The Sun. — London, England, 1808-04-09 00:00:00

Sir C. POLE adverted to the building of a home for Dr. B. Clarke, as Auditor to the Asylum, an office, the duty of which may be performed b) any of the . . Clerks from I)is Majesty's Yards at Deptford or Woolwich, being wily the iegulatton of the accounts of the expenditure for 60 boys and 40 girls. This housu and two acres of 'hind. annexed, he looked upon as an unnecessary expence.,„ • The CHANCBLLOit of the -4XCLIE6tUER admitted the propriety of having the Estimates required, and suggested lodic, Hon. Baronet to move for therm.. Sir -J. Nu‘spowr thought it sufficient to grant 0001. for the present for carrying on the building. Thu proposition of Sir 3. NEwroaT was agreed.to, and the Report was ordered to be.received onMun- day. , Mr. HORNER ,gave notice, that on Monday he should move an Addres. to ht. Majesty, relAtive to fee:, on licences. On the Motion of Mr. FlusictsSoN, it was °I - tiered that the House; should, at its rising, adjourn to Mon day. Sir Jour; Newrottr,, with a view to call the at- tension of the House to the, restraint of abuse.apd improper etpenditure,, moved for a variety :of Ac counts relative to the building, rind the.-condOet of the Officers of the Iribli Lir,en Hall; which were or, dered. He adverted to the appointment of a College Youth to the office of an: Inspedor of I..itieus, an office which ought to be, ked only by persons bred to the business. He forbore making any motion till the faa should be ascertained. Mr. WARD presented an ,Account of the Balance of the ,Coniolidated Fund remaining in the Lulle. quer at the disposal of Government. Mr. HUSKL*BOI4 gave notice, that he would on Monday. its the' Committee of Ways and Means, move that this.Balkince be applied, to the serytco of the year. RUSSIAN PAPERS. Mr. IPIIITBiIEAD rose pursuant to his notice, to move for certain Papers, to which the attention of the House had been called by the Noble Lord on the other side (I ,ord G. L. Gower), in hts Skeet), on a Motion brought for Ward by adHon. Friend of his (Mr. Sharpe), on the '2 . 9tli day of March. .He had no nesitation to say, that the practice of read ing or citing extracts tram Dispatches or other Pa pers, not before Parliament, was exceedingly ink- COMM towards the 1-lOttse and the Public, and ex ceedingly unjust towards ',the indWiduals who eniy be atfetled by these - citatibms.• However his Ma jesty's Ministers may be disposed to arrogate the right to themselves, he . did not suppose they would allow any other -.individuals to usurp • their pterogative, , and therefore it was that' he thought the pradice particularly censurable in the Noble Lord. The Hon. Gentleman opposite had frequent 7 lycontended that. much injury watidone to the Br'. tish cause. on the Comittent, by the indiscreet disclo sure ot confidentialdiplomatic communications. Rut they fotget their own doetrine as.toou as it answered any purpose to dvart from it, and - not only they themselves, but persons in Ito situation's to warrant the least pretensions to, soch liberty, made what disclosures'they pleased: He adverted to the ve ry indiscreet communication of Papers of the Most confidential nature, valuntarily au unnecessarily made, without army selediou or distindeere , by i Lord Mulgruve at . the closecloseof the Austrian w ar. aerkle thougut that example ought- to be a warning to all, more patticularly to those convected wan that Noble Loid. The Noble Lord opposite, had, boy/trier, fallen into the :same error, and as the only -means of remedying the evil, he should move for two important Papers, particularly referred to. The Noble Lord, in order to thew that Russia might now have been at war with us, even if the Bxpedi non, te Copenhagen had never talc= place, had cited what was called an unilateral article of the Treaty of Alliance, signed .at St. Pewsburgh, tlth 1806, in which article the Emperor of. Russia pro fessed his determination* to use his influence with his Britannic Majesty to alter any thing which, in ,a Congress of the Powers of Europe, to be held for that purpose, may be deemed contrary to justice, and to the principles of the Laws of Nations. So anxious was the Administration of that.day for the coalition that ended with the Battleol Austerlitz, that it• was willing to allow..even the principles of our maritime superiority, the So much talked of foundation of our power and existence, to be brought into question, in order to bring it about. (Here Mr.' Whitbread went into a detail of -the Stipulations of the Treaty of St. Petersbergh, and the circumstances attend . ing „that 'Treaty, and the events of the War that followed, which being tbreigu. to the subject before thellouse, we do nut think it mit:eatery to repeaty) Subsequent to the signature of that Treaty, M. NOVOSIitAOII was.k'llt art a pretended' pacific mis, sion, but really- with no view to peace; and it Would have been quite as, reasonable fur the French Etupe . roe to ask that. Negotiator to communicate' the Ar. t ides of. that Treaty, es it was for this.'Country lately to demand the communication of the Secret Articles ot"rilsit. The Noble Lord bhd cited•tlie unilateral article to prove that Russia would have been now equally at war with Britain if the Expedition to Copenheeen had. never taken place. The House had a right to, see the article. front which such an hiterence was deduced, in order to judge itsellof the •weight that ought to beattached to it. Thu other Papers he should move for were copies or extracts of. the mi nutes .at: Lord Hutchinsou's conversation so. often reterred to. Fortner motions foe these minutes had been negutived. But , other motions had also been negatived and afterwards brought forward • by the Right Hon. Secretary, and granted. The words ‘, you, Lutist make Peace with Francei! were cited as a proof thkt there Were secret arrangements at Tilsit, • in which Russia had • bound herself to hostility against Britain, and that there was no possibility ot getting, rid of that hostility, :but by-Britain's making peace. with France. . He wished -to • have the dispatch be tine the House, in order that everyone nary have an opportunity of judging for himself, - whether the meaning ot the eipresston was not rather that. peace may be obtained*.honoerabie terms.) fork should be understood that 'he was as far from being disposed to accede to any thing dishonourable as the person's who were least desirona of Peace.' The other citation ulaue try- the Noble Lord, fittur• le moment. mentvr reinglet6 . re," bed also carried considerable e.ent with it. The Noble Lord had •not stated 11,1 r this expression . had been 'made use of by a ,Ntith4ev: tie said merelraperson ofhigh authormt; , It was fit .that the House should Irate the opporte oity- of judghag'ut the' expression, with all the cir cumstances calculated to add to or take from the weight annexed to it. He moved accordingly for an humble Address to his Majesty, praying that he would be graciously pleased tla give direittions that these carious Papers be laid before the House. Laid GIM:IN'VYILLE LEPESON GOWER hoped the House would not be surprised, that he was anxious to take the earliest opportunity to espNis -the satisfaCtion- he. felt at being enabled by the-Ho nourable Gentleman's motion to corre& the inisun derstandings and mis-statements which had gone . abroad with respect to what he had said on a former night. He was anxious, not on . his lawn account alone, but for that of the country, to do justice to that, great man who was no more, and whose loss the coun try could not sufficiently deplore. So far was it from being a point assented to, as a . boon to purchase the coalition of t ; that the maritirne.rights of England should be brought into question, that every idea of such a proceeding was protested against in the meat decisive manner: The article relative to that point was given in by Russia,* ; *ith a view to : her own feel ings and wishes alone. Mr., Pitt certainly did . not abandon, in his lait' moMents, those fundamental principles of the maritime, .superiority 9 t, which in every part of hislife he had been.so anxious to maintain. Be felt it 11 : 'duty . and pleasure. to.say thus flinch vindication, of the memory of that exalted character. The Paper that was more imme .diately connoard with these obsenitions, - be was very desirous to see before the House', and he hoped his Right Hon. Friend (Mr. Canning) would see ito objeCtion to its being produced. .41e, 'wished also; that all the correspondence relative to this article should equally lie'on the . table, in order' to satisfy the House and the Public, that the idea of 'all - owing the principles of the' maritime rights of'thia-Cetiritry to be brought . in . question; ''Ms never, at one mo= anent,' in the slightest degree assented to. 'When he agreed to the produelion of • The article, he would take occasion to say, ',that this was by' no means a time to enter into the whole triatter'of the Treaty of rBO5. ' With respect 'to the contents of his private 'letter' (Lord fiutchihson'S Minutes) he could not see what power the drOwn . ,"or any Officer of ' the Crown; in his' official charaeter, had over theM ; nor did he think they could, with any propriety, be - produedd Or called for. If, from any thing contained in that letter, o r froth anyi'other sonree; the 'Honourable Gentleman supposed him to be remiss in transmitting intelligence' that he ought ; to have transmitted, he may - move a vote of cell:. sure for his trot having dope so. As to the other matter mentioned' in *one Of his letters, it surely could not be expected that, he Would mention the person from whom he had had it,' or the person who had used it. The House was to judge for itself the degree of credit it was to give, without reference to any dispatch 'in which it may be cOntained. A thou sand' things may be communicated to Atnbassadcirs through . various channels mate or less remote, dirat or eircuitousOlterindication of 'which would be a bar to much useful informatioti, and the occasion bf great injury to the' persons who had before done that service. It would be riighiv in e jurious to in-. crease the difficulties a British' Ambassador already had to encounter, from the frequency and facility of disclosure in the British Parliament. He should move, as au amendment, the omission of the word:* following the motion for the Article of 11th 180 s, and the Correspondence upon , lt: Mr - 1, 0 7117° i? R 41)_ tv hilo 1+4..C.A1y agreed with the Noble Lord, with respect~ tootle part of his observations, contended, with regard to the other, *that the letter.ought unquestionably to be produced. If the prinetple Upon which it was wished to with hold it were once admitted, did the HoCise see how far it ought to be carried ? The whole Foreign Af. fairs of the State might be ,conducted in a private correspondence, and be rendered inaccessible to•Par liatnent.The Noble Lord had called upon the House to vote on a communication which he iluoted, as liaing been made by him in a private letter to the Secretary of State,' and now the House was to be precluded from demanding' the "production that letter. As a 'Member of PMi'ament, he was inclined to question the information of the 'Noble Lord. He could not help feeling somewhat indignant at the answer that had been made by the Noble Lord to his arguments, and hoped, that if the House did agree,to the Noble Lord's Amentlmeot, at least the mmarlty'would be considerable. With respect to the Continental trausa&ions of 180, it was impos sible that his attuotion should 'not have been again drawn to theM when on this subject. He would readily admit that part of the Noble Lord's Amend ment which related to' the Article, but on, the rest he must take the sense of the House. Sir THOMAS TURTON deprecatki- the personal en mity which the Ron. Gentleman had evinced. Sir. WittTaltEAD spoke to ordee. Although he objected to the expression used by the Hon, ILronet, be was not offended by it, entis'Ciell as he was of having been influenced by no such motive. Sir THOMAS TVRTONdeclared that he meant only political enmity, and apologised to the }ion. Gentleman, towatrds whom he entertained the highest respea, for the Unguardedness of his ex pression. He contended that were the House to agree' ro tite motlon the private letter could not be obtained'; although he allowed that if it ought to be produced the Right Hon. Gentleman might be cen sured for withholding it; and lie deprecated most s►rongly tie disgrace which n►u:;t attach to British diplomacy, it the confidence of foreign individuals in. our Ministers Were abused. Mr. asunn HT supported the Amendment. ,Rlr.. I>GliVDHilltil - declared, that no one thought more tenderly of private correspondence between the Government of the Country. and our. Ministers at Foreign Courts, than hitrilelf. But the letter in 'question bad not been allowed to remain secret, and therefore'forleited all the privileges of privacy.— Having been quoted tier au important use by the per son by whom it.was written, the House bad an un doubted right to call for its produCtion ; a right sub-. jest only to that general limitation of distretion which' ought to extend to documents of every description. Unless that discretion forbade the produStion, all correspondence between public men on public,af fairs ought to be prOduced. Nothing could -, more effedually chew the abuseof tbe principle or` secrecy than' the Danish . Expedition, in the- defence of which transaStion hiS Majesty's Ministers after hav ing been driven. from- every other grout s ',:ea rt h e d themselves in secret articlesand priVate infintinatioit. M;. STURGES BOURNE'deniekl , thattri s Noule Friend had used this letter fur the porp t i,e o f in. iluelicing the decision of the Hoese. He had beet present when his Noble Friend made, the spfech, which caused so considerable an impresSion and he well nicoileCted that his Noble:Friend stateij i the ge neral hiet of which he was in possession, aiia that it was nut until' in reply to a question pat'to 'him by the Hoe. Gentleman opposite, that he added that fie had communicated that faCi in a private letter Co the Right Hon. Secretary of State. - Ifliii6StatneaTrom ,. going - .any farther into this subjea at .present, he begged to be understood that he was cot deterred from doing so by the high aini . di s ,9aterial tone which the Hot). Gentleman on this, as well as on every other occasion, cheseto assume. The House, and , the Publit,. would judp,of thse consisted - 4'er the Hen. Gentlemen opposite, who, When they' Were in office, had refused to priiduce, on , the only two occa sions UN which they' were required to produce them, Papers 'tweedier by his'Hon. Friends' but who'now, after having .exhausted their . motions for public doeumenas, were driven to the necessity of moving . for the unwarrantab)e protitaionoof, private cot respondence ' „,, , . LAWRENCE defended his Hon. Friend from the accusation of having used a high and dietatorial tone, which aration i Wai s i fi e more extraerdinary, when the' end diaittollittinie,which the Ho . ne j urahle a4aser himse ~ assumed was coma- , dered. ,fie f achniited yirinatfiwie a stronger ground mina be:laid rer;the produetion ()la private, than for the prode4fen to rif p public but denied that there was any unpaisable line of demarcation be mem. !them. It the , letter contained any names which - onglit to be sulilvessiA 'let these'ilaa:ies suppressed, but let-thelet ter be given: - -- thavpiks r Alipmyt t , cgreencled .11)0V - the Noble Lord ibadinot.,quoted ftom.the private knit and that everilf he had' t world still: have remained in 'the diseretieh tif'hia"liTaleky,'.4'GOvernhient 'whe, then to produce the letter :or,not.. .06nceiving thief 'lnadequate grounds had:ibeeu hid:ff . sr the Motiee, he should give it his decided',negative; • Dr. wit UNCi . explained, Secreittiy weeld fairly 7 seate, that' he. had hitherto ab . stained from 'speaking one. the subjeasbeeause whatever might havelscen the putirso of. the'del)llie, had hein poSsibie that the argu ments of the HO. Gentletpeo s sliOnldheve influenced the Home,or that.the argumenta of Air Noble Friend shonld not hive infitieeced the' Howe . on what, he cab COiWAAVed be, th e lesir n before th • n • if r-the. ' inclination.of the -House had slump itselt to be unfavourable to his view of the SUb4eets he should . then have stood Up, not merely to argue aga inst the motion, but toeptreet the Heusi- that if they slid not place in him that; Confidence, without which it was impossible ter him adequately to fulfil the dutiei of his situation, they wouldpe*Phim to retire; re taining his hotioer, ; Not one - spark of that honour should he coneeivehe retained it he were to divulge • that which, at the time when it was -0011)1111ffie3ted, and since, and 140 W he felt, was eenununicated in confidence. Under that impression, howevergreat the deference 'which 'he entertained for the House, and heWever anxious he was to boW to their decision,. Were that decision to call-for the production of tho Paper in qeststion, 'he would rather incur their dis pleasure then thus compromise his own honour and character. Having said thus much,, he would pro ceed to, remark on sense of the arguments that had beet) urged by the opposite side of. the House. Au urneOurahle Gentleman (Mr. Windham). had ima gined. a.possible case in which the privates correspen deuce between. the SecretarY of State at home and the Miuister abroad might. be' polled to• such an extreme, that all official: intercourse might be tar ried on in that Menner,. and then historian be left to search in vain for ,public documents on!'which to ground ' his relations. The impossibility . was so evident, since the chasm must so soon be discovered by thecolleagnes,of the Minister and by the Sovee reign, who could not fail to be surprised 'at the departure and arrival of Messengers without dis patches, that he was astonished how the Houten - We Gentleman, who, to. great acuteness of understand ing joined that knowledge of business, which certain ly must spew him that acuteness of understanding, though theoretically advantageous, might be practi cally injurious to butines4 could advance such a monstrous supposition. As his Noble Friend had' justly stated, many cases must occur, 'in which a Minister at a Foreign Court might, in his public official dispatches, relate facts and occurrences to his own Government,and, at the same time, confide to them, in secret communications, what he conceived to be the springs and motives of those occurrences. An Ambassador might be put in possession, through ,eo4olential channels, of such information. He might receive it on the score of his own personal charatter, or lie• might be trusted, under the un derstood obligation of his office, by a friend, a mis tress, or a courtier of the Sovereign In whose ca.; pital he resided. The whole nature of the infurrua lion would then consist in the authority, which ae thority was precisely the circuaistance that could not be divulged. ,Otherwise, when a British Mmister went to a Foreign Court, he ought loudly, and ge. nerally to declare tO all about him " do not tell nse any thing which you donut wish .should be laid :be- Thre the British House of CoMmons." linfartunace. ly too much already had been divulged, and le) far from depriving the'luture historian of his materials, we anticipated him. It would be easy to point out books that had been translated into otherlanguages, which had caused the disgrace and death of indi viduals iMpheated by Otero. But .then, said the Hon. Gentleman, it' this letter was unfit for pro- AuCtion it. ought not to have been quoted by the Noble Lord. The answer to this was, that it -bad not been voted by him. His Noble Friend stated a fad ; he was asked by the Hon. Gentleman whe ther he had stated that, fad before ; he was answered yes, but in a private letter; and this the Hon. Gentleman chose to call, a quotation ! Of Course, the Hon. Gentleman asked his Noble Friend to reply to his question as a courtesy ; for surely be would not pretend to arrogate• to himself the right of demand ing from every Member in that House an answer to Any questioa he might think proper to propose him. if the Hon. Gentleman: did so arrogate, he would sas , that to him exelusiOy he would deny that courtes y; The Hun. and Loused Gentlernani (Pr. Lawrence) bad taken very angry notice Of the "mannerin which this diet:nen:a roue of the Hon.: * l Gititlemen.hed peen repreeended. For himself, co uld not Sill' feat the 101 W et -thelfert ar Gentiesnaa. had . wed- 'higher fik t hight tha` be usually chose to pitch it .and. he hoped that it Would not. make greater impresSion ontlieHouse than it esnal- - ; ly had made. With respeft to the arguments ot that . , Hen. and Learned Gentleman ton the question bee fore'. the i!euse, be had himself anticipated the answer to them, by admitting that, prima strong ground must be laid fer the production of a Ovate Letter,' and that if any names Which it ceetainee oughtin discretion tce.heesuppressed, they should be suppressed. How did this apply to the present case, in which the_ name Wail identically the matter of coeseqoence ? If the learned dentleinan discredited the statements ot his .Noble ;Heed; let I)lm . say so. Such a proceeding, though not very civil; would at leaet be intelligible ; but it was most extraordinary, by way of putting his Noble Friend';- erutheo the test, to mine for the production of a letter, the only part of which by whfch his 'veracity. could be asceitained; must be. suppressedl After some further Yew forcible reasoning on this divisiote of the subject, .the:Right Hoe. Secretary proceeded: to state on what grounds be supeorted theo7lierpart of the amendment proposed by his Friend. Siete the' • speech of his Noble Friend on a funnernighe'an et tempt had been' revived to-prejudice in the' minds of the public that Administretion in the )ear which had endeavoured to establish a Conine-4gal• coalition against France. He 'would not now enter, fully on this subject, not conceiving; that it \v"s' comprised in the Hon. Gentleman's eotice, a lihneete he should always be prepat j ed to Meet tinyattack la the merits of the great individual, now no mace, \v1:0. had so principal a share in that transaction. It net berth thought by the Holt. Gentleman opposite, tier: in the speech of Noble Friend they had foteue something derogating front the policy of that o:nee deeacy, on tilep)U:ld that the Admitii'st ratio;, t fftti day were content to sacrifice to its riecemplishinetit . a question, in which: the couutry had ever telt deeply interested, and: in 'which it intim- new lea more deeply interested than ever-the maritime . right's of England. The reverse of this was the fact. If the Hon'Cetitlereale had attended accurately ti'' .lie must have been convinced, :hat the 611114 the decla ration W 144 of itself a pleete that it was not. a matter of concession. _ Hail it eecil so, it wouldilieie Mede part of the price of that coo -- "'Oche it Would, have te r ade part of \Ybat was it that it that time, under the keelletto" of " the Law of Nations,"-attra ct ed the atientem of FuroPe 4- ' So far was this tern''; fioinapp)Yh% -I?9tr maritime right, thafit &leer happened6ot in any public: document the. matititiw coat; WO, 03‘%,1 1 r '. O mentioned. What were the cases to which. Ito preseion referred ? tc..ceitt of theDiiii.e. ptrighien on riCutral territory, and, dttiggie toelaughtere-the receni seizure of a Briesii seer (Sir T. rsambold), on:. neutral territory, and car rying hineprisoner to France. Did the Hon: Gen tlemareeee nothing in this seizure ot a British seer, and this murder of. a French Prince, but that Which must attraa the attentionof the Continent t.e the Maritime,COde of Great Britain ?.. On that ,Alere• tithe Code, a separate provi‘iun had been prriposet),' in an article to. ivhith"his .Noble Friend `on the part of Great Britain bad relesedeo be a party• first of the papers which would be prodtKV,l,in con-. sequence of the motion before the House , beiug a dispatch dated the etii.of April, it Would be tuella ' that his Noble Friend had declared, that no coteie &ration whatever, not 'even the certainty -of a teeth srupuire,wit4s the Confederating Powets, WO6 l I l e,: duce him to consent to the propositt.at wade t' c ' Russian Minister, to submit the Maritime CO t t h , Great Britain. to a Congress of the great Powers 04 -Europe, andehat be was fully authorised to decla re, that the British Government would never conseet , to such a referenCe or iuter`erence. Was this language—were these the symptoms o f co ncession Unquestionably, after the re eeaieu of the ertiche reposed—after the signature el the Treaty , 11t3 Nehie Friend had received and transtnitted how. the Declaration alluded to; but he had it n ot in Iles discretion to refuse - to do this.; and be ..accoteP3"i ttE the reception of the Declaration, with a sfee n g f " :e pression of his regret, chat his Imperial Mej , :%4 " thought it necessary to make it, and with n ;(;:. ,petition of what he knew to be the sentience:' Court on the subject. Did' ills Neble tbl '' the favour of his Sovereign by ibis coieloa ? ‘. lrc Isis Majesty's Miniiters lake-warm on sr whew. On the tont rary, as would appear by Ibe Pl'"" rd Iv.i; produced, on the reception of the Treaty Le bis grave wrote to his Noble Flitted, expresiTg . I. clarity eesty's approbation of his Preceedities, er"l his Majesty's determination not to submit of Maritime War to enyenichatien whatever., was during Pitt's•adininisi ration. Nort,e.titteri,"7 determination concealed from the Foreign ;V 4 ' lll ' Lo t , for the copy of a letter i same clat.,ffr,9 to, ' Artilgrave to the l.tussitte .Ambassador seihile,()`:,sPeue the occasio),? (lured, in which his Lordship exprc•sseti situ"' timents, declared that no StatestoJti tvotact fetind in thiS Country .who i,101.1,1(1 t ',slo, .settle that--on Which the power arid . p l l . ° g e o r i A of the Country rested, and started that. Friend had discharged a decidtel duty in I"' Where was here the sacrifice lion of the proposition thie had been made t nd bill t i t : rights ? Whatever the Het'. Geffile n " il f!,:cl glit fer , t hey: of other parts of his Ni inle Friend's, drier, e that must know his candour too well to er, stil'P u l i P le ‘ ndoi t i ne . observations. on a former cven in g iinee but iv the purpose of producing, not "" " c . ' • .4 that he Was determined not in eoi 'e'er of ter which was the solid-toundation of Me pole , he House and the Panegyric on the coedutt, by wlec i l pr -l o ie nli e: e lt , i t e a6 , country. fie congratulated t tie 00Y 91 "" vided this Negociatione would perste l _ et that , such ttat asittmetie.larrtupttg:cioppielstadtobt:heonseetthccict pr;10:.. trusted Negociatioi) in any other hands. kie s _ l 7 f - t h a t , the great example objetle day had set, by retusitig purchase h a e sacritieo however desirable and important, t. , Bie of that which was not the peconar strengte se et lain alone, but which was the source al:ld AIPP r_i r n which the Admihistrationn that Objed tippet ee the general strength by , r)le w ouP • to be attainable; lie trusted that that c ) i t at .' l3 , o 4 that be followed- to the- end of time. h e *. r what we had not given tO should never give tO avert even a .grent if to the re" trusted that what we -had refused to gra lout quest of friendship would never be extorted irony aeqeire a ere:: ! v v.` . to by the rnumn ot hoefiltlY• - • Dr: Letwasece explained. • e tot e Mi.' WEI I.D . te,Plie4* at7 a fi ri . ; „ 116 " ... ,, personal imputations that had been ii opt " course of die &We, observed that