The Sun. — London, England, 1863-09-03 00:00:00

--_ REAT WESTERN RAILWAY.— WARWICK RACES, Bth and 9th SEPTEMBER— FIRST and SECOND CLASS RETURN TICKETS to Le ming,ton and Warwick, issued at Paddington, Victoria, B a tt e rsea. Chelsea, Kensinrrton, Windsor, and Reading-, on MONDAY, the 7th September, and following, days, will be available for ret,rn by any train u p to '1 hursday, the 10th beptember, inclusive. rains leave Paddinf;ton, for LeaMillgtoll and Warwick, at 6 a.m., 8.20 (3d class), 9.30, 12, 2, 3.40, 4.50, and 6.30 p : m. The 0.:i0 a.m. Express Train from Pa.dd.l4,rton will call at Warwick on the 7th, Bth, and 9th September. _____-------- AT WESTERN RAILWAY.- r RE WORCESTER MUSICAL FESTIVAL. —FIRST and SECOND RETU RN TICKETS to WORC ESTER issued at Y addington, Victoria, Battersea, Chelsea, Kensington, Windsor, dadsea, on MONDAY, 7th September, and followingywill be available for return up to SATUR DAY, 12th September ir elusive. Trains leave Paddington for Worcester at 6 a.m. , 0 . 30 a.m., I p.m, 4.50 p.m., and 6.30 p.m. ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE Lessee, Mr. George Vining. Under the Management of Mr. Walter llforagomery. THIS EVENING. Shakespere's Tragedy of MACBETH. Macbeth, Mr. Walter Montgomery. To be followed by A ROUGH DIAMOND. Commence at 7. NEW TriEATIIE-R0 YAL, ADELPHI. sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster. THIS EVENING (2d week), at 7, a new comic drama, THE TEEN AND CHICKENS ; or, A Sign of Affeftion. Messrs. Billington, R. Phillips, Stephenson ; Mrs. Stirling and Miss 11. ;Simms. After which, at a quarter-past 8, the new drama of THE HAUNTED MAN; 011, Ta li GHOST'S BARGAIN, in which will be exhibited Professor Pepper's adaptation of 'he Great Spectral Illusion. Messrs. L. Toole, R. Phillips, ef ton. C. J. Smith; Mrs. Alfred Mellon and Miss H. Simms. Followed by a new Burlesque, entlfled ILL-TREATED IL TROVATORE. Mcssrs. Toole. P. Bedford, R. Phillips, Ebrirne, C. J. Smith, Romer ; the Sisters Nelson, Carry and Sari, and Miss K. Kelly. ROYAL STRAND THEATRE• Manager, Mr. W. H. Swanborough. THIS EVENING, HIS FIRST CHAMPAGNE. Mr. Leigh Murray. Followed by (10th time) THE MOTTO, " I'M ALL THERE." Messrs. Honey, Turner, E. Danvers, Collier, Clifton ; Mesdames Ada Swanborough, F. Josephs, Maria Simpson, Wallace, and Jenny White. To conclude with TURN HIM OUT. Mr. Turner, Miss Thorne. Commence at 7. rgiHE THIRD EDITION OF " THE SUN," Containing the Latest SPORTING INTELLIGENCE, can be had Every Evening of G. R. GLIsNIE, NEWS AGENT, No. 4, Connaught-terrace, Ilyde-park. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tins DA-S. —Morning, bh. 30m.—Afternoon, sh. 50m. To-xoßßow.-Monaing, 6h. 10m.—Afternoon, 6h. 30m. The Weather—Sun Office, Sept. 2, 1863. THERMOMETER. This morninx This day at Two o'clock 73 • Barometer-29.7 3 . Wind—South ; moderate. . Ir t ; U e LONDON, THURSDAY, SEPT. 3, 1863. As practicaly, as assiduously, as nobly, in h er own sick- chamber, here in England, as formerly in the field, in the hospitals, and in the barracks of the East, FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE :still labours in the cause of the British Soldier. Of this, the remark able folio Report, recently published by the Royal C o mmission appointed to inquire into the Sanitary Condition of the Army in India, affords the last and the most signal attestation. It does so in the form of a really beautiful and admirable paper comment ing upon that Report, a paper contributed by Miss NIGHTINGALE expressly at the request of the Royal Commissioners. L. will be remembered, of course, that until his noble and gentle heart was stricken motionless by what appeared to us, his survivors, a singularly premature death, in the very noon of his distinguished and honourable career, the late SIDNEY Lord HERBERT of LEE, presided over the Royal Ccmmission as its singularly well-selected Chairman. When removed by death, Lord HERBERT was succeeded as Chairman of the Commission, it will be also borne vividly in the popular recollection, by one hardly less qualified to discharge the duties of that office, one no less conspicuous among con temporary statesmen and administrators, than the noble Lord the member for King's Lynn, formerly in succession, during his father's last Premiership, Secretary of State, first of all for the Colonies, and afterwards for Hindostan. It is to Lord STANLEY, consequently, that these observations of Miss NIGHTINGALE have been addressed, to Lord STAN LEY, that is, as Chairman of the Royal Commission. Prefixed to the ponderous folio volume of their own Report, the Commissioners themselves have said, by way of brief preface to this remarkable paper penned by FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE, "We have given an abstract of the Stational Reports, and (Report Folio, p. v.) a valuable paper of comments on those reports, contributed, at the request of the Commission, by Miss NIGHTINGALE." Happily, this paper from the hands of England's One Sister of Charity is not simply buried away in the huge folio report of the Commissioners. It has been wisely and beneficently excerpted from those pages, and has just now been issued in a separate form, as a brief but substantial publication, accessible to all.* That the remarks of Miss NIGHTINGALE havo been throughout this paper of hers most patiently and profoundly well-considered, may be appreciated upon a mere glance at the interval which elapsed between the date of the request (11th October, 1861) sent to her by the Royal Commission, and the date affixed by her (21st November, 1862) t o the close of her elaborate communication in reply. That is, upwards; of a twelvemonth, during which this patient Friend and Nurse of the British soldier was musing over the facts furnished to her in the official reports, while yet those reports were in manuscript, and—at intervals during her own sufferini,, , s—penuing, bit by bit, these thirteen chap ters or sections into which her running commen taries have been subdivided. Subdivided, thus, probably for her own convenience in regard to the thinking of them out systematically, quite as much as with any view to the facilitation of labour on the part of the reader in the way of reference. Section the First is apropos to the evidence—evidence, it may be said, frightfully unanswerable of its kind—demonstrative of the fact that Indian Camps are peculiarly subject to the Diseases of Camps— besides hepatic diseases, cholera, fevers, diarrhoea, dysentery. In the Second Section the humane critic, commenting upon the only too demonstrable fact that Indian Stations present the same Sanitary Defects as Camps, enumerates as follows the five principal sources or causes of Camp Diseas- viz., Bad Water, Bad Drainage, Filthy Bazaars,'l'Van; of Ventilation, and Surface Overcrowding in barrack huts and sick wa rds. Commenting Miss NIGHTINGALE upon th e bad ness of the water, Bays, with what one might almost call a fearful glimmer o f humour, " Where tests have been used, th e corn position of the water reads like a very intricate prescription." The bwarmtng of animal life in it, being in a manner as nothing compared with the astounding varieties of chlorides, nitrates,sulphates, and carbonates. As to the badness of the drainage, it is remarked that cesspits are spoken of by the reports as though they were dressing rooms; the severe and uncompromising analyst of these reports observing that for Bad Drainage we might read, "No Drainage whatever, in any sense in which we utiJersta r el drainage." Among the capital woodcut iliustraticns, scattered, hero and there, among the l e tterpress, may be found, at p. 15, a graphic hint as to what is often the sum total of the Indian half-crown volume, bo un d i n c l ot h , and extending * A over less than a hundred page s 0., pp. 92), printed by Spottiswoode and Co., and published by Mr. Stanford, of Charing •crosg, comprises within it the whole of then deeply interesting and practically suggestive "Observations" by :Miss Nightingale. Not an olcer in the British army (especially in India) but thoula pOSiieSS himself of a copy of it, Drainage System—a couple of wretched natives, bearing between them, slung upon their shoulders, upon a stout bamboi.), an open can of abomination ! As to the filthin ess of the bazaars, it is spoken of as something alm'ast defying descrip tion. At one hill station (where there are two such bazaars) Nynee Tal, a hill station where men are sent for their health (!) the stench," says Miss NIGHTINGALE, "is at times overpowering." In reference to the notorious want of ventilation, it is here remarked, as impressively as instructively, that while the reports pronounce the ventilation to be good if the barracks are not overcrowded—as the barracks are almost always overcrowded, the ventilation is nearly as bad as bad can be. Several well-known barracks in India are then particu larized, precisely as they are referred to in the report : as at Kirkee " scarcely any ventila tion;" at Bombay, "improvement imperative ;" at Kamptee, "most faulty and deficient ;" at Bellary, "no windows ; " at Allahabad, and also at Dum Dum "very defective," and so on—literally usque ad nauseam. Surface-overcrowding, the last-men tioned source of camp disease, is then finally com mented upon by Miss NIGHTINGALE, and the pre valence of that " overcrowding" proved to absolute demonstration. Sections 111., on Intemperance ; IV., on Diet, and V., on want of Occupation and Exercise, are each of them peculiarly deserving oftcoe latternstde point ration —the large two-page illustratio n (pp. 40-41), entitled "Daily Means of Occupation and Amusement : India passim," being peculiarly suggestive and instructive. An Indian officer of rank, we are told, was the truthful draughtsman. The scene depicted is from the life. It is an in terior. The dormitory in an Indian Barrack. The men in their shirt sleeves. Some naked from the waist upwards. Lying, lolling, lounging, sitting on their beds—those beds, in or on which, we are told, they spend 18 out of the 24 hours, six only up or out ! Smoking, reading, day-dreaming on the flat of their backs, card-playing, chatting, hair-brushing, shoe-brushing, water-drinking ad libitum. This chapter or section (about the longest in the book) is among them all one worthiest of the hand of FLOR ENCE NIGHTINGALE. It is full of good practical sug gestions in the way of improvement, and this, too, an improvement not desultory but systematic. So also, as any one might conjecture would surely be the case, is it with Section the Sixth, the one on Hospitals. The remaining seven need only here be enumerated. Their titles—remembering all the while whose hand it is that writes tbem— will prove to the reflective reader sufficiently ex plicit as to their probable purport : to wit, Hill Stations; Native Lines; Native Towns; Absolute Perfection of Causes of Disease ; Soldiers' Wives; Statistics, and Sanitary Service. Such in brief are, as one may say, the distinctive titles of the thirteen rays of light directed from these luminous Sections of FLORENCE NIGHINGALE'S Observations on the Sanitary State of the Army in India—light shed by her benign experience as a Soldier's Nurse in Barrack, Hospital, and Field, full and clear into the darkest and foulest recesses of the Augean Stable of our Indian Military Organisation, The address from the Committee of the Ladies' Sanatory Association on Dressmaking is worthy of notice. It commences by saying that the death of a young dressmaker, in the midst of the busy London season, has called public notice to the condition of her class. In 1812 it is said that a Royal Commis sion made evident the hardships that thousands of young women were enduring from overwork, and also from over-crowding, bat in spite of every effort that has been made since then, it is to be feared that many thousands are still suffering from tho same sad causes as twenty years ago. The next passage states, an incontrovertible fact, that, how ever, seems little heeded, that the remuneration of needlework is so little that needlewomen cannot earn sufficient during the ordinary time, and are, therefore, forced to undertake extra work. If few actually drop down exhausted before our eyes, it is said, yet the evil is wrought in their frames, and the present system of dressmaking could not be kept up if it were not for the constant arrival of fresh workers from the country, of whom not a few go back with broken health, and even sink into a premature grave, " the one season taking the whole summer of their young lives." This is, in truth' a deplorable state of things, and yet its veracity is attested by all experience on the subject. It is high time that some decisive measures should be adopted to check the continuance of this system. The committee seem to have gone to the root of the evil, so far as they possibly can, and they have sounded the depths, as it were, of the nefarious system in vogue. It is said that even a moderate amount of sedentary labour would prove most inju rious if no exercise is taken to relieve its monotony. These unhappy victims of fashion rarely pass the threshold except on Sundays. The close rooms in which they work and sleep tend to enervate their exhausted frames still more, and added to this there is an yearly strain on them, during the mouths of the "season," when from 16 to 18 hours' work is required. The committee seek to examine into the causes of such disastrous and de plorable effects ensuing from a trade which is in itself perfectly healthy ; and whose fault is it ? they ask. " We cannot help it," say the employers, " for ladies will have their dresses to the day; they give short notice and take long credit, and it is hard to pay our way and please them." " we cannot help it," say the ladies, " we are willing to give a good price for good work ; but we cannot take " charge of work and workrooms." W e can help it least of all," say the poor girls, "for we must keep our situations, or starve—or worse. To these replies the committee address themselves in an gacb t effectivedeal manner. To the ladie s it is urgaaend t d h o a a t ni r o e de pends on them, and eo o that t t do so. They can easily they o if they will only choose inform themselves regarding the style of the houses they employ—they can abstain from unreasonabl e bi bills. demands; and, above all , they can pay One employer informed the committee that no less than five thousand pounds were duo to him, and that thus he had been brought to the verge of bank ruptcy. To the employers it is said that self interest would be promoted by increasing the com forts of their employees. Better work is done and more efficient assistance rendered altogether by those who obtain sufficient rest than by those who are harassed and worried by incessant toil and want of sleep. A wholesome atmosphere would also tend considerably to conduce to a more desir able state of things with regard to workwomen in general. Likewise, it is most truly said, that more liberal outdoor assistance at the outset of the season would be a real gain in the end, as thus the "skilled inmates" would be kept up to a state of energy and efficiency. ar directed. To th e workwomen a few re. marks lt i s said that no regular reform can be introduced unless the workers can combine to procure whet is right for themselves, ney should therefore reflect what injuries they incur from the present arrangement—injuries that are, for the most part, irreparable, as health, once n ever be fully rest ore d. broken, can Their parents or guardians should be most careful as to where, and with whom, they apprentice them. A most wise suggestion is made, that where a com fortable place cannot be got in the needlework line, owing to the oTercrowding twat prevails iu that branch, some other employment should be sought after. It seems strange that this idea has not occurred to these who have the charge of young girls. It stands to sense that the more any one employment is chosen the less remuneration it pro duces, and the smaller share of comfort accrues to its followers. If they learned to write well and to keep accounts they would be able to get some ex cellent situations in shops ; and in their own voca tion,great greater if re u could business n obtain ess more or s e li v il e l n ed, un th d th p e r y efe w rm er e e nt, themselves. Ladies, it is said, might do much by encouraging those houses which require ready e e y rta e k e money, or only give three months' cred b it y . They might assist the good work asking for the services of females in such engagements as serving in s hops , or haindressing, i n preference to those of men. This excellent ad dress concludes by hoping that before another sea son has added its victims to this system of cruel and unnecessary overwork, some of these hints will bo taken and these plans may be given a trial. It is earnestly to be trusted that such may be the case, for the present system is in every way p a r d o is du g o r e ac t e be to rno t s h t e de c l o s m te m ri u ou n s ity, and results. ca l n t n s o e t fsmasil on o reflection that the several courses here suggested are as wise as any that have been made on the subject, and they appear to embrace all the needful points of the question. The opulent classes who create the necessity for this employment, the mercantile managers who engage so many hands, and they to whom is entrusted the task of providing for the young, who must labour for themselves, have all a heavy responsibility resting upon them. Be it theirs to acknowledge the errors into which they have fallen, and to endeavour as speedily as possible to rectify the faults that may have been unwit tingly committed, but which entail serious conse quences on a large portion of the community. Not the least curious of the additions made to our store of knowledge by the adventurous researches of Captains SPEKE and GRANT are the pictures of races and kingdoms in the interior of the African continent, who had never previously looked on a white man. Great as were the obstacles offered by Nature to the progress of the travellers, formidable as were the difficulties which they encountered from the absence of means of conveyance of pro visions and other necessaries, and serious as were the risks to which the climate exposed them, the uncertainty and greed of the native rulers was no insignificant item in their catalogue of troubles. The account given by Captain GRANT, at a recent meeting of the British Association, while arresting the unflagging attention of his bearers by its novelty, its interest, and its entertaining features, could not fail to impress them with a sense of the arduous nature of the undertaking which those enterprising Englishmen have carried to a success ful termination. The travellers were not in a position to be independent of the native chiefs, whose power is usually despotic, and in whose domains a human life is held as of little or no value. It would not have troubled the slumbers of these miniature despots had the bold white men paid with their lives the penalty of their intrusion, and the populace would not certainly have cared to interpose on behalf of the strangers. The goods which they carried offered dazzling temptations to the eyes of the savages, and it was extremely diffi cult to avoid giving mortal offence by refusing the demands of these insatiable monarchs without sacrificing all in their possession. One of them con trived to reduce the party to subjection by forbid , ding his people to sell them any of the necessaries of life. This ingenious method of extortion pro duced the desired effect, and obtained for the in genious mucous-I.er the rifle, ammunition, and other articles he desired. It was as dangerous to be too friendly as to be on bad terms, for Captain GRANT tells us that, after staying some time with an old Sultan in the Land of the Moon, his host became unwilling to part with so useful and entertaining a companion, and three months were lost before he could get away from his inconveniently attentive host. At last Captain GRANT prepared to leave, but en the very day of bis departure the SULTAN, whose dignity did not interfere with his activity, drove off the porters with a stick, and having appa rently heard that important part of the English code which says that possession is nine points of the law, he helped himself to one of the rifles, which the traveller had to wrest from him by force, pay ing at the same time additional presents. A King in his own country, however, was not to be so easily eluded, and accordingly two days after, while the train was marching on, an armed mob sprung up on every side, whose antics amused Captain GRANT very much, until he discovered that they were a band of highwaymen sent by his Majesty the SULTAN, and a very short time sufficed to ransack every load, and to convert the stately line of 200 porters into two or three dejected followers, with baggage proportionately shrunk. No redress could be obtained from a King who had openly helped himself to a rifle, but he suffered Captain GRANT to depart with whole bones, which, under the cir cumstances, was perhaps as much as could bo ex pected. After this experience it was somewhat alarming to pass into the domains of a King who possessed the honourable distinction of being re markable for his avarice even among African chiefs. Thanks to the old SULTAN from whom they had first escaped, Captain GRANT and his followers were but ill provided with the usual gifts, but suc ceeded in passing safely through the country at a cost of only half their goods. Their appearance among this people excited the greatest attention, being the first white men seen there, and the watching to which they were subjected in consequence grew inconveniently officious. In this fact they were also regarded with consider able awe, although some thieves tried to get into their tent at night, for which they paid the penalty of their lives. The death of these thieves was taken as a proof that the new corners were magicians, and they were fortunately left unmo lested in consequence. Another of the rulers afforded a most favourable contrast, and shows us that the capacities of the African have been underrated. In some parts the inhabitants are distinguished for their amiability and intelligence. Their curiosity at the sight of articles of European manufacture, and their interest in pictures of Eng lish life, kc., betoken some degree of aptitude for cultivation and improvement. Still the childish ness of the savage dingo to them. The KING, who was the most intellectual of all the Africans Capt. GRANT encountered, at once appropriated a toy which was made for his child for his own amuse ment. This King is a favoura bl e e xception to the of life which is common in the lower reckless orders and tribes. i hi e e sh. Ih i s , decidedly e King apparent among disregardof illm y these l i t African b of DAHOMEY has gained an line.viable notoriety by a his monarch o wholesale nacho r w h slaughters,o mit commonly hn t w d that e hiea looks bright until a few executions have come off. "Not a day passed," says Captain SPE'."E , "with outs saidof h anothere never our hearing of, or actually seeing, som e poor victim. The old feudal custom appears to exist in this part, and any dereliction of duty is punished most severely. A common punish ment is cutting and maiming their hands or ears, alaa the KING, hoeing that one of Captain THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, SCE' PEMBER 3, 1863. GRANT'S hands had been injured, asked him whether he had not been a page. The wound, however, was more honourably acquired, having been gained in a gallant act under the lamented HAVELOCK at the time of his advance upon C awnpore, a f act o f w hi c h Si r RODERICK MURCHISO N informed the Newcastle audience. Much may be learned from studying the characteristics of these wild races, whose con duct in some degree exonerates civilisation from the charges brought against it, since many of the ruling passions of crowded cities are apparent in the uncultivated African wastes. The ethnologist may trace the influence of race in the singular dif ferences existing between neighbouring tribes; the political economist may speculate on the wide field for commerce and cultivation remaining to be opened to European capital and intelligence ; while the philanthropist may ponder on the length of time that must elapse before these benighted savages, whose ignorance has certainly not pre light of a larger knowledge and a p urer faith. served their innocence, m a y b e b roug ht i n to the Story of a Little Sovereign in the Sulks. (From Punch.) Once upon a time there was a wilful boy who belonged to a German Band, in which he blew his own trumpet, and made great discord. He never would play in tune. Some suspected that he had no ear, others, winking slily, intimated that his ears were egregiously long; certain it is, that although he was no composer, he gave himself airs, and of fended many people with his crotchets. Every one looked with derision on the trumpet, which the presumptuous Prussian blew ; and while admitting that he had a thorough bass organ, without hesita tion declared that he was always a little flat. Master Kaiser, who led the German band, was at one period a very indifferent performer, but had lately rather improved in his play. He had just left school, and was pretty well up in geography, clearly un derstanding how the revolutions of the earth are influenced by the Poles. One day Master Kaiser, seeing that clouds were gathering, and being appre hensive of a storm, proposed that the band should subscribe and buy a big umbrella for their common protection from any overpowering rain. To this proposal all th e G erman b an d, w ith one or two ex ceptions, joyfully assente d. The little bumptious trumpeter, ho wever , turned upon his heel , and sulkily huggin g hi mse lf b ene ath an old-fashioned court, rejected th e overtures o f his paymaster, and insisted on standing out, Little Master Saxony, in his best suit, went to him with a stick of barley sugar, and tried to tickle him into compliance. The trumpeter scowled and seemed disposed to kick. He did'nt want any umbrella, he hated umbrellas, what did he care if it rained bullets ? they couldn't hurt him. Why ?,Because he had too much lead already in his crown. MORAL —This story should teach us a lesson of universal forbearance and toleration, for how can we expect that the Browns should always play sweetly together, when perfect harmony is not produced even by the clink of little Sovereigns ? The Pope and the Italian Government. The Armonia of 'Turin announces in the follow ing terms an encyclical letter of Pius IX. to the cardinals, archbishops, an d bishops of Italy : " Our Holy Father, Pi u s IX., under d ate the 10 th of August, has add ressed an encyc lical letter to the Italian cardinals, archbishops, and bishops , in which he de p lores the very cruel an d sacrilegious wa r to which the Church is everywhere su bj ect, but especially in Italy, throu g h the acts of the Sub a l p i ne Governm ent. The Holy Father . regards the triumph o f t ru th and justice. as certain ; h e rejoices over the constancy an d firmness of the episcopacy, he renews his f ormer declarat i ons ; liberal societies; he praises the Ita lian clergy, who are he condemns the clerico strongly attached f or th e mos t part to the Holy See , and the rchgieuse who prefer to suffer hunger rather than leave the cloister, and the Italian people who succour the Pope by means of the St. Peter's pence. lie recommends them finally to pray and wait with confidence." "This is a document," concludes the Armonia, " worthy of Pius IX., who in his paternal solicitude points out the evil, suggests the remedy, and pro misee recovery in the name of Him who has rendered curable the nations of the earth." THE POETRY OF SEA-FISHING, AS DESCRIBED IN A RECENT ESSAY, BY THE AUTHOR OF " WATER BABIES." Cliffs over head, ribbed and scarred, four hundred feet in height, over which peeped many a gallant deer ! Stacks of rock-island at their feet, as large as great men-of-war with all sails set, ribboned with yellow, black, and red, pierced with vast arches, through which shone the infinite glearri of the Atlantic; round the stacks, and in and out of the arches, mackerel , in tens o f thousands, breaking water an acre at a t ime with a soft roar, as out of the water flashed bef ore t hem millions o f shining sp li nters — some water-beads sparkling in the sun , chased in lbtt— e. the herring-fry which they had In among them the boat slid es , with three lines ou t, and each tak en ere the bait re sho l was two oars' length from the boat; while over head and all around was a Babel of wings and voices, which confused eye and ear alike, of mer and shearwatcr, blackback and herring - gull, hacklet, and cormorant —diving, gobbling, screaming, cack ling, laughing, fighting—and overhead two or three stately gannets, too proud to mingle with the com mon herd, sailed round a hundred feet in air, in search of a vacant spot, and then Fell from the sky, like a god, while the wind rattled hoarse in their pinions, and rushed under water, throwing up a perpeßdi cular jet of spray, exactly as does a cannon-ball. And, over all, nearest the roof of cloudless blue, sailed out from her eyrie in the white cliff the great hen peregrine, the queen of all the shore. Slowly the falcon slides round and round, eyeing the mob below, till some fat herring-gull, full gorged with mackarel, flaps lazily away to digest. In a moment the great falcon's wings are closed over her back. With one long silent rush she has reached him, and those terrible hind talons, which can strike the life out of a mallard's brain, and drop him into the mere at a single stroke, are fast in the gull's shoulders ; but not to kill. After a moment's flapping and screaming, adversity gives him wit and necessity invention. Down drops a mackarel, shamefully disgorged, and down after it drops the falcon, and, catching the fish in mid-air, bears it off in triumph to the ledge where her young are barking for their dinner. And so goes on the great hungry world, as it has gone since the first Lingula or Orthis gaped in pre-Silurian seas, some 199 millions of years ago, and as much more as Sir Charles Lyell has need of—conjugating the primary verb, "To eat." I eat thee ; he eats me ; they eat him ; other theys cat them : end so forth, ad infinitunz. DONATION BY THE QUEEN.—At the end of last month Mrs. Maclaren, wife of a workman at West Port (says an Edinburgh paper), gave birth to three girls. The occurrence was made known to Sir Charles Phipps for representation to the Queen, as it is usual for her Majesty to give a donation to mothers under such circumstances. The Queen ordered a Post-office order of £3 to be sent to Mrs. Maclaren, which has been duly received by her. A ROYAL LOTTERY.—A lottery has just been organised at Bucharest by the reigning Princess, the pro ceeds of which are to be devoted to the creation of a found- ling asylum, THE ENGLISH LEGATION AT TURIN.—The number of the Independence Beige, received to day, has the following on the subject :—" It appears that it intended to make a complete change in the English Le gation at Tut in. Sir James Hudson has already resigned nis functions in the hands of the First Secretary, pending the arrival of Mr. Elli o t, a near re l a ti ve o f Lord Russell. It is rumoured th at t h e presen t Ch arg d'Affaires, Mr. 'West, is to b e rep l ace d b y Mr. Russell, nephew of Lord Russell, lately at Rome, at present on leave in England, and for some time past attached, for form's sake, to the Turin Legation. It. is maintained, as you know, and with scow appearance of reason, that nepotism has a great deal to say to the nominations of the British Minister for Foreign Affairs. Two of the Under Secretaries of Legation at Turin are also to be changed; one goes to the United States, and the other to Pekin I One might really suppose that Lord Russell had discovered a conspiracy in the heart of the Legation in question, and that he is resolved to scatter its elements to the four earners of the earth. Mr. Hudson, it is believed, will continue to live in the North of Italy, and it is even said that he will pass a good part of his time at Turin. His presence there might be a little erabarritig for Li 4 successor," LATEST INTELLIGENCE. (REUTER'S TELEGRAMS.) SPAIN, MEETING OF THE PROGRESSISTA DEPUTIES. MADRID, SEPT. 2 (EVENING). The leading Progressista deputies will hold a meeting on Saturday next. Friends of the Ministry assert that the Ministers continue to enjoy the con fidence of the Queen. PRAYERS FOR POLAND. ROME, SEPT. 2. A printed notice has been issued relating to a solemn procession ordered for the 6th September. The Cardinal-Vicar announces it to be the desire of the Pope that special prayers shall be offered up for unhappy Poland, which his Holiness observes with grief to have now become the scene of san guinary massacres. Poland, always Catholic, and a bulwark against the invasion of error, deserves that the Almighty should be implored to deliver her from the evils by which she is inflicted. Peti• tions should be put up that while retaining her character, she may remain faithful to the mission God has given her, and may maintain the Catholic banner thoroughly intact. EGYPT. ALEXANDRIA, SEPT. 2. The Annamite Ambassadors have left in the Labrador upon their voyage to France. The rise of the Nile continues to create uneasi ness. Measures are still being taken to avert disaster. The cattle disease is diminishing. FRANCE. MEXICO AND THE CONFEDERATE STATES. PARIS, SEPT. 3. An important pamphlet has been published by Dents, entitled, " France, Mexico, and the Con federate States." The writer advocates the necessity of prompt recognition of the Confederate States by Mexico. BOURSE, Sept. 2.—Sales for realisation have caused a retrogade movement, Threes, for the Account, being now at 68f. 65c. Railway Share Market firm. The market closed as follows : ft per Cent 5....... 97 50 Italian Loan 73 50 Do. end month.... Do. end month — 3 per Cents ...... 68 50 tNe►r ditto Do. end month.... 68 60 Do. end month.... Credit Mobiher....llBs Russian Do. end m0nth....1180 Austrian Bank Shares ...... 3385 Spanish Threes 53 Credit Fonder ....1310 Rome Debt .. — BAIL' 'AYS. Cash. Account. Orleans - Northern New ditto - . .. -- Lyons and Mediterranean 1050 .. 1045 Geneva 493 75 .. 495 Southern Western Eastern Sardinian Austrian Lombard North of Spain Saragossa 686 50 .. 687 50 Ditto to Barcelona AMERICA. SOUTHAMPTON, SEPT. 3. The Hamburg and American Company's steam ship Saxonia, Captain Trautmann, from New York on the 22d ult., has arrived here. She brings 144 passengers for this port, Havre, and Hamburg ; 85,619 dols. in specie for England, 25,826 dole. for France, and 500 dole. far Hamburg. The Sazonia passed the Germania, bound out wards, in lat. 50.8 north, long. 27.30 west. During the first four days of her voyage the Saxonia experienced very thick fog. (RELTTER'S EXPRESS.) The following additional despatches appear in the New York journals : NORFOLK, VA., Aug. 21. The Richmond Whig of to-day contains the fol- lowing :- CHARLESTON, S.C., Aug. 20. The enemy's operations during the last 24 hours have been mostly confined to a stendy and continu ous bombardment of Fort Sumter from their Parrot guns on Morris Island. Their fire begins to tell on Fort Sumter, which replies only at long intervals. The defence of the harbour does not depend mainly upon Sumter. Even if that fortress should be bat tered down, the harbour may still be held. governor Bonham has issued a proclamation urging the removal of all non-combatants from Charleston as soon as possible. The two hundred pounder Parrot guns of the enemy are too much for the walls of Sumter, and the fort only replies at intervals. It has been determined to defend the city, street by street and house by house, as long as a foot of earth is left. _ (From the Chattanooga Rebel.) We look for the worst at Charleston. It will never be taken as it stands, however. It would be mined and blown from its foundation first. We do not anticipate any very encauraging news from that quarter. The journals of the city may pot the best face on the matter from motives of pa triotism ; but we had as well be prepared for any emergency. (From the Macon Telegraph.) We think the Chattanooga _Rebel is unnecessarily despondent about Charleston. It is true she may, in time, succumb to superior numbers and heavier ordnance; but the numbers are not here yet, and the hopes of successful defence have grown with every day since the beginning of the siege, and so has the strength of the position. The Charles tonians don't believe that their city will be taken, and we shall not believe it until is done. CHICA it GO, August 21. Special despatches from Memphis say that only the Seventeenth army corps is now stationed at Vicksburg. A species of intermittent fever is prevalent among the soldiers there, and those who are taken sick are promptly removed to the hospitals here. Very few troops are quartered at the city of Vicksburg; only enough to do police duty. The rest are encamped on the heights back of the city. General Sherman's corps is still encamped near the Big Black, on Bear and clear Clear creeks. This corps has had the hardest service of any in the ca mpaign, yet they enjoy better he a lth th an any other. The Thirteenth army corps, under General Ord, has moved to Natchez for sanitary reasons. They will remain there for the present. Admiral Porter's fleet is scattered along the Mississippi river from New Orleans to Cairo. The intermediate distance between the points where the gunboats are stationed are patrolled by light draught bouts. There is no special news from below. Advices from General Steele's Arkansas expedi tion are looked for soon from Helena. The following are the latest despatches from the army of the Potomac :-- WASHINGTON, Aug. 21. Information is current here that Lee's army has been moving off from our front upon the Virginia Central Railroad to Richmond ; but cffioers arriving here tonight, whose position in the army entitles them to know what is going on, assert that no such intelligence is in the possession of our commanding generals. Lee is undoubtedly upon the Rapidan and Rap• pabannock. His pickets are extended from the Upper Rappahannock along that river to Fredericks- burg, and the region about Potomac creek is in fested with rebel cavalry. Everything indicates that the enemy intends to remain in hie present locality, unless our own move. ments should necessitate a change of base; and it is not impossible that the next battle may be fought upon that river. Indeed, it is apprehended that Lee will assume the offensive rather than retreat, and many expect an attack from him at an early date. Preparations for such an emergency are now being made. MR. F. G. CHAPMAN'S DESPATCH. Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, August 21. I have information from three different sources which leads me to believe that the rebels have left our front and gone south to Richmond. Deserters who came across the Rappahannock say that the movement of troops towards Fredericks burg from Culpepper was only a ruse to cover Lee's real object, i.e., to enable him to move his troops southward by way of Gordonsville. Day before yesterday large bodies of the rebel cavalry dashed down towards the Rappahannock at the separate fords, driving in our pickets. They come boldly out in sight of our lines and deployed in fine battle order. Immediately all the corps along the river were put under arms, in which posi tion they remained until morning, when, behold the enemy had withdrawn ! A cavalry reconnaissance was then made, which went as far as Culpepper, but found no enemy ; but, on the contrary, obtained such information as leads to the belief that the whole rebel force has gone in the direction of Gordonsville. The reason for my belief I am not at liberty to give. Richmond papers of the 18th brought into our lines speak most despondingly of affairs, but parti cularly deplore the prospect, now in view, that Charleston must fall. A complete panic prevails in Richmond to obtain greenbacks. Many of the dealers will take no other money for the commodi ties they have to dispose of. The Enquirer mounts the Jew speculators rough shod, and classes Mr. Benjamin as the king thief of the tribe. ORDERS OF GENERAL MEADE. GENERAL ORDERS-NO. 80. Headquarters, Army of the Potomac, August 21, 1863. 1. For the purpose of giving full freedom of choice to this army in the selection of newspapers, it is ordered that any officer or enlisted man wishing to purchase any daily journal not now furnished by the agent appointed under the provisions of the circular of June 2, may give notice thereof to the provost-marshal of the command to which he belongs, who shall forward the same through the provost-marshal of his corps to the Provost-Marshal General, who shall in struct said agent to furnish the same without delay, and a neglect on his part to comply with such instructions shall be held sufficient cause for vacating his appointment 2. It appearing in several instanees.that the payment of the sick and wounded of this army has been delayed by reason of their descriptive lists having been signed by non commissioned officers temporarily commanding companies, it is ordered that whenever from any cause the signature of a commissioned officer cannot be obtained, the said list shall be signed by a field-officer, or by the adjutant of the regiment to which such company belongs. 3. The reports called for by paragraph 6, General Orders No. 62, of June 12, 1863, from these headquarters from captains of companies, will be made monthly, and will state, in addition to the name and rank of every officer having a soldier in his service, and the name and regiment of the soldier so employed, and the length of time such service has been rendered. 4. No non-commissioned officer or private can give his parole except through an officer, and no officer for himself or his command can, under any circumstances, give a mili tory parole not to serve until exchanged, except when deli• vered to an officer of the United States, duly authorised to receive him at one of the points agreed upon by the Govern ment for the exchange of prisoners of war, or at some other point agreed upon by the commander of an army to which he belongs. All other paroles are null and void. Any offi• cer or soldier of this army giving them will be returned to duty without exchange, and will be punished for disobedi ence of orders. By command of Major •General MEADE. S. Williams, Assistant Adjutant General. The Confederate Navy. In an interesting article, in which the Patric glances at recent events and the present aspect of affairs in America, and declares the cause of the South to be very far from lost, and that it would be difficult to understand the Ilosannah! of the North, if one had not long been familiarised with Yankee exaggeration, we find some rather curious statistics and details respecting the Confederate men-of-war or privateers, whichever they may be called. The Siecle, as we know, discards both names, and roundly treats them as pirates : " Since the destruction by its captain of the Ta cony and the capture of the Archer, the Confede rate privateers, the identity of which is well esta blished, are five in number, the steamers Alabama and Florida, and the three-masted Lapwing, which cruise in the Atlantic Ocean; the steamer Georgia, which has selected for its arena the Sea of the Antilles; and the three-masted Robert Lee, which watches the waters of the Bermudas. There is a sixth, which keeps about Cape Horn, and to which several ships have fallen a prey, but her name is not known. With the exception of the Sumter, it was some time before the names of any of those ves sels reached us, and it is to be observed that we do not even yet know them all, and that many other anonymous ships furrow the waters of the two oceans in search of the merchantmen of the North. It is the struggle of the weak against the strong. The amount of damage inflicted on Federal com merce by the Confederate cruisers is considerable (by the Alabama and the Florida alone it exceeds 50 millions), and the incessant stings of these auda cious skimmers of the seas have excited to fury the anger of the North, which finds it impossible to tear from its flank this well-barbed dart. In vain does it equip whole fleets, in vain despatch its swiftest steamers. Some privateers have certainly been captured and destroyed, but the most famous and dangerous, those which the Federal cruisers are so anxious to take, have hitherto escaped scot free. Captain Semmes, the South American Surcouf, has hoisted his flag on board the Alabama. This daring sailor is commander in the Confederate navy, he is the terror of the merchant navy of the North and the torment of the Federal cruisers, through whose hands he slips like an eel. The Washing ton Government has sent a whole fleet on the track of the privateers. The gunboat United States, steamers Erichsen, Honduras, Governor Buckingham, and Star of the South, have long been traversing the ocean in every direction. From Bos ton have just sailed the steamers Howqua, Iron Age, Admiral Dupont, Expounder, Daniel Webster, the school-ship Massachusetts, the revenue cutter Morris, and the schooner Thomas Woodward ; from Newport the sloop of war John Adams ; from Princetown the steamer Shattuck; and finally, from Philadelphia, the steamer Young America. All these efforts are particularly directed against the Alabama and the Florida. To escape this accumulation of enemies, Captain Semmes and Maffit will have to redouble their energy, audacity, and skill. They are not caught yet. Like the famous Red Rorer of Fenimore Cooper, they seem to have a talisman that protects them, and enables them to set both man and the elements at defiance." Some of the vessels above enumerated seem hardly of sufficient force successfully to cope single handed with the Confederate steamers. I think it was the Erichsen which some time ago fell in with Florida, and was glad to beat a hasty retreat after receiving a broadside, while the Florida, after a vain attempt to overtake her, consoled herself by burn ing a Yankee merchantman before her eyes. DOCTOR JOHNSON, in ref' erring the English word "curmudgeon" to the French cceur and mgchant, gives as his authority for the etymology "au unknown correspondent"--this suggestion having been one of the many hundreds made to him during the progress of his work by correspondents in all parts of the country. it seems almost incredible, but it is nevertheless true, that Ash, having appropriated the suggestion, actually zepro cuces it in the following form: Curmudgeen , from the French eomur, unknown, and tachant, a corespondent," DEATH OF A MARECLIAL (!) OF THE FRENCH EMPIRE.—One of the oldest officers of the Grand Army has just terminated his existence at the village of Garches, near St. Cloud. Lieutenant-Colonel llarechal was born at Troyes on the 12th of March, 1774, and died on the 6th of August, 1863, in his 20th year. lie entered the service in 1791, and made all the campaigns of the Repub lic and the Empire. He was wounded ten times, and, among other battles, at Eyhtu, Heilsberg, Eckmuhl, Wagram, and the Moseowa. He was created officer of th; , , Legion of Honour ea the 6th of April, ISI3, -a - • •‘' , Nt.,41 rAy t e 11 Tr HER MAJESTY. The Queen in Germany. ROSENAU, COBURG, Aug. 30. Her Majesty the Queen drove to the Kallenberg on Friday evening, and took tea with the Duchess of Coburg. Mr. Barnard, her Majesty's Resident at Coburg, had the honour of an interview with the Queen eu Wednesday. The Queen, Princess Helena, and Prince Alfred attended Divine service at the chapel at the Kallen berg this morning. Her Al ajesty and the royal family continue to take drives in the neighbourhood, and have visited the widow of Baron Stockmar and the Prince Con sort's former tutor, Mr. Florschuts, at Coburg. Her Majesty's health is much the same. She is unable to bear any great exertion or fatigue. The King of the Hellenes, It is not certain whether King George will visit the Queen at Windsor or whether he will join the Court later at Balmoral. His Majesty is at present paying a short visit to his relations at Rumpen heim ; but in consequence of the unpleasant relations between the German States and Denmark, and also the position of Greece itself towards the ex-King - Otho, it has been determined that the King of the Hellenes shall stay but a few days at Rumpenheim. The vote for the annexation of the lonian Islands cannot be taken before the second week in October, and his Majesty intends to arrive at Athens imme diately after that event. His arrival here may be looked for either during the Queen's stay at Windsor or immediately after her Majesty's departure for Balmoral. In either ease King George would go to Scotland to take leave of the Princess of Wales. Foreign Courts, PARIS, Sept. 1. The Empress Eugenie is travelling to Biarritz under the strictest incognito. The authorities at Orleans received notice not to make any preparation for her lajesty's reception. The marriage of the reigning Count Osten de Stolberg-Wernigerode, with the Princess Anna de Reuss, was celebrated last week at Stonsdorff, in Silesia. BERLIN, Aug. 31. A despatch from Baden-Baden states that the King left there this morning on a visit to Queen Victoria at Rosenau. It is expected that his Majesty will remain but a few hours at Rosenau, and that he will leave Coburg in the evening on his journey to Berlin. The Marchioness (Dow.) of Normanby is staying at Hamilton Lodge, Kensington. Her ladyship's health is greatly improved. The Earl and Countess of Chesterfield have a select party assembled at Bretby Park ; near Barton-upon- Trent ) for the Derby races. _ - The Earl and Countess Grey will return to Howick Hall, Northumberland, the week after next, from a tour in the north of Scotland. Viscountess Clifden gave birth to a eon and heir yesterday afternoon, at Dover House, Whitehall. Her ladyship and infant son are progressing favourably. Lord . and Lady Stanley of Alderley, and the Hon. Misses Stanley are expected to return home from their tour in Germany early in the ensuing week. The Right Hon. Charles P. Villiers, M.P., left town on Tuesday night, to pass a few weeks at Spa, in Belgium. We understand a marriage is arranged to take place between Lieutenant-Colonel the Hon. Henryßyng, of the Coldstream Guards, second on of the Earl of Strafford, and the Countess Henrietta Danneskiold, eldest daughter of Count Christian Danueskiold Samson, and niece of the Marquis of Ailesbury. • THE Catholic bishops have decided, at their con ference in Dublin, to complete the Catholic University, and erect a building at a cost of £lOO,OOO. They expect to raise the sum in five years by collections in Great Britain, America, and Australia.—The Reader. Parisian society has just sustained a loss by the death of the Marquise de Grammont, at a somewhat advanced age. The deceased lady was eldest daughter of the Due de Crillon, and in 1829 married the Marquis de Grammont, deputy for the Haute-Saone, and head of a noble house, but who bears no relationship to the family of Gramont of Navarro, or to that of Gramont-Caderousse. The Marquise de Grammont leaves four sisters, married re spectively to the Marquis de Chanaleilles, the Due Pozzo di Borgo, the Due de Caraman, and the Comte de Levis- Mirepoix. A RED RAINBOW !—A curious and rare pheno menon was observed on the 25th of June last by Dr. Mohe of Coblentz, in the shape of a completely red rainbow formed by the rays of the setting sun. The ex • terior outline was well defined ; but in the interior the colour faded away towards the centre. The secondary bow, equally red, was observed only at intervals; the two were separated by the dark band observed on former occa sions. We need scarcely remark that monocromatic rain bows are very rare. TOMB OF LEONARDO DA VINCI.—The Gazette des Etrangers says :—" An important discovery in the history of art has just been made. A few months back M. Arsene Houssaye was commissioned by the State to direct researches at Amboise (Indro-et-Loire), with the object of finding the tomb of Leonardo da Vinci, the position of which was unknown. Last week the pursuit was crowned with success. A sort of case, found in an old church at Amboise, and containing a coffin, was pointed out to the notice of M. Houssaye. An inscription on the lid of the coffin is said to leave no doubt of the authenticity of the remains which it contains. Thus are refuted, as was ex expected, the suppositions that Leonardo ea Vinci had died elsewhere than at Amboise." THE CONGRESS AT MALINES.—Major O'Reilly, in a letter to the Morning News, says :_" As I per ceive that my name has been mentioned as one of the Irish who had purposed attending the Catholic Conference at Malines, will you allow me to explain, through your columns, that not only had I purposed doing so, but had devoted what little leisure I possessed to preparing materials for a paper on the progress of Catholicity in Ireland since the commencement of this century. Unfortunately, the very serious illness of one of my children compelled me, at the last moment, to abandon my intention. The rector of the Catholic University of Ireland, who had also made ar rangements to be present, was likewise obliged, by urgent business of the university, to remain in Ireland. I felt the more this disappointment, as I had taken the deepest inte rest from the first in the project of my Belgian friends, which has produced such glorious results." A MAGNETIC MOUNTAIN has been discovered to Swedish Lapland, on the left bank of the Rautus johi; and the vein, which is several feet thick, promises to be one of the richest scurces of natural magnets at present known. Mr. Berg, to whom it belongs, hopes to obtain. frem it enough to supply specimens to all the collections in. Europe. Among the facts mentioned in proof of the mag netic force which these magnets derived from this source, it is stated that a galvanometer traverses 10 degs. or 15 degs. in their presence, and that a contact of a few minutes ire parts a sufficient charge to a pie ce of soft iron to enable it to support a weight of one or two S wedish pounds. A. t n a a i magnettnuerda,lan dlarger weighingoe ones may 400 pounds has a l rea d y b een ob tained, may be expected. M. D one of Berlin has already possessed himself of one weighing 66 Swedish pounds; the price varies from eighty centimes to three francs the kilogramme. The Abbe Moigno, from whose admirable journal, Les illendes, we have berrowed the above account, remarks that the extraordinary mag netism of this mountain suggests the question whether the pole Siberi aFoß T s uE more iv thanitL MILLION.—What ou .— ba l u v l EGGS . magn et pole of the earth must not be sought in Laplan d rather than in Siberia, th e more so as the ex i stence of the in i hat a fact it is that we have not only not eggs enough for the very limited use we make of them in. our cookery, but are import ing theta to the value of more titan half a million of pounds sterling a-year ?In the last table of imports, the number for 18G1 stands as 203,313,300. Ido not forget that eggs aro largely used for some of our manufactures; but that dues not affect the question why they are not produced at home. Upwards of two hundred millions of eggs pro duced for us by foreigners, while Englishwomen are want ing employment at home I Surely this is a mistake which must soon be rectified I The thing is, we have not studisd the art of poultry-rearing as fereieners have, and as A!'° ought to have done long ago. Even at this day, I oil occasionally asked whether 1 believe in the posslbility of regularly inducing hens to lay all the year round, and even whether it is possible to obtain a succession of eggs through the tour seasons. Suoh points should not be left fo r foreigners to answer at this time of day.—Once a Week. FORTUNATE RESCUE AT CEA.—The Phare de 14 Loire states that on the 20th ult. Capt. Lev eque, command ing a vessel sailing from St. Maio, while in lat. 37.16 S. , long. 15,50 W., saved 13 men, forming the crew of the English vessel, S eama n, Captain Stopwith, bound froin the North Sea to Shie lds with a ca rgo of cern. A short time after the English sailors were taken off th e vessel so sank,