The Sun. — London, England, 1808-06-29 00:00:00

IIt2`POR3'4NT SP4,r4'ISH DOCL _' Ew; 7 ,'. • TO THE BISUAYANS. BRAVE CpTABRIA.NB AND CoIkIUDES! Your wish is already fulfilled ; the mine, Which lay deep in your bosom, and ours', is spr4g,,• Ttie tiine has arrived when we are all called upon to make a noble sacrifice for our holy religion, our gold lawS and.customs; and *hat obje& is more worthy of • such a sacrifice than their - preservation. Since last b. night the whole of this town is iii arms, to avenge the provocation and insults we have rectived from . , the French, Nothing was capable to Check' the ardour of our people, especially since they knew that you entertained the same sentiments with them.., Yes, their ardour, their fervent courage, must be regulated by Order; intelligence, and prudence, that it m.iy produce the result at which we all aspire. Above all things, it is absolutely necessary :that ode should act in concert, and meet for that preppie;. by proper deputation. A Council has.already been formed in this place, furnished with all the necessary 'powers, and composed of us, the undersigned. If in imitation _ot• the meetings, which took place in this country in 95, the .. deputies Of, the different dis tricts meet without the Test delay, the weans .of our common defence will suun ie . organized. We ' will mutually instruct and assist each Other, ac cording to the ttlednii and local circuMstances of each • district. Let for this purpoie, exact 'returns it-nine - diately be wade of ad wilt) can S take up arms, from the age of seventeen to forty-five, inid .somew bat more, where. bodily strength and vigour permit ; let also instantly a return be Made of all arms, fir for service, which are found in the different' districts. Let us tintnediatety be trained to arms by military men, retired from' ervice, who. are scattered over our provinces, and let us at least devote two hours a day to military, exercise. The general principles, ,whiCh mood us to think and act ;is we do, you will • with - pleasure find elucidated _in another paper, which tor lbw purpose shall be circulated among you. God preserve you many years. ~ Saniandevo„.44/0 t 7, 1808. . . . ~ . . R. Thomas; Bishop of San- 1 D Jose Maria de la•Terie. under. . ID. lose de Quij4no. D. migetGinierrez de Cells. D. lac. AutoLiitk de Losada. . D. lo.e de-Mirdorid. i • D. Vicenietre Camino. D. Fraileico de la torte. .D. J. M.lfernandez Velardc. Coutit (le I.:Ainpu-Git'u. , D. looquin PereZ de CZ)si.). D,, lu.n de 'frueba; . D. Fraucisco'de la Pedraja. I.). tierouitrto de Argot. • 1). J. Nepoinuceno Munoz. By Conimaud of the Illustrious Council, - ! D. LUIS DLL CAMPO, Secretary. ._.:.: ADDRESS TO THE FRENCH. Far:roil:4m !—You possess nd longer either laws or liberty, nor any good whatet-a ; with strearqs of blood shed by yourselves and yolie children, you have been compelled to enslave Europe. not French, reigns through you over several European nations, without the least benefit to France, or any other. people. Spain, your constant ally, has cotitr i- buted, you know, by a variety of means, to your. . triumphs ; apd yet she has been despoiled of her laws, her Monarch, anti her greatness--her very religion is threatened; and all 'this has hitherto been achieVed, not by gal►antry and valour, but by. treachery and - fraud, in which you are 'forced to co-operate; your valiant arms are defiled ; you are made to assist in' deeds of infamy, inconsiment with your generous character .and with the pante of the great nation, which you hav‘ Frenchmen, die Spanish Natibn; your ally nnd generous trieod, invites yuti to withdraw from ban tiers which are destiged to enslave all nations, and to enlist under ours, which are raised for n the best of causes, to derenu our laws and our king, whereof. we have been rubbed, not by force of anus, but by fraud, treachery, and ingratitude of the deepest dye. • We all will die, and you shoulddie wan us to wipe oil the stain which will otherwise indelibly dtigrace your nation. The Spaniards lender you the Just re ward for such an action; with open arms will they melt% you and tight by your side; and When the war 41 . 4 be •ieinlioated with that success; W,IS cis they have every reason to expecf, land shall be given you, which you may cultivate unmolested, and pass your remaining days aniidst a nation. which loves and respetts you, and where impartial justice shall incorruptibly protect all .your fair en• joyments. . "Italians, Germans of all the Provinces of that great Nation, Polanders, Swiss, and ye all who compose the armies called French, will you fight for him who oppressed and despoiled you of what you held most sacred ? For him, who has dragged you from your lathilies and homes, robbed you of your:pro prty, your wives, your children, your native, coun try, which he has enslaved and will you fight against a NeliioU, generous like the Spanish, from whom you experienced the kindest reception, which 'loves you With the tenderest attachinent, and which at the zenith of its glory and dominion respected your rights, because it looks upon all, nien as bre thren:? Will fight against a Nation vrhich it is intended to sobdue and enslave, not by dint of arms, as brave men - would do, but uneer the cloak of alliance and friendship, by • fraudulent treachery, detestable and horrid beyond any precedeni' in his tory, even among barbarous nations ? We hope you will +test . Cume to us, and you shall meet with valour, generosity, and true 'hotiotir: We tender the same rewards to you as, to, the,,French; and we trust, you and your posterity will enjoy them in '4appit,es r end peace. • DUN JUAN BAUTISTA. EsTELLea, Fir*. Secretary. To JUAN BAUTISTA Du PEDKU, Second Secretary. Seville, May gg, 1808. A.DORESS TO THE PEOPLE OF MAD RID. PEOPLE OE MADRlD.—Sevillq has learned With consternation and surprise your dreadful catastrophe of the second of May ; the weakness of a Govern rne'nt, which did nothing in our favoor; which or dered anus to be .diretted against you, and your hetoie sacrifices. Blessed be' ye, and your memory ball sh ne immortal in the annals of our natiqn. • She has seen with horror, that' the authors cf all Jour misfortunes, and of our's, has published a Pro arnatio , in which he distorted every lail, aud ended that you gave the first provocation, while `was he who provoked you. The Qovernuient Ilms weak enough to sandion and order that Pro-- tin:nation to be circulated, and saw, with perfect. 4 • temp cure,trAAr3 of yoo put,tn death for irpre:- tended violation of law which did not exist. The French were told ltohat Paklamation, that French 41ood p'reuSely . *shed, was crying out :fir Vingeance ! Aid tlje'Spanish , blood, does not it cry out for ven geance !-•-that Spanish bloodshed by an artily which -hesitated hot to attack a disarthed and defenceless people; living undet their laws and their "King, and against whom cruelties were committed which "shake the human frame with horl'or. We,' all Spain, ex claint-the Spanish blood sheil in Madrid cries aka for revenge ! • Comfort ythirselVes, We are yoUr brethren ; we will' fight like you, until weperisb in defending ()M. King and Country. Assist us with yout:goud wishes, and your continual prayers offered up to the Most High; whom we adore, and who cannot forsake us because be has never. forsaken a just cause. Should any favourable opportunity offer, exert yourselves as valiant Spaniards, to shake off the inominious yoke, imposed on .you with the slaughter of so many of your innocent fellow-citizens, and ' with a perfidy harid beyond eptnple. bON „WAS: BAUTISTA ESTELLER, Firbt Secretary. DON JUAN PEDRO, Second Secretary. • May 29, 130 S. THE PROVINCE OF VALLADOLID.TO ALL THE PROVINCEs OF sit,-‘IN. NOBLE CAiTILIANS,---Tlle COMMMI foe of man kind was the traitor who tore from our bosom our amiable FEEDINAsn VIII and the whole lioyAl Fa- Mily. ''He,carries his atidacuy the length of holding on. to us °tiers of happiness and peace, while he is laying waste our country; pulling down our churches, and slaughtering our brethren. His pride, cherish ed by a set of villains who are constantly anxious io otfer incense at hisSintine, and tolerated by number less victims, who pine in his chtins, have caused hire to ccndeive the fantastical idea tit pioclaithing self Lord and Ruler of the world.' . There is no atro city which he does not commit to attain that end.— The respettable name of the great Emperor oflus- SIA ; the political dissimulation of the German Em peror ; the timorous condescension of the Holy Father of the Church ; the opinion of true French men, exposed more than others trl the severity of . their.iron Sceptre; in short, the most sacred taws-of humanity have been trampled under foot with the utmost contempt, to pronounce the detestable sen- < tence ofthe extirpation of the House of B6UKBON:. Shall all these °turves, all these iniquities,retnaiu uu punished, whip Sp,iniArds, and Castilian Spaniards, yet exist ? NQ, it cannot be. Your minds glowing with generous ardour for your_ religion and yea country, have resolved to renew the heroic scenes, in which Castilian valour shone with immortal, lustre, saved the Country, and consolidated our Re ligion. The stratagems which hitherto.secut i ed ic tories to the Tyrant, vanished the moment when • Europe saw with her own eyes the artful snares and devices by which he seduced the unwary until he had bent their neck under his yok.l. Let us shed the lasrdrop to resist that dominion. Let us all be come gallant soldiers, full of discipline and subordi nation. Let' us breathe but obedience and respe6.l • for the great man by Whom we are governed, one of thC best Generals of SpaitiOis Excellency lluv il G 4- Goan) DE LA CUERTA. 10 arms, Castiletos, to. aims ;' let us die' for our Country, our Religion, and our .Lit.;. S PA I itr. PRIVATE LATTER. BAYONNE, MAY 8, 1808..--This town 'has seen with an astonislvvt. from which it has not yet re covered, the cunclMn of a business which, in the fiat iiptance, presented so lavoui able tin apperance, by the arrival of FERDINAND VII. and what subs quently occcorred in the successive Sittings up to . the memorable COngress of the sth. When the new 'Sovereign arrived here, he was received at a league distant from B.iyorme by the PritiCeOf NEUFCHATEL, the principal Major Domo Duaoc, atnd ether person ages of consequence, the General's Aid-de-canlp, and a - brilliant Assemby, who acconipanied the King of SPAIN to the apartments designed for'him, in& at the residence of his Majesty an Imperial . Guard of Honour.. Hilf an hour after the - Einperor'' NAPOLEON arrived from his Palace of Marrac, ac companied by a 'numerous /suite of personages, to visit -FERDINAND VII. who immediately repaired to the gate to receive his Imperial ‘risitor. NAPOLEON alighted from his horse, threw his arms round his august guest, 'saluted him, shook him by t he hand, and assured :him of his sincere friendship.. After the first meeting, NAPOLEON c invited FERDINAND to dine with 'him at five-o'clock, but previously sending to him a state carriage, drawn by most beautiful horses, shewing to him then, and afterwards, every possible attention. So that the three first days of his arrival in Bayonne were days of rejoicing; and the penple really believed that it was intended in good earnest to honouvud respect the Royal Visitor. After kl‘ there Were a number of private inter views between FERDINAND 1111d.NAPOLEoN io,the first of which IslAPot.soti offered to him the Prawn of Etruria, and his niece in marriage. Some of these centerences were held in the presence of the First Minister, M.. ZEVALLOS, who distinguished himself upon the occasion, as will be remarked, in the Junta of the sth May—and at these conferences there was Mitch altercation. Subsequently to them, , ' however, FbIRDINAND was deprivt:d of his carriage and of his guard of honour, remainini , only with the COmmandant of his private guard, ;Jewish Officer' of the National Guard of Bayonne. From this moment the 'state of things ,became changed, and NAPOLEON now assumed towards the Prince a different and an angry acne& ; intimating to the Noblemen who accompanied FERDINAND that they should ansvver with their heads for the security of his person, which produced amidst them a sudden dejection. The'objecl of these conferences seemed to be that of gaining time for the arrival of GODOY, and of the King and Queen. But in the meanwhile NAPOPEON intimated to FERDINAND that the reign of the Bourbons was was at an end adding, that his and their 'interests were at variance, anti that she continuance of the sceptre in their hands could no lenger conduce . to the developement of his plans, and the vast political . objects be had in view. Notwith standing this, however, he pressed 'FERDINAND to accept the- kingdom of Etruria, and direetcd tho Grandees to comical:4;dt PrinCe to accede to his pro leis:ll—Ferdinand answered boldly, „I will not ac !. cepi the crown of,.Etruria, nor any Crown in the world, whilst nature gives me a rigliqul Claim to that of Spain. Nly only 'ambition. is to render my people happy ; and I woutd choose to die - in the Midst of aiy faithful Spaniards,' thoogh it were my ;. Este to wear the chains et servitude, and to' resign - Whatever woold most attach me to life." Ilepritich 7 in°. afterwards NAPOLEON with having deceived him in thus inviting him to visit France, he answered, if he had uot.come voluntary, be 'should have inade hith by force. - - •On the arrival of erotiby, - and the 'King and Queen, who were received and entertatili6d with..- the greatest magnificence, the 'Sitting, or Congress of the sth of May, was held, at which, NApo- LEON the First and CHARLES the Fourai presided; present, the Queen MARIA LoursA; the- hrfanta DON CARLOS, ,Goooy, the Grandees' of Spain, and the fire Minkter ZEVAL'LOS. The' Queen, trim; sported with rage, addressed her SOn Frtantw)stto, Traitor and wretch, for yeart you have been imagining and contriving the death of the King your father, but by'tbe vigilance. of the Prince of the Pt ACE, by zeal and loyalty, you have trot attain ed your QbjeEt . Neither you, nor those traitors who have served or co-operated ivith you in youc base designs. I tell you to your face, that you are my soft, and not the son of the King.. Yes, out haying, other right to the Crown,- than that' Which' you derive from your mother, you have ecingtlt . ter 'wrest it from us by force ; Ism I will and l • Consent that the Great NAPOLEON shall be the Ar bitrator between us, in favour of whom we retiotince • and cede our tight to the exclusion of our I call upon him to punish 'you and your associates . as traitors, and I commit the whole Nation 'to NA roLtoN."—NApocEorr put an end to this rage, by • suing.--.-No! I, give to .FERD-rtJAND the Crown of Naples, and to CARLOS, that of Etruria ' together with two of my Nieces in mar r i age . Let then) ' say; if -they' will • accede to this proposal"—To' this the Infanta Do& CARLOS bold)) , answered, ." Em peror, I was not two to be Iv King, but, Infanta of. Spain."—And addressing his Broilher, " And you my Brother, and King, speak, do not be alarm esl, defend your right, your are a Spaniard ; your Country will be ready to sacrifice. its blood for you and its independence. Be not alarmed ; let us go hence, though it were to , the latfold, or perpetual irnorisonment. For that Providence which direets a faithful nation, shall in 'due time visit his - ven geance upon a' faithless Emperor, who can thus , regard his own promise,and layasideevery semblance• of right ,and reason. Ah ! FERNANDO,, 'who robs , you of the Crown Of Spain ?' An ignorant hither, and infamims mother, and . her fai.ourite•GoOox. Ile, in trtith, is the traitor, the plotter of the death of your tither, the usurper' of the legitioiate rights of your family, the 'author nt the calarnity, 'and -an apostate in religion.—Who co;.fflieuatices these maehinatiotis tyranny of an Emperor, , to whom we Nave looked for prieettion.”—And , finished by saying, " ,NAroLeow, I am no Tenger ati fofint of Spain, But I was born one !" The Ntukter, ZavAtt.es, then bi;gan to • speak! Arid with a flowing eloquence; apostrophysing Go- Dolt, he said, " infamous•man, unworthy tile naum Spaniard; you. haVe sold your Country and y'ur • Prince. • But the same Emperor-who:mow nepeaus • pratesl yolca. de...1 - Hii within himself) ow pu nishment, and that 'of the parent King. Do ) , , •1 not behold, traitor,' .how he is taking F adVanta every moment of these eootentions ? ! could you have influenced the minds of these inisera ble parents towards their children ! But your error— your crimes—You ougJit to h;ssie done your duty to wards them, though it were only in return for har ing's:Wed your lite from the fury..ol the populace. Answer ! But I believe it impossible. , not so with tam Who am a loyal Spaniard, the second per- UGH in the natioh, and first subjeri of elle King. But , Zavki-Los has religiously fulfilled his duty ; aud.yotf have always trembled before ZEVALLOS.". hle con tinued:speaking thus for near an hour and a quarter ; • So that the Emperor knew, not 'what to an4wer in refutation of the arguments he advanced. In tins 'predic_,Ment, recurring to his authority, he ordered to be taken from , his presence this phenomettoh, isying.. "'twas impossible . that, the* earth shoUld subsisi a man of so much freedom before the Ern peror of the Fl ench. But I'll reward you for it." •NI.•ZEVALLos went out; and M. GomEz spoke af terwards. But it WAS finally decreed . by NAPOLEorf Ist. and CIiiMILES lVth. that FERDINAND the With should renounce the Crown• to his Father in trio space of six boors. Under this violenCe he was 'compelled to do it; but with certain retridions, which NAPOLEON Was ready to admit, and which he did agog* , to with CHARLES IV. The latter fivally consented to abdicate'and cede his Crown MNAPo- LEO,. who in return transferred it - to his brother, JOSEPH• I. at Naples, nominating, in the mean-' while, that the Grand Duke of BERG ' should be Lieutenant of the Kingdom. • DOC.UMENTS PUBLISHED BY THE PATRIOTIC CIIIUTS. THE KINGDOM OF GALICIA. GALICIANi, ".Yea have bewailed the 'fate of yoUr amiable Fr.autsrAND---the horior and the perfidy by which .1 he was seduced still burns in your bosoms. You fear danger to our holy religion, you look upon.our ex terior worship as annihilated, opon'Our altars pro- Lined, and the temples of the eternal and sole Oro nipotent converted into plaees of desolation by order of the Tyrant, who arrogates to himself the title of Arbiter of Destinies, .because he has succeeded in opptessing the noble French nation, without recol letting that be himself' is mortal, and that he only holds the power delegated to him for our chastise- mein.- You turned your eyes towards the MUnicipal Authorities, and you even insulted them, because they did not animate the flame of your indignation against the Euemy. The time is come--your King churn his assembled in CORTES, and re-assumed the sovereign authority, which, tinder such circum stances, devolves upon it, y right, and of which its lfirst exercise is in cottiplying with your wishes so oudly declared ; you have already a leader, and the most vigorous dispositions are taking---fly therefore' to arms ! and let us march to defend the cause of God, the honour of our Country, our lives and our l'ortunes! Will you be insensible to the voice of the Nation, and will you only be*found valiant in the streets of your Cite*? Now that twenty, thousand brne'tolciierl have taken up your car3e for will you refire to unite generodfi hatta : - lions ?, Will you hesitate to etnhndy yourselyes,with these masters of the military art Do you imagine', luisooth, that your .courage without discipline c;rtt be useful ?, Stici, ideas av,tunt !-,—llec , ..‘ive arms: ,these .herous; who are going to triarshtd you strongilt,,.9lo only from the .comm on Spaniara even- without being Galici,ins , ti :el a :k!,..f5 interest '.in . yorir Cause. The Kingdom sett & tis-,nn to you. You 'should obey their sovereign and, legi r timate authority. Let discord fly from . us; ive are .brothers, and are going to sactitict ourielves for the . same sacred cause. . : . . , • G-alicians enrol yOUiseliies frari 10 to ;to yearg of,age. It-is. better to die in defence of your reli a gion and firesides, and in your, own country, than 'to be led bound to slaiighterin order to satisfy *an dlnate ambition. The Frew% .Conscription coma Vrises yortit Il yOu do not serve you!' Kingdom, yoU will gillaed.'die in - the North, We lose nothing. Fur .eiren should we be unsuccessful, we shall have freed ourselves by a glorious death from the galling chains of ...a :foreign yoke. But there is 'no reason to fear this peril—Death kis alarms . only forPoltroo-$ —kind God; for whose cause we-are going to fight, will watch over us,,becanse, in the end, every, nioit,il has d determined measure, and we ought to 'trust it, his mercy, that when his wrath (which we so much deserve) appeased', be will Prot eel Slam kd7 and of your Holy Patron &Mit JAM es isnow ; let us follow it. " Asturians anckAlouese . 80,000 men enlisted, and alrvd.iy tinder aunt • —let Us go and relieve mil. hrethren, these intrepid mep. We shall thus save our country from becom• ing .the theatre of war. This kingdom, which halt assembled through your instance,'expeas it from you —this kingdom will rewarq those 'who distinguish themselves, with every thing in its puwcr, and ar ; conclusion of the war it will limped-iatety give j eau your discharge,,ind,eliable you Co enjoy the fruits of victory under the shade of the laurel, You will !lave w6n,. and consign to your children at your deetaie the o.otriple of your glorious deeds. f DOMINO° VALADO DE PAItoA, Sec." " Corunna,June 5, I80Et." ' , , The following is an Exrratt Of a Letter :-- WAiHIts.,ITON CITY, MAY• 12.—" The unbe comingetta,stisgusting scenes of the regi , :ide . FrencO. Convention were ref itively decencies to what *itnessed in the Congress on Sumnitty the 24th ult. The English Ltdies and G:tinlememt of St. Gles's and Billingsgate, might have seen the ii-rtbrmance., not . pply ,with advantage but to great improvement ,BloWgia:c4ded noise, stamping and swearing. Time mo4'vulgar abuse was 'expressed in the lowest , 04 You are a •9yro;,hant !" said one ; You are a rogue !" replied another, The voice of the Speaker was drowned . by the words thief, forger, traitor, cprispitaier, French spy, English psmioner, &c. In ,the .midst q t* tliiivotiltisioo,, the galleries were cleared ; but the next day, somn6 dozens of black' eyes, swollen fixes, and bro l k::n noses, in formed the Public of the secret transactions of klk:iet adivecitizens; the unworthy' Representatives of the American Commonwealth. " Not wit hilanding half a dozen of Supplements tn e Embargo Act, Mr. RANnotrh dedarki :n ,0:;r0s;--) hat 1, 90,,000 barrt4i ..9f41011.r ~ o uggled from , Efthimore alone;, and it is reported, that 40'1 times tho B,lkne quantify have found their way,, within these three knonths, to the Englisn„ French, and Spanish Colonies, particularly to ti; latter. 'Vermont, the people [cave retit3ed to sOb... ntit 'to _the. Embargo and trade as moat with ,Cenada, In Louisiana and Kentucky gun-boats have ' been taken trod burnt, and the Militia' iyo u l se d h y . the people ; ,'at'ik.l Government' bar . heed übl c d to overlook these 4 excesses: bad examples far, 00;0* States, already, ripe for insurreaion `or . prepared to revolt, The President is empowered kty the Con gress Co suspentr,'in _part or entirely, the Embargo A , ':7l, during rho - Acation. This power .was'giveo him hi ounsequence of the demand of the French Ambas,ador, who received dispatches front the FreOCh Islands, reduced great distre.s for want of provi sions. With the permission of Mr. .l,zyrsitsorr, veril vessels have been already clearea: out for Mar • tinico and Guadaloupe, under pretence of carryiii , „.., back American property. I ha;e, how , ”Ptir e British cruizors will prevent the efiefts of this Gallo- American plot." M we are alwa3's happy , in an opportunity uf justice to our gallant defenders, we readily insert the folliiwirig 'Letter from .t he (*rifleman who was lately our Minister at the Court of Vienna : R. „ Hotel, lune 21, tBOl3. I Imo been informed by a friend of mine, that he had lately :read an article in The Herald, copied from the Foreign Papers, accusing the Captain or the English Frigate; which Conveyed me from Trieste to Malta, of having been guilty of some great injus tice in regard to an Austrian vessel, which he had captured. I J not know what the charge is exat ly, but I am sure you will be glad to know the fact, especially as it will give you an opportunity of yin-. dicatiog the cliaratlel' of o:te of . the best anti most naive - Officer.; in our service, I . mean Capt. itMP EIiLL, of the Unitj. . Captain CAMPBELL arrived off Trieste to hiing me away on the /MI of March: He had. a Prize i t , tow (a small Te,inacola) when he anchored, and be anchored out of cannon shot. This Prize had sailed from Venice a day or two before, and Capt. CAME ZELL found her atsea.empty, thg crew having abni-, cloned her for fear of being made prisoners, as they were, When seen from the Unite, in the act of car rying on-air illicit trade with a blockaded port. s- soon , as Captain CAmPap.t. -bad cast an chor, General ZACH, the Governor of Trieste, came to ITIC with . a representation . _ of the case •of the up, fortunate proprietors of the vessel, imploring me o , state it to Capt. CAMPBELL, and to solicit the restora tion of their little property, which was all they had to live on. Accordingly I sent a message to Capt. Ca m BELI., by Mr. bAtv scoN,. our Vice-Consul, to this effect; but Captain •CAMYAELL, without waiting for any other inducement than his own good nature, had already determined to release the. vessel, and did in fact release her the very moment I came on. boarthiq .71)1s; Slr A Olin fact, and 19 the best answer to the . even jidst;hoods contained In the eleven lints, of which the French represontation cohskts. I am, .Sir, your very kiutuble Yervaut, ADAIR, I le, [l5, t• lit r ~