The Sun. — London, England, 1864-09-28 00:00:00

Social Science Congre:is. YORK, Tuesday Afternoon. The weather still continues all that can be de sired, and many of the members have been amusing themselves by visiting the " lions" of the city—the Roman Catholic pro-Cathedral, the Castle, School for the Blind, Training College, Subscription Library, Industrial School, and Museum, all coming in for a fair share of patronage. Last night a crowded meeting was held in the lecture hall, Good ramgate, for the purpose of hearing speeches on social science, in connection with intemperance and public-houses. There were more than a thousand persons present. Amongst the speakers were the Rev. T. Hutton, M.A. ; F. Thorpe, Esq., Rev. Elias Schrenk, Dr. F. Lees, Mr. John Plummer, Mr. J. 11. Paper, and others. This morning the Festival Concertaroom was again well attended, principally by ladies, the oc casion being the delivery of Sir Charles Hastings's address, as President of the Department of Health. Lord Brougham presided. Sir CHARLES HASTINGS, in the course of his remarks, said:—lt is matter of congratulation that the council have set forth for consideration at this meeting some problems intimately connected with the progress of sanitary science; the three subjects so pointed out being : The best mode of disposing of the sewage of towns ; the causes of, and the means of preventing, excessive mortality among • infants; and the influence on health of the over crowded dwellings of the working classes. Nothing can be more certain than that the mortality of towns is greatly increased by the imperfection of the means for disposing of their sewage, and that a satisfactory solution of this question is a desidera tum of great importance. The sewage thus col. lected has been heedlessly cast into rivers to pollute their waters, to destroy one source of food supply in their s warms of dill, and to convert the healthful stream into an impure ditch. The revelations that have been made in the returns of the Regis trar.Gene ral, and the results of recent laborious investigation in large towns on the subject of infant mortality, are absolutely appalling. This mortality cannot be said to be peculiar to any state of society, for it exists under circumstances most dissimilar in our urban and rural population. Infant mortality is very high in rural districts. In the meantime it is clear that in our large towns potent agencies are ever at work to which much of the deadly destruction may be charged. The impure air of crowded, badly venti lated, and badly drained dwellings is singularly inimical to young life, Then, again, the poor form a large proportion of almost all communities, and a deficient supply of nutriment to the in. fent is the frequent consequence of the want by the parents of the necessaries of life. Many sue* cumb to the influence of epidemics, and thoee who survive grow up a debilitated race, and never bring the full quota of health to the life of their regenee ration. Of these diseases, scarlatina is peculiarly destructive. Considering the progress of sanitary science, it is mortifying to reflect that within the last year we have had to deplore a serious loss of young life in many parts of the kingdom from this epidemic, Perhaps there is no view of society more disheartening than that which is afforded by the facts lately brought to light respecting the murderous destruction of infant life. Nearly one• third of the number of inquests last year-6,506-- were held upon infants under seven years old, of whom over 1,030 were illegitimate. There were held 3,644 inquests on children under a year old, and of these nearly 1,000 were illegitimate. There can be no doubt that the crime of infanticide is of frightful prevalence. The public meeting o ver which Dr. Lenkester presided some time ago at the Free. masons"ravern, was a move in the right direction. What is the influence on health of the over crowded dwellings inhabited by the working classes ? The reply to this inquiry is of paramount importance. Over-crowding is not confined to the inhabitants of towns; it exists to a great extent in the rural as well as in the urban districts, and is in each case a pregnant source of disease. There is no doubt that its effects are most conspicuous in towns, but the cottages in country districts are often so over-- crowded that leas than 100 cubic feet of air is allotted to each inhabitant ; and when any epidemic visitation appears in such localities, a higher rate of mortality is caused, especially among the young. Perhaps of ail the questions relative to the Improvement in towns, that of over crowding is most difficult of solution. The misfortune is that the diminution of the evil in one part of the town has a tendency to increase it in another. Thus the destruction of old streets and ther formation of new not unfrequently has the effect of forcing the workftl ing people into habitations more crowded and more objectionable than those they have left, Model lodging-houses have in many instances been erected to set an example of improvement, and to show how much the health of the worst localities can be fine proved. But unless the municipal authorities in our towns can be convinced that it is their duty to take the lead in this movement, it is not probable that anything adequate to the extent of the evil will be achieved. I may observe that the spread of epidemic fever is greatly aided by overcrowding and want of ventilation in houses. Perhaps of all causes this has most to do with incubating and dif fusing fevers which are known as inflammatory or relapsing fever, typhus, enteric, and gastric fever. Model lodging-houses have been instrumental in diminishing the death-rate of crowded localities ; though no doubt improved drainage and water sup ply have acted powerfully is the same direction. A forcible illustration may be seen in the improved sanitary arrangements of our prisons. It is, how ever, not less certain that alterations of the soil and surface of a country are influential in modifying the character and abating the prevalence of par• ticular diseases of the febrile type. lamin a cons dition to prove that a very great alteration of the soil and surface of the county of Worcester took place in the latter part of the last century. The chase of Malvern was, up to a comparatively recent period, a Royal forest, and as it was situated in the vale of the Severn, and liable to be inundated, its rank vegetation would be likely to produce miasma of an active kind—a sufficient cause at once for the prevalence of ague. Towards the end of the last century, nearly the whole of this chase, which con tained many hundred acres o f land, was enclosed. The effect of this enclosure and of the cultiva tion . of the soil was considerably to alter the surface of the country, and to make the land drier. There was not, indeed, any such scientific drainage as is now practised with so much advantage to agriculture ; bat the mere effect of ploughing, of making water-courses and ditches, and the substitution of serial crops for rank vegetation, must have had a great effect in removs ing water from the surface of the land, and in diminishing miasmatous exhalations. So that, as regards Worcestershire, the disappearance of ague seems to be accounted for by its boing coincident with a very material diminution of the causes which are known to produce the disease. The alte ration of the type of disease in Worcestershire is not confined to intermittent fever, bat I think to some degree an equally satisfactory explanation can be given of other changes. It is possible that the day in smallpox, a mild disease may may come when, as , be s u b s tituted for scarlet lever ; and some conti nental physicians have brought forward facts which, if duly authenticated, would render it even probable. But were such a discovery assured, it is to be feared, eleau:d the community at large remain as ignorant of physiological laws as at present, that great in difference would be manifested as to the Iv I;isatton of the benefit. The history of vaccination and of the opposition made to its general introduction among our pop u l a ti on , i s a str i k i ng proo f o f the obstinate adherence to preconceived notions created by uninformed prejudice. The mortality from smallpox i s no doubt greatly diminished, but it is still considerable' and this, in a great d egree , f rom the igneranee and pat ,y too much prev ai l ing on the subject.' The protection of vaccinat ion 13 ac cepted by only tha the community, and t. a smeller Proportion than in lined States ; so th a t t h e British Isles othercivie sles a re deriving less advantage from the gen i us of thei r i mmorta l countryman than are the inhabitants of oth er l ands. The same remark applies to our colonies, as is seen from the occurrence of smallpox among our troops stationed in various parts of her Ahjesty's nions. Among the causes which operate to produce this lamentable state of things, the following seem to be the chief :- 1. The carelessness and want of foresight of a large num ber of the population, who seldom think of providing against the evils of a future day, and when smallpox is not prevalent, neglect to vaccinate their children. 2. The prejudices of a few who persist in believing that vaccination is injurious; who ignore the plain proofs of the enormous benefits it has conferred, and who therefore refuse to have their children vaccinated. 3. The insufficient payment of public vaccinators under the Poor Law Act, the fee usually paid being so low that it fails to induce them to seek out children who have not been vaccinated; and they consequently only vaccinate the chile dren brought to them. 4. The want of a duly authorised medical officer to see that the provisions of the Vaccination Act are properly car ried out, great irregularities consequently occur, especially in the issue and returns of the certificates of vaccination. 5. The want of a more complete registration of births. Many children are born who are not registered, and it be comes impossible to give the notice for vaccination. 6. A general aversion on the part of the public to legis lation in a matter which they believe to involve interference with their natural rights. This feeling, however praise worthy and useful in some cases, ie, when acting in the wrong direction, fatal to all combined action for the civilise- tion of man, which requires that many individual rights shall be given up for the benefit of the community. This feeling not only exists among the poorer classes of the population, but even among the wealthy and influential, forms a serious barrier to the adequate carrying out of many sanitary measures. Some of these obstacles in the way of the diminu. tion, if we may not hope for the final eradication of a terrible disease, may be removed by legislation, and we ought, as far as possible, to impress on Para 'lament the duty it has to perform in this direction. The cry of the liberty of the subject ought to be scouted 'in every case when the exorcise of this so ' called liberty endangers the lives and health of others. It is just as criminal, and calls as loudly for the interference of police authority, to spread small-pox by the exposure of persons infected, as it is to set fire to a barn or hayrick. Looking, then, at the great advances already made, and the many efforts that we see originated around us, we may have good hope for the future. The time will assuredly come when the laws of health will be generally known and obeyed throughout the com munity. None of us are likely to reach that day, bat we may hasten its coming for a future genera. tion, and even now we may see it and rejoice. Already the average term of human life is increas ing year by year in England and Wales, owing to better drainage, freer ventilation, a wider diffusion of the comforts of life, and greater moderation in the use of fermented liquors. It must be a matter of congratulation to this association that one of our members, and one who has taken a deep interest in our proceedings, is now guiding the destinies of India. Sir Sohn Lawrence has paid much attention to sanitary investigation, and I understand that one of the last steps he took before sailing to the scene of his vice-regal labours, was to obtain from the office of the association the valuable papers of Mips Nightingale on health in India, and others bearing on the same subject. The paper was received with much applause. Al the conclusion the labours of the different depart • ments commenced. In the Jurisprudence depart• meat, papers entitled " On what principle should ,he law deal with questions of responsibility and mental competence in civil and criminal cases re spectively ?'' were contributed by S. F. Stephen, Esq., barrister-at-law, and S. W. North, M.R.C.S. The reading of these papers was followed by much discussion. In the Reformatory section Miss Car penter read a paper on the Non-imprisonment of children." Other papers on the subject of crime and reformatories were also read. The General Average section was again attended by most of the foreign delegates at present staying in Yurk. In the second department, that of Education, various papers were read on subjects connected with education, such as Statistics of Elementary Education in York, Adult Education, Lancashire and Cheshire Mechanics' Institutes, The Half-time System, &a. In the Health depart• went, the questions of the Causes of the Rejection of Recruits in the Manufacturing Districts, Extension of the Factory Laws, Employment of Children in Sweeping Chimneys, Town and Village Kitchens for Sick-room Cookery for the Poor, &a., were ventilated. In the Economy and Trade department, Mr. John Noble read a paper contri buted by W. P. Urquhart, M.P., who was pre. vented from attending. Apologising for reading a subject which had been discussed at previous meet- logs, he stated that hi 3 wish was to show that the theory, or rather certainty, that whatever was most conducive to the gcod of the community was also the most profitable to each of the various SEC- lions of which the community was composed, was applicable to the question of taxation. He quoted largely from the writings of Locke, the philosopher, in support of his views, and investigated the work ing of local rates, the principle of which he ap proved. He pointed out the injurious effects of heavy taxation upgn trade and industry, quoting from Mr. M'Culloch in support of his assertions. Perhaps the most remarkable change in the con dition of the land had taken place in the memory of men now living—he alluded to the time of the Peace of Paris, when Government attempted to bolster the price of wheat up to 80s. per quarter, and when the cry of agricultural districts rang throughout the kingdom. The substitution of direct taxation to some extent in the place of in direct taxation, had remedied these evils. He then discussed the income-tax question, proposing a scheme for the purpJse of laying the whole burden of taxation upon rent, leaving trade, agriculture, and commerce absolutely free, and defending his views with much force and ability. The reading of this and the subsequent paper attracted a strong gathering of the Liverpool financial reformers, who manifested great intereet in the proceedings. Mr. Noble then read a paper contributed by the Liver pool Financial Refoem Association, entitled, "Free Trade and Direct Taxation," which occupied some time in its perusal. It is said that the principles which should regulate the levy of taxation had already been discussed five times, but the op ponents of direct taxation had failed to make out their case. The poor were the greatest suf ferers under the system of indirect taxation. All revenue is raised from rents, profits, and wages. By direct taxation we take what is certainly re quired by the state ; by indirect taxation we have to pay a much larger sum, in the shape of profits upon capital advanced to pay duties, and the expenses incurred in the collection of those duties. Direct taxation would save the taxpayer 2-3ds of the money now paid by him in the shape of taxes. Alluding at much length to the arguments in favour of direct taxation, and defending them from the attacks of opponents, it was contended the adoption of direct taxation would be in accordance with the rules laid down by Adam Smith and other political economists, and would enable commerce to go forth freely, leading civilisation with one hand and peace in the•other, thereby rendering mankind happier, wiser, and better. The discussion which ensued was of a very spirited nature, and was con tinuing as we left the room. If time permitted, it was intended to read a paper by Sohn Yeats, LL.D., on " The National Exodus : its Consequences and Results," in which he showed that increase of popu. lation has not equalled the increase of wealth. This he attributed to emigration from this country — as a remedy for which he proposed the application of every available means of increased culture, intel lectual, moral, and physical, amongst the people, Giving statistics respecting the extent of emigre- tion during late years, and analysing the various classes of emigrants, he showed that whilo emigra tion from old countries to new is necessary to both, yet if enforced by want it becomes dangerous. He would remedy the evils of excessive emigration by making the whole population self-supporting, by ng them more intelligent and better in formed. In the new section, Agricultural Economy, E Holland, E•q., M.P., presided, assisted by Professor J. Wilson. The first paper read was by Edwin Cbadwick, G. 8., on "Piece Work in Agri culture," in which he said that, if the rudimentary principles to which the great progress in manufac tures is due were applied to the land, large differ ences in agricultural and economical results would be obtained. Manufacturing success was principally due to the system of piece work, or payment for the amount of work actually done. In the metros politan market gardens, examples are afforded of the more extended application of the prins ciples of piece work, with advanced results, such as practical witnesses declare to be applicable to the working of farms. On the piece work principle the advance in wages obtained by the labourers is equal to an increase of 30 per cent. He contrasted the difference between the farmer and the manufacturer, the labourer and the operative, and asked where Lancashire would have been had work been the rule in its workshops and factories ? He also al luded to the bill brought in by Mr Scholefield, M.P. for the purpose of enabling the principal, or the employer in any concern, to give to his subordinates shares of profits, and also imposed responsibilities for losses, without making them partnere. This bill did not receive the attention which it deserved. Such a system was in operation in Holland, where it operated most advantageously. He recommended the subject to the association, who would render much service to agriculture as well as trade by agi tating to free it from such injurious restraints as are at present imposed upon it, and to advance the great social and administrative object of making interest incident with duty. Captain O'BRIEN then read a lengthy paper on "The Sale and Transport of Cattle," in which he alluded to the vast quantities of diseased meat sold in the market, and the evils there occasioned, In spection of cattle seemed to be the only remedy; but all legislation on the subject was beset with difficulty. Many laws which had been passed on the subject had become inoperative. He then traced a plan whereby some amelioration of the evil might, he conceived, be reasonably hoped for, and detailed the arguments in favour of the same. The Rev. Canon RANDOLPH then read a paper on " Statute Hirings," and was followed by the Rev. T. Hutton, M.A., rector of Stilton, and late chaplain of Northampton gaol, who, in a paper on "Agricultural Gangs," gave a fearful picture of rural life in some of the midland and marshland districts. He said that gangs of children, aged from five to 16 years of age, were prevalent in those dis tricts. These gangs generally numbered about 40 children in each. The children were hired by the masters of their parents, the contract being for 12 months. These masters were generally labour ing men, and lent out the whole or portion of the gang to those farmers who required their services in field work. Very frequently the children had to walk a considerable distance to the scene of their labours. The effects of this state of things was terrible in the extreme. The children were virtu ally slaves, and possessed no means of escape. In one village there were eight gangs of 40 children each. Five of these were mixed gangs, that is consisting of boys and girls; two were of girls only, and one was composed of boys. The demos ralisation entailed by the admixture of the sexes was frightful. Education was neglected, while vice prevailed in all directions. The younger chil dren were corrupted by the depraved language and behaviour of the elder gangers, and speedily became as bad as them. He knew cases where the children had to seek the ganger as late as 10 o'clock at night in the publichouse, for the purpose of obtain ing their wages. Ths very worst features of child labour in manufacturing towns were reproduced in the agricultural districts to which he alluded, and he deemed that the case called for Government in terference. He wished that the haq-time measure could be introduced, but that, of course, was a matter for consideration. To-eight there is to be a grand conversszione n the Assemby Rooms. THE REGISTRATIONS. MIDDLESEX. Mr Edmond Bealee, revising barrister for the county of Middlesex, held his court yesterday, at the court-house, Edgware, for the revision of the lists of persons claiming to vote in right of their holdin:, , s in the parishes of Edgware, Finelly, Great Stanmore, Little Stanmore, Harrow, Pinner, and Kingsbury. • Mr William Albert James, agent for the Middlesex Re gistration Association, 22, Parliament-street, represented the Liberal interest; Mr Thomas Alley Jones, 1, Clifford's Inn (with whom was his eldest son, Mr A. Jones), appeared for and represented the committee of the Conservative Socie ty ; and Mr Henry Smith, Norfolk-street, Strand, repre sented the National Conservative Association. On the opening of the court, and before the business of the revision commenced, The Revising Barrister said—l wish to advert to a report which I have seen in the newspapers that is not quite cor • rect. It states that I decided that in the case of the Rev. MI Stirling, an Independent minister, his claim to vote was bad on account of his appointment not being for life. That is not the ground upon which I disallowed the claim; that point was not entered into. It was one that would require very great consideratien. The ground on which I held the vote not to be good was that there was nothing to connect the rev gentleman with the property. Under the deed there was nothing to show that he had any interest whatever in the property in respect to which he claimed to vote. I wish that to be clearly understood. The question as to whether a Dissenting minister claiming in respect to an appointment for life is entitled or not is one which involves very serious considerations—one which I should have entered into at ranch greater length before I decided the vote was bad on account of his appointment not being for life. Mr James—l have not seen the report to-day. The Revising Barrister—lt is a serious question as to Dissenting ministers' appointment not being for life, and I should require it to be argued, and consider it carefully. The ground on which I refused the vote was because under the deed ho did not show his appointment was for life, or that he had any interest in the property ho claimed for. The question here dropped, and the Barrister proceeded with the provision of the lists. In the parish of Stanmore F. W, Phipps claimed to have his name inserted in the register in right of a' qualification described as "lease £5B per year." The property not being described at all, the claimant was objected to by both parties. The overseer of the parish suggested that the omission of description might be supplied. The Liberal and Conservative agents were agreed in opinion that the barrister could not insert a qualification where none was described by the claimant. The Barrister concurred in the views thus expressed, and the name was accordingly expunged. A similar case occurred in the Edgware polling district, wherein Mr Duncan Davidson claimed to have his name inserted in the register as proprietor, " The Hermitage." The description being defective, the claim was disallowed, a fate with which several other claims to the qualification were visited on the ground of insufficient description —a dis appointment which might not have befallen the claimants had they attended the court to describe their qualifications correc•ly, or given instructions to the agents on the one side or the other. The Barrister said that it was with reluctance he was obliged to strike the name out of the lists ; and in reply to an overseer, intimated that where claims were insufficiently filled up, overseers might correct the defect, and perfect the description before publishing the Fats, The Barrister will hold his court this day at Hampstead for the revision of the lists of persons desiring to vote in the polling district. * The Revising Barrister says ho did not state that the claim of the Rev. Mr Stribling was bad on the ground that his appointment was not for life. The learned gentle man has a perfect right to correct an error if ho considers that he has been misunderstood ; but if he did not say, on looking at the deed of conveyance, and at another deed also handed in, " the appointment is not for life," then why did Mr Smith, the Conservative agent, who opposed the claim, enjoin, " And that being so, the vote would be bad, even if the deeds were connected," Mr Smith's argument in opposing the claim was, that by the trust deed from which he quoted, " the building (chapel) was to be set apart for the worship of Almighty God, according to certain articles there set out; and should the minister cease to hold those articles of faith, he would be subject to removal by a majority of communicants, as ho would, also, if guilty of immoral conduct," thus urging the question whether the appointment was one for life. THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 28, 1864. WESTMINSTER,. - - ----- Yesterday Mr T. H. Tyrrell, the barrister appointed to revise the list of voters for the City and Liberty of West minster, held a court for that purpose in the Lords Justices Court, Westminster Hall. Mr R. P. Olderahaw appeared on behalf of the Westmin ster Conservative Registration Association, but there was no appearance entered on the part of the Liberal party, Mr Geo. lluggett, who for so many years past, in fact ever since the passing of the Reform Bill, has attended on be half of that body, being on this occasion unable to be pre sent. The - consequence is that no objections have been taken this year on the part of the Liberals, and no claims lodged by them, with the exception of a few by parties themselves. On the other side, the Cunservative Association has taken 420 objections to parties at present on the register, while they have made some 30 claims on the part of persons wish ing to be placed on it, but these have chiefly arisen on ac count of oversight on the part of the overseers, change of residence, or wrong description as to residency. In the parish of St. George's, Hanover square, Mr WM. Atkinson, who is on the register for premises at 17, West bourne-street, was objected to on the ground that he had no residence at that number. 3.1 r Chappell, the vestry clerk, stated that it was simply a case of misplacement of figures, as Mr Atkinson resided at 71, instead of 17. The Barrister—That may be, but I cannot alter it, because of the objection, 71 being an entirely different qualification from number 17. The object of publishing the lists on the church doors is to afford persons an opportunity of objecting to parties they may think improperly placed on them ; and here the objection being taken, I must sustain it unless withdrawn, as there is no such party at No. 17. Mr Chappell contended that the act of Parliament never contemplated such objections being taken, It was true that there was no such party at 17 ; but it was well known there was such a party at 71, and as it was evident it was simply a transposition of figures, he thought such an objection ought not to be persisted in. The Barrister—lf that be so 1 think it ought not to be persisted in; but until it is withdrawn I have no power to alter the qualification. Ultimately the objection was withdrawn and the voter's name retained on the register, the qualification being altered to 71 in place of 17. In the parish of St. James's, Mr John William Howell, who is on the register as the occupier of premises at 53, Great Windmill-street, was objected to on tho ground that he was dead. Mr John William Howell appeared, and said he was still alive, and had occupied the premises in question and paid rates and taxes for them for the past 14 years. Mr Oldershaw—On inquiring at the houso in question he was told that William Howell died on the 12th of last March. Mr Howell—But that is not me—that was my father, and he has not resided on the premises for 14 years. He died in the country. The Barrister—lt is a clear case of mistake. I shall re tain the name on the register. Mr Howell—And I claim costs. I have been obliged to leave my business and come here to answer a frivolous and unfounded objection, and I claim remuneration. The Barrister—Yea, I think you are entitled to it, and I allow you a sovereign. ti. Mr Oldershaw contended that the objection was perfectly justified. They had been distinctly told at the house that the party was dead, and even the day of his death was spe cified, and that he considered sufficient ground fur the ob jection. The Revising Barrister thought otherwise, and wrote an order to Mr Howell for payment cf the amount, refusing to hear any more of Mr Oldershaw's objections until the amount was paid to the party or deposited in his hands. The sovereign was accordingly deposited in the barris ter's hands axd the revision was proceeded with. IR the parish of St. Margaret's, Mr J. Jones, who is on the register as the occupier of premises at 15, Broadway, was objected to on the ground of non-residence at that number. It appeared that same time ago the numbers in the street were altered by order of the Board of 'Works, so that Mr Jones's premises, which were formerly 15, are now No. 17, and the overseers, having failed to correct the num ber in the rate books or the register, and he having failed to lodge a new claim to have it corrected, the barrister held he had no power to make the alteration in the faco of Mr Oldershaw's objection, and the name was expunged, _ . A number of other objections in this and the other parishes were taken on tho same grounds, and being per sisted in wore sustained, and the parties struck off' the re gister. With the exceptions mentioned, and a few which were withdrawn, the greater portion of Mr Oldershaw's objec tions, to the number of at least, 400, were sustained. MIDDLESEX SESSIONS—Sept. 27, (Before Mr Sergeant Gaselee.) _ . ... James Carles, 18, and Joseph Robson, 21, were severally indicted, the said James Carlos for stealing 41bs of wool, value 7s, the property of Joseph Baxendale and others; and Joseph Robson for receiving the same, well knowing it to have been stolen. Mr Metcalfe (instructed by Mr T. Board) prosecuted ; Mr Best defended Robson (instructed by Mr B. J. Abbott, of Worship-street); the prisoner Caries was undefended. Although the amount of wool laid in the indictment as stolen was small, yet it formed part of a series of robberies which had been carried on for a considerable time past, and entailing a loss of several hundreds of pounds in value every year to the dilerent wool merchants of London. There are but four pieces in London at which Australian wool can be legally received, via , Messrs Gooch and Cez 3ns, Messrs Browne and Eagle, the London Dock Company and Mr J. Cooper, but notwithstanding, those firms and public body have found other persons dealing in wool to a large extent and underselling them in the market. There was little doubt that the wool so obtained was the produce of dif ferent robberies, Mr Metcalfe opened the case, from which it appeared that this prosecution was instituted by Messrs Gooch and Cou zens, and the prisoners were charged respectively with stealing and receiving 41bs of wool only, the property of Baxendale and Co., who were the members of the old firm of " Pickford anti C 0.," and were employed in carting the wool from the docks to the different warehouses, and it was during such transit that the robberies were committed, and that to a very great extent, The process was a ♦ery simple one. Large numbers of boys and others go behind the vans, rip open the bales, and having got out a handful of wool de camped with it to their homes, then filch more, keeping it until it accumulated to three or four pounds, when it was taken to Cohen's shop in Royal Mint-street, Robson being his son-in-law, and Robson giving as his address, No. 2, Royal Mint-street, No, 4 in the same street was also oc cupied by Cohen as a wool warehouse, When the wool was received at No, 2 it was passed over Co wall to No. 4, where it was mixed with other wool, and thus detection was defied. The facts of the case, as would be proved in evidence, were that a witnees named Blanchard was watch ing Caries, and saw him steal some wool from one of Pick ford's vans, and he went home with it. On the same day he saw Caries leave his house with a bundle of wool and take it to Cohen's shop. A detective officer named Under wood had been also watching him, and saw him go into the shop, and afterwards Robson was seen to be in the act of putting the wool into a scale and weighing it. Sergeant Foulger also went into the shop, and the prisoner s were taken into custody and charged with the offence. Sergeant Foulger, on searching the shop, found a piece of wool amongst some rags, and at the house No. 4 he found a largo quantity cf wool of the sumo description, and having heard the evidence it would be fur the jury to say whether the prisoners were or were not guilty of the charge. Mr Best, on the part of Robson, submitted that the in dictment could not bo sustained against him, and urged that the case of" The Queen v Wylie," decided by the Court of Criminal Appeal, was " all fours" with this case, and he contended that the mere act of putti ng th e woo l in the scale was not a dealing, for no dealing had taken place. Even had it been contemplated there might be a locus penitentice at the last moment; Mr Metcalfe said that an unlawful possession was quite sufficient. The wool was actually taken out of the wrapper in which it was taken to the shop, and put into the buyer's scale. The wool was in the buyer's scale, and there was abundant evidence that he knew the wool had been iccpro.. perly come by for the case to go to a jury. Mr Sergeant Gaseleo said the prisoner Caries had the right to take tho wool out of the scale again it the price offered for it was not considered sua;ient. It did not givo Robson possession of it by its being merely put into the scale. Mr Metcalfe said some of the wool found on the ledge in the shop was a portion of that taken in by Caries. Mr Best said that was evidence against him, but it ought not to be imported into the case. Mr Sergeant Gaselee said Mr Metcalfe had given no evi dence of Robson being the owner of the shop, or of its being his scale that the wool was put into. Mr Metcalfe said that Robson was the only person found there, and he was weighing the wool. _ Mr Serjeant Gaseleo said he had shown no ownership of the shop,:but, on the contrary, had carefully avoided doing so. Mr Metcalfe—But still there is abundant evidence to go to a jury, lkfr Sergeant Gaselee—But if you go to the jury you will gain nothing by that, as I tell you candidly, if you do so, I shall recommend th e j ury t o ac quit Robson. Mr Metcalfe sugges t e d t h a t, as the case of "The Queen v. Wylie" had b een d ec id e d a fter a previous appeal, in which case a c on t rary decision was given , t he po i nt should be reserved fo r th e f urt h er co nsideration of the Court of Criminal Appeal. Mr Sergeant Gaselee said he did not see any necessity for sending the cas e t o th e C our t of Criminal Appeal. His opinion was very s t rong t h a t there was no case for the jury to consider. He m i g h t b e wro ng, but he would advise the jury not to convi c t , an d juries gener all y took the law fro m the judge. He th en t o ld th e jury that there was not suffi cient evidence of possession with respect to Robson, but it was quite different as regarded Caries. The jury found Caries Guilty, and Robson Not Guilty. A juryman wished to remark that, had it net been for the strong ruling of his lordship, they considered there was a very strong case against Robson, and they should have found him guilty. Mr Sergeant Gasclee (address'ng Robson) said—You hear what the jury think of you, and I advise you to be very cautious for the future. Mr Sergeant Gaselee said although Carlos had avoided detection he did not think this was his first offence, and sentenced him to be imprisoned and kept to hard labour for nine months. SECOND COURT. (Before Mr Payne•) _ - George Smith, 17, d escr ib e d as a seaman, was indicted for stealing a horse, the property of Samuel Trindall. Samuel Trindall said he was a cowkeeper, residing at Homerton, and on the 9th instant ho saw the prisoner put a halter on the horse. Witness wont up to him, and stopped him, The prisoner said he waa going to take it to Mr Scott, of Old Ford. John Farrow, police•contable 393 N, said he took the prisoner into custody, when he said he was ordered to go and fetch the horse. The jury found him Guilty, and he was sentenced to 12 calendar months' hard labour. Joseph Morris was placed at the bar charged with steal ing three coats, four pairs of trousers, and other articles, value £B, the property of George Jarvis. Goorgo Jarvis, a coachman, of No, 6, Bristol-mews, Pad- dington, said he left tho prisoner in charge of a stable, and when he returned he found the prisoner had absconded with three coats, four pairs of trousers, and other articles, value B. Several pawnbrokers' assistants were examined, whe proved that the prisoner pledged several articles which the prosecutor identified as his property. The prisoner here said he was very hard up, or ho would not have done it. He then pleaded guilty. Mr Payne sentenced him to 12 months' hard labour. James Johnson, 57, was indicted for stealing a coat, value £3105,, the property of John Haynes, to which he pleaded not guilty. The prosecutor said ho was a coachman, living at Bromp ton, On tho 12th instant the coat was safe in a stable, and from what he was told he went after the prisoner and found him with the coat on his shoulder. Patrick O'Conner, 58 B, said he took the prisoner into custody, and he denied the charge. The Jury found him guilty, and Mr Payne sentenced him to two years' hard labour. John Reynolds, 19, a labourer, was indicted for stealing a silver watch, the property of Charles Nichol), from his person. The prosecutor in this case said he was looking at a man selling money— (laughter)—when he felt a tug, and ho looked down and saw his chain in the prisoner's hand. He seized bold of him and gave him into custody. The Jury found him guilty. A previous conviction having been proved against him, Mr Payne sentenced him to two years' hard labour. The Wreck Register and Chart for 1863. The return of the Registrar-General of Seamen recently published shows that during the past year 413,962 vessels, representing a tonnage of nearly 62 millions, entered in wards and cleared outwards from British ports. The esti mated value of the goods carried on board these ships was upwards of 400 millions sterling. The number of wrecks and casualties, including collisions, reported as having occurred on the coasts of the United Kingdom during 1863 is 2,001. This number, which is in excess by 174 of the wrecks re ported in 1862, is above the annual average of the 10 years ending 1863. The numbers for the last five years are asfol low—viz„ 1859, 1,416; 1860, 1,379; 1861, 1,491; 1862, 1,827 ; and 1863, 2,ool—total, 8,117. The increase in 1863 was owing to the great number of casualties in the gales of October, November, and December of that year, and the marked increase in 1862 is owing mainly to the 512 wrecks and casualties which happened in the gales of January, October, and December. Out of the 2,001 wrecks and casualties in 1863, 882 are reported to have occurred by stress of weather and 214 from various and unknown causes. Again, 61 were lost from defects in the ships or in their gear or equipment, and 176 from inattention and negligence. During the same period 5,096 lives were saved by life-boats, the rocket apparatus, fishing-boats, and other means. The number of collisions reported in 1863 is 331, against 338 in 1862 and 323 in 1861, or 317, being the annual average of the seven years ended 1863. Of these 331 collisions, 216 happened at night and 115 in the day time ; 133 were caused by bad look-cut, neglecting to show lights, and ne glect or a misapplication of the road at sea. The remainder were more or less the result of accident, unsound gear, or negligence. During the past six years 399 lives have been lost from collisions in our seas. The total number of wrecks and casualties from all causes reported during the year 1863 is 2,001, against 1,827 reported in 1862. It is above the number reported during any one of the eight years preced ing, and is 661 above the annual average of the eight years ending 1862. The tonnage of these wrecks is thus given —Vessels under 50 tons, 404; 51 and under 100 tons, 491 ; 101 and under 300 tons, 867 ; 301 and under 600 tons, 158 ; 601 and under 900 tons, 46; 901 and under 1,200 tons, 18; 1,201 tons and upwards, 14-. total, 2,001. Of the total number of ships to which casualties have happened in 1863, 1,649 were British ships, 272 foreign. ships, and the country and employment of 80 were unknown. The greatest num ber of casualties happened to ships laden with coals, ores, bricks, &c., or, in other words, to ships of the collier class, as will be seen from the accompanying list, viz.: —Colliers laden, 614; colliers light, 114 ; iron and copper ore, &c„ 146 ; stone, &c., 115 ; timber, 101; fishing smacks and other laden vessels, 639 ; vessels in ballast (not colliers) 174 ; passengers and general cargo, 48—total, 2,001. Tho winds most fatal during 1853 were from the N.W., S.W., W.S.W., and W. During the former year (1862) the most fatal winds were S.S. W.. S.W., W.S.W., W.N. W. Again, it appears that 614 casualties happened with the wind at and under force 7, or from a calm to a moderate gale; and that 1,050 happened with the wind above force 7, or from a fresh gale to a hurricane. The number of persons who perished in 1863 from wrecks was 620, while in 1862 it was 690. It is satisfactory to know that, notwithstanding the larger number of casualties in 1863, there is a great falling off in the number of lives lost, and that it is 161 below the annual average of the last 12 years. The number of lives saved during the past year was 5,096, and the total number of lives rescued by life boats, the rocket and mortar apparatus, smacks, and other means,:during the past eight years, is 25,251. There are at present 182 life-boats on the coasts of the United King dom belonging to the Royal National Life-boat Institution and other bodies. The mortar and rocket apparatus stations now number 239, and are under the management of the Coast-guard and the Board of Trade. During the past year 417 lives—besides 17 vessels—were saved by the life boats of the National Institution alone, and upwards of 300 by shore boats and other means for which the institution granted rewards. A sum of £1,297 was expended by it in reward,—and £13,819 on its various establishments round, our ooasts. STATE OF TRADE. MANCHESTER, Sept. 27.—The attempts at business to day have been a little more successful for shipping yarns, and some few orders have been given out at about the same prices that would have been taken on Friday last. Some people, both buyers and sellers, appear to consider that prices have now touched the lowest point, and that without some fresh cause for disturbance of confidence, we may look for ward to some little improvement. Home trade yarns &so show a little more steadiness, and there has been rather more business in the finer counts. The gradually drooping state of the cloth market, and the more general disposition on the pelt of manufacturers to realise at the decline, were noticed in Friday's report. There has not been much change. But few offers have since been made, and such as have been made have been pretty generally taken. The con sequence is that stocks have been cleared to a considerable extent. Yesterday and to-day there seem to have been a greater number of people willing to operate, which is re garded as a better feature in the market, although the prices they offer are very low—lower than ever, and such as to cause a good deal of hesitation on the part of sellers. There have been reports in market of some considerable transac tions in cloth to-day, but they cannot be trawl to any authentic source. So far as we can learn, the business of the day has been on a small scale, and in the aggregate of less amount than on some days towards the close of last week. In shirtings sellers have altered their quotations to figures more nearly approximating to the rate at which sales have been made than for some time past, and 71b shirtings are offering at 15s per piece, while 841 b ditto are at 18e. There is great irregularity, however, and some of the latter, which have been at 225, are reported in some instances to have been sold at 16s. 91b shirtings ate quoted at 225, and 91b printers at 2ls : 51b and 616 T cloths are 98 9d and lls 9d, and 811 b long cloths 16s. While these quotations generally show a great decline, they hardly represent the lowest rate at which business has been done. Messrs, John Stagg and Co. report of this day's cloth-market : " The downward tendency of prices has continued since Tuesday last, and the reduced prices offered have been to a fair extent accepted by holders. To•-day our market is somewhat steadied by the increased disposition to purchase, but the offers made are still very low, and the actual busi ness has not been of large amount." LEEDS, 27th.—There has_been a very fair attendance of both buyers and sellers in the cloth halls to-day and a tolerable amount of business has been done in both ordinary and heavy goods. A few samples of spring patterns have also been sold, but not to so great an extent as to be of much significance. All things considered, there is a satisfactory amount of business doing in the woollen trade of the dis trict ; but the failure of the Leeds Banking Company hav ing been followed by that of several woollen merchants has imparted a degree of caution to transactions in some quar ters which did not exist a few days ago, Though there may yet be a few small failures, public confidence is un doubtedly strong in the general soundness of the trade of the town and district, and the manufacturers are as a rule well employed. Prices of both wool and goods are steady. NOTTINGHAM, 27th, —The attendance on 'Change to-day was very moderate. The demand for laces, however, was very dull, prices undergoing little or no alteration. In hosiery yarns the trade was also flat, and prices more irre gular. Silks may be quoted at late rates. The demand for brown nets was dull, at last week's prices. ROCHDALE, 26th.—The quietness of our trade has boon more extensively felt during the past week. The dulness proceeds from a large falling off in the number of orders which usually come to hand during the September quarter. Merchants warehouse engagements have only been of a tri vial character, but with scarcely an exception manufacturers are fully employed, because of the unfinished state of orders of long standing, To-day's market was only scantily at tended, and business was limited. The value of flannel was well sustained, but Yorkshire woollens were so little inquired after that quotations were merely nominal. It is not to be denied that the Leeds Bank calamity has for a time paralysed operations in this department. The business done to-day in wool was quite of a hand-to-mouth charac ter. The high price continues to deter manufacturers from making put chases in anticipation of wants. (ADVERTISEMENT.] - Holloway's Pills.—Norvousnoss end Want of Energy.—When first the nerws feel unstrung, and listlessness supplants energy, it is the right time to take some alterative, as Holloway's pills, to prevent dis order running into disease. These excellent pills correct all irregularities and weaknesses. They act so kindly, yet so energetically, on the functions of digestion and assimila tion, that the whole body is revived. the blood is rendered richer and purer, the muscles become firmer and stronger, and the nervous and absorbent systems aro invigorated. These pills are suitable for all ()lasses and all ages. They have a most marvellous effect on persons who are "out of condition ;" they soon rectify whatever is in fault, restore strength to the body, end confidence to the mind. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, TIMES.—The two States of Maryland and Kens tucky have been kept within the Union by force. Had not the Federal Government occupied them both by strong bodies of troops, the feeling of the population would probably have carried these ter ritories into the Southern Confederacy. At first the public opinion was sufficiently divided to retain them from throwing in their lot with the South. But time gradually increased their Southern sym pathies, and they were held within the Union only by the Federal arms. Kentucky is a central State in which the Northern troops had the special mis sion to " discover Union opinion." It was assumed that a mass of this sentiment existed unable to ex. press itself, and requiring liberation. There has been ample time for the Unionists to declare them selves. Every protection and encouragement have been given them, yet the cause of the North has not been strengthened, The Federal authorities have lost their influence, and are at last compelled to re sort to a severity without precedent. Kentucky is subject to a treatment harsher than martial law. It is handed over to the caprice of a Federal General, who has devised a peculiar system of tempting men into " loyalty." Kentucky fares worse under its military occupation than Louisiana under General Butler, who is exceeded in cruelty and fanaticism. The object of the conquest of a revolted State is os tensibly to occupy it and treat with the population for the restoration of the old political relation with the North. But the manner in which Kentucky and Louisiana have been governed has been calcu lated to deepen the hostility of the South, and make any accommodation impossible. Since the 20th of July the western district of Kentucky has been ad ministered by a General Paine, one of those officers who are far more "Federal" than the Government he serves with such furious zeal. .The President insists on the restoration of the Union as a question of policy; his deputy insists on it as an object of religion—something to be accepted and worshipped. He professes to preach " Federal salvation" to un bee lievers, and announces that he will enforce the creed by any degree of violence. If the population are not ready to accept the Union " they must die." It does not require any overt act of disloyalty to bring them under the ban. Neutrality or doubtful opinions are to be punished with exile. All business is to be suspended for those who cannot prove their alle giance. For the vague offence of disloyalty, which may have many degrees, citizens are to be punished by deprivation of every right. They are not simply brought under martial law; they are placed beyond the pale of all law whatever. The disloyal are not to be permitted to pay money or receive it. They may, indeed, lodge money in a bank, but can give no draught on the account to a " rebel." Tenants are released from the obligation of paying their rents except to " unswerving, unconditional, and undeviating Union persons or corporations." A special permission from headquarters must be ob tamed to authorise any bank to pay out or transfer any sum of money. These prohibitions are described without the slightest doubt that they will be effec tual. " Capital," it is said, " the ever-changing lever of trade, commerce, and war, is virtually dead within the district." Or rather, the capital and rents of the " disloyal" are transferredto the agents of the Federal Government, who are to decide what deficiency of enthusiasm for the cause is to incur the penalty of forfeiture. It is difficult to believe that such decrees are expected to have any effect. The regulations will be evaded in every possible manner. Of course, all payments of money into the banks will cease. The most unimpeachable certifi cates of character will be produced, and it will be discovered that all who have anything to receive have entertained the most profound admiration for the Union all their lives. There will be an increase of professed support of the Federal Government, which will break down the moment the pressure is lightened. The system adopted in Kentucky is an extension of the practice of exacting an oath of adherence to the Union from everybody suspected of doubtful allegiance. It has never strengthened the power of any Government. In New Orleans taking the oath became a mere mockery, and it will be impossible to draw all the distinctions of cha racter that entitle men to an exemption from the official orders. The theory of General Paine is th a t no "disloyal " person has any rights the Government is bound to respect. By hie decree a citizen of a State, not held by conquest, but occupied merely or "pro tected," a non-combatant, whose hostility has never gone beyond the passive form of disapproval of the system of government, may have all his property confiscated. No civilised nation has ever inflicted such penalties un an army, even when it had yielded to the fortune of war, and was defenceless, as a con quered people. The armies of France occupied most of the great cities of Europe, but the Gaverna merit of Napoleon never forced the citizens to buy and sell, and pay and receive their debts. The aversion to the French occupation was as strong as national feeling could be. But the Emperor did not punish that adverse opinion so long as it pro• duced no overt act. The truth is, that opinions held by an entire community, with few exceptions, must be recognised and dealt with in some discri. urinating manner. The attempt to exterminate it is futile, except by destroying the community itself. General Paine seems to contemplate this measure as possible, but he will be baffled. " I am going to manage this district so that when I have done with it the men and women who remain can come together in the name of the Lord, and say, We belong to the United States.'" And what would the Federation have gained in the adherence of ihie poor remnant of population ? It must admit that Governments were made for men, and that no political system ever yet existed for which the ex termination of a whole people could be justified. There is nothing more sacred in the American Union than in a score of other Governments that have been created and set aside, leaving the commu nity little the worse for its many changes. The Americans are making a fearful mistake in eleva ting the Union into something divine and immue table, to which they are bound to sacrifice all who do not yield it th e mos t a bj e ct sub mission. They have inverted the importance of a population and its Government. One is essential to the existence of the nation ; the other may be modified whenever necessity dee mends it. If tho people could perceive how favour able would have been their condition if they had assented to some political compromise four years ago, contrasted with their present state 1 After all the sacrifices of lire and money wasted for an extinct Union, they must regret the spirit that can produce such bigots as General Paine, and lift them into an authority they have too little common sense to use. Such men are obliged to hide their real weakness under violent language or acts of revolting ferocity. POST.--A Minister who comes into the field to pass a review of the policy of his Administration so late in the season as Lord De Grey has but a poor alternative before him. He must either be content to run in the old ruts of his colleagues who have preceded him in the same task, or he must content himself with the discussion of those subordinate questions which they had passed over in silence. Lord De Grey, however, ou this occasion has chosen the former course. The agricultural society at Ripon had a right to hear his opinions upon the Danish question, and he therefore prefers to go over the old ground. The gist of his remarks may be ap prehended in a word. It is, that the first principle of our foreign policy is non-intervention; and that the only exceptions to its application must lie where either our national honour has been pledged, or our national interests command us to intervene. It is very reasonable to suppose that, upon the latter point, different individuals may entertain opposite opinions in particular cases. Lord De Grey places the Danish war, the Italian war, and the American war together, as the three moat remarkable in stances, during the reign of the present Adminis tration, of our observance of the - principle of non-in tervention. It is quite clear that the Danish question has been an extreme illustration of this policy ; and it does not serve to bear out the doctrine of M. Thiers that England would at any time take up arms to save territory on the German Ocean from falling under the dominion of one of the great Continental Powers. If, therefore, we have not taken so bold a part as many perhaps would have desired, we have at any rate not shown ourselves so selfish or so sensi tively jealous as the French historian describes us. The Danish question, however, as we perhaps succeeded in showing on a recent occasion, is not a question by any means past and gone, and the delays inevitably incident to the progress of an almost insoluble difficulty admit of many fresh phases yet presenting themselves before a settlement can be had. It is therefore as a living rather than as a historical question that Lord De Grey now deals with it. His sympathy with the Danish cause finds an echo in every heart ; nor is it possible to deny that the momentous conclusion at which we arrived on the break up of the London Conference has a nearly similar parallel in the course adopted by the French Government on the Polish question in the previous year. When we declined to follow France in a course of diplomacy amounting to an intervention on be half of the Poles, France refused to take on herself the responsibility of proceeding alone ; and Lord De Grey argues much in the manner before adopted by Lord Russell, that we did no more than decline for ourselves alone in I . rimark the responsibility which France singly had refused to assume in Poland. This is certainly a fair precedent, so far as concerns the dignity of Great Britain, whatever may be thought of the course that was the most expedient for our Government to adopt. Lord Da Grey turns with more felicity to the subject of the department of which he is master. The Government, he says, have not lost sight of the necessity of com bining financial reform with the exigencies of our distant empire and our scattered commence. This, in fact, is the difficulty of all combinations. The Treasury cries out for retrenchment, the Adm iralty and the War Office for more money for fresh ship! and fresh guns, dictated by fresh experiments; a" the Prime Minister holds his authority to preserve a late milieu between these conflicting demands' That we are living in an experimental ago of navel and military art is the source of our greatest difficulty in united efficiency with economy. Sir J. P3kingto.a came forward, as First Lord of the Admiralty, ra 1858 with a grandiose plan of " reconstructing th e navy." It is true that the Warrior was laid down under his rule at the Ad m i ra lty ; b u t, with that es: ception, his " reconstruction" chiefly co nsiste d of laying down a number of f res h woo d en ships, c hiefly differing in point of construction from those Oleo already afloat in the fact that they were someiv".' larger. The Duke of Somerset succeeded biro 1 ! 1 1859, and it was then very soon discovered that th i, wooden reconstruction of the navy was almos) worthless. Now we are building nothing but Ir?, ° , and iron-plated ships ; but a t th e same time our artt i , lerists are exerting their perverse faculties in dov e log cannon of a calibre to pi erce an y thickness 0 f iron that can possibly float. What is true of nav al architecture being an experimental science true in a lees degree of the expenditure of the army. Ih n c i invention is ever warring upon retrenchment, 1 -4° r De Gray, however, does the tax-paying public more than justice when he says that they will n ° be unwilling to pay for whatever is needful t? defend us, and to protect our shipping, scatter s as it is over the whole globe. The public naturally enough, to have all they can for tbelf money—to make it go as far as it will ; and, abov e all, to see that what is necessary is done at the lea s ., possible cost. The failure of fina n cial refornie r• has been caused by their disposition to oppose n i l; sures of preparation which are needful for tu public safety. If they could prove, on the °ther hand, that the same measures could be executed a 5 a less cost, their arguments would be irresistible. It was impossible for Lord De Grey to turn asca i , l from a discussion of public affairs before an agrie w , tural society and forbear allusion to the progre f s of peaceful legislation. H e sa y s , v e ry truly, th e ' it has been one main result of political econoeilY to simplify the labours of Ministers and Par s '; meats. Alter so much ingenuity bad been devise': in determining what degree of protection shoulel be conferred, first on one industrial interest an then upon another, it was at last discovered that WV O discussions started from a false basis, and that it Wee the true interest both of industry and commerce P i bo left alone, at once without shackles and with protection, to make th e ir own way, and to An" . their own level among rival nations. He is bably old enough to rememb er the ha r d battle NW!, his father, the late Lord Ripon, h a d to fight Wit the Yorkshire agriculturists when he went over L A " the cause of free trade:with Sir It. Peel in 1846, an brought the bill for the repeal of the corn laws I . l ; t d ° the House of Lords. Those who so vehementlyasse' 4 , o Lord Ripon among the north country Prot e c tion? have before this learnt that the free-trading policy has largely augmented their own wealth, whileit increased the total rental of the country by sein e l thing like 20 per cont. The Yorkshire agriculto ra d interest may fairly, therefore, put itself under Lo r a de Grey's lead as that of one of the more advan ce t Liberals in the Government, and may rely th at, whatever measures will be found beneficial to O f country in general, will promote also the cause farming, and tend to raise at once the rents of t h e landowner, the pro fi ts of the farmer, and the Wag' o of the agricultural labourer. COUNTRY MARKETS. LEEDS—TUESDAY. There was a moderate show of gr a in to-day a t b oar o th market. The demand for wheat is still limited, and L' a r old and new descriptions must be quoted is to 2s per ti' Inver since last Tuesday. Barley also is i s per qr Oats and beans at late prices., Averages—Sept. 26—Wheat 42s 21d per q r. —Oats - —Beans 42s 11,/d —Peas ..38s —Barley 33s lid —B, ye —s Od " LIVERPOOL—TUESDAY. . k There was a better attendance of both town and couutri dealers at market to-day,aud the business done was of a WI active character, and English wheat sold at fully of prices, or a decline of Id to 2d per cental on the prices List Tuesday. Flour neglected, and may be quoted at V I per barrel and sack lower on the week. Oats and newel% without much change. Beans and barley as before, bue peas at is to 2s per qr below late rates. Indian corn ra°r active. SHEFFIELD—TUESDA Y. A numerous attendance of farmers and factors again 0 ; day, but the trade on the whole ruled dull, and there 1 0 , an absence of speculation. White wheat mainta - ned Pr e vious rates, but red wheat declined is per load. The tO ci l in barley was quiet, and at late rates. Flour, oats, al l beans supported last week's prices. Red wheat, per load of 3 imperial bushels...lss Od to l6s oa White II , New red New white ~ II 6: : ... 1 1 7 56 s ss 0 06 Cl d t tt 000 B6 175: , 9,u q 4 1 Beans ...15s 6d to 16s ul )1 JO Peas, per qr Grinding barley, per qr 28s Od to 3'2s I Malting ditto, „ 32s Od to 35s °O5 Oats f , 2 9s Od to 26s Flour, is oil to is 10d per 14 lb. BRISTOL—TtasisAy. g A fair attendance to day, but a amall business dein wheat, and prices slightly lower on the week. In dia corn rather dull. Barley easier. Beans and peas firro. MELTON MOWBRAY—TUESDAY. The followingiwere the currencies :—New white wb e3 o l. ! 40s;Od to 44s Od ; new red, 37s Od to 41s per 36 W i t beans, 38s to 42s for old; new sorts, 35s to 378 per 38 stone barley, —s to —s for malting, and 27s to 29s per qr• 24° grinding; now oats, 208 to 25s Od per 24 atone; 0- W to 295. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton. Oct. 19 ' Yip. Marseilles .. Oct. 13. fig. Cape and Cape Verde, by British packet. 0ct...,8. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena.. SePt;.,2 China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton.Oct.',,/, via Marseilles ...Sept. A'' Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton Sept. 0' India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 2: 4 , via Marseilles Sept. 5, India (Bombay), via Southampton via Marseilles Oct. °' Portuga 1.... Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Sept. via Marseilles Sep t '' 20, Newfoundland ..Sep t ' Oporto and Vigo: U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... Sept.b by U.S. packet.... so, by Canadian packct.Sept . All parts of West Indies, including Chili, Peru, } S ep t, 0' California. and British Columbia.. JAVANESE PRINCES.—AMOng.t the paefielitr ;ale on board were two Javanese youths, which r• - ,, t costume and numerous retinue betokened persons of ra n and whom we afterwards discovered to be princes. M i t came to see them off, and while the crew were raising anchor, the last farewells wore said—the ceremony, which occupied a longer time than our good-byes, being to ace: Min extent both novel and curious. Each one advanced: - turn, and taking the right hand of one of the F61200011' both his own, the two stood a short time repeatia some words in whispers, after which they drew their 110% i° away simultaneously and kissed them. Then shakingha uu° in the European fashion they came closer to each other. and once more saying a few words and kissing their hand!' they separated, Only a few of the more distinguished viol' tors, however, took part in the ceremony ; the others, v/ 13(1 came within a yard of the princess, confining themselves to a low and lengthy obeisance.—. Life in Java, by ITl•fi. Births. --- CORBETT.—On the 25th inst., at the British Legati °74 Darmstadt, the Hon. Mrs. Corbett, of a daughter. KERR.—On the 26th inst., at Hampton Court, Lady rre derick Kerr, of a son. PAULL.—On the 25th inst., at 33, Devonshire-placer NV.° the wife of Henry Paull, Esq,, M.P., of a daughter. t VILLIERS.—On the 25th inst., at Adisham Rectory ) A ell I the Lady Victoria Villiers, of a daughter. Marriages. 01:11 GIEMAN—BEST.—On the 26th inst., at St Mary's Chu r 4 Lambeth, John Gilman, Esq,, to Cl .ra Georgiana9, °- ,y. surviving daughter of the late John Best, Esq., of terbury, WALKERSON—WmarnsoN.—On the 22d inst., at C t i r hill, Essex, Hy, Walkerson, Esq., of Eversden, CEO,. • to Kezia, second daughter of Cl ear W a lt er son, of Mu ° bury, Harts, Deaths. Car le, EARLE.—On the 26th inst., at Liverpool, William Eeq., aged 78. HERRING.-0a the 27th inst ,at The Heath, weybridge' Surrey, Thomas Herring, Esq., aged 80. -rune , HONE.—On the 26th in s t., a t St o k e N ew i ng t on , Mrs. y widow of William Hone, author of the " Book," &e., aged 83, vtr c at STLVESTER,-0a the 25th inst., at The Beeches , " Bromwich, Thomas Silvester, Esq., aged 80. , n et TROUGHTON.—On the 27th inst., at Great Towersk r- Elias John Troughton, Eaq , aged 81. If• SUTTON.—On the 24th inst at Hove, Brighton , " Sutton, Esq., aged 78. n dl s lr WARE.—On the 23d inst., at Clrundos-street, Cave — square, Henry Saymer Ward, Esq., aged 34. 01 r WISE —On the 25th inst., at Sh ru bl a nds Learn ton, Matthew Wise, Esq., aged 62. London : Printed and PrNislied by WILLIAM ANDIt ;12,, • of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at LIE SUN ()Me e Ne 3 . 4., of strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, ,n the ccall" Atithlioex.—Wednesday, September 28, 1861.