The Sun. — London, England, 1826-05-02 00:00:00

~~ -4 4, ' 1 i . ~,~ ~-`2,~-c - - • I A e - " •, • L • y 14.4 ei • (,\I 41. " ' 'WWI 441 • . V - ; ,k, - ...ttl: t ' 1111 • Ot•.- • tft , • ‘' • 0. / ` **l44.°N°W • '', 11,41N1& 0 f7 4 i lki, 611 *III V 4 , 4 / :IC' 0 ,• k f 1 11111 11 I MI ;,; far• . 11 4 oxi 4.; ' Al. ~~~ r FTy 'k , ....,,. •• •-..„ ..._ ~.-.••., , - • • , .. .-. ,„•• •',-.;...,::: . .7::, - .. -- ...c . ':, ,. ...-":- ., E.) -- t.4;1' '''l*-...-':-....''''':','.i'' ~'.*~ R ~: - TUEESD SLY EV E MAY 2, 1826. YeMBER 10,496. PitICE ,SETIEN-PENCE. ROYAL ACADEMY, SOIIiEftSET-PIJACE. THE EXHIBITION of the . ROYAL ACA DENY is NOW OPEN. Admission (from Eight o`Clock till Seven), One Shilling.—Catidogue, One Shilling. .. H. HOWARD, R.'. Sec. SHE WIDOW of an OFFICER in his MA JESTY'S her pension to the EDUCATION of her FAMILY, would b 4 glad to find some lady in want of a companion. Salary is not so much the object as a comfortable residence.—The most respectable ieferences will he given by applying at 112, Strand. 9110 LET, TWO Good OFFICES on the SE- A CO \) FLOOD., within 50 yards of the Royal 1;x. change, in a quiet situation.—For prifticulars, inquire of Mr. Evans, No. I, Freeman's Court, Corn , .„ EXCELLENT GROUSE-SHOOTING IN . SUQTLAN 1) TO 11E LET. AN EXTENSIVE RANGE ITT 001-0: in INVERNESS.SHIRE, is La be i ori. a LEASE, trot under Seven Years endurance, where Gro:se are surprisingly -- numerous, and Deer, Woodcock, Snipe, Hare, &c. &c. - are w be found. For particulars apply to Hugh Lll . Qtteen, 'W.S., 1 31, Great King.etrect, Edinburgh. . T ALUABLE, ISLAND, - : HSIANG STA V TIONS, &c. on the West Coast of Invernesa.shire.—To 1 4 SOLD by PRIVATE BARGAIN, the ISi4.\ND of lIIIISKAY, situated between South Uist anti Barra. It min 'tains nearly 1,700 acres of the richest pastore, and IC acres of arable land. ' Phis island is capable of producing annually about 50 tons of excellent kelp, and its principal harbour is one uf the safest, most commodious, and centrical, in the wesreoast of Scotland.. Eriskay is by far the best fishing station in the %Vest coast of Scotland ; herring and cod; and other fish, are abundant ; lyng 'is no where to be fourd in larger quantities, and with such remarkable facilities for killing, curing, &c. The neighbouring lochs art noted for herring, Lte. Eriskay will either be sold with tb , se exclusiye advantages, or a certain portion of it, may be fu ti to any person desifous of establi , h. lag a regular fishery. For further particulars, apply to Hu g ut Mae (4.teen, W. S., 11, Great King-sacra, Edinburgh, who is in possession of the titles, anti has authority to conclude a prix vate bargain. WAR-OFFICE STEAM-PACKETS.-BRISTOL AND DUBLIN. DIRECT. --- - - • r E Nobility,. Gentry, and Public, are re .t spectfully informed, that THE PALMERSTON, JOHN HYDE, Commander, Sails for DUBLIN direct every WEDNESDA Y, and leaves DUBLIN for BRISTOL every wArru R DA Y. • BRISTOL AND CORK. The GEORGE THE ItOURTH, JOHN BROWNE, Commantier t ..Sails for CORK every SATURDAY direct, and leaves C()11-K for 11111:ST01J every TUESD Y. Births secured, and Cards, giving the Days and Hours of flailing for thc Season, may be obtained on application to liiihop and Cooper, White Hart and Wm. Dore, White Lion, Bath; William Neylor, Plough Hotel, Cheltenham ; J. R. Williami and Co., No. 11, CleMent's-lane, Lombardzs , reet, or Wur. Robinson, New White Horse Cellar, Piccadilly, London. Carriages and Horses carefully Shipped. ROBART SMART, Agent. War , Office Packet-Office, l, Broad Quay. • TO-MORROW. • laiSH " The Last Man" who can ever have the honour, singly as Contractor, to submit. a Lottery to the British Public, hits been niore than usually anxious to rentleethis his Las t Scheme worthy their approval. • Government having arranged the Last Lottery of all to be taken by the Office-keeiiers'who usually bid for a Lottery, and 4efermined that lIISH'S FAREWELL CONTRACT, ilehlir the very bast Lottery but One that can ever be offered, must be all decided TOMORROW, the 3d of MAY. .• BISII entreats his " best friends," the Public, to be early at their application for Tickets and Shsres, to partake of the SIX PRIZES of £21,000, &c. &c. funning an aggregate of 2337,000 ! ALL TO BE DECIDED IN ONE DAY, TO-MORROW, the 3d of MAY. • Tickets and Shares are selling at 111511'S, the Contractor's, Offices, No. 4, Cornitill, and 9, Charing-Cross, and by his Agents in all the principal Cities and Towns of the United Xingdom. BM'S GREAT LUCK I—The tide Of success continues to tow uninterrupedly to BISII'S Offices—every drawing affords hini'the - gratification of announcing that a very large portion °tell the Prizes have been sold by him. In the Lottery just MAO, he Shared and Sold sev er a l Ca p itals, including TWO. PRIZES :0 I . £20,800 each, viz. • 7,340 Class A, a Prize of £20,000 ! • 10,004 Class B, a Prize of £20,000 ! k the previous Lottery, which was all drawn 6th December last, BISH sold TWO of £30,000 ! And in the Lottery immediately preceding, drawn on the 18th October last, BISII Sold THREE of 4.2),000 And within th last Eleven Months, ..81$ Ii sold FIVE £30,000, and ELEVEN £20,000 1 Q - UPERIOR. FOOD for CHILDREN, IN VALIDS and Others . —ROBINSON'S PATENT °ARLEY, for making superior Barley Water in ten minutes, and PATENT - tilto.l . rs, for making superior tirucl in ten minutes.—The Patentee solicits attention to the following do cument :-,- (C 9.) Apothecaries' Hall, London, Feb. t], 1 82 6 . 211.--have analyzed your (hoe's and Barley Powder, which you, having his Majesty's [setters Patent tbr the sole manufac turing of the same, properly denominate " Patent Barley gild' Patent (heats." I have no hesitation in declaring them to be genuine 'powders of the best Barley and Oats I ever saw. 1 .eimilier it a public advantage, and of great importance in the medical world, that, by your mode of preparation, a valuable T 4 lO mucilaginous beverage and food may be obtained in a few Maun a ,. hive also analyzed some samples—imitations of your - ,4 4 cles—which are " warranted tree from adulteration r— ose pronounce to be compositions of ditlerent'meals, conse rro t h suently, neither pure Barley Water nor Oat Gruel= be made em. I am, Sir, your obedient servant. • ARD C To Mr. M. R o bi nson, Red Lion. RlC stree H t, HolbornLAßKE.. The, above testimonial, from a ()enact - I)2n who has already rendered the public 'ouch service, by exposing various delete• rious mixtures and adulterations in articles of general consump tion, added to the recommendation of the medical profession, maim it unnecessary for the Proprietors to do more than state, that none are genuine which do n ot b ear the words, *6 Robin son's Patent , " t h e Royal Arms, and the signature of " 111atts. Robinson." Sold retail, in Papers of 1111, and Canister* of 21b., by most re- APectable Druggists and Groeers throughout the kingdom t and, wholesale, by the Patentee and Manufacturers, Matthew Robin ibon and Co., No. 64, lied Lion -street, Holborn, London. Who supplies the Sporting World with an excellent Article for liounds &c. The Patentee of the Prepared B ar l ey an d Groats having a considerable quantity of (Ohl or Waste Meal, which answers much better titan the common barley or oat meals for reeding Dogs, &c, Noblemen and .Gentlemen may be supplied in quantities not °eta., than 1 cwt. at 18s ,or at 181. per ton. Cows, Pigs, and roultry thrive Ceti! rly well upon this meal. .ogers says, that Sir Thomas's portraits of the Chancellor, Mr. Peel, and Mr. Canning, are unquestionably Cabinet pictures. ABOLITION OF TESTS.—The honourable society ray's Inn have lately abrogated an order or bye-law, which Luded di ssenters f rom b e i ng b y them called to the b ar .—Th a t e i nl ation required every candidate to produce a certi fi cate of bay bg th e sacramen t 1. test. By a spontaneous order, issued th e beachers on the 16th of Nov. last, this bye-law was abolish o' an the (Omission to the bar'of the students of thi s I nn , p l ace d the same footing as in other Inns of Court. . L ta.nNING.--.lllany parts of what is called learn -444 1* to ria,blefli e man's horse, which had but two faults; he was 14 , , 0 Catch, and good for nothing whe n he was caught. Me ieiud)3* speculations are but frigid, as. Lanardi f after-as. ing to an immense height in the atmosphere, Carae - do'sin CO erlod with icidei.--Eatirte. FURL IGN CORN. Mr. JACOB'S RET ORT on the TRAtIg in CORN, and cn the AGRICULTURE of the NORTH of EU.LOPE. For the last three days this Article has been erroneously headed as the Instructions to, instead of the Report from, Mr. JACOB. [Continued fiom our paper of yesterday.] There are besides these, numerous small properties, some of ifew acres, which by frequent subdivisions, have descend ed to younger branches of noble families. The present own ers are commonly poor, but too proud to follow any profes sion but that of a soldier, and prefer to labour in the fields with their own hands rather than to engage in trade of any kind. As titles descended to every son, and are continued through all the successors, the nobility have naturally become very numerous . ; but since the Emperor of Russia has gained the dbminion dyer Poland, the use of titles has been restricted. No.one can assume that of Baron, unless his clear income from his estates exceed 1,000 gulden, or 25!. ; none that of Count, whose rents are less than 3,000 gulden, or 75!. ; and none that of Prince, who hi.s less than 5,000 gulden, or 125/. The whole of the lands are made alienable and may now be pur chased by persons of any rank, and are actually held by some who are burghers or peasants; the • jews alone are prohibited from becoming proprietors of the soil, though they have very nu merous mortgages upon it. When they foreclose, the lands must consequently be sold ; and as these Jews, the monied ca pitalists, cannot become purchasers, the prices they yield are very trifling, The most numerous class of cultivators are peasants ; the}• have a limited property in the lands which they occupy, and the cottages in which they live, under the condition of work ing a stipulated number of days in each week on their Lord's demesne, and paying specified quantities of produce, such as poultry, eggs, yarn, and other things, in conformity with ancient usage. The extent of these holdings ♦ary, according to the quality of theland, and the quantity of duirwork, or of payments in kind which are to be fulfilled, On a large property which I examined, the peasants had about 48 acres of land each, for which they were bOund to work for two days in every week with two oxen. If their labour was farther required, they were paid three-pence per day for two other days ; and if beyond that number, sixpence per day. On another property, I found the peasants had about 36 acres, for which they worked two days in each week, with two oxen ; when called up on for extra labour, they are paid sixpence a day for themselves and oxen for the next two days, or if they work without their oxen, 3d. If their labour is demanded the remaining two days in the week, the sum tb he paid is made the subject of a special agree ment ; on one estate the peasants had but 24 acres, and did but one day's work themselves, with one horse ; the rest of their la bour was paid for in money, by agreement made at the time it was required. Another proprietor, on land somewhat exhaust.d, 'granted to each of his peasants more titan 50 acres of land, for which they worked with two horses three days in a week. It would be easy to give instances of more • various rates of duty work, and of the quantity of land which is appropriated for its performance. Some are of a luxurious mid of a ludicrous ki id. T was told that the inhabitants of two 'whole villages, near a princely domain, hold their lands on condition- of employing a certain number of days in each week, in cleaning the walks, and keeping in good order the pleasure grounds, Which surround the vast castle of their benevolent and hospitable lord. In general, this peasantry is in a condition of great distress, and involved in debt to their lord. They are no longer slaves, or adstricti gleihr. By the constitution promulgated in 1791, they were declared free, and that part 'of the constitution suf fered no alteration under the dominion of the Russians and Prus sians ; was confirmed When the King4if Saxony became So vereign ; and was again assured in 1815, when the Emperor of Bosnia was enthroned as King of Poland. The practical effects of the privileges, thus granted, have hi therto been very inconsiderable. The peasants can leave their land, but must first acquit the pecuniary demands of their lords. Few are able to do this, as .most of them are in arrears. The lords must supply . them with their oxen, in case one dies ; their plough and other implements must be furnished to them by him; and 'in years of scarcity they become involved in debt, for the re quisite subsistence of themselves and their cattle. This, together superior, has t local attachments, and the habit of respect for their feudal general prevented the peasants front wandering away from the houses of their fathers, and from the protection of their chief. It thus rarely happens that the peasants quit the esttes on which th e y h ave b een b o rn; and th e i nstances t h at d o occur, are chiefly to be attributed to the embarrassed circum stances into which their lord may fall. A declining property produces a necessitous peasantry, end such may soinetimes be in duced to try their fortune under another proprietor. A gentleman with whom I formed an acquaintance, had becu compelled to take an estate which was mortgaged to him.. He found no peasants on it ; the hoed was neglected, and the build ings dilapidated. As no tenant would talce it at any rent, he was under the necessity of farming it, To induce peasants to come to him, he granted them a larger portion of laud than was customary on that quality of soil, built them houses, supplie I them with oxen and implements. sowed the corn of the•first year, and fed them till it was fit to be converted into food. By these means, though he was enabled to get his labour performed, yet he assured me it was by persons of the least skill, industry, and so briety. The want of peasantry is a general subject of complaint, espe cially es a ar m e o l n ode g a tir se (Who are the far greater number) whose with mortgages or other incumbrances such sometimes lose them, but cannot command the means of inducing new ones to settle on the lands. Though no longer slaves, the condition of the peasants is but little practically improved by the change that has been made in their condition. When a transfer is made, either by testament or conveyance, the persons of the peasantry are not indeed ex pressly conveyed, but their services are, and in many instances are the most valuable part of the property. It is said, that when the freedom of the peasants was fret de - creed, it was viewed by them with great distrust. They were alarmed with the apprehension, that in age or sickness, or other incapacity, they should be abandoned by their lords, and left to perish in want; by the form that society has taken in the course of the 34 years that have passed since the alteration was enacted, their alarms have been dispelled; and the same acts of kindness being exercised in most cases as were formerly customary, they can perceive no alteration in their condition that is either mate rially more beneficial or injurious to them. These people live in wooden huts, coffered with thatch or shingles, consisting of one room with a stove, around which the inhabitants and their cattle crowd together, and where the most disgusting kinds of Mines" are to be seen. Their common food is, cabbage, p o t a toes sometimes, but not generally, pease, black. bread, and soup, or rather gruel, with out the addition of butter or mea t. Their chief drink is water, or the cheap wh a isk nd ey is of d t ran he k eo w un h tz, which is the only luxury of the peasants ever they can obtain it, in enormous quantities. They use much and in spite of • the heavy tax on salt with their vegetable food , that commodity, can never dispense with the want of it at their meals. I was informed, and saw reason to credit the accounts, that when the peasants brought to the market-towns their trifling quantities of produce, a part of the money was first intoxication dto pur chase salt, and the rest spent in whiskey , i n a state ofhadre stored that commonly endured till the exhaustion o f the p them to sobriety. In their houses they have little that merits the name of furniture; and their clothing i s coarse, ra gg ed, and filthy, even to disgust. Very little attention has been paid to their education, and they are generally ignorant, superstitions, and fanatical. They ob serve about 20 holidays in the year, besides the Sundays; and pass much of their time in pilgrimage* to softie favourite shrine, in counting beads, and similar superstitious occupations. This representation of the condition and character of the pea santry, though general, cannot be considered so universal as to adtnit of no exceptions; some rare instances of perseverance in economy, industry, and temperance are to be found, anti unfa vourable as their circumstances may be for the creation of such habits, they are here attended by the newel correspondent results. .Some few peasants have been enabled to gain three or four allot ments!, and to employ their sons or hired servants to work for them; and there are instances of such persons making a still 'orther progress, awl being enabled to purchase estates for them selves. Such cases as these, however, :occur so rarely, that :hough tkey produce individual comfort and wealth, they bays so perceptible influence on the general mass of society, fitr.oh rhe, 4urplus quantity of agricultural productions. As may be naturally inferi6d, from the system Under which labour is applied to the land, that labour is performed in the Most neglige it and slovenly manner possible. No manager of a large estate can have his eye constantly on every workman ; and when no advantage is gained by care in the work, it will naturally he very imperfectly executed. All the operations of husbandry truck me to be very ill perfornied ; the ploughing is very shal low and irregular; the barrows with wooden tines do not pene trate sufficient to pull up weeds in fallowing ; the roller is almost unknown ; and thus the land is filled with weeds of all deAcrip tions. I observed the aside want of attention in threshing; and it appeared to me that a much greater proportion of the grain was left among the straw, thin in that which has passed,under an English flail. In short, the natural effects of the system of duty work was visible in the whole of the administration of Elie large astaos where it is followed, with the exception of thiwe few pro prietwe who have intelligent and active managers, arml are free from pecuniary embarrassments. The common course of cropping is, the old arttem oft' whole yea's &Bow, followest by winter corn. and tittla t i` 4lo2l tr CS VY' An I then a fallow again. Thus one-third of the land bears th fig. The winter crop in the northern part of Poland consists of wheat and rye; the proportion of the latter:to the' former is nearly as nine to one, and the wheat enjoys the , benelt of what lisle manure is preserved. Thus the wheat actually cultivated doss not occupy more than one-thiftieth part of the arable laud. In the southern part of the kingdom, the wheat hears a larger pro portion to the rye, amounting ; on the more tenacious foils, to a fifth ; and even in some cases, to a fourth part of the rye. The statements I could collect, And my own observations, led me to conclude the stock of cattle to be very small in proportion . to the extent of land, and to the number of inhabitantg. The Go verment of Poland has not collected those statistical facts, which are so regularly registered by the Prussian, and sense other of the Governments of Germany; where they have been collected, as in the case of the population of the year 1617, I believe but little accuracy is to be discovered. I found, in a conversation: with one of the ntinistetv, to whose immediate department it belonged, that uo great dependence could be placed on the census of that year. In the absence of more recent authority, I avail myself of. a Prussian document, which shows the numbers of the different kinds of cattle in the provinces of Hock, in Poland, when it *us under the dominion of that power. I have no reason to suspect the accuracy or this official statement, or to believe that this pro vince is not equal in live stock to the average of the whole king • dom. I was told there was in the province of Podolachia, a greater nudiber of black cattle, and in th►e province of Lublin, a greater number of sheep, than in Mock ; but those provinces were repr4sented to me as deficient lii other cattle, the former having fewer sheep, the latter fewer cows. In the year 1803, the returns from Pluck were thus-15,08 horses and colts ; 193,54,0 oxen, cows, and young cattle ; 194,103 sheep and la►tibs ; 95,634 swine. The extent of this province is nearly one-fourth of that of the three maritime provinces of Prussia ; and thinly as those are stocked with cattle, in comparison with England, it; will be'seen by the following statement, how much they exeeed that of the district in question (Prussian Maritime, Provinces. Horses and Colts - Oteu, Cows, and Calves Sheep, and Lambs - Swine - - - 1 to 42 acres. 1 to 18 do. 1 to 10 do. 1 to 35 do. 1 to 106 1 to 24 1 to 24 1 to 52 If it he considered, that since the year in which the facts ex hibited in this statemenrwefiallected, - Vstraiitfrry liUs suffered severely from being the theatre of war, ifrom three changes of sovereigns, and from the low prices of allroduce, it Will scarce ly appear probable that it has so increased In wealth as to have added materially to its stock of cattle, or even to have kept np that stock to the standard which it bad reached before those visi tations. It appears by the statistical account of the lordship of Pulaway and Konskowk, in the province of Lublin, which is considered to be one of the best managed estates in Poland, con sisting of 119,232 English acres, that 'dke . stock of cattle, Includ ing those of the proprietor and his subjects or tenants, is some what below what the Prussian accounts show of the average of the provincn.of Plock in the year 1803. It appears to be (see Appendix, No. 18), thus-- I Om or 01 to • 1 Sheep of Lamb to - 1 Horse to . 1 Yig to Atth4. - SlBl - 19 166 - 140 No country can be much better adapted for the breeding of sheep than the greater part of the kingdom of Poland. Where ever it is attended to Arith due skill, it is found to be beneficial; but the poverty of the landholders, and their want of know ledge of the advantages to be derived from that kind of live-stock, keeps them from devoting their land to their propagation. A very intelligent physician, a native of Germany, whose ac quaintance I hail the pleasure to make in Poland, and who devotes the money acquired by his medical practice, to the purchase and the cultivation of land, told me that he purchased, four or five years before, a flock of fine-woolled sheep of the Saxon electo . ral breed; that he had already sold in fleeces and lambs as much as had replaced the whole capital expended, and had at present double the number which he bad originally purchased. This striking instance of success, in an experiment in rural economy, is known to most of the cultivators; and yet it has been able to produce such few followers, that I was assured there were yet in Poland only two other flocks of unmixed fine-woollecl Merino sheep. This gentleman was one of the first that hail cultivated green crops on an extensive scale for feeding sheep; and though the benefit of it was obvious, both in the produce of the wool, and the increase of the quantity and quality of his corn, it has had but little influence hitherto on the conduct of others, and that little is confined to a small spot near the capital. Of the sheep in Poland, the best are those it the province of Lublin ; but they are very far inferior to the breed of Saxony. The cows are a smallish race, and generally kept in bad Condi tion, both as to food and cleanliness. They are for the most part stall-fed, but from negligence yield very little butter and no tolerable cheese. With the exception of a part of the two-southernmost pro vinces, as before noticed, the soil of Poland is of such a thin nature, that where it is moderately farmed, it can scarcely be made to bear a medium crop of wheat more frequently than once in nine years. 1 examined a farm in the province of Lublin, the proprietor of which is in easy circumstances, and possesses several' other estates. The extent of this farm is about 5,500 acres. The Nye stock consisted of 60 milch cows, which are let to dairymen at about 19s. per year each ; some few young cattle, eight or nine horses, and between five and pie hundred sheep. The ploughing is performed by two oxen, for which and for hiseown labour, 2 d a y s in each week, the peasant has a house, firing, and about forty acres of land, to which the manure made by his oxen is.applied. About 2,000 acres is in this way in the [ occupation of the peasants. The Manure, therefore, of the cows, sheep, and horse*, is applicable to the lord's portion of some what more than 3,000 acres, and supplies it with more liberality than is practised on any other land ,near it. The whole is under 3 or 4 times pl o u g h e d ; the plough ; th ere i s ne ith er mea dow nor permanent pasture. the second yea r potatoes are pl an t e d ; th e The rotation o f crops i s as f o ll ows z ......the first year a clean f a llow, third year wheat is sown, and in the following spring, clover amongst it. The fourth and fifth years the clover is either made into hay, or u se d f or t h e sta ll-f e d c ows and the horses), or feel on the land by th e sh ee p ; the sixth year pease, or buck-wheat, are grown ; then it is for a year; and the Bth year a crop of rye is grown : and the ninth or last year of the course, the land is sown with barley, oats, and buck-wheat. • On this, which is considered a paitern farm, on which I have reason to believe the increase is greater than on any Other sit the district, the seed and produce is an follows :—Potatees, about 20 bushels to the acre, from 16 to 20 toyed ; rye, 2 bush e l s planted, and about 200 bushels raised ; wheat 2 bushels "Wtxl:and A nd from 12 to 15 harvested. The barley and oats scarcely yields four times she eiitantlty sowed; manure i$ aPpliod after the sowed, and from 12' to 15 reaped ;, buck-wheat , 3 bushels sowed, Pobah Province of Pluck. potatoes for the wheat ; the latter have the benefit of the fallow ing, and the former of the manure. The manager, who was a inatt:ef skill, thought that when they had more cattle, and con sequeutlyluohe manure, he should be disposed to try the plan of sowing wheat once in seven, or even in six, yrani, if the flaw, prices of that grain should present sufficient inducement. This farm is one of the few in which all the Telmer, except that of the oxen and their drivers, is paid fur in money, and not in pro duce. The common plan ofthrohing, is to give the thresher a certain proportion of the Corn: This caries with the productive nature of the soil and the season, ft oin the 14th to the 1 fish bushel. Here it was paid for at the rate of a florin, a trifle lies than six pence, for the korzec, a Polish measure :=omen hat more than three bushels and 'a quartet ; the mowinl, reaping, and other kind* of labour, was agreed for at proportiOnably low prima. Although this it,tats is well managed, and no rent is paid for it; I Was induced to believe the assurance which was given to me, that it had not yiioile.4'any reeenue to the proprietor,' in the last four or five years, in him joint capacity of owner and &rater. He had, however, a 4);vtilkuy, and near it is a village, with some establishments, On a 0411 scale for making coarse woollen cloths. Theta is no duty cn the Whisi4 sold in coufary places; and the sui,ply of that 4,l),iiindity in the neighbourhood, which is rather populous, leaviS tr.prnrit, 11ioo,0!- nut equal to the . lntexest.of the capit:d invested in the land, the Laming stock and utensils, and the erection of ' I-have dwelt the longer on the circumstance,' of thispkeliar farm, not because it may be considered as showing the average increase on the usual scale of Arming, but because the accounts of the receipt and expenditure, both in money and produce, are kept with great regularity. In the generality of farms which are Under inferior management, the increase would be found much below the rate which is stated in the farm whose management I have described. 'lf I were to generalise the Whole of Poland, except the southern parts of the province Of Sandomir and Craccoi, I should not etimate the prodlice of grain to te more, if so much, as two-thirds of that which appeared to be raised on the 'Atte in question.. In thusestitiniting, I should depend not only on.my own observation of the state of, growiug crops, and of those Alich ivereteing harvested, but on the opinion of the personsixiit :qua lified to judge, by being in the habit of looking at 'the anilinut of produce, upon a large scale, and by being furnished with the best means of judging the average of the whole. With that description of persons, including the chiefs of serVeral departments of the Government, the prevailing opinion was that the average produce of what was not more than 14 bushels; of rye, 10 ; of barley, 14 ; of oats and of buck wheat, from eight to ten to the acre. Although the southern parts of Sandomir and Cracow, yielded rather more, yet their corn, being celebrated for its excellent quality rather than for its much greater produce, and extending to buta email proportion of the whole even of those l provinces, it was not calculated that it would have the effect of raising the average of the whole kingdom, in any sensible degree, above the rate here stated' Upon this subject, I could have wished' to have been enabled to give statistical details, rather than my own estimates, or those of persona better acquainted, than any foreigner cau be, with the state of the country. If I had met with any agricultural writings expressly Polish, and bad understood.the language, I might have gleaned from them some facts to rectify, or to corroborate the'esti mate of the actual acre-able produce of &ail'. ; but as every manager of a farm that I met with understands the German language, and obtained whatever knowledge books could give him from the writers of that nation, there is little inducement to compose works in Polish on such subjects ; and the German authors, though very accurate and copious in their statistical repdrts of their several districts, can know little, and can have no inducement to learn much, of the statistical details of Polish agriculture. The managers of the farms of the greater nobles are commonly men of good education, as well as good manners, having been most of them officers in the army, and I found them well acquainted with the agricultural writings of Thaer, Schi►artz, and other Ger mans, and by means of German translations, with those of Arthur Young, Sir liumphry Davy, and other Englishmen. Being al most cut off from society, and the sports of the field not being, as with us, ,an object that engages much attention, they have re- Course to books to relieve their solitude in the long nights of their tremendous winters. Having noticed the two provinces which yielded the best wheat, it may not be useless to observe in addition, that but some small portions of each are highly productive, and those at that extre thity of the Itlngdom which is the farthest removed from the ports in the Baltic, at which alone their corn can be shipped for this country I first, entered the - province of Sandotnii frorn'that of Massovia, and went through it, -, by the towns of Kozience and Granica, till I reached the Vistula, and crowed it •at Pulaway. In this route there was nothing in the face of the country, or in the appearance of the crops, to distinguish thim frbm those of the other parts I had noticed. On my way from the province of Lublin, I again entered Sandomir, palming the Vistula ut Ea chow. From that river, fur Bitty or seventy miles, the fertility , of the land . Was not sensibly greater than % the general appear ance of the other provinces. After passing Stobnica, the country vastly improved and 'continued good, through owe- Aliastow,- Kozyce, and Przeclaivice, fill T entered the province of Cracow, at lwanowice. . It is an undulating district, somewhat hilly; the soil a good brown loamy clay, rather stiff to plough, requiring three, or even sometimes four horses to work it. 'The stubble/ of wheat wore tolerably thick, and proved that the crops lutist have been good; they were, however, fur from dean, and the wheat, having been sowed after a fallow, there would have been more appearance of young clover, if the management had I been well conducted. The wheat grown here, is that which is known in London by' the name of Dantzic white wheat ; it is - of the most excellent quality, very white and heavy ; I did not learu that the average growth was much beyond, if it reached, 20 ba sin:ls to the acre; though I heard of individual instances of a greater quantity being yielded in good years. The ctitrict is about 60 miles in length, but not broad, extending freirn the left Lank of the river, to various, but none great, extents inland. The province of Cracow, as far as I sew it, is of nearly the same kind; I was inforrtied that some of the northern divisions of it were poor in its agriculture, but rich is its mines of iron, coal, and calamine, The territory of the republic of Cracow, is like the province of the salve name, in the kingdom. The. marks of more freedom allowed to exertion, are visible in the extensive fields of flax, and the enclosures with tobacco, maize, and a groat variety of garden vegetables; a part of it is likewise rich in mines of coal and cala mine ; and great quantities °faint., made from the latter, have been beneficially exported to England, since the passing of the late law, by which the duty on it was reduced. This tract of country which appeared to me so fertile, and iti which I rerharked more of the outward signs of comfort, deist not, including the territory of the republic, in extent amount to 1-60th part of the present kinidom of Poland. There is in it, the same suffering from the low prices of produce,'and a dis position to invest any capital that can be funnd in mining, rather than in cultivating the soil. The province of Gallicia, a Part at the ancient kingdom of Poland, but now added to the dominions of the Auatrian em pire, which stretches along the right hank of the Vistula, is, I believe, nearly as fertile as the southern part of the present king dom of Poland, or the territory of the republic of Cracow. I passed through only that portion which lies between the salt mines of Wielictica and the frontiers of Ideravitt. I found by the accounts I obtained at Thern, (see Appen dix,'No. 19,) that very little wheat from that rich and exten sive province had been conveyed down the Viitula to the Baltic,- though the access to the sea is as easy as from the south pert* of the kingdom of Poland, or from Cracow ; yet th e t ra d e in corn is impeded by transit duties both in Poland, and io Prussia. No tranoit duty ie charged in Poland on the corn of i ts own grow th ; and, by a treaty of commerce, concluded in the month of March last, With Prutota, the duty at Thorn it reduced to a rate that is almost nomintd. There is notch treaty With Austria, and the - corn fern) Gallicia thus continues loaded 1 believe some e i t t e surplus eon/ of Gallicia N . o. finds 2o.) a vent by with the duty, on entering the Priiisitin boandariett, from which that' of Poland is now exempt. • lati&caniage into the Prfuottand:reouil.pierres ge o ti f erai Sil i et;i o a :cup l y t t n l t i tut em t,.. however,. he but in until qnatititiot, farming a part of that stated to I b t e w ex ar d rt igeo f l mm t A sti t l r a ia, co ( un e try AP as Pd p i ci x l i and to attain to any sel are v ur es ac tli y eir ou t il be on i t . a ti in a s, of an l d an c d ultivate than by the bands of their porJarsta. (eo at commun..) IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT. • ifousa LORDS,' Tuossisar, Mite' I. HE JOHNSTON bIVORCE BILL: Mr. Ilauxisoer was head is Cottimittee on the johnaten vorce Bill. 'lt will be recollected, that a feri years age, cue of Johnston v. Lord briidenell wall broi-t the Secondiried Court, judgment having been allowed to go by taco the quantum. of damages to which the plaint iff was Ai titled. It Was an Action of Cos. The lady *how na me way 'Halliday, the daughter of Admiral Tolleinache, was married to the plaintiff in 1817. In some yeare iftAzi having oatasiOn to absent himself for a short time, he "Ikt his .Wife tinder: the protection of l,rr father, where forenitv,,. anquaiiiliwiee with Lord Brudenell, • she suddenly diir,p kilted her lather's house. At first, suspicion Was not es cltrrl ';in expectation that she teotild moon return, but after waiting some time, and inquiry being made, it was found she bud ;one to Paris, where she resided with a relative. tier father, tel immediately went to I'arie, and finding bow .41ie was eircumedaucel with Lord Brudenell, Communicated it to the husband, who instituted an action, and recovered I,ooof. damages. .Admiral ti4l.die pi ved the Marriage of his ditiOter, and 444.11tr...4 1 4.54nd hal always trea,:d her With the .greateat kind nese and attent7,7i.'" A Trench servant - girl (who spoke English imperfectly) proved the fact of the adultery. She lived with theta in Paris and Ver sailles, where Dlts. Johnston and Lord Brhdenell lived tegether no man mud wife. They slept in the Saine bed. Mr. ILvanrsow,.Counsel for' the Dill, observed, that they had now proved the , act of the Wintery. The LORI) CHANCELLOR—Why, I think something like it, l.lr. Ilatritihn:—(A lough.) The Bill way then read a second tithe. A Bill to dissolve the marriage of Lienienant baniel Thorn! dike. who brought an action against the Hoti. Mr. Hervey, sod of the Earl of Briptol, for Criin. C'on. with his stiff us "St. John's, Newfoundland, was (on petition) preiented, read a first tint., and ordered to be read a second time this day fortnight. The Listnore.Divorce Bill went through 'a Commiitee. An. arrangement has been made between the parties, independently of the Bill, by which a provision is seciired td Lady Lismore. CURRENCY OF SCOTLAND. The Mike of ATHOL presented a Petition from a Parish id Perthshire against any alteration iu the present system of tanking iu Scotland. The Marquis of lIUNTLY presehted similar Petitions h.tim..se— veral Parishes in Aberdeenshire and also Petitiblis fo the 'same effect from Parishei ih the. Chithtiei of Roes and buiiff. The Earl of LAUDERDALE present a iimilar Petition from 111ValleS3. The Earl of ROSSLYN presented a Vitnilar Petition from s Parish in Perthshire. RESTORATION OF HONOURS The Earl of LIVERPOOL movei the third reading of thti Bills to restore the titles of Ditiffts, Ogilvie, Carnsvatth, Elam; and Fiugstak.-- head a third time and passed . BRITISH SHIPPINIL The Duke Of NORTHUMBERLAND presented n from the Inhabitants of Newcastle-upon-I'rue, prayrng for the interference 'uf their Lordshipe against the competition of foreigti" shipping. CORN LAWS. Lord KING presented a Petition from the Weavers and othei Inhabitants of Manchester, praying for an altetatinn in the Corn Laws. his Lordship observed, that under the peculiar circum.' stances of the time, the petitibh Was entitled to the best considetio: tion of their Lordships, particidarly as it was marked with goOd sense and moderation. The Petitioners stated that they entire- '', ly disapproved of the outrages which tireh COmMitted in the manufacturing districts, and that they consideted the !Arising of . , machinery as most unpolitic as well as mischievous. It was not, to the improvement in machinery that the present suffering. Of ' the country was owing. The Petitioners stated, and his I.ordshig . agreed with thein, that the present distress of the nuinufacturent was to be traced to the Corn bites, aiiti th the consequent high' price of (hod. The tendency of Corn Laws Was twoffiliL Itt the first place, ,in directly preventing the importation of fora& corn, and consequently the supply of food ; and in the next plaosi the Corn Liws prevented the exportation of our thanufisetutes, us foreigner" could not purchase them unless torn wee received in return. His Lordship gave credit to the rabble Earl at the head of the Treasury for his declaration of lilt year, When he said that a revision 'of those laws was necessary, in which opinion be • was store the Noble Earl was quite sincere. The Marquis of LANSDOWN did not wish to make any oh- . nervation that would lead to any difference of opinion, nor would he touch upon controversial ground ; but he wished to advertlO ' circumstances which were known to their Lordships; he meant the present distress and disturbances which prevailed in the: country. It was Fenerally understood that a dissolotiou of' Purliamart would shortly take place, and he hoped they would nut separate without taking soma step to AILy the distreas which existed in the manufacturing districts+. He s?a elisions not to let that opportunity pass without urging Upon - their Lordships the necessity of adopting untie inoteure'reie only to relieve the distress+, but to allay the alarm which prevailed. Ile tvould acknowledge that the subject was Oral of considerable difficulty; but he alai) thought that the tir- . cumstances of the present case took it suit of the range of e'orts-; ' mon accidents ; it was impossible for Parliatitent to alleeiate . all the difficulties that occur in a commercial community, or' to controul the vicissitudes of kdpply and demand to whiat this country Must be always subject. During thb last year air artificial stimulus was given to trade, which led to speculation' beyond the knowkAge as well us the controul of the unfor; tunate individuals who were now suffering them a stagnation 'of that trade, and • although much had been dime to distrain'tbialit irregularities, and his Lordship had approved of those tool.' mares, still'he must say, that by them a temporary check wei ' given to commerce, which tended to ;repose as additional cheek' upon commetee. Under all ' circumstances of the case, ` hie' • thought a case *as made out to call for the effectual inteffit-': . tenet: of the Government, but he also thought there was a unite. say for vigorous and vigilant, If Lsot,eovere ITlOSinires, far' tite ' protection of property, as well for the ,sake of the inifortiniate individuals who were conunitting the outrages as on account of the persons whose property was exposed to danger. At the same time he could not ffirget a sentiment of Mr. Burke'e,- that when a matt was starving he was taken out of the oral. nary rules of commerce as well a, of justice, but he thin cams( within the jurisdiction of mercy. His Lbrdship was of opinion that Parliament must have recourse to temporary remedy to' meet the present dieftrese ; thisumight be done, either by Placing funds at the disposal of the Government, or by an addresis to flat • Crown, pledging Parliament to make good any advaneee whietio it might be thought necessary to 'make, for the purpose Of . , reliev.ng the w.arti of the sufferers. Although a public sett.; tiription might be sufficient to alleviate ordinary distresS, and althou3h it was in most instances an 'adeqUate as well as the safest mode of adtninisteriug relief, yet he thought that in the present instance it would be insufficient. His Lordship did. trot forget that when distress prevailed in Spitafields, it wilt alleviated by a public subscription, and by the betievolenca of individuals; but when lie retuf•tbe rennet aceotinte, and heard the reports from different parts .of the country, he Was • anxious to avoid the great elpenee which must be incurred by' - • any mode of quelling the di4urbances in any other way than' by relieving the sufferers. It had bee* said that relict 'bight be derived from a reduction of taxation. He 'had often urged• ar. i diminution of taxation ; he- , rnuit'aekuowledge that Much good I had been dime in that way, sectlitehopkd that much inure %read& . be dent, but Ciat apecias of relief was slow in its operation; ir ' was from these roil*.tierations that lie thougkitirtne letiipclrafT, i exp.xlient must be r.sot kid to, inch as apertirt#l , ,L i V. l .: f .. " L A 4 ' th q ,. ' 1 be placed 'et tLe dispossil'of the 'ooViiiitttektts 'ti ) 4m Vr;5r....,4 2 5. i• they tboisAlit n4teseary, Or by an •Adllricii , laroily the '0 , 41 , , • r which , it . wvaid bit that Parliona.nt would supply eny . . i 4i , 5tre ... d. „ 4 ,. ' thought us:cowry to 40V , .4 , 4 fp, :,4 ~.." Off P I e l t ,,, W p i eo , l a t was ~. +.1 . 1 fjesil, but • froth, : Such a counte'was not triclinia plue ~, , .. t or ,' I! f ‘i4v o .a : t il ne t t ..xl ooff tli el p ipli 7 o o l y d n u ta ns t't: n li :i l i A ul n ?t olb o 'i ri :: .i if bi teil O S :et °l to lu'inlil e it: l w f th la tl wo t :t t 'i d e r s b i r r a er nt; t : .... . ' 1 L o u :v.: a s: lm o :4 f di o:p o l4 iai wis i oin vl o ffi e r r ig e h th i r e ea er ua i iTt t e u at re i to i a n n ge th ai t iicteitiinrihule.tvottrziati.l4ipitwithata 11. '4 4 ) i ittan ch th t ., .