The Sun. — London, England, 1810-04-11 00:00:00

eseeri upon theni to 'dye& art Officer of that . oese, and murder or loss of lives had ensued, e hat; esen betore they could have 'enquired_ into the necessity which might justify the case,. .w - ould have been, and justly been, the -opinion of that House .upon their conduct ? Whatev'er opin:on Gentlemen opposite might entertain of the imbecility of Ministers, he would declare that no fear, either personal or public,' would ever influence: his mind.. In pursuing the line' of .conduct he had taken on this occasion, he saw beforehand, that of the two which presented themselves, be . was by no means selecting the ea siest course. But he saw that the time was arrived Which others only supposed to be approachin , . He, siren saw. what Gentletuew opposite now ;tallow -I,edg-ed, however they might think his construction of the letter harsh, that it was a -resisianceand de tiauc.e to the (-louse of Commons. He took the morgflitticelt course of proceeding, and Gentlemen who thought his view of the 'Honourable Baronet's condua, at that period, uncandid, were now corr.:: vieced by this second utter, and all his sUbsequent condea, that it was well founded and just. Under these impressions Government aeled, and acted as he trusted a:British Governmetißwould always ad, with respect to the laws, and never to interfere' with the laws till necessity comeelled them to do sn,- to take care of the public security, and to see' that the country- should not. be 'endangered.-- , - 'Would any, Gentleman who knew the liberty en-• joyed by a British subject say, that it Was In the pewer of any Government to pre veut such.scenes as had lately taken place. Could any - foresght, any preparations, any precautions, any tneasnres be adepterl by which au armed force should .be ready in every street of this vast metropolis, to firevent the breaking ot. windows,.or even the conflagration of houses, or the -assassination • of individuals ? • No ! no such iitterference could :take plaCe•without ex po,ing its authors to the charge of oppression, mili tary tyranny, and a design to trample on-the liberties of ilie.people.—lt was the duty of . , Government — all that 'they could do or. ,could -be expected of them was, to see where disorder was beginning, to 'check it there, and preserve the peace. There had been no neglea on the part of Government in - this respeet, and whenever the Civil Magistrate saw it necessary, the military were ready to obey his direc tions.. 'Theis' secured, whatever feelings he might have for the injuries iufliaed on individual suffseers, he never for a moment entertained a fear for the safety of the nation, and preservation of the Consti , union. He , never entertained a . fear because he knew, that if tumult raised even its most forinidable head Goveturnent bad Taken means, and were ready toerush it. As for the question, with regard to the Serjeant's executing the warrant, it was most unfair - to charge,Ministers with hangingip doubt 'as to the proper Mode of performing that duty.. The fad was, they were not called on to decide the matter at all, or consider, as Ministers,' how it might be done.-- Had it been in discussion in the House before the warrant was issued, he would have had no hesitation as,a,Meinber of Parliament, to give his opinion, that they had a right to break open the door. But when a person, executing an important duty, cltubtcd: the leglity of his commission, it became necessary' to de:et: 1;1, ing an epteion, or offering to controul one who acted at His own peril. There was something to be observed too betmieeti the Gentlemen iapposite and the Mirristet's. They formed their judgments at cilt-ttrent times, and in very diftlx,nt situations. Gen tlemen opposite were-now giving their opinions aßer the.affair was psst, ithout responsibility, and with all the composure they would discuss an abstract point of science. The argument now was, er,- bile theSe troubles existed, and' danger- was tlpeetened, Ministers might not have exceeded-the law, with a view to the general public weal. In hiSopinion it wool l hive been unjustifiable to interfere with ale -gal officer 4tling tender another constitutional autho r ity in the discharge of his duty. With respect to the presstit motion, he entered into the views and considerations of several Hon. Gentlemen opposite. He thought that going.to severity would be inexpe dient; but between severity. and no notice there was a middle course which he begged leave to recommend to the House. 10 do nothing, upon-this letter was a very equivocal way of consulting their dignity.— They , ought s rather to meet fairly what was opposed to .them, without shrinking, and deal with them firmly and temperately. Inahe situation in which the writer of the letter was now placed it was not necessary to visit his offence with severity-, nor,. would it be right to pass it altogether without notice. He supported the motion for. hisxominitrnent oti a former letter, a little more guarded in its expression thap the last, though-with the same tendency, and tier `the accomplishment of the same objeef. This letter he would consider as a proot to dispel every doubt from the hreasts of those who were were no - t convinced of the 'design of the former. It was: an aggravation and:_ epetition of the offence for which pui4ishinent wos already intliLlect. "With these views of the matter he would_ have to propose a Resolu tion as.an-am9nclment to the present Motion, to this e Vet : • "'That the Letter! of. Sir P. Burdett, addressed to-the Spviikyr,•was a high aggravation of his former otknce against . the privileges of we .House of Commons. But as from the tetutti,mate by the Serjeant at Arms to the Speaker's War -111111. it appeated that the wirrant had been executed, and thcrarly - tommlttett !tithe - Tower ' - the tibUse would not, prod'ed larther upon, this . I..etter; at this time." lie .conceived this istould be a better mode of dlspusi:lg of the business, than not to notice the let ter at all, not only as more consonant to their dig. !thy.. at present, but as the matter might be again. Liken up hereafter, if circumstances rendered it ne cessary. SirJoux Ansi-RI/T.lmi, in explanation, said, that if it could be thought there was any thing equi vocal. ju.the original motion, he would concur in uriredefinitiie mode . of expressing the opinion the House. WIIITZREAD, with all the feelings he che ris!ted on the present subjeit, felt it was impossible 1 - ,lr him to adopt the proposition, cons6tent at least the'opinions he had before expres.ed. For in t!),.•.case of Gale- Jones, how could that be called an (yrasi.tiou of an offence, ,which offence in his opi ni.,n cover existed. The Honourable Gentlemen Illosit r e conceived-their conduet . p - erteOly ; for lcs part he was quite of a contrary opinion.; with r, .;!,ttc t to the authority of the warrant, he w ould ask (i; t .- Right I-Jon. Gentlemen, personally, a nd as one who deserted the study of the laws for Wits (the late Attorney-General), what his opi.- i 'ivti ilte..Speaker'4 .w arrant was ? The Hon. Gen- tleman maintained, that the Speaker's warrant was omnipotent ; it there was a doubt of its legality, 'on what ground did that doubt stand, when the war rant brought the evidence to the Bar it) the case-of the Duke of, York i—The Honourable Gentleman • expressed L'a's conviction that the people of England were not se besotted as .not to allow the House a power which was not inetely necessary for support- . ing their dignity, but was also necessary to preserve their existence. Much had been said on the sub,' ject of Reform ; he was a friend tp Reform,..and the, exserience of each day convinced him the more of its necessity. He need only refer to what had-pass ed in the House for the last month to she.w the fact 'to be so. There had been in consequence ,more converts to tie opinion that it was desi rable, than had been gained by this or any. preced ing Administration. The friends of Reform must with equal justice' contend for the omnipotence Of the -Speaker's warrant. The influence of the Crown 'was not inconsiderable its this House 5 if -I Reform was necessary would it be-destroyed byit ? Would not a reformed House be iti a sort of hostile position to the increasing _influence of the Cross n ?' Would it be prudent then-to wrench out of the hands Of the Croutnotts the only weapon which, under these circumstances, , it could - wield against the Crown's influence ? The warrant, therefore, was le gal, and,' to the .mind of every man,of common sense; must be omnipotent. The Right Hon. Gen tleman opposite bad taken credit to himself for bay irig used diligent means, when informed of the re 'sistance, .to afford. the Serjeaiit facility in execut ing the warrant ; but be would only request Gen tlemen. to examine the real state of fads, and then they *sisould see that the Bight Hon. Gentleman was 'assuming to himself and' his colleagues credit - which did not belong to hint. The •Serjeant at Arms had stated, that during his visits io the Office of the Se , cretary of State, he (Mr. Ryder) • was not . visible ;. that after repeated applications and much conversa tion with Mr. Read the Magistrate, and Mr. Becket the Under-Secretary, &c. he at length, on Monday, obtained the assistance which was necessary; that even then the police preparations were superseded by the military . power. This, then, was the sort'of power which the Right Honourable Gentleman vished to ensure, viz. that . the interval of four days should elapse before the warrant oft his House could be 'allowed to be put in force. With every disposition to excuse the Serjeant for not put- . ting the warrant into execution immediately, he yet must-observe, that he had not taken,, as ap peared to bins, pains. -- The Right TiOnont;• able Gentleman bad said, that if Government had called in the military-sooner, that Gentlemen on his (Mr. W.'s) side of the House . would have found fault with him for sacking, • The fad - was, that neitherthe civil nor-the military had in the first in-. stance been properly applied to. The disturbance which had taken place, in consequence was he Was . happy to find, the result of a m6b, end. not the pro duce'of any deep laid. plot againt the Government. ' There was no person who, thought at all that ap prehended the least danger. With respect to the con duct of the Hon. Baronet, he,was no more an apo logist for him than he .was for his Majesty's Minis ters; but if the Hon. Baronet thought that iii mak ing the resistance to the execution of the warrant hp . •was justified in principle, why he was boupd toad es he had done. If the warrant had been execute:l with promptitude on' the morning it was , issued all the. ill consequences which bad r _o__ossed its CXXCUtihil ' S oft the fourth day would have been avoided. , But then it bad been stated that it was necessary taha- -- te legal. opinion on the propriety, of using force; why this was a little singular, that the late Attorney. General (Mr. Perceval) sitting in the midst of Lawyers clubbing • their heads together, should doubt, and yet call for cetispassion when accused of the consequences of `delay, and throw the blame on theSerjeants who the Right MM. Gent. seemed to think was a person 'that should *net only be well versed in Law but in the Gospel too. Mr. W, would be ashamed of any . friend of his should shelter himself under such a paltry anifmean subterfuge. What bad been the 'couduct of the First Magistrate of • the first city - in 'the world on a former occasion.? He applied to the Judges .for their opinions how to act when the Riots had commenced ; the Judges required eight hours to deliberate; said the worthy_ Magistrate, `before 'the expirat'i'on of that time, all Lou - don will be in. flames if I don't ad, and he did so instantly, and took thesresponsibility on himself. It had been insinuated, too, that the Sheriffs had - disagreed, butthe Serjeant proved the contrary, he said they aced with 'cordiality: His Hon. Friend behind him (Mr. Curwen) had talked of the. neces sity of'rallying round the Government. He did not know what his Hon. - Friend meant. by the Govern ment ; if he meant . the Administration, the rally , ing point - was nething, for the people might as well -rally round a rush ; but if he meant - the warrant,' then, indeed, lie. was. prepared to join-him. The House must recoiled the proceedings in the ease of r Wilkes ; similar ones, he. was afraid, would oc cur if. the Hon, Bironers letter was noticed. `-‘ What must be the situation of the House, if he were,returned again to Parliament -in the event of expidsion," said his Hon. Friend: - Why, said Mr; W. that is a. bad argument , to use ; for it usustesot-besendured that the House 'is to negle'd its duty through fear of the consequences." The con- sequences which had happened, arose, from the va- Ciliation of the . Right Hon. Gentleman opposite; if he had come to the vote at once, and not-given way to doubts, they never .could have occurred.' The Right Hon, Gentleman cautioned the : House-to be guarded in .its conduct in these serious times ; or the most fatal impressions might -be made on the public mind. He- would ask-the mover of the . vote for committing Sir Francis Buidett to - the Tower (Sir R. Sainsbury), whether now, after -the experience of tour days, he 'would have, moved suits a pro ceeding.. He.would ask the Hon. Gentleman who first stirred,. the business (Mr. Lethbridge) whether 'now lie, would have desired the House to take the letter into consideration. Many people-out of the House he knew thought the proceeding was impru- , dent, The' Honourable Gentleman concluded with hoping that _accounts • would be laid before the House of the number of 'liven-- lost and that the' Lettershoold remain on . the table if at any time Sir Francis Burdett _should express a, wish 'to re ' turn to Parliament it might be shewn as a reasott why .his recantation should he read, so necessary to support ilie dignity of the. House. A Member, in : the.cuursl of-his speech, alluded to. the Sneaker, and stated that it was the duty of +ha:Alight / Honourable Gentleman 1-0 have informed' the 'Rouse that, Sir - Francis Burdett meant to make a resistance. • • - The SPEAKER tru-ted the House would not be surprised it- he stated somethine injustification of himself atier the Right Hon. 1\ ember had imputed to him failure, of his duty. The Right Hon. Mem ber had, as. he comprehended ltm,•asserted that be (the Speaker) .knowing resistance was intended, and the House being sitting when it carne to his know ' ledge, had not notified-it to the House.—" If I mistake the Right Hon. - Member; it may be conve nient for him to set roe right." Ile MEMBER arose and said—" The words used wet e, that you, Sir, not knowing the contrary, but haVing reason to apprehend resistance would be • offered, ,did .not inform the House." - The Sessxne--s" - The Honourable Member now says, that I not knowing the contrary,' It . ia in the recollection of the House that I expressly stated I did know the contrary, for that the Serjeant told. me that - he had arranged with Sir Y. Bindett, and that he was to go the next day to his house,when he would accompany him to the Tower without force. With respea to the other insinuation as to my ap prehending resistance, when 1 was told that Sir Francis Burdett did not objeEt to go,- how could I apprehend resistance ? The - Right Hon. Member also made a remark that I must have apprehended resistance because I referred the Serjeant for . aid -both to civil and military power. It is true the . Ser. aeant said there was a mob, and that they might give resistance. My apprehension, thereftre, if I had any, was applied to that mob, and it was on that account I referred bun to the Secretary of State. Web re .sped to the other points of the Right Hon. Mem ber's eech, those refer to grave Matter whish was mere matte, of opinion, and cannot be. imputed to me as failure of duty. .• When the Serjeant doubted his power to enforce the execution of the warrant by breaking oven the outer door, I had no' information to give him, for in truth no such case had occurred within my knowledge, and I belies e that no such information existed. For we then to order the Ser jeant to resort to that expedient, sWas more than I dare . do, but -- I might give him advice, and I was bouud to take care that the advice so given should not 'briag in jeopardy the life of the officer, and I not being the person to undergo that risk. I referred .. • him, therefore, to the chief . Law Authority.— I hope the House vt ill concur with me in opinion under these circtaanstances that I am not highly . . to'blame in not having.commanch-d the officer to go and break open the outer door,, and fOr not having given hint precedebts for his guide, which I never could - find in practical existence." - Earl TEMPLE contended, that the copduti of Mi s eisters was highly reprehensible ; for it s now ap peared,. from the speech tof the Speaker, that so late as Friday night the Serjeant had list.m . referred for aid and assistance to the .Secreiary of 'State, from an. expectatitsa on his (the- Serjeant's) part that re sistance might Made by the tnoh. The Serjeant applied, and what was the result of that applira tion ?—Why, that assistance was not afforded him till Monday morning—That it was not sufficieetly afforded Sill that time was' evident. The warrant was directed to all Magiatratei, &c. to assist. Why W. Ryder was not only : Secretary of State, but. ex' ' officio a magistrate s having the whole of the Policel under his controel, The! Bight Hon. Secretary therefore in delaying to afford assistatice immediate ly was guilty of a violation of duty, ander; his head, and that. of his colleagues, rested, in the opinion of 'the Noble;Lord,'every drop of blood t hat had been spilt on the occasion. With respect to the letter et Sir Francis. Burdett, he thought the FIQUSC ought to give an opinion on the subject. The ATTORNEY-GENERAL agreed with his Right Hon. Friend,. that the House were to take into their consideration:the offence which Sir Francis Burdett had be t en guilty of, when the • House, contrary to the opinion' of .some Gentlemen, bad determined that the case was within reach ofits jurisdiaion.— He did not at the moment look at the manner in which the warrant was to be executed. He saw such mischief in the paper, that it was calculated to set at nought the authority of the House, and to deny the privileges of Pailiament, which were granted, not merely for the support of the safety of the House,' but of the people at large. It had been said that a reprimand would have been the better punishment, but the House would see what value the author of the letter set upon the reprimand of this House. It was that sort of- contempt which he exhibited, which a man of rank mightsbe, supposed to expe rience when reprimanded by hie servants in 'th e ses _ vents' hall of his mansion. There' was no ade quate puhishmeot for : the -offence short of the one resorted to. Much as lie deplored the calarifitouS' events whichfollowed the executton . of the warrant, 'be stilt did not regret - that the House had vOied 'the . punishment, because in so doing they iupported • their own digity. It had been said, that it was the duty- of his Majesty's Government tO - have looked at the ccinseghence before they proposed the vote; blit those Gentlemen holding that doctrine would do well • to recollect, that they; in wishing,a repiimand, should have to look at consequences. It was impessible that -it could enter. into' the contemplation of him or • - his friends; that - resistance to The - dutherity Of this . House would. be made by the' Hoth,f Baronet ss-- . tor, : when he saw under the hand of the Hon. Baronet au avowal that he did not diipuie the right of the .Hoosesol..Commoris to commit. its • Members, lie could nut have any expectation of resistance.--,- It he (the Attorney General) had been asked, whether lie' Ma Igined the Hon. - Baroliet would. resist, he certainly should have confidently stated, ! that personally he thought the Hon. Baronet would not resist. The Learned: Gent. observed,..that I the Serjeant had been twice, at the of the Him. Baronet.' Why then did he not promptly* execute his duty ? The neglect was 'imputable to - him, and not to his Majesty's . Government , The Learned Gentleman then defended the opinion which-lie had given on the case submitted to him, which opinion be could not. have given without,the 'aid of analogy, he-hoped thetefore it would not be -imputed to him that he might have arrived at that opinion without resorting to the-.aid of analogy. He could not reason from any other source, because there was no instance (as s had been stated by the Speaker) in which the execution -of a ~Warrant ! of this House had been attended with such kind -of force as:that of facing open a door.: It bad . been said that his Majesty's Ministers ought to have directed the Serjeant at Arms how to execute the wsirant of the House of Commons. This he colt- ceited to be very dangerous dotirine. His business tva.l to do it legally. If it were a clear law of Par liament, he would e told so by the Speaker ; if { doubtful he would b - left to obtain a legal opinion; but he hadnever heard that it Wa3 the duty of Minis ters to direet him. His Right Hon. Friend had been - accused of having refused. the Serjeant the aid w hich .. he had required. -Had he done scr lie would nav e been -..': highly culpable, but he would answer the charg e ' c against his flight Hnnourable FL:lend by a denik . of the faet. When he had been applied to 1 )Y the Serjeant, he had replied that he should haVe every assistance from the drii. power :nisi that ___ -- - . if that were insufficient he - should have the MI: litary aid requisite: Speaking as - a Lawyer, onci , ih the presence of La ....yers, tteWou , dconfidently assert eat this answer ul his gt.t H Friend was most correct. Wh . .t reason could have induced his Right Honoutabte Friend not to send the militaiy in the first i it but lei, anxiety not to trantgress the lair' After ahr of retapituls- . tion of hik argdnient§, the L .rue , ; G e ntleman eon chided, by declaring, ti,at he thought the House would persuaded not only tha u W. m e w as at— tributable to h s Mivesty's Mutist , .eS, b , ..t that ("lei had exerted tlietn,,el% es to their utino.t in the charge. of their duty. Sir J... SZA.BRIOHT thought. the House and Coutt-._ : ! try under toe gremest crAigations to his Majesty* Goveintnent, for hying proceedtd to est:entities with Sit Francis Burdett. I. he c. ulticonceive anY one conrse of conduct more disgvic- tut h-in any other , it was the course pursued by that Bat.one, Had hi s intent-ion been Inertly 1... .dispute the kgality. of II"' ,watr,int he had the weans of trying tha question iu a very different jratimer, Was it the Hun. Bironet-A,. respect for civil lit-Jetty th a ; cl a we d hi m R.) place metropolis under. the cotitroul' of a rabblt o Wit, it his respect for civil liberty that induced him to allow the tpob (over s.tili.An it Was to be prestitned.. lie had influence) on Suitd:ty noon in piccaoi..ll)- to insult and maltreat 'all piiseng,rs who wonla 1.1 ?" 7 • . take of? their hits and. cry ‘4 Burdett for ever ?"--"' ,For himself, he had been prevented nom goialg • that way, because he was DOI disitt;Sed to pass Sir 1; Burdett's house utieovered. Her lamented tho party turn which the debate had taken, and declate . that he perfectly agreed with his Hon. Ftietid near him . - (Mi. Corwen) in the necessity of ati:Urding every support to Government in the pie Sent lure. • Adverting to the conduct of the Serjeant at -Arms., he conmided that - it was impossible. lot him to foresee that ariy "I‘lttnber of that Honour-- able-• House would - have aaecta4 Sir 4 7 , - ;incir. :Our' dstt has dOne. He had limn long ac q uainted. With that gentleman, and he could with [nub declare,' ;;,; . - that it he were to.look out tor a Mau 10 fierfualf service which required greatattivily, and great per" • sonal courage, he COUld . select any bettet . :quahlited• in those fespel.:ts than Air. coluao• • Sir S. RtAMILLY wai unwilling that-the queaion should go to a vote without stating his reasonS for preferring the • original inotiote to tbe'ittiendnieut • It Was not that be did nut feel as stiong!y as any • :van the gross iarproprietyrof Sir F.-Litudrti's coactud; • but having been of opinion on a firmer occasion , and beteg still cf opiniOr (though with pert, c4,•4}! 1) ' m n , mission to !hi! decisio o f the m,jor.ty of i t _House) that . the letter' and. tie A rif i e k ei a rgnitleot addressed by Si f Fraficis Burdett to his Con-ittnent a did not constitute an utfence cognizable by 11 '? House, be could-hot vote tf , e' letseraddieasea by • the Honourable B xonet to the Speaker -W"st an aggravation of his former off, nee." 1 . 3 , saying this, he begged to be und,e:stiaod t 1 was far' from his' intention to jostify , palliate the Honourable Baronet's conduct. He wa, nished that it should have been suggested .to the- Honourable Baronet, or that he 611°1)4 inive adopteal the•seggestion, that the Freterahle• m 0 de.,04 dispot' ing the question of the le g ality of t oe Sp ea ke r ', wilf" : rant would. Le, not by moving for an'Hu4eas Co , pus ,- or by bringing an actiots for liaise imisisonineut, b =l° . by an indictment for murd e r I H e c o u ld no t Coll ceivt it necessary to th e H o n ou r a bl e B aronet ' s views' to have made th e l eas t slew of rest Stance. It on the ° , exinhition of the warrant he had gone immo , rtiVe i) : • to.the Tower, he would have all his legal remedies a''' . totnpletely' as under any other circumstances. Stil l .7 he remained 'of the .same opinion with respect to vote by which Sir F. Burdett had been committed t e) the-Tower.. The Learned and able dent, oppas iter had aSaerted, th:it the dignity of the House had bee' l adyianced.hy their .proceeding. How that was tit(' case he could not conceive,. w hen it was said at 014 same tithe that the House had better not pr ° ' ceed to expulsion, 'lest the inhabitants, not the rabble, but the peaceable householders of \Vesta:tin' 'ster, satisfied that the House was in the wronii s houla re-eltkt the Hon. Barooet. He was sure that Ibi s ' had'heen said, lie bad been asked if he saw Ar • ditliCulties likely to result from the vote of !heather. eyetiing.for committing Sir Francis to t! , e ToO r why he 114,01 bitted them. The difficulty which . had oecurred- he did -- noi foresee, but he had apPre‘ headed very fatal consequences from that resohrti° 3 of the House,• which, from liruden iii motivea, he had not chosen to particularise., !eq. he Might paiti g out the best node to (ICY generaccothlut.a ui Ministers in thia business he thought highly culpabl,_l. He perceived that this observation produced Smiles ,fr•An soma Gehtletnen opposite, who Were accustomed to use only. such inarticulate aroinentS. Captain PAUKEK, however fie might indulge ia inarticulate arguments, must gay, that the.argtirtra t of the Learned Gentleman had the tuo•t evil tend' . de . ncy.. It the Learned Gentleman were with Sir Francis .Burdettgio hoist in this country the-stand-- and of -- Mr: PoNsepay spoke to•order. Captain PARKIIK begged pardon, .but did not like to hear such speeches that were el-demisted to , do great harm. In his opinion, Sir F. Burdett ought to' be expelled, and he thought too highly of the good sense of the, Electors of Westminster, to' imp'' gine they•would re-e;eCt him. Sir J. PULTENEY had voted _for the.Commitmeet: 9f Sir Francis Burdett to the Tower; and so so for: was lie from having changed his opinion or) thiC subje,:t, that he was every day more and..crroo . . convinced of the propriety at the decision to . whicli. the- House came upon it. He • thought; th" C Ministers had done - every thing they,could to re,toro public tranquility, and., to .hic knowledge, their . measures bad prevented much serious mischief ~~ ~, ~, k_ . f rog frie, .4nd . 1 G 1, TO %to 4, 41 . 4 ' I vti3 O 194 Q t t ti~a~ 4 t hy , t e xt , c ;Id