The Sun. — London, England, 1844-01-24 00:00:00

y cannot id, torn xon oP• ng con •• They arrived meeting ;as not ling in. ing, and ere not estin:ony )3 , large ions ten O'Cen sweating by per ; i n the e parties a rno- was in r e were was not s in co to 11r• Fou?--I off from lours of he early 'clock. ck ? 'es, and ghter) exaaa coming hat was t of oIY lace co t about le hour accota• Al. P., THAMES AND METROPOLIS IM PROVEMENT PLAN. Our attention has been drawn to the pamphlet of Mr. John Martin, of Allsop-terrace, embodying his " Plan for the Improvement of the Thames and the Metropolis," the last edition of which was pub lished by Ridgway in 1842. Our own impressions on the importance of the general objects contemplated by the arrangements about to be carried out by the Me, tropolislmprovement Commissioners remain so strong and decided, that we cannot but urge once more upon the public the views we have announced in former articles, touching the necessity of narrowly watching. the developement of all proceedings preliminary to the c ommencement of any embankment of our noble river.. Having already protested against the execution of any mere engineering work, which shall reduce the grace ful flexures of the Thames between Vauxhall and London bridges, for the mere sake of straightening the lines of the two shores—diminishing the distance between The extreme points we have just named— and deepening the bed of the river, at the expense of all the noble vistas which have been opened of late years, and maintained at so much expense, of the bridges, churches, towers, &c. &c., we need not re-state the principles which we are desirous of seeing care fully upheld in the final s selection of any project . for the adornment of what may be termed the " river frontage" of the metropolis. But Mr. Martin's pam phlet comes recommended to us at least by these s tatements—that he has devoted many years of his life to the project of such an embankment, as that Which is understood to be under the consideration of the Commission in question ; that the present de cided steps of Government are fairly to be presumed i n a very great degree attributable to his own 'perses rering exertions during that protracted period ; and that the second portioa of his printed plan comprises the design which is at this moment under the delibe ration of the Metropolis Improvement Commissioners. Now the objects of Mr. Martin's plan, as set out in his title page, were to supply the metropolis with pure Water—to embank the river Thames, and preserve the sewage ; to improve the navigation below London Bridge, and to connect the port of London With the inland railways. And we find that the second division, of which we have spoken, compre hended accordingly " the embankment of both shores of the river from Vauxhall Bridge to the Tower, the i mprovement of the drainage of the metropolis, and ,preservation of the sewage, for agricultural purposes." -these are certainly very important features in Mr. Martin's scheme. The supply. of London with the Pure water of the Thames," unmixed with the foul drainage," is, in our eyes, an object of far greater Moment than the question whether it can be accom -I,ished " without the aid of engines ;" and even the uesign " to improve the health, beauty, and naviga; tion of the river above Hammersmith," has less im mediate claims on our sympathy and good wishes t han, an assurance that Londoners may, on this M o ve, drink water instead of contamination ! We 'aye n not yet forgotten the terrible revelations Produced by Sir Francis Burdett's " Supply of Water Select Committee" many years ago, touch , n ig the unheard of miscellany discharged, and the• monsters engendered by the " Dolphin" sewer, so mewhere (if we recollect aright) in the imme diate vicinity of one of the great companies' re servoirs between Hammersmith and Chelsea. After t he publication of that " Report," and the subsequent experiments on the magnifying powers of Lieutenant " r ammond's light applied to the monster-microscopic di scs_ of the Adelaide Gallery and. Polytechnic, we have always wondered how a race so fatuous as Prater drinkers" could really exist in London. Talk of the " water cure," truly ! The best cure for a pro- Peesity to drink water unqualified, is surely to repair I . ° the exhibitions of one of those large Microscopic re flections, of a 500,000 magnifying power, in which We witness the terrible monsters of our dirty pools exaggerated into dragon-like cannibals of 14 feet in length, who prey upon' innocent gnats as large as sheep, snap off the gigantic heads of infant midges, and finally eat up their fathers, mothers, or other most convenient next of kin. Father Mathew, strong t hough he be is the holiness of teniperanee,, must. t remble at the aspect of these avenging furies, the s courge of water-pledged takers. Seriously speak ing, it is scarcely possible to overstate the nameless filth and enormities which the inhabitants ) f certain districts of London are daily absorbing, into theirsi, ystems with their water. Sir Frederick Trench ois interesting letter to Lord Duncannon, enforc ng on the attention of the Woods and Forests Der h t he river, his own plan for such an improvement of river, quotes, from the Report of the Thames Embankment Committee, evidence to prove that the re moval of Old London Bridge, and the erection of t new one, had produced the effects anticipated from them. " Shoals increased to impede the navia g' a ti°n ; mud banks accumulated, and a larger surface of the bank of the river at low water 'being e f jPosed, therefore, the injurious or unpleasant effects u' ° ° l a discharge of th e sewers , i s gre at er th an sore." Th e E mperor o f R ussia ( Si r F reder i ck tells lamented that the finest river in Europe should b e conde mne d t o b e a c l oaca max i ma , 'and complained that, after a f or t n i g ht' s res id ence in London, he had not obtained a sight of tie Thames, of which he had heard so much." It also appears that since the creation of the terrace on which the New Houses of Parliament are being built, " banks have been created on which' t he backs of barges are frequently broken." * * .* The banks of mud have increased in size and co nsistence," said one witness ; " and. where, near W estminster, we used to have five feet water before the en zbolikment took place, it is now all filled up with mud." L ower down the banks are covered with vegetation, ' b leb, being manured by the sluggish filth from the sewers, present the strange spectacle of a rich green ?,,P , and make the air absolutely pestilential." Are reserve, until after the general question shall `'w.e been b roug ht un d er discussion in Parliament, a e tailed examination of the magnificent_ plans, and, e w u e , venture to say, the somewhat doubtful letl.ations of Sir Frederick Trench, as set out in the se i te rs we have just cited. They do not, however, purifying touch upon the all-important Means of p os l 'Ying the water, regulating the sewers, and dis-' 't, ln g of the sewage, as the little pamphlet before us, e details and the indications of the proposed ntodu.e magi fol d s for the attainment of these purposes are too tr, ni , f°l d and connected together to admit of our ex theetmg them. Nevertheless we can give Mr. Martin I,„bi°,PPortunity of speaking for himself in the passages e l ° follow. And first as to purifying the water -4,4 Propose to separate the tide waters and filthy drainage of to eon from the stream,—to give an abundant supply of water t a , 'Li house, from the lowest to the highest level, at the dis til:: (I f o n ly four miles from London and its suburbs, without shall ssistance of engines; that eves in time of flood the water it enter the pipes in as bright and pure a state .as when lir e , e "es from its n ative springs, instead of entering from. the t at ,. tit stagn an t an d f ermen ti ng reservo i r s,—t o a ff or d p u bli c 1V ,' ,--- runni n g fountains for Kensington and Buckingham D a cre gardens, to Hyde, Green, St. James's, and the Regent's toilet, leaving no stag nant waters in the metropolis; and lastly, :rove the health, beauty, and navigation of the River. ti O4 u l ' ) effect these great objects, I recommend the construe -1442, a weir across the Thames, about a mile above tiara pq4Culth bridge, from the proximity of this point to the ie road, and to the Dolphins of the Th Grand Junction and hig Middlesex Water Companies. is weir should be as tql,a,sllean high water mark, with a moveable fkod-gate to tide 'lse the h e i g ht o f t h e wa t er i n ex t raor di nary t id es . Th e ab o „ a " foul drainage being thus separated from the pure waters walk! the Weir, the property and bealty of the residencei and th e Olong its bank s wou ld b e p ro p or ti ona t e ly' i mprove d, an d h eap v " would be secured as a never-failing reservoir of vi Y running water, sufficiently deep to be at all times na gable vari abi op to Teddington, affording the advantage of an in owd ,° high tide ; for such is the fall that the whole space ue filled in the course of one tide, as much water being ti,t,: b to run down with the stream, as flows up with the Plas, e liiles being free from the objections 'which 'attach to inNi:,,deriving the supply at a higher level, or at the Colne, Nits :', t the most important of which are compensation for sopph ( 10 0,0004 according to Mr. Telford's plan, taking the Natint Bushey Mill,—and my own from Denham) ; and the ' I NA ur Y to the river between Staines and London, cause the_en abstracting so much water, as would be required for 4 17 , , P1)1 Y of the Metropolis." • Martin's plan includes, through. the adoption of we ti ad other accessory measures, the formation of l'o, gr and walk extending from Twickenham to the -cr. sew er ,. In the next place, as to the regulation of 10 .' and the disposal of the sewage : to prey proposition, in the first instance, as formerly, is n 'lrve th e w h o l e sewage o f t h e western extrem i ty abQ rn, by diverting it from the river into receptacles th a ushall-bridge, forming one at, the termination d ise ttl jt:nelagh sew e r. The great sewer which now i ira let i'u,ues below Westminster-bridge, should be con ilba„,along Parli amen t- s treet, Abingdon-street, and 'ask ", all th e m i nor d ra i nage a b ove th e H ouses o f I to i' h in e e r n e t being turned into it,. and . be finally discharged .ceptacle at the termination of King Scholars' e m ta,ir ie rer, effecting great benefit to this inadequately ,isti nn , Part of the town, without entrenching upon ariou,, interests. The ground should be recovered at the Pta h \ Points above the Houses of Parliament (see p ro ) an d a public walk and drive formed, uniting with. „ltOli eo P°sed weir, and making a beautiful drive from 15 ci4"ng the banks of the river. For:the body.of i n(l to kr propose to continue the uniform embankment, a j,rord. l an intercepting sewer, commencing at Hun ! .narket, passing behind the different docks, &c., e v4t h T yi ng all the minor drainaev in their course, "lv e mall receptacle near Hungerford-market to re ttitre,ett;ile_e,ontents of the sewer as far below as Essex sle r ee _wnere the fluid should be pumped up a pipe to v4ti o 'Mole at , h. th e nearest railway, or convenient ele (-1 d ovr _ H.e general line of the intercepting sewer being ,ar tor "! It should be divided into portions of from a v h. ° liv er s °I a mile to a mile or more, according to the e nee o fth e localities, and the works always corn ower end, as by these means each divi re. could b e ef.,litti,stly4edwiroerisnilete;deceuxtleidense; independently of the rest, at the requisite fall and size tio sary in being • small compared to what would be continued line. The end. of each per 4luld the kyesy_pbolis i e n cfn_plet!d, having pipes which would act cove re voivino. I,3ouve)ing the sewage, previously stirred igtohnwe;it_ndriclutbiettarsev.bosr,:assrintgo a the elevated receptacles, or into pump when it should be very w h ,., ince to let off super. abundant flood drainage, be an u _. .. being e . ff ectually covered to prevent a ot !Ist Inn of the air. Srikall floatini. t piers sho ld to t tr u ,--v . y ent ban k ment,lbrming floc • s for bargeg; "e tile unimpeded flow of the water, and the full advantage of an unbroken line of embankment free from recesses for the accumulation of mud, and from the un sightly and disgusting mouths of sewers and drains. "For the south side of the river all the minor:drainage should be turned into the Great Duffield, or any other main sewer which runs from Vauxhall to Bermondsey, which should discharge itself into a receptacle at some convenient spot opposite the London Dock, near the Great Surrey Canal, or even lower if expedient ; the bank should then be rendered equally useful by the for mation of quays even more capable of being ornamentally diversified according to the situation of the ground. In this way the _Surrey shore, which, from the numerous docks and other obstacles,'has always been considered the .most difficult, will be easy of execution, every objection being removed, and all the advantages of a uniform quay afforded at greatly diminished expense. As regards the receptacles it is not advisable to make them very large and deep, for the manure is found to be se much more effi cient when liquid, that it is desirable to preserve it in that state, and it could, therefore, be removed as it enters, at small expense, by the application of a simple hydrau lic principle. In time of flood sluices should let the sewage pass freely into the river, and sweep the drain clean as it does at present, but without the disadvantage of being backed by the tide, which renders the existing sewers for twelve hours out of the twenty-four mere cesspools, the mouths being closed by sluice gates, but for which, every -house in Westminster, even as far as Park and James street, would be inundated by the filthiest of floods ; this would not affect the general system, as the small portion of sewage lost would be so diluted with flood water as to be of comparatively little consequence, especially for such a short period of the year, and so very seldom ; neither would the river be injured by the superabundant drainage, as the violence of the floods would scour and . force it away to the sea almost at the first tide." _ _ We cannot afford further space at present to Mr. .Martin's plan ; but must express our hope that in any arrangements which may be finally adopted in con formity with them, his early appearance in the field as a suggester of these metropolitan improvements— essential as they must be to the healthfulness and grandeur of our great capital—may not be forgotten. LITERATURE. MEMOIRS OF MARY QUEEN OF SCOTS. Two. Vols. Bentley, London, 1844. While acknowledging, which we do readily, the diligence and ingenuity displayed in these memoirs, we must beg leave to enter our protest against the partial and - one-sided spirit that animates them. The author—who, we presume, is a very young man— is not simply a panegyrist, but a most devoted enthu siast of Mary Stuart; he is not content with the sim ple admission that " she was more sinned against than sinning"—more unlucky in the period in which she lived, than criminal in her conduct as a woman and a Queen--but insists that she was a perfect para gon of perfection—an angel without spot or stain ; and, like a true Quixotic knight-errant, he comes forth armed cap-a-pie,' ready to run a tilt against any one who impugns the character of his Dulcinea. It must be confessed that he pleads the cause of the Scottish Queen with considerable tact, and arranges his facts judiciously and methodically, passing lightly over those which tell against him and are most difficult to be refuted, and laving infinite stress on those which support his view of the case ; still the cause which he advocates is so lame a one, and common sense so de cidedly against him, that he can scarcely hope to gain a verdict in his 'favour, except from the very young or the very superficial reader of history. Public opinion is now, we believe, pretty well made up, as regards the story of Mary and her misfortunes; no one denies that her lot was a painful, and in some respects, perhapi, an undeserved one ; he i r til gri the griefs dceoamth menced at an early period of her life of her first husband and her reluctant departure from the' land of her love; and they were aggravated by the fierce and excited character of the period in which she lived, the implacable dissensions that reigned among •the people whom she was called to govern, the brutal and lawless conduct of her 'nobles, and the intriguing habits of her councillors.. Still, even when all these mitigating circumstances are taken into consideration, it cannot be denied that she was guilty of offences which nothing can justify; and the whole course of her conduct as respects Bothwell, proves that she was in a great degree dead to shame and inaccessible to the "still small whisper" of conscience. Mr. Buck ingham has laboured hard-to defend her on this ticklish point, but with far more zeal than success. By attempting to prove too much, and sinking the im partial historian in the advocate, he leaves the ques tion, if possible, in a worse state than he found it. We must protest also against his purblind views of the character of Elizabeth and of the Regent Murray —the former of whom he stigmatises as a " monster' and a "bastard," notwithstanding the known fact of her legitimacy, which . a hasty decree of Henry the Eighth, afterwards retracted, could not control; while of Murray—" the good Regent," as he was justly called—he tells us- that he was a mere hypo crite in religion, and "possessed all the evil charac teristics of his age." Surely this is more boldly than wisely said! Of Murray, more than of any other statesman of. his day, it may be urged with perfect truth that he .was in advance of the times in which he lived. His policy, if sometimes tortuous—and how could it' fail to be o the rw i se , considering the difficult position in whi c h h e was Placed ?—was, on the whole, conspicuous by its moderation and equity ; and in an age when men's minds were heated almost to madness b; religious discord, he had the sagacity to steer successfully between the two great antagonist parties, and make them both subservient to the State objects which he had in view. We look on Murray as one of- the most accomplished statesmen that Scot land ever produced ; who—to quote the emphatic language:of Milton—" Drew order out of chaos," and by vindicating the authority, of the law, and by re storing confidence and tranquillity among a 'rude people, whom he found distracted with internal dis sensions of the fiercest order, conferred immense benefit on his • country. We quote our author's closing remarks . on Mary Stuart's character, which will convey a fair idea of the chivalrous and enthu siastic spirit in which the work is written : " Despairing• of peace in her own land, she threw her self, with generous chivalry of heart, into the arms of one whom she had thought her friend ; but found a prison where she had loosed for succour and console- iion ; and, after nineteen years' of miserable and severe 'captivity, aggravated by every means which heartless tyranny could deiise, .she fell a victim to an unjust sen tence, by the headsman's hand. But these extraordinary calamities, while they draw tears from those who dwell upon the records of her. life,. served only to enhance the excellence of her character. Formed in the justest mould of perfect beauty,. and graced with every charm which the lavish hand of nature could bestow, the beau ties of her person were overshadowed by the perfections of her refined and cultivated mind, and these again were in their turn eclipsed by the peerless excellencies of her heart. Animated by the profoundest sense of true reli gion, she was a tolerant Catholic, in an age when the ardour of persecution yet envenomed the minds of the Protestant Church, and, extending freedom of belief to all beneath her sway, she sought only for a similar pri vilege, for herself, while the . truly Christian character of her piety was manifested in acts of charity and bene volence to all around her. Warm and enthusiastic in her temperament, she reposed unlimited confidence in all who gained her favour, and, though sometimes roused by the severity of insult into temporary passion, the emi nently forgiving character of her heart caused her to receive again with good will those who had most deeply offended against her peace. Endowed with every quality which in woman is most highly prized, she endured, with' an unexampled heroism, which true religion could alone impart, miseries and persecutions which are without an equal in the history of the world ; and though it may have been the lot of others to fill a more distinguished station amid the nations of the earth, and to exercise a more material influence over the destinies of their felluw beings, yet, so long as the pure and simple excellence of a spotless heart are allowed to rise superior to the mere perfections of person or of mind, and to command the re spect, as they enchain the sympathy and affection, of mankind, the name . of Mary Stuart will shine with a pure and holy lustre, which, deriving its brilliance, not from lose achievements to which frail and feeble men accord their highest praise,. but * from the unfailing, source of spotless integrity of heart, will grow in radiance in each succeeding age, and at:ain its highest glory when vice and error shall have faded from the world, and rectitude and virtue shall be recognised as the brightest jewels of a monarch's crown." PICTORIAL -MUSEUM OF ANIMATED NATU.RE, 7 -Parts XII. and XIII. C. Knight, London, 1844. We have in these two parts an infinite variety of plates, representing birds of all kinds and classes. The plates, for the most part, are creditably engraved, and are accompanied by explanatory letter-press de scriptions. ILLUSTRATED COMP 4NION TO LADY SALE'S JOURNAL. Blackwood and Page, Londan, 1844. This is the commencement of a series of pictorial illustrations of some of the most remarkable incidents referred to in Lady Sale's well-known journal of her tedious captivity in Atlghanistan. The illustrations are all drawn on stone, and to each is attached the particular description in her Ladyship's narrative which suggested it. The most interesting print in the Part before us, is a view of the city of Caubul, in which we have a minute representation of the principal street, and several of the most conspicuous public .bUildings. The plate, it seems, was engraved from an original sketch by Lieut. Skinner. TWO YEARS in•FRANCE and SWITZERLAND. Moxon, London, 1844. ,The authoress of this little duodecimo is a lady named Lamont, who describes, in a series of letters to her mother, the impressions made on her mind during a residence of two years in the countries of France arid Switzerland. She wields, to all appearance, the pen of a ready writer, and sketches off the grand mountain scenery of the Swiss lakes, and the manners of the people with whom she came into contact in the gay salons of Paris, with nearly equal facility. Some of her recollections of the late Marshal Macdonald, of wile= she seemrto have seen a good deal during her say Iry fhe'Frencti` Capipal,itre trrtertaluing, though they wear the appearance of being somewhat over- THE SUN, LO-NDO N, JANUARY, 1844. 4 4 , %1 MR. lIOLMES. a FREDERICK BOND HUGHES. CHARLES ROSS t ~/,:,;,it:HIL., . --•- --- 4 , ".. ,,,--,-- " ,-- --.±:" 1 . I J,\ ~..--_s- : -•, . .- -.-- _. 4 ~V.--,..4' 4,k&.. --.-• ,-,.., , „t,.. 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I = , _-_,---_._\ -- --....., - 7 ....---.... _...._ • ...... .._....____ ...,..______ _ .............._,......_. .........____ .........._._..-..., `•••-•--...."--- ..4 . -- = - __- ' 1 _ - ------"------,----------- - - -- - ---- .:....- - - - - - •-i--- - - CONQI L IA 110 N HALL.—(From a Sketch by A. 0 DaiscoLO coloured, by the partiality of friendship. The worst fault in the work is its diffuseness—a fault of very common occurrence with an unpractised writer. EDUCATION and the DISSENTERS. On Monday night the first public meeting of the Dissenters of the metropolis was held at Craven chapel, Carnaby-market ; C. Hindley, Esq., M.P. in the Chair; for the purpose of supporting the resolutions of the Congregational Union of 'England and Wales for the promotion of general education. The chapel was well filled, and the auditory evinced the greatest interest in the proceedings. The CHAIRMAN opened the proceedings by advert ing to the importance of general education in its bearings upon the moral, social, and pOlitical condi tion of the country, and to the circumstances out of which the relations of the , Cong,regational Union had arisen. Upon the defeat of the obnoxious measure in troduced by Sir J. Graham, it had been very strongly felt by the Dissenting bodies that they should give some decisive evidence to the world that it was not to the principle of general education that they objected, but to the sectarian and obnoxious mode in which the Go• vernment had attempted to carry it out. At the autumnal meeting of the Congregational Churches held at Leeds in the month of October last, the im portant question was taken up, and the resolutions there adopted had led to the conference in London, "at which it had been resolved to take up uFon a scale commensurate with its importance, and this was the first meeting hell in the metropolis for the purpose of carrying out the resolution s o f th a t body. lie concluded by imploring th em t o g i ve such an example of the zeal and liberality of th e the Disseennutnetrrsyoaft large. themetropolis as should operate u p on The Rev. J. JAMES stated the amount o f the sub scriptions already received in support of th e resolu tions. , The sum according to the last .• returns, amounted to 22,750/., more than half of which h a d been 4 - c ,o 6 7 n o tr l i . b b u y ted the by mini sltletersof a metropolisv various and no less thano; u s congrega tional churches. Amongst the subscriptions enume odthuon, originated ecati proj ec t reso l ve d p rates', were five of 1,000/, and ten of 500/. The Rev. Dr. L EIFCI IILD moved the fir s t resolu tion, .which wa s—" That this meeting h eart il y ap proves an th li e re wil c l e p n un t conference e n by the Congiegational Union of England e and Wales, to raise at least 100,0001. bysubscription, payabl e w ithi n five years, f r o m th e co ngregational churche s of the In dependent b o dy t owar ds the education of th e wor ki ng c c e l r l e s c e n mid classes, and the rneeting is prompted to this approval and determination not only by those•general humane and religious considerations that have induced Pro testant Dissenters pre-eminently at all times to favour education, but by considering further that the pretext for of✓ legislative measures will be the less colourable in the degree in ,which the advocates of the voluntary principle are true to .themselycs i • an A prove its sufficiency by its acts." In moving this resolution the Rev. Gentleman repudiated the idea of making the project a sectarian one. They would much have pre ferred a general system, to be carried out upon a prin ciple upon which all professing Christians could have concurred, but that was now hopeless. The Government measure having been defeated, the Established Church had set the example of a denominational movement. The Church would teach none but upon Church principles ; then, the Wesleyans had resolved that they would teach none but upon Wes leyan principles. What, then, remained, but that the Congregationalists should teach upon Congregational principles ? they abjured every -thing of a sectarian- character. Their object was not to promote Dissent, but to remove ignorance. In the schools they established they would teach the Bible, and if the reading of the Bible_made the chil dren of the working-classes Dissenters, why, they would neither be surprised nor grieved.(Laughter.) .The Rev. JOHN BURNETT seconded the resslution in! an eloquent and impressive speech, and 'it was una• nimonsly adopted. 'The Meeting was subsequently addressed by the Rev. Dr. Read, the Rev. Mr. Jukes, and other gen tlemen ; and after a vote of thanks to the Chairman, the meeting separated. Goobwooo Pirc:—The Duke and !Duchess of Richmond will have a succession of visitants until the meeting of Parliament. His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge is , expeetectto arrive Afrom Kew Palace,- on Monday next, and afterwards proceed on a visit to Col. Wyndham, at Petworth. IRISH STATE TRIALS. (From the Southern Reporter.) We - are now in possession of the entire case of the Crown against Mr. O'Connell and the other traver sers. Let - us suppose the Attorney-General's state ment proved by unshaken evidence. With that very considerable supposition let us examine the question, which a conscientious jury will have to try, and on which they are to return a verdict. Let it be admitted that the traversers had a common object—that object being itself legal. It is laid down by the Attorney- General, and before the grand jury, by Judge Button, that the moment persons combining for a legal object, or any of them, adopt illegal means to accomplish it, then it becomes an unlawful conspiracy, and, moreover, that though charged with several illegal overt acts, if one only be established, the conspiracy is proved. Supposing this to be the laiv, the case turns upon this assertion—did the traversers, or any of them, in endeavouring to obtain the repeal of the Act of Legis • lative Union, which is admitted to be a legal object, did they use illegal means ? This is what the jury will have to consider; and, judging from the state ment of the Attorney-General, we strongly incline to the belief that "not guilty" will be the verdict. One opinion the jury will have to pronounce is this—do they believe that Mr. O'Connell or the other traversers contemplated a resort to physical force at a future time ? Did they, when under the in fluence of the passing scene, using strong, fervid, im passioned language, did they for a moment mean to convey to the multitudes they addressed, that at a time yet to come and not distant, they wou;id seek the restitution of their Parliament by any other than constitutional means ? Is there one who believes thus of Mr. O'Connell—the preacher of peace and order, as the only instruments for effecting great measures of amelioration ? And if they do not be lieve this of the great leader of the Irish people, why should legal casuistry make him accountable for every illegal paragraph and idle song sung in a newspaper, the proprietor of which happened to be a member of the Association ? If the jury are of opinion that Mr. O'Connell in attending and addressing those large meet ings did not contemplate the attainment of the Re peal of an Act of Parliament at a future time by illegal means, then, inasmuch as those meetings were perfectly tranquil and no breach of the peace committed—the language used at those meetings, though strong, does not justify the charge of con spiracy to effect a legal object by illegal means. Again, the traversers are charged with a conspiracy to bring into hatred and contempt the Government of the country as by law established. If a verdict of guilty be established on this point, then will it be illegal for her Majesty's subjects to meet for the common object of petitioning Parliament for organic changes in the Constitution—such as the Vote by Ballot—Household Suffrage, &c. &c. The Bill of Rights protects the subject in the exercise of this privilege, unless violent outrage or disturbance take place ; this privilege cannot be interfered with. If the charge be, that the traversers intended to bring into contempt and hatred the Government of her Majesty in Ireland, is there one who will credit it—seeing how earnest and anxious they all were, and Mr. O'Connell particularly, to infuse into the minds of the people a respect and reverence for the Queen ? The third charge is, that the traversers endeavoured by illegal means to interfere with the established tribunals of the cou..try by the appointment of Arbitration Courts. Now the fact is, all that the traversers did was, on application from the various districts, to testify their opinion of the fitness of the persons named by the districts, to arbitrate in any case they may be called on by both parties—plaintiff and defendant—to ad judicate on the principle of the Ousel Galley in Dublin. Whether this will be considered an illegal act remains to be seen. In our opinion, when the traversers' case comes to be proved, we are persuaded the charge will fall to the ground. Where, then, is this mysterious con s pi rac y o f w hi c h we have heard so much ?—where are the disclosures the Attorney-Ge neral was pledged to ma k e ? Of w h at value is the Evening Mail's assurance that a most deep-laid and mysterious conspiracy would be laid bare? Is there a single fact brought forward that was not already as well known to the whole world as to the Attorney- General ? What additional information has the jury received from a nine-hour speech ?—None whatever. They may have acquired some information on the in tricate law of conspiracy, but on that subject they will get additional enlightenment. While the Attorney- General was supported by the eloquent passages he read from O'Connell's speeches, and the brilliant ex tracts from the Nation, his addtess was interesting and considered well-arranged as to his material ; but when he came to the prosecution, where he had to depend upon his own resources, all accounts unite in saying his was a complete and total failure. Of this we do not complain, as we think it augurs well for the traversers. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SIR, —The Peel project of compensating the payers of the income-tax by certain visionary advantages, which- they were to derive from an alteration in the tariff and sliding scale, is now admitted on all hands to have been a complete failure. But the experiment of admitting foreign sheep and cattle into this coun try, on the payment of a very low fixed duty, has, nevertheless, been attended with a valuable result, inasmuch as it has proved, beyond all question, that the rich pasture lands of the United kingdom enable the agriculturists to meet any foreign competition in those important articles of consumption, thereby clearly indicating the direction in which agricultural capital may be most safely and profitably employed. The advantage which the agriculturist possesses in the fertility, of his pastures, would be greatly enhanced by a total repeal of the corn-laws, as he would then be enabled to fatten his stock on cheap foreign grain. Also, by the removal of those restrictions, employ ment would be given to a large starving or under-fed population, which, instead of burthening the farmer with heavy rates for its support, would, in its changed condition of well. paid labourers and artisans, become profitable customers, consuming annually many hun dred millions of pounds of animal food, more than their present means enable them to procure. With this extended demand for its produce, a pro portionate rise in the value of land would take place, and rents would acquire a degree of steadiness never to be expected under a law by which, on the mere prospect of a short harvest, and by a skilful working of the averages, enormous quantities of cheap foreign corn are suddenly admitted into competition with the expensively forced productions of our own inferior soils. As these remarks are addressed, to the pockets, and not to the hearts of the agriculturists, I have omitted any reference to the great moral improvement which would necessarily follow a mitigation of the physical sufferings of the working classes. If you can spare room fol. this letter in your jour nal, which has so ably assisted in fighting the great fight against monopoly, you will oblige your obedient servant, PHILANTHROPIST. EXTAORDINARY AGE.—An old woman named Ann Parry, lately residing on the Canal Parade, in this town, with her daughter, who is also far, advanced in years, died on Friday, the 12th inst., of a verity " full of days," having lived to the patriarchal age of one hundred and five years and six months I She retained her faculties to the last. Indeed, so retentive was her memory, that within a few days of her death, she was able to talk co herently of circumstances which transpired in Newport upwards of eighty years ago ; and it may be mentioned that her medical attendant has frequently been requested by her within the last few months to extract her last tooth ! as it troubled her occasionally. The habits of the good old woman's daughter were those of the most industrious and cleanly kind, whilst her filial devotion was above all praise, thus rendering her parent's last days cheerful and comfortable. The ancient woman ex pired like the last f:limmer of a wasted lamp —without pain or struggle, and full of the "certain hope" of a joyful hereafter.—Wonmoutltshire Merlin.' ANOTHER INCENDIARY FIRE AT THE RED BARN FARM.— On Saturday night the inhabitants of Polstead were again alarmed by the cry of " Fire." It was soon ascertained that a stack of haulm, standing on the Red Barn Farm, was in flames, and though every effort was made to save it, it was speedily consumed. Not a doubt remains but that this fire was also the work of some ini quitous incendiary. The name of the "Red Barn " has already become sufficiently notorious by being connected with one of the foulest murders on record ; but we are deeply sorry to find that there are still persons living, who, in the form of humanity, but with the characteris tics of fiends, seem bent on adding yet greater darkness to its blackened history, by their fearful repetition of the crime of incendiarism. "REBECCA AND BER DAUGHTERS."—In answer to a correspondent, who requests to be informed of the origin of the above title, we beg to state that the term was taken from the 60th verse of the 24th chapter of Genesis which, having reference to gates and their destruction, was adopted as the watchword of the first adventurous attackers of toll-gates. The verse is as follows :--" And they blessed Rebecca, and said unto her, thou shalt be the mother of hundreds of millions, and thy children shall possess th e ga t es o f t h em t h at h ate them. "— Welsh man. LONG LIFE.—The most remarkable instance of longevity which we have met with in English history is that of John Cam, who, according to the parish register of St. Leonard's Shoreditch, died on the 2d of January, 1588, at the astonishing age of 207 years. He was born in the reign of Richard 11., anno 1381, and lived in the reigns of twelve Kings and Queens—namely, Richard 11., Henry IV., V., and VI., Edward IV. and V., Richard 111., Henry VII. and VIII., Mary and Elizabeth.—Annals of Health. A MATTER OF OPINION.—A good wife, the other day, - taking up a Manchester paper, said to her loving husband—" This is just as it should be ; the marriages are put before the births. The Guardian always has the births first, and. I think that very awkward." The husband gave an opinion in favour of the Guardian, as he thought," people were born before they were married." The wife, - however, persisted in the correctness of her views of the matter, and preferred the Manchester arrangement, as it was "a very uglything to have a birth before marriage."_ The deaths, 4 . would appea , . were each - put in the - right place,' for they all% a) . r s came last. A SCENE IN CONGRESS. • Dignity, as everybody knows, is not the character istic of our own House of Commons ;.but. we feel quite self-complacent after reading in the New York . Herald the account of what its editor calls " an intensely in teresting scene," which " can never be forgotten by those who were so fortunate as to witness it," in the Congress of the United States. It is possible that the proceedings of Lthat eminent body may have exhibited many such exciting spectacles. " " Sed om nes ill acrymabiles, Urgentur ignotique longs • " Nocte, carent quia vate sacro." This alone has found a fitting historian—a very Shakspeare for versatility —of the true poetical breed which alone 'could deal with such a scene. " —Meum qui peetus inaniter angit, " Irritat, mulcet, falsis terroribus implet, " Ut magus, et modo me Thebis modo ponit Athenis." It requires an unusual kind of power to shoot like our American reporter with unembarrassed velocity from the heights of religious pathos and sentiment to the depths of coarse and offensive blasphemies—from Attic delicacy to Bceotian slang—but our Transatlantic Contemporary is equally at home in both ,regions. Nay, we cannot perceive that he recognises any vital difference between the two. Like a revolving Scaramouch, painted after the likeness of Grimaldi on the one side, and his Royal Highness Prince Albert on the other, he spins about to his own entire satisfaction, and to the infinite amazement and disgust of all sober spectators—alternately graves . and gay—solemn and comic—fool and philosopher— kicking about his legs and arms with equal energy in each capacity, and, as far as human eyes can judge, wholly unconscious of any trifling contrast between his somewhat inconsistent aspects. Mr. Quincy Adatrs is the hero of his drama. That gentleman, as every body knows, is an abolitionist—" an abolitionist," he himself adds, " in the same way that Thomas Jeffer son was an abolitionist ;" a very small way, we should conjecture, seeing that Thomas Jefferson is princi pally renowned as having in the way of business sold his own children. But let that pass. Mr. Q. Adams is, we say, an abolitionist, and having, on the pre ceding day, presented some abolitionist petitions from Massachusetts, had well nigh undergone an operation described among the higher circles of America as that of being " catawampously chewed up" by the " southern chivalry"—the gentlemen from Carolina and Virginia. The next day Mr. Adams demanded permission to reply—he had been misrepresented in the journals of the House :—" Sir, the journal says I was called to order for offensive remarks—Sir, I was called to order for irrelevancy ; I wish that corrected." The vindication reminds us a little of an old Joe Miller about " carrying tripe" (it is a coarser word in the original) " to a bear,"--but let that too pass. It is the debate which ensued to which our attention is demanded. "Isn't he a great old horse ?" demanded one member of the deliberative body. "He's a bitt er o ld scorp i on, " i nter j ected another, and I wish the chaplain would put up daily prayers that he may speedily be taken to Abraham's bosom." " Here there were 20 or 30 members on the floor, cry ing out Mr. Speaker,' and all wanting to make motions ; and some did make very grotesque motions." " Mr. Speaker," said Preston King (" a short, fat, good-natured man"), " what is the business before the House ?" " The disposal of the Massachusetts resolutions." "Is that debateable ?" " No, Sir." King—" Then I object. " The little old scorpion re monstrated. King —" I object, Sir." Cam Johnson expressed a wish to proceed. King—" I object, Sir." Davis (of New York) " wished to say something.' King—" You do ?, very well! I object." Confusion —laughter, .screams of laughter. Mr. Adams up again. Cries of " Oh, for heaven's sake, let the old man go on ; he'll worry us out." "Oh no that won't do." " Good ;go it." " Question." Ayes— noes; ayes have it-123 to 46. And so the rules were suspended to allow Mr. Adams to proceed. And now hear the reporter : " Upon this, the eloquent old man rose in his might, calm, but most imposing in his manner, his venerable form dilating with honest pride, and his lightning-like eye, grey_ hair, and bold forehead, presenting a most picturesque appearance, whilst the members of the house, young and old, crowded into the arena in front to listen to him. " Speaker—Gentlemen will please to take their scats." And so we have Mr. Adams fairly afloat, who, after having elicited a due repetition of laughter in all its degrees of comparison, proceeded to enunciate the following, under the circumstances, rather as tounding sentiments :—" Sir," he said, " the gentle man from Virginia was right." " Sir,.this place," he had the face to proceed, "is not the place for the battle. Sir, this is not the place for a battle of any kind. It is a place for solemn deliberation—for the interchange of thought and mind, in harmony between friends and brothers; for we are all brothers of one blessed family, having no interest at heart, no desires to attain, no objects to achieve, but the common good of our common country." Great sensation," adds our marvellous reporter, "and the members noiselessly drew up around the old man." Inimitable indeed But bethre six lines are over, we find ourselves amidst " roars of laughter" again, into which a religious ejaculation is inter pqlated, which produces instantaneous and " tre iniendous sensation"—then laughter again—immo delrate, agonizing, "screaming" laughter then another six lines of evangelical rhapsody, which, with no greater loss of time th an b e f ore , too k an effect upon the varieties of Jonathanism who whittled around' the orator, as "impossible to de scribe" as it would have been to foretell. " Th e tears actually stood in the eyes of many of the members, and all were intensely silent." Strange things, we know, were accomplished in the middle ages, when fishes crowded to hear sermons, and svyallows reported them—but, upon 20 seconds' warning—by a mere ",hey, presto,"—a verse and a half from the Old Testament turned up with a sentiment from John Quincy Adams, to draw tears from such a mixed multitude of alligators as the Ainerican Congress L-is clean beyond any feat of monk or eremite which has ever found its way to our limited knowledge. True, the crocodile part of the performance was soon over, and the corn pany as merry as grigs again. But this is the very thing which bewilders us • that the re pester, John Q u i nc y, an d th e whole Congress seem wholly indifferent whether they laugh or cry— dance or groan—quote Scripture or swear—"all's ore to Dandle." They have tears on demand from 111. Adams, not once or twice, but as often as he chooses to draw for them—while we are able to count three roarings, one screaming, and t we l ve or di nary cases of laughter in the course of his oration, to say nothing of what accompanied the dialogue. We shrink from transferring into our columns all thCse most offensive alternations between the would - be-pious and the would-be-comical, though without them our readers can scarcely form a notion of what an American audience, an American speaker, and an American reporter can do ; but we may, perhaps. venture to give one extract in full (ex pede - Herculem) fi*n the peroration of Mr. Adams' speech, with the reporter's historical comment. It needs no remark frvn us. Mr. Adams has lately left Ohio, where he says the people "Took leave of me as of a child going to the home of his fathers—because they said I was the champion, upon this floor, of the right of petition! Sir ' it is the.ground em which I have stood in this House, and upon which I will evir stand, for the few short days or 'months which it may ph'ease the Almighty to allow me to exert the poor abilities and faculties which Ile has bestowed upon me—it is the grbund upon aliich I desire to stand on this earth after my death ! upon the page of my country's history ! and I will stand upon that ground (the right of petition) hereafter before the judgment seat of the God of Mercy, for my sins I may have committed in the flesh "Language fails to describe the extraordinary eflect which this speech had upon the members. All listened with intense admiration, the House was as still (except his voice) as the grave, and the tears trickled down the cheeks of many an old and young member ; and one southern man, worked up to a pitch of enthusiasm, when Mr. Adams closed, as above, cried out—' By —, he's a noble old scoundrel after all !.'" At all this we have only to confess ourselves wholly astounded, and the ,more so because there is no appa rent intention, on the part of Mr. Adams, the Con gress, or the New York Herald, of being peculiarly profane. In fact, they seem to think it, imprecation and all, rather religious than otherwise. Can anything be, a caricature of their social habits when this is a friendly account of those" solemn deliberation*" —that " interchange of thought and mind"—that " harmony between brothers of one blessed family," of which, as Mr. Adams informs us, Congress is the allotted scene ? If thin is truth, what can be a libel ? It Is, indeed, squeamish to quarrel with Trollope or Dickens while the reporter of the New York Herald walks abroad in his land of liberty a bipes FEVER AND SMALL PDX IN SOCTIIIVARK.—At an inquest which was held yesterday before Mr. Payne, it was stated that small-pox and fever was very prevalent in the lower parts of Southwark, particularly at Bankside. A juror said that in one locality, Williams -court, there were three in one family lying dead, and that nine had recently died there, though there were but few inhabitants in it. The Coro:4er asked if vaccination had been resorted to? The juror re plied that it had, I) . t he supposed that the oFeration of it had been imperfectly performed. Another juror said that in some parts there were above half the inhabitants affected by small pox or fever, which was attributed to the present unseasonab y close state of the weather. A FREAK OF NATURE.—On Friday night last, a poor woman named Tye, aged 38, who is married to a sawyer. upwards of eighty years of age, was safely delivered of a female child with three arms, and only one leg, the place where th, other leg should be presenting a perfect arm, fingers being attached to the hand. The t oot st. parents a s tvraeea another and perfect child, and are living at No. (3, has D been visited by George's in the Eait. The, lusus naturce but only thr e e; several eminent members of the faculty. o ni iip e , ri s c r a r n an p g a o p u e tr, of , v‘i 1 1 e i o enr was a passenger A very modest l b a n d a y r , d berth, and jumped overboard, on hearin g the ca ptain, during a storm, order the crew to haul down the sheets. s a a p y i s l ere t -1 • 1 A GIGANTIC YOUTH.—A clergyman in this county has a son only fourteen years of age, who is six feet three ineh n 9 A p th ro ; p_o n rt e io t n h , h h i i s s p f l o r o e t rams a e r as e u .b r e t i n o g w t t h l ir e t . e 7 anit inches a hi l l i i a n n e d ife s:o i j a i t ie i at er ago stature.—Essex Herald, c hair, _ ly re; Lord be Oc t T opic• as act John ) pe, , the sap ;up' ieve poa