The Sun. — London, England, 1838-12-10 00:00:00

14 - NING THE NAVY. " j THE RIGHT HON. LORD MELBOURNE. Merehi stoun H a l l, Horn Dean, April 27, 1838. th e I LORD,-The accomp an yi ng letter was wr itt e n t o ago yresent Lord Spenser (then, Lord Althorp) some years o f His Lord s hi p was tn , :ich pleased with the generality my observations, but was averse to put himself forward 4,ol,ee..subject. 44 ; to forward it for your Lordship's consideration, 4 ' l 6 _ I trust you will give it a patient perusal. Other Z s are making such exertions to improve their navies, ..pe establish 44 t 1 a systematic plan of manning them, that it ' t r o ars to me absolutely necessary that this country should innething if we are to retain the dominion of the seas. p ra ` t e gisteri ng the seamen has been lately brought into Ar l ee, but to do good it must be carried further. o v our Lordship will observe that my object is to oblige p el , Y b oy who follows the sea to serve an apprenticeship in ho st ; 3 ,e l of war ; by so doing, at the commencement of Cx er l ! t ies you would man the fleet with experienced and yolltZsed seamen, who, having served in the navy in their Al l i ch Would not have the same aversion to the servic d e 1,1 10 thei majority of merchant seamen now have, an w neo pressed into the service, would be totally un -etplined. ty, r n he re would no doubt be considerable 'difficulty in car oo. i f s uch a measure, because it would appear to encroach to th u : e liberty of the , sub.i?.:et in peace ; but it, only amounts h er 's, that the country being desirous of obtainin g the f 0 „' seam en in the world, have decided that, instead o j 3 servin g all their apprenticeship in the merchant ser a st op Part should be served in a ship-of-war. The first p re tcewards carrying the whole measure would be by ap- Po o r ,: h t * ei ' ) g in merchant ships all boys brought up in the eouij u scs, and th en t rans f err i ng th em t o t h e navy. There Pubii„" e 11 0 hard s hip i n t hi s . Th ey are brought up at the ses, le :" e xPense, and th e p u bli c sure ly h a v e a r i g ht t o th e i r ss,..es f ora gi ven t i me , an d t h ey wou ld ma k e as goo d i t e ritices as any other boys. "" ,„ g e 2 d and 3d o f A nne, cap. 6, an d t h e 4t h o f A nne, p. t s , 4B , entitl e d " A n A ct for the Encouragement and in tor of Se amen , and for the better and speedier manning alajesty's Fleet," is an excellent foundation for what re r t°l3 "e to your L or d s hi p . B y t h at A ct masters o f e hant ships are obliged t o take parish children at th e If thirteen. lam not g aware that it has been repealed, I a PresUme th a t th e g uardians have now the power ; butaml' no means aware bow it is to be put in force. 0 " shy ould p ropose to y o ur Lord s hip to amen d that Act, , 0 bl' ige the parish boys to go t o a s hip• of-war, after , t i ..°lll g serv e d a stated time in the merchant service ; and ‘° Poor Law Commissioners should be authorised to ap prentice them out ; and if that is begun at once, in a few years ther e will be no want of seamen. 15 It would be necessary to have receiving ships at the 4 r i neipal ports, and to th ese ships the guardians of the t, frerent Unions should sen d the boys, and as vacancies lok place in the merchant vessels, they should be bound PPrentic e s. Thi s wou l d not only relieve the Unions, but would make useful members of society of boys at pre *tent we d o not k now what to do with, and be the first step o manning the navy without impressment. Severali of th e ot h er plans I propose can be accom "slt ped by the Government without going to Parliament. has always appeared to me extraordinary that differ ent Gove rnments, who must know the difficulty of manning t : l 7 fleet i n th e event of war, have not, during a long peace, ''en any step to do them away. tip~ he g to assure your Lordship that I have no other m a: In addressing the Prime Minister of this country than tei9nsiderable anxiety for its safety, which I conscientiously l eve Will be it: imminent danger in the event of war. I have th e h onour to remain, Your Lordship's obedient servant, CHAS. NAPIER. TO present should be liable to serve the King ten years: in the event Of War. - • All apprentices actually embarked, after completing their time in the merchant service, should he obliged. to NA-Ve one year in the King's service before they could be received as seamen in any merchant ship ; and they should be liable to stave the King nine years in the event of gar. 4th. All boys now entering the merchant service should serve four years' apprenticeship in a merchant vessel and three years in the Navy, before they could be registered seamen, and received in a merchant ship ; and they should be liable to serve the King for seven years in war. sth. A bounty should be given to the seaman when called upon equal to what is given to the sailor and marine 6th. Should a seaman re-enter for five years, he should re ceive another bounty ; his pay should be increased one fourth, and at the expiration of that time he should have a pension of 9d. a-day. 7th. Should he enter for five years longer he should have another bounty, and his pay be increased one-third his original pay, and he should then be entitled to a pension of a shilling a-day. Bth. When serving abroad he should receive part of his pay, and be allowed to go on shore and spend it. 9th. No man should be allowed to ply as a waterman, or use the sea in any way who had not served his time in the Navy. 10th. No man should be allowed to command a coasting-vessel who had not served his time. It would not do to carry that system to merchant ships in foreign trade, because they require more education, and a superior class of men are necessary to com mand them, but they should be obliged to find a substitute. 11 th. Preference should be given in all the dock-yards, to artificers who have served their time in the navy—this would include sail-makers, rope-makers, riggers, and police men, B,:e. 12th. All the maritime districts should be exempted from the militia, and their quota drawn for the navy ; and when the militia was called out, they should march to the seaport towns, and be put on board their respective ships immediately, no imprisonment in tenders or guard-ships should be allowed, which would at once disgust them with the service. This arrangement would amply supply lands men, but as the militia are not obliged to serve abroad, it would be necessary by some bounty or other regulation to make up for that difference, though I believe, generally speaking, the sea service would be preferred, particularly if the horrid system of confinement is never again resorted to ; the same advantages should be held out to these men for their services, as to the seamen. 13th. The pay of the first class petty officer should be double the seamen's, the second class, one-half more. 14th. The warrant officers' widows pensions (which never ought to have been reduced), ought to be restored. I shall now state to your Lordship the regulations, rela tive to regulating seamen, which I proposed to Lord Mel ville, ❑nder the signature of a Post Captain, shortly after the conclusion of the war, and without which, I fear it would be impossible to suppress the present mode of impressment. Ist. Appoint in all the sea-ports of the United Kingdom Naval officers as Captains of the port, to register the sea men sailing out of them, and make them all liable to serve a certain time in the Navy when required. 2d. Fix the number of seamen and apprentices for each merchant ship, according to her tonnage, and let the pro portion be large in time of peace. 3d. Prohibit masters of merchant-ships embarking sea men without a copy of their Register, describing them, &c., and which, by way of security, should be kept by the master. 4th. Each merchant-ship to have a certificate from the Captain of the port, of the number of men embarked, and none to be shipped afterwards. sth. In order to avoid confusion, and to insure the sea men returning to the port from whence they sailed, they should be engaged to complete the voyage, and half their pay kept in hand till completed. 6th. Should a seaman die or desert, a certificate should be obtained from the Captain of the port (or, if in Foreign port, from the Consul) at which such death or desertion took place ; or if the death happened at sea, the first port touched at afterwards ; and the register given up, together with his pay, to be immediately remitted to the Captain of the port from whence the vessel sailed. Should he have died, the money should be, of course, given to his friends, but should he have deserted, to Greenwich Hospital. 7th. Should a seaman insist on his discharge before com pleting his voyage, his register should be given up in pre sence of the Captain of the port, or Consul if at a foreign port, who should certify the same in his articles, and any other ship that was not complete should be at liberty to embark him, receiving a proper certificate of embarkation. The Captain of the port should investigate the case, and if the seaman had been ill-treated, his whole pay should be given. 7th. But if, on the contrary, half should be forfeited to the owners. THE RIGHT HON. LORD ALTHORP. Rowlands Castle, May 1829. te ktie Lord,—l conc l u d e, b y t h e remar k s your L or d s hip le Ate On the su bj ect o f i mpressment w h en t h e N ava l Esti teed a were before the House, it is a subject that has occu at ,„Y °ll r attentio n , an d th at y ou a r e no f r iend to a measure e oere mee dis grace f u l to a free country, i n j ur i ous to i ts com thillite; and cru e l and unjust in its execution. I do not ao 41 .. 4 can entirely b e suppressed, but I believe it may be A ,rh modifi e d as to d epr i ve i t o f i ts wors t f ea t ur es. ee tt ,:,' c ountries, with th e exce pti on o f America, resort to a or t r degree ofcornpulsionto provide seamen forthe defence State. N o coun t ry , h owever , but England, employs tiftli'lelent and crue l measure o f i m pressment, the execu ters 1 3 W hich being entrusted to so many different charac 41wa'r ~ .4 . l llu ni n more oppressive than the Legislature are ele " 4 . France, the next great maritime Power to our raae e nlPloys compulsion ; but it is done in so regular a co pe u er, that there is really no great hardship in it, and no elie tt rlnce of force whatever. In that country every mer at,ad b ft s ,," i P is obliged to embark a certain number of seamen " I tate j 8 ; and they all know full well that they owe the m an s a certain servitude ; and, indeed, no man can coin- All th a merchant ship w h o h as no t serve d i n th e n avy. at t i t .. oB e men are reg i s t ere d b y t h e C omm i ssary o f M ar i ne ar e different sea-ports, and before a ship sails the crew toj e 'nstered by him, and the Captain furnished with his s j• d' e9nipage ; and he cannot afterwards either enter ku eei l sebarg e a man without his knowledge ; they also ar e e v s e their wages before him, and all complaints th e i'aenined into on the spot. When men are wanted for ete fte ,'nts' service, all those who have never ser ved, or t n v o e t ehipt'sicted their time, are discharged from the ir re spective i to the ' their passports given them, and they are or dere d tit tf ea rest naval station. This is impressment in every s ense ar e e word, b u t it is a milder way of doing it—these men fte ft T 4 hunted b y p ress - gan gs, and torn from their ships and ;hi' ' e a like f e l ons ; t h ey are s imply discharged from their th e 8 ' and as it i s i mposs ibl e t o find employment in others, re Y v ery contentedly go where they are ordered. If they . tre Ate tt ! l on shore, they run the risk of being found out, and ou r " as deserters, which is not one bit more severe than neia lst ern ; for if a pressed man deserts, he is just as to a t° Punishment as if he entered. I shall now point out ts4 e ur Lordship our system, on the first breaking out of me>i, 4 ncl When it is de c ided to grant press-warrants. The e tteer of 'war fit for se a are o r de re d to proce ed in the tracts k ee -ft "ur homeward-bound ships and lay violent hands on all ebi fit for se rv i ce , l eav i ng ; bare sufficiency to tike the 14 0;; Iti ta Port : many of these men are returning fro m . long 4 aT et e s , in hopes of seeing their wives and families, a nd . ee d - ng with them their hard-earned wages. Some Capta ins k es e aveur to get notes for their pay, which the generality o deth i te rs are very unwilling to give, and some make as many elie t ; eti nns as they can, well knowing that there is little eith,: e of hearing of them hereafter ; other Captains are te en - too thoughtless, o r t o o impatient to wait for settle -44,64, or a strange sail may heave in sight, which they are ts ua n ns to ch ase ; an d t h e men are h urr i e d away, and must is k t ii t ° chan ce t o rece i ve th e i r wages h erea fter. When the ship the 411 a comes into port, completes her own crew, and turns Pat over to the flag-ship, from whence they are drafted )41.Zerent ships, and sent off to the East, West In di e s , )411 tnterranean, or wherever they may be wanted ; those J e , e (/ received notes for their wages dispose of them to the a.,i t " h a for half their value, and those who were hurried away ° nt settlem e nt s , l eave th e i r w ives and families to starve. th e ,,, ° , 4 are made of rough materials, it is true, but still "ave some feeling , and their families still more ; and your net "IP can easily conceive how these feelings must be th e r aged by suc h s h ame f u l treatment. On the arrival of ma merchant ship in port, most of the remaining men * e t heir escape to avoid the press - gang , leaving th e i r es ' , es behind ; th ose th a t remain, if good for anything, t a k e n urried on b oar d the tender, and the vessel is left to be A n care o f b y t h e mas t e r, mate, and apprentices. ` lll this, I h ave no d ou bt, will appear very hard to your 111 12 : 1 , t( ! sh iP , but it is nothing to be compared to what takes Th, , n the seaports on the first issuing out p ress-warrants. „-• i a general sweep of everybody is made—seamen, itiai 4 : ( n.en, tradesmen, &c., it matters not , al l are hurried c en tninatelY on board the tender, and confined like 11 4 , - L ea in the press-room. If a e ife wants to get rid of her Ar es an d , a father of his son, or a son of his father , th e ttf' gang are always at hand to accomplish it. The m en s e °l' service are p ac ked off as fast as possible to the diffe fs:t Ports, to prec l u d e t h e p oss ibility of obtaining their of e j i l°111 ; and nothing but an Admiralty order, or a writ Pr e 2 6 , e ns corpus, can release them. The more and n o kiC e n by the gang, the more credit they get ; an th e , ~Ping slaves on the coast of Guinea, is more infamous ii i t o ne r system followed in the seaports of England. St u d : `e to our Legislature appear to have very little of th e the subject, and have been satisfied w ith the opinion le naval men in office, who found the system worked a nd saved th em an infinity of trouble ; and as they b as e never been hard pressed on the subject, no attempt a yet b een made to change it. At tiv the conclusion of the war a pension of 9d. a day was to " t ° seam en who had served 14 years, and a shilling a t h he _ s e who had completed a service of 21 years. After l ibee ° l rt time the Government found they had been too ab o ii 4 ,l,' and the pension of 9d. a day for 14 years was Tced• The shilling for 21 years' service still exists. t k i n ere can be no doubt that men who have served a cer terii numbe r of years in the navy will come forward volun 3'ea,rg t° complete their services ; but the pension, after 21 a ft ,;' will have no effect in inducing youths to enter the eal °Ul he ti me i s muc h t o o distant to enter into their far fti; at ions ; they a r e much too thoughtless to look so ehaad' parti cu l ar l y i n w ar, when the pay of the mer /t i lt is so much higher than the Ki ng ' s . ali a li avi ng Pointed out the evi!s of our present system, I ap p l ie d Proc ee d to s h ow th e r emedies that ought to be car t c e ' and which I d o no t think would be very difficult to ` nt° effect. v t • All the seamen and apprentices should be registered 2 1 ;t e from di ff ere nt ports %%hence y " All seamen who are out of their apprenticeship at Sth. Should any master embark a seaman without a copy of register, or a registered seaman without the know ledge of the Captain of the port, he should be liable to a severe penalty, and no indulgence shown. The above regulations would render concealment next to impossible, and the Admiralty would be in possession of the number of seamen sailing out of the United Kingdom, which would enable them at the commencement of a war to call out the number wanted, beginning with the youngest and those who had never served. The Captains of the ports would then order them to be discharged into men-of-war, sent to receive them, and they should as soon as possible be conveyed to their proper ship, which should be left to their option on arriving at the port to which they were destined, and they should not be kept like prisoners in a receiving ship, which would at once disgust them with the service. Men-of-war, on falling in with merchant ships at sea, should on no account whatever be allowed to impress their men. the whole should be regulated on their arrival by the Captain of the port; all appearance of force ought to be avoided, except rendering it impossible for the seamen called upon to get employment in the merchant service, which I am of opinion would be quite sufficient to bring them for Ward ; some might hang back till their money was gone, but I do not think a sailor would live or find em ployment on shore any length of time. Your Lordship will observe that the plan I propose would oblige any man, on entering the merchant service, to become a King's seaman for a certain period of years. Ido not apprehend it would at all discourage men following a a sailor's life ; there would be no unjust compulsion, at least it would not appear so, and as all would be equally treated, none would complain ; those who had served their time in a man-of-war would enjoy their pension, and put themselves at ease in a merchant ship, without any fear of impress ment ; and when too old to go to sea, would enjoy a com petence among their friends, and their comfortable situa tion in their declining years would render them grateful to their country, and would be the means of making parents send their children to sea, as a certain means of procuring them their bread in their youth, and a comfortable retire ment in their old age ; and if the seaman's life was amelio rated when serving, I have no doubt but the time would arrive when the Naval Service would become the pride, in stead of the detestation, of the lower orders. I have the honour to be, my Lord, Your Lordship's obedient servant, CHARLES NAPIER. THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY, DECEMBER 10, 1838. NAVAL REFORM. TO THE RIGHT HON. LORD JOHN RUSSELL. MY LORD,—I address myself to your Lordship, on. the present state of the, Navy, not only as the Secretary for the Home Department, but, also as a sound constitu tional statesman. The feelings and opinions of naval offi cers have been plainly evinced in recent letters from a Flag-officer, and by Captain Napier. A fatality appears to have attended every Government in all naval affairs ; but, by an energetic and judicious reform, the Royal Navy would soon regain that high tone, and commanding posi tion, which was wont to be the glory of Britain. The truth is, my Lord, the Navy requires an improved system, and it needs but a glance from your Lordship's eye over her list of officers, to convince you, from the immense number of aged warriors in every rank, and the utter stagnation of promotion, of its immediate necessity ; and as your Lord ship is well aware that neither the Universities, the Church, nor the Rotten Boroughs, ever reformed themselves, so the Admiralty will not be found to reform the Navy ; and until your Lordship forms a Committee of the House of Com mons, and calls before them officers of every grade, it will appear a mystery to the Government and the British na tion, how a kingdom, relying entirely for defence, and the protection of her extensive trade and numerous colonies, on her maritime strength, possessing a brave and humane body of officers, with at least 200,000 seamen, have been unable to man one of the finest fleets in the world, without the barbarous expedient of impressment. My Lord, it has been stated, that in the present day, Magistrates would cot back the warrants ; but much as I abhor and detest impressment, I should hold it a solemn duty, under the existing law, as a Magistrate., to enforce its execution. Alth o ugh I would use all my political influence to urge the representatives of the people to erase from the Statute book so barbarous a n enactment, being well convinced that it is the root of all evil, and ever has been the primary cause of disgusting the seamen with the Royal Navy, yet it would be an evident breach of the Magisterial oath to refuse compliance with Orders in Council. My Lord, from principle, I have politically supported the present Go vernment, believing their inten tions to be for the happiness independent of pro s p e rity of the nation ; as I am p erfectl y of all party, both in feeling and circumstances, I hope ever to be influenced alone, by patriotic mo tives. My Lord, there is a haplessness pervading the officers of her Nlajesty's Navy, of which your Lordship c an form no co nce pti on . When your Lordship sees on the Naval List the sea Captain of thirty-three years' standing, after a life of nearly 50 yours in her Majesty's service, with out any hope of promotion, except by another Coronation. which. God forbid we shoiald‘ ever behold—Commander: and Lieutenants oP from 30 id 40 yOaes, MatOs and Mid shipmen who have passed their examination for twelve or fourteen years, consequently have beer in the service 18 and 20, without obtaining their hard-earned commissions, can • your Lordship wonder at the depression which extends through the whole profession, from the Ad miral down to the powder-boy ? My Lord, the very regu lations are humiliating. Twenty-three years of peace has effected a mighty change in the intellectual attainment of officers and men ; and a comparative view of the two great arms of defence, the Army and Navy, with a retrospect of the hardships of their past lives, in comparison with their fellow-subjects, will at once convince your Lordship of the &anger and injustice of persevering in regulations which are mortifying and distressing to the feelings of of ficers, lowering them in the estimation of their fellow-men, and placing the naval service lower than any other under the Crown. My Lord, every officer now living, who en tered the army in the same year that our senior Captain entered the Navy, is either a Lieutenant or old Major- General, while the only honour that officer has received for his gallant conduct in India is his name ! printed in a larger type, that his juniors may see without specta cles the reward that awaits bravery and length of ser vice. It is true the Navy cannot purchase commissions. Before the Reform Bill promotion rested almost exclu sively with the Minister of the day, and the Representa tives of rotten boroughs ; at the present time it emanates principally from the House of Peers. Merit and long ser vices have but little prospect. While this system continues there can be no hope of an efficient Navy. My Lord, the Navy List enumerates 270 Captains, 260 Commanders, and 1,500 Lieutenants, who held their present rank at the end of the war, 23 years since, and who have devoted the best of their lives to the service of their country ; scores of whom, from hardships, wounds, and age, are totally unable to serve in their present rank ; and, until the same boon is granted to them that has been yielded to the Engineers, Artillery, and Marines (who never purchase comtnissicns), it is in vain to expect the officers of the Navy to be satisfied with their position, or that they will encourage others to enter a service at present the very worst provision that a father can recommend to his son. The only mode of regenerating the Navy will be for your Lordship to come boldly forward with a plan which must be ultimately adopted, or adieu to England's naval glory—of the Government redeeming the commissions of officers willing to sell, who held their present rank in 1815—giving grants of land to those officers desirous of settling in Canada, whose talents and energy will be eminently useful to the Mother Country, promoting the remainder of that class; advancing all Midshipmen who have passed their examination more than four years; rescinding that most un just regulation of placing Admirals on the retired list, be cause they have not served a certain time, when on appli cation they had no interest to obtain the command of ships ; ensuring promotion to all officers who have served actively for a given period; abolishing impressment; enlist ing for a limited time, with mild and humane regulations, granting as high a rate of wages as can be obtained in the merchant service, and pensioning sailors after serving four teen years; thus, my Lord, you will raise the moral stan dard of the naval world, and place it in a position suitable to this age of intellectual improvement. The day is past, my Lord, when Cornets of Dragoons can with safety be Lords of the Admiralty ; or, when naval Lords of the Admiralty, in their place in the House of Commons, can have the assurance to tell the people of England, that it is necessary to maintain the honour of the Navy, by posting Aristocratic boys. It would, my Lord, he a dangerous experiment to allow a Russian armada to approach our shores, and by a coup de main surprise us in profound peace ; yet, should that Power act so dishonoura f,ly, I have no doubt that the British Navy, though now writhing under neglect and injustice, would instantly come forward to a man ; that officers would serve in any rank, where they would be useful, and that every man would glory in repelling a barbarous enemy, and teaching them a lesson they would never forget ; like lions they would rush forth to battle, the experienced would instruct the youthful, Captains of ships would become captains of guns, and in a few weeks 100 sail of the line would be afloat. Sailors bear no malice to their rulers, they love their Queen and country ; cherish then, my Lord, this generous feeling, and urge the House of Commons to do them jus tice, and with God's blessing, we may defy the machina tions of combined Europe, so that the instant an enemy approaches our shores, by one mighty effort their doom would be sealed. I remain, my Lord, Your Lordship's obedient servant, D. L. St. CLAIR, R.N. Staverton-court, Dec. 7, 1838. TO CAPTAIN NAPIER, R.N. " But oh protect the hardy tar Be mindful of his merit, And when again you're plung 'd in war He'll show a daring spirit." Sir,—l doubt not that you have many times listened to the musical words composing the above verse, when of a fine night the watch whiled away the four hours under the lee of the hammocks, for from the substance of your letter re garding the wrongs of the navy I find you have not forgot ten them. The perusal of that letter has afforded me great satisfac tion, but when I reflect on the rope of sand which you wish to twist into some sort of consistency, I feel sad forebodings that no generous feeling for the general good actuates us, but a servile, truckling, debased ;and jealous selfishness pervades (with a few honourable exceptions) all grades of our service. There are numbers of timid and cautious officers amongst us, who linger astern in the wake of profitless expectation, and useless hope, vainly imagining, by patiently sufferi ng , or meanly cringing, to gain that redress, which a more manly and above-board conduct would be sure to obtain. Such as by stating with all proper respect our wrongs, and praying for justice and redress. It is not yet too late ; call on all from the truck to the keelson, to come forward and pull together —we should no longer delay ; now's the time, now's the hour ; we are in a crisis, and yet keep laying on our oars in a state of in decision which must be fatal to our cause. We have too long remained in this state of slavish expectation and inferiority, in comparison with the other arm of the service. We have been bitterly aggrieved and insulted. To our own exertions, and an appeal to all who are just and generous to assist us in our search for justice, but more strongly on our own united energies, we must particularly rely ; as without union nothing can be done. Even the boy who wished to catch the bird, knew full well he should exert himself to salt its tail before he could secure him, so let it be with us ; follow up the Ministry and Admiralty with all the salt boxes in the fleet, filled with petitions of our wrong and our claims for redress. Should they be still callous we will invoke the generous and powerful press to assist us in our struggle to obtain justice. Surely our demands are not exorbitant. We claim not more, nor ought we to have less. Equality with the other service in all corresponding ranks ; equal honours (when equally deserved); equal right to promotion, either from length of service or severity of wounds, and distinguished merit ; and that our commissions should be signed by the hand of our Gracious Sovereign. These are our claims. Do they amount to the sha dow of arrogance ? Are we sot equally Englishmen shed ding our blood in the same cause and frequently in the same field ; why then should we not be equal in every espect, so far as relates to military distinctions ? I s a y we are bound not to suffer our efforts to sleep, until we g iin this equality of rights ; we are not to mind on what pretext or excuse we are refused them, as no part of the na tion doubt that we have equal claims to the pro tection of our common country. To you, Sir, I think the gratitude of the service is most justly due, for coming forward and nobly exposing the petty ty ranny, and the false promising system practised by suc cessive Admiralty boards from the time of the Scotch succession to the present moment (by-the-bye it has been said that the "old gentleman's court is paved w ith g ood intentions and plastered with false promises," can you inform me if it is in any way like the First Lord's levee room ? If so, all 1 can say is, that his Satanic Majesty keeps a bad fire). You say you dislike anonymous writers, se do I ; but such is the system, that hundr eds of gallant officers can only by anonymous writing make known and expose this incubus, this night-mare of p atronage llan t feel that that is fast riding down the once ga y and gallant spirits of Britain's pride and glory. How sore l y do we that bitter sarcasm repeated by many less no ble animals than sea-gulls, " the navy is a rope of sand." Y ou, I trust, will have the hon our t o conver t this metaphorical rop e into a chain cable of union, causing all selfish views and petty jealousies to be cast into the locker of oblivion, and induce one and all to heave round with a will for the ge neral good. That you' may succeed and destroy the " Hydra" which has so long poisoned Britain's wooden walls, is the sincere and fervent wish of Your great admirer, JACK LANGRIDGE. Boulogne, Nov. 1838. _ A young woman, servant in a family at Lambeth, was received into Guy's Hospital at an early hour on Fri day morning, dreadfully burned, her clothes having acci dentally caught fire while attempting to remove a tea-kettle from the side of the grate. She is not expected to recover. on Friday afternoon a child named Askett, who resides with her parents in George-street, St. Giles's, was so rmirh iajurcei from a similar occurrence, that she lies in a preca rious state. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDson, SUNDAY.—This morning the Queen, With her Royal visitors and suite, attended Divine Service at St. George's Chapel. Her Majesty came in a close vs in f, car riage, accompanied by . her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, Lady Tavisteca, and Lady Errol. The service was . sanctus and responses, the Hon, W, Ashley and the anthem, , t Holy, Holy, Hallelujah," (Handel). The Rev. J. Gore read the service, anct the Kev. Dr. Goodall and the Hon. and Rev. E. Moore officiated at the altar ; the latter Divine preached the sermon from the 9th chapter of Ecclesiastes and 10th verse. Mr. G. J. Elvey, Mus. Bac., presided at the organ. Viscount Melbourne arrived this exening. The following personages will form the Royal dinner party : Her Royal Highness the Duchess of Kent, Baro ness Lehzen, Lady Tavistock, Lady Mary Stopford, Lord and Lady Errol, the Hon. Mrs. Brand, the Hon. Miss Pitt, the Hon. Miss Murray, Viscount Torrington, the Earl of Albemarle, Colonel Buckley, Sir F. Stoven, the Hon. C. A. Murray, the Hon. Colonel Cavendish, and Mr. Brand. Mr. Stevenson, the American Minister, had an inter view with Lord Glenelg on Saturday at the Colonial-office. Mr. Mills had an interview with Viscount Melbourne on Saturday in Downing-street. Mr. Justice Haliburton, the Rev. J. Archbell, Mr. Hart Davis, and Mr. Reideger had interviews with Lord Gle nelg on Saturday at the Colonial-office. Mr. Maitland, from Montreal, with despatches from Sir John Colborne, Commander of the Forces in Lower Canada, arrived at the Colonial-office on Saturday morning. The Turkish, Austrian, Russian, and French Ambas q tdors transacted business on Saturday at the Foreign Department. Despatches from Sir E. C. Disbrowe, Minister Pleni notentiary at the Hague, were received yesterday at the Foreign-office. Despatches, dated the 19th ult., were received on Sa turday from the British Minister in Greece, Despatches were received yesterday at the Colonial office from the Governors of Jamaica, Barbadoes, and the other West India Colonies. FASHIONABLE INTELLIGENCE. ARRIVALS. The Right Hon. Sir Charles Grey, at the Clarendon Hotel, Bond- street, from his seat, the Oaks, Surrey; Mr. Somers, M P., at the St. James's Hotel; Col. and Mrs. Gascoyne, from New York ; the Earl and Countess of Durham and the Ladies Mary and Alice Lambton, in Cleveland-row, from Fleet House, Devon, the seat of J. C. Bulteel, Esq. ; Lord Grimston, from Gorhambury ; Lord Errol, from Windsor Castle ; Lady Katherine Barham, in Grosvenor-square, from the Marine-parade at Dover ; the Hon. William Howard, M. P., in St. George's-place, from Brighton : Lord William Russell, in Norfolk -street, from a visit to the Marquis of Aber corn, at Bentley Priory ; Lord Lichfield, in St. James's square, from his shooting-lodge, Runton Abbey, Staffordshire ; Lord Motford, from his seat at Hillingdon ; Sir Stratford Canning, in Grosvenor-square, from Somerhill ; Lord Charles Kerr, 42d Highlanders, from the north. CHANGES. The Marquis of Douglas, at his shooting-quarters, in the Isle of Arran, from Hamilton Palace, Lanark ; the Hon. Cap , ain and Lady Emmeline Stuart Wortley, at Lord Wharn cliffe's seat, Wortley Hall, Yorkshire, from a tour : Lord and Lady Henry Cholmondeley, at Cholmondeley Castle, from Lord Delamere's, Vale Royal ; Lieutenant Sir William Hoste, Bart., at Falmouth, from Lisbon ; the Countess of Radnor and Lady Jane Bouverie, at Dover, from Longford Castle, Wilts ; Lord Glentworth, from the seat of Lord Limerick, Southill Park, Berks ; Mr. and Mrs. Anstruther, from the seat of the Hon. Lindsey Burrell, Debden Hall, Essex, on a tour; Baron and Baroness de Rutzen, at the seat of Mrs. Phillips, Slebeck, Po,nbrokeshire, from a visiting tour : Cap tain and Mrs. George Campbell, at Brighton, from Hilling don House ; Mr. and Mrs. Flood and family, from the Down Lodge, Sussex, to Belle Vue, Middlesex. The Duke of Cambridge, attended by Colonel Jones, returned to his residence at Kew on Saturday. from a visit to the Marquis of Ailesbury. The Duke and Duchess of Somerset have left Park•lane to pass the Christmas at Wimbledon Park. The Duke and Duchess of Beaufort and Lady Augusta Somerset arrived at Badminton, near Cirencester, on Friday, from town. The youthful members of the family had previously arrived. WOBURN ABBEY.—The report that the Duke and Duchess of Bedford did not intend to see any com pany during the Christmas is untrue ; on the contrary, the visitants are expected to be numerous. _ _ _ The Marquis of Lansdowne left town on Friday evening for his seat, Bowood Park, Wilts. The Earl and Countess of Rosslin are occupying Gedling Lodge, Leicestershire. The Noble Earl has en joyed some excellent runs with Lord Suffield's and the Marquis of Hastings' hounds. . . Viscount Melbourne left town at three o'clock yes terday afternoon, on a visit to her Majesty at Windsor Castle. C r. a o ad u ty n t and rr Co Ashburn n htao Countess n arrived r s oi s Charles House seed iasaeveningP t at o h zo d on from Tuesday ar rived Paris. o from r om Whitehall. Baron Dieskau, the Belgian Minister to the Court of Lisbon, left the Brunswick Hotel, Jermyn-street, on Saturday. His Excellency and suite proceed to Fal mouth, and will embark on board the Royal Tar for Lisbon. Lord and Lady Francis Egerton left Bridgewater House on Saturday for Sandon Hall, near Lichfield, on a visit to the Earl of Harrowby and Lady Harriet Ryder. Viscount Sandon, M.P., and his Lady are residing at the Hall. Lord John Russell arrived in town on Friday morn ing from the Marquis and Marchioness of Abercorn's, Bentley Priory, Stanmore, for the purpose of attending the Privy Council in the afternoon of that day at the Foreign-office. His Lordship, who is improving in health, left town on Friday evening for Cashiobury Park, Hurts, the residence of the Earl of Essex. DEATH OF SIR JAMES ALLEN PARK.-On Saturday afternoon Sir James Allen Park, one of her Ma jesty's Justices in the Court of Common Pleas, whose illness we announced a few days ago, expired at his residence in Bedford -square, in the 73d year of his age. The cause of death was a violent internal complaint, which on Tuesday it was thought had been subdued, but which returned with still grea ter virulence on Thursday , a nd t erminated fatally. Te Earl and Countess of Carnperdown and Lady E. Duncan will shortly leave Bath for town, to be present at the marriage of their son, Viscount Duncan, and will then proceed to Carnperdown, in the North. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the Marquis of Norrnanby, and suite, arrived by the Urgent steam-packet at Liverpool from Dublin on Saturday, about one o'clock. His Excellency, after dining at the Adelphi Hotel, pro ceeded to London. The Marquis of Conyngham and suite arrived at Liverpool on Saturday from London, en route to Dublin. Prince Puckler is expected to return to his estates at Iliuskau. in Prussia, in the ensuing spring. In the meantime he has been preceded by a little museum and a little menagerie, formed chiefly by the various presents re ceived from the Pashas of Syria and Egypt. The last let ters from the Prince were dated from Antioch. 11,1 r. Charles Buller, late Secretary to Lord Dur ham, intended to have come home in the Great Western, but he was prevented by illness. Madame Vestris and Mr. Charles Matthews had also taken their berths, and had had their luggage conveyed on board ; but, in consequence of the sudden indisposition of Madame Vestris, they did not return. Probably theywill come home in the Roscius. The Marquis and Marchioness of Normanby and suite are expected at the Clarendon Hotel on Wednesday the 19th inst., from Dublin Castle. His Excellency was expected to leave Kingstown on Friday last, but he will make a detour on h's way to town to pay some visits. Lord Plunket and Lieut.-General Sir Edward Blakeney, Com mander of the Forces, are two of the Lords Justices during the absence of the Marquis from his government. Letters were received at the Green Park Hotel on Saturday from the Secretary to Count Woronzow, and franked by Lord Haddington, stating that his Excellency was indisposed at Tyningham House, Dunbar, and would not be able to return to town for several days. His Excel lency and family will pass the Christmas holidays with the Countess of Pembroke, at Wilton House ; Lord Hadding ton and the Count were college friends at Oxford. Comparative circulation of the London Evening Papers as extracted from the official returns published by the Stamp Office for the six months from April 1 to Sep tember 30, 1838, inclusive : Total, Six Months. Daily Average. SUN 750,000 Standard 523,000 Globe Courier CHARLES DUKE DONNE, Registrar. Register of Warrants Office, Stamps, and Taxes, Oct, 20, 1828. Queen Victoria is the youngest reigning Sove. reign in Europe, and Bernadotte, King of Sweden, is the oldest. This veteran warrior, who is on the brink of 75, has governed Sweden, as Crown Prince and King, for 28 years. The Lord Great Chamberlain and Lady Willoughby d'Eresby will leave the Terrace, Piccadilly, this morning, for Grimsthorpe Castle, Lincolnshire. The Noble Baron ?till return to town the third week in January, to make official arraugeikiems connected with the opening of Par liament. THE MARKETS.-(THIS DAY.) CORN EXCHANGE. The weather having been moderate, brought up a consider able number of vessels at the close of last week, laden with various kinds of g:Tin and a good quantity of Flour. There was throughout the week very little change in the trade 11,;::: the previous Monday. This morning there was a moderate show of samples of most kinds of Corn fresh up. At the early part of the market the best parcels of English Wheat were readily selected at terms fully equal to last Monday, and the oart of the ir4 lO lY being intender condition, sold heavily at Is. to 2s. peilir,less than the 157vious week. In Foreign, transactions have been limited, but prices rema,:: firm- Barley has rather exceeded last Monday's rates for the best and other qualities have met a fair demand at former quotations. Boiling Pease are rather lower. Gray Pease maintain their value, as also do Beans, both old and new. The quantity of Oats has increased (almost entirely from Ireland) and the trade is hardly as goOd as last week. In Flour there is no variation from last report. PRICES ON BOARD OF SHIP. Wheat, Red (old) ..—s —s. Beans, Small ,new) 405.425. --White (old)._ —s. —s. (old) 45.3.46 s —Red (1838) '7os 745. --- Tick (new) 35s 38. -- Fine 75s 775. • (old) 40x.425. Superfine 7$S. 80s. --- Harrow (new) 385.405. —White (1838) 70s. 745. ---- Fine 76s 89s. Brank Superfine F2s. Ms. Oats, Feed --Foreign free 685 868. New 23,285. Ryr 42s 455. Poland . 3, Barley Grinding 33s 375. Potatoe. .9:.335. --- Malting 38<.405. Malt 50 3 . 58 s , Scotch 2B-.31s Fine New 6fis. 665. Irish 245. Pease, Grey, New 38s 40:,. Flour Town (per sack) 6Ss 70 . Maple New Us. 435. Seconds 62-.655. -- White 465. 503 North Country 58-.021 Boiler. 5 2, 54 , Bran 9 10 . ARRIVALS OF GRAIN IN LONDON DURING LAST WEEK. Wheat. I Barley. I Oats. 1 F , .:,., English Irish — 17,530 Foreign 2,990 110 brls, SMITHFIELD MARKET. The supply of cattle to-day was better both as to quantity and quality than last week. The trade purchased freely, at fully previous prices, but not higher. The alteration of the Christmas Market from the 20th to the 17th seems to give general satisfaction, and a good show is anticipated. The supply of mutton was equal to the demand, and prices are un altered. Veal scarce, and readily bought up at an advance of 2d. per stone Pork was steady at former prices; Beef, 3s. 4d. to 4s. 4d. ; Mutton, 3s. 10d. to 4s. 10d. ; Veal, 4s. 4d. to to ss. 4d ; Pork, 4s. 4d. to ss. 4d. Beasts, 3,660; Sheep, 24,200; Pigs, 506; Calves, 90. CITY FISH MARKET. Supplies to• day were good, and prices much as on Satur day—trade was good. Turbot ss. and 6s. to 21s. ; Soles 9d. to ss. per pair ; Lobsters Is. to 4s. per pair ; Cod 2s. 6d. to 10s. and 15s. each ; Whitings 3d. to 6d. each ; Haddocks 6d. to Bd. and 10d. each. HOP MARKET. Except in the fine descriptions of Hops there is very little doing. We do not quote any material alteration in prices. There is no great quantity at market. . PROVISION MARKET. The stocks of provisions generally are heavy. A very steady business is doing, and prices are all firm, but up to the time we went to press were not varied in a single instance. BERMONDSEY WATERSIDE POTATO MARKE C. Not much doing in any description. The supplies mode- rate, and the quality suffered on account of the damp weather. Prices unaltered. TALLOW MARKET. P. Y. C. is 58s. 6d. to-day, which is rather higher. There is not much doing. COLONIAL MARKET. There is nothing doing to- day by public sale in this Market, and but very little by private contract. We expect no revival in busines until after the close of the year. We have but very little business advertized for the week ; and for to morrow we have for public sale 950 casks Barbadoes Sugar, 3,700 bags Mauritius Sugar, 56 cas k s a nd 190 bags British Plantation Coffee, 1,950 bags Java Rice, 20 casks and 7 chests Nutmugs, and 5 casks Mace. The imports are heavy to-day. NEWCASTLE CORN MARKET, DEC. 8. Our farmers brought a very large supply of Wheat to this day's Market, and we had also a fair arrival from the coast, which caused the trade to rule dull at similar rates to Satur. day last. Barley, though in good supply, met a ready sale at an advance of Is. per quarter. For Rye also we experienced a good demand, and prices must again be quoted 3s. to 4s. per quarter higher. Malt of the best quality brought 2s. per quarter more money. Oats, being in large supply from the interior, met a limited sale at late prices. In the value of Beans or Pease we can note no alteration, Flour was in fair request at our quotations. _ New. Old. Wheat, Northumberland 6ls. 81s 72,... R 2. Norfolk and Suffolk 76s. 845.... .. 78, St,. . Berwick and Scotch 7ls. 78s —s. —s. Foreign Rye, Neff slk and Suffolk Foreign Barley, Malting, Norfolk and SutP4lk 394. 43s ---- Grinding and Feeding 33s. 375. Malt, Norfolk and Suffolk 6O , 64s --s. --s. Beans, Small —B. —5....... 475. 50s. -- Tick —s. —s. 4ss 495. Pease, White 4SB. sns. .... --S. —4. -- Gray Oats, Northumberland, Potatoe -265. 29s 2Bs. 31s. -- Foreign - . Flour (per sack) 6os. 645. —s. —s. LLOYD'S -HIPPING.-(THIS DAY. DEAL, DEC. 9.—Wind N. by E., moderate breezes.— Arrived, and proceeded for the River, the Isabella, Dunning, from Batavi'. Passed by the Lord Lowther, Yates,' from London to Madras ; Eleanor, Clark, and William Broderick, Edmund, for Leghorn ; Mary, for Naples ; Gazelle, for Africa; Ruth, Rundall, for Sierra Leone; Black River Packet, Wright, for Jamaica. Arrived, and proceeded for the River, the Catherine, Kemp, f om Miramichi. PORTSMOUTH, DEC. 9.—Wind N N. E. to E.N. E., fine.— Arrived the Aries, Bell, from Quebec ; St. Olaf; Olson, from Stockholm. Sailed the Euphrates, Buckham, for the Cape and Bombay ; Tullocb Castle, Briggs, for Jamaica ; West Indian, M'Artbur, for St. Vincent's ; William Glen Anderson, Clering, for Sierra Leone; John, for Yougbal ; Norden, for Lisbon ; her Majesty's brig Racer, for Quebec. Passed by the Lord Lowther, Yates, for Madras and Bengal. LIVERPOOL, DEC. 9.—Wind E., light breezes.—Arrived the John Scott, Robinson, from Monte Video ; Walter Scott, Robinson, from Honduras ; Robert Bruce, from St. John's, New Brunswick; Eliza and Jane, Brown, from Cadiz; and Clarisse, from Rochelle. The Glasgow steamer, from Dun dalk, is aground near the Rock Channel. The Tyrian, Cun ningham, for Rio Janeiro, which sailed the Ist instant, has put back. Arrived off port the Johnstone, from Demerara. RAMSGATE, DEC. 9.—Arrived the Alert, Lloyd, Youghal. SHEERNESS, DEC. 9.—Arrived off port the Hope, and Athlone, from Dantzic. STANGA TE CREEK, DEC. 9.—Arrived the Dundee Mer chant, from Mogadore. COWES, DEC. 9.—Wind N.E.— Arrived the Black River Packet, Wright, from London for Jamaica—put in for pas sengers. Sailed the Donna Maria,:Bowen, for Rio Janeiro ; Eliza, M'Cayen, for Bridport ; and Le Cleteratuer, for Havre de Grace. CLYDE, DEC. 9.—Arrived the Champion, from Bay Cha leur ; and Mary Ann, M'Anin, from Tobago. TORBAY, DEC, B.—Arrived the Isabella, Weley, from London, and sailed for Lisbon. Sailed the Marquis of Chan dos, Keyes-, for Demerara. FALMOUTH, DEC. 7.—Wind N. to N. N.E., fresh breezes. DEc. 8 --Wind N. N.E. to N.E., ditto.—Arrived the Magnet packet, from the West Indies—sailed from St. Thomas's the 11th ult. Sailed the Ranger packet, for Madeira and Brazil; Nautilus, Procter, for Demerara; James, M'Queen, for St. Kitt's ; Jane May, May, for St. Vincent's ; Comet, Robe, for Port-au-Prince ; Aurora, Hughes, for Figueira; Donna Ma. ria, Wreberg, for Surinam; Saucy Jack, Thompson, for Corfu. ABERDEEN, Doc. B.—Arrived the Janet, Welch, from Pillau ; and Patriot, Denorn, from Riga. HULL, DEC. B.—Wind W.N.W.—Arrived the Maria, Moller, from Cadiz ; and Evenwood, from St. Petersburgb. DUBLIN, DEC. B.—Arrived the George Aunie, Griffiths, from Quebec ; Hibernia, from ditto ; Dolphin, Roach, from Pugwash. Sailed Garrone, Richardson, Barbadoes. WATERFORD, DEC. 7..—Sailed the Herain, Gibson, for Lisbon ; St. Leone, Andrews, for St. Übe's. CORK, DEC. 7.—Arrived the Isabella, Meredith, from Quebec ' • Hercules steamer, from London ; Judith and Esther, Moran, from Jamaica. &too, DEC. 7.—Arrived the Queen Victoria, Rosie, from Quebec ; Oliveira, Oliveira, from St. Übe's. BELFAST, DEe, 7.—Arrived the Eleanor, Simpson, from Miramicbi ;;Kingston, Cargill, from Quebec ; Horatio, Irving, from ditto ; John and Robert, from ditto ; Neptune, John stone, from St. John's, N. B. ; Margaret, Balfour, ditto. HARWICH, DEC. 8. —The Isabella of Sunderland, Thomp son, bound to London, got on shore on the Sbipwash Sand this morning, but was assisted off and proceeded. LIFE OF WASIIINGTON.—We are requested to state that Mr. Colburn, of Great Marlborough-street, has this day published " The Life of Washington, with his Diaries and Speeches, and various Miscellaneous Papers relating to his habits and opinions," by Jared Sparks, 2 vols. Bvo., with portraits, price 245. Mr. Colburn has also just published Dr. Vaughan's " Protectorate of Oliver Crom well, illustrated in a series of letters between the distin guished men of the period, now first published from the originals, with notes, and an Introduction on the Character of Cromwell and of his Times." 2 vols. Bvo., with portraits. Agents—For Scotland, Messrs. Bell and Bradfute, Edin burgh ; for Ireland, Mr. John Cumming, Dublin. THE LIFE OF CHARLES MA THEWS, COMEDIAN. —We are requested to state that Mr. Bentley, of New Burlington-street, Publisher in Ordinary to her Majesty, has this day published " Memoirs of Charles Mathews, Comedian," by Mrs. Mathews ; including his Correspond ence, and an Account of his Early Days, written by him self ; embellished with portraits and numerous other illus trations. The work may now be had of all Booksellers, and at all the Libraries. The Observer has recently been enlarged one-fourth. The price continues at five-pence. The extensive publica tion of the Observer commences at five o'clock every Sunday morning. An edition best italapted for country and foreign circulation is published on Monday afternoon. The Observer, for original news, has no equal. The Journal of Sunday, Dec. 2, cont a i ne d t h ree folio columns of C ana da late I gence, that of Dec. 9, had upwards of five c olumns of news from and relative to the Canadas. CORN-LAW FALLACIES, WITH TH ANSWERS. (Continued from The Sun of Friday.) 309.—The territorj belonging to a nation is its "capital stock," on which it nece ss a :ilydepends for its prosperity a nd subsistence; —On the Corn .1..,Zu1e. From the " Code of i 47-irulture. ." By the Right Hon. t;." John Sinclair, B ar t. Addenda, EC. ANSWER.—The capabilities for mataufactur).7 .l. for the purpose of foreign trade, are equally part of the na. ion's " capital stock," and the nation depends just ns much eZ them for its prosperity and subsistence. A nation with these capabilities might be prosperous and well subsbted, though all the surface of the soil were turned into the sands et' Lhe &sect ; and much more prosperous and well subsisted, than in the case i7ere the soil was cultivated and the foreign trade restrained. 310.—and the" agricultural ci7..""ses," and those depending upon them, are, properly speaking, "The nation," being 410 only individuals in it, who have a p e rplanent interest in its prosperity.—ld. A.—Here then is the point of contest. The agricul turists deny the claim of any but themselves to be the na tion, and act accordingly. Their reason, bec'tuse none but themselves have a permanent interest in its prorrity. As if Mr. Fielden's interest was not as permanent as do Duke of Norfolk's. He can no more run away with his cotton mills, than the other with his acres. He may sell them , and set up for himself in a foreign land with the money ; and so may the landowner. 311.—The importance of these classes is not sufficiently known or appreciated ; but it evidently appears, from the table' above inserted, that when collected, they are greatly superior, in regard both to the number, and the ♦alue of their produc tions, to those less essential classes, who presume to despise them. —ld. _ _ A.—What evidently appears is, that they are as 6.300,000 in 18,480,000 ; or as one in three. But the question is, not what proportion they bear to the other classes, which have been depressed and trodden down, but what they would bear under a state of justice. There would he no use in arguing that there are two thieves on a road for one honest traveller, and therefore the thieves should have their way. The question is, what the proportion would be if every man could hold his own. On the point too, of their being " essential," the naked truth is the same. We should be vastly better without them and with commercial liberty, than we are with them and without the other. They occupy precisely the same posi tion as the nuisances before described upon the road. They may have capabilities for being nseful citizens if society was: strong enough to drive them into the road of justice. But as they are, they are a simple loss and mischief, which society must only put down when it can. 312.—A nation cannot subsist without the productions of the soil, but it can abundantly prosper, without those manu factures, to the existence of which, theoretical writers ab surdly attribute so much importance.-Id. A.—A nation cannot subsist without the productions of some soil, but a manfucturing nation would abundantly prosper by the removal of its agricultural monopolists, evert though the soil they claim were turned into desert sand before they left it. 313. —The people of this country were happy and powerful before the cotton trade was introduced among them ; and if the cotton weavers cannot exist, without the importation of fo reign grain, why should the agricultural classes in Great Bri tain and Ireland be reduced to beggary on their account ?—ld. A.—The idea that the agricultural classes are to be re duced to beggary unless allowed to rob the manufacturing, is a mere hallucination. As population and trade increase, more food is wanted than can be furnished by the home growers without robbing to make up the price. But there is no invasion of their honest gains ; all that is asked, is to keep them from the dishonest. If the agricultural classes in Great Britain and Ireland cannot be content with honest gains like other men, why are the other classes to submit to robbery on their account ? 314.-Why should, not only millions of acres be condemned to perpetual barrenness, but immense tracts already improved, be laid waste, to gratify their wishes ?—ld. A.—The acres condemned to barrenness, are those which cannot be cultivated without robbing other people to pay. The tracts which arc to be laid waste, are those which have already been cultivated on the stf.ength of such a robbery. 315.—1 n the reign of William the Conqueror, an e ; . ctensive tract was rendered desolate, that he might enjoy the plea:ures of the chase. No circumstance mentioned in the English in..s tory is so loudly reprobated. Yet it is now proposed, to lay waste millions of acres, and to reduce to poverty thousands of the most valuable subjects of the empire, under the pretence,. that a number of weavers in cotton cannot otherwise be sup plied with cheap food. —ld. A.— Upon the reason, that weavers in cotton and the community at large, must be robbed of a shilling for every sixpence that goes to pay the others. The equalization of a king's pleasures with a nation's bread, is an extraordinary instance how little the best man is to be trusted for morals,. sense, or law, in his own cause. 316.—1 f the measure of protecting averages be objected to, the following plan, which seems to me not liable to any ma terial objection, may be adopted. —ld. A.—The question will be, whether to the community at large it seems " not liable to any material objection." But attention to the plan. :M.—Let some public institution, (like the Board of Trade), be authorised, as soon as the harvest is completed, to make every possible inquiry into the state of the crops.—ld. A.—Why trnuble a public Institution ? Does not every body know from the prices, what the state of the crops is conceived to be ? By what art, is some public Institution to conic to a better judgment ? 318. —lf the board has ascertained, that there is likely to be a deficiency, let it then advertise the amount required to be imported, and its desire to receive offers, fur granting licenses to furnish grain to that extent, either by those who have corn already warehoused, or those who will undertake to bring from foreign parts, the quantity required. Those who offer the highest duties to be preferred, by which any risk of partiality will be prevented. Where the offers are the same, proportionate deductions to be made from each. —ld. . _ A.—What is to be meant by a " deficiency ?" If untaxed foreign grain can be sold in the market with a profit, thL5 is proof of a " deficiency," and the amount required to be im ported, is the amount that anybody will import. But the " deficiency" intended is something else ; it mew a " defi ciency" too great to be borne without danger to the mono polists at home. Why shall we not have a Board of Trade, to determine when home-grown corn may be permitted in the market? What a host of troubles men plunge into. when they undertake to conduct trade at the sword's point ! 319. —This plan would be attended with the following im portant advantages :- 1. A larger quantity would not be imported, than would be requisite for the supply of the country, though it would be ad visable rather to exceed, than to be under the mark.—ld. A.—lt is most certain there would not be a larger. And it is equally certain there would be a less. The duty offered would be the exact measure of the deficiency which is to create the price by which the duty can be afforded to be paid. 320.-2. The demand being kept within fixed bounds, the importing merchants would not be induced, to raise the price abroad, to that immoderate amount, which must be the neces sary consequence of unlimited speculation. Their profits oc casionally 'night not be so great, but, on the other hand, they would run no risk of loss.--/d. A.—How are the merchants to raise the price abroad to an immoderate extent, by bringing home only what can be sold with a profit ? and it is certain they will not do more. All pretences on the part of the landed interest, to p . reserve merchants from the dangers of their own incau tion, belong to those portions of the dark ages, which busied themselves in teaching their grandmothers how to eat eggs. 321.—The duty on the grain to be consumed, would be in sured to the Exchequer, before the corn could be brought into the British markets ;—ld. A.—lt is to be feared it is so under the present plan There seems in this little that is new. But one observation may be made in passing. The end is approachinc , of the time, when the na ti on cou ld b e im poverished and ruined, and the fact of certain monies being taken out of the pockets of the community and transferred to the Exchequer, be referred to as a set-off. 3!2.—and, The agriculture of the country would thus re ceive a certain, and consequently a most essential protection ; and there would be no risk, by exciting a rage for speculation, that grain of inferior quality, unfit for human sustenance, would be introduced into our markets. . There never was any - plan - of law that seems to unite so many important advantages. —ld. A.—Agriculture is to be protected, but there is to be no deficiency. As noted in the outset, the two things are a contradiction in terms. 323.—1 t is now generally believed, that as soon as the new Parliament assembles, a great exertion will be made, on the part of the manufacturing interest, to get the corn laws alto gether abolished, and to put an ond, even to that scanty pro tection which the landed and farming interests now enjoy. There never was such infatuation ; for it can be proved, that these ungrateful manufacturers, chiefly depend, for the sale of their goods, on the home market ; and that it is from the pur chase of their fabrics, by British subjects, that their prosperity chiefly arises. It is, in a very inferior degreis indeed, that they are benefited by foreign demand. —ld. A. —They depend on the home market for getting two bushels of corn where they might have got three. Their prosperity is of that kind, which is made by selling to British subjects at home under an unjust law, for less than they could sell abroad. They are not benefited by foreign demand, because foreign commerce is prohibited by law. The ungrateful monsters have a full consciousness of all their obligations. [TO BE CONTINUED.)