The Sun. — London, England, 1818-11-02 00:00:00

1 - am/wallet of 66 degrees forms at present the ot most limits Of northern navigation on'tlrst ." It is a well-established fact that the cold is 'much more intense on the eastern'than on'the Western coasts of continents and islands. ciceland furnishes a .corions instance , of - this 'fact-; the .whole eastern coast being a series of mountains covered with ice and -snow, and immense glaciers, moving downwards 'to the very se3 ; while the tooontai DS and the fiorAk or , firths on the west- ern side are generally, if not always. free from ice-;--- , but - what is still more extraordinary, the opposite coati Of Greenland in the -tame parallel of latitude and tour (tepees to the southward of It, and at the short distance of one 'hundred and fifty miles, is guarded from all approach by a per petual and interminable barrier of ice. In fact the ice-bergs and those vast fields of ice which float about on time sea, and are wafted down by currents into the Alan ie, are chiefly formed on coasts and in bay., in narraw straits and at the mouths of great livers. The whole coast of Sibe la is a fertile source of this supply. The multi tude of large rivers which fall into the polar sea, lmy carrying down ailuvial earth, have formed PuMtrOus expansive and shallow bays of fresh water, hich ,in the course of the winter, become so many solid masses of ice. As the sources , 61 these livers amid a great part. of their course ate in more southern latitudes, where they never freeze, the water they supply is, in the winter, dammed up near the mouth, and ice-bergs are formed, which, when broken loose, are dm ifta d out to sea. In the same intoner the field ice is formed in the straits and bays, anti on shallow coast's, which, when set *float in the sin log, is cat ried out into the sea . ; in ibis meittra:ion it is drifted a'eaui till heaped piece on piece. : end driven about,' it again .fixes itself among archipelagos of islands, on shallow , coasts, and in straits, bays and inlets. r .where each field .becomes a nucleus for an increased accumulation as in the straits of Bellisle and Bellying, for stance, and in every part of Hudson's Bay, down to time latitude of 50 degrees. One vast chain of field ice is usually found wedged in between the eastern coast of Greenland and Spitzbergen, in therlirection of north-east and south- ti est,tehieb, Os tike Summer advances, and particularly when the wind blows from - the inirthwke,d, opens in va lions places ; and when.shipshave passed through these openings to the northward, they have gene rally found the sea clear of ice. " If, therefore, the great polar basin should he free of laud, the probability is., that it will also be Thee of ice. It was the opinion of Frobisher, Davis, and most of the old and experienced navi gators, ti , t the deep blue sea does not freeze. 'This isould be to assume too much, as its suit face has freqnsutly been observed to freeze when not ag it a ted by the wind; but it' may he doubted whether a deep and extensive sea can be pernta ustoly shut np with ice. The almost perpetual agitation of the surface, and the increased tem perature of the water at great depths, and conse quently its diminished specific gravity, which will cause it to ascend, will probably prevent those immense fields and masses of ice from form ing, which are met with near - the land even in very low latitudes. It wits, at any rate, desirable fo ascertain how time fact stood in this respect, end whether it was practicable to reach the No..tb Pole ; its which case, there was no reason to doubt that it would also be practicable to proceed by that neatest route to Beimring's Straits The only expedition which had hitherto been sent out for the express purpose of advancing towards time North Pole, was that under the command of Cap tain Phipps; but the two vessels employed on this service having unfortunately got hampered and e nt a ngled in the shallow sea and among the islands on the northern and north-eastern side of Spitz bergen, at an advanced period of the season, it returned without making any discovery. " The case is different widi regard to the north west passage. From the very freqoeut attempts which have been made for its discovery, it is now known pretty nearly whereabouts such a passage, if it exists at all, must be looked for. It has, for iustance, been ascertained that there is no passage on the coast of America below the arctic circle ; but beyond this it bas not been ascertained whe ther this coast 'minds off to the eastward in a oont•innons line into Old Greenland, forming what is named MlE:a's Bay on the charts, or whether it does not turn in a cont tat conttaty direction to the west vtard, and tall in with the general trending of the mothern coast of America; which, from three • nearly erptidistant points, seen by Cook, Macken zie, and Hearne, maybe considered to rust within u degree either way of the 70th parallel of lati tude. " Many reasons have been assigned for the latter supposition. Time constant current that descends down the Welctime on the one side, and towards the coast of Greenland on the other; the logs of mahogany anti the remaius of the North Ame rican ox brought front time north-west by that current; the ice-bergs mhat come floating down ft OM the Itoll ; and the whale struck in the sea of Spitzbereen and taken the same year in Davis's Strait ;* these and time littler:harts painted on skins by the Indians, which, though without scale or compass, mark the inlets from Hudson's Bay with tolerable accuracy, and carry the coast without interruption to the Coppermine River,t are strong arguments in favour of a north-western corn politica t ion between the Atlantic and the -Pacific. _ _ " Indeed !behest geographers are now of opinion that Greenland is either all island or an 4rchipe lago of islands; and this is no new idea. Among the Burleigh Papers, in ti►e British Museum, is one on the subject of a north-west passage to cathaia in his Lot dship's own hand-writing, which begins thus;----' Considering Groynelande is well known to be an island, and that it is not con ji,ined to America in any part ; that there is no cause of doubte but that upon the North of Bac calans the seas are open,' &c. "'Phis supposed insularity of Greenland will most probably be determined by one or other of the ex peditions. It in the affirmative, the next question that presents itself is, whether an uninterrupted communication exists between the Pacific and the Atlantic. The simple fact of -a perpetual current • Quarterly Review, No. XXXVI. Art. VIII. -.one of these charts is in the Hudson's Bay House. In 'the Lansdowne Collection, Vol. c. Paper No. 4, en , kivrsyd, Mr. Greynfeld's Voiadgc, &c, Wang 'from the Pacific into Tlebring's Strait, and a perpetual current down the coasts of Greenland and Labrador into the Atlantic, tenders such a : communication 'extremely . probable; and it be comes almost certain, when we find the produc tions of the .shores Of the Pactfic.carried to the . northward by the first 'current and brought down into the Atlantic by the secontiN The join nail of Cook, Clerke, Glottof, and Kotzebue, establish this fact. And as we know, from. the Russian, the English and the Dutch navigators, Chat a westerly current sets along the coast' of Siberia and •Europe;frotn the Kovyina to the White Sea, it is probable that the water, in passing.throngh Behring's Strait into the Polar Sea, - diverges on each side, and that the other part of it,.following the trending of the American coast, gives rise to the current down the Welcome, as observed by Button, Fox, Middleton, and others. It must be admitted, at the same time, that although' a conionunicatiOnmay, and in all proba bility,does, exist between the two oceans, it by no means follows that there must also he found a navigable passage for large vessels ;• though it is not unfair to infer that, where large Mountains of ice can float and find their way, a 'ship may do the Saute. This, however, isthe..point to be ascer tain,d by the expedition) wider Captain Ross. While this Officer, with two vessels wider his orders, is employed in examining the -unexplored part of the east coast of America, to the north ward of 'the ar , ic circle, and in endeavouring to •pass along the northern s: , ore of that Colifineut to Behring's Strait, to Captain Buchan is assigned the task "of inquiring into the state of the Polar Sea to the northward of Spit zliergen. Should barb fail of success in the main objects of the ex- pedition, iron; both may at least be confidently expected ranch valuable information, and iin pro‘ement in the hydrography anti the. geography of the arctic regions ; as well as many important and itncresting observations on the atmospherical, magnet teal, aud electrical phenomena, which can not fail to. advance the science of meteorology ; and lastly, many valuable collections of objects in natural history, which inhabit a part of tie globe where few researches have yet been made in this branch of science. In short, trom the zeal and abilities of the persons employed in the arduous enterprize, every thing may be expected to- be done within the scope of possibility. Of the enter prize. itself . , it may be It oily characterized as one of the mcist liberal and disinterested that was ever undertaken, and every way worthy of a great, a prosperous, and an enlightened nation having. for its primary object that of the advance ment of science, for its own sake, without itny selti.h or interested views. On this account it has . _ justly excited the attention, and called forth the approbation, of maritime Em ope ; for it is well known that whatever new discoveries may be made, will be tor the general benefit td: twinkind ; and that if a practicable passage should be found to exist from the Northern Atlantic into the Northern Pacific, the maritime nations of Europe will equally partake of the advantages, I.vithout having incurred either the expellee or the risk of exploring it." ' LONDON JOURNALS. tErtom THE MORNING PAPERS OF THIS DAY.] [Morning Herald.) THE QUEEN. " hero, Light o Cinch, " The Queen still Colitiiitle3 to decline. Nei ther medicine nor repose have any longer tl►e •le:ast effect ; but the malady of the Royal sufferer holds on its course with obstinate and unabated virulence. The physicians have scarcely quitted the ante-chamlier since, Friday atternoon, and they have found it necessary to make almost hourly visits to their august patient. " This morn:ng, soon after the issuing of the bulletin, Sir H. Haltord left the Palace.for Carl ton House, to make a minute report of the state of her Majesty to the Prince Regent. lie re turned to the Palrrce at two o'clock. -• • " Prince Regent arrived this evening, at half-past six, and remains to dinner with the Princesses. Immediately on his arrival, H. IL 11. gave audiences to the Physicians, when they mule their evening report ; at which no amendment had taken place in the state of her Majesty.'' [Morning Post.] THE WAR IN INDIA. Nothing can inure strongly mark the determi nation, zeal, and foresight of the General Officer, than the following Letter from the Marquis Hastings to Lit ut•-General Sir Thomas Hislop : No. 41.] " Campnear the Goguer, Mareh.29, 1818. " have.the honour to acknowledge your Excellency's annunciation of your having taken the fortress of Ttieelmic. " The vigour and policy of yn►tr determination to reduce that place must necessarily meet my praise. It is an additional proof of the • judicious energy which has marked your• Excellency's- con duct throughout this service. " That such valuable men as those who fell on tin; occasion should have perished through an act of atrocious pe►fi:ly, augments my sorrow at their loss. Painful as it was to your Excellency to ex ercise severity in such a case, you have the conso lation of being satisfied that you have, by such an example, diminished the probability of much wanton waste of blood in future. " 1 hare the hollow. to he, with great esteem, " Sir, your Excellency's " Very obedient an( humble serv9nt, (Signet!) " HASTINGS." His Excellency Lieut• Gen. Sir T. Hislop, Bart. [CIRCULAR.] NEW CEO MNS.— We are authorized to contradict the statement that has been n.ade in several of the Papers, that by order of Government, the further issue of the new Crown Pieces to the public has been restrained, on account of the introduction into the die of the name of the Italian artist who executed it. There is no intention to restrain the issue, not• to make the slightest alteration in the die, which has received the sanction of the PRINCE REGENT'S Order in Council, to be used at the Mint for striking the Crown Pieces. A coinage of ITtlf Crowns, Shillings, and Six pences, is now carrying on, together with the Crowns, at the Mint, and the issues will be made to the Bank for the t4e. of the FOR. TIM SUN. 'UNITED STATES AND BRITISH COLONIES. MR. EDITOR.-1 know not whether to be niosi tsurptiird at the impudence or absurdity of the claims of the UNITED STATES ttlia Free Trade with, . . - . .• , the BRITISH WEST INDIES ; but tlo.'CollfeSi that .1 am thuelt surprized at the inattention of the London Journalists to rhis very itnpartant, and, at the same time, eimple matter -of fact qttestt9n— in shot t, as simple a question of Meunz and Tuu'n, between nations, as any case of trespass or pick- pocketing that ever came before a Jury ; at least as far as a rin - etion of national tights and pro perty can he supposed to assimilate with indivi- dual cases. Some rapers, indeed, have observed, that as England makes her own tisciel regulations, Ame rica has an equal right to do the same—a troth that cannot he denied—the tight we allow, but may still question the expediency. Every nation may do that for herself, which is not a direct in y to another ; and io so doing she may keep clear of actual hostility : but there are acts which may be indirectly hostile and injurious, though not reduceable to that precise point ; and it these acts take place without any apparent correspon dent advantage to the nation entorcing them, or it •they go beyond the strict bounds of reciprocity, in counteractiog previous restrictions, it is not unfair to•suppose that something, more titan a fair sense of national protection, and cat national justice, is anamigst the impulses to action. Japan shuts her ports op a general pt i nciple to all foreign commerce ; with a small exception, China does the stone. We question not their right ; but who does not despise their fogy ? Let it be remembered, however, that these Countries act solely upon their own internal principles, not upon those of exterior relations. The United States may do the same. They may shut their ports against all nations, destroy their own foreign ermine' ce, and confine their navigation to a coast ing trade. But if they exclude one nation in par ticular, without some lair and ostensible reason, such an act is more than an indirect act of hosti lity, and demands explanation: lf, however, that explanation is founded on unfair and unreasonable grounds, the proceeding becomes both an injury and an insult, unless we choose to do, as is often done in private life, give them a fool's pardon ! Bur, to leave generals, and come to particulars, let its see how the matter actually stands. Britain founds Colonies in North America, the East and West Indies, &c. maintains, anti protects them at an .inonettie .expense. They are her own farms. The settlers colonize upon that known principle. The Colonies are the property of the nation, in the aggregate; but the people are fellow subjects, not vassals, and private property is in violable. To enjoy the profits of her Own pro perty, Britain passes a Navigation Act, which confines the trade of these Colonies to her own shipping, and excludes all foreign nations, though she does not refuse to purehaze foreign produce fur colonial supply ; Foreigners so far reaping a 111 : 0fit from British Colonies, though Britato re tains the varying trade, thereby augmenting her N'avy,extendiug her commerce, securing her own independence and stability, at the same time co t iching and protecting the world ! During a long lapse of years, her Colonies flourish, inconsequence of her capital, her credit, her enterprize, and her power. It is true these Colonies arc interdicted from foreign trade, but they have every facility of trade with the Mother Country, and amongst themselves ; in which, mark we, the North American Colonies largely participated, having as free a, trade with the West Indies as the Mother Country possessed. It I go too far—" if the trade was not quite as free as that of the Mother Country—the - United States Mast not make the exception, for that would be a powerful argument against themselves is the very case in point. But, in the state of things described, the Bt i tish North American colonies choose to throw off their allegiance. They cease to be Blitish sub jects. Of course they become Foreigners, and come precisely within the exceptions of lititish Law, possessing no rights or claims beyond those arising out of Indrpentlence, or writteo Treaty. We find it convenient, however, to procto . e certain supplies from the ports of the Unlied States fur our \Vest India Colonies, when we might, with greater propriety, have encourag ed our own Canadian and Nova Scotian trade, not only giving large profits to the States, but even permitting a considerable portion of the carrying trade to be enjoyed by their shipping. 'lsis true we did this from. an opinion that it was for our own general convenience ; but it was still an in friogement of a general principle, acted upon by all Nations possessing Colonies ; and, therefore, in some measure, an indulgence, at least a 0011-• siderable source of • profit to the United Stages. But now to their present demands. I must -conies's that their laws and their explanations have been so wordy and so lengthy, it w as for some thne difficult to find their claims clearly expressed, though they could not fail to be understood ; but their recent explanation, in your raper a few days hack, speaks plainly. It is simply this, that the United States shall enjoy as free a trade with the thitish ll'est Indies, - to be specijically granted. by Art of Parliament, us is possessed by the Mother Country !!! Do yoo stare or start, Mr. Editor, whilst read ing this ? I do, I assure you, whilst writing it— for if this claim is founded in right or reason, they Lave an equal right to extend it to the East Indies, to Gibraltar, to Malta,—nay, to demand that the British Navigation Act shall be repealed as far as regards the United States of America ! ! ! Bot what is their alternative ? "Give us a free trade with your Colonies, or we shall stop all trade with them whaisoever."—lndeed ! and is this doing no more than they have an actual tight to do, witbout being accused of hostility ? Is not this a little beyond the acknowledged law of recipro city between Nations ? If America, indeed, pos !coed Colonies, she inigla establish reciprocal cuun- I t ter-testrictions; bat this goes far hypo(' that principle '! It is the impotent threat of a su f . schoolboy—the true chandler's shop ia" of g silly fellow, who refuses to sell his f 0 " -n ii candles and small coal,' in hopes of carrYiq it petty point at a parisli vestry—in, s hort, Sir./ bile Yankee jurispriulence, an;11 leave it to 0.01- ', ok The Morning Chronicl6•4\ • . 16P1 01155 ' —on!! THEATRICAL REGISTER. Performed on Saturday Night. THEATRE ROYAL, Dim RY•LAS e.—The Merchant of Are ° , Shyl tick, Mr. Kean ; Poi tia, by a Young Lady. After Past Ten o'Clock, and a Rainy Night. THE A TRE ROYAL, ICOVENT-GARDEN.—The Games ter : 13e!eur: 1, 19 Mr. Young ; Mt s. Beverley, Miss O'Neill. ,after vtri oc The Barber of Seville. Fra nce! ARRIVED-2 Dublin, 2 ‘Vitterford, I Flander, 1 Lisbon. Due-1 Sweden, 1 Hamburgb, IHo PRICE 0 F STOCKS IS 7 n 7 n; i? A: 77 r i tvzv i : Loluillcritt.. . 901 3. 3 per Cent. ite ; 1 1 " . 1 .6t 1 1 , 1 . 0 S per tent. Cons. 78 7; al India Bond • s ' s . ) 8 / 7 . 3 Cent.... B7 Exch. Wills, id... 19s ' - 17 ii 4 5 i p it e i rC C :::t t . s N. Ann. • 10 . 7 . i 9 14 e"s. furAcc"lit' 78141 n'V. HIGH WA'T'ER :s; ER AIAT LONO BRIDGE To.motit— 6. Morning, m inutes after G. Ev e ning, 2G minutes after THE SUN. •OLEM QUIS DICEKE FALSU3I AUDEAT ? LONDON, MONDAY, NOVEMBER 2, IS_l_B:._ HER MAJESTY.—The following Bu w issued this rooming :--- " KEW PALACE, Nmi'r' to " The QUEEN continues much the sal' e day as Her MAJESTY'S was yesterday. (Signed) " FR. MILMAN• " li. I-lALFOS9' of \lre received yesterday — the Paris p„perS Thursday last. Those of Friday, which we re ( 0 .. this morning, have not arrived. We give in 511 0 ther column from The illonileur the" stu tel9 .,, o l published t e s il l i e .:: a t i n r i f i r i s l e root a ( : )%f J 7el o til i tit t i r se n ss a idA l a , ya respecting is:tieicet suet gt t i l io i e e f : 11. : op i . 1 0 fitirs n i r s e o l f in t p h e e ria li l m i‘ l i me , r , je il s l t o y narch on the san e eve° :I H FRANCE and time Royal d F in a e n d iily " ! L a il ft e t :y: 41111(5°1 v ' ; private conversation with the King 101. 1 oc quarters of an hour, and then set ottt t° Sleep 0 .0 Sculls, ys The at P a l ti i s n . g not expected to arrive in the French e41)11° T o l f re P D Ru uk ss e ll of " N 'a V s st. ttoOre;j : ::lll: between the 15th and 20!hinst. fficl tlre We also give front The illoniteur (101 1 statement of the result of the secni%their scrutiny at Paris. The Candidates ` ver coS' reduced to two, namely, M. 13Esll'fderliAll STANT and M. TERNAUX, s e ri_ The f °rlli ve r lo a majority of one hundred and se ven T TY:::: 005 1::: ntopponentiiiaiitodisitcyr,n scrutiny iitilbeyuptmr,oascstei to take not obtaining 3 n 5 oil Tire official notice resp g e k c ec ti al t )n r i g laec i e t to° it n : °::: is followed by a letter from M. BELLA ivn , lec io rs ' dent of the Electoral College , to the 19 , 1 11 0 y: callingte upon a t either of those the lii scrutinies, particularto icv°lll°lle s, tt9f and fulfil the sacred duty which, al e lect°. ("/' imposed upon them. e of it h `c, ne l oti In the Departments, the Electoral Col.eg +- c! ,l, lianibaud, Mayor of Lyons, President), which blol u c i bo o to elect in the roont of M. de Fargues;der eased, b`Lpepartiocrief Canulle Jordan, who is already elected for Ibu ',tate ° t ) of l'Ain. The Electoral College of th e IM'a prei Jej l ' e i; Nord (the Cornicillor of, State Dupleix tle Dd . .? which has eight Deputies to elect, has chosen 1 " , o il, de Mezy the President, Revoire Vice-President,..: letiototr* Bode also Vice• President. There are five VePutleot, to be elected. The Members for this PcPartni fyforrl seats were vacate , l, were MNI. Beatissier Macho:be ivuer'e, Desmoutieres, de Brigade (re elected), CoPrrd's p ad . ' of ( Trevise, Dupleix de Mezy (re-el,.cted), 31' otootet, elected). '1 he Elector al College of 0° Pe t r 3e p r esi ti Landes, 'which bad elected M. Poyfere tie C er :',. c a rd° llll :gf has completed its Deputation, by electing ' u p ' epar tal eti t ), Viet-President. The Electoral College of th , p r esit leP o Basses Pyrirees (the Count de Grarnmont d: m. which had uric De,iutytu elect in the roan] ,c r yor of slo o w ile Baore, deceased, has chosen rl. Gesta s , S ur ' s * 11 0 C p. and Forests. The Electoral College of La \ i re Egoit i c ret pitted its Deptitati.in, by the e lect , oof :,, at iee• President of the Civil Tribunal of B o urbo n lat e, Ctil )(11( m . ERN AU X, :ell. one t heof c , t he :0 already 'stated, for the I)er irtinent " lett er, • a ls tta l (Paris), has published in the Jou" . 0 0, to 1 11 e cleci dOO tire English style, addre'ssed the ire fc # the fog himself to be a 7.(aluiii friend 1.0 je ocet of time lite , s, the liber t y of collie,t 0 b ii° spoli.ibility of !Ministers, & C. r . rtlsrer, erce Mr. GALLATIN', the Ainetican , of Id „01111le°(1°7 , Tre9tY r ec e ntly neeociated her e • OP Tt tt volS ith this country, arrived at 'l'l►e accounts from evening.tl 111 in s t t , rs t x t - o I t 3 1:c Cr Icl°Pilell e 9 .: : : :::::ttb-11 : :: 23d tilt, The same day ►t►e r ril3ce ' ' i ch °II id ' Gern►an rep iv N ICH give were tster n clie 9 to tx-la• ar The dcl►artwe 01 I., ► d 0 og--"c11 -ill As l,ritalcdesipal(tillAla.t IC tillcillie:, 10 Iliii itivil_ A . .. bY.~ Otlt Ist rrr, °et,' ip c cn r , s tert z Isa t ,, lt 11,; ki tid tat, trt Cl ir 4 . 0 *it! v i a v ess t s , l'lle t b,„ w,, %s ilt 11)e Chi' Ittt t gr, Ari a v N 11, v, i rate Alet kft e aiii Ty II %vi„) li te r ( 0 ,. 1 fog• teal T eti l' ,4 th at the i 4Aol Se Ti v att, 4r st 1 0411 tktil it I.