The Sun. — London, England, 1844-08-07 00:00:00

Pl''''''T tY.) ; u:56 - 1/ 15s; 1/ 8s; and ; use 4/ 183; Wheat v co►a- ; Ilse . [1 163; 11 83; 1; and , ne in rather 62s for ully Is f Loa le last hhds., 12,212 at this ; been ids, up n this ter the shade spot. utunla :es ars theft Ality is )115, of rates ; er cwt id few d here .rnoon c sale !n in; Date sound i n the 13 daY refraie ()reign h Was vas no u pon quire(' 448 6cl (fling; 378 64 their Former Coffee is sale raised rnan" ) bag , is per ire or- r- PPes 'ruined c hases o ne tt tb js t p., GRAVESEND STAR PACKETS. FURTHER REDUCTION OF FARES. SIXPENCE AND NINEPENCE, Boat and Blackwell Railway included. bay., Sundays From the Brunswick Wharf, Blackwell, I 5 undays included) at Ten, Eleven Twelve, Three, Four, Six, and Half-past Seven At From the Terrace Pier, Gravesend, Half -Peat Nine, Half-past Twelve, Two,* Four, Six, Seven, and Eight. • On Sundays at Five instead of Two. ore Cabin and Seooni-class Carriage, Sixpence; Saloon and First-class Carriage, Ninepence. atar org„ Gravesend, July 10, 1844. - 4 ci i - F4 -...- GENERAL STEAM NAVIGATION A comp AN y, S sp l en did an d p owe rful drat-class STEAM /are aoin to leave LONDON for— .....o"l,l3lrßppGH and ted ROTTERDAM, carrying her Majesty's Malls e ry Wednesday and Saturday Morning. 'E —Every Sunday, at Eight, Morning. da y atEl ;" 4 WERP—From Brunswick Wharf, Blackwell—EYery Thurs even, Morning. %TEAT, From London Bridge Wharf; t° for— Tuesday,-. , Wednesday, Saturday, and Sunday. YLOGNE—Every Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday. I;4 l lS—Tuesday, Thursday, Saturday, and Sunday Morning. 1 ,- ' 4 ,„' ,— Every Tuesday and Friday, at Eight, Morning. __MOT/TH—Every Saturday, at Six, Evening. ill at SCUTE—Daily, tit ulf-past Eine. and 2EITRGH—From Btlown's Wharf, Poplar, Saturday tr eu 'i ng . 7 alternate Wedsday, August 7, 10, 17, Ten From Down's Wharf, Reduced Fares, for— CASTLE—Every Wednesday wad Saturday, at Eight, Eve- Fares, 10s. and Is. /1 ,V 4 . 1 ) ERLAND—Every Tuesday, at Seven, Evening. 4 4C UITON and HAVRE—Every Tuesday and Friday. b o t aceen BRIGHTON and DIEPPE, daily (except Sundays). r-at and BOULOGNE—The Magician, Daily, according to tide. Todeisecure Berths, for Freight, and for Bills, containing hours of 11.1.7 tare, fares, &c., apply at the Offices, 69, Lombard-street ; 37, ; A nd 35, Leadenhall-street. BRIGHTON RACES, Bth and 9th of AUGUST. TICKETS will be issued on the abovo days Th striTON and BACK, at H A LF FARES, by all the usual Trains. to Isst,4 Ticket. to be available only for the day on which they are t!! . _ 't Class, 14s. 6d., or 12s. ; Second Class Bs. ; Third Class, ss. r tt ' o n Third Class Train leaves London at Half-past Eight A.sl., and 413 from Brighton, at Half-past Six P.M. _won Terminus, August 2, 1844. POREIGN GOVERNMENT SECURITIES At _ and STATE BONDS, AAILROAD SHARES, &c. la• GEORGE VOELCKE2„ jun., Banker, of Frankfort-on-the -1.4.-"er, respectfully calls t;de public attention to his occupation as a k....1er and Agent in ttarßale and Transfer of the following Govern -2.47‘ Stocks : Imperial Austrian 500 florin Bonds of the Loan of 1834 I' 4 G 250 „ „ It 1839 l'ri n and buchy of Baden 50 „ „ 1. 1840 At t , '' Pahl Th Esterhaay's 50 4 0 1 - -Polish -- - - 500 1835 . IP ff Th e e , I. Vt.Y. of Frankfort Bnds 1, ti... T us'aiaulcavalTrado o i . " 1844 lii i " arPaad's 50 dollar ... .... 1532 , all other Fo re i gn Stock, Railroad, and Estate Shares, & c. 4 i;:Plications by post (pre-paid via France) will meet with launc- Tura& h' r , a Yention, and prospectuses and particulars will be forwarded SUPPLEMENT TO THE ATLAS.—On ItthBATURDAY NEXT, August 10, a GRATUITOUS SUPPLE -4rtim..-"' will be presented with the ATLAS, containing an original 11,4-v on the Ad van t ages o f C ommerce ; th e p r i nc i pa l f ea t ures o f th e Englandof Lr.e -- ' e ntary Proceedings, and Contemporary Opinions relating to Arid measure, and other Monetary matters. ''e nisernents will be received at the Office until Friday next. nice of Publication, 6, Southampton-street, Strand. WEST INDIA. PINE-APPLES, per Fear rrit t ,„ Not, in Twenty-six Days from, Now Providence.—For 18 44, '-' SALE, at 2, Monument-3 - o,la, on THURSDAY, August 8, gu t _ ,at D o'Clock precisely, the following goods, viz., 3,000 iitSt a ", - LYE, SUGAR-LOAF &nil PROVIDENCE PINE-APPLES, I XlDi r ,k fv ,,_° ,l , per Fear Not, from New Providence, 40 Boxes WEST 4 Ca, A RROW -ROOT, 150 Tins UNDRESSED TURTLE, an 4 tIex,AST INDIA CANDIED GINGER. viewed en the morning of sale, and catalogues to be had of KEELING and HUNT, Brokers, 2, Monument -yard, and 9, Pudding-lane. --:d LE LEASEHOLD HOUSES, UPPER STAMFORD STREET, BLACKFRIARS-ROAD. 6 1 1 ° 1, be SOLD by AUCTION, by Mr. at Garraway's, on FRIDAY, August 9, at Twelve, ,rwoo Lots, kr, t2" Th ntantially-built DWELLING-HOUSES, in excellent re ror an lng 43 and 46, Upper Stamford-street, Blackfriars-road, held *ttel l ho u nexpired term of upwards of 42 years, at a ground-rent of Si. Zeitet a 1 8 . e, in the occupation of Mr. Napper and Mr. Baldwin, ptr aou °l n Year to year, at the several rents of 501. and 521. 10s. The h, p rem ises are in complete repair, and may be viewed by leave wok' wants, on application to Messrs. Peyton and Atkin, 10, 41 % ot 4 1 1 , Lincoln's Inn-fields, of whom particulars may be had ; L tr ett, 6.l‘sessrs. Rippingham and Rose, solicitors, 17, Great Prescott an s-fields ; and at Garraway's. W. BURNETT'S PATENT Ca cheapest and best process for the Preservation of Timber, Li e 7, Cordage, Cotton Woollen, &c. Pen; granted to N oblemen and Gentlemen to use the Prepara -40z,:"14 to others for the purposes of Trade, on advantageous t 'e 10 , - "'ule Apparatus and Tanks, for the expeditions preparation of 0k„....te '9've materials, at the principal station, Millwall, Poplar, nearly Greenwich. T tC ori b Z i e_r_ous Specimens and Testimonials may be seen, and every in nort.b,4',4l obtained at the Ofilce, No. 53, King William-street, Lou- SHEFFIELD PLATE. MESSRS. HORTON and CO., Silversmiths and x,r,th, Je wellers, 36, Lud g at e - s t ree t, St. Paul's, opposite Messrs. requ e ,r° ll 'B, offer to th e i r F r i en d s an d the P u bli c , a t cons id era bl y ithieh tlPrices. their STOCK of GENUINE flat 6 -iou ge , lei' warrant to be the manufacture of the flist SheT d 1)41, ~ 44 1 d are of the most tasteful and modern designs, comprising slid ,Civers, Corner Dishes, Waiters, Ice Pails, Cake Baskets, Coffee I terit: 3 .....et5, Candlesticks, and every other article useful and orna common Birmingham ware kept. atrit,i es ige Stock of Jeweliery and Watches, Fancy Silver and other as other tsaotfPLroieneclonw.ell worthy the notice of Visitors to, as well -.1. 4 A- and PERR)NS' WORCESTERSHIRE I SAUCE. f a Nobleman in the county. worcesti- - oi r eat ( 'Pared from the recipe o areat vi es :Wester n Steam-ship, June 6, 1844 . .— , The cabinof the `ern has been regularly supplied with Lea . andPerrins' fro.. to.,.t.hire sauce,' which is adapted for every variety of dish, len sauce to ca aftrteu,ret,eerre salmon to steaks—to all of which it gives ptiain'asy'an d e p a a t s p a l e e n as ger ur s e fo i r n We, bestflavourth,isaneadceasl accompaniment of its kind for its recommending Capital (Signed) a voyage. Sold wholesal " JAMES HOSKEN." tester; e by the proprietors, Messrs. Lea and Perrins, Wor ;: Messrs. Barclay and Sons, Farringdon-street ; and the pria `vat_ oil and Italian warehousemen in London ; and retail by the • sil vendors of sauces. SILVE R SUPERSEDED, and those corrosive Igailt t ; ta d blitz/ons metals called ' Nickel and German Silver sup- P.42 0 ,t,bY the introd uction of a new and perfectly matchless A LBAT A tg . k.,- ATSON, 41 and 42, BARBICAN, and 16, NORTFOL kasBu, aided by a person o f science in the amalgamation o m etals, t'ver ecee dei In bringing to public notice the most beautiful article ~,,itht offered ; possessing all the richness of Silver in appearanse i„ttse--,:cile,Lts,durability and hardness—with its perfect sweetness in - allseo n . „_".° 11 ?0, as it does, a chemical process, by which all that is and Sideboard. 1443 ' b 4::: Mixed metals is entirely extracted—resisting all acids— the T - c leaned as silver and is manufactured into every article for ~de z Fiddle. Threadd. King's. •ti,, ttri,Poons p ah er d d r o o z rks, per doz.. 16s. 6d. .. 30s. od. .. 355. Od. T, , ,,, ~; ditto, • 12s. 6d. .. 255. Od. •• 28s. Od. Salterlll)°°l.,B, Per doz . .. ss. 6d. .. 12s. 6d. .. 13s. 6d. e,,,5 41 g 1 1, each ... •• . • ***** . Is. 3d. • • 3s. Od. - 35. 6d. -.'s4 liusts.rd Sp oons, each .• ..::. 68. Od. • • 13s. 6d. • . 135 - . 6d. piaC. le. Communion Services, &c. y i n i, etc__ begs the Public will understand that this metal is peen tobeteetaajofr,y_t_nda_that Silver is not more different from Gold, than 1 1 1 , test ed, a ", 1 1 11 11 others ; on its intrinsic merit alone he wishes it 14.- 4 vlneA .._ ' from the daily increasing eulogiu . ms he receives, he "%h., 'Qat rtothing cam prevent its becoming an article ofuni , . I v . tar,. . 4 1 inn 1,!?Il'r:t handsomely Illustrated Catalogue and Price Curren t ~,,0 11 1d :,`"-ittilied, and families who regard economy and elegance, -41 s, "secs themselves of thin useful book, which may be had ~_lt 0;_all.11 Post free, from the above address. v. t.iirt,rable-hnives, 11s. per dozen, Dessert, Os. ; Carvers, 3'. 6d. at-i n , TABLE. DESSERT. CARvERS ir. . ila — :_ g atids. doz. doz. pa -- %la x , --- ,Fn.!. balance handle .... lOs. Od. 14s. Od. 6s. 6d. b i nikt e. ce "mull; largest and best 1,,_ with A, ,',••• • • • • • .miles .„. r:xBon's Alb t Plate 20s. Od. 16s. Od. Is. 6d. ,i'l, ' 'Arial to 5i1ver.......... a 225. 6d. . 18s. Od. Bs. 6d. •g - -0 -1 - Te. 4 Forks half the above price. a. Fie Set ---,rays, 355. the Set of Three ; wig richly ornamente 4 p ive of Three. 1,!..t .. 5et Quart London made Bronze Tea-urn 355.. up to 51. liKliit I s '''a London made Dish Covers 18s. 6d. , Imperial Raised __TS43 I / 4 4 - 64 . the Set of Six Khe er ," g, 41 and 42 • BARBICAN, and 16, NORTON FOLGATE. tle q " I WT, I ,'" have fo • r Fifty 7 ranked pre-eminent for their ' 'mit is always exchanged ° , if not approved. lil . . Send for his Catalogue. FORCE OF HABIT. ti ,, A - e!. a title a s thi s, may. to many f o lks, seem singular heading to choose for a theme. of Moses, tut the reader must note, that the " Ha bi t s " re different " Habits" from what he suppiu s q 4— . 4 1 iittrals we hear of " good h-bits" a,:d 1 . 2 d' u" in dress, it depends how a rr— is a SON _ow the beautiful " Habits" o MOSE S an .rire ur, ve ry " good Habits"—outriva . lled I.y none. g.;gri periods - get in" to such ' Hab" to s' p ' The respectable " Habits" are , certayi .s ..oved— laseasthe.ese, •t h ' e '' force" of such " Habits' by all is all A ,,,Y gain yeu respect as you . t i:" Wt . en with a drawing-room party you pass thr g u h b t l h e e nd c . rowd; IZ ° '' Habits" will certainly gain tem yo i u ni a ne ft h ie lu n u d in . , 1%4: a gentleman's wooing rtr . r it h ,,_, thd e pe e e s an e t ds t o h n e t r h e e im " . H . w ab h i y ts ge w ut h i _it e h u e , m , d o e y n ni a . tsue. For L' forcible Habits" of . M HebOSEiStsa,p,cl ofcourse, SON. 4 1 , - . 'OSES has beautiful , 'W i l j' t... tin e p u ti st s tr ir e l t t u he th ' e . h le a d b i i e t s " w of ho ving i t a lsth tu or t s h e, ese, horse, ~ alabit"V siding with grace and a Av At ,?ay s all the , . , good readers ahtts reflect, as with al ease. i t e y a t should, , o . u g l d OO , d . , . At ti 74 is e thing that s very soon done hat o t - e beautiful " Dress-Mast" of MOSES and SON. 1) . Ni . T. x s. d. ,IN -agli o . READY BADE. [tom 0 8 6 ` 44 h ' 4, Peri °i s' . .............. .. Al i 1 41 er et. , °r quality, with silk collars, cuffs, and facings .... 0 . 16 ., rs o 4 1 „ rern,n,e soot s in . a variety of shapes, handsomely trim f m rom st 1 1 / 2 , ‘6 , A n cnclid ~,e stock of Holland and jean blouses .I,:trllle,,,rnnier vests from 0 2 6 Wiisi t s . varier of cashmere and Persian vests, splendid .. ,_ . 6 90th i nt .a . ti .. ........................................................ .. ....... X: , ; 0 , in ti t row Eer , Tests, warranted ~,e t hill,l","' ....... from 0 9 0 b7: B4 t vs -- °° ' - 's trom 0 0 1 7 1 0 6 r ' 4 l : o ri ZY °r t 1irn " m ... e . r ....... trousers .. ... ... „ r f r rr i m 1 0 0 dittos .... Dd. .... .................................. .... ....... 0 ........ .. ....... i a ........ • ......... It., co, .............................. ~ .E . ta trim MADE T• MEAS U RE. Vam k oofed . ' rained with silk, made in any shape, water_ 0 e d. ,,,, 6 ............... . . . : , .from 18 0 Ple4ace o,nh'e S,aatorlY, . and other summer mater f i r a m s ,; 15 0 hZ.d riqiiti t e (JIM style of fashion ,r,Cre ~ e stBß yests, 7s. each, or three for iing t i e r fr 0,,,,, ul.recherche patterns llest r , rn,i.ned vT,„all. great variety of materials from 09 6 I 17 6 DresticantY W' s° ria, and lain doe trousers.... beat o l °a t , e't ° f England ko .azitifacili.; .......... from 1 12 0 ur°l 4 to a ed... .......................... .. ... ............................. 2 15 0 Mew - to BS Uits t Can be hail at five minutes' notice, at the ' • , tire s , , following prices : . at t tto vest, and trousers from 1 16 0 Of ,ez.., lA NT"..... nekle .. te ; t e e l ni t and trousers from 018 0 t.k. 'fln ged „ `" ,,Y article purchased or ordered, if not approved wc.,,;.erye... urvit_tie money returned. RT.ese:lntbrampyr cyuStESfitt4i:d SON, Tailors, Wholesale and Retail_ . ~ °f hcin t rrisly._....t., , ldgate,ci ty n. , and General Wareh ousemen, 154, Ml opposite the Church. fA,.st inp,.. Moses and :ton are obliged to guard th 'public h dohs "len, having learned that . t , lie untradesmanlike The,T resort ed t e „ connected with them, or it s the same cancern 4t 'd th ha ve no con in . many instances, and for obviou s reasons. . di k ,„ °se 1 , 1 , 0 , pesion whatever with any other establishment, li p !Politi n ,,,, o.esire or Cheap Clothing should (to pievent ,i ' l gte th, 6.7, , x ii ) call or send to, 154, Minories, or 86, Aldgate, j 3. No 1`,(,) business *transact d t th" b usi n ess lhm nt from sunset on lo 4 '' ,l sunset on Saturdeay,awheisn ai is e resumed til Itwelve .r, EASE AND COMFORT IN SHAVING l ' - "SSR S. B. and S. COWVAN'S invaluable itAz or , cANTON STROP, or QUADRILATERAL CHINESE 4 PluiNcl., IsHARPENER (Patronised by his Royal Highness r a intui l' ALBERT), renders the operation of shaving no longer teero zst 2, the most tender skin. By a very simple process tiie i t s and 811:nMY speedily be given to the bluntest razor or penknife, "Pet'Hroe " a n's liarly tempered razors and shaving powd .. la„itutns of "C S tr o ps are now exhibiting at the Royal Polytechnic I t : m i and Roya Adelaide Gallery, Lowther Arcade, from oesternrua_cteet.itilestntroospt,fls,atct:rminagyeertificates have been sent, which may be Vher e th e Invento rs, COWVAN, 164, Fenchurch-street be obtained, as well as of all respectable r e r., sm in the United Kingdom, price ss. 6d., 7s. 6d., and 1, . per packet 'ty be had , Cowvan's Canton Razor Strop Paste, at , The Shavi Powder Is. 6d. per box. ,aut„i°n—None are &engrmine, except those marked and Spelt ally nd S. CO WV AN R.B. A liberalwance to the trade and shippers. _ ..---..-- - ---..--.---,-..------,-------.....---.....-.-- -......- - - ' - ---,.. ,-, .„, ~. ..„ _ . .- •\ / / __l } --- ~,:. - . ---- - _ - ___- - -- -- . ------ , Aikr. ..... ._ 0,4 3 t, -------_ 1 , ..S.a /N. '\ . 7 --- /-4* ; • ..- I V 4 i. , ‘_.: . . ----- . yr ~ ...,...., • - ... ; , 111 01' . :k -;,,^' ,-- stir . , /: : 1 ' ' Ah .:.' '..4; . . "A . , —I ; . -,„ t F • - '" 1 , rllll 4 ttt • 0t ' '''. ''''' '<. _ t '• . I , • ; I ' ,Ai ' -, ''/' ; :ile''' 'Alf lri• ''' VII ' \ N4l` 1:5 .., - ,;, - 1 , - 1 a !`l I • .:. ere • - ...;- . * &_____ . + o v. 2 , , 0 4 1 )4. 1 , ! r o-- -- -• .-Agtoe-.4 -4,11,r.-u-„, .., 1 --y,-ty % . .•.s - --., •./'., , ,,,, 7 „ , /or,. .4•••1- 5 1 4. os \ . 'r - iz 6, - 4.4 - ]). „ „ .\;' • _"r - 1 ‘ 4.- -„„ z•' '' -'; _ , •l4't 40 \ 't'' ,- \,,,,_ _ 4 .4:-..i., - ) / r<,,,,jp ..........—% 4.,, ~.,1r.....0 , --„. , r „1, , . ~,,,, in , ~„ ~-.. -.0.,•J.:. S - No. 16,217. LONDON, WEDNESDAY T . N AUGUST 7, 1844. PRICE sd. THE SUN is Padished EVERY MORNING at FIVE O'CLOCK, in Time for the EARLY TRAINS end TOWN DELIVERY; a SECOND EDITION (Evening Sun) is Published in Time for the AFTERNOON TRAINS and a THIRD EDITION at SEVEN O'CLOCK, for POS7, containing, PARLIAM.ENTARI and all other NEWS in LONDON up to that Hour. ADVERTISEMENTS INSERTED in ALL THE TBREE PAPERS, Morning Noon, and Night, tiv, , reby insuring a TOWN and COUNTRY CIRCULATION, at ONE CHARGE. THE Public are respectfully informed that the _IL METROPOLITAN ART-UNION is NOW ESTABLISHED, and that the Committee will fix an early day for the Drawing. London, August 6, 1844. OYAL POLYTECHNIC IN sTrr u •,) CAPTAIN WARNER'S EXPERIMENT. Inconsequence of the DESTRUCTIVE EXPLOSION off BRIGH TON, the Directors of the ROYAL POLYTECIIIC INSTITUTION yield to the generally expressed wish that Dr. RYAN should adapt one of his Lectures to the subject of EXPLOSIVE COMPOUNDS. This Lecture,lillustrated by interesting Experiments, so far as theyean be shown with perfect safety, will be delivered daily at half-past Three o'clock, except on Mondays and Saturdays, an 4 in the Evenings of Monday, Wednesday, and Fridays, at a Quarter to Nine o'clock. On Mondays and Saturdays, at Four o'clock, Dr. POTT'S PNEUMA TIC MODE of forming SUBMARINE FOUNDATIONS in DEEP WATER, with various interesting Experiments. Professor BACH IIOFFNER'S Lectures, and all the other subjects of interest in the Institution PROLAPSUS, PILES, FISTULA, &c. Just published, bound in cloth, price 55., ; by post Is. 6d. extra. ON the CURE of the DISEASES of the RECTUM and ANUS ; particularly Prolapses, Piles, Fistula, Hemorrhoidal Tumours, Excrescences, Ulcers, and Strictures, WITHOUT CUTTING or CONFINEMENT ; illustrating the origin and progress of these diseases, and the success of the Author's mode of treatment in numerous cases, The whole embellished with Plates from Nature. By Dr. SILVER, Physician Accoucheur, No. 70, Great Russell-street, Bloomsbury-square, London. Sold by Sherwood and Co., 137, Strand ; J. 011ivier, 59, Pall-mall ; Maclachlan, Stewart, and Co., Edinburgh; Fannin and Co., Dublin ; and also by the Author at his residence. LAMERT ON DEBILITY, NERVOUSNESS, AND ALL DISORDERS ARISING FROM EXCESS, &c. " He who in pleasure's downy arms Ne'er lost his health or youthfu 'charms, A hero lives, and justly can Exclaim, in me behold a man 1" Just . ,publlshed (in a sealed envelope), Tenth Edition, price 3s. 6d., or sent by post, free, to any address, 3s. 6d., c iik iELF-PRESERVATION : a Popular Essay on v,y those concealed disorders; originating in youthful excesses, and terminating in Nervous Debility, Local and Constitutional Weakness, and all those Sinking., Anxieties, and Tremors, which afflict the Weak, the Sedentary, and the Delicate. With Practical Observations on Marriage, and on the Anatomy, Physiology, and Diseases of the Reproductive Organs, with plain Directions for their perfect Restoration. By SAMUEL LAMERT, Consulting Surgeon 9, BEDFORD-STREET , BEDFORD-SQUARE, LO NDON, Matriculated Member of the University of Edinburgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospita 'Medical Society, Licentiate of Apothecary's Hall, London,&c. " The various positions of Lover, Husband, and Parent, the in herent privileges of mankind, are frequently marred and prevented through the follies and frailties of early indiscretions. To such, among others, this Essay addresses itself; and by its perusal many questions may be satisfactorily adjusted that admit of ne appeal even to the most confidential friend."—Stafford Gazette. " The design of this work will be tolerably obvious from its title, and we cordially recommend the author and his book to all who are watering from nervous debility and general weakness."—Wakefield Journal. Published by the Author, and sold in London by S. Gilbert, 51 and 52, Paternoster-row; Starie, 23, TichboTne.street, Quadrant, Regent street; Hannay and Co., 63, Oxford-street; Noble, 114, Chancery lane; Gordon, 146, Leadenhall-street ; and by all Booksellers. At home every day till Three, and from Five tilt Eight. REMOVED FROM BIRMINGHAM TO LONDON. Just published, price 2s. 6d. and free by post (in a sealed envelope) Price 3s. 6d., THE SILENT FRIEND ; a Medical Work on Human Frailty and Physical Decay, its causes, and the baneful effects of excessive indulgence and infection, illustrated by engravings, with observations on Marriage, and directions for the removal of certain disqualifications. By R. and L. PERRY and CO. Published by the Authors, and sold at their Residence, 19, Berners. street, Oxford-street ; also by Strange, 21, Paternoster-row; Purkis, Compton-street, Soho ,• Noble, 109, Chancery-lane, Crocker, I, Milford-lane, Strand; Ward, Strand (opposite Exeter-hall) ; son, 358, Oxford-street (two doors from Argyle-street); Phillips, 264, Oxford-street; J. Gordon, 146, Leadenhall-street, London; Guest, 51, Bull-street, Birmingham; and by ail Booksellers in Town and Country: The CORDIAL BALM of SYRI ACUM is exclusively directed for the cure of nervous and muscular debility, Impuissance, &e. Price Ils and 235. per bottle. Sold by all Medicine Vendors, of whom may be had the " Silent Friend." The Five Pound Cases may be had as usual. PERRY'S PURIFYING SPECIFIC PILLS are the most enetua cure for syphilis and secondary symptoms inboth sexes, price 2s. 9d. 4s. Ca., and 11 s. per box. Consultation fee, if by letter, U. A minute detail of cases is ne. cessary. Messrs. Perry are in daily attendance, for Consultation, at their residence, 19, Berners-street, Oxford-street, London, from Eleven till Twe, and Five till:Eight, and on Sunds from Ten till Twelve. One personal visit only is neeessari to effect d ap y ermanent cure PLEASING RESULTS.-With the gaiety assumed by nature in the brightness of the summer season there aro few disinclined to participate; and in pursuit of those rational enjoyments personal agremens, in all their variety, are necessarily objects of desire—those, of which the perfection and durability are at once obv ious and important, meet their most available preservative in Gowland's Lotion ; first, as a decided remedy fur all cutaneous impurities ; and, secondly, as an elegant, mild, and effective appendage to the toilet, removing every species of local discolouration, defending the skin from all the well-known effects of heat upon its surface, and as contributing largely to continued delicacy and fresh nes; 9 the complexion. POST-OFFICE ESPIONAGE. COMMONS' REPORT. The Committee of Secresy appointed to inquire into the state of the law in respect of the detaining andopening of letters at the General Post-office, and into the mode under which the authority given for such detaining and opening has been exercised, and to report their opinion and observa tions thereupon to the House, and to whom several peti tions were referred ;—have examined the matters to them referred, and have agreed to the following report : Your Committee, in performance of the duty which the House has devolved upon them, of inquiring into the state of the law respecting the detaining and opening of letters at the General Post-office, beg to state in the outset that although the wording of the 33d and 36th chapters of the Ist of Victoria, which now mainly regulate the Post-office, is, in respect of the matter in hand, somewhat different from that of the 10th chapter of the 9th of Anne, for which they were substituted,,yet that there appears to be no such vari ance between the statutes of those two periods respectively, as to prevent your Committee from assuming, for the con veniext of their inquiry, that the same powers are con ve7ed or recognised in all. the inquiry, therefore, what the state of the law now is respecting such detention and opening, is reduced to the in quiry what the state of the law was, respecting the same matter, immediately on the passing of the statute of Anne, unless in the intervening period, the principles which regu late the interpretation of Acts in general should have under gone modification, or cases should have been decided in the superior courts of law which might have a bearing on the construction to be given to this particular Act. With that reservation, the law on the matter in question was the same in 1711 that it is in 1844. In preference to discussing the purely legal question, how far the statute of Anne, in recognising the practice, on the part of Secretaries of State, of issuing warrants to open letters, rendered it lawful for the Secretaries of State to issue such warrants, your Committee propose, so far as they have materials for that purpose, to give the history of this prac tice, prior and subsequent to the passing of that statute; these materials being such as ought not to be overlooked in investigating the grounds on which the exercise of this au thority rests. In these early researches your Committee will have occa sion to inquire into the condition of the posts in this country at various periods of our _history, and into the connection that subsisted between them and the supreme authorities of the country. In these inquiries your Committee have been assisted by Sir Francis Palgrave, of the Rolls Office, by Messrs. Lechmere and Leman, of the State Paper Office, and by Mr. Reeve, of the Council Office. It does not - appear at what precise period the Crown under took to be the regular carrier of letters for its subjects. The Crown, doubtless, found it necessary at a very early period, to the exercise of the functions of sovereignty, to be able to convey with speed and security its own dispatches from one part of the realm to another, and from and to parts beyond the seas ; and for that purpose it appointed certain messengers or runners, called the posts. These posts were also employed for the personal convenience of the Sovereign, and the individuals composing the royal court. In course of time, a master of the posts was appointed, and the first of these on record was Brian Tuke, Esq., afterwards Sir Brian Tuke, Knight, who held that office in 1516, and whose letter to Thomas Cromwell, respecting the performance of its duties, dated 17th August, 1533, is given in the appendix. The joint successors of Sir Brian Tuke were Sir William Paget, Knight, Privy Councillor, and one of Henry the Eighth's chief secretaries, and John Mason, Esq., secretary for the French tongue. Tho letters patent, dated 12th November, 1545, conveying to them this office, grant to them, during their lives and the life of the survivor, the office of master of the messengers, runners, orttiosts, as well within the kingdom of England as in parts beyond the seas in the King's dominions, together with the wages or fee of 661. 13s. 4d. a-year, to be held by themselves or their sufficient deputy or deputies, &c. ; but, besides his fee, the Master of the Posts received from the Crown the amount of his expenses for con veying letters, of which he rendered in an account, many samples of which are given in the appendix. There is a succession of patents (including recitals of patents), granting the same office, at the same fee, to other parties for life, in the times of Elizabeth, James 1., and Charles I. With regard to correspondence conveyed by other messen gers than their own, our monarchs viewed it with great suspicion ; but it was especially towards letters arriving from or going to parts beyond the seas that their vigilance seems to have been directed. The frequency, of disputed successions to have. Crown, and the constant jealousy enter tained of the Court of Rome, will assist in explaining their desire to prevent such correspondence. All letters coming from beyond the seas were directed to be seized ; but in the time of Edward 11., to whose reign the first record of this kind belongs, the King's bailiffs, in assisting the admiral of the fleet to search for letters, were forbidden under the pretext of such powers, to attack or oppress any mer chants or others crossing the seas. The open seizure by Wolsey, in 1525, of the dispatches sent from this country by the ambasador of the Emperor Charles V., is a proof of the extraordinary jealousy with which foreign corre spondence was regarded, and of the vigilance with which it was watched. After the grant of the office of Master of the Posts to any new person, a royal proclamation always followed, to notify the new appointment. Consequent on the grant of the office by Queen Elizabeth, in the year 1590, to John Stanhope, Esq., there is a proclamation, prohibiting all persons what soever from gathering up, receiving, bringing, or carrying out of the realm any letters or packets, without the allowance of the masters and comptrollers of the posts, or their deputies. All mayors, bailiffs, &c., are ordered to make diligent search for all mails, &c., of all such disavowed carriers, &c., or suspected persons, coming into or going out of the realm with packets of letters ; and all such to apprehend, &c., keeping them in safe custody, until, by the view of their writings, sentup to the Privy Council, it be seen and Advised what further shall be done with them." ExcePtion is made of the dispatches of her Majesty's principal secre taries, of ambassadors, and of others sufficiently authorised.' Similar prohibitions are contained in the proclamations an nouncing the appointment of new postmasters in the two subsequent reigns. The practice probably began at an early period, and after wards grew into a regular custom, of allowing private per sons to avail themselves of the King's posts for transmitting their correspondence. This probably became a perquisite to the postmasters, while, at the same time, it gave to Ministers of State the power of narrowly inspecting the whole of the written communications of this country. The employment of the posts for carrying the letters of the subjects of the Crown is recognised in a proclamation , dated 1594 - consequent on the before recited grant by Queen Elizabeth to John Stanhope ' Esq., of the office of Master of the Queen's Posts. The Lord Treasurer and others are thereby directed to notify to all merchants, both strangers and others, in the city of London, that they are not to take upon them to employ any disavowed persons to convey their letters, but are to use such only as are lawfully appointed for that purpose. The same direction is repeated in a procla mation of James 1., dated 1609. In the year 1628, in an address from the House of Commons to Charles 1., it is stated that the deputy of the King's postmaster, appointed to carry the letters from the Crown beyond the seas, was likewise employed for the same purpose by the English merchants. With regard to inland letters, in a document obtained from the State Paper-office, and dated 1635, it is stated that the King's postmasters carried the subjects' letters, but up to that time had never reaped any benefit from it. The officer who has been hitherto mentioned as the King's postmaster, was the master of the posts within the King's dominions, at home or beyond the seas. To him, however, had hitherto belonged the transmission of letters both at home avid abroad; but in 1619 a new Patent-office was esta blished by James 1., called that of the Postmaster of England for foieign parts out of the King's dominions. The patent gave rise to a long legal contest between Lord Stanhope, who held the former of these two offices, and Matthew de Ques ter, the new patentee. During these proceedings, lest the merchants of London should sustain inconvenience from in terruption to their foreign correspondence, an order was issued permitting them to convey their letters to and from parts beyond the seas,_ by messengers of their own choosing; and moreover, the Lords of the Council, to whom the dis pute had been referred, advised De Quester, by letter, not to give any interruption to the conveyance and reconveyance of the merchants letters. On the subject of this letter, the Secre tary of State, Sir John Coke, wrote to his co-Secretary of State, Lord Conway, calling the power of sending foreign let ters a branch of the royal authority, affirming that no place in Christendom can be named where merchants are allowed to send their letters by other posts than those authorised by the State; that his colleague best knew what account they shall be able to give in their places of that which passeth by letters in or out of the lang,, if every man may convey letters, under the covers of merchants, to whom and what place he pleaseth, &c. The order, " upon weighty reasons of State," was afterwards limited to the Company of Merchant Adventurers alone, and they were only to convey their let ters to the towns of Hamburgh and Delf, and they were to give bond to carry no other letters than those concerning the Company ; no one was to be appointed messenger to the Com pany, unless approved of by the Secretaries of State; the other companies of merchants were to send their dispatches by De Quester only ; and, in times of war and danger to the State, the said Company, and all other companies of mer chants, if required, were to acquaint the Secretaries of State, from time to time, with their letters and dispatches into fo reign parts. In the end, by the influence of the Crown, Lord Stanhope was made to surrender his patent. De Quester's patent came into possession of one Thomas Witherings, who suggested to the Crown a plan for the entire re-organisation of the inland posts, which, instead of producing at that time any revenue to the State, were a burden to it of 3,4001. per annum. The plan proposed consisted essentially of three parts—the establishment of fixed rates of postage ; substi tuting horse posts, which were to travel at the rate of 120 miles in twenty-four hours, instead of foot posts, which tra velled at the rate of 18 miles ; and giving to the public gene rally the use of the Post-office. This plan was adopted; Witherings was appointed to the office; and thus became centered in the same person the offices of Postmaster for in land and for foreign letters. In 1635 and 1637 appeared two proclamations, to notify and give effect to the new plan of Mr. Witherings; and in both these there were clauses pro hibiting any other than Mr. Witherings, or his deputies, from carrying letters. In 1640, on a charge of divers abuses and misdemeanours committed by Witherings in the execution of his said two offices, they were sequestered into the hands of Philip Bur lamachi, of London, merchant, who was to execute the same under the care and oversight of the principal Secretaries of State; and without tracing at this day the disputes which the conflicting pretensions of different individuals to the pos session of then offices gave rise in the year 1642, it will be sufficient to say that, shortly afterwards, the management of the affairs of the Post-office fell i n t o the hands of Mr. Pri deaux, who was Chairman of the Committee appointed by the House to consider the inland department of the Post office, and was afterwards, under the Commonwealth, At torney-General to the State. Mr. Prideaux was appointed Master of the Vests, in 1644, by the authority of both Houses of Parliament. The validity of the clause in the grant to Witherings of the inland letter office, prohibiting any but the persons ap pointed by the patentee from receiving or delivering letters at any; place where the patentee should settle posts, was brought in question, in 1646, before a Committee of the House of Lord. Two of the Judges were appointed assist ants to the Committee, and were expressly ordered to report their opinion as to all such particulars concerning the vali dity of the patent as the Committee might think fit to ask them, and they reported, " That the inland;letter-office patent was well erected ; that the clauses of restraint, in the said patent, are void and not good in law; that notwithstanding these clauses be void, yet the patent is good for the rest." The foreign letter-office patent was not referred to the con sideration of the Committee. According to the law as expounded by the two judges, no person, under the authority of letters patent from the Crown, could, without an Act of Parliament, lawfully set up any ex clusive title to carry mails of letters from one part of the kingdom to another. It appears that in 1650 the Common Council of the city of London, not satisfied with the footing on which Mr. Prideaux, then Attorney-General, had placed the posts, of conveying letters into all parts of the nation only once a week, endeavoured of their own authority to settle posts on the several roads, which were to run twice a week; and this they had actually done in the whole line of the road to Scotland. On a report to that effect from the Council of State, the Parliament resolved, " that the offices of post masters, inland and foreign, are and ought to be in the sole power and disposal of the Parliament;" and they referred it to the Council of State to consider how those offices might best be settled; and in the meantime to take orders for the present management thereof. r - These offices continued, until 1653, to be managed by Mr. Prideaux. They were farmed in 1653, and in 1655. the ma nagement of them was entrusted t o M r . S ecre t ar y Thurloe, on his giving security for the then present rent of 10,0004 a year. In 1657, a Bill for the settling of the postage or England, Scotland, and Ireland was laid, by order of the Protecto'r, before his Parliament, and passed with some amendments. It provided for the establishing one genbrul post-office, and one postmaster-general, to be appointed under letters patent by the Lord Protector and his successors, such officer and his deputies (with certain reservation) to have exclusively autho rity to carry inland and foreign letters, and of horsing all thorough posts, and persons riding by post to and from any post-roads, with power to levy certain rates for conveyance of letters and horsing of posts; imposing penalties on any persons other than the postmaster-general or his deputies, who shall set up posts for the conveying of letters or horsing of posts; providing for the forwarding by post of ship letters, for the exercise of superintendence over the postmaster by the Lord Protector and his successors, and giving power to the Lord Protector and his successors to farm the post-of f ice for life, or for any term not exceeding eleven years. After the restoration Charles 11. granted, by letters patent, AugUst 14, 1660, to Henry Bishopp, for the term of seven years, the office of the master of running messengers, formerly held by Lord Stanhope and others, &c. ; and by a separate indenture, dated September 1, agreed to farm to the said H. Bishopp, for the term of seven years, all powers and profits expressed in the "pretended" Act of 1657, for the annual rent of 21,5001., payable quarterly. The said Bishopp agreed, at the rates stated in the said " pretended" Act of Parliament, and no higher rates, to defray the whole charges of main taining the said office ; the King agreeing that the Parlia ment shall be moved speedily and effectually to pass an Act of Parliament, in the due and usual form, for settling the said postage and the profits thereof on his Majesty, as part of his said Majesty's revenue. On the 12th of September, 1660, it was ordered by the Lords and Commons, in Parliament assembled, that the office of postmaster, and the postage and carriage of letters, domestic and foreign, should continue to be exercised by the came persons now employed therein by his Majesty, their agents and servants, according to the same rates and rules now prac tised, and without the interruption of any person or persons whatever, until the 6th day of November next ensuing. And in December, 1660, an Act was passed agieeing nearly, mu tatis mutandis in its enacting clauses with that of 1657. The passing of this Act was followed by a proclamation for quieting Bishopp in the execution of his office. On his surrendering it in 1663, it was granted to Daniel O'Neale, one of the grooms of the chamber, who farmed it for the re mainder of Bishopp's original term, and on the same condi • tions. A proclamation followed O'Neale's appointment. An Act passed in 1663, for settling the profits of the Post-office on the Duke of York and his heirs male ; and two proclama tions followed, one in 1669, the other in 1683, for enforcing the due execution of the said Acts. On the expiry of O'Neale's lease, in 1667, Lord Arlington was appointed Postmaster- General, and a proclamation followed for quieting him in the execution of his office. No statute for altering the manage ment of the Post-office, or the rates of postage, was passed during the reign of James IL and Wm. 111., nor until the 9th year of Anne. In reviewing that period of the history of the country which commences with 1641, your Committee beg'to notice the following incidents, as bearing on the subject of their inquiry. Repeated stoppages of the foreign mails were made by the orders'of the two Houses, and Committees w ere appointed,com posed of the Members of both Houses, to open and read the letters stopped. On one of those occasions Mr. Pym re ported the answer of the Lords to a message - from the Com mons to stop the foreign mails, " that they did yield to the opening of letters ; but it would be very inconvenient if often used." The opening and detention of the letters coming from France and Antwerp in Nov. 1641, led to a complaint to the King and to the Lords from the ambassador of the republic of Venice. The preamble to the Act of Cromwell's Parliament for settling the postage of England, Scotland, and Ireland, enu merates among the advantages of the post, that it is the best means " to discover and prevent many dangerous and wicked designs which have been and are daily contrived against the peace and welfare of the Commonwealth, the in telligence whereof cannot well be communicated but by letter of escript." It scarcely needed this evidence to prove that during the Protectorate recourse was had to the expedient of opening letters. This fact is sufficiently apparent from the number of letters designated as "intercepted letters," in the State correspondence of Secretary Thurloe. No preamble similar t o t h at w hi c h th e A c t o f C romw ell contains, appears in the statute of Charles 11., for erecting and establishing a Post -office. But in the lease granted to Bishopp, of the profits to arise from the Post-office under the Act, which Parliament was to be moved by his Majesty speedily and effectually to pass, it is agreed that the lessee shall permit and suffer the said Secretaries of State for the time being, or either of them, from time to time, and at all times during the proposed term, to have the survey and in spection of all letters within the office or offices aforesaid, at their or either of their discretion. And the same power is reserved to the Secretaries of State in the lease granted to Bishopp's successor, O'Neale. In the proclamation which immediately followed the pass ing of the statute of 1660-1, the practice of opening, by au thority of the Secretary of State, letters lawfully conveyed, is not mentioned ; but in the proclamation which fbllowed the appointment of Bishopp's successor, O'Neale, the words occur which correspond to those afterwards introduced into the statute of Anne : " And we do further charge and command that no post masters or other officers, that shall be employed in the con veying of letters, or distributing of the same, or any other person or persons of quality or condition soever they be, except by the immediate warrant of our principal Secretaries of State, shall presume to open any letters or packets not directed unto themselves, or that they, or any other persons w hatsoever, do stop a ny mayl in the passage t o or f rom Lon don, or any other plac e w hi t h er the same i s cons i gne d an d directed, but shall truly and faithfully deliver the same, not w ithout any Openin g , concealing, repeated o r retarding th the subsequent delivery thereof." These word s are proclamations of 1667, 1669, 1683, and 1685. As to letters unlawfully conveyed, it is directed in the pro clamations of 1660-1, and 1667, that they be seized and sent to zPrivyedn and consideredC ounciln t to o s o; lettersni e n ofthoseot of od dangerous Secretariesl n 6 B 6 e 9 r 0 , u l 5683 consequence, , o a f and t 1 State, , o t ar h nat to the Privy Council, to the en d. t h at t h e persons conveying or sen ding them may be pr ocee d e d aga i nst, accor di ng. to law ; in that of 166 3 , that they b e se i ze d and carried to the be they s be a General Post-office, " there to be disposed of for the benefit of all such of his Majesty's loving subjects as may be con cerned therein." Although, after quoting the cited clauses from the leases granted to Bishopp and O'Neale, and the words from the proclamation of 1663, no reasonable doubt can be en tertained that the Governments of the different Monarchs who reigned between 1660 and .1711, had frequently re course to the practice of opening letters, yet the only instance during that period that has come under the notice of your Committee, is that of Coleman, one of the victims of the Popish plot. Your Committee now come to the period subsequent to the passing of the 9th of Anne, the first statute which re cognised the practice of opening letters, now under consi deration. Before they proceed to avail themselves of the information laid before them, which has proved to them that the 40th and 41st sections of this Act did not remain a dead letter, they will notice several occasions in the last century on which, both in Parliament and in courts of judicature, this practice was brought distinctly under public attention. About eleven years after the passing of the Act, viz., in the year 1722-3, in the course of the proceedings had on passing the bills of pains and penalties against the Bishop of Ro chester, and his two associates, Kelly and Plunket, the prin cipal evidence adduced against the parties accused was that of post-office clerks and others, who, in ob e di ence to warrants from the Secretary of State, had detained, opened, copied, and deciphered letters to or from those parties. In the Com mittee on the Bill against Atterbury, in the House of Peers, the clause of the statute of Anne was referred to and com mented on by the bishop's counsel, who raised a doubt whe ther the copying of a letter were sanctioned by the Act ; but in no one of these three cases was any question raised as to the legality of the warrants, In 1735, complaint being made in the House of Commons by certain of the Members, that their letters had been opened and read by the clerks of the Post-office, on the pretence of ascertaining whether or no the franks of those Members were counterfeited, and a copy of his Majesty's warrant, whereby letters of Members and certain public functionaries were per mitted to pass free from postage, being read, it was ordered that the copy of the said warrant beveferred to the considera tion of a committee, and that they do examine the matter thereof, and report the same, with their opinions thereon, to the House ; a nd on the committee making its report, the House resolved, inter alia, "That it is a high infringement of the privileges of the knights, citizens, and burgeses chosen to represent the Commons of Great Britain in Parliament. for any postmaster, his deputies or agents, in Great Britain or Ireland, to open or look into, by any means whatsoever, any letter directed to or signed by the.proper hand of any Mem ber without any express warrant in writing under the hand of one of the principal Secretaries of State for every such opening and looking into, or to detain or delay any letter directed to or s i g ned with the name of any Member, unless there shall be good reason to suspect some counterfeit of it, without an express warrant of a principal Secretary of State, as aforesaid, for every such detaining or delaying.' Sir Robert Walpole and Mr. Pelham are said to have agreed to the appointment of this committee, on an under standing that it should not inquire into anything that might tend to discover the secrets of Government. In 1742, how ever, the secrets of Sir Robert Walpole's Government were somewhat rudely pried into by the secret committee ap pointed "to inquire into the conduct of the Earl of Orford, during the last ten years of his being First Lord of the Tree.. sury, and Chancellor and 'Under Treasurer of his Majesty's Exchequer." That committee, in its report, gave a description of the es tablishment for inspecting letters, as maintained by the Go vernments over which Sir Robert Walpole had presided; but abstained from stating on what particular occasions that es tablishment had been made available. _ . It appears from the information laid before your Committee, that under the pressure of the rebellion of 1745, which fol lowed almost immediately on the downfal of the administra tion of Sir Robert Walpole, his successors issued warrants for stopping and opening post letters of a very general and unlimited character. In the year 1758, Dr. Hensey, a physician, was tried on a charge of high treason, being accused of a treasonable corre spondence with the enemy. The principal evidence on which he was convicted was that of a letter-carrier and a Post-office clerk, the latter of whom had opened Dr. llensey's letters, and delivered them to the Secretary of State. In 1764, a Select Committee of the House was appointed to inquire into the abuses of franking letters; and the chair man, Mr. Dyson, was directed by the Committee to move the House, "That it be an instruction to the Committee, that they have power to inquire into the abuses committed at the Post-office by opening inland letters ;" the motion, however, was negatived. The last instance that has come to the knowledge of your Committee, in which this power was exercised under cir cumstances of public notoriety, is that of the trial of Horne Tooke for high treason, in 1795. A letter written to him by Mr. Joyce, a printer, was intercepted at the Post-office, and was stated by the prisoner to have been the immediate occa sion of his apprehension. On his requiring its production, it was produced in Court by the Crown officers, and given in evidence. It is now so long since any public trial'has taken place, in which facts ascertained by opening and detaining letters at the Post-office have been adduced in evidence, that it seems to have been nearly forgotten by the public that such a practice ever existed. Your Committee, having gone through the proofs of a more public character, and ascertained that the Governments of past times have authorised the detaining and opening of post letters, and given notoriety to the exercise of that authority, and that the fact has, on several occasions, been brought under the notice of Parliament and courts of law, proceed now to show (from evidence of a more secret, and confidential nature) to what extent this practice has been carried on, by the same authority, during the past and present centuries. Before entering, however, on this head of inquiry, they con sider it proper to observe, that they have had before them, with few exceptions, every person now living who has held the seals of Secretary of State for Home or Foreign Affairs, since the year 1822, as well as two noblemen who have dis charged the office of Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, and several persons who have held confidential situations under them ; and they have further examined the present Postmaster- General, the Secretaries of the Post-office for England and Ireland, together with several of the most confidential offi cers in every branch of the Foreign-office, the Home office, and the Post-office ; and that all these witnesses, without exception, have made to your Committee the most full and unreserved disclosures so much so as to have rendered it superfluous for your Committee to examine any other witnesses. _ _ Of the number and nature of warrants for opening and de taining post letters issued by Secretaries of State, from the year 1712 to the year 1798 inclusive, your Committee are able to render only a very incomplete account, compiled partly from the books of the Home Department, partly from the re cords at the State Paper-office. It appears that, during that term of years, it was not the practice to record such war rants regularly in any official book. That this account is what the Committee describe it to be, very incomplete, is manifest from the small number of warrants that enter into it, considering the length of the term of years. From 1712 to 1798 inclusive, a term of 87 years, the number of warrants, of which any account has been obtained, is but 101; and of that number eleven only belong to the last twenty eventful years of the term, in cluding the period of the French Revolution. In this ac count, moreover, certain cases are not included, in which it is known, from reports of public trials, and other independent sources of evidence, that letters were opened and detained, such as those of Atterbury, Plunket, Kelly, Hensey, and Horne Tooke. From the commencement of the present century, if not from an earlier period, down to the present time, the prac tice has been, with very few exceptions, for such warrants to issue only from the Home-office, although another Se cretary of State has occasionally signed the warrant in the absence of the Secretary of State for the Home Department. From 1799 inclusive to the end of the year 1805, a record has been preserved of the warrants issued from the Home office, which, from the circumstance that the annual average which it exhibits agrees nearly with the annual average of the warrants issued in subsequent years, appears to the Com mittee to be nearly a complete record; they have, however, no other mode of testing its accuracy. It was not until the period, in the year 1806, when the late Earl Spencer became Secretary of State for Home Affairs, that the practice was introduced at the Home-office of recording the issuing of every such warrant in a private book belonging, not to the head of the department, but to the office, and always acces sible to the two Under-Secretaries of State and the Chief Clerk of the Domestic Department : and that practice has been continued, the Committee believe, without interruption, till the present time. Still, there is no check by , which to test the completeness of the entries made in that book until the close of the year 1822, from which period the original warrants themselves are 'preserved at the Post-office, the earlier warrants having been destroyed on the removal of the Post-office from Lombard-street to its present site in St. Martin's-le-Grand. After these explanations of the authenticity of the lists which have been submitted to their consideration, they pro ceed to give, first, an abstract of the warrants, so far as they have been able to make up an account, from 1713 to 1798 in clusive ; secondly, an, abstract of the warrants for detaining and opening letters issued by the Home Department since the commencement of the year 1799 to Midsummer, 1844. ANNUAL NUMBER OF WARRANTS IN EACH YEAR, FROM 1712 TO 1798, SO FAR AS AN ACCOUNT OF THE SAME COULD BE MADE pr. 4 Number 4 Number . Number 2 of War- .: of War- Year. of War rants. P -4 rants. rants. - - 1712 1 1744 3 1768 1713 2 1745 7 1770 1723 1 1746 1 1772 1730 1 1749 1 1773 1731 2 1751 1 1774 1734 3 1752 1 1776 1735 4 1753 6 1777 1736 3 1754 1 1778 1737 3 1755 1 1782 1738 7 1756 1 1783 1739 5 1763 3 1784 1740 1 1764 1 From 1788 1 1741 4 1765 1 to 1798 j 6 1742 2 1766 4 1743 4 1767 2 Total No lOl The above warrants classed under certain heads :—Bank of England, 8; Bankruptcy, 5; Murder, theft, fraud, &c., 14 ; Prisoners of war, 1 ; 'Revenue 10; Foreign correspond ence, 35 ; Treason, sedition, &c., 5 ; Libel, 2 ; Forgery, 1 ; Debtor absconding from creditors, 2 ; Private case, 1; Un certain, 17.—Total, 101. ANNUAL NUMBER OF WARRANTS IN EACII TEAR, FROM 1799 TO 1844. Year. iNumber. I Year. Number.! Year. Number. ---- 1 ' 1799 9 1815 2 1831 17 1800 11 1816 0 1832 5 1801 7 1817 11 1833 4 1802 6 1818 9 1834 6 1803 7 1819 6 1835 7 1804 2 1820 6 j 1836 7 1805 7 1821 1 1837 4 1806 9 1822 12 1838 8 1807 13 1823 7 1839 16 1808 2 1824 2 1840 7 1809 11 1825 6 1841 18 1810 6 1826 8 1842 20 1811 8 1827 8 1843 8 1812 28 1828 4 1844 7 1813 8 1829 5 1814 3 1830 14 372 Total number of persons named in the above warrants, 724. This would give a little more thatk eight warrants, on the average, per year, and about two persons, on the average, for each warrant. Among the warrants there are eight, ap plied each to some particular object, but not restricted to any de finite number of persons. The above warrants classed under certain heads :-Bank of England, 13 ; Bankruptcy, 2 ; Murder, the ft , fraud, &c., 144 ; Treason, sedition, &c., 77 ; Prisoners of war, 13 ; Re venue, 5 ' • Foreign Correspondence, 20 • letters returned to writers, 7 ; address copied, 1; forged frank, 1; uncertain, 89. Total, 372. The Secretaries of State who have signed the warrants re ferred to in the two preceding abstracts, are named in the following list, arranged in the order of date :- 1712-13. The Earl of Dart- 1804-6. Lord Hawkesbury, mouth. and 1807.9. 1713. The Right Hon. W. 1806-7. Earl Spencer. Bromley. 1807. Right Hon. C. W. W. 1722. Lord Visct. Townshend. Wynn. 1730-46. Lord Harrington. 1809-12. The Right Hon. R. 1735-1754. DnkeofNewcastle. Ryder. 1749. Duke of Bedford. 1812-21. Lord Vise. Sidmouth. 1752-3. The Earl of Holder- 1822-30. The Right Hon. Sir ness. R. Peel. 1755. The Right Hon. Sir T. 1822-3. Right Hon. G. Can- Robinson. ning. 1756. The Right Hon. H. Fox. 1823. Earl Bathurst. 1763. The Earl of Halifax. 1827. Lord Vis. Goderich. 1765-7. The Right Hon. Ge- - Right Hon. W. S. neral Conway. Bourne. 1766. Duke of Richmond. - Marq. of Lansdowne. 1766-7. The Earl of Shel- 1830-4. Lord Via. Melbourne. burne. 1833-40. Lord Palmersson. 1770. The Earl of Sandwich. 1834. Lord Vis. Duncannon. 1770-4. The Earl ofßochefort. - Duke of Wellington. 1776-7. Lord Vis. Weymouth. 1834-5. Right Hon. H. Gold -1778. The Earl of Suffolk. burn. 1782-3. The Right Hon. T. 1835-9. Lord John Russell. Townshend. 1838. Lord Glenelg. 1782. The Right Hon. C. J. 1839-41. The Marq. of Nor- Fox. manby. 1784. Marq. of Carmarthen. 1841-4. The Right lion. Sir 1799-1801. Duke of Portland. James Graham. 1801-3. Lord Pelham. 1844. Earl of Aberdeen. 1803. Right Hon. C. Yorke. Among the warrants of the last century some few have been discovered that were issued on grounds which would now be considered highly objectionable, and would not be sanc tioned by recent practice. We proceed to give some speci mens of the earliest warrants. The earliest, dated Sept. 20, 1712, is as follows :- To the Postmaster-General, -Her Majesty is pleased to order that all letters directed to Mr. Thomas Perrin (and three others named) be sent to the Commissioners of the Customs for their perusal, as is desired by the inclosed letters from Mr. Carkess. This method is taken in order to dis cover their effects ; and you are to comply with it as far as is consistent with law and the duty of your office. DARTMOUTH. In 1741, at the request of A., a warrant issued, to permit A.'s eldest son to open and inspect any letters which A.'s youngest son might write to two females, one of whom that youngest son had imprudently married. Two warrants, in 1734, are issued, each at the instance of the creditors of a party who has absconded, it not being alleged that any posi tive fraud had been practised. One, issued in 1735, appears to have arisen out of a political libel ; another, in 1755, con cerns a noted political libeller of the day, Dr. Shebbear. One, in 1746, arises out of a robbery in bank bills, the pro perty of the Chamberlain of the City of London ; all letters sent by post to Holland are to be examined ' • and if any letter appears to contain any of the stolen bills it is to be opened, and on suspicion of any letter containing anything that may lead to a discovery, that letter is to be stopped, opened, and inspected. Two warrants, in 1738, and one in 1741, concern the practice, then in constant operation, of en listing recruits for Ireland for the Irish brigade in France. The following two general warrants, to which the com mittee before made allusion, were issued in the eventful year 1745 Secretary the Duke of Newcastle to the Postmaster Gene ral, September 20, 1745 :—To open and detain all (such) letters, packets, or papers, printed or otherwise, as shall come to the General or other Post-office, suspected to contain matters of a dangerous tendency; and to transmit them to the office of the Secretary of State. Secretary the Duke of Newcastle to the assistants of the Yarmouth and Chester roads, October 8, 1745 :—To open, inspect, and detain all such letters and packets as shall come lo their offices, suspected to _contain treasonable correspon dence ; and to transmit them to the Secretary of State. In 1783 the following warrant was issued:-- Whitehall, 10th February, 1783. To his Majesty's Postmasters-General. My Lord and Sir—l am to desire, and do hereby authorise you to stop and open all such letters as are, or shall come to your hands, addressed to Lord George Gordon, at least such as may be supposed to come from the regiment, now on their march from to the northward, and any letters from his Lordship to that quarter; and to send me all the said letters as soon as possible after you shall have so stopped and opened them; and for so doing this shall be your warrant. THOMAS TOWNSHEND, Secretary of State for the Home Department. To Lord Tankerville and the Right Hon. Henry Fred. Cartwright, joint Postmasters-General. Coming to the warrants of the present century, your Com mittee have noticed among them, issued during certain pe riods of the last war, some few E a very general nature. In 1800 and 1801 orders were given to the Postmaster-General to open all letters addressed to persons in France, Flanders, and Holland, and all letters addressed to Dover, supposed to contain letters addressed to France. Flanders, and Holland. As regards intestine commotion, your Committee found that a warrant was issued in 1799, to open the letters of seventeen persons at Manchester and Birmingham ; one in 1809, to open the letters of eighteen persons in Manchester and Liverpool. In 1812, warrants were directed to the several postmasters of Nottingham, Manchester, and Glasgow, directing them to open all such letters passing through these several post-offices as should appear to A. B. (naming in each warrant some particular individual) to be of a suspicious na ture, and likely to convey seditious and treasonable informa tion, or to contain money intended to be applied to the pur pose of promoting seditious or other disturbances. A warrant, nearly similar to the preceding, was issued in 1813, to the postmasters of Wareham and Weymouth, in Dorsetshire, and one to the same purpose, in 1817, to the postmaster of Nottingham. Among the names of persons not now living, whose letters were directed to be opened previously to the year 1822, are found those of Despard, Thistlewood, and Watson ; and that of Mr. Hunt, once Member of Parliament for Preston. With regard to the warrants issued during the last 22 years and a half, your Committee have not observed among them a single warrant indefinite as to the number of persons coming within its scope. In every case the names are specified, and in one instance only does the number exceed 6. As regards this period, your Committee would have abstained from giving particular information concerning any warrant and from naming a single individual whose letters have been di rected to be opened, but for the notice which has been taken of the mode of executing certain warrants, and the mention which has been made of the names of the parties included in certain others ; these being the circumstances which mainly led to the inquiry which your Committee has been appointed to conduct. On these cases, therefore, your Committee con sider it their duty to report particularly. The warrants referred to are the following :- 1. During the outbreak in the manufacturing and mining districts, which took place in August, 1842, in the week of the greatest anxiety, a clerk was sent down from the London Post-office, with directions, under the authority of a Secre tary of State's warrant, to open the letters of six parties named therein, all taking a prominent part in the disturb ances of that period. In the same week the same clerk was directed, under authority of two other such warrants, to open the letters of ten other persons named, and a fortnight later to open the letters of one other person, Making seventeen in all. Most of the persons whose letters :were ordered on this occasion to be opened were indicted, and many both indicted and convicted, before the Special Commission appointed to try the parties concerned in those disturbances. With one exception these warrants were issued between the 18th and the 25th of August, 1842, and they were all cancelled on the 14th of October. About the same time two clerks were sent down to two pro vincial towns, each with directions, under authority of a Secretary of State's warrant, to open and examine the letters addressed to one individual in each town ; but in one of these cases there were no letters to open. One clerk employed on this duty returned to his ordinary business after a week's absence, the other after an absence of five weeks. 2. In the autumn of 1843, during the disturbances which took place in South Wales, two clerks were sent down from the Post-office, into the disturbed districts, with directions, under authority of a warrant from the Secretary of State, one to inspect the letters of one person at a particular town, the other to inspect the letters of another person at another town ; and subsequently, under authority of a different warrant, this second clerk was sent to a third town, there to inspect the letters of a third person. In all three instances the persons whose letters were to be inspected were specifically named in the warrant. One of these warrants was in force eighteen, the other seven days. It is these facts, probably, that have given rise to the re port of a commission or commissions having visited the ma nufacturing districts, charged with a general authority to open and inspect letters. 3. The third of these cases is that of a warrant to open and detain the letters addressed to Mr. Mazzini. This warrant was issued on the Ist of March, and cancelled on the 3d of June, in the present year. Throughout that period the intercepted correspondence was transmitted un read from the Home-office to the Secretary of State for Foreign, Affairs. The facts of the case so far as your Com mittee feel themselves at liberty to disclose them, appear to be as follows : Representations had been made to the British Govern ment, from high sources, that plots, of which Mr. Mazzini was the centre, were carrying on upon British territory to excite an insurrection in Italy, and that such insurrection, should it assume a formidable aspect, would, from peculiar political circumstances, disturb the peace of Europe. The British Government, considering the extent to which Bri tish interests were involved in the maintenance of that peace, issued on their own judgment, but not at the sug gestion of any foreign Power, a warrant to open and detain Mr. Mazzini's letters. Such information deduced from those letters as appeared to the British Government calculated to frustrate this attempt was communicated to a foreign Power; but the information so communicated was not of a nature to compromise, and did not compromise, the safety of any individual within the reach of that foreign Power; nor was it made known to that Power by what means, or from what source that information had been obtained. 4. A warrant to open and detain all letters addressed to Mr. Worcell and to Mr. Stolzmann was issued on the 17th of April, 1844, and cancelled on the 20th of June. 5. A warrant to open and detain all letters addressed to Mr. Grodicki, at Paris, and to another foreign gentleman, was issued on the 3d of June, 1844, and cancelled on the 13th of the same month. The last two warrants rested on grounds connected with the personal safety of a foreign Sovereign entrusted to the protection of England. It appears to your Committee that, under circumstances so peculiar, even a slight suspicion of danger would justify a Minister in taking extraordinary mea sures of precaution. The Committee have not learned that there appeared in the letters that were detained anything to criminate the gentlemen whom the Committee have very re luctantly named. The Committee think it may be desirable for them to make known that the above three warrants are the only warrants to open the letters of foreigners which the present Govern ment has issued. The warrants issued during the present century may be divided into two classes :- Ist. Those issued in furtherance of criminal justice, and usually for the purpose of obtaining a clue to the hiding-place of some offender, or to the mode or place of concealment of property criminally abstracted ; and these, for brevity's sake, the Committee will term criminal warrants. 2d. Those issued for the purpose of discovering the designs of persons known or suspected to be engaged in proceedings dangerous to the State, or (as in Mazzini's case) d e eply in volving British interests, and carried on in the United King dom, or in British possessions beyond the seas. With regard to both these classes of warrants, the objects in in issuing them has been, in many cases, to ascertain views, not of the party receiving, but of the party sendin g, the letter. follows : In issuing these warrants, the mode of proceeding is as 1. In the case of criminal warrants, they do not originate with the Home-office. The applicati on is made, in the first w in h st o an is ce, of to that a tin p e ro o State otu y i n t d4r;S si e i c a.l ret o a u ri r e s ; i o s f fo ! r the time being too short, case be very urgent, owing tobefore applicant to state the circumstances in writing ; but if the f f es tb si e on tw ; the departure of the post, to draw out a written statement, that condition is sometimes dispensed with. The general object of this class of warrants has been already stated ; and the principle which governs the issuing of them appears to be, not to make them subservient to private and family con cerns, or to the support of a civil right, where an action only could be maintained, as in many cases of fraud or bank ruptcy ; but to reserve the exercise of the power to those cases exclusively where crime has been committed, and in respect to which there is good ground to believe that cor respondence is going on with a particular party ' which is likely to lead to detectian. If the Under-Secretary accedes to the application, he submits the case to the Principal Se cretary of State ; with whose a p proval a warrant is drawn by the head clerk of the domestic department, under the in structions of the Under-Secretary, and is then signed by the Principal Secretary of State. A record of the date of the warrant is kept under lock and key, in a private book, to which the two Under-Secretaries and the above-mentioned head clerk have access. To the applicant information is given, according to circumstances, of the post -mark or address merely, or of the contents of the letters detained ; or, if the case require it, the original letter is put into his hands. 2. In the case of warrants of the second description, they originate with the Home-office. The Principal Secretary of State, of his own discretion, determines when to issue them, and gives instructions accordingly to the Under-Secretary, whose office is then purely ministerial. 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Your Committee are satisfied that no instance of the kind has occurred. None but separate letters or packets are ever sent, out of the ordinary course, from the Post-office to the Home-office, and those never but under a Secretary of State's warrant; and that warrant usually directs that a letter or letters, directed to certain persons, er written in a certain handwriting, be detained: and that either a copy of the post-mark, or of the address, or of the contents, or that ex tracts from the contents, or the letters themselves, be sent to the Principal Secretary of State. In some cases the warrant directs that some deputy-postmaster shall communicate in formation to the same effect to a magistrate, or some other person, in the country; and when that is the case, the pre sence of some third person, named in the warrant, is usually required. It may, perhaps, be necessary to state that, in some very few cases, the Secretary of State has been required to autho rise the Postmaster-General to return to the writer a letter which has been already posted. Some doubt seems to have existed how far this can lawfully be done. In the year 1795, Holland being in the occupation of the French army, one of the principal Secretaries of State, by warrant under his hand and seal, detained the entire mails of the 13th, 16th, and 20th of January, intended for that country ; and an Act- of Parliament (35 George 111., cap. 62), was passed to enable the Postmaster-General "to open the letters contained in those mails, and return the same to the parties by whom they were written, signed, or sent." A ease nearly similar occurred regarding the Hamburgh mail (see 47 Geo. 111., session 2, c. 53), in 1807. The number of war rants issue under this head from 1799 to 1844 is 7, as stated in the abstract. The general conclusion which the Committee draw from the returns before abstracted is, that in equal intervals of time these warrants have been issued in nearly equal num ber, by the several Administrations which have been in power from the commencement of 1799 until now. For although in certain years, in consequence of internal commotion, it happened that the number of warrants issued by cer tain Secretaries of State was unusually great, yet in other years, if they continued sufficiently long in office, the number of warrants they issued for similar purposes proved to be unusually small ; so that the annual average of all the warrants they issued, during the whole period of their con tinuance in office, did not rise materially above the general annual mean. The general average of the warrants issued during the present century does not much exceed eight a year. This number would comprehend, on an average, the letters of about sixteen persons annually; but how many letters to and from each person coming within the scope of these war ' rants have on an average been opened we have no means of estimating, since no record of the number of letters de tained and opened under warrant has been kept by the Post-office, but there is no reason to believe that number to be great; and the Committee have ascertained that, in the case of many warrants, no letters whatever have been opened. Those which do not appear to relate to the object fur which the warrant is issued do not undergo particular examination. Of the average number of days for which a warrant is in force, the Committee cannot form any just estimate. It was only as regards the warrants issued from 1822 to 1844 that any return was made to your Committee, showing how long they continued in operation, and in the early part of this period, there appears to have been some inattention in seeing to their timely revocation ; it is pro bable that many a warrant had become inoperative long be fore the period when it was cancelled. In that respect there is a marked improvement in the practice of the present Home Secretary, as compared with that of his predecessors ; since the average duration of the warrants issued since September, 1841, does not exceed forty days ; and in many cases it is as low as three or four days. From the abstract that has been given of the warrants issued in the present century, it appears that about two thirds of them were criminal warrants ; for by far the greater portion of those marked " uncertain" appears to be long to this class. So far as the criminal warrants go, no suspicion arises that unfairness or impartiality has directed their issue. With re gard to the other class of warrants, though there have been some few issued by different Administrations that have been in power during the last 22 years, in regard to which it is obvious that on a subsequent review of the facts a difference of opinion might arise as to the discretion exercised in each particular case, yet your Committee see no reason to doubt that the conduct of the Secretaries of State belonging to each of those Administrations has been guided by no other motive than an anxious desire to preserve the public peace, with the maintenance of which they were charged. It does not appear to your Committee necessary to follow the warrant from the time of its reception at the Post -office, to that of its execution. The letters which have been de tained and opened are, unless retained by special order, as sometimes happens in criminal cases, closed and resealed, without affixing any mark to indicate that they have been so detained and opened ; and are forwarded by post according to their respective superscriptions. There are other cases, under the 33d and 36th chapters of the Ist of Victoria, besides the case we have been consider ing, in which post-letters may lawfully be detained or de layed, or opened, by an officer of the Post-office. These ex cepted cases are the following :—When the person consents, to whom the letter is directed—when the letter is returned for want of due direction—when the person to whom it is directed is dead, or cannot be found, or shall have refused it, or shall have refused or neglected to pay the postage they f. If auy letter not included in the above exceptional casesqoe opened, delayed, detained, or abstracted at the Yost-office, through the malpractices of any officers of that department, such offenders are liable to severe punishment under the latter of these Acts. With regard to all other inland letters, your Committee are assured by the Postmaster. General, by the Secretary of the Post-office, and by the President of the Inland Depart ment at the General Post-office, that the secresy of corre spondence is inviolate ; and this assurance they have seen no reason to doubt. Your Committee will here notice a statement which has been made, that letter-bags from Dublin, Brighton, and other places, have of late, before being opened, been taken out of the usual course, into an inner room of the inland- office at the General Post-office, for the purpne of being there et:trained. The allegation of fact is correct, so far as counting the letters, and observing their external appearance, goes. This is fre quently done in order to ascertain the condition of the bags on their arrival, before their contents are delivered over to be sorted, it having been found a necessary check upon the commission of irregularities by the subordinate functionaries of the Post-office; but this examination has no connection whatever with the opening of letters under warrant, and it is not the method practised when letters aro detained and opened by authority of the Secretary of State. On the subject of the foreign department at the General Post-office, the secresy of foreign correspondence your Com mittee are assured is kept inviolate. Certain warrants bear ing respectively the signatures of the Right Honourable Charles James Fox, when Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, in 1752, and of his successor, the Marquis of Carmarthen, were laid before your mmittee, which, being of a very comprehensive nature, have, in conjunc tion with other information, induced your Committee to believe that diplomatic correspondence, when posted in ordi nary course, incurred in this country and in the other great States of Europe, nearly equal risk of inspection. How long similar warrants continued, and when they were finally re called, your Committee have no information, nor do they think it their duty to report as to any practice which may have existed in reference to this part of the subject. Of this they are satisfied, that no such warrants or practices now exist ; and that public as well as private correspondence, foreign as well as domestic, passing through the office in regular course, now enjoys complete security, subject only to the contingency of a Secretary of State's warrant, directed for special reasons against a particular letter or letters. In making the above statements, however, it is right to observe that there exists another channel of communication with foreign countries, by means of the King's messengers and foreign-office bags. 'This is not under the control of the Postmaster-General, but of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. It is conducted by officers appointed and paid by the latter, from whom alone they receive their orders, and to whom alone they are responsible. Some years ago no inconsiderable number of private letters, passing between this and foreign countries, was sent and received by these bags ; but this abuse (for such it was, as payment of postage was thus evaded) has been almost entirely discontinued ; and your Committee believe that at present the bags contain little more than the official correspondence of our own diplomatic agents, and of the Ministers of such foreign States as may choose to avail themselves of that mode of transmitting their dispatches. The authonty of your Committee extends no farther than to inquire how correspondence is dealt with, while remaining in the custody of the Post-office. It remains for your Committee, after treating of the cor respondence in Great Britain, to make a brief statement as to the law and practice regarding the same Matters in Ire land. The statute of Anne extended to that country, and whatever legal force the warrants of the principal Secretiuies of State, directing the opening of letters, had in Great Bri tain, those warrants had the same force in Ireland. But the 2 previously h o o t f h G e Esta blishinging, a Post-office in this Kingdom , " the principal eo p as . l s ;c. n 1 7 1 ,7 i B n 3 ; i t o u f l e t d l e " I A i n s h A s c t i a f t o u r t Secre taries were in the habit of delegating to the Lord-Lieutenant authority for this purpose. Nor was this all ; for by a war rant, dated October 31st, 1740, Secretary the Duke of New castle directs Sir Marmaduke Wyvill, the Postmaster-Gene ral for Ireland, to open and detain all such letters as the Duke of Devonshire, then Lord-Lieutenant of Ireland, or any other person appointed by him, should authorise and direct.: copies to be sent to the Duke. The necessity for having recourse to a twice-delegated authority was removed by the statute above referred to, which gave the same indemnity to persons in Ireland opening letters by authority of the Lord-Lieutenant, that the statute of Anne gave to persons in Great Britain. and Ire land, opening letters by authority of a princpal Secretary of eve year Lord-Lieutenant, y th oefa e rlrferol aiundimto2thteoptho es or t presentm a s ot t h e e r ti C enin h i e e rb f a fr Governor or Governors Ireland, for Youraueteevd. by Committee here submit an abstract of the warrants of 12i years. They have added another abs e' trac ei t n , g arr a in e gi r ' i n od g the warrants under different heads, according to the grounds whereon they were issued ; Year. Number of Persona Number of comprehended in Warrants. the said Warrants. 1 • •• 1 0 ... 0 3 ... 3 1 ... 1 1832 1833 1834 1835... 1836 - 1837 1838 1839 1840 2 1841 3 1842 3 1843 1844 Total Crimes, murder, robbery, &c l4 Ribbonism ••• Sedition, &c. Bankruptcy •• Forging a Post-office stamp Letter returned to the writer 1 Total . The Lords-Lieutenant and others who have signed these warrants are arranged in the following list, according to date :- 1832 ... Marquis of Anglesey. 1834 ... E. J. Littleton (secretary). ... Marquis of Wellesley. 1835 ... Earl of Musgrave. 1836 ... Ditto. ... T. Drummond (secretary). 1837 ... Ditto. - ... Lord Plunkett (one of the Lords Justices). - ... Archbishop of Dublin (ditto). 1838 ... Lord Morpeth (secretary). 1839 ... Marquis of Normanby. Lord Viscount Ebringtoz ' f ‘ , ••--e- - t-- - 22 ~,,r --- RAMBLES IN GERMANY AND ITALY. Just published, in 2 vols., post Bvo. cloth, R AMBLES in GERMANY and ITALY, in 1840, 42, and 43. By MRS. SHELLEY. Edward Moxon, 44, Dover-street. In dia since v 'alv e 0-0 1 d the 000 tict f • ' •Ar^' ,„ CS' clics. ;eor -00 :Olt 1161