The Sun. — London, England, 1818-07-24 00:00:00

'CONTAGIOUS FEVER. REPORT. The Select committee appointed to examine into the State of Contagious Fever in the Metropo lis, and into the Condition of the Institution . for the Cure of and Prevention of the same—and who were employed to report their observations thereupon to the H ouse, together with the Mi notes of Evidence taken before them—have agreed upon the following llePoaT Yon't Committee having summoned before them Physicians front the principal Hospitals in the metropolis, proceeded in the first place to inquire into the progress and extent of that contagious fever which during the last 12 months has been so prevalent. In order to obtain correct infor mation upon thin suhicct, they called for a return of the number of patients who have been admit ted into a Fever Hospital constructed in Pancras road, and entitled a " House of. Recovery.'' This establishment had its origin in the year 1802, a period of great sickness among- the poorer classes of society. it having been preceded by a scarcity of food for two yea's. In the year 1803, 164 patients, and in that of 1804, 185 were admitted into this hospital. The return inserted in the tvidence of Dr. Batemen; Physician to the institu tion for the last lb years, shows that the mini- mum of sickness was in 1810, when 30 patients only were admitted ; and that the average of the three years preceding 1617, when the present epidemic may be considered to have commenced, was somewhat more than 76 per annum ; in the the year 1817, 126 ; and from April in that year to the same period in ;818, no less ban 797 per sons were patients in this Infirmary. Your Committee then proceeded to. inquire as to the prevalence of this contagions fever in the different Hospitals in the Metropolis. Dr. Marcet, who is one of the physirians.at Guy's, informed them, that in the.year 1817 doom' 60 patients .were admitted with cases of fever, and. in that ending April 1.818, 253. In the London Hospital, Dr. Yelloly states, that the average number of fever-patients may be taken at about 30 for the last five years:; that in 1817, 97 cases were admitted,; and in the first Three months of this year no less than 35. Your Committee have no:regular return from Sr. Thomas's; but Dr: Cur'rey, physician to that • Hospital, says, that the number of fever-cases - was considerably greater than in the preceding years. At tit. Bartholorne_w's, the increase is also stat. ed to he great ; bin yoUr Committee have. no re turn of the numbers-; tOr .Dr. Roberts informed them that no register is kept in the Hospital to distinguish the different varieties of disease.. At Sr. George's, the same-statement is made by Dr. Young ; and there also no register is kept. In the - Westminster :Hospital, Dr. Tuthill in formed your Committee, that the °Minn, y average bf fever cases may be taker, at 23 ; while, from Lady-day 1817 to 1818, 38 patients labouring under this disease have been admitted. In the Middlesex Hospital, theaverage number of contagious fever cases is.about 60 per annum ; and laSt year the number amounted to 120. Your Coniniittee haviog thus ascertained the alarming increase olcontagions fevers in the Hos - pitsls of.the. Metropolis, proceeded to examine the physicians of some of the principal Dispen- L caries. Dr.- Laird, physician at the Public Dispensary of Carey -street,. informed them, that in the year 1815, 84 cases of fever were entered in their books ; in 1816, 76 cases ; and in 1817, 147 ; and in the four. months of the present year, 59 eases of fever have been so registered. Dr., Clutterbuck also stares, that for many years past not above 12 cases of typhus have - been ad ' mitred on their b'olvkl'rbut, io The last year, there have bee&abore•2oo. ' Your Commi?tee thought fit to Transmit a series of questions to the different physicians belonging to some Of...the Dispensaries of London, and to ~, the answers of which they be leave to. re fer. Dr. Davies, physician to - the• London. Dis pensary, averages the number of cases of fever in . the esiablishment to which be belongs, for a pe riod of f 3 years, to be about 100 annually ; in the. last year they amounted to 3A9. In the Finsbury Dispensary, • the mean number of fever cases is 66; brit from the Ist of May, 1817, to the same day, 1818, 163 cases were registered. = Mr. Burgess, apothecary to St. Luke's Work house, stated, that he attends, ott.ao,average of common years, about 150 cases of feVer; in the last year the number rose to 600. Dr. Lincoln states, that his parochial patients have increased from the ordinary average of 40 and 50, to 250 and 300. Your Committee, having thus been informed of the extent of this epidemic, and the severity with which, it has fallen' on the poorer classes of society ;. proceeded to . inquire into the nature and extent of the means afforded, in the way of me ' dical relief, to those afflicted with this calamity. The benevolence of - some individuals, aided.by a considerable grant of money.on the pert of the public, has constructed a fever infirmary, called • " The louse of Recovery, which is capable of containing about 69 patients. • This establishment has t isen to its extent and . consquence by slow degrees ; it began in a sniall house which was capable of .., contain* only a very limited number of patients, and it's 'augmented size is a convincing proof of ifg-i , :atltnthyledged value, no less than its being necessary to the increasing wants of the metro ptilis. It is supported by.voluntary contributions, 7rit t e'';rinottrit of which may be taken at 4501. per fa suet. This Institution possesses besides a fund 0f,2,0001. in Exchequer Bills, and 2,6821. in the (.;ent. Consols ; the annual income being , flats a4,•4..Mewlbat above 5401. per annum. The ex , pefics4 4 4 the three years precedidg 1816 amounted anno.a,ll* to 4731. whilethose of the year ending iipri.l,lBlB;treached . the enormous sum•of 1,7001.; to HiLset this increase of expenditure above income, t•toe:gelierotv of the Public was appealed to, and Thd-soin (Ake)) as ..part of the capital stock of the . 4 1 1 0, 'is now held in Exchequer was. subscribed at a, public meeting, sum moned for that purpose; to this fund must be d further giant of 1,0001. which has re --tenlly been made by the Treasurer to t'ul nos pit al. Your Committee have learned, with great satis faction, the nature of the excellent arrangements which have been adopted in this lostitution. The zeal and assiduity of its medical attendants entitle them to the praise and gratitude of all who can estimate the fortitude, the , risk, and the active benevolence which characterizes the pro fessiou to which they belong. But the ohjec:s of. this institution are not limited to attendance on the sick, and to the removing persons front the sphere of contagion ; a portion of its funds is ex pended in cleansing the apartments of the poor, who, crowded in close courts and unventilated looms, are assailed by fever; this practice is pe- . culiar to this establishment, and in the last year no less than 151 rooms were thus white washed. Your Committee refer generally to the evidence of Dr. Bateman, to establish the ne cessity of a speedy removal of the pool from their own dwellings when attacked with conta gious fever, as well as to demonstrate the benefits derived in the last year, by the existence of this institution, when, from the crowed state of the hos pitals,and t held( nown on willingness to receive fever cases at all, the greatest danger would have been incurred of the spreading into a larger focus the sphere of this contagious disorder. In one house the disease continued 17 weeks ; part of the fa mily were attacked with it three different times ; and it was only arrested by the destruction of all the furniture in the apartment. Thus it may be said, the soffe.rers became diseased through their own contagion ; and your Committee cannot contemplate without serious apprehension what tni. , ,ht have been the result of this epidemic daily gaining strength, if it had not keen checked in its malignant growth by the efforts of the Fever stitution. Your Committee wish also to remark, that this establishment tis open to all applicants, at all days and hours. A medical certificate of disease is stated to be repaired; but the practice is to admit all who are attacked by the complaint, molt the first application; and .the only impedi ment thrown in the way has been one which it is the aim . of your Committee to remove—a want of sufficient room for the admission of patients. Your Committee wish to observe, that a most salutary system is adopted here, viz. the transport of the patients in a litter belonging to the esta- blishtnent, - thereby preventing the use of coaches or sedan - chairs; one of the means, by which the contagion is circulated is thus checked, and they hope the other hospitals will see the necessity of adopting some such arrangement. Indeed, front the indifference to contagion which seems to exist in some of these establishments, it is a matter of surprise to your Committee that more fatal results do not occur. Your Committee have learned with great pain, that in all the hospitals of London a great pro portion of patients are weekly refuted Admission, in most of them for want of room ; in one of them (the Middlesex Hospital) from a deficiency of funds. Any plan, therefore, that would lighten the louden which would now lay down these evablishments, would, to the minds of your Com mittee, be of great public usefnlne,is. But if the entire removal of cases of fever from all the hos pitals may be considered injurious to them as schools of medicine, tho, diminution of the num ber of s►►ch admissions might ease the finances of some establisbn►rnts, and leave room in others for patients suffering under diseases of a dif ferent character. Your Committee have been informed, that it is the practice in all the h ospit als to mix cases of contagious fever indiscriminately with other patients ; it has, however, been stated to them by some medical authorities, that, prac tically speaking, no evil has arisen front their in termixture; but, with due deference to such Opi nions, the acknowledged fact, that in some hos pitals the fever has been generated ; that patients admitted under one disease have caught in the hospital another ; that the medical practitioners and attendants have been attacked themselves by the,aisease ; and that most fatal effects have been therefrom produced ;—all these facts fully satisfy your Committee that the practice above alluded to, if not altoe,ether abandoned, ought to be resorted to with great precaution, and in a mist limited extent. As long as fever cases can be tliluted through a large ward, with proper attention to ven• tilation, scarcely any danger of contagion may arise ; but in a period of epidemic, such as existed in the late and present year, when all the hospitals were crotvded with patients assailed by the prevail ing disease of fever, great hazard must be run, and the experience of this year has demonstrated the danger and evil of the system. As the great pre servative against contagion is a free citculatiou of air, patients labouring under chronic disorders cannot with propriety he subjected to the same treatment, and a system of medical police which is essential in one case to prevent the spreading •of the disease, .becomes highly prejndicial in the other; besides, a great prejudice prevails ; and your Commirtee;cannot consider it as unfounded, among the poorer classes of society, who are the main objects of these establishments, against either entering themselves or sending their relations into these Hospitals, on account of the hazard . ql in fection to which they are exposed ; the events of the last year are not certainly calculated to weaken these opinions; and your Committee feel assured, that to diminish the number of fever-cases in every Hospital, by increasing the powers of re ceiving them in institutions exclusively set apart for that disease, would not only do away the im pression on the public mind above alluded . to, but contribute most materidlly to the relief and good arrangements of those hospitals, the wards of which are now exposed to be indiscriminmely filled with patients labouring under diseases in all their different stages of ; suffering and .ma lignity. Your Comnaittee refrain from entering more into detail on these subjects ;. they refer gene rally to the evidence, which, to , their minds', is conclusive. That evidence hal demonstrated the extent of the epidemic, the probable chance of its continuance, as well as of its occasional, re currence, the small means aiforded:by the Fii,)s phut to receive patients assailed by it, the : gt*olt hazard of mixing them with tbose ‘v!tp labour under diseases of a different nature, the u tility of lie Fever Institution, both for the cure of the isorder, and for arresting the further progress Of . - contagion ; ali tie facts so tnatle out, have 3A tisficd your Committee, that it would be highly expedient to extend the public aid- to this esta blishment. And as they see no reason why the eppital stock of the Hospital should be allOnent ea, they should propose a farther grant of 20001., which, with the 10001. already made, will enable the Institution to increase its muans of actommo (ion to 100 patients. Taking a fair average of the fever cases in the metropolisj this establish ment will thus be enabled to , receive a treat pro portion of the patients who are noW sent to the other hospitals ; and probably, in ordinary times, neatly the whole of the fevers of the metropolis. Your Committee feel assured, that in case the lever should continue its ravages unditninished, and the same burden which lay so heavy on the finances of this Institution in the last year should exist during the present, Parliament would con sent to provide some additional support ; at present, they consider the sum above-inentioned as sufficient, and they rely with confidence ,on the munificence and charity of the public to-promote the ordinary annual•funds for the support of an Institution so well deserving the countenance of all ranks of society. Your Committee have fully satisfied themselves, that the most beneficial ef fects have resulted from hospitals exclusively set apart for cases of fever. Mei , refer generally to the accounts, to show the small income of this admirable institution, as well as. the increasing demands on it j and though the be n ev o l e nce of the public has done much to raise the establish ►itent to its useful pre-eminence, yet farther aid is still waived ; and your Committee wish to recom mend his illajest y's Government to reconsider the grant they have already made; Your Committee, in recommending; this grant of money, ate aware of the general impolicy supporting public hospitals by advances of public money ; but the peculiar state of this' establish- ment, it's nature and character, the pressure of its funds, which require immediate and-large ad ditions to them ; and., above all, the diseased state of the metropolis in respect of.fever, atoll the probability of its malignity being increased towards the autumn ;—all these reasons satisfy your Committee, that a departure from the general principle may 'in this case be adopted. Front the experience derived Iron: the establish mews at Chester, Manchester, an 4 ‘Vaterford, according to a report which has been laid 'before them, it appears that not only .no hazard, of spreading infection has been incurred, but, in point of fact, the number of contagious diseases has been greatly diminished, not only iri towns, but in the very district and neighbourhoocLwhere houses of recovery have been siinated. 1)r. Ro ger, late physician to the- Manchester Infirmary, informed your Committee,. that at Manchester no.. medical officer or attendant in the hospital has been afflicted with the fever generated. within °its walls ; and that in the foram itself the number. of cases of that di,ease-has diminished to a less de-. free than the ordinary average prior to the esta blishment of the Institution. Dr. Holtne, phy sician to the Infirmary from its establishment to the present period, confirms this •stateme.nt to -its full extent. Your Cormnittec cannot close this Rqort witb: out expressing a regret that any hospital .in ,the metropolis should not possess register -ofAis 7; eases ; they trust this omission, will ,speeaily. be rectified. And, in their opinion, it would, be ad ! .l. vi,:eable to register ; not only the diseases, htt,t r olso the name and profession of the patient. It must : at all times he a matter of useful knowledge to be able to learn the quality end extent of the ditfe-, rent diseases that prevail at different periods :•and, your Committee have felt the want of4hat.il►for . .. 'nation, arising out of this strat!ge.iiregnlarity, in not being able to ascertain the averlge.4ever cases that have occurred for swine years..past in the metropolis. 1\1., 9 20, 194 E. ~ .', i. HOME IRC UIT. ";_ _. , . . ESSEX ASSIZES--,CHir,m YFCOtD, CIVIL . ';'' • Alt 41 ”: • KING V. OLDACR3..,„ .. ~„ This Was an tiction agait.►st the trefendam ft;r 'alsely imprisoning tive Mr. GURNEY and Air. CHITTY colwli‘tered th e plaintiff's case,_ and Mr. Mautk - ATT and - Sit. MY IV the defendant's: • -•- The circumstances of the case -werelhese The plaintiff resides at Barkin:gvide,4n.this 'Coun ty, and having been robbed of severatAtillnw . trees, he traced his property to a , cbip,hut manufaetoi y in Whitechapel,' where 'he' received.ttA -account, exactly correspmnling. with;"the - plaitaiff, -ag the person who had sot! them 'to' Itim:'l-teLsan4d the prisoner to he apprehendedlortite robbery, antr he was detained in custody ou : the'. charg,e Irtfin Hine o'clock one eveniug until siie . o'clo~ . k .tie Wert evening, when the tradesiNn frourliru-Reehapel being produced tfo identify-. thC supposed robber, he djsclaimed•any knowledge of he plaintiff, - who was immediately-tiherAted.;.- Under thest circum stances the action. ‘i-40).-logitt. -The case went to the jorT tinder the .charge, of the. Learned Judge, who found-a verdict- for the plaintiflamages 101. • - CROWN SIDE, snootttses. Henry > 0•851 iptlyfte j sl ;uucler Lord ..EI len - -borongli:s Actor rnalifiowly o.cipting Gilder, o? :the-40th this contlty. A • T be pritmtref ..fin this ; st,7vivtis . 40-nialter.hy trade, but siispieeted - nfiponcliing and.ip:;4king, free with poultry.' The wffif..csoft.(!r,is a .I ; al4nritionati working with a Mr. Lyyticon,. and „lie gave che, followitig_liecytirtt t)f i AJA: trangsacp . pii :--that 'he bad just finit.hed o'clock, and was standing near a, tree hedge of the field where lie„ : l,!ad be.en I,,vorking, when he heard the report of a:gun, and heard something come whiz zing past his ht:'a!l whizziog of to hail. lie turned round and looked towards the place the report cave • r.frow, whew.he saw a nian just, at' the edge of a little ; coppice•!vooti,, aod.he immediltely -ran: into-it... 'll4e•mio,.bad,a•lrght frock and light breeches, and he thought at the time it was prisoner, but he 'did•nut see him sufficiently optr or tlistioctiy to be certein of it. lie theu tuned to look at the tree, and he found a small ,rove! ;!; 0 •it 11 Ole siu'e of 'Ode tr6c het 0 1,1 'appearance of being struck by bail. lie it to several persons, n l a few dap after ° the prisoner- was apprehended. John Etotwell was next exaMined as to th-e.ot pression..l of used by' the prisoner ogioi the prosecutor. tie stated., that be cathe fOP P , el f gaol to which he was cominirted on a c. 11 ° 11 . 0 3 stealing a rabbit. lie said he had had a cOnversibt:oo With the prisoner about Glider's stopping the wirne,s, on passing through a Close, tirl..leid arming his basket. The prisoner said he v l ,' c r e l Gilder would stop him. Ile Would haVe Ws': be knockell off before he would stiller it, and tll3* '.CoIM Ove it t.O the prosecutor before loog• • t o Jr was also stared by another witness, th3t„ij the day Gilder Was shot at, the nrisoner had b * dm: he would give hint some Pe pper and salt night. . • The liev. Mr. Gee eXarnineri the place (1 1,10 days afterwards. The prosecutor shewerf tire spot where he was standing, and the Pk u here there Were the mark s o f a man having k on his knees from whence the shot was. ficed• pa t • Three witnesses for the prisoner proved "co he was at borne at his lod g i n g f ro m five to se° on the•evening of the transaction. The Jury found the prisoner Nut Guilty. HIGtIWAY ROBBERY. ;tio Thomas Smith, a young man of 20, " 7 ", If, dieted for a highway robbery on the Gtli of Willi 'I;01 at the parish of Barking, a n d robbing Haydon of 18s. in silver. f rit The facts, as stated by Mr. Ilaydon and M i 4.2 e were, that on the evening of Fairlop Fair , t rrE don, a Mr. Cowell, and a Mr. Jones, w ith t. °e re young Ladies, the d aug ht ers o f o ne of 11 1 0 '10 of 'reintnting from Fairlop Fair. A gang Ot ti 24 . persons appeared to be followin4 Mr , -amongst whom the prisoner was 'one, and tis 0 11 4 Jones was behind the others of his Pa"Y„'„ 0 1 ,1 near the gang, be overheard them say thil s ' l , - , - 1 0, rob his friends. He immediat e ly joine d ,f,-liod and gave the information, wh en they dete r ' so .o Rot . to go on further front the fair, as theY . be 'more out of the way of ass i s t ance• e o r sOnCr and his gaa then came up, and o e 4 1 , lour collared Haydoh and demanded •Ijs Iheyatirrew him 'down- and'got the silver re' his pockets ; but this was not done wi'll ° ,!' r .: 11c sist:nnce, for.t he prostentor and his friends '"1‘;144 41 4 cfly. The women seredmed lie VI knocked down, and upon assistance all - .rhe party escaped except the ptisoner'bi. be .up And ran away, but %%Nis d ose k. w asn' t ; ( al , took - to a booth near the fair, w ) hich 1 ) ( ent e ' rs° l and-wi;s immediately apprehended, fli s f j 1.0 was positively identified.••---The Jury it' ll' Guilty. SEDUCTION, EVRRETT V. DIXON; r the We Are informed, that no , withstr .oilh i..tf statement made by ' Mr, JAMES, the 1):A ;) ,fo l`. Counsel, on opening this CaliSC at the) S e 0 1 ' Assizes, and which WAS referred by i t ' e r mendation of Mr. Baron GAR, cow, that tier close and very slriet txPillihintion of oi l t rio" l4 nesses by Mr. PEAKS,. the referrer . , al r i e up five hours, the damsges swardr . d bY t 0 1) ' only 101, though laid by the plaiti ti". thousand. '(.., 1,./ . 0t ,%111..N6r10138EFtY AND ATTEMPT AT '` i- 1 11 1''' , co O il ,' .) Strnday o'clock, as All aged couple, named flootP, ~,01° asleep bb in their cottage, at N a ii ng , ne ar 11 4 ' 1 : 1 11e r , morning, between one 01 ' 6 4 er ° a .) l ey,..the wife was aronied by. A noise ''' al it' .t ei -room window.. She immediately ar'' se 'g t`' •perc ivul a wan at the outside endeavoari,litt It lift op the sash. .She exerted all her strriq't, et' prevent his entrance, but her at t m - tt ' 9 ': " I sj of, fectua I ; theYillin forced ofte n t tll4 %r")('‘t og Pllttged in, and hilt a — case- knit ' ti s l_ e _ ti l g i' g r l ' e '3sb : the feriitied female ; happily in her „I " it f ol 1° knoct ed the knife from his distant:part of the toom. S.reastis)4%.3ll). 0‘"Ye',.:111019:1 mile !.0 rise from the spot where t h e wre cc . - .ole knocked her down and atiesupted to f er ., P , lol ' a the murder. In the meanwhile Mr Mort is " II : is . S 4 years of age, came is on, his bcay all, : c t . " l " trihuted his feeble assistance f or t he pre, :v l s h l' i ° of his wifk but thy dash) , robber disibiefloot, by a sihgle.bhw, which stretched hint on i l ' e , per' c from giving any effectn,l aid. The 61i '; ' ft? Tiving that be had nothing to apPre l ' elii I 11 ' ° their further resistance, deliberately rit/(1,,,,:'11,1 pockets „ of Mr., th a w s . swill c lothes , l' i t e :t 0. was the stint of M. in Bank notes, the inte ; l l :ll ' e '6OOl. 3 pert ens. Consols fur IS mouths, wii.„..zc,loit' poor old man had received at the Bank 013 `c l l ,lol "Sp and then escaped through the saw e ` v . j .. o o ll 'j by which he entered. The height flow the-g,',lls`: is 12 feet, and, to facilitate his ent" nees l' l .Jil broken off the arm of a large tree, od P. l , 3c dert in such a direction as to form a species 0 1 10 i' / A detailed account of the transac:jun " :' ! 5 5 S il. the Magistrates at Union-hall by J. 1301'000 of Leonard-farm, near the cot ta;!c ; " 13d t h e (l.d e t ; Guff, and Hail have been dispat'clied tor ,itlal pose of ,procwipg, further inforMatio 0 ' ' -.•••• discover the rolibtr. i 0 0 0 ) • BIRTH. ton 01 a On the 20th inst. the Viscountess Torring er house. Upper Scymour-street. ...........,_____------ • Cr 1 ": • . 'MARRIED. r , o trila„ hilt' Yesterday, at St.. G,,,,, , , . v are,'' - ' Po' PO' ford, only ~ Ne %, 1-lanover•sq son Of fir James Crawford, t° „try. • Pi; Cos entry, fourth thiugliter of the Earl of 6 4vc- , i sroY n 'li t " On the 29th of March, at Buenos Nvres, ' l Vi . II '''-- - , ~,,,a, . , * I c l s if b r . es d idt a • y vt in t , Lr i e t there, t , :) ,t :I t i . l jiain-iiea,r,:sh(:,:itiul::hil, ;Is is. e s'. r ' Ladd - .f l,l„e. g i etitet.l family and many accomplisl.ln7,,, t he ft LI I 8 1, 1‘. , . Bennet; .Estr. jo. Mrs. WY"'" '' 0 .,., I te al : :. O k n ui t t l a te . 2 - 2.1 . m5t.,. i ,,, ' .d 4. 7 1 T —I t t. 7 i i ii - c a . , M o rrigu": ' V ';: r . ,.97 13f . g: ~ , On •Itics , n'Yr at her hose in :Quebec-5°T; ' 0 4 , it,' nom -ilia., •elict of the late MI . Francis Houvl.P*;:,o4'.lieP 0 _On 1); -Allay, tkc 21st inst. at -.two pit eatl• l° ,„„terr °' ,I; I her 'gePSariA, the wife of Mr. r e orgt.: l''''' goo' f o rt.hoildit 0 the 1:3 11 4) . inst., irr the Vid year o f 1,1 ' ' 11 : e' gr. 1,1 Il i;ib;.7s t th r i7nst l) :a' : I L K . t.:l;tWin. "l' ec i p6l44l' Ssq. , f the Adrairalt ''' "e Regis, ...---......„ . 65 4 .5r)'; LONDON: hinted hvj. 13. c-;,1 l(S F:tlltS, ,' t : d ra '' 0 # 11 : Ormond-stitit. .Qiimu-s,lllre; and l'° 4l ' '- t :t ~."- O fi r •SCRIPPS, of No. 7, South Sl,:ltnn - s t ; ; `:, - • 1 . 0 4 g P Office No. 112, Strand ; where Adve'''',/2 Letters, &e. [0.41.1/Aid) nu a " bc , i ddroo.• J ( 1 '' ,lit; \,";