The Sun. — London, England, 1838-12-24 00:00:00

THE HOUSELESS POOR BANK OF BELGIUM. (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT.) FURTHER PARTICULARS. BRUSSELS, DEC. 21.—The publication of the balance sheet of the Bank of Belgium fully corroborates the opinions expressed in my last communication, as to the causes which embarrassed its affairs, and aggravated its embarrassment s into a stoppage. The paid-up capital was, as I have already stated, 20 millions of francs (800,0001.) ; and it appears that, the Bank has made advances upon the Comptes Courants to the amount of 24 millions of francs. Nearly two-thirds of this sum has been lent upon the stock and credit of the various Industrial Societies (between four teen ;and sixteen) which have been formed under the patro nage. of the Bank. The term patronage has a very signifi eaut meaning, as it implies that the active capital of these S•ocieties has been supplied by the Bank, and impeded its strictly banking operations. When the stock of these Socie ties began to fall in value, and the Bank saw its specie gra dually disappearing, the Directors became alarmed, and endeavoured to prevail on the Government to afford them assistance. However much disposed the Government might have been to uphold the tottering credit of the Bank, the state of the Treasury rendered this impossible, and stoppage wa s inevitable. One really feels at a loss to conceive how Men who had advanced beyond the first rudiments of finan cial science could have been guilty of so grievous and dan gerous an error as thus to stereotype its capital. A meeting of the creditors of the Bank (the deposit creditors claiming about 16 millions of francs) was held on the 19th, at which it was agreed that an appliCation should be made to the Court of Alpeal for a suspension of pay ment for three months, without abridging the right of re ceipt. This application has been since granted. lam not aware that the commercial code of England is so tolerant as ours to banking delinquents. The Government has again been appealed to by the Directors of the Bank to assist in th e liquidation of its liabilities, and at the moment at which I write, the Ministers are deliberating upon the proposi tion. But Ido not think that, whatever the inclinations of the Goyernment might be, it can acquiesce in the proposi tion. The Government feels, and feels most acutely too, that the stoppage of the various Industrial Companies un der the wing of the Bank of Belgium, or even the tem porary suspension of their ordinary operations, will throw a large number of hands out of work, at a season of the year when they cannot be employed in other occupations. Amongst the operative class where idleness is the imme diate (in your country it is the remote) cause of discontent, and at this moment with the fate of Luxemburg and Lim burg quivering in the scale of diplomacy, every incidental cause of political agitation is earnestly to be deprecated. Neither is it impossible that the blow which this untoward event has struck at public credit may contract the opera tions of other trading societies, and thereby add to the num bers of the unemployed, and consequently of the discon tented. There is, I regret to say, a numerous and in fluential class here, who firmly believe that this banking enzeute originates with the King of Holland. His obstinate Majesty, it is said, has an obvious interest in creating un easy feelings amongst the productive classes, in bringing discredit upon our Ministers, and in complicating the com mercial with political relations of the country. Holding nearly two-fifths of the capital of .La Societe Generale he Possesses on absolute sway over its administration, and by this means, it is stated, he has succeeded in making that Bank the indirect instrument of effecting his purpose. This statement looks very plausible, but I do not believe that L a Societe Generale would lend itself to so discreditable a conspiracy against the nation which sustains it, even sup posing that the Directors were insane enough to gratuitously raise a monetary storm which would shake their Bank to its foundation, and to risk the chance of a discovery which Would enlist the unequivocal hostility of the country against it. There are many ways by which the indignant public would punish such anti-national and factious conduct otherwise 'ban by boisterous murmurs or burning maul festoes. The public, the commercial public, is now acutely. Alive to the necessity of organizing a Bank, the constitu tion of which will he radically different from that of the Bank of Belgium, and thus avoid the gross errors, which have overthrown that establishment. Many intelligent citizens and merchants with whom I have conversed upon this all-absorbing topic, are desirous of enlisting English capital and experience in constructing a new i gianking insti tution, and I trust that some enterprising i - Adividuals from England will soon lend their aid to egtis important un dertaking. Banking here is liter 4 . lly in its infancy, Its rudimental rules are unknown. And what a field awaits the exert i ons of a powerful and w,ell-organising joint-stock bank ? Its population exce e ding four millions, every branch of industry advancing with a lion pace, railroads nearly completed for come-Aging the sea and the Scheldt, with the Rhine. The Ge. e inan and Swiss markets open to the produce of Belgir,,, and the prospect of a transit trade, of the value of which it is impossible to form a cor rect estimate, form 'sources of income which no other coun tries of Europe c,an boast of. The only bank of any im- P n' enance that o, ecup i es th i s extens i ve fi e ld i s L a Soc i ete Co _ -tale, two-r.iftbs of whose capital are invested in. land, tid which ha - the delinquent bank, taken a vast num ber...., like of t Hens ras',ing companies under its patrorlage (a very omi sailt.s wor 7 a in the banking phraseology of Belgium). It is tits' at present thist bank is discounting scarcely any 8 . This, with the .)Pagn of the Banque de Belgique, Arid uces a very extraorditiary gene in the muneraire. DECEMBER 22. Some i m p ortan t part i culars have transpired in the course of to-day. M. Broukere, the Governor of the Banque do Belgique, h as res i gne d his office. A C omm i ss i oner h as to el* appointed, with the approbation of the Government, th i "estigate and report upon the assets and liabilities of W ank. The notes in circulatio n have been reduced even millions to about three millions of francs, in sequence of the bank haring agreed to receiv e one-half f .„.its own paper (bank-notes) in payment upon the bills „ 4 "ig due. 'The Government has not decided 1, - P" making- any advance, and I should appre ..e 0 :4 that they will not venture upon such a step in Present state of the Treasury, and the lowering aspect of the political horizon. I h ave heard, with great satisfaction, that there is now a c ertain prospect of a powerful Joint-stock Bank b e i ng r e dily established hereto take the place of the Bank of bs el gium, a heavy subscription list, containing the names of any w ell-knor.vn English and Belgian capitalists has been f.:;arisniitted to the Government in support of a requisition Which rim I was not a ware h a d b een some t i me b e f ore t h e Go tcent. The admi n i s t ra ti on , i t i s sa id, i s to b e con fid ed an English Governor, a Belgian Vice-Governor, three TO THE EDITOR OF TIIE SUN. saw in your Paper of yesterday, a paragraph of meeting being held at the Mansion-house, of the Com mittee for the Institution of the Houseless Poor ; when it appeared there was no necessity at present for opening. the Asylum. Ultimately it was agreed that a general meeting of the subscribers should be held in January, when a report would be submitted for their consideration—a very whole some resolution. It appears in the paragraph, that a member strongly censured the mode in which the charity is managed (a child cf his own rearing !), as tending, by indiscriminate admis. :glen into the Asylum of persons labouring under disease, and of disreputable character, to spread abroad evils both physical and moral, and attracting to the City, from all quarters of the metropolis, and even from distant parts of the kingdom, the idle and dissolute, who thus had their wants supplied, without reference to their real condition. I trust the member will excuse me when I say I con sider he is as well acquainted with human nature as most men ; and how was it he did not foresee this train of evils cf which he now complains ? They all come as a matter of course, which one would have thought every person who gave a thought on the subject must have foreseen ; and if the Institution WAS not prepared to provide an asylum for the diseased and dissolute, they never ought to have opened the Asylum. I ask, does not the very name of the Insti tution—Refuge for the Houseless Poor—invite all classes of the houseless, from all parts of the metropolis and vici. nity, to come to it ? And then, if those who are diseased and dissolute, with loss of character, are to be excluded (who, of all persons in existence, stand most in need of sightly shelter), the Institution would be a mere mockery an common humanity. If the Committee have undertaken a task they cannot accomplish, they had better not open tie Asylum any more ; for if they reject the diseased and viissolute, after inviting them to their Asylum, and throw them helpless into the. streets, it will be an act of the greatest inhumanity and injustice ; inasmuch as they must either perish in the streets, or he thrown a burden on the inhabitants of the parish of St. Luke, which is already suffi ciently burdened with their own poor—their workhouse made a general hospital for all the most destitute houseless of the metropolis, &c., to spread disease and immorality throughout their establishment ! Is there any benevolence or justice doing? in so I think no t. B u t suc h wou ld b e the result ; which I know from past experience. I am happy to say the rate-payers of St. Luke's parish are as charitable, and as much disposed to treat their poor with kindness, as any parish ; at the same time it behoves them to protect themselves against an influx of foreign poor, in justice to themselves and their own poor. I willingly give the Committee of the Houseless Asylum every credit for their benevolent intention ; at the same time, if the evils which press on them are so great and numerous —which they did not foresee, and cannot sur mount—l earnestly recommend them to close their esta blishment ; for, if carried on by half-measures, they do a great injustice to many, in different ways, which had much better be avoided.—Your's respectfully. Banner-st reet , D ec. 22. A Guardian of the Poor Art. 3. The Government will regulate the conditions calculated to insure the best application of the said sums, and it will likewise stipulate the necessary securities for the repayment. Art. 4. To meet the said credits the Government is authorised to issue Treasury notes to the amount of four millions, on the conditions detertnined by the law of 16th February, 1833, No. 157. " I think it necessary, gentle men," said the Minister, "to refer this project to a Com mittee, to examine attentively the above sum. Every mem ber, besides, may snake himself rcquainted with it. I shall request the Committee to attend to it immediately." The project was accordingly referred to a Committee. " BRUSSELS, DEC. 21. TO THE DIRECTORS OF THE ANTWERP BRANCH OF TYE BANK OE BELGIUM. " I hasten to send you a copy of the letter which the Minister of Finance has done me the honour to write to me. Please to insert it in the Journals of your city. " Accept, &c. " The Directors of the Bank. (Signed) " DE BROUCKERE." " BRUSSELS, DEC. O. " In answer to your letter, dated yesterday, I have the honour to inform you, measures, a(lopted with respect to the principal bank at Brussels, include the other two ; and consequently the notice published on the 17th concerns the branches of Liege and Antwerp also, the deposits in which are likewise guaranteed by the General Society. " I have the honour to be, " The Minister of Finance, (Signed) " D'HUART." —Journal du Commerce d' Anvers, Dec. 23. DISTRESS OF THE LABOURING CLASSES. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. 85, Cornwall-road, Lambeth, Dec. 22, 1838. Sin,—Many important statements having lately appeared in your Journal respecting the condition of the agricultural labourers in Wiltshire and other counties, and equally im . portant comments made thereon ; and your having also re , cently quoted from a speech made by me at a meeting in Theobald's-road, with reference to the condition of the agricultural labourers of Dorset ; and in your com ments appearing unwilling to believe the statement there made, at least to its full extent, I trust you will allow me to state, in detail, the actual condition of the labouring population of Dorset at present. My statement is the result of personal examina tion and observation, while in the county, for some weeks in the months of October and November last, for the pur pose of forming Working Men's Associations in the villages. I shall give facts, mentioning the name of two or three per sons, who can, if they please, attempt to disprove what I am about to state. On my arriving in the county I found the labourers and their families in a state of poverty and misery, and groan ing under a weight of injustice and oppression beyond what I had ventured to anticipate. The wages of the able-bodied labourers averaged is. per -week, and the wages of the youths under 21 (the majority of whom can do, and are compelled to do, the work of a strong man), from 3s. Gd. to 4s. Gd. per week, out of which pittance they have to find their working implements, and keep them in repair, in ad dition to house -rent, food, fuel, clothing, &c. The farmers paying this rate of wages to their men, are charging them from 9s. to 9s. Gd. per bushel for their wheat, and the 41b. loaf is selling at 10d. and 11d. in all the villages. Many of the labourers have no ground attached to their cottage, on which they might grow potatoes ; this is particularly the case at the village of Dewlisb, near Mil bourn, where some of Mr. Standing's able-bodied men are receiving but ss. per week ; the same may be said of Mr. Brewer, a large farmer at Milbourn, who has discharged W. and A. Gilhard, father and son, because they " pre sumed" to join the Working Men's Association, and would not sign a paper pledging themselves to work for 6s. per week. This Mr. Brewer, with Mr. Fowler of Kingston, Mr. Fooks of Whitchurch, and Mr. Besent of Kingston, all large farmers of great influence, are mainly instrumental in preventing the more liberal and humane portion of the farmers from raising their wages. In some villages the labourers arc " allowed" to rent a few " lugs" of ground, on which to grow vegetables. But mark ! the farmer rents a large field of six or seven acres from his landlord, at the rate of one penny per lug—h e re-lets it to his labourers at twopence per lug, thus taking credit for his humanity, while realizing large pre is in addition to that resulting from hit farming produce. In inP.'ily instances the labourers are compelled to pay Poor -rates out of this paltry amount of wages. A short t'Ame back, Mr. Northover, the overseer of Tolpuddle, served notices upon several of the labourers in that parish, to attend the Court-house at Dorchester (a distance of nine miles, and to go to which place and return, causes the►tt to lose a day's work), to show cause why they refused to pay the Poor-rate. The poor men went, and the majority. of them were ordered by the Magistrates, Messrs. Framp ton, Woollaston, &c. to pay, notwithstandin g they declared they had not enough money to provide themselves and families with food. Mr. Northover also summoned Mrs. Standfield, the wife of one of the Dorchester labourers ► for Poor-rates during her husband's absence, and while she was subsisting on the money allowed her by the Committee in London. By her spirited conduct, however, after haying been compelled to attend Dorchester twice, sl. - fe got off. The cottages of the labourers are generally desti tute of every comfort and convenience, and their food almost invariably consists of potatoes, bade . bread, with warm wrier coloured with the rasping: the loaf ; and ,any a poor woman told me, with tears rol ling dowr, her emaciated heel:, her attenuated frame cu. tifyin:s the truth of her statement, that where there were 4 ..w0 or three children in family they could not get a suffi ciency of that, I saw many families who frequently go without food of any kind from Friday morning till Pia. turday night, their little stock of potatoes which they had grown having been consumed. not being able to get bread ; and'at Milbourn I saw children shoeless, hatless, and ragged, picking up the pvtatoe and turnip rinds which their more fortunate feeigilhours had thrown on the road-side. I met with a female, at Tolpuddle, the vrife of an honest in dustrious labourer, who had risen from her confinement but six weeks, and, though suckling a child, bad not tasted any food but a crust of bread and two or three potatoes for three whole days. But, Mr. Editor, I might go on detailing instances of this description until I filled your paper ; suffice it to say, that poverty and wretchedness the most degrading—oppression and insult the most galling, seem to be the lot of the labourers of Dorsetshire, but who are at the same time honest, industrious, sober, and intelligent. It is a curious fact that the number of females in the labouring population of the districts, able to read and write, is much greater than that of the males. I attribute this to the poverty of the labourer, who is enabled to let his daughter attend the parish or Wesleyan schools, but is compelled to take his son into the fields to work almost as soon as he is able to walk. Notwithstanding this want of education, the men are very shrewd, and possessed of in quiring mi n d s . I t ma y be asked where are the gentry and clergy of the country while this misery is going on ? And what do they do to alleviate it ? Nothing. The landowners think of nothing but fox hunting ; and, as long as the tenant pays his rent, thinks little, and cares less, in what manner the money is obtained—while the clergymen distinguished in this county English Directors, and three Belgian Directors. The Bel gian Directors already named are men of opulence and sta tion, and I have heard that one is intimately identified with the Government. The Bank, lam informed, is to be under the patronage of the King and the haute noblesse of Belgium. I have not heard the full details of the project, but I may add that its announcement has tended materially to allay the fears arising from the stoppage of the Belgian Bank, and produces the strongest- anticipations for its success, (From the Papers received this day.) BRUSSELS, DEC. 21.--The Bank of Belgium having ob tained a delay on condition of conducting the administra tion conj o i n tl y w i t h one or more of its creditors, according to Art. 4 of the decree of N0v.25,1814, Messrs. Mettennius Anspach, President of the Tribunal of Commerce, and Evrard Galen, are added to the administration of the bank, and entered on their functions yesterday. The Council of Ministers met again on Thursday to de liberate on the measures to be taken in consequence of the stoppage of the Bank of Belgium. Hitherto no measure has been announced by the official organ. W e learn from La Campine that within these few days very large purchases of butter have been made for France. One Commissioner has purchased 80,0001bs. The Frankfort Journal threatens us with a blockade by sea and land. " Thus (it says) the victory will be gained without fighting. What will Belgium do when its manu facturers and booksellers shall be unable to send abroad a little cotton, or a single book." If they cannot send them, they will perhaps resolve to carry them themselves. ' BRUSSELS, DEc.22.—ln the Chamber of Representa tives to-day the Minister of Finance presented a project of law relative to the Bank of Belgium : Art. 1. A credit is given to the Government to the amount of 2,400,000 francs, which shall be employed to facilitate the payment of the Bank of Belgium. This sum shall be advanced as it is wanted by way of loan to that establishment, either in treasury notes or in cash at five per cent. interest. Art, 2. Credit is likewise given to the Government for a further sum of 1,600,000 francs, in order to pay for the Bank of Belgium, and on its guarantee, the sums which are due, and which shall be claimed by the persons who have made deposits in the Savings Banks instituted by the said establishment. This second loan shall likewise be five per cent. interest. VTR SUN, LONDON, MoNDAY, DEcEMBER 24, 1838, for their Toryism and love of tithes, always take the part of the farmer against the labourer, in order to keep friends with the farmer that he may pay his tithe with less re luctance. This state of things existing, it may be expected that I was received with pleasure and satisfaction in every parish I entered. Working Men's Associations sprang up in each village, and I was enabled, after being down there a few days, to hold a public meeting at Charlton Downs, near Blandford, which, notwithstanding threats of the most vio lent description from thefarmers and parsons, was attended by 6,000 people, mostly agricultural labourers, who carried the resolutions in favour of the People's Charter unanimously, notwithstanding the attendance of about 200 farmers, who were drawn up on horseback for the purpose of intimidating the labourers by their presence. Since this several of the farmers have discharged their men, because they will not sign a paper pledging themselves not to belong to any As sociation whatever, and to work for 12 months at 7s. per week. Mr. Fooks, of Whitchurch, discharged 8 ; Mr. Fowler, of Slingston, 8 ; Mr. Besent, of Kingston, 2 ; Mr. Tovey, of Spitsburg, 1 ; Mr. Northover, of 'Folpuddle ; and Mr. Lanes, of Houghton, have also discharged their men. Some of the men discharged applied for relief to the Board of Guardians, at Blandford, stating they did not object to working for 75., but declined to leave an As sociation, legal in its objects and rules. The Guardians refused any relief whatever, and informed them they should neither have work nor relief unless they left the As sociation and found two bondsmen who would be answerable for their not joining again ! The men refused this alter native, and they have been suffering the greatest privations since. In the village of Kingston alone, there are 10 men thus out of employ, with their families, consisting of nine women and 22 children, all of whom have for the last three weeks been living upon the charitable assistance of the shopkeepers and their fellow-labourers in the village. Such, Sir, is the present condition of the peasantry in the county of Dorset ; and I am fearful that other counties in " Merrie England" (?) are in a similar state. One remarkablefact is, that the labourers in this cmAlr to a man desirous of a Repeal il th e —orn,ams, though they think that to obtain the repeal they must first obtain the Suffrage. Trusting that this statement may be deemed of sufficient importance to obtain it a place in your Journal, and pledg ing myself to its accuracy—the truth of which can be con firmed by the tradesmen in Blandford, and other towns in the county, I am, Sir, your's, respectfully, ROBERT HA RT WEL L. Compositor, Member of the London Working. Men's Association. P.S. It being the intention of the London Association to try the right of the Poonlaw Guardians to prescribe the above condition, previous to giving relief, and the men requiring assistance to keep them while the case is pending., subscriptions, in aid of these objects, will be received by IL Hartwell, 85, Cornwall-road, Lambeth ;orby W. Lovett, Secretary of the Working Men's Association, 6, Upper North-place; Gray's Inn-road. WORKING MEN'S ASSOCIATION MEETINGS. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SlR—Will you permit me to inform your readers, that the public meeting which was reported in your paper of last evening, and at which I spoke, was not a meeting of the London Working Men's Association, but of the De mocratic Association ; and further, that no public meeting has been called by the IVorking Men's Association since 11w meeting in Palace-yard. There have been several meet ings lately held in different parts of the metropolis for col lecting the national rent, for the purposes of the Delegates who have been appointed to watch over the CHARTER AND NATIONAL PETITION (and which some have called a Con vention), and which meetings many of our members have attended ; but they have not been called by the As sociatian, but by the Rent Committees in different parts of London, or some other persons. I remain your obedient servant, W. LOVETT. 6, Upper North-place, Gray's Inn-road, Dec. 22. THE ARMY. The 96th is positively to go to New South Wales, but they are not likely to move from Dublin to Chatham for some months. If the truth must be told, we have no regi ment to replace them, and our military force in that coun try is much smaller than circumstances warrant, one of the usual results of " penny wise and pound foolish" policy. After the Ist of January, 1839, no deduction is to be made from the pay of regimental officers employed on the Staff. It is reported that additional troops are to be sent to the West Indies, in consequence of the withdrawal of the nth and 69th to North America. It is not at all unlikely that Sir R. D. Jackson may re tain the command of the Northern District during the winter. We are much surprised to find that the imposition of charging fees on military commissions has not been no ti c ed by some o f our m ili tary M em b ers in Parliament. A report has, we believe, been made by a Committee appointed to inquire into them, recommending their abolition, an d why that report has not been adopted by Lord Howick is for his Lordship to say ; as far as we are concerned we say it ought, as officers have expenses quite sufficient attached to their calling, without paying those for which they receive no equivalent. It is stated, from Calcutta, thatthe 33d Regiment would not leave Jubbulpore till the .3d of December, instead of the 15th of October, in order to avoid the effect of the unhealthy season in the Sepoy regiments, The 10td Lancers and the 2d Regiment of Light Cavalry were t o be at Delhi on the Ist of November, to join Major Pew's camel battery, and form with it the left wing of the field army. The march, owing to the nature of the roads, was expected to be one of great difficulty. UNIVERSITY INTELLIGENCE. CAMBRIDGE, DEC. 22.—There 'will be Congregation s on the following days of the ensuing Lent term : Saturday Jan. 19, (B. A. Commencement) at ten. Thursday • 31, at eleven. Wednesday Feb. 13, at eleven. Wednesday 27, at eleven. Friday Mar. 15, ( 11. A. Inceptors) at ten. Friday 22, (End of Term) at ten. The subject for the Seatonian Prize poem for the present year is Gidcau. The Rev, William Chapman Kinglake, of Trinity Col. lee in this University, has been presented to the Rectory of West Ivlonckton, Somerset, on the cession of the Rev. J, G. Maddison. The Rev. Isaac Spooner, M.A., of Clare Hall in this University, has been presented to the Perpetual Curacy of St. Ueorge's Edgbaston, near Birmingham. The Rev. M. Wilkinson, M.A., Classical Lecturer, and late Fellow of Clare Hall, in this University, has been ap , pointed Principal of the Huddersfield Church of England Collegiate School. The undermentioned gentlemen were ordained by ,the Lord Bishop of Lincoln, in the Cathedral Church of Lin toln, on Sunday last, the 16th hist, hkktONS. Richard Edward Basgett, 13. A., LineOln College ; Oxford. Robert Jostph Buddieornb > 13. A., Bragennose Cul. ; Oxford, Richard Grade, 13. A., Trinity College, Charles budding Holland, Caius College, Cambridge. Wilßani LAW, 8.A., Queen's College, Cambridge. Cosmu Charles Orme, B. A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Hugh William Smith, M.A., St.. John's College, Cambridge. Josias Jessop Blandford, B. A., Christ's College, Camb. Richard Brough Maltby, B. A., St. John's College, Camb. Let. Dim. from the Archbishop of York. • rsitSTS. George Bull, 8.A., Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. Thomas Ambrose Clarke, 8.A., Lincoln College, Oxford. John Kenning Fowler, 8.A., Queen's College, Cambridge. Henry James Gore, B. A., Merton College, Oxford. George Jepson, B. A., Bt. John's College, Cambridge. \ \ v V n oo n d tt t v h n o r r t p h e c &t h o a ti r n l :o s n it , o %A h . t , ol, S t. lll J . o A h ., n's College Emmanuel Col. Ca m b, Cambridge. John Sansom, B.A. ' Queen's College, Oxford, The Honk Philip Yorke &Nile, M. A., Trin. Col. Camb, Edward Langdale Smith, M. A., St. John's Col. Camb. e x , ro D rd o . blin. A Aubrey T v o e s i r t e n t s l n ß d . , A B . A th , a g T d r a t i n e t n t y i C a o i 1 1 , 1 e o g Curzon Cursham, 8.A., CalUs College, Cambridge. Cambridge.o 01l I l t. i o a b rk ert p S y u er tto F :l l , re l! e l e t . h A e ' t. The Bishop of Lincoln's n ex t or di na ti on w ill b;; h e ld i n .T D Ar i i :n r; y f r ro aC2 m oc Inl the neg sec Xrehblsh op of York. the Cathedral Church of Lincoln, on Sunday the 24th of February next. Candidates must send their papers to his Lordship, at Willingham, near Market Basco, before the 13th of January. At an ordination held by the Lord Bishop of Chester, :tu t D I : e u e r n-il i G e e t n t i :,!e n ß r s . e t following o S tl u v\i n Tni c lg l William Alexander Osb :il i i r pn t i t h teit. e : ei3a C T Cathedral ioy f r t d h ce a or t el city, ete the George Palmer, B.L'A. 211 :1::1:ine Hall. Matthias hla e cat g xtr i ial n iein a asd l s d eßr :' roivernengsteß, Watson,B.B C orpu s Ca therine cor pcuhsr isHtiall Christi . College. College. Samuel 0. BoutfloweDr,"ne.°AN.S: A. Queen's College. St. John's College. Henry NV. Jackson, 13. A., John H. Macguire, S. C.LQ.,"Qeeuneen9soCileoglee.ge. James Moore, B. A., Magdalene Colleg William Price, 8.A., Corpus Christi C e ollege. Daniel E. Stephens, S. C. L., Emmanuel College Jeremiah Stoddart, 13 A., Corpus Christi College. Air. Urquhart has accepted an invitation from the Chamber of Commerce at Hull to a public dinner on the 26th inst, ANSWERS. Total agricultural cluses 3. Taxes on commercial property... £2,000,000 4. Ditto on pro r cssions 1,021,187 3,021,187 350. —Nor is this subject to be dwelt on solely as a question of finance. Let it be considered, that it is the land which furnishes the raw materials of the greater part of our manu factures; that the proprietors and occupiers of land are the best customers of our manufacturers and merchants; and that through them the greater part of all other professions gain their livelihood. The fundholders also must be aware that upon the prosperity of agriculture the regular payment of their dividends must principally depend. For it is to be ob served, that as the property-tax was imposed on all the classes of the community, in proportion to their supposed wealth or income, hence we may conclude that the taxes payable in every other way, by each class,. and every individual in each class, who spent his income, were probably paid, in nearly the same proportion, as the tax on property.—ld. A.----It is land that furnishes raw materials ; but not necessarily the land, which means their land. The pro prietors and occupiers of land at borne are not the best cus tomers of our manufacturers and merchants ; by the token that the proprietors of land abroad are ready to give two bushels of corn where the others give one. All professions live by bread ; but not exclusively by their bread, when the bread of somebody else would do so much better. The fundholder s too, know that the people who are to pay them must live on the produce of some agriculture ; but they do not for that reason wish them confined to half the agricultur e when they might have the double. 351.—1 t cannot, at the same time, be doubted, that the agricultural classes are much indebted to those employed in trade and manufactures, for being the means of consuming the produce of the soil. But still, it is the surplus productions of agriculture, raised under the superintendence of the owners of the soil, and by the skill and industry of those who occupy it, which constitute the real basis of our national prosperity ; and exported manufactures may be considered as nothing else, than so much beef, mutton, wheat, barley, lee. converted into another, and more convenient shape.—ld. A.—The perpetually protruded fallacy about " the owners of the soil." The productions of any soil are just as capable of being the basis of national prosperity, as those of the home monopolists. The beef, mutton, wheat, barley, &c. of foreign growers are just as capable of digestion and *,ransmutation into exported manufactures, as any other. 352.—Where manufacturers however, are fed by the pro. ductions of foreign industry, and when the articles they manu. facture are produced from foreign raw materials, as fine wool, &c. &c., instead of being an advantage, they have the effect of depreciating the value, checking the improvement of do. 'nestle agricultural productions, and bringing foreign articles into competition with them, by means of British capital.—ld. A.—They have the effect of breaking down the monopoly of the monopolists. But the community at large gains twice over, what the monopolists lose. 353.—These statements must satisfy every impartial indiv . . dual, that the stenv.,,th and resources of thi s country, principally arise from the productions of the soil ; that the land, is the ba sis of our national wealth ; and that on the amount and the value of its productions, our commerce and manufactures, and the payment of the public creditors, in a great measure depend.—ld,. A.—They will satisfy nobody, who is not to be mystified by the:fallacy of confounding sonic land with all land, and assuming that what is true of all the land in the world whose produce to ricOessiblo, is true of the little bit belong ing to our monopolists at lialiCe 3.54.— , The revenues of the Church, by far the largest pros portion of the payments to the poor, and various other public charges, are likewise payable from the same source. Hence, nothing can be more impolitic, than to neglect the . adoption of any measure, by which the interests' of agriculture may be promoted ; or more hazardous, than to (Mee any step, by which its prosperity can be impaired, or those who live by it, reduced to poverty or ruin. —ld. Ik .—That the revenues of the Church, &c., are paid by the home agrictilturisq, can be no reason why they are to pay themselves by cutting the nation oft from foreign com merce. If they pay more than they ought (which weak! probably be strenuously denied, and th e con t rary a ffi rme d) , divide th e ati it ought to b e , an d g i ve us commerce. (i%'de Bu i tdo not let the landed sagra burn the house to roast their pig, as their Chinese exemplars did. 355.—it has long been considered as an incontrovertible proposition, and approaching to the nature of an axiom, That whoever could make two cars of corn, or two blades of grass, to grow upon a spot, where only one had grown be fore, would deserve better of mankind, and do more essential service to his country, than the whole class of politicians put together. "• A,—lf this had meant giving the country the use of two ears of corn, or two blades of grass, where there would only have been one, it would have uttered a great truth. But it means keeping two cars of corn, or two blades of grass, out of the country, that monopolists may grow one' in their own nooks and corners, and charge a higher price for it, So much for the landlords' axiom, 556,-.l3ut as our legislature have wisely deemed it expe dient, to protect both thanteactures and eornmerce, which, un der such a system, have so eminently flourished, no good reason can be assigned, why agriculture ought not, in the like manner, to be Encouraged in Great Britain, where it produces such a great retenue ; &c.—ld. A,.....The system of protections to both agriculture and Manufactures, Is at best only the system of taking a penny t u rn-and-turn-about from the people that pass at Charing cross, and throwing at each payment a halfpenny into the river. But the manufacturers have found out more than t hi s ; they have found out that the pretended protection against foreign manufactures, is a shadow, by which nothing is protected ; and through the organ of the Chamber of Com merce at Manchester, they have had the genius to protest distinctly against the pretext. Attend to the facts stated before the Chamber of dthiiz coerce. " O rcotton hosiery, while we export only 430,000 dozen pairs, the Saxons export 1,500,000 dozen pairs per annum. They supply as much cotton hosiery to the United States alone, as we do to all the world." But the Chair man expresses his doubt, whether the English hosiers would be ready to give up their protective duty of. 20 per cent, Watch then the pro and the contra. The English hosiers are cut off from supplying 1,500,000 dozen pairs of stockings to various parts of the world, which they could do in preference to the Saxons, if they were allowed to take corn in return. And they arc cut off from supplying Saxony itself, which with their advantages in machinery and skill they could have done had trade been free. To balance this, they are told they shall be protected from Saxon stockings by a 20 per cent. duty ; the fact being, that nothing but the r es t r i c tions on our trade ever made it possible for Saxon stockings to come here at all. We might as well have been asked to.give up our trade, for the bribe of a protection against stockings falling from the clouds ; we were not under the slightest danger that they should come. The protection, therefore, is one that protects nobody and nothing. It is a mere stalking-horse, and the manufacturers of stockings have surrendered their foreign trade for a phantom. And the same of the whole race of pretended " protective duties" in favour of manufactures. Give us freedom of trade, and our manufactures will pro- tect themselves. You cut off our leg, and then promise us a wooden one shall set all right. We take the liberty, to wish we had been let alone, . . kTO BE CONTINUED.) AINIERICAN NAVY.—In the course of a respecting the American navy in the New York Papers, it is said that at the present time the United States have four teen first-rate ships of the line, all, or "at loot" more than " a dozen," as it is expressed, afloat, besides fritatesi cor vettes, brims, schooners, &c., of which the number is not mentioned except in general times, as being very consider able. At the commencement of the last war, it is observed, there was not a " single American line-of-battle ship afloat." One of these ships of the line is asserted, for the " size of her offensive and defensive means," to be the first vessel in the world. The " amount of naval force now afloat in re mote parts of the world in this time of profound peace was threefold greater," it is said, than the whole Ainerican navy at the beginning of the last war. - ••••einT) CORN-LAW FALLACIES, WITH THE ( Continued from The Sun of Friday. ) 349. —The superior importance of agriculture, has been recently proved, in a manner so convincing, and indeed unan swerable, that the question may now be considered as at rest. It is well known, that all the resources of the country were put to the test, by the strict manner in which the tax on income was ultima tely exacted. By analysing therefore, the produce of that tax, under all its several branches, the real foundations of our na tional wealth and prosperity may be ascertained, with a degree of correctness previously unattainable. The result of the in quiry is as follows : 1. Taxes on landed property £4, 9 57,247 2, Ditto on the farmers, or occupiers of land... 2,176,228 Difference in favour of the agricultural classes £3,412,288 Hence it appears, that during that eventful period, when the ignorant and the prejudiced supposed, that we existed solely by trade, and that we ought to be considered merely as a nation of shopkeepers, it was the wealth arising from the productions of the soil, that chiefly enabled us to go on ; it was successful agriculture, that furnished us with the means of carrying on the contest, and of bringing it to a triumphant conclusion.— Code of Agriculture, by the Right Hon. Sir .lohn Sinclair, Bart. Ch. v. A.—Not the smallest progress is made towards esta blishing the point which is the real object of the writer, — that the agricultural classes ought to oppress the commercial. Suppose a farmer told, " You have more oxen than horses, therefore your oxen ought to starve your horses." Would he agree ? And besides, the agriculturists should be compared, not with the commercial classes as they were under a state of depression from artificial or accidental causes, but as they might have been, or might be now, after three-and-twenty years of peace. THE REFUGE FOR THE HOUSELESS POOR. The LORD MAYOR having been applied to on the subject of opening the refuge for the houseless poor, invited the Committee to discuss the question at the Mansion house, and took the Chair upon the oecasion. A great deal of interest was excited ; some of the parochial authorities of the City of London having expressed the opinion that the reception of the poor, according to the old plan, would in terfere most mischievously with the operation of the Poor law ; while others contended that the claims upon the humanity of the public have become more powerful by reason of the very operation of that measure. The Secretary read the report prepared by the Sub• Committee. It stated that there appeared to be no occa sion at the present time to open the asylum. and recom mended that to the House Committee should be delegated the power to open it when they should see occasion. It also stated that in consequence of the introduction of the new Poor-law into the city more than the average distress might be apprehended. After a prolonged conversation, in which Mr. Campbell, Mr. Marriott, Dr. Conquest, and others took part, it was then agreed that the report should be sent to the Sub- Committee for revision, and that the Lurd Mayor should be requested to call a meeting of the subscribers, for whom a report should be prepared. The Committee adjourned upon the understanding that the Lord Mayor should be applied to to call a meeting of the subscribers in the month of January. We believe that the General Committee will, if they see an occasion in the meantime, open the asylum. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. PORTUGAL. OPENING OF THE CHAMBERS. LISBON, DEC. 10.—The Cortes were opened yesterday by the Queen, with the usual formalities. A large force consisting of several regiments of regular troops was placed a t an early hour in the streets leading to the Cortes, but though the as;Pnblage was large, no attempt a t di stu rbance occurred, nor indeee; could any manifestatio n o f p opu l ar feeling either o ne wa y or the other, be ob serve d. Th e senators and deputi e s i n tow n met. on this occ as i on i n t h e chamber of the latt er a b ou t. noon, yi,,count Semodaes (General Azeredo,) as the oldest senator present , taking the chair, which was placed at the ri g ht o f, an d f ron t m ; the throne. A deputation of six senators and twelve deputies was appointed to attend the Queen and her husband, who arrived shortly after one p.m., escorted by a squadron of cavalry ; their arrival was announced to the public by the firing of rockets, discharges of cannon, &c., After taking her seat on the throne, the King seated on a smaller throne at her side, the Queen proceeded to read the following address : " Gentlemen—lt is with much satisfaction that I see for the first time the national representatives united in con 'ormity with the new Constitution of the Monarchy. " I congratulate myself with you on the favour that deigned to concede to me and to those kingdoms in giving us An Infante, a new pledge of the succession of the crown and of peace among the Portuguese. The Infante, D. Luiz, has received the title of Duke of Oporto, according to the past determination of my august father, of happy memory, as a proof of the esteem which the heroic deeds practised in that unconquered city merit, a precious legacy, to whose honourable charge, I trust in God, my son will be faithful. " I continue to receive assurances of friendship from the foreign Powers with which Portugal is in relation. His Majesty the King of Greece has sent a Minister Plenipo tentiary to my Court. Diplomatic relations have, there fore, been established with this new State. " I have every confidence that the period is not far dis tant in which, by the negotiations pending with the Holy See, those relations of harmony which for so many ages have existed between my august predecessors and the visible Head of the Church, will be re-established—rela tions which always conciliated the rights of the Crown and the dignity of the nation with its religious wants. If by chance in these times of political changes, fanaticism has sought to seduce incautious persons, the purity of the Catholic religion has been always preserved among all the Portuguese. " I cannot announce to you, as I expected, the conclusion of a treaty with Great Britain for the suppression of the slave-trade, but I trust the day is not far off when a defini tive adjustment will be concluded. Negotiations have also been entered into with France, tending towards the same end. The interest of the monarchy requires the entire suppression of this inhuman traffic, which impades civil;ntion in our African provinces, and makes the pro pagation of the Gospel impossible there. It is fitting that the maritime powers should mutually assist each other in this work of justice and policy, and should agree to treaties which, whilst efficaciously preventing the con tinuance of the traffic, may at the same time secure liberty of commerce, and the respect due to the independence of the contracting nations. I have still to regret the con tinuance of the civil war which devastates Spain. The cause of the Catholic Queen, so intimately connected with the liberty of the Spanish nation, excites my most lively interest. " The country enjoys tranquillity, although in some points of the kingdom the state of public security is not satisfac tory. The two districts of the south continue to be in fested with small rebel bands, which, when encountered, have constantly been beaten or dispersed by the brave forces that pursue them. " Experience has shown that some of our administrative, fiscal, and judicial laws, require to be ameliorated. I am sure that this experience will guide you in the necessary re forms so loudly called for by the state of the kingdom. " I call your attention to the projects of laws which my Ministers will present to you for this purpose. " Ottr ultramarine provinces call also for your care. I have Gr443l6sci that some projects shall be presented to you respecting them also. " By the reports which will be presented to you, you will perceive what has been done between the close of the con stituent Cortes and the present Session, and how necessary it is to recur with prompt and opportune measures to the necessities of the country. " The Finance Minister will present to you the state of the public revenues, and the budget of resources necessary to make head against the expenses and charges of the state. It is particularly pleasing to me to be already able to announce to you that the finances of the nation offer at present a happy prospect, which ought to inspire its credi tors with confidence. " The anticipations which pressed on the most important revenues of the state arc for the most part redeemed, and if the wants of the service should not require new sacrifices, I trust that before the end of the approaching year 1839, no charges of this nature will continue to affect the public revenues. • " The fulfilment of the obligations contracted for the liberation of these revenues, and the execution of other provident measures. due to the zeal and patriotism of the constituent Cortes, have merited my particular attention, and I can assure you that whenever the necessities of the state have allowed it, my government has been solicitous to maintain the national faith. " The increase of the endowment of the junta of public credit has happily allowed it to satisfy up to this time the greatest part of its charges, and it is to be hoped that shortly it will not only guarantee the payment of their interests and annuities to the creditors of the internal Consolidated debt, but will afford to the Government an aruplii resource far new operations of credit, by which the rights of the other creditors of the state may be attended to as justice requires. " The debt contracted in foreign countries, whose divi dends have not been able to be paid since the second half of 1837, is a subject of the highest importance, in which the national honour and the credit of the Government are pledged. A special commission was charged to propose to me the means which it might judge most eligible for the punctual fulfilment of this charge, and I hope that suit able proptosils still he shortly presented to you by the proper Minister, whicli J< trust you will take into t he most serious consideration. " The continuation of the receipt and application of the public revenues for the approaching year requires y our sanc tion ; this transcendant obj ec t determined me to call you together before the day marked out in the fundamental law. " The extraordi nar y sess i on o f t h e General Co r t es o f the Portuguese nation is opthedP The King and Queen left the Coftos immediately after reading this speech, escorted by the are deputation, and the Session broke up. The Queen apptritted pale and rather agitated on first commencing her speed:,- but sub sequently recovered herself and got through it as usual Lord Howard de Walden and the other members of the diplomatic body were present, and there was a prat; full attendance in the public galleries. Very few senators have yet come to town, and what with the double, triple, and quadruple returns, it is doubtful whether there will be enotigli to constitute a Chamber for some time. There hv meeting of this Chamber to-day. The Deputies were engaged in choosing Committees to verify the returns, '';,,hop of Combra (D. Francisco) officiated as L " bein g the oldest Deputy present. teiiiptiftify President„ • • '''erto been ed with Dec. 13.—The Cort es h ave tn ..... have beenjtoo merely preliminary matters. The Senators Bark;:: Al few to form a h o u se . C ount D as A n t a s a p t% margem have re s i gne d th e i r seats . The Deputies have the powers nominated a com m itt ee o f fi ve mem bers to verify of the members re t urne d, an d another committee of three members to verify th e powers of the m embers of the former committee. These committees cioagaiiiac ntanms, Midosi, J. Es embers of both the principal parties—lt. de F. 11 tevao, A. Carlos, and Lima, in the first ; and J. de Silva Carvallio, Terceira do r aryalho, and J. A. de Campos, the second. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS The adjourned meeting of the Manchester Chamber o Commerce adopted, by a large majority, as an aniendment the petition to the House of C ommons d rawn b y Mr: Cobden, which:calls for the repeal of all laws relating to the importation of foreign corn and other foreign articles of subsistence, and to carry out to the fullest extent,;both ast affect' agriculture and manufactures, the true and peaceful principles of free trade, "by removing all existing obsta cles to the unroetricted employment of industry and capital.* This petition is ;,riven in another column. Manchester will be immediately ieNlowed by all the other towns of the north. The Leeds illeowy of Saturday last anticipates that Leeds and all the other trading communities of York shire and Lancashire will commence a system of persever ing exertion for the abolition of the Corn-laws, and that the six weel.s between this ~ n d the meeting of Parliament will be diligently enip!eyed in the hold ing of public meetings and the preparing of peti tions. Manchester, the great manufacturing capital of the empire, very properly takes the lead in the agitation of this all-important question. In that wealthy and intel ligent community are to be found men possessed of the in formation on the subject of which the Legislature is in want, and the speeches delivered on the two days of the meeting will everywhere be read with the deepest interest. On Thursday last Mr. J. C. Dyer observed that the ques. tion was a simple one— " Between the whole community, whose capital, industry, and talent were respectively used for the purposes of re-pro duction, and a class of men who obtaived rents, inordinately raised beyond what they ought to be, by mason of a landlord monopoly. All persons, then, whether engaged in manufactur.. ing or agricultural industry, or in the various useful professions of life, in shop-keeping and other branches of trade, the master-manufacturer and the eminent merchant—in short, every person whose talent, capital, and labour were conjointly or individually devoted to the production of national wealth, the supply of the national wants, those parties were all deeply interested in obtaining food from every part of the world at the cheapest rate, in exchange for the exports of our manufac tures. The landlords, to whom the benefit of the monopoly was secured, had a certain number of persons dependent upon them, and these were neutral in the question. These persons cared not whether food were dear or cheap, but all our domes. tics, and the parties employed by us, were interested in our prosperity. If we fell, they fell with us ; therefore it was those who lived like vampires upon the blood of the nation, that were interested in keeping up the monopoly. The uni versal people were interested upon the other side. The acts Lneislation upon this subject were specimens of extrem e ignor - ant and selfishn ess , eminently disgracef u l t o t h e Legis lature:* that p h :ssed them ; an d, as an i n di vi d ua l, h e would not consent to shrink f rom the expresS k . on of the indig na ti on an d resentment which he felt, in ccruseq,uence of the mischief thereby inflicted upon us." This is strong language ; but is it not ,the universal feel ing of the country, that the land-owners, w), 0 constitute the great majority of Parliament, have shamefully abused their powers in legislating with regard to corn ; used ought not the indignation and resentment of all the other classes of the community to be directed against them, as the great enemies of the nation ? It is true their views are characte rised by ignorance as well as selfishness, and in systemati cally planning the robbery of the other classes, for their own separate benefit, they may not have foreseen the whole extent of the mischief with which their measures were fraught to the nation ; but they must be judged of by the tendency of their acts. They have sapped the foundations of that prosperity on which alone their own prosperity rests ; but because they must suffer from a diminution of the gene ral prosperity, that can be no excuse to the nation which they have injured. Mr. Cobden, after stating the astound ing progress lately made in Germany, in commerce and in dustry, observed— " Surely these circumstances ought to be referred to as one reason why we could not afford to be left in this adverse po sition as to the price of food. But there was one point he would have kept prominently in view, arid that was the im pending evils that hang over the heads of the working classes. That should be made prominent before Parliament, for in his belief nothing but invoking the alarms of the landed aristo cracy would have the slightest effect upon their measures. Surely they (the Chamber), sitting in the centre of those multitudes of labourers who might very speedily be thrown out of employment, and consequently without the means of subsistence—surely, he said, it became them (the Chamber), to read the signs of the times, before they could be seen in London. Ought they not to be the first to give the warning? Why was this incendiary language and these torch-light meetings ? Think you men left their families if they had comfortable homes, if they were well fed and well clad, if they had a good bed, and were simply comfort able? No. They go to these meetings because their in dustry is unprofitable, though severe ; because there is an immense mass of human, physical suffering abroad; therefore, it became the interest, no less than the duty, of the Chamber to represent to Government the evils of such a state of things. He was not sanguine, though of a sanguine temperament, that anything the Chamber could do or say would have the slightest chance of avail with those who had the power of legislating for their own exclusive interest, irresponsible to the people at large. But unless an effort were made, commensurate with the evils impending over us, the responsibility would not lie with those who lived in London, or with those who were fox hunting in the country, or living luxuriously abroad, but with ourselves. He had prepar2d a petition, which he would read to the meeting, but not move its adoption." Another gentleman, Mr. K. H. Greg, of Quarry-bank, held the same strong language i-- " It had been remarked," he said, "by a great writer, that no great body of men ever got justice except through the in fluence of fear ; and it was universally so—you could not command attention unless you showed that you were in earnest, unless you threatened. Catholic Emancipation and Parliamentary Reform were carried in this way, and the same plan would be necessary to effect the repeal of the Corn-laws. That was a cause of life and death, not only with the masses of this district, but with the whole population of England. There was an immense mass of interest united against them, and, therefore, he must say that he could see 710 chance for the repeal of those laws except by the assumption of a deter.. mined tone." Mr. Greg did not content himself with general assertions but went into abundant details to show how hard we were pressed in every quarter by foreign competition : " We knew that it was impossible to compete in the German market with the protective duty of Is. 6d. a pound ; we knew that in America it was impossible to compete with the protective duty of 20 per cent. , therefore, whether we could comp e t e i n common market s or not, it was evident we were being driven first from one market, then from another, and that finally we should be beaten from all. Now this was a question independent of foreign competition. We merely supplied these markets till they could supply themselves. In the beginning of last year he bad furnished to him a list of foreign orders to this country for machinery only to the amount 0" five hundred thousand pounds This machinery was entirely for Belgium, Switzer land, and Germany, and the Chamber might readily suppose that the gap which these nations felt in the supply of their own markets would now easily be filled up. And he might mention that the effect of this increasing compe tition had already begun to be felt in our own markets; that last year, in his own concern, they had to break up 200 looms which used to supply one market ; and that this year they should have to break up 200 more, which were used to supply another market. With such facts as these to refer to, a mild, timid, and reasoning petition was not likely to make any impression, nor even to command attention. There was still the common market of the world open after all this foreign competition, but that was a very serious question. We had seen that Switzerland now exported three.fourths of all her manufactures, although no country was worse situated for the purposes of exportation except Austria, for she had no ports, yet she exported so much after supplying her own markets. The increase of spinning mills upon the continent had been most rapid, and his brother, who had last }'ear visited a great variety of these establishments, reported, what he (Mr. Greg) had previous info rma ti on o f , that their le ours, Thethat ma chiaery was fully equal to ours ; th at i t was made upon the spit; and ng ttohtahtetho immenseugh i t profits s somethin g hy more the mechanists. thai to say, their mills average d f io:n 19 to 21 hanks of produalio,. . s o f t h e i r sp i nn i ng m ill s exceeded the production of ours—that b 40's twist, an d there we r e m ill s t h at turned off 19 hanks of 60's twist in a day. This mi g ht appear a l most incredible; but a mechanic, who had visited the m ill h e alluded to, told him it was done bona fide, suli., l said to him, " I had no conception of the rate they are going oi,' in these countries ; and, my word, before seven years are over be beat." As t o the medium. ) siti must look about you or you'll doubt whate ver t h at t h e articles ' nualities of cloth, there was no f Switzerland and Germany ~. would beat us out o f any common nu . arket after they had sup plied th e d eman d f or their own cons umi'd"' With regard t o America, th e y beat us absolutely in some particular ar ti c l es , lie would read an account of the exports on e America for the the last f ew years, to show the regular increu'se which h a d been going on, and which could only be accou'nted for by the handsome profits derived by the manufactursnrs• He had here a large packet of American grey and crinted cloth, on which, whilst his own concern in 1835 ;ere clearing fivepence a piece, the Americans were clearing a dollar. In 1835 the value of exported American eon& amounted to two million eight hundred thousand dollars. He, had no particular return for the last two years, but within the• months he had the best means of knowing that e e n intheir exports was such that twenty thousand t h aes eir goods were sent round the Cape of Good Hope, susand bales to South America. It was said and sixteen tos. ld nou not compete with us' in grey cloths, that the Americans , ecting that the gentleman who went btlhaatlsetsienoicgtr-le:1 . - - , 0, and established the first mill but he would inform the .7 from this country some years s .. t, out 200,0001. by this species in one of the states, had cleared au of manufacture. This fact he (Mr. tti:eg) bad from t he gen tleman's son himself, and it was not likely they would go on exporting so largely if they bad no profits. And the Same gentleman, when with him, said, ' We have pushed t bese cabrics beyond the market, and we aro now turning our att,sn. t i o d io spinning low numbers of twist for the Germs* market., u t what alarmed him most was this , that our o wn These were facts which filled him (Mr. Gre g) with alarm ; b manufac turers and merchants, men who ought to know better, were not only ignorant of them, but were absolutely incredulous. In his mind this was t he m ost alarmin g feature of the whole. It was not the interest of the landed gentlemen that bound them so much together, but it was our own ignorance and in difference i and to such a degree had this ignorance and in-