hourS of labour .were less than they were in this country. - In Russia, in. Austria, and in Switzerland, the hours.ofkibour were less than they were in England. In France he knew that a law, founded on the provisions of our Factory Bill, was' in-operation.; but there were a great, number of inspectors in that country, whose duty it was to enforce the provisions of the law, and who were inspectors by virtue of the offices which they held. In Prussia, no child under sixteen years of age could be employed more than ten hours a day, and proper pro visions were made for their education. In all countries of Europe, provision was.made that persons employed in &dories should not be overworked, and that proper pro visions should be made for their education.; and surely it was the duty of this country to make proper provi skips for their welfare, when they considered how their nuMbers were annually increasing. I n. 1818 the number of persons, of both sexes, who were employed in. ' the ~ cotton factories was 57,327. Since - that period 'they 'had no return, until , 1835, when.it appeared that the number of persons em played in the cotton and woollen-manufactures amounted to 354,682. In 1839 they amounted to 419,591, and of these - the nuMber of .persons undereighteen years of age employed .in manufactures amounted to -192,880. Simultaneously with this great increase in their num bers, a vast increase had taken place in their labour. The labour which these persons - were now compelled to undergo was three times greater than it, had been in the - year 1818. A few thousand persons now performed the work.. of several millions, owing to the , introduction of machinery. He had several-returns which would show that labour at the present day was three times greater thanit was in the year 1815. , It had be-en-progressively increasing from that time up to the present year. In 1815 the distance travelled by a person following a pair of mules in the spinning of cotton yarn was about-eight miles per day, calculating twelve hours to the day. . In 1832 the ; distance trav e ll e d by a p erson f o ll ow i ng a pa i r of 'mules, calculating twelve hours to the ~ day, was r twenty : m m p i4 i miles,. t : s su , p - u a panbd. about uo often ttBh2i :I T ysotfrseee.tvcehnlens onlßB But t each ti that ranged atofw a §ap a not fi r r o, allom f , s t e i ee : n lah el Par..tlie ,Men, had to go through. In 1815 a mules, being 1,640 stretches in the course of a-day. In 1832 a spinner put up 2,200 stretches on one of a pair of mules, making, on a pair o 4from r mules, inettuhrenscwouhriscehohfada day, 4,400 stretches.4g,4iovoenhimon . that - In tl 1844, morning. from a most' expe • rienced and practicelmill-owne r in Lancashire, a spinner put up in the same period 12,400 stretches; or on a pair of mules 4,800 stretches., This calculation had been made, as he had said before, by one of the most expe rienced arithmeticians in--England. - At 'his (Lord Ashley's) request., he went down to Manchester and made the measurements and calculations himself. H e took a number of yarns in five different mills, viz. the num bers 14,15, 30,38, and 40',and on these he made the calcula tions. On N 0.14, die least distance possibly travelled was 17 miles a day, and the'greatest distance was 27 -miles. On No.' 15, the least distance . travelled was 19 - miles, and the greatest 29. .0n NO. 30, the least distance was ,24 miles, and the greatest was p 7., On•No..3§,._the least distance was 15'iniles,"the - greatat 26 - ; 'and, otflgO. 40; the least distance traVelledwas 17, and the greatest 21 miles a day. It mutt be borne in mind, that these cal culations were made when the machines were being driven at moderate speed. During their work, the labourers had to turn round from four to five thousand times a day. The calculations which he had just read were partly made in the mills of a gentleman of the name of M'Connell, of Manchester. This gentleman also made calculations, and afterwards. compared them with the calculation§ of the arithmetician he (Lord Ashley) had sent down. The two .sets •of calculations were found - to materially differ,`Mr. M'Connell's mea surement being much less ; but, upon examination, it was discovered that Mr.-M'Connell had made no allow ance'for the diagonal Movements. This made the dif ference between the -two statements. The HoneMernber for Oldham (Mie Fielden) hfidpublished a paniphleted this subject, and from his calculations it appeared that the average distaneelhat the men travelled in the course of a day, working at a pair of mules, was 22 miles. He (Lord Ashley) had also consulted a number of operative spinners, and they stated that the average at least was 20 miles per day. They also.stated that although there was more work performed than there ever was, yet there were fewer men made to do it. They further stated that an inferior kind of cotton was now used, and this increased - the difficulty of spinning: Now the measure ments he (Lord Ashley) had read to the House had been disputed by Mr. Greg, a gentleman who was well known. In consequence of this, he (Lord Ashley) had written to the-arithmetician who made the calculations,--and his answer was, that either Mr. Greg's s t a t em e n t was eicli culous blundering, or a gross perversion of observed facts. He (Lord Ashley) believed that 'one man now did the work which was done by two a few yeare-ago. In the year 1819-the number of picks per minute in a pair of mules was 60, and in 1842 the number amounted to 140. They had had the evidence of several eminent physician' and surgeons to show the fearful consequences which resulted front this excessive labour. Dr. Hawkins bad stated that diseases of the feet, legs, arms, and other parts of the body were of frequent occurrence amongst the factory people. Dr. Souden -had stated the same thing. Dr-Hawkins had, given it as his opinion - that no person under the age of 18 ought to be engaged in la bour more than ten hours of the day. He (Lord Ashley) had visited. the infirmary in Manchester, and he found that it was filled with persons affected with . scrofulous diseases, and these persons Were labourers who had been employed in the factories. The medical gentleman who was attending this establishment stated that the majority of these , diseases - had been caused by excessive labour, heated:* rooms; aid -.low diet. lhe same evils were found, to prevail in other countries, and a very admirable work had been'Published a few years ago by a French physician named Billerin6. He stated that various diseases, which he . (Lord Ashley) had.enumerated, were prevalent among the persons en gaged in the manufactures of the Continent. It - was la mentable to find the dreadful effects this . labotir had on the constitutions of the persons engaged in it. It had frequently effectually destroyed the visual organ. Dread ful accidents were continually occurring, and those - itcci dents consisted of loss of fingers, hands, &c.,. generally occurring at a late hour of the evening, when these per sons became so tired as to be almost regardless of danger. He would next direct the attention of the House to the early period at which-superannuation com menced among persons of 'this class.. It was very sel dom that persons above the age of 40 were found la bouring in factory employments. He held a return in his hand of the number of persons engaged in 42 mills in Moseley, Ashton, and other ports of Lancashire, who turned out in the year 1831. the number was 1,665, and out of that number th ere were only 51 per sons w h o were abo ve the age of.from 45 to 50. :le had another return of the number of persons engaged in certain mills in Scotland, and out of 1,600 pereons there were only 10 ebove the age of 45. He also had a return made in 1839 of the number of persons engaged in 42 mills in Stockport, and Manchester; the number was 22,094, and out of that number only 143 had pasied the age of 45, and 16 of those were retained 'as a special favour. Of 131 spinners in Manchester, seven only were beyond the age of forty-five, and these were refused employment on account of age. - He held in his hand a letter -from Bolton, from &gentleman. employed to make returns by the- Governthent, from which it appeared that Of fifty_ reduced Spinners. who were out of employment, two were more than fifty, and,the rest did not average - forty: One man, at Oldham, Who - had worked at a factbry for six teen 'years, and was now , only fort Y-three years of ,age, had frequently.aPplied for work, but was often refused it on the ground of old age. The same evil prevailed in Franee, as appeared in the report of Doctor Billorme. It was found -more economical; both in England and on the Continent,: to employ younger workmen.' IV letter had been addressed to him, in 1833, by Mr: Ashton, a large millowner in Lancashire, and it contained this re markable , passage You will, naturally inquire about the old men, who are said to die, or to be unfit for work, when .they, 'attain the age of forty. As all . cotton, spinners, whether, young or old, are allowed-ehe same price per pound, the produce of the old man is a greater expense,:-,because there is a.diminished quantity c and this fact sometimes occasions their discharge." - Now-he. (Lord -Ashley> would ask what agricultural labourer was superannuated at forty-years ? Old men of every de-' scription adhered to the habits contracted in early life ; and these -who were . 'dis'charged erten the factory were almost unfit' for any other kind' of labour. The letter went on to say that .the old men, " men of. forty," (said the Noble Lord), frequently disagreed With their you nger fellow-labourers, and preferred living at home when the earnings of their' children were sufficient to maintain-, them. There was mot a more alarming feature in. the dismal history of factory labour than that men of forty were commonly maintained in idleness by the labour ofeheivehildr.e.—(Hetir, The Re port of the dotrimissioners appointed in 1833 . stated that it was difficult to believe the ages of the men employed in factories from their.appearance, so coinpletely had a premature old age come upon them. lie placed great confidencein the Report of these Commissieners, asehey wereenews selected by the Government of 1e33. foritheir judgment and intelligence. He would next read a Re port which wouldconvey to the House some idea of the difference between - agricultural and manufacturing- la bour.. On an estate in Worcester s hi re , w h ere forty agri culturalchliotwers were employed, twenty-three exceeded the, age of forty-five years: On an estate in Lincolnshire, Where: tidily agricultural labourers were eniPloyed,. ereven, '4xceeded . that age. On an est a t e in' Wales, on which sixty-two labourers were, emPlmyed, thir,ty 'ex ceeded:the age of fortye O n .anotherestete in tie same principality, on which forty-two labourers. were, ,en gaged, twenty-seven exceeded.theea ge of •forty. In the Isle-of Wight, on a -small farm, on which eighteen la bourers were employed, ten - exceeded the age-of forty. On another estate in the same island; where_seienteen were employed, -seven` were beyond that teem. - On an other, out *of fifteep labourers,' six w e re . b eyon d f orty. On a calculation of several small f arms .t h ere, on w hi ch . thirty men were employed,. 'every one exceeded the, age of' forty years. 'Thus, in a total 01,341 agricultural ,la bourers, employed in different parts of the kitvgdona, 180 were ..ahnve -the7 age of forty. , Contrast- this. with .the manufatturieg-returnse whichstated that, out of a num. ber of 22,000 employed in factories, only 1-80 . tvete beyond the age of forty: . On different- estates in Dorset shire, on which '427 labourere were employed; 1 lie were beybnd• the . age of forty - five. Why he would appeal to the experience of Hen. Members, if it were not a usual thing to see_agricUlturel 'labourers working daily who were fifty, 'sixty, and' even seventy ye a rs of age. hear.) ,Thee employment c at the f actor i es- seemed *have entirely debilitate the constitution of the operatives, fore when discharged, unless supported by their families, they generally sauk.down into hopeless destitution. The education of male and female. wee most deficient, if there were'anynt all, and their physical conditiOn- was sur passed by their moral - deeridation. The- practice of thrift and economy was a -virtue altogether unknown to thege people. They scarcely .ever had, an accumulation .of eavings. to meet, old age. The Noble Lord then cpietect from returns,- showing the* state, of employment 'in Manchester. Those , returns showed,. that out, ,of 11 jobbers, or casual porters,. 9 were cast-off factory la bourers. :Of -37 - hawkers of nuts and .oranges, 32ewere the same description of persons.. Of 9 sand-sellers, 8 were cast-off factory labourers. Of '2B -hawkers of -boiled Sheeps' feet, , 92. Of 14 rush-sellers, 11 ; of 25 comb-sellers, 16—making a total of 113 persons .in the leWest employments of life, and out of these as were .dischatged factory labourers. Of 341' unemployed operatives in the same town, 217 were factory labotireri who were maintained by their ownschildren. In Bolton, of .60 rag-gatherers,to had been factory labourers.. In 1842, in Manchester, of 246:cast-off - cotton-spinners; 108 were living ientirely on the earnings of their family; the remainder were following the occupations-he had already mentioned. The Commissioners had inquired how many ,of . these unemployed labourers had - been engaged on the revival of' trade, and the answer was—scarcely one. Dr. Hawkins observed upon the :extraordinary state of things in Manchester; he said the order of things ,was reversed, - for the children- of tender years were sup -porting their parents,.whose age should .place them in the prime of -life.. The evils which he had enumerated were_not peculiar to England, they prevailed on the Con tinent, and had engaged the serous attention of the Go vernments and• crowned heads of Europe. The laws of nature could not be violated with impunity—those 'in fringements would cause a. bitter retribution in reduced physical condition and gonsequent moral inferiorilyi In 1830, a Commission had been appointed by the French Chamber of Deputies, for the purpose of inquiring into the condition.of thereanufacturiag population. ,The Noble Lord quoted frem the report of this Commission,, the , effect of which was, that out of 10,000 men engaged in agriculture in France, 4,09 were rejected as unfit. for military service ; out of 10,000 men engaged in manu factures, 9,930 were rejected because of unfitness. .The report went on to recommend a different system in . the manufacturing diStricts, and stated . that the amount Of individmil suffering there was horrible to conteni.; plate, and should be at once remedied.—(Hear, hear.) A report had been presented to the liing of Prussia by a General „an ..the, Prussian .service, which lamented the ineificiency of those engaged in the mann faeturing districts of_Prussia ; for military service,,,and declared that if a reformation. did .not take„place, the the present generation would grow up more crippled and enfeebled than the former one: He (Lord Ashley) lamented to observe upon the number of females that were employed in the manufacturing districts . in Eng land, netwithstanding'that it had been stated by phy sicians' Of the greatest eminence; such - as DoCtOrs 131un dell, Elliotson, and Sir. Benjamin Brodie, that factoiy labour was particuldrlyinjurious to the female coestitu tion. In the West jliding Of Yorkshire, a gentlethan wrotetwtoelvheim,hotaora a d say tha t, a. seven years ago, 1,0 00 fe-; males, who wer e th en supported in their own homes,. were now all engaked in the factory, and work:-. ing ' seemed •to be in especial reqlnuiSifaction fem the ale labour an manu facturing districts, d. male labour was fre quently displaced to employ women and girls. The Noble L or d next entered into a number of statisti cal details, to prove that the result of the present os 7 tem, which prevailed throtighoutthe.facties ‘ o gen . Araij y in England, tended i n the ' Wong* degree to =7 RAILWAYS. Mr. WALLACE said that he had given notice to the Right Hon. Gentleman at the bead of the Board of Trade of his intention to ask if he could 'say what was doing in- the Railway Committee. ,He wished to know— Ist. ; Whether the proceedings of the Committee on Rail- Way_s_ will , show, the House, by evidence er calculation, the average cost per mile at which passengers, goods, live stock, &c., may be conveyed in future on new lines of railway, with a reasonable, profit to the company and jnstice to the people. 2d. Whether evidence will be taken to show the present cost of conveying her Majesty's mails by railway, and the cost at which these might be carried, were the Postrhaster-General to send the mail bags as luggage or, goods, along with a guard in charge of them. 3d. Whether evidence will be taken to deter mine if the Postmaster-General were -to provide an es tablishment of engines for conveying the mails along railways, together with carriages for passengers, as has been 'recommended in 'the sixth resolution in the first Report to this House 'on railways, which was printed 28th March, 1838, theie would be any difficulties made, or . obstructions thrown in the, way by the directors of the great railway line's having their termini near London, to the Postmaster-General following out the aforesaid re commendation. 4th. Whether, evidence will be taken to show why a clause should not be inserted iu:each Rail way Bill now before Parliament, empowering the Post master-General to command that passenger-carriages shall be attached to every special train which he may require for the public service, with a view, to lessen the charge which special trains cost the Post-office depart ment, when sent without passengers. sth. Whether it is. intended, with a view to economy and regularity in the conveyance of her Majesty's mails, to take evidence to show the detriment to the • public service, and to the interest of the. nation generally, which may arise from railway companies having the power longer continued, through by-laws or otherwise, to interrupt of altogether stop the traffic on Sundays. 6th. Whether, for the in formation of the public generally, and the railway de partment of the Beard of Trade' espeeially, it' has not become requisite to take evidence to show that all rail• way companies shall periodically, in- future, furnish to the Board of Trade, a debtor and creditor account, drawn out on a simple but uniform plan, of their half yearly receipts and expenditure. Mr.' GLADSTONE was aware of the great anxiety that existed on this subject, and he was sorry that the resolutions of the House did not permit a disclosure of what took place in Cominittee. He would, however, give what answer he could to"the questions of the Hon. Member. With respect to the first question, he thought it wonld not be possible to give the average standard of the mileage ; 'and as to the second, third, and fourth questions, he thought them - more-a-subject for a Com mittee on the Post-Office department, than a CoMmittee on Railways. With regard to the fifth '4ailestion, he must confess that' as a matter of private opinion, he would ba .very sorry indeed if there were a disposition on the part of railway companies to discourage, necessarily, travel ling on Sundays.- In reply to the last, question, he begged to say,, that he did not think it had become re quisite or desirable that railway companies should in . future furnish to the Board of Trade a debtor and cre ditor account of their income and expenditure. Par ' likely to adopt, Par liament had not adopted, nor did .he think that it was: supervision' the principle that tere.should be a pub (Healictheofas enperrlts of railway companies.— r.) So far he thought the system g otlt cc . tnye . nience . was concerned, publicity which prevailed in matters of railway accounts, i4vtn e F re v ltt e , w s . atisfaction, and fully answered the en d to be ft Mr. HINDLEY Would be g l a d to learn. from the Right Hon. Gentteman• whether h e th ought it desirable to lay down any settled principle fo r th e government of thea Committees which were to investigate the cases of com peting lines ; and whether the interest of the public, of particular localities, or of the shareholders, should form the basis of legislation. Mr. GLADSTONE said, it would be quite obvious that he had no power to lay down any rules for the guidance 'of the C'ommittee. Most certainly the interest of the public ought 'in all such cases to be the first object. MEDICAL REFORM Dir P. M. STEWART wished to put a question to the Right Hon.. Baronet, the Secretary of State for the Home Department. He would be glad to know when the Right Hon. Gentleman intended to introduce • his measure of Medical Reform, and whether he intended so to alter the Apothecaries' Act of 1815, as to admit of Scotch medical students practising in England. Sir . JAMES GRAHAM said, that considering the position of the New Poor-law Bill, he must hesitate be • fore he appointed a precise time for introducing any other measure. Either before or immediately after Easter he intended to introduce a Bill affecting the medi cal profession throughout • the United Kingdom. and , which,,instead of increasing, would tend to .relax the re-, strictiOns which now controlled medical practitioners. IRISH FRANCHISE. - . Lord c r. RUSSE4I. wished to ask ,the Right Hon, Baronet,- the Secretary of State for the Horne Depart ment a question with - refttence to the mea'sure'ditieting• the health and-constitutions of those persons who worked at these manfactories. In all cases in which the. -manu facturers exercised a choice in the selection `of those females who work in their mills they invariably chose married feniales who had children, because those persons were more inclined to work regularly and finger, in order that they might gratify their attachment towards their offspring, by giving them more of the comforts and ,the necessaries of life. With respect to the unmarried "females," he thOught, from th e i o f ormat i on which h e re , ; ceived , from sources which were well qualified to forth. an opinion upon the subject, the large manufacturers always 'preferred • the married . females, although they were, generally speaking, untidy and slovenly. In the' year 1839, chit of 22,694 persons employed in mills in .Manchester-and-Stockpory, in: 42 mills,' - only 123 - at stained the eke - dr4 - 5 - yeari, led whom were retained by especial favour; He - had lately received, a; letter- from Bolton, from a gentleman there, which fully justi fied him in asserting that the Bill for the limitation of labour within certain .hours was likely to do good. A similar system prevailed in France, but in Russia the Emperor put an end to the ' system which he (Lord Ashley) had been for 10 years endeavouring to do away (Hear.) The : present system tended to prOmote debauchery, ' intemperance, and vice.-- . -(Hear, hear.) At one mill in Stockport, out of 1,264 persons employed, not less than 846 were feniales. On this - stibject:(the condition of Temitles in :factories) he had letters from several manufacturing towns ; One of them was from a medical man at Stockport ; it bore out the statements made by surgeons in other Places, that - modest - women, Working :in factories with Males, were not able - to avail themselves of those opportunities absolutely necessary, and Which any; one - would - tinder stand - without farther reference - to them,: 'The state ment would not apply to all - mills and factories, but very many of them were so managed as not -to be exempt froth' the censure.. This was the testimony of Mr. Rayner, a.pnblic medical o ffi cer at Stock port. There were ether - evils: - to which he must allude. --The females were superseding 'the males in the work of the factories. In consequence of this the men Were obliged to stay at -home to mind the household affairs, - and the:whole burden of supporting the family was thrownoti the women:: Other evils again rose from 'this state of things. The females were not only occupy ing the - place of the males, but acquiring all the . Avoca tions, manners, and habits of men. - There *ere now in stitutions called - female clubs ;, fifty or silty females, married and single. formed, a club, where they met together ostensibly - for mutual:protection; - but - hi - reality to eat; drink, sing, andsMoke; and th e i r language atthese meetingSwas represented its coarse . , .bintal,. and disgust „in. Sometimes -the men were oblig e d t o cal Lat these clubs toget their wives to come hoine, and it w a s n o t unusual for them to ref u s e ; 'On one occasion when a man went with 'a - child in his arms to fetch - his wife, she said—" I have .. to keep, thee and the bairna too," . an d would` not return. But now, let the House observe'how were occu . gradual) , the women ping the place of the Men.; as they had imposed on them. the duties and pri vilege of supporting their husbands and families, disorder, : violence,. and insubordinatiOn of every descriptiOn • were intredueed ~ into their house holds.. The - woman said she. would pay no at tention to her. domestic duties . ; the duty no longer devolved upon her ; if she had the toil and _the burden she would alSo have the -amusement. The same system. Operated equally injuriously on the children ; insubor dination to their parents Was one - of the most frightful features of the whole manufacturing system.. If a child was corrected bYits, father, it.would turn round, and say with an oath, " We have you to - keep."--(Hear, hear.) They-said their parents had no right to interfere-with their control, as, without their labour they could not sabaist. -And this was said-by children of tender-years, by many under-thirteen and fourteen yearsof age. One woman stated 'that when her -husband chided his two` 'daughters for. going . to public-houses, they said they. would not come -home—they- had their father to keep, and not he them. • And look -what a ferocity of Chareeter 'this produced in the - women. They might recollect the outbreak that took place- in, the -ear 1842, and what ferocity the . females exhibited on thatocea sion. He had beentold- by 'one female, the mother of children, that churches and chapels were all. of . no • use, and that - all the talk about schools and education was idle, if the children while young had no time - to go there. She added that when he went to London she hOped that ,e would tell the House of Commons to change all this, or ' the next time the women Would turn out; and then let the sOldiers fire on them if they dared ; they might, depend on it there would be a -break-out- if the. House of Commons did not make a change by taking the wives and daughters out of the factories, and sending the men and big lads in. , hear.) What said -Sir Charles Shaw, the superintendent of police at Manchester? He said that the women, by being employed in the faetories, lost that station to which they were ordained, and became like the .female followers of our army, bearing the form" of Wealth, biit actuated by the worst 'passions . of men. The women were always, the exciters and the leaders of the . young men .to: violence. in every outbreak in the manufacturing districts. 'The language . they indulged in was Of the most horridalescription„ and while they were demoralised -themselves they -were the contami nators of all within their reach. -With this he would conclude the statement he had to make to that House •, and. now, he asked, would any one assent - that such things 'should - be permitted to exist ?—(Hear, hear.) .Would Any one -hesitate to lay - the axe to the root of the tree, or, at .least, to endeavour to lop off some of the branches ? What arguments from general principles would they adduce against his statements,* what arguments drawn from peculiar circumstances ? -Would it be said--surely itcould not be urged- r that the peculiar -condition-of- England -begot peculiar- results? Wherever this system prevailed, and it prevailed in many countries in Europe, hey found it - producing the same result; r In- France, in Prussia., in Germany, in Switzer- I land, and in RuSsia, and,' he might add, - in the -United States, it produced the same results. - He saw by the papers .of -February last, that .a 1311 had been- brought into the Legislature of Pennsylvania, - to ail - the persons under sixteen-years . of:age; employed in manu factories,.. wider the protection of a ten hours' liill.l In October last, he visited a-great establishment-iteAustria, in the. vicinity , . of- - - Vienna, - employing several' 'hundred Men ; he Went over it with the manager, and he detailed to him - ell the ~ s evere_ -mischiefs—all the severe 'cense qftences.2.-that he had rio*.related; labour prolonged 16 or 17 hours a dayr;4ntense a'atigne-r-erifeebled forins— frepient consumptive disorders; and earlydeaths- T yet, the localitr.had every, advantage—the houses. were well built,.it stoOcLin a. fizie open country,and in a completely rural 'district.- Nevertheless, se injurionewere the conse quences of- thesystent itself,that the. manager. stated that within- , - ten years, 'there would scarcely: 13 . e - . in all -Me `';neighbourhood one - men. -able: to : carry amusket. -Ile had fonnd a great change among:those who- were formerly opposed to him. In .1833,:he.could scarcely procure twelve master manufacturers to support him, . Now:he, could.. have: them by hundreds.—(near, These were hear.) They had already before them petitions-signed m by an 3 y oo i m n openly, and: many , secretly, who hesitated to proclaim il tin w e ll o g ln rs sirr a e Yi w i t f° a i l a so li Tn i g ka rted hitn—some 'Even among the Members of the Anti cthoernir-aher League ; ladwence. he Could - boast of having many firm and efficient supporters.—(Hear,-hear.)., Now, under all the aipeets -in which the question could be put, the Sys tem -must -be abrogated or restrained. ,It for Med a per petual grievance --it: disturbed the-'order of .naturei and the rights - of thelabenting man. By consignin g females to theworkshop, it obstructed them in the perfOrniance of all their domestic -dutiei—it' exposed them to almost insufferable toil, at half, the . wages . that Would be . given to the. males for ~.their , subsistence. Itaffeeted,. nay, -it-almost annihilated, the whole-arrange ments of domestic life and management; thrift ,was altogether imposSible ; if the 'Operatives.had twice the amount of: their. wages,- they would scarcely derive -any • benefit from it. Everything, ran to waste. If the woman had a child, it was deserted; the Wifecotild do nothing for ;her -husband or her- family—she could neither cook, nor , sew, nor take .care of an infant: . Everything must be paid for, and, in, ,fact,, everything was paid for:out of their.scanty . earnings ; and yet,-after all, everything was imperfectly done. Ignorance and recklessness were in full operation. -If the woman had no time to learn in her youtle_no leisue in her riper years—if women were - taken to work in. the mills, and' factories, everything I must go to ruin, for the males could not .discharge every one of the , duties especially appointed by Provi, dence for the feinales, There was no occasion, for him to , dilate at length on these topics ; they -were • amply stated in the. report of the Children's-Employment Commission.: . Considering the subject in a physical point of: view, would. the House turn a deaf ear to all these complaints and sufferings ? Could they be indifferent* to . the,phyaical effects of the system on the rising generation ? They had .the tes, tummy of Dr. Hawkini, Who; in speaking of Manchester, said he had never Seen a town in Europe, of - which the popuiation :exhibited such a alegeneracy in form and colour from the national standard. He h a d- a l so - t h e , testimony of a mill-owner, epee an ardent entagonist of his, who said that if this system wereContinued,.Lan cashire , would .become a province of .pigraies.-r(Hear, hear.) The emploment of females in the hardest toil was-characteristic . of savage. life, : but in the . midst of their refinement and , civilisation they impo , ed...on the wives and daughters of this land burdens from which in the barbarOns East they-would be exempts-iii `countries or in India, But every consideration of physical evil sank into nothing compared with the moral-eon aideration of the subject:. • poisoned every 'Source .of order, Of happiness and .ofreligionthey *cut up root . and :.branch; • all the relations of domestic- life—they , broke all the connections and- relations„ decreed by, Pro vidence itself, There was a time *to five a time to be born,' and a time to die—that they all *adinitted; • but . was there not alsda time. to' live for the diseharge of every conjugal and parental duty. They might talk of the advantage s of education, and of the necess i ty of re ligious instruction. 'lt Was :all in 'vain. . There was no national system of eduCation—there was no system of education whatever to supersede the influence Of parental example.. Parents were ordained by Providence to exer- cise an alinost unlimited power over the years of child hood. Whether prince or peasant---all that was best, all that was highest in the character of a man ; he had learned at his . mother's knee, or at least' of Some pious wo m an , who, with that tenderness tindself-denial'pectiliar to the sex, acted as the substi tute of the Mother.- 'Let - them search the records of past years,. they would find that all the best and most distinguisbcd men,, with very few exceptions owed the earli cultivati4n Of, ,their minds, and the discipline of their hearts, to the affection and intelligence of a mother. These sources 'of moral and physical mischief mUst be dried up, for the sake of the health of the females, • the care of families, the control of parents, .the duties and conifortt of home, the decencies of life, the relationship of husband and wife, for' the peace of society and the laws of God ; and never would he believe, till vote of that Honse Should hoe beengiVen 'that night —which God avert--;-that there could be found within the ,.. witlis of the House Of Commons one single individual who could conscientiously and delibetately-hipose the - wives- and daughters of England a burd en o f sympathy With, and Wished for the mo tion of hle insufferable toil.—(Hear,' hear.) He knew that dis- Friend, and if he believed, it to be consistent. claimers were but little regarded when uttered by p er - goo d ' of the community, and the interests of n° sons who were li s t e ned ,to with suspicion. He had been faeturing lab ourers themselves, he would not h~td charged with•acting from the single and fixed purpose 'tate to give his support to the proposition. Iv n h f o oted of- exalting-. the landed aristrocracy by dep ress i ng to t h e master manufacturers themselves, the y . ev se e ° the manufacturing interests. He knew that hi s t o a ll t h e restraints which this Bill soug h t to ImPti`:,Go. personal character was buf of little importance, but it the m , b u t th ey did so on the understan di n g that was necessary t o c l e ar himself of the charge, for vernment were resolved to stand firm after haling ge e the sake of the-influence it might have on others. Dis- and fairly conside re d th e su bj ec t. H e was quito ~ _„0 trust of his-'motives might injure the cause he advo- that the Chamber of Commerce of ManchestFr et cated, for have entertained this question, if he had not believe rtca lat " Zeal grows cold, WhenJUdgment grows severe. her Majesty's Government would resist this P a u l i nel These unworthy: motives .had been attributed to him— point, With regard to the feelings or the a . ' _, an . Most bitterly and angrily attributed to him. But he themselves, he did believe there was tli 3 :,i en d utterly denied the imputation. He would ask them if animity amongst them which his Noble. they could think him wicked enough to act from them— supposed. He bad high authority for o:Y u : a go ivhether they • could think him fool enough to pursue the labourers, themselves naturally enough stinill . !_ t u o se such a course ? Could any one in his senses the desire of gain, invariably preferred going I.°o t hose do otherwise than believe that - the • permanent mas t ers w h ere t h ere was mist work d ope , than • bed prosperity . - of the manufacturing body in all its where the work was limited. On this very day u ne in o aspects, - physical,- moral, and . : - commercial, Ras received two communications from working men , _nd the not essential, !lot_ only to the welfare, but to the very favour of the proposition of his Noble Frien d , 7_._- fen tb existence of the Britis - h empire. *They did not envy the other - as decidedly opposed it, declaring Nit the K ie d i c greatmanufaCturers - the - in c rease cif their political in- clause was decidedly hostile to their interest fieence, their immense traffic, their stupendous Wealth. beginning of his speech, his Noble Friend sa id that May peace be within your Walls, and plenteousness would not enter into the commercial part of the tont within your palaces." "We ask you," concluded the ment. Now this appeared to him the most i . tnl' i t ' o ' t be Noble Lord; " but for a slight relaxation from grinding consideration. If he could show satisfactoril,Y__„ - 0 toil ---- for a. .time to .five and a time to die -- a Committee that the inevitable effect of an a bridg7"4 9 o f time for the enjoyment of some of the com- the time of labour would be to diminish the " 5 ,,F r d f 0 ferts that sweeten • life—time: to • perform some of those employed, then he would say that,' with bt ll the duties . that adorn it.—(Loud Cheers) Therefore it the interest of the working-claseses themselves' d rig ebate j is, that, with a fervent prayer to Almighty God, that he . understood, there never was a graver question, o 4 l o will be pleased to turn the hearts of all who hear me to in Parliament.—.( Hear, hear.) The improTeme nt- Attot justice and mercy'; I - now finally commit th e i s s ue of this took place in machinery in latter ds were so ral ) - vca to• qtiestion'to the judgment and humanity 6f - Parliament." t had to be renewed in twelv e or thirteel,. l ,,, , 011 —(The Noble. Lord sat down amid loud cheering from He was told that the master manufaeturers had re d, both sides of the Houses. For some time before he to pull down and re-erect machinery not w 1 ;70 to ronelbded he seemed to lahour under great exhaustion, machinery, in fact, that was qeiteperfect, and ale d and in some passages was very indistinctly heard.) Substitute for it new machinery with ' 1 9;400 Sir J. GRAHAM said he never rose to discha rge an y powers, i n consequence of the itnilr (3 • cs' duty in that House which he felt. to be more painful or that were continually being 'Made. Now` the morediffieu* 4 was-rendered difficult by the eloquence p i ta l ex p e nd ed i n ' manufacturer s , as we l l • use o f of the Noble Lord, particularly by the sentiment of the interest on that capital, depended on the,. ~ vie s ' passage which marked hi&conclusion.• The-Noble Lord mac hi nery. L et them see, then, what was had asked blether any man could be found in that tion. It was necessary that they_ should re rvSl l ; House who would . resist the proposal he had made ; and chines in the course of every twelve or thirteen 'he he had, b y . his- appeal to th e ir sense o justice and mercy, and they. were now discussing whether . theY..o.loa, intimated, at least indirectly, that resistance to his nlO - abridge by one-sixth that period in which ear rio d ot tion was 'inconsistent both with justice and With mercy, replaced and - outlay restored: Why even the Pt r idgea lie, for pne, the other hand, on the part of himself twelve years was hardly sufficient, and if the/ a lio st and of the Government,' was. bound to oiler to 'the pro- it by one-sixth they would render impossible si nce position of the Noble Lord his decided opposition.' tainment •of the advantages under the an ?woe° doing so, it would be necessary to trespass fora short The first and inevitable effect of such an iit er ow ner.o. time on the. attention -of the House .; •he would not at- would be the lowering of wages by the tempt to follow the Noble Lord through. all the , details That principle was thoroughly understood, nol, - 7. 0 10. he had addressed to the - House . If h e had thought master manufacturers, but by intelligent operatl% l . o o' it-necessary to do so, he did not possess that detailed constituted the 'great majority of their chtsa• information which' would enable him to do so. firmation of this opinion, he would read them th?`r i , sto His Noble Friend said the time' was now come when of' a person who was very i n ti ma t e w ith the siihr ef ew they should lay the axe to root of' the tree. Before which would put the m a tt er i n . a clearer Pei Ti t. be re" doing so, he would entreat the Committee to consider - than he could hope to put it before the.Ho'y e- ij o rrier: what that tree Was.-:--(Hear, hear:)' Was he suspected, (erred to the reportof his egccellent- friend, Dis ' tae'' it was the tree of the eommereisi - greatee s s .o f the coup- presented in 1841-7-0, getqcleinan who discharrowisi. try, he was satisfied, though some of its fruits might be faithfully the duties of Inspector, and who cc' t the L in fr bitter; yet, that on the Whole,' it was productive ()flint -cated to the tub)? in - the most faithful' manne greatness, wealth, and prosperity which made those formation. he had Obtaiited.: .4„dis et t s sing the Q. ev,t small islands remarkable in the history of the civilised- !of .the restriction •or the hours.;of work, he sa id world, which; on the whole, diffused happiness amongst she bad made an estimate of the loss which s e () „, hot• ll their great ' community, an d which rendered' the 'won't :sustain by working eleven instead of tae" w ow.. nation one of the most civilised,. if not - the :` by working eleven tours a day the 1 ° 5 % Al most civilised,:natiori .of the world.—(Loud cheers.) !amotint to 150/.; while by working only ten hou' s , not? His Noble Friend begged of them not to turn - a - deaf ear 'it would amount to no less than 1,5301 It we ome trr W the cry - of distress among the ' working population. 'mere doubling of the Toss,: but it proceeded by ge,oia ! He (SirJ. Graham) b e li eve d th a t the subject under cell- cal progression. 'Unless the millowner could o ut' sideration was one of the gravest ever deb a t e d i n Parlia- proportionately higher price for his commotlities s ;io merit-7(l4er, heir)----liecause it. involved the physical •be forced to reduce the wages of his workmen or f frer ir and moral condition of 'a large portion of the working- his trade. The reduction of was in the ease ('„, eest; classes, whose grieVatices were entitled to be redressed, ing only eleven hours per day would be IS .25 P e i if they 'could be• redressed—(Hear, hear) , —and if they while in the case of ten hours it would be nearlY i ., e. ba d could not redress them, they were, at all - events, entitled cent. That was the statement of a competent jeuP er rect to their most serious consideration.—(H e ar, hear.) He :he (Sir J. Graham) believed it was perfeetlYlogl, was on this account the more anxious th a t th e quest i on The question they were discussing was, whether Te, should be fully, and dispassioeately, and impartially diS- out the manufacturing districts. they would make ' er e's!: cussed:—(Hear, -hear.) He wished to steer c le ar of den and general fall in wages to th e am ount of 2 5 P i f Ii all angry topics.—(Hear, hear.) He had said that His belief was, that the adoption - of the motion . 0, be' the physical and moral well-being of the: working popu- 'Noble Friend. would produce that effect, and .e 'a e pert o lation of the country was involved in the question ; but, •lieving, he could not recommend the House - ,l bo ar ! f , on the .other-hand, justice compelled him to say that :from the present enactment, which limited ';.,,,dt10 the question of the commercial and manufacturing in , twelve hours. With respect, to the failure of . ; Orr dustry of the country was also involved.—(Hear, hear.) the manufacturing districts, his Noble Friend nvi e ," t After listening. o the - statement of facts : made by his much deceived himself. The subject was a 1 : 11 serf Noble Friend, lie thought that the conclusion he had portant one, but unless he (Sir J. Graham) file t; a!' arrived at would be to propose the 'abolition of female much misinformed, it would be found to be the,,,, as of °: and infantine • labour altokether. But the question when there was full work, and even Come e,x" b our n' turned out to be—not whether females should be bout- •in point of time beyond - the tv l4 '" e f ...- employed 'at all, but whether they should- be ern- with, however, : good wages, the pleyed g ' for • ten or tw e l ve h ours . At present manufacturin districts was in a sati children were not worked longer th an e i g h t h ours a day.- On the other hand, with short time, The proposition of his - Noble Friend was, that the time the number of hours proposed by h should be reduced to six •or six and a half hours. His when there was a failure of demand Noble Friend had said truly that this was a question of andthe manufacturing interests were detail, and not of principle; He therefore, thought it. quence, as happened a few years ago, unnecessary to enter upon the principle. , When the 6cts a period-of work as eight hours, detailed by the Noble Lord had become known, and *ages being irelatively low, it was were . brought before the -Hous e , an in qu i ry had been disease spread through the •manuff made in 1833, and it led to the correction - of the abuses; joined with immorality and-distrel and regulations were made, imposing checks on the that the adoption of the motion of , ,employment both of „children and females. In the would i nver t th e w h o l e or d er o f pro d commencement of . speech• the- Noble Lord districts, and it measure founded ilk talked- with something like despondency of • his' violently resisted. -As far as the :former 'labours, and at the conclusion of his speech were concerned it would be' fatal he alluded to imputations, most unworthy imputations, interests, and inconsistent with 'upon the motives which actuated him. He (Sir , James happiness of this country; while the 'Grahairi) belieied-the motives of his Noble Friend were would enjoy the benefit of a shorter tit. pure . and benevolent in the highest sense.,---(Cheers.) wages would be proportionally reduced He did not belieVe that any public • man laboured - more the greatest evils would be: inflicted:oL honestly, nore zealously, or with more single-minded- and although his (Sir J. Graham's) feel nesi of purpose.—(Hear; hear.)- Arid sofar from having_ were with his Noble Friend, still, his at. to look back with despond enc y t o hi s f ormer exertions, more clearly pointed out to him the con. • Elie (Sir JamaGraham) thought it was o w i ng t o th em pursue thanon the present occasion, and, - °s ine_ that alterations of' a most important kind h a d b een ma d e luctantly, but firmly, he must resist the prOP 0 tto With regard to. Sat:tory labourers.—(Hear, hear.) his Noble Friend. laill sit Ile was a party to the late enactm en t on th e su bj ect o f After a few words from Lord ASHLEY 11,1"_.x..pse labour in factories,' and he b egge d hi s -N o bl e F r i en d ' to. of some matters which he had stated the ralu h' consider that, under that enactment, .there w as a • close speech, inspection of the nat ure o f th e l a b our i n f actor i es. Mr, MILNER GIBSON said he ' had receiv ed t e d . the Reports were made on the . subject, and; if. any abuses communications in reference to the Bill p ropo se d for existed, public-opinion was brought - to bear upon them.` Right Hon: Gentleman, the Secretary of s c oolie —(Hear, - hear.). A m,,st important- limitation alio Home Department, and although __there was . r , leeio existed, with regard .the• hours of labour. No child, recognition of' the principle adopted in fact ° i t e ste' 4 . 4 under 9. years of sge, could -be- employed at all ; ,no tier', yet at the same time there had beenlnr,„o , lo child,: between 9 and 13, wars allowed- to work longer far as his knowledge went, from all parts,..7g r eet i i than 8 hours, an d b e t ween th e ages .0f 13 and 18, the la- operatives- and master manufacturers, .a2 141 " 1 1 . 0 41, hour wa.s limited to 15 hours, including2hours' relaxation. take the measure which her Majesty's Goyerl' ini e These w ere limitations_ exis'ing under the present committed to the House. That , approbati" - t o, by deq His Noble Friend dwelt very much on the improvetnents perhaps, extend to every little matter of de ; h ich' .s .„o . ,. ; which had taken place.in machinery, and the•consequent certainly did -to that important alteration f increase of labour to the persons employed, The House measure introduced, namely, the diminutionoo e ieli to e would-allow him just to remark, in passing, what he be- during which children should be employed fr o o lieved to be the case, that though the provisions :of the half-past six ; and also the limiting the labou r , . a , is Factory Act -were humane in intention- and were par • persons and women of all ages to twelve 11 _ ° 1 .7.45,-4t tinily in operation,• yet he had , no doubt their practical proposition had , been recei v ed rh e ' s h i e. 1, 101 •' effect had been to stimulate improvements in machinery, he was told, by master manufacturers and of for the purpose. efsuperseding ,manual labour.—(Hear.) operatives. With regard to the proOs t l d ! t g j;ete His Noble Friend had entered. with great accuracy of. Noble Lord, the Member for Dorsetshire (L° r .t hot detail into the working of machinery, and calculated that he could not say it was within his knowledge :s_ _teF.l o • 4 the distance travelled by each.workman was thirty-seven was any approbation of it, either 'atnongs t 10 00 -o '4 7 f: mites in twelve ,hours. (Sir James Graham) thought operatives. ,He had made it his business to •i - a tllpf, that this was physically impossible. His Noble Friend - ascertain, to the best of his ability, _what the- wo g : oy had . giVen a description of the. mode in which he _made the operatives themselves were upon . this f r be k e i l . to fer ie,,, the ..calculation.. But the, lion. Member for Oldham, shortening the hours of labour, and he haa. k i n gl/V who made a calculation of the same kind, came to the many of them, evidently , intell i gent and th' ° eh iss conclusion that only `twenty miles was the distance tra- fives—persons who influenced : their inter r oq f yelled. He was quite satisfied that the restri c ti on o f th e th ey had considered it : improPe r rty, hoers of labour, impoied by the Factory Bill as it with the value of the oelY . • • P r 'f i d now stood, -had the. effect of improving ma c hi ner y, had t o -dispose of, namely, th e irlabour, a The Noble Lord had m a de a n imp or t an t a d m i ss i on, c o u ld not agree to that proposition what e v er w ° Wl° he begged of the. House to bear . .in -mind. their neeessities—whateeer the emergenc!-P, net ai r He told the House that the working of machinery might hard. to , earn • a livelihoodthat they Cottle' da.iAf , ) / be accelerated by one-third of its velocity. Now,:if the • being prevented working twelv,e roc° hours were, reduced by one-eleventh, or one-sixth, the factory whenever: employment : offered 'ils_ . . o , en consequence would be that the labour would be ren- It might be thought that by preventing Y ° ,„.":th.!;, e uf dered, much :moreintense _upon those who worked in and women of all ages_ from working ,r!laq , P`vpr the factory. His Noble Friend had said that the amount hours 'a -day, they did not interfere . wit", .., f 0.,2 1 01 0 of female and infantine labour had- an injurious effect of: . male adults. But that was• 11 °' t o- 4 40 upon-the-people. He (Sir J. Graham) believed that all to • enact such a limitation of work ,f it cte severe labour must have a deleterious effect upon the was in effect :to enact that • - th e `to se health of the Workers. Mit he was not disposed to call en themselves, the machinery, the engines-74hsoreln the • . the House to increase the stringency of the regUlations whole of the operations should not go on l in g al htll,' on the subject.. He said this in reference to what•his hours every day. They were - not solely de aling vat • t,el! Noble Friend had. said of superanuations. As he' had labour of women and young persons, but e,L e d el! on. .stated, the. consequences of th e . proposition of his labour of adults; and the application of _n : ii ig ht . rov eg . :Noble Friend .wpuld -to increase the rapi- which had been so ably dwelt upon by Inf ur lo*! dity of machinery. This. would call for in- Gentleman the Secretary of State. The' l ° . . tt d he creased . strength. on the part, of those employed, persons and women was inseparably coinle ho urs; and . ypunger and more active persons would be required of : adults, and the. effect of diminishing the t T iete d v ta . o oo o • to perform the duties incident to a , factory life. The manner proposed would be an injury 'n tluoltbsiPa) consequence of-this would be a displacement of those great staple of . manufactures of not les s ih iplt, ;b o , f now considered 'subjects . for superannuation, and the -per cent The Noble Lord seemed not_t!'_: vilor if evils which it was their object, to cure would enly, be important part of the question, Out he (Da . ~ .,o t , lo x 'augmented.—(Hear, hear.) His ,Noble Friend then maintained that it was a most importantj ts iert o g O drew a comparison between - manufacturing and agricul- they destroyed the profit of the mann n e 10 o f tura' labour, and said. that the latter - was a much more destroyed the manufactures altogether. tie/ Des r pleasing and healthy occupation. ..Ire (Sir J. Graham) two hours. of the labour of those person! , the n a nst lie t n e o believed, it was a more, pleasing occupation, but. he enter- effect cut off all labour from them, and tallied grave doubts as Wits being a more healthy one. obtaining a subsistence. So that, leviiiistshtohnet.ll6l::,:fL!:oof —(Hear, 'hear.) ..When he took into consideration-the volent motives, they might, in fact, in fli c t _ t h e y i v ,, t ie2 31 ,7 8 inclemency, of the weather to which . the agricultural la- of all possible evils upon the very bourer was exposed, his. c o ntinuing in wet clothes, and benefit,-,(fleer, hear.) As the Right destq,ertl.oo, other circumstances, itwas doubtful to him whether; on the alluded to the great importance of not the, the , II o p .4 whole, the vicissitudes of the weather, to which hewai sub. profit of the manufacturer, he would till'e or t " o, ject, were not more injurious to his health than anything to reading the remarks of Mr. Senior aP re ° e othe' d i s tric o , which, the manufacturing labourers were exposed.— ,That . gentleman, accompanied bY turing leg i e eo (Hear, hear.) But he would ask whether there•svas any doWn the - year 1836 to the manu iet orY „„a tc , i practical advantage fi r discussing the /question?4--I(Hear, with a s hew. to ascertaining the effect ot: e. " eirc ue;d oe r t hear.) They had arrived at a stage of soeiety'when, tion, and of making observations upon _t ja _ eg t W . yO l er c without commerce' and -manufactures, this great :corn- "of the factory population. The " d9c ed ul t 6 * l;e 0 10 munity could 'not be suPported.—(Hear, hear. The March 28th, 1836, and was addressed rea d t do . . must,toster commerce.and manufactures in this countr y - Thom son. The Hon. Gentleman th e f o urs P e f so d , o (r '--(Hear, hear)—but they must avoid, as - far as in their which s howe d that in working twelv nr ofil_ , : e c ut ~ power, all - the evils incident to their existence. His last hour was that which turned .in, wr e i ci Noble Friend said that some of the master manufac., then - proceeded to argae that if that it, rim e turers and the labouring classes were anxious for his the' prate of the 'capitalist must g°„:"1,-)yindotrol to proposition, and that thrift and care were uncommon quently he must hose the means I)fe rCit C thils amongst thein. He (Sir James Graham) had seen this tives, whose means ofsubsistence won e jo, . very day a deputation of master manufaCturers and a With respect to the statement of t_n by • t_tr deputation from the labouring classes. One of the gen- the number - of miles walked each em Ot`!„ . w ith , „:„g an d tlemen who composed the deputation of the master ma- he (Mr Gibson) heard that statement o er • r o f :"Tt a ? nufacturers was, he believed, an Operative himself at one From the practical measurement °f the° lo l "s'll b time. NOW. he:.was one or the greatest inillowners in Lan- others, and not from any mathematics .erwiles . o. ric o cashire or the country, .and he obtained his elevation been ascertained that the number u f not tv c• e v o ia or io otr i, , by a thrift and economy. which did the greatest honoUr day by the piecers was eight, the o f t en , ste ik to himself, and likewise reflected honour on h-is 'country. respect to the question of h ealth,towns s _ r , g —(Hear hear.) He had by the force of his industry of residence in crowded t o oy fa t° :. T4 attained his present position. He also saw a deputation buted to -the influence I - 0 . b" e os ni uchLi; t hof s t l e from. the labouring classes, and he was so struck by the It had been said that it was n fluence whicheliete hot remarkable intelligence of one Of the deputies, the man- labour as the unwholesome in did n ot 00 ,1 00; ner in which he stated his case, the propriety of his de- subjected during the labour sta . He mettnotir, the dispassionate manner in which he argued there was any truth in thef the In ev e i n l • th%s t t l o P e k every point made against him ,• that he (Sir J. Graham) said that the great cause of _ the wise:ions? asked him if he was still anoperative ? He said, "No, dance of labour. - Why not _t o f. _ , Sir ; I was lately an operative, but, by care, I have e-been of the evil, by increasing the field able to have a share in a mill, and lam now-a millowner enabling the working clag i s i es to desirOos °t' f ' the. `', e as,u r e protect t b a e ;idg,at to a limited Inhereexten ut I ears still trusted by my-fellow- the- lanclOwners were t Y labourers, and operative myself." He must ask his Noble Friend classes, why . did they not 311 % Y -11011)CA t he P 9.0, whether his opinion that thri ft and care were unknown for enabling them to get bread --`;' , ... t o sot e7 o f amongst the manufacturers was not shaken by this ? He corn-laws ? - As to the . f:1 ar-tb6 o f el would admit that his - own feelings, and be lt,..ne* sent law protected ehilth'enL"..d by the P i° that the feelings of every -gentleman present were 14 these were further Pr9t4l?" , e i e s fv f o a er h e n t e m o n l i san s ' t li no c o ur ft ea n: eri a il et I it t hi! his Noble F nY distressed in conic' w i t h even so short nstead of te n ' tile o s found that ibe - racturis diStrietel 5 He belief f • ' his Noble Frogia ro'cced- • - t boit a ings iP 0 PI! it rioulti b re work n ear:: tat to their . bd., the peace pv, !e weriiaireloisi ime of jabeat;theirf 4it and thug 00 0 on the conitatiniti; 'eelinga and wisbei :vise o f duty nefer coarse he ought to and, therefore, re; —; doll P