The Sun. — London, England, 1838-08-22 00:00:00

COURT cinctlLA.R Her Majesty, acccmpanicd by the Duchess of Kent, and «t tended by the Marchioness of Normanbv, left the nt* Pfklte at half-past four o'clock yestrday ai s tetrrnon i an open barouche nod four, with outriders, for Windsor Castle. The Marquis of Conyngham, Lord Chamberlain, and the Earl of Belfast, Vice-Chamberlain, attended her Majesty and her august mother to the carriage. The Royal su6ti in two car riages and four followed, and included Cady Mary Stopford, Hon. Miss Pitt, Hon. Miss Murray, Lady Gardiner, Baroness Lehzen, and the Hon. Colonel Cavendish. A party of Hus sars escorted the Queen. The Royal standard was lowered from the marble arch on her Majesty's entering the park. The Queen gave audiences yesterday, at the new Palace, to Viscount Duncannon and Viscount Mellnurno. Mr. Irving, Mr. P. Stewart, Mr. Cavan, N'r•. Thomson Harkey, Mr. Maste"rman, Mr. Marryat, Mr. Robarts, Mr. M'Garral, and Mr. Greene, had an interview yesterday after. 'loon with Viscout,t Melbourne, Lord Gleneig, and the Chan cellor of the Exchequer, in Downing -street. The French Ambassador and the Belgian Minister transacted business yesterday at the Forcign-otfice. The Rev. Dr. Smith and the Chairman of the Commis sioners of Customs, had interviews yesterday with the Chancellor of the Exchequer, in Downing-street. Lord Fitzroy Somerset had an interview yesterday with Lord Glenelz at the Colonial-office. Mr. 'Burge had an interview yesterday with Viscount Mel bourne. Despatches from the Earl of Durham, Governor of the Ca• nadls, were received yesterday at the Colonial-office. COWES.-MONDAY. R. Y. S. REGATTA. The match for the Cup this day (the 24th), was less attrac tive than either of the former ones, only three yachts having entered, and the Dolphin being so decidedly the best vessel, — that betting was out o f th e quest i on. The following started : Tons. Dolphin... 210 ... G. H. Ackers, Esq. Merlin ... 104 ... Colonel Shedden. Mischief 221 ... Sir Joseph Hawley. The latter gave in immediately, and the Merlin followed the Dolphin at a respectful distance ; Mr. Ackers, of course, ob tained the Cup. It is to be regretted that some amusements are not arranged to fill up the time between the starting of the yachts and their return. The thousands that filled the town on the day'the Queen's Cup was sailed for wanted mere to ' amuse the M—we never saw greater numbers throng every part of the town. The fireworks in the evening did great credit to Air. Jones; besides the numerous fixed pieces, a great variety 'w7s let off from the different yachts and steamers ; the fire hying from a hundred vessels was truly grand, and had an effect which none who have not seen it would have an idea of. We hear the ladies intend next season to give prizes to be towed for--this will be an admirable plan of filling up the l ime, while the yachts are running or beating to the Nab or Yarmouth, and will be attractive. - - - HER MAJESTY. —As the Queen was passing in her carriage through 'the triumphal Arch facing the Duke of Wellington's on her way to Windsor, a person rushed from the crowd which, had collected to see her M a j esty, and flung a letter into her coach. Ile was soon seized by a p ol ice -constable a n d conveye d to t h e stat i on -house, where it is 6 ,,,lMposed he w ill rema i n t i ll her Majesty ' s pleasure is known.Ll7 man ks an I r i s h man , an d h e states that he has been in the "'"Ltary service. On his w a y to the statio n -h ouse h e sa id that lie had been wrong e d of several hundreds of pounds. The Duke of Wellington left Apsley House at au early hour yesterday morning, on a visit to his intimate friend the Right Hon. Charles Arbuthnot, at Woodford House, near Kettering-, in Northamptonshire. The illustrious Duke will remain two or three days at Woodford, and then proceed to Weimer Castle. The riband of the order of St. Patrick, worn by the late Marquis of O: monde, will be given, it is said, to the Marqui s of Headfort, one of the Lords in Waiting, or to Lord O ranniore, Sir James and Lady Graham and family have ar aived at Netherby Hall, from a tour of visits. The Right Hon ' Baronet has invited a party of friends to enjoy the diversion of grouse shooting on his extensive moors in Cum berlasad. Lord Melbourne will leave town in a few days for the Isle of Wight. The Chancellor of the Exchequer will leave town this veeek for Mount Trenchard, in Ireland. The M arc hi oness o f L ansdowne has resigned her P'ace as chief Lady of the Queen's Bedchamber ; and the Sorge of Burlington has been a pp o i n t e d to t h e vacant post. ' la rne of our Contemporaries attribute the resignation of the Marchion ess to m i sun d erstan di ngs an d b reac h es of etiquette ; Ivbilst the Government papers affirm that the resignation is e t he re su l t of long previous arrangement, it having . been un der stood fr om th e commencement t h at h er Ladyship would - a blo to hold the office for a limited period only.—Morn -149 Paper. It is rumoured at the military clubs that the newly appointed Ambassador to St. Petersburg, the Marquis of Clan -Irde, has appoi n t e d hi s cous i n, C aptain Burke, of the Ist willll, 9Ya creal b ragoOnS, to b e one o f t h e attac h es to h i s mission. This te a vacanc in the number of aide-de-camps to his Excellency Irel an d . N b Lord Lieutenant of the Marquis of . orman y, DEpii R TURE.—Mr . an d M rs . Ri c h ar d J ones, f rom elstreet, Belgrave-square, to Brighton. HAYMARKET THEATRE--The comedy ;of the or the for S candal was last night produced at this theatre w T Purpose of introducing to the metropolitan boards Mr. id„f„ L 'acy, a gentleman who, to handsome features, a remark -which"! figure, and good voice, unites that ease and bearing „,„ Is so essential in light comedy. At first a little ner. I,irness and hesitation were evident, but he soon warmed in 4 t Part, and particularly in the celebrated screen scene and the eei s S cene threw into it so much life and buoyancy that he re i;..led the hearty applause of the whole house. It will be . Lacy's own fault if he fail to advance in his profession. rh os must, however, be careful to avoid attitudinizing, and , 11 ° . ,se sharp changes of voice which are far from effective, Ai r ‘lTainly very disagreeable. The enterprising . manager, than ‘rebster, played Sir Peter Teazle, and infinitely better e t i v W.,e anticipated. His delineation of the uxorious and de jeLl Baronet was altogether very happy. Mr. E. Glover, ehar°sePh Surface, was not so happy. It is a disagreeable eini r : e ter, and to be made at all palatable to the audience re- Pos se s greater powers than Mr. Glover at present appears to Airs . S t -1 . Of Mr. Strickland's Sir Oliver, and Mrs. Glover's 41,1 e. ,; • odour it is only necessary to say, that they were admir end \illias Taylor's L ady Teazle was a very graceful performance, rs- saw W. Cliff or d' s L a d y Snccrwell, was als o goo d. M r . tee s ? the song in the third act in a pleasing manner, and lisk r v e el ao encore. At the conclusion, Mr. Lacy was called otis curtain, and announced the repetiti on o f th e come d y Co co l a y next. terd LL IERS IN THE P ORT OF LONDON.—Yes repoar): 4 ., Court o f C ommon Council was held to receive a 'torn the N a vi ga ti on C omm i ttee relative to the regula ritigtheorfialcioylliers. Th e bye-laps agreed to will, it is expected, interfere a ith the system by which the enormously tai ne ree of coals has been so long and injuriously mains 1 - 1 21 -4,V EsT.—Nesvport, Isle of Wight, August is he harvest is proceeding most satisfactorily ; the wheat th 4. into the market, the samples very fine ; though thin Cro„ ground, the ears are very l arge ; the oats a full average the barley the finest crop ever remembered ; peas, beans, potatoes, all good. yea 11XA.T WESTERN RAILWAY.—At t h e half ht_egY meeting of the Shareholders of this undertaking-, to the eedings of which we recently alluded, Mr. Osier, the ar gon etary read the report of the Directors, which stated, 11 4(1 other things, that since the opening of the line between of 4 4 ngton and Maidenhead, from the 4th of June to the 12th to 1') 3)41.' a period of ten weeks, the receipts had amounted 1,,;„') 9741. 3s. -Id., for the conveyance of 100,222 passengers, " a few carriages and parcels. Yesterday aft ernoon , b etween four and in five o'clock, 4 Ivo an named H ar t, w h o res i des at No. 12, Princes-street, oC h arnbeth, was crossing th e eoa d oppos i te the Red Cap Inn, 4-2 amber we ll, w h en she was knocked down by a boy riding a donkey, and bef ore ass i stance could be rendered, a cart Sir horse belonging t o M r. W r i ght, of No. 8, Orange -A':ett, Union -street, Borough, passed os er her infant, aged i t e Nonths, and crushed it in a most horrible manner, killing t 'rethe spot. The poor woman had a very narrow escape. iilm o ation o f t h e c i rcumstance has been forwarded to the e x r t . str e e erday as Captain Thos. Watson, of Sloane anal 1, , Was proceedin g in h's accompanied by his lady th o er i nfant, along Piccadilly, the horse took fright at one eshiose common nuisances, advertising vans, and das-hed the it 4ill 'e o ,_ rt to the footway avement, near' Down-street, where with th _ln 9lhsion with a truck, and Mrs. Watson, together la.`;child,. were precipitated from the gig to the ground. 11 0 , h u r Y as s much bruised on the head by the fall, but the 4, I,lPPily escaped unhurt. it 4 RE I) . RAI-CURSE-ITER .ASSOCIATION."—III !tebstitut.oof Monday, the Dublin Mail, with whose miserable 11 oaref stale p uns f or solid sense and sound argument, unacquainted, attempts to be facetious, by tOeiationt'e theD Precursor Association " the Pray- curse -h er trai . o not suc h samples of sheer puerility show to which Tory writers are-now reduced ? !rtes fatENsEp TO TEAcII.—The followin g l e t ter .elit„ in 1 Y receiv e d b y a committee of gentlemen of this Yovranswe r to an advertisement for a Schoolmaster, "euld offici• t • .. se eas parise clerk, Sze. :—" According to Cha n ate ment I beg most respectfully to offer myself as a tl~ef ort., '; 3our Schoolmaster wanted. lam a married r efoe ) _Tour years of age, School -master, -- Street. If, ''fici re ' I should obtain the situation I now aspire to, I am 1\ ill giv ' e t e t v h e at my . sober demeanor, ability, and punctuality, ever satisfaction to you my Patrons. , 1 1 3 to Ps-1 [ Signature.] dy I am quite competent, inasmuch as hit, eitlntr i'orne°al'or Instrumental Church Music, (I lead th o , • 41%ekc htr vith a clariohet) I never officiated as a clerk in ~ i n c h , but I officiated as clerk in the -- Chapel, 13 tli. rtil se ' r _TPO, absenc e of Mr. --, although I am a bona fide 111: r rtrn t e tne Established Church, which is demonstrated in iMp os ' s .l i t ,a, l Penmanship. so- On account of the distance : i tu,ti_ n U le to send testimonials, &c. But if a chance of 0-"eQ entire 1 would attend personally at and produce, to r il e '4,,ttsznateiafaction, Testimonials of character, and speci `qnd lieraidntal p en manship—Second to no man. "_Sun- LITERATURE, TEE OAKLEIGH SHOOTING CODE. BY TO.lf OAKLEPTifi . Lortdo•l, .: I ?4`.stoft*, We eodiallAT l'e6iniitiAid to every gentleman w h o d e li g h ts in s h iMoting this new, improved, and illustrated edition of one of the best sporting manuals of which we have any know , ledge. Ever , page of it tc2;14.3 with ihrOrrriation bcitia4 valuable to tU professional and the amateur sportsman. the help of it the merest tyro in dkiiowledge of field sports, may, in one week, qualify himself topass muster very credit ably at a grouse-shooting dinner party, and even take aim at a partridge on the wing without, like the luckless Cock ney sportsman in " Pickwick," lodging the charge in the arm of the nearest bystander. It may be car:ied in the pocket, and is so flr well adapted to the convenience of such as may wish to refer to it in the course of a brief shooting excursion. The author is evidently a keen and experienced sportsman. STRICTURES ON A LIFE OF WILLIAM WILBERFORCE, BY HIS SONS. SY THOMAS CLARKSON, M.A. London, Longman and Co., 1838. That the last-surviving member of the original Committee for the Abolition of Slavery should be compelled to come forward in the seventy-ninth year of his age, " his sight dim and his natura l f orce abated, " to defend an imperishable memory against the unworthy insinuations of the children of his early friend and co-labourer, is an event, the necessity for which, every feeling and upright person cannot help deeply deploring. When the " Life of Wilberforce, by his Sons" was published, we remember being struck with the depreciating spirit in which the invaluable services of the patriarch of the Slavery Abolition Society, the zealous, enthusiastic, and virtuous Clarkson, were alluded to ; the more especially as the long and familiar intimacy of Wil ham Wilberforce and Thomas Clarkson was known to every member of the Society, as well as to the mutual acquaint ances of these gentlemen ; and likewise, because that for a period of forty-nine years, Mr. Clarkson's claim to the immortal honour of being the first to devote the labours of his life to the abolition of slavery—of being the first to con vince by his eloquence, his zeal, and his untiring persever ance, the early members of the London Committee that the cause in which they were engaged was not only righteous is the abstract, but morally and politically capable of at tainment—was proclaimed by his early colleagues as a merit especially and exclusively his own. When in 1787 he as sociated himself with Sharp, Hoare, Harrison, Lloyd, Woods, Dillwyn, Phillips, Sansom, Barton, Hooper, and subsequently with Wilberforce, he was himself the only individual who felt a conviction that such a little band was, under Providence, capable of waging a successful war against one of the most deeply rooted abuses in the whole catalogue of European enormi ties. We fancied, however, that in detracting from the well-earned fame of Clarkson, the biographers of Wilber force, did so unconsciously, from an excess of filial regard for the memory of their father. Charity forbade us to contemplate that in the plenitude of their zeal, these gen tlemen could be aware that they were planting a thorn in the breast of that father's early intimate, and honoured friend—that they were wilfully misrepresenting, suppressing, and perverting facts connected with such of the labours of that friend as would entitle him to as honourable mention as their father in the pages of British history. We are dis tressed to learn that we were mistaken in our charitable estimate of the biographers' motives. It is painful to find that the Messrs. Wilberforce cannot plead ignorance of the injury they were inflicting upon the feelings of Mr. Clarkson when writing their father's " Life." In these "Strictures" of the venerable Clarkson, we find the copy of a letter addressed by one of the sons of Wilberforce to that gentleman, dated July, 1834, in which, after alluding to the return of certain documents which Mr. Clarkson had kindly furnished as affording materials for the " Life," the following ominous passage occurs : " The impression which, as far as I can see, your history of that cause (Mr. Clarkson's History of Slavery) is calculated to convoy, is, that my father was originally engaged in it by you, and that he was subsequently a sort of Parliamentary agent, of whom you availed yourself. Now, that neither of these statements is correct I have abundant evidence. I could hope, indeed, that the impression which your book con veys, was not that which you intended to give; but the er roneous conclusion, to which it leads, my father's biographer will be obliged to notice ' • he will be compelled to show both that Mr. Wilberforce did not originally enter upon the cause at your suggestion, and that when he had taken it up, he was the principal, by whom its operations were directed. " I do not say this, Sir, from any feeling of disrespect to wards you, but on the contrary because I am unwilling that you should only learn along with the public at large the tong which the writer of my father's life must needs take on such a subject. No one feels more reverence than Ido for your labours in that holy cause ; and I am sure that my brother will endeavour to state that which the claims of truth no less than of filial duty require him to express, in a manner as free as possible from all insult and unkindly feeling." Well might Mr. Clarkson feel astonished, as he says he did, by the announcement of an intention not wantonly to insult him in the biography of his friend Wilberforce. The young gentleman, however, displayed the charity of a true son of the Church upon the occasion. In the letter in which he intimates to his father's friend his own moral certainty that his brother would treat that friend with as little insult as possible, he charitably presents him with "a small volume of family prayers," doubtless with the inten tion of arming him with Christian fortitude to bear meekly and in silence the modicum of insult with which that brother, from a sense of duty, might be compelled to heap upon his memory. For instances of Christianity charity to match this, we must refer our readers to the Inquisi torial Annals of the holy Brotherhood of St. Dominic. When Mr. Clarkson had recovered from the stunning effect of his first feelings of astonishment, he addressed a long letter to the Messrs. Wilberforce, carefully pointing out to them the extent of the error into which they had fallen ; modestly and sensibly deprecating all idea of a con trast betwixt his labours and those of their honoured parent ; earnestly entreating them not to do him the wanton injus tice of aspersing him for grasping at honours to which he had never, either by word or in writing, laid the shadow of a claim ; and warning them of the danger to them, and the painfulne , s to an old man like himself, of provoking a con troversy upon the subject. Nor did Mr. Clarkson rest even here. Two of his early associates in the great labour of his life were then living, and to them individually he ap pealed for their testimony upon the subject ; and which, having received, he forwarded for the information of the biographers. The following extract from the letter of the venerable Archdeacon Corbett contains a statement which the Messrs. Wilberforce ought not to have lightly discre dited. The letter is dated August, 1834—long enough before the appearance of the biography to admit of any correction in its pages : " The impression on my mind is, that you were always looked up to as the person who brought the question forward, and that Mr. Wilberforce always acknowledged you as such. * * You are the head of the measure so far as the first motion is concerned, and so far as individual labour could establish the truth of the premises. Mr. Wilberforce was the head of the measure as bringing it More Parliament, and using therein the information you had procured in the way he thought best calculated to insure the abolition of the slave trade." The late lamented William Smith, M.P. for Norwich, was the next witness appealed to by Mr. Clarkson. We subjoin an extract from his letter, which was duly for warded to the Messrs. Wilberforce " With respect to prior enlistment in the service, I should decide that Will)crforee must yield to Ciarkson ; that, at their first interview (related in the history of the Abolition, vol. i. page 241), Wilberforce truly stated that the subject had often employed his thoughts, and was near his heart' nobody can doubt ; and I think it most probable, that he would have taken it up and earr . ed it through ' as the leader,' even though he had not possessed the advantage of so invaluable a coad jutor as Clarkson proved himself to be ; but at that instant NA ilberforce was but recently entering on the active course in which Clarkson had been for two years employed; nor can it be denied that Clarkson's share of the enterprise was most laborious, and the least attractive of public notice or praise, though both were liberally bestowed by active supporters of the cause, and by none more than by Wilberforce himself." Nor is the testimony of Lord Brougham—the great consummator of total abolition, and the unsolicited patron of the Messrs. Wilberforce—less explicit. His Lordship thus writes to Mr. Clarkson : " It was Wilberforce who first introduced me to your ac quaintance; and I distinctly recollect his telling me at the time how much he rejoiced that I had done you justice in my book upon Colonies; he added, " for Thomas took the field before any of us." I have heard him say the same thing in public, I think in the House of Commons; but that he said so at a public meeting, a few years before his death, I am quite certain. Although Granville Sharp had attacked slavery generally—and, on one question connected with it, had gained an important victory; end although Mr. Ramsay and one or two others had denounced the horrors of the West Indian system, I certainly had always heard you admitted to be the person who substantially began the controversy— who first brought the question forward. That this was Wil berforce's view of the matter also I really never had any more doubt than that he knew your name to be T. Clarkson." And in the imperishable work just published by Lord Brougham —his speeches with sketches of his contempo raries--appears the following portrait of Clarkson, which, while it immortalizes his memory, places all that has been previously urged beyond the reach of cavil : " Granville Sharpe was followed in his bright course by Thomas Clarkson, of whom it has been justly said, nor can higher praise be earned by man, that, to the great and good qualities of Las Casas—his benevolence—his unwearied perseverance —his inflexible determination of purpose—piety which would honour a saint—courage which would accomplish a martyr, h e a dd e d t h e soun d j u d gment and str i ct sense of j o u f st;: e e whi c h were want i ng in the otherwise perfect character Spanish phil ant h rop i st. Whil e pursu i ng h i s stud i es at Cambridg e , t h e made the slave trade the subject of an essay, which gained one of the University prizes; and this accident having called his especial attention to the iniquity of that exe crable ccmmerce, he devoted his life to waging an implacable hostility u i th it, The eiticlenee which he aoll,etted and b roug h t botdfe A Committee tO obfgiff i fs`deer/ the ::.';f, t enOn of Mr. \''illifrfotee t ; . find4 , Curel4t.,o?ie6 th e c erv i ces of that great man as ine Nor was it by Philosophers and Statesmen only that Clark son was recognised as the dauntle , s leader of the faithf u l and intrepid band.,iyhi!th first, ts,v22l.2Poca Europe ii, the hor rofs of iheSlaire Trade, N l Pl,OrdgOtirth stud ,loutly,y both in i'ers6s, which iii ti i~ 14e Oirtibtf.Frt with o u r literature, the pre-eminent labours of toe venerable iiiark son. We can only find space in our columns for a very beautiful Sonnet from Wurdsttmtli 2-- TO THOMAS CLARKSON, ON THE FINAL PASSING OF TIIE BILL FOlt TIIE ABOLITION OF TIIE SLAVE 'TRADE, MA . RCEI, 1807. Clarkon ! it was an obstinate hill to chin') ; How toilsome—nay, how dire—it was, by thee Is known; by none, perhars, so feelingly ' But thou, who starting in thy fervent prim e , Didst first lead forth that enterprise sublim e , 'last heard the constant Voice its charge repeat, Which, out of thy young heart's oracular 8-at. First roused thee. 0 true yoke-fellow of Time, Duty's intrepid liegeman, see the palm Is won, and by all nations shall be worn ! The blcod-stained writing is for ever torn; And thou henceforth wilt have a good man ' s calm A great man's happiness ; thy zeal shall find Repose at length, firm friend of human kind ! We must here conclude our notice of these " Stric tures," which an earnest desire to do justice to a man on the brink of the grave, who has been a benefactor to his species, and whose private virtues are an ornament to so ciety, has induced us to protract to what with us is an un usual length. It was cruel to disturb the well-earned re- Pose of Clarkson ; nor are we surprised to learn that the attempt has recoiled upon the memory of him upon whom it was designed to reflect additional glory. The Messrs. Wilberforce must themselves be aware, by this time, of the folly of which they have been guilty—not more as regal ds Mr. Clarkson, than as concerns a multitude of incidents personal to their father alone, and deeply affecting his cha racter for sterling moral integrity. We have no wish to wound their feelings, however wantonly they may irave lacerated those of others ; and therefore we shall not re peat here the reflections, to which a perusal of the work must give rise in every candid mind. Wilberforce was a truly good and exemplary man in every relation of life ; and in so affirming, we sufficiently prove that we are not guided by all his biographers relate of his Courtly piety. THE SPIRIT OF THE EAST. in 2 .Vols. Br D. URQUHART, Ese. London, Collmrn, 1838. Whatever opinions may be entertained of Mr. Urquhart's prudence as a diplomatist, or his sagacity as a practical politician, no one who will take the trouble to peruse this work can justly call in question his qualifications to treat of the civil, social, and religious ceremonies, customs, and in stitutions of the people of Turkey. Well known to us by his former publications on Oriental questions, and still better known to us from circumstances connected with his appointment to the Secretaryship of our Embassy at Con stintinople, we were prepared to test Mr. Urquhart's book by a high standard, and we have pleasure in stating that it far exceeds the expectations we had formed of it. The author did not, after the fashion of most modern writers of travels, content himself with running through a country, which he had never seen before, at the rate of fifty miles a day, a sketch book in his hand, a note book in his pocket, and a discarded valet, or courier, as his sole interpreter, and after a six weeks' ramble, wherever the roads were best, and the inhabitants most peaceable, " knock off" a couple of volumes in the form most suited to the current taste of an excitement-loving public. " The claims," he says, " which I can offer as the ground of my own confidence, or of the confidence of others in my opinions, are—ten years unremittingly employed in the acquisition of the ne cessary information for judging of the countries which are here in part described. During this period, unoccupied with any other pursuit, my time has been entirely devoted to investigation in detail, or to general studies collaterally, bearing on the laws, history, commerce, political and diplomatic positio n o f the East, and more particularly of Turkey." When to such unremitting attention is superadded on the part of the inquirer, a well informed mind, a naturally clear judgment, a respect able social position, agreeable manners, and an easy adaptation of individual habits to foreign manners— and Mr. Urquhart appears to have combined most, if not all, of these requisites in his own person—strong indeed ate the claims of a writer upon the confidence of all to whom be addresses himself. In fact Mr. Urquhart's is the only sterling work that has appeared upon Turkey since the publication of Lady Mary Wortley Montague's cele brated Letters from the Levant. We select as an ex tract the following curious summary of " contrasts" be tween the manners of Western Europeans and Turks, not as best evincing the spirit of the book, but as best suited to the space which we can affcrd to devote to it—as well as to the columns of a daily Journal : " Europeans commemorate the laying of the foundation, stone ; Turks celebrate the covering in of the roof. Among the Turks, a beard is a mark of dignity ; with us of negligence. Shaving the head is, with them, a custom; with us, a punishment. We take off our gloves before our Sovereign ; they cover their hands with their sleeves. We enter our apartment with our head uncovered; they enter an apartment with the feet uncovered. With them, the men have their necks and their arms n a k e d ; with us, women have their arms end necks naked. With us, the women parade in gay colours, and the m en i n sombre ; with them, in both cases, it is the reverse. With us, the men ogle the women ; in Turkey, the women ogle the men. With us, the lady looks shy and bashful; in Turkey, it is the gentleman. In Europe, a lady cannot visit a gentleman; in T ur k ey, she can. In Turkey, a gentleman cannot visit a lady; i n Europe, he can. There the ladies always wear trousers, and the gentlemen sometimes wear petticoats. With us, the red cap is the symbol of license ; with them, it is the hat. In our rooms the roof is white and the wall is coloured ; with them, the wall is white and the roof is coloured. In Turkey, there arc gradations of social rank without pri. vileges ; in England, there are privileges without co. respond. inr , ' social distinctions. With us, social forms and etiquette supersede domestic ties ; with them, the etiquette of relationship supersedes that of society. With us, the schoolmaster appeals to tie authority of the parent ; with them, the parent has to appeal to the superior authority and responsibility of the schoolmaster. With us, a student is punished by being confined to chapel ;' with them, a scholar is punished by being excluded from the mosque. Their children have the manners of men ; our men the manners of children. Amongst us, masters require characters with their servants; in Turkey, servants inquire into the character of masters. We consider dancing a ponte recreation ; they consider it a disgraceful avocation. In Turkey, religion restrains the imposition of political taxes ; in England, the Government impos , _s taxes for religion. In England, the religion of the State exacts contributions from sectarians; in Turkey, the religion of the State protects the property of sectarians against Government taxes. An Englishman will be astonished at vi hat he calls the ab sence of public credit in Turkey ; the Turk will be amazed at our national debt. The first will despise the Turks for having no organization to facilitate exchange ; the Turk will be astounded to per ceive, in England, laws to impede the circulation of commerce. The Turk will wonder how Government can be carried on with divided opinions; the Englishman will not believe that, without opposition, independence can exist. In Turkey. commotion may exist without disaffection ; in England, disaffection exists without commotion. A European, in Turkey, will consider the administration of justice defective ; a Turk, in Europe, will consider the prin ciples of law unjust. The first would esteem property, in Turkey, insecure against violence; the second would consider property, in England, insecure against law. The first would marvel how, without lawyers, law car. be administered; the second would marvel how, with lawyers, justice can be obtained. The first would be startled at the want of a check upon the central Government ; the second would be amazed at the absence of controul over the local administration. We cannot conceive immutability in the principles of the State compatible with well-being, ; they cannot conceive that which is good and just capable of change. The Englishman will esteem the Turk unhappy because he has no public amusements ; the Turk will reckon the man miserable who lacks amusements from home. The Englishman will look on the Turk as destitute of taste, because he has no pictures; the Turk will consider the Englishman destitute of feeling, from his disregard of nature. The Turk will be horrified at prostitution and bastardy : the Englishman at polygamy. • The first will b e disgusted at our haughty treatment of our inferiors; the second will revolt at the purchase of slaves. They will reciprocally call each other fanatic in religion— dissolute in morals—uncleanly in habits—unhappy in the develepment of their sympathies and their tastes--destitute severally of political freedom—each will consider the other unfit for good society. The European will term the Turk pompous and sullen ; the Turk will call the European flippant and vulgar. It may therefore be imagined how interesting, friendly, and harmonious must be the intercourse between the two." THE HISTORY (j. ENGLAND. Vols. IX. and X. B Y HUM E, SMDLLETT, AND STEBBING. London, Joseph Richerhy, 1838. These volumes bring down the history of England to the Revolution of 168 S ; and, according to the scheme of the publisher, conclude half the work. They are carefully edited, beautifully illustrated, and published monthly at a price which places them within the reach of all classes. thE LOI I / 4 1ik*, *RIJN ESDAV, AUGUST 22, 1838, PUBLIC MEETING OF THE WORK- ING CLASSES. (Abridged from the Aberdeen Herald.) On Thursday, evcniess a Public Meeting of the Working Classes was. held on the proadhill. Although the meeting was only advertise d_' by a few small hand-bills, it was well attendeci. Mr. \VALLEY was called on to yresi . rk. lle briefly e x _ r •lained the object of the meeting, and then introduced the strangers from Edinburgh, who had come to Aberdeen to Wei-A in baled of the principles embodied in the National Mr. DUNCAN then addressed the meeting for upwards of an hour. The progress of knowledge had enabled the people to discriminate between tyrannical and just Government but still it Vi;, lftmentable to think that many, very many, of the people hag! tamely "tbdtlitcrl to tyranny. He said the working !hat, rkig classes judginghad struggled hard i:-'he R fvrm Bill, franchise were once vested in the rii.` l .`lic gasses, the middle classes sympathise with the working clasp"!',- ar , f.i en deavour to get itic gS!N - Yancca redressed of which the wet Un.; classes so justly complained. Bot It nor turned out that the middle classes were no better than the ta bofoughmongers. The working classes had no alternative now but to fight their own battle. The middle class: s, the ten-pounders, had re solved to keep the working classes in slavery ; and if the working classes tamely submitted to the effects of such a reso lution, slaves they deserved to be. Would the working classes of Aberdeen endure such bondage ?—( Loud cries of " Netier, never.") What had the Reform Bill done? All that tile people had gained by the Reform Bill, was the pleasure of seeing the Whigs and Tories change places in St. Ste phen's.—(A laugh.) Since the Reform Bill passed, there had been three general elections. The first was but an indifferent representation ; the second was obe dient, at times, to the Tory faction ; but the third was suf ficiently Toryfied for all the purposes the faction might re quire. The Whigs, in short, held the " promise to the eat'," while they " broke it to the hope." The people, therefore, Should bid good bye to the Whigs, as they had long ago bid good bye to the Tories.—(Cheers.) According to Black stone (a Tory), taxation should be the basis of representation. Now, this was a Tory theory, and was in operation three cen turies ago. But how stood the fact at present? Why, you are all taxed. Flow many of you are represented ?—( Cries of " Not one.") According to this rule, all who are taxed ought to be represented ; but the ten-pounders, while they are represented, have managed to shift the taxation to the shoulders of others ; and we never will have the mystery explained so long as they get you, simple souls ! to submit to the tyranny, and listen to their talk ing and boasting of the integrity of the British Constitution.— ( Cheers.) How many of the Peers and the Commons would stand the intellectual test ? How many of the grocers, clothi ers, and all the others of the ten-pounders would stand the in tellectual test?—( Laughter.) I say that the working classes will stand a comparison with any of them, and prove their claim at least to equality of intelligence--(Cheers.) But the point on which we take our stand is—we are taxed, and ought to be represented.—( Great cheering.) You who drink spirits and ales contribute nine millions of taxation ; for tobacco, seven millions more ; for duty on tea, tobacco, and spirits, the reve liTn,uooerrkiedinsegriav:oesr, •in all, twenty-seven millions; now, if you sus pend the use of these exciseable articles for one year, the Government will soon see the necessity of consulting the working classes.—(Cheers.) Then there is the land-tax, How much do the landowners contribute ? One million ; and tyrant.oh(G ua L r a omp u g eoal h d tax industry for the other fifty ! And this is the glorious ) a t l i l ie rel ß iglo ti u sh s inCeonnist ( it l u ro ti n o i n oa r l , _ cii ( e C er h s e ) c_rs t . i ) ley The talk much about religion. —(Laughter.) They want more new Churches, and more stupid blockheads for Ministers— )—and each parson, for telling the truth, is to devour e os widows' yohatowues Christ l e v s. — m (iilsllli millions tso h e d e s. a u r p . teboe\r:ovnned Jesus Pharisees—theythe make l a The p r a T y c o r r ( parsons ij a u gh o a r s —they pray in the corners of the streets—(Laughter)—but our is r tyrant t m hu e s np- t ao h )f. a s it tah h r e : :T o h rt e lt priest, and the priest deludes the people for the sake of the and not an enemy in all the world. Twenty-five thousand bayonets are required to protect the Gospel of Jesus Christ in Ireland 1—( Cheers.) Are you content to tolerate such a state of things ?--(Great cheering, and cries of " No, never.") If any editor of a Tory paper be crawling and grubbing hereabouts to-night, he will tell us, by-and-by, that we have visited you for the purpose of inflaming the people's minds; and will caution you not to be led by the nose by such demagogues.—(Laughter.) But we speak the truth—we claim our rights; and justice and truth must prevail.—( Cheers.) He then came on to the Corn laws. Ott this point he said the landlords say the Corn laws never will be abolished. Neither they will, if they can help it.—( Hear, hear.) How do these iniquitous laws op press the country? We shall see. In Paris, at present, the working man can get as much bread for .sd. as we can get for 10d.—( Hear, hear.) Now, France is not a Corn- growing country; and if the Corn Laws were abolished in this country, we would have bread at the one-half it now costs I y ie th observed s that w h t o h , e i o f uii theirde deb ex t t r a w v a a s g o a r n i e g e i nally ( e. () C o l l e r l e t e r e' ) d b first plunged the nation in debt, and then, to get money, pledged the Government to give 941. for every 301. they could borrow ; thus the country was saddled with thirty-two mil lions of taxes, and all to pay the interest of that unjust obliga tion.—(Cheers ) After seriously urging the working classes to subscribe it, and use all their exertions in behalf of the ad vance,nent of its principles, and after deprecating all intention of resorting to physical force in the event of the petition being rejected, he complained of the conduct of the Press towards the Radicals, and announced the intention of the working classes in Edinburgh to establish a True Scotsman, a news paper which would fearlessly tell the truth. Mr. Duncan sat dawn amid loud and long-continued cheering. Mr. FRASER then rose and addressed the meeting. His speech was mostly declamatory, occasionally eloquent, often m t pointed, and alwa3s e • perate _ll _e argued chiefly on the ab surdity of eight millions of working men being without the franchise, while it was enjoyed only by seven hundred thousand. lie founded on the doctrine that " all men are by nature equal." This was the law of God, and therefore men had no right to assume distinctions. He told some good a necdotes in the course of his address , and the meet ing seemed much pleased with their application. A far mer and his son were one day walking on the farm. The little boy was leading one of the horses, and turning to his father, he thus accosted him :—" Faither, I won der boo this big horse tats himsel' be led by a wee laddic like me?" " The horse has not yet begun to think on his strength," answered the father.—(Cheers.) But the working classes, added Mr. Fraser, have begun to think on their strength, and to feel it. too; and, if they constitutionally and nobly and perseveringly apply their strength, their power will be felt in the proper quarter. In illustration of the propriety of doing the work themselves, and not in any degree trusting to others, Mr. Fraser quoted the well-known fabl e o f t h e " lark and it s young ones." Ile earnestly cautioned the working classes to be sober. Sobriety, among others, had these four advantages—it kept the head clear, the temper even, the body strong. and saved time—(Cheers)—while drunkenness and its awful consequences had kept the work ' c lasses in poverty and misery. —(Cheers.) In conclusion, work inn he urged warmly the claims of the intended new paper, an d also quarrelled with the conduct of the press generally. A vote of thanks was passed to the Chairman for his con duct in the chair, and three hearty cheers were given to the delegates. The meeting began to disperse about nine o'cl oc k , and a more attentive and orderly assembly r e never witne s „d . There were a few Conservatives present, some of whom seemed inclined to disturb the harmony of the evenin g they were disappointed in their intentions—no doubt. y disappointed. CAPITAL PUNISIIMENT.-It has become the lishion of late with the Destructive faction to declaim against capital punishments. A wretched young villain who delibe rately poisoned his maser's family in revenge for some ima gined hardship, and a b,ood-tiarsty ruffian who in cold blood slaughtered his comrade and attempted to take a second life in at Hampton Court, have been special objects of l l t i t u k : l l e , , ;:i e c r l manner , T sympathy r and selected per s m s deludeexamples h e o m f s W e ' l l % !_i e g s em T e h n e c c y l . ) re organ of the attack on cur sanguinary laws is the Conservative Herald, which speaks on this point the sentiments of all en lightened men in every part of Europe. Reflecting men, who abhor murder, do not comprehend how it can he excused when perpetrated at the gallows in cold blood, with fore planned design, with irresistible power, and the helpless vie . tim pinioned and baund without a chance of resistance or escape. Of all murders, those perpetrated at the gallows in the name of Justice have become most abhorrent to mankind ; and those who, lika the Ulster Times, lock to cruel punish ments for preserving the superiority of a party, or the reign of ~a faction, are doomed to taste bitter disappointment.] HORSE CASE.-IMPORTANT DECISION —The I;linwing case was tried at Bristol last week, Coats v. St(The"s• It was an action for the breach of warranty of a horse, sold b y t h e defendant, a horse-dealer, to the plaintiff, who is a surgeon. The plaintiff proved that the horse had a bad cough upon him immediately after the sale, whereupon he sold the animal for 171. by, public auction. The defendant called the purchaser of the horse at the auction, and a number o f other witnesses, wh) proved• that after the horse had been sold by the plaintiff he had performed long journeys, and that 'he was sound both in wind and limb. The Learned Judge directed the Jury that, if they believed the horse had a mere c ommon colld,h7 the e r v ile after h then th%t was an unsoundnesa, and the verdict must he for the locked up until a late hour , a t length atte n d e d to his Lords h ip ' s di rect i ons , an d a verdict vi ,,s found f or t h e plaintiff. purchased by the plaintiff , THE VICTORIA STEAM-BOAT-FINAL CLOSE OF TUE PIZO,`EEDINGS. - Yesterday Mr. Baker, the Coroner, and the jury, brought to a final c!ose the long.-protracted pro eecdin jury in the case of James Young. Mr. Mellish said t h e jury gs in thi s i mportant case. The C oroner c h arge d th e - n the whole eight cases to similar verdicts to agreed the case of Andrew Brown, timely. acci dentalthlaiadt returned in death,latesto thin, and that the en ex pressing the opinion of the jury that the construction of the and bolters was unsafe, that the water spaces were too small, _ with a deodand of 1,5001., at the same time engine- room over the safety valve. The jury afterwards se parated. sneer had no control in the ta LITERARY PROPERTY.—We know not a more striking e xemplification of the mutation of literary property, under the present law of copyright, than the fact that the g, L a dy of the Lake," for which Sir Walter Scott perhaps re ceived a larger remuneration, comparing the sum with the number of words in the poem, than was ever before paid to a British poet, and which when first published was sold for two guineas—is just now advertised at sixpence BRITISH ASSOCIATION FOR THE :ADVANCEMENT OF SCIENCE. NEWCASTLE-UPON-tjTX,. Atre. 18.—The first meeting of the General Committee, which diwnys precedes the scientific business of the association, was held this afternoon at the County Court. in the Hoot-hall, Professor Nilhcwsill e Vice- President in the chair. The attendance of members was large, ard amongst these present were the Marquis of North ampton, the Bishop of Durham, Lord Cole, ill. P., Sirs J. Hertchcll, C. Lemon, and J. Robinson, Professors Babbage, Boerne;., and Wheatstone, Colonels Sykes, and Briggs, &e. The r port, of the General Council, which was read by the Secretary, the Rev. J. Yates, was very satisfactory. It an nounced that another addition had been made to the funded property, leaving the present value of stock in the Three per Consols 5,5001. The question of international copyright, first advocated by the association, had now been taken up by the Government, and from the measures which they had adopted it was hoped a good effect would result. The associatiukhad 10 t two corresponding mem b ers , one o f w h om , ProfessorVll, was well known to the scientific world, add in thcie jliseti= ti.Py h,,;:. 1 elected Professor Licbig, and M. Du mas, of Paris. :Virg v01un,,2, 9 on the tides, to which so much of the attention of the ds'_••iatiol, .114 d been directed were to lie disposed of, an undertaking in tAieb t::9 Royal Society had engaged, Aci application had been made to MO Council to attempt to procure from Government the removal of taxes upon public buildings devoted to science and the fine arts, but th.7' had declined to comply with it. Prokssor PHILLIPS, the Assistant-Secretary, next read the programme of the several places and objects of the meeting. The Committee would adjourn to Thursday, when it would decide upon the place at which the next meeting of the Association should be held. The model-room would be open to inerribz.'rs daily from eight till five, and a person would be in constant attendance for the purpose of giving a proper de scription of On Tuesday evening it was intended to hold a meeting there, when descriptions of the various objects would bo given by several members: and on Thursday even ing a meeting would be he t A At which the Presidents of the different sections would read an abstract of the most important subjects that had been brought befor,!! them. M a meeting on Saturday, also, a further abstract of ti:e proceedings would be read, and the reports of the money awards delivered. Mr. Meacntsom, the General Secretary, apolog .Eed for the very meagre list of members of the different Committees, which was owing to so many of the leading members o.ot having yet arrived. The Council had considered it advisable that the list should be changed every year, and that the names should be selected as much as possible from persons in the I neighbourhood. The following list of the officers of sections, recommended by the Council, was approved of by the meeting, to whom they were severally put. Section A.—Mathematics and Physics.—President, Sir John Herschel( ; Vice-Presidents, Sir Da v id Br ews t er , Si r W. Hamikon, Dr. Robinson, and Mr. F. Bailey; Secret cries, Major Sabine, Rev. Professor Chevalier, and Professor M'Culloch. Section B.—Chemistry r.nd Mineralogy.—President, Rev. W. Whewell ; Vice- Presidents, Dr. 'F. Thompson, and Dr. Daubeny ; Secretaries, Dr. Miller, Dr. Apjohn, and Mr. Richardson, of Newcastle. Section C.—Geology and Geography.—President, Pro fessor Lyell for Geology, and Lord Prudhoe for Geography; Vice-President Dr. Buckland; Secretaries, Mr. Trevelyan, Major Portlock, and Captain Washington. Section D.—Zoology and Botany.—President, Sir Wil liam Jardine; Vice-Presidents, Dr. Greville, the Rev. L. Jenyne, and the Rev. F. W. Hope; Secretaries, Mr. G. E. Gray, F. R. S., Professor Owen, and Dr. Richardson. Section E.—Medical Science.— President, the Mayor of Newcastle ; Vice-Presidents, Dr. Cla-k, Mr. J. Fife, and Dr. Yellowly ; Secretaries, Mr. Greenhow, and Dr. Vose. Section F. —Statistics. —President, Col. Sykes, F. R. S. ; Vice-Presidents, Sir C. Lemon, Messrs. C. R. Porter, and C. W. Bigge ; Secretaries, Messrs. Heywood, Wood, and J. A, Turner. Section G.—Mechanics.—President, Mr. Babbage ; Vice. Presidents, Sir J. Robinson, Messrs. B. Donkiu and G. Ste. vcnson ; Secretaries, Messrs. G. C. Vignolles, J. Webster, and R. Hawthorn. The Rev. Mr. YATES next brought forward the proposi. tion of the Council with respect to the future constitution of the general Committee. After some discussion, the follow- in.- regulations we r e agree d t o , by w hich the members were to be arranged in five classes. It was then resolved that in future the Committee should consist of the following : " 1. The Presidents and officers of the association, past and present, and the authors of reports published in the transactions of the association. "2. Members who have communicated any paper to a phi losophical society, which has been published in its transactions, and which relate to such subjects as come before notice in the sectional meetings of the association, the Council having the power in all csses of doubt to interpret this rule. " 3. Office-bearers for the time being, or delegates, not ex ceeding three in all, from any philosophical society publishing its transactions. " 4. Office-bearers for the time being, or delegates, not exceeding three, from philosophical institutions established in the place of meeting, or where the association has formerly met. " 5. Foreigners and other individuals whose assistance is desired, or who are specially nominated in writing, for the year, by the secretaries." On the motion of Mr. 11Eyw000, it was also resolved, that the Presidents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries of the differ ent sections should be ex officio members of the Committee for the tio:e being. A Committee of recommendation was next appointed for the purpose of taking into consideration various proposals made through the Presidents of the sections for grants of money for scientific purposes. The first meeting was fixed for Tuesday. Before the Committee sepirated. Sir J. ROBINSON ex pressed a hope that some rule would be passed to repress the very extravagant expenditure for the reception of the associa tion, which had now attained such a pitch that it could not perhaps be exceeded. The liberal example set by the inhabi tants of Newcastle would, he feared, deter many other towns having less resources at command from giving an invitation to to the association, if some limit were not placed upon the ex- penditure. Professor PHILLIPS explained, that the principal part of this expense had been incurred in building- and finishing rooms for the meetings, with which the town was not previously provided. It might, however, afford an useful hint for the as sociation to select in future only such towns as were already provided with the requisite accommodation. It was announced that during the week the following places And objects would be open to members on the presentation of their tickets : General News Rooms.—Exchange, Sandhill, and Assem bly ROOMS, Westgate. Institutions.—Literary, Philosophical, and Natural History Societies ; Antiquarian Society, where the librarian will at tend to explain the collection of Roman antiquities; St. : Nicholas Church and Thomlinson's library. The room of the , • Literary, Scientific, and -Mechanical Institution. The exhi bition room of the Northern Academy for the promotion of the Pine Arts, exhibitions, models, and specimens of natural history. All the lanneipal establishmcnts of the town and neighbaur hood. Geological excursions.—To Tynemoutb, Cullercoats, and Whitley on Friday, the 25th. Apply to the Committee of the Geological section. Basaltic Dike at Coaley 7 hill and Dewly Burn, four miles north-west of Newcastle. Basaltic Dike in Walbottle Dean, five miles west of Newcastle. The lead-mines of Mr. T. W. Beaumont, of Allenheads. The Directors of the Newcastle and Carlisle Railway will convey parties to the nearest point of the mines, and bring them back free of expense. Collieries.—Various colleries may be visited by application to the owners and managers, through the Geological section. Railways —The Carlisle and North Shields ; the Durham Junction Railway and bridge over the river Wear, near Lamb ton, to the opening of which an excursion will be made on Friday, the 28th, through the Committee of the Mechanical section. NEWCASTI.E• uroN-TysE, AUG. 20.—,The Most extraordi nary improvements have for some time been going on in this town, perhaps, for the short space of time, unprecedented in any provincial one. In the centre of the town, and surrounded with buildings, was, until the last few years, a large unculti vated portion of ground, but which, by the death of the original proprietor, reverting . into the more active hands of his legatees, became the area of the most remarkable enterprtse. Or, it now stand streets of houses that will vie with any in the metropolis ; markets second to none in Great Britain ; a theatre, music-hall, picture-gallery, exchange, and the not less prominent object of the column to Lord Grey, to commemorate the passing of the Reform Bill. On this spot the majority of the meetings of the association are to be held, and for the last fortnight no less than 2,000 men have been engaged, and the last we e k i ncessantly, night and day, in order to make the necessary preparations and clear the streets. This singular metamorphose was completed on Saturday night, and yesterday there was scarcely a vestige remaining of the operations which the day before were most extensively carried on, everything being provided for the adequate accommodation of the meeting. The town is now very full, the number of mem bers who had registered at the Town-hall on Saturday evening at ten o'clock, being one thousand seven hundred and thirty four. Every steam-packet from London, Leith, and Hull has, within the last two days brought a great influx; and the Ocean steam-vessel, which had been specially placed on the London station, arrived on Saturday afternoon with upwards of 120 passengers. The arrivals yesterday were also vas nu merous, and for the information and facilitating the accommo dation of strangers, the inquiry-rocm was open till half-past ten in the morning, and in the afternoon from half-past lour. The Duke of N irthumberland arrived in town on Saturday af ternoon from Alnwiek Castle, on his way to Lord Ravens worth's seat at Itavensworth Castle, in Durham, about three miles distance, from whence he will return this day to take the chair in the evening at the first General Meeting at the Central Exchange. The Duchess will also accompany him here, as her Grace has expressed her intention to be pre sent at a bazaar for the benefit of the St. John's National Schools, Which will be held on Tuesday and the two following days at the Music-hall. AN AGED LOAF or BREAD.—The antiquary may be gratified with the sight of a loaf of bread upwards of seven hundred years old. It was included in a grant of the Crown in the reign of King John, and has remained with the writings of the estate in the Soars' family, of Ambaston, in Derbyshire, ever since. Our Kegworth correspondent says he has seen and handled it at intervals during the last 50 years, and finds no alteration except what may have arisen from the pilfering of a few crumbs by the curious.—Notts Review. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNAL:. The Reform Bill shook but did not oVerturn the power of the Aristocracy of this country ; and the last general el , ction suffie'cntly proved that, except in times of strong political excitement, the two great parties of Liberal ani Tory are nearly balanced. The Tories have the command of oer Mouse of the Legislature, and the'Reformers that cf another. Such a state of things is evidence of imperfect work. Has the nation quietly sunk down to an acquiescence iii the political predominance of the Aristocracy ? We do not believe it. But, on the other hand, we see no evidence of any general disposition to make the exertions necessary to give predominance to the Reform principle. One gr, at cause of this lethargy is unquestionably the dread among persons possessed of property and influence of the wild and anarchical notions ent er t a i ne d b y t h e wor ki ng c l assi•s, especially in the groat manufacturing towns. One most mis chievous notion has taken possession of the working elassei, that the capitalist—that is, the _man who pos sesses the accumulations w hi c h support the labourer, and give efficiency to his industry--is a drone, and that the labourers ought to have no sharers with them in what they produce. These principles, if acted on, would. lead us by degrees to the savage state. If no man were to be allowed to accumulate the fruits of his industry, cul tivation must be arrested, the edifices and machinery neces sary br conducting. complicated processes and abridging labour w6.'ld cease to be erected. Let us take a culti vator of the !oil, for instance. The seed must be ob tained, and be most be maintained during the interval be tween sowing and reoping:. When the French evacuated Germany at the end of the last war, the peasantry of Saxony were in danger of starving from inability to pur chase seed to sow their lands ; and large sums were sub serlacd for them in this country. The physical powers of the Saxon peasants would have been of little avail to them hut for the aid of those who possessed the capital of which they were in want. The man who lands in a new country must starve if he have not brought with him the means of support till his industry have extracted a supply from the soil. We take these simple instances, because they can easily be comprehended, to show that labour cannot be conducted without capital, and that it is as absurd in the labourers to complain of having to share with capitalists, as it is of the bands to complain of the belly, or the belly of the hands. In allowing that we owe everything to labour we do not, therefore, allow that the existing labourers are everything, for if labo:rrers had not preceded them, tire fruits of whose industry "ad been accumulated, they could not have been beneficially em s . oloyed. It is impossible, however, to hear the speakers at ihs , !etings of the working classes with out being satisfied that error is almost universal that the capitalists are the enemies of the workmen, and th a t all the latter have to do is to zlis:ociate themselves from the tyranny of the former, to monopolise themselvts the whole produce of their labour. The w orst feelings pre vail between the employers and the employed, and, under such circumstances, it is not astonishing that. great jealousy should be entertained of all projects of ileti;rm to be effected through the agency of the masses. Nien na turally say— " Better bear the ills we know, Than fly to others that we know n o t of." Of all this the enemies of the people are well aware, anol they do not fail to profit by it. The House of Lords would not dare to insult the people as it does but for the knowledge that at pres'ent the people are divided. There is great truth in what is said by the author of a short pamphlet lately published under the title of " The Pros pects of the People." " It has always been more easy to incite men to efforts for freedom, when bloodshed and violence were to be the means of revolution, than where more safe and less costly measures pointed to more certain and lasting results - . As no Govern ment can be either just or permanent which see'es not rest on the will of the governed; so no people can have a tore or en lightened Government until themselves become unbiassed and intelligent. Hence we perceive that a good and un i versal system of education is the basis of every kind of outward hap piness and prosperity. The subject of education is too seldom considered in relation to this. its most important bearing, by the friends of the people. Their enemies are, however, as instinctively alive to its power as they commonly are to that of any agency which places their own rottenness in danger of falling a sacrifice to justice and to the general welfare of mankind." The real friend of the people, who wishes to put an end to the political abuses by which they arc injured, must look principally to an improved education for this result. The communication to the whole people of the suffrage does not ensure the beneficial exercise of it. The number of elec tors in France does not amount to 200,000, which is disproportionably small compaeed with the immense po pulation of that kingdom. Why is this state of things tolerated? From the general conviction of the instructed classes that anything approaching to Universal Suffrage would be destructive of good government. The law of self-preservation dictates to the middle classes, the ne cessity of securing themselves ag a inst the •danger of ignorance. There is no doubt that the franchise might be considerably extended with great advantage in France ; but men arc afraid to move when they do not see a resting place. In this country we would recommend to all those who advocate Universal Suffrage to stand less on their abstract rkbt, and to be more anxious to show that their claims may be safely conceded ; and we know of no more effectual means of producing this persuasion, than z.ffording proofs of the possession of opinions compati ble with social order. In the mean time, .whatever men's opinions may be as to the. propriety of extend ing the suffrage, there can be no difficulty as to the importan ce cf extending, education ; and we are glad. to see that the subject is of late attracting the attention which it merits. It is a 'reproach to a country in which so many millions are raised from the people, in. which gorge ous religeous establishments are maintained, that there should be no establishment for the instruction of the people on liberal and enlightened principles.—Morrling The threatening prospect of hostilities between France and Mexico, and of an indefinite interruption of foreign commerce with the territories of the Republic, is fraught with too many dangers to the peace and prosperity of the world to admit of indifference on the pi rt, of the Gov,-trn ment or the people of Great Britain to the origin, progress, and probable duration of the impending struggle. A care ful examination of the published correspondence between the two Governments leaves us under a strong conviction of the impracticability of any arrangement being effected be teeen the parti e s, except through a negotiation on a basis entirely different from that which has been proposed by France, and through the mediation of one or more States, friendly to the prosperity of both nations, andsuffi ciently powerful--single-handed or collectively—to en force their decision, in virtue of the rights of arbitration with which they would be invested. The estrangement of the two countries, however deeply it may be deplored, originates in causes of no recent date. The subserviency of the successive Administrations of France to the policy of St. Petersburgh, from the time of the exclusion of Prince Talleyrand from office in 181.5 to his return in 1830, the conduct of France in 1823 as the acting agent of the Holy Alliance in overthrowing the constitutional rights and independence of Spain, and threatening even the invasion of Mexico, have necessarily debarred her subjects from a title to an equality of rights isith England in the western hemisphere. The first consi deration, therefore, which should have predominated in the Government of France, had she desired to soften the irri tation created by her previous policy, should have been the selection of a representative, qualified by his judgment, knowl dge, temper, and discretion, to conciliate a people proverbial for docility, and preserving in their religion and former a'sociations a notorious leaning in favour of the House of Bourbon. The communication of the Baron de Deffatidis to the Mexican Minister, instead of being dated from his post, the seat of the Government to which he was accredited, and where his personal intercourse as a Minister invested with full powers might have softened the asperity of demands made by his Sovereign, on the faith of his own representations alone, is written from on board a French friente in the Gulf of Mexico, and does not even bear the stamp of an official communication in the name of the French Goverment. Six-and-twenty pages of irrelevant matter appear to have been solely compiled with the view of exciting irritation, by a jumble of irony, insult, and personality, bearing out, in our opi nion, the justice of the words of the President of Mexico to the rational representatives, " the mission of the French Minister did not appear to have had any other object than to conduct things into the, state in which they are found at this moment." The indecorous conduct of the French Consul at Vera Cruz 'itfter• the commencement of the blockade—conduct which subjected him to expulsion from the country—and the y most dignified appeal on the part of the Republic, tend tracq-ipborate the opinion we have expressed, and to imPese.nr oheG . overn• ment ofFrance the duty to herself, to he.r Allies t to justice, and to the world, of a special inquiry into the acts of func tionaries on whose responsibility alone she is about to com mit her national 'honour and encounter the fortunes of wer.. Of the paCific dispositions of the Mexican authorities, and of their being enabled to g g i i ll- e a a gai sa n t s i satisfactory against them b e x x p t l h a e n a F t iroenn French evidence in the lett er o f an ti l‘ T i n n y i s t o e f r, the e charges m b p ro l e u intel ligent correspondent inserted in another portion of our columns.—Tinies. A very important code of by-laws for regulating the m anagement of colliers in the Thames was yesterday, on the recommendation of a Committee appointed to inquire into and report upon the navigation of the river, adopted by the Court of Common Council. 'These laws are con formable to the Act of Parliament recently passed for re gulating the delivery of coal in the cities of London and Westminster, and are expected not only to facilitate very much the free navigation of the river, but also to exerciss considerable influence in breaking down, or at least in mitigating, the effects of that odious monopoly by which