The Sun. — London, England, 1863-10-02 00:00:00

THE POLISH INSURRECTION. -...,,--- (Fi ow the 'Special Correspondent of tho Times.) NEAR WARSAW, Sept. 26. Tim throwing. of the so•called Orsini shell, the sacking of the Zlnaoyski house and a palace, the ex- asperation of the inhabitants of Warsaw, the savage attitude of the Russian soldiers, and the possible cousequences of this species of collision between Russians and Poles in the Polish capital, are still almost the only subjects of conversation among _ . Poles. Of the 300 persons arrested in the two im mense buildings belonging to Count Zamoyski, one of which is inhabited by the Count's family, a few have now been set at liberty. Among the number is Prince Thaddeus Lubomirski, President of the Benevolent Society of Warsaw, and author of seve- ral highly esteemed works on the early history of Poland. The Prince was engaged in preparing a new eaition of Dluosz,—better known by his latinised name of Dlugossins, and by the Latin equivalent for his name, Longinus—and had in his possession all the most celebrated manuscript copies of the work, These manuscripts, independently of their literary importance, as having been made directly from the original, were magnificent speci mens of illuminated writing, and invaluable as heirlooms to the families from whose libraries Prince Lubomirski had borrowed them. They were of no use to the R uss i an soldiers, w ho cou ld neither make them int o papirosses nor into pipe lights. Could they h ave un d er stood the ir va lue they might of course have kept them back, and ul timately have sold them for e can be found gitimate owners; but as it in, large sums to their le of them, and it appears certain . no tra th c at they must have been the consumed ill glorious. bonfire the flames of which were fed by Chopi.n's p.ianFoe,laannddiwnatos which the best numismatic collection in thrown. A whole museum o . f ancient coins and medals, a whole library of ancient manuscripts, and the favourite instrument of one of the most graceful and poetical of composers, afforded such a variety of materials for destruction as barbarins have seldom been fortun ate enough to d we lling-house s. Teetwith i n two ordinary Chopin ' s piano had become the property ° f his sister, whose husba n d is now in the c i ta del- Th e numismatic collection belonged to prince Lubomirski, whose suite of apartments has been completely emptied of all its literary and artistic treasures. Count Andrew Zamoyski's two sons are strictly confined in the citadel. The Count himself, as every one knows, has been in exile since the time when he was convicted of intending to present an address which he had been specially requested to draw up and present by the Grand Duke Constantine. The papers of the Agricultural Society, of which Count Zamoyski was President, have been destroyed. So also have those of the Vistula Steamboat Company, which was founded by Count Zamoyski, and of which, since his exile, the affairs have been carried on under the general superintendence of his son, Count Stanislas. A large sum, in bank notes and other securities, was taken or somehow lost during sacking of the Zamoyski palace. The notes and bills are supposed to have escaped the flames, for the numbers are advertised in the Warsaw papers and payment of them stopped—by whose authority does not appear. The value of the two vast edifices confiscated, which cover an immense space of ground in the very heart of the city, and contained 2,000 residents (1,500 in the " house" and 500 in the " palace") is estimated at 8,000,000 Polish florins, or, in English money, £200,000. Another great loser by the sacking of the Zamoy ski house is Professor Kowalewaki, whose losses will not be felt by himself alone. Professor Kowa lewski was one of the most learned Orientalists of the day, and the manuscripts of which he has been plundered, and which in all probability shared the fate of the Dlugosz histories, are said to have been of the highest importance. Almost every man of distinction in Poland has been exiled or imprisoned for proving himself a Pole, and the eminently Polish part of Kowalewski's life began when he was quite - . a ch ild. He wa3 one of the companions and inti• mate friends of the poet Mickiewicz at the Univer sity of Vilna, and with Mickiewicz was arrested and thrown into prison, charged with belonging to a society formed by the students for tho maintenance of the Polish language and literature. In the drama in which Mickiewicz has portrayed the sufferings of the Willa students, under the mild government of Alexander 1., the young Kowalewski figures as " Joseph"—his Christian name, When Mickiewiez was sent to the Crimea and began to write his Cri mean sonnets, Kowalewski was exiled to the ex treme east of the Russian Empire and applied him- self to the study of the Siberian languages. He was then entrusted by the Russian Government with a mission to China, and was afterwards ap painted to a professorship at the University of Kazan, where the Oriental languages are specially cultivated. When the University of Warsaw, after having remained closed for 30 years, was reconsti tuted and reopened in accordance with the plan presented to the Emperor by the Marquis Wielo polski and recommended for adoption by the Grand Duke Constantine, the Russian Government cer tainly did its best to collect at Warsaw the most eminent Polish professors until that time attached to the various Universities of Russia. The Russian Government's attempts at good, however, are never successful, probably beeause it has no real faith in them, and, therefore, cannot persevere in carrying them out. It could bring together a few learned men in Warsaw for the instruction of the Polish youth, but it could not desist from irritating the Polish population in general until it had at last produced a general feeling of exasperation, in the midst of which it was next to impossible to in troduce reforms in themselves highly beneficial. All that has resulted from the arrival of Kowalew ski in Warsaw has been the destruction of his valu able manuscripts and books. Great havoc was also made in the suites of rooms occupied by the Countess Potocka, M. Jakouloweki, one of the marshals of the nobility, Dr. Rosenblum, and M. Barcinski,one of the directors of the Vistula Steamboat Company. The whole of the library of the Zemoyski palace was burnt,and pictures, pianos, looking-glasses, and generally whatever objects of furniture, decoration, or art that the soldiers were unable to carry away were thrown out of window and the fragments heaped together and set on fire. The flames rose so high that the firemen of the town hastened with the engines towards the scene of incendiarisrn, but were not allowed to approach. Besides arson, the defenders of order and property indulged largely in robbery, the favourite obj ec t s of theft being plate, jewelry, furs, tea, sugar loaves, and of course wine, brandy, and cigars. The most c onvenient booty was to be fund in the various 811° 'Pil in which the who le of the g round floor of the ,7n ' — e '"`etilei house is let out. Here the bri g ands o the Itassian army found all they wanted, ready to bau d , and the goldsmith's , the g e rocer's, the innto'ee,eatll°atltehf%) and the wine - dealer' s w er e brok en e Property of the unfortunate trades men stolen e„,, - the momentary desires of the mere or t less intoxicatedsoldiery; for, with jewelery,allheit work of plunder began hideous sort of banl'eteenl to have ended with gin, A fore it was abaneZ d t f to ok place in the house be not have been astonishior night, and it would had concluded with a ge a r il this feast of Vandals owing no doubt to the which the house had been s eole°"egration. It was nt:.eientioue manner in that this otherwise most prolbPabld of all furniture avoided. Among the shopkeeper: zenclusion was named lost most in the general 'Allege a jeweller, a sosaid t o mentioned. The poor ma n was robbed t f uPeeki ' is to the value of 30,000 roubl es . R e is ° ?reeperty have suffered violence at the hand s of those were robbing him ; but, howev er thi s may have" been, he was thrown into such a state of excitement as to bring on an attack of apoplexy, from which nhte died the same night. I have not yet seen any one who can corroborate of his own knowledge the re ports circulated as to personal outrages committed upon men, and worse still upon women, living in the upper part of the house, which from the first to the firth floor was divided into suites of apartments. It is not very probable, however, that the 300 per sons arrested and taken to the citadel were con ducted there with any ceremony. The Russian officers are said to have led their soldiers pliantly to the tittiick of the defenceless droperty and to have taken a full share of the spoil. If so, whatever the social acquirements of some of these gentlemen may be, it may be said that despot ism in Russia, however much it may "soften the manners," developer at the same time a considera ble amount of actual ferocity. In any case the assault and the pillage were eprcssly ordered and directed, and, accordingly, it is not the soldiers alone who ought to be held responsible for the atrocities that were committed. After the shells had been thrown and the pistol-shot fired,a quarter of an hour elapsed before General Berg sent back Gen. Bebutoff with soldiers despatched e i d for the express purpose of robbing o murderoustwo 000utrage such undoubtedly it was) had been committed , ( the vicinity of which the thescene of the outrage, nor the place from which but neither of which was it tar either conceived, planned, o r put into t h ro wn or fired from the house belonging to, but xecion. Nothing was no t occupied by , the zamoy ski family, and the is the very la st p lace from w ch it could be Rus sianssup- know p erfectly well that the Zamoyski palace a tt e mpt at assassination would be it is not pretended that it was made made.f r o o s n i ed thhideoa latter Indeed, d building, only it is said now that the two buildings form but one, and as this happens to be a simple untruth, an edict has been published ostensibly with a view to future occurrences, but in reality to give a semblance of legality to the flag rant wrong that has already been perpetrated. First the Official Journal calls houses which stand apart, and have no sort of connexion with one another, except through the proprietor, " the united houses ;" and then the director of the police, perceiving that the falsehood of the Official journal must soon be exposed, issues an order which makes proprietors of houses equally responsible with actual occupiers for whatever breaches of an improvised law may be committed within them. It would look strange in Europe (and will have a curious appearance as it is) that Count Zsmoyski, living in Paris, should be held responsible and deprived of the greater part of his fortune, in consequence of an offence having been committed in the neighbourhood of houses belong ing to him in Warsaw; so to put as good a face as possible on the matter it is suddenly arranged that the punishment already inflicted upon him shall be made right and proper by a " posterior" order, framed as far as possible to suit the particular cir cumstances of his case. The police order in ques tion is as follows : "To the Chief Police Master of Warsaw,—The recent outrages and assassinations have shown that the proprietors of houses, inmates, and inhabitants in general of this town not only do not assist the Government in seizing the crimi nals, but even facilitate their flight or screen them from the search of the police. I, therefore make known for the in formation of the public, by explicit order of the superior authority : " 1. That in case of an attempt being made on the life of any person in the street, and the perpetrator not being caught, those who may have witnessed the attempt without rendering all possible help towards catching the criminal will be punished with all the rigour of martial law. "2. If the criminal, after having committed the act of assassination, or after only attempting it, takes refuge in a house and is not seized there by the proprietor or the inmates, the house will be immediately sequestrated, without indem nity, for the use of the army, and the inmates ejected. "3. In case of assassination, or attempt at assassination, committed in a house or courtyard, if the perpetrator of the act be not seized and delivered up by the proprietor or the inmates, then the proprietor as well as the inhabitants will be subjected to the utmost rigour of martial law, and the house, with everything in it, be delivered up to the military. " 4. The same liability will be incurred by the proprietors and inmates of every house, if an act of assassination, or at tempt at assassination be committed in or from it, either by shooting or otherwise. " Major-General LEWSZYN. " Warsaw, September 10 (22), 1863." I now give the official account of the outrage actually committed as inserted in the journals of Warsaw : "The day before yesterday, at 6 o'clock, when his Excel lency, Commander-in-Chief, Aide-de-Camp General, Count Berg, performing the functions of Lieutenant, deigned to pass along the street of the Cracow suburb, attended only by one officer and eight Cossacks of the Kuban, as he was in front of the united houses of Count Zamoyski a shot was fired, while at the same time several Orsini shells and a case filled with explosive substances were thrown. The paletot of his Excellency was pierced, and one Cossack, two carriage horses, and seven Cossack horses wounded. The united houses were immediately surrounded, the lodgers taken out, the male lodgers arrested, the furniture thrown out and burnt. As it was found that some of the lodgers had their things packed up it was supposed that they must have known beforehand of the attempt on General Berg's life. The said houses were immediately given up for ever to the administration of the army. The " supposition" that because a few persons in a house containing 1,500 inmates had their things packed up those persons must therefore have known that an attempt was going to be made on General Berg's life is certainly creditable to Russian inge nuity. As to errors in statement, I have already explained that what the Official Journal calls the " united houses" are not united at all, but are quite apart. Each, moreover, presents an extensive front, so that if a shell had been thrown from one it would be difficult to " suppose" that it had been thrown from the other. " His Excellency's paletot," more over (which the official journalist seems to have re garded as something much more important than the wounded Cossack or even the wounded carriage horses), was pierced horizontally and in such a man ner that the shot which passed through it must have been fired, not from any of the apartments in the house, but on an exact level and from the pavement. It is said, in fact, that the attack was made from the pavement in front of an empty building facing the Zamoyski palace; but the empty building being already Government property could not be confis cated, and being without furniture could not be sacked. The sacking of the Zamoyski house lasted from 6 p.m. until 10. Then, all that had not been carried away or thrown out of window and burnt was left for the rightful owners. Probably not much jewellery remained. The Chopin piano had already been destroyed, and Professor Kowalewski is now advertising for his Oriente 1 manuscripts in case they should have escaped the flames. The fate of books, manuscripts, pictures, and literary and artistic treasures of all kinds in Poland has not changed much for the last century. The library founded by the Zaluskis was plundered by the agents of that superior woman —the admiration of the writers of the period—Catherine the Great; and its contents form now the chief part of the imperial library of St. Petersburg. There was renewed book stealing in 1830 under Nicholas, who was not over fond of literature. Now mere robbery of books has come to an end in Russian Poland, and literary arson has taken its place. The most learned historian of modern Poland was consulted the other day as to the materials existing in the country for a life of Sobieski. Szainocha (who from excessive study has lost lals sight) could only dictate in reply that abundant materials for such a work had existed in the ancient libraries of Warsaw and Cracow, but that, those libraries having been plundered at various periods, the places richest in documents relating to the great Polish hero were not St. Petersburg, Vienna, and Berlin. This let ter, addressed to a distinguished French Professor, was written without bitterness, and set forth the simple truth. What will Kowalewski say now if he is consulted as to the result of his five and thirty years' studies in Kazan, in the tco familiar Siberia, on the confines of China, and in Pekin itself? The Russian Government exiles a boy of genius from Wilna to the far east of its empire. The boy, find ing that his fate is in strange lands, studies those lands and their languages. The Ressian Govern ment, with a passing gleam of intelligence, pardons him, turns his talent to account, and finally offers him a professorship iu the capital of his native coun try, and endeavours, when it is too late, to make it understood that if for thirty years it has pro scribed all public instruction of a superior kind in Poland, it has become alive to its error at last, and at last wishes really to promote the diffusion of knowledge among those whom it had until that time sought to reduce to a state of ignorance and aßcareel y have thought he had reached t he west when laPp'arrived in :N 1e Warsaw.wsk i , from the east, could coming as "Is this some part o f ; P o " Sierakowski, w ounded and captive , ex when w hen tlgieh.ne sergeant of the detac hment that conductinto headquarters k should kill the i tao asked his officer if, i n ease a au of the prison ers . Asia res ponsible by the Poles for a gre a t deal ofs made barbarism riwhich is, unfor tunately, almost a s much Europ e a n as it is Asiatic ; but Kowalewski, as 411 " o r ientalist," must re4lly THE Stitt LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, ocronEß 2, 1.835 AMERICAN HEAVY ORDNANCE. (Fro' the Mechanics' Magazi)m.) The construction of heavy ordnance suited to meet all the requirements of practical warfare, presents one of the most difficult problems which task tho inventive powers of the men of the 19th century, The solution of any question de- peads on the accurate understanding of everything con- netted with it; and even comparative ignorance of any one division of a subject must materially invalidate the results obtained by calculation or experiments from the rest. We know a groat deal about the strength of materials, the ac tion of gunpowder, the flight of projectiles, and the exi gencies of actual service; but we do not yet know enough, and as a result, we have failed in the construction of excep tional guns. We do not possess at the present moment a single gun capable of throwing a shot over 100 lb. weighty which is thoroughly reliable, or on which wo could depend for half an hour in action. Not only the manufacture, but the working of large guns, even of the simplest form, is at- tended with difficulties of the gravest kind. And these obstacles to the general introduction of heavy ordnance, are increased a hundredfold by complicated breech-loading ma- chinery, deemed indispensable, obtained at a. vast expense, and usually found wanting in the day of trial. The largest guns ever used are at present to be found in the American navy. We referred last week to some of the practical de tails of the manufacture; and the subject is so important, that we willingly return to it, believing as we do that in formation concerning it is of very great importance as a guide to our future proceedings. The breech-loadingprinciple is generally ignored through out the States. A few small guns on Whitworth or Arm strong's principle, or something analogous, may, it is true, be found in both the contending armies. Our American friends do not believe in them, however, and eschew them when they can obtain anything else. The favourite naval guns are Parrott's and Dahlgren's ; the latter are pretty well known. The most usual size is the Bin shell gun, with a length of bore of 100 . 3 in ; weight, 63cwc. These guns, placed 9ft above the level of the water, throw a shell 1,776 yards at sdeg elevation, with 91b of powder. Much less is known of the Parrott guns ; and as they are beyond dispute the best in the American navy, we do not hesitate to give our readers some information regarding them, on the accu racy of which we can implicitly rely. The Parrott guns are usually made of the sizes, 100, 200, and 300. pounders. The first has a bore 6.4 in in diameter, and 130 in long. The usual weight of this arm is 9,7001 b. The charge consists of 101 b of powder, and a conical projec tile weighing 100 W. The rifling consists of ten grooves, one-tenth of an inch deep, and exactly an inch wide. The lands and grooves are, as a principle, made as nearly as possible of the same width, no matter what the dimensions of the gun. The 200-pounder weighs nearly 8 tons, is 136 in long, Sin bore, throwing a 1501 b to 1751 b shot with 161 b of powder. The bore is rifled with eleven grooves, similar in every respect to those of the 100 pounder. The 300-pounder 10 -in gun weighs over 11 tons, has a bore 144 in. long, and throws a 2501 b shoe with 251 b of powder; 14 grooves. The twist of the grooves is rather slow, being— in the 100-pounder, one turn in 18ft; in the 200-pounder, one turn in 23ft. We cannot state the precise twist of th 9 largest Parrott guns; but we believe it to be the same as that employed in the 200-pounder. The range of the 100-pounder is five miles, with 38 deg, of elevation, and the service charge. The Parrott shot is a conical projectile, with rather a sharp head. It fits the chase of the gun pretty accurately, resting on the lands. A dove-tail groove is turned in the hinder end of the shot, about tin wide and rather more than an inch deep towards the forward end. Into this groove is cast a ring of soft brass. The surface of the groove is " pecked" or roughened all over, so that the ring —which is just the size of the bore of the gun—cannot turn on the shot. The explosion of the charge " upsets" the brass ring into the shallow grooves, imparting a motion of rotation to the shot. Any effect similar to " leading" is of course impossible, and the gun is in consequence loaded with as much ease as a smooth-bore, while the brass sabot effectually precludes windage—being upset so thoroughly as to fit the bore mathematically, without any injurious friction. To this, doubtless, the vast range of the gun, with small charges, is directly attributable. Parrott ordnance is invariably constructed of cast iron, usually on the " Rodman" principle, already referred to in our previous number, strengthened with a reinforce, composed of a single lap welded wrought-iron ring, extend ing from the breech to within a foot of the trunnions. It must be remembered that the gun is not cut away to receive the reinforce, which is shrunk on hot, turned and finished afterwards. Ordinary percussion fuses have been hitherto used for the shells. The great success of those guns, the fa cility with which they are loaded, their vast range and great accuracy, entitle them to a first rank as a military or naval weapon, and demonstrate clearly, that enormous charges of powder are quite unnecessary to the performance of a rifled cannon, when the proper conditions, regulating the flight of the projectile and its passage through the bore of the gun, are carefully observed. The employment of large quantities of powder is simply a clumsy expedient to counteract the evils resulting from an improper system of rifling and a faulty construction of shot. Large cannon never can succeed while the powder burned at each discharge is as much as one-third or one-fourth of the weight of the projectile. So thoroughly imbued with this conviction are American artil lerists that they have initiated some very remarkable expe riments, with a view to concentrate the force of reduced charges of powder on the projectile with a proportionate diminution of the strain on the gun. A 7-inch gun was loaded with the full charge of powder, made up in a cartridge 6 inches in diameter, so prepared, that when placed in the gun a clear space of half an inch remained all round, between its circumference and the chase. The shot was then rammed close home on the cartridge, and the gun discharged with the following remarkable result. The initial velocity of the shot remained precisely the same, as though discharged in the ordinary way, while the strain on the gun was reduced nearly one-half as evinced by the pres sure plug at the breech I Repetition has only confirmed the truth of the result obtained by the first experiment. The air cushion left between the powder and the bore,apparently protects the gun from the percussive force of the exploding powder, to which the shot is, of course, fully exposed. The entire phenomena afford a remarkable confirmation of the truth of the views expressed by Mr. Lynall Thomas on the action of exploding gunpowder. We have no doubt that the conduction of a similar series of exneriments in this country would be fraught with the best results. After all, our Go vernment has done little or nothing to determine the best form for a gun externally, on the real action of the gun powder exploded within it. All the information we have on these subjects is due, in a primary degree, to private in dividuals; those having authority confining their attention almost exclusively in the rifling, the shot, and the mode of loading, while the resisting powers of the gun have either been left to chance, or sought for in the use of better mate rial, almost without regard to its proper distribution. Dahl gren literally took a diagram of the forces developed within his first guns by drilling a number of small holes in a continuous line from breech to muzzle, in the side of a gun. Each:of these holes was fitted with a pistol barrel or tube, screwed in, of such length that the distances from the bore of the cannon to the ends of the tubes were all precisely alike. These tuber, were each loaded with a single ball, which, on the discharge of the cannon, was ex pelled with a force proportionate to the pressure of the gases at each part of the length of the gun. This force was mea sured by the depth to which the pistol balls penetrated an oak screen suitably placed to receive them. In one experi ment the force was found t° equ a l 3 , 0001 b on the square inch close to the muzzle of a n 8-i nch gun w ith the service charge of powder and shot. Th e great e ff i ciency to which American ordnance has attained is certainly due to a care fully conducted series of experim en t s , comme nced years ago and continued to the present moment. The admirable sim plicity of the service guns renders them thoroughly reliable, while the cost of their manufacture is extremely moderate. Quitting the subject of rifled guns, we find much to.inte rest in the colossal smooth bores which perform their duties on the decks of the Monitor. These guns are 13ft long in the bore, and carry a 15ia spherical shot, called solid, but really containing a cavity 4in in diameter, which secures the solidity of the iron su rroun ding it by equalising its con traction. These projectiles weigh 4251 b. The service charge of cannon p o wder is 351 b only, but cake powder is sometimes employed in 501 b charges. 15 in she l ls wei g h 3501 b. The initial velocity of shot thrown from these guns seldom exceeds I,oooft per second; in consequence , they are far more terrible l a name t h an i n reality. The turrets in in which they are aced aro built up of a large numbe r of superimposed iron pl a t es, se ld o m more than lire thick each. The concussion of heavy shot striking them occasionally drives the nuts off th e killing or wounding th ose w i t hi n the turret as effectually as so much shot, The 1 5-in guns are mounted on a heavy wooden carriage, bolts which bind the plate s to g ether, much like the old-fashioned 68-pounder carriage used in our navy. The wheels run on a kind of railway, mounted on two powerful balks of timber, which cross the turret diametrically, or nearly so. The forward pair of wheels are fitted with gearing, and the gun is run out, or rather forwa r d , b y a c ouple of men putting thisin motion by suitable Winch handles. The port is rather high , but only 16in wide, s o t h a t the muzzle of the gun does not at any time protrude, b u t i s run right up, in firm contact with the inside of the tu rre t wall. Aim is taken by caus i ng and about 3ft long , contains the muzzle of the gu n when ru n forward. This prevents noise, and preserves the me n f t r h o e m tu c i o r n et to concussion. Betw ee n An iron box , r e ctan g ular in sectio n, etw ee n the sleepers on which the gun t ra vels are bolted several longitudinal timbers , side b y s id e . From the under part of the carriage a nu mber of lon g p lates of boiler iron depend, passing between the timbers. A po7er fsuol great, c r r e e a w ; t w h o a r t k t e h d e b y a recoilh a 'l of -wheel at the side of the carriage, is arranged to comp ress th es e plates on the timbers to any any extent deemed necessar y. The friction produced is tion, being easily a rreste d i n 4ft. The guns are invariably of cast iron, reinfor ce d w ith a single wrought iron hoop. a the gun permits of exact regula - All things considered, the introduction of ordnance of this size into our military or naval operations does not seem advisable, the Parrott 10-in. gun being superior in every respect. A 200 -pounder shot, moving with a high initial velocity, is capable of smash ng any iron plate at short range which can ever be fitted to a ship's side, and the weight of both the gun and the shot is fully as much at We CALI Wall. _ age at §ea Ruder e4i§tipg cirmaatauce2, The Habeas Corpus in America, - UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT, SETT. 17. (Before Judge Betts.) MATTER OF JOHN BALDINGER. This was a writ of habeas corpus directed to Gen. Canby, requiring him to produce Baldinger, who was held at Go vernor's Island for trial by a court martial as a deserter. On Monday the prisoner was produced in court. General Canby made return that Ballinger, in October, 1862, duly enlisted and was mustered into the service of the United States, as a private in 173 d Regiment of New York Volum teen, for the term of three years; that he deserted the ser vice, was arrested by a provost- marshal, and committed for trial by court-martial ; and that he now held the prisoner by authority of the United States as a deserter. The peti tioner filed a traverse to the return, denying all the allega tions of the return except the fact of the imprisonment. Testimony was taken, and the matter stood over till Wed nesday morning. The proofs in the case were that the pri scner was merely received by the recruiting officer as a sub stitute for a regularly enlisted man ; that the officer received 250 doll. for effecting the exchange; and that the prisoner was in a fit of intoxication at the time. There was evidence that when the prisoner recovered from his debauch he re turned to his business as a mechanic, and was not interfered with until August last, when he was arrested as a deserter and confined on Governor's Island. On Tuesday the procla mation of the President, suspending the privilege of the writ of habeas colpus, was issued. Mr. S. J. Glassey, who appeared for Gen. Canby, urged that the proclamation operated to destroy the power of all the courts of law to institute or entertain any proceeding of habeas corpus in this and all similar cases, and that the lan guage of the proclamation covered not only cases where the writ might be applied for, but where it had already been is sued. He would not deny that in some cases, as perhaps in this, the rule worked hardship, but that the proclamation, being the law of the land, must operate in this as in other cases. Mr. J. F. Walton, for the petitioner, insisted that in any event the delay of the Court should not prejudice the suitor, and that the prisoner should be discharged nunc pro tune; that rights acquired before the proclamation issued were not divested; that the Act of March 3, 1863, autho rizing the proclamation, gave no such power ; that such was not the true construction, but that the suspension of the writ operated prospectively; and further, that the pro clamation did not touch this case either in letter or spirit, because A statue is never construed to act retrospec- tively, unless such a construction is unavoidable ("Berley v. Rampacher," 5 Doer, 188 ; "Dash v. Van Kleeck," 7 Johns, 477; "Johnson v. Burrell," 2 Hill, 238). The proclamation cannot have any greater force than a statute to the same effect. It is familiar law that a statute taking away a common law right is to be strictly construed, especially NI hen the liberty of the citizen is restricted (" Looker v. Holcombe," 4 Bing, 183, and many other cases). 2. Because the proclamation suspends " the privi leges of the writ," not proceedings upon writs already issued, and upon no fair construction can this be deemed to annul proceedings already commenced. He further claimed that, on the undisputed facts of the case, Baldinger was not held as one of the persons mentioned in the proclamation, but under an arrangement which did not make him in any way amenable to martial law. His Honour Judge Betts, after suggesting various ques tions to counsel, intimated that he would receive further points and authorities on each side during the evening, and render his decision. The following points were put in on behalf of the Govern ment : The only question that is now before the Court is, whether this proclamation has the effect of preventing further pro ceedings in cases where the writ was served before the issue of the proclamation. 1. What is meant by the privilege of the writ ? Clearly the prisoner's right to be brought before the Court to have the cause of his confinement stated, to have the judgment of the Court as to the sufficiency of the cause, and to be re leased if it was not in law sufficient. These are the rights expressly secured to the subject by the statutes of England, which were adopted as a part of the common law by the several States, and which are compre hended in the term "privilege of the writ," as used in the National Constitution (Ex parte Watkins, 3 Pet., 201) ; in the reasoning of Judge Hall, in Benedict's case, p. 22, where he speaks of the right to be discharged where no suffi cient cause for detention is shown as an essential part of the " benefits" of the writ, the word "benefits" being evidently used as synonymous with "privilege ;" also in Mr. Binney's pamphlet on habeas corpus (Introductory, p. 5, and also pp, 6, 10, 11, &c.) ; also by Chief Justice Taney in Merryman's case (American L. Reg., July, 1861) ; also Mr. Wharton's pamphlet (N. 2, pp. 9, 10) ; also opinion of Attorney- General (pp. 9, 10, 11). Additional authorities might be cited if time permitted, but it is believed the above are sufficient. 2. The proclamation is not retroactive. It does not affect the validity of proceedings taken before its issue. It simply " suspends," stays further proceedings. These prisoners are in the hands of the military authorities. The Court cannot proceed further. They must remain in custody as they were when the writ issued. 3, It is no argument to say that "vested rights " are im paired in these cases by the application of the proclamation to them, and that as an act in derogation of common law rights it must be strictly construed. The right of all persons restrained to have the writ, and to have all the privileges and benefits which follow its issue, is vested and perfect by law. The right of a man restrained to have the writ issued on his behalf is as perfect, as is that of him who has obtained the writ to be heard and relieved under it. The proclamation is " in derogation " of the common law rights of both and equally. Both must submit to the hard- ship which a great public emergency brings upon them. 4. There is no ambiguity in the proclamation, the Act of Congress which authorises, or the provision of the Constitu tion which in the contemplated emergency directs it. A rebellion existing, and the public safety requiring it, the President is bound to suspend the privilege of the writ. He has done so. That great hardships are inflicted upon individuals is un deniable. They are but a small portion of the sufferings en tsiled upon the nation by the rebellion,which seeks to destroy it entirely. Further proceedings upon the writ therefore must ha sul pended, and the party be left in custody. DECISION OF THE COURT. At the opening of the court this morning, Judge Betts rendered his decision in the case. lie said he had not prepared any written opinion, because he had thought it best not to have any delay in the matter; and, moreover, if it were desired to have the principles of the case carried to the Supreme Court for review, proceedings had better be originated in the Circuit Court, from which they could be taken up more readily. His Honour proceeded to pronounce his decision substantially as follows : " The great question in the case is whether the Court can act in this matter at all after the recent proclamation of the President. That depends upon the question whether the President has the power to suspend the writ of habeas corpus, and, if he has that power, whether he has exercised it. There has been some argument of counsel as to whether the writ of habeas corpus should be considered as a privilege or not. However it is to be considered, it amounts to this — that the party in whose favour it is issued is to have certain relief, and that is that he is to have his case examined unless he is held by other competent authority. In this case it is claimed by Baldinger that ho is wrongfully kept in the United States forces. On the other side it is claimed that he had entered that service as a soldier, and is rightfully held now as a deserter ; and the question is whether he has the right to show on this proceeding that he never was legally in the service of the United States, and is not there fore bound to remain there till the expiration of his term ; and whether the Court is competent to enter into that in quiry. To preclude that inquiry the officers point to the proclamation of the President suspending the writ. Now, whether this power of suspension belongs to the authority of the President as the Executive and Commander-in-Chief, or whether it is derived from the Act of Congress, is imma terial. The act certainly does not diminish his authority, and if the power inherent in his being head of the Govern ment is not sufficient to warrant his staying the proceedings of the Courts under the writ, then that power is to be found in the act. It cannot be said that the Government cannot make a rule that every citizen shall be held to serve his country in time of danger. It seems to have been argued that the Government can never hold an infant to military service. But I do not agree to that. I think the Govern ment can call every man into the field if necessary. The manner of it may be a subject of discussion. But that our Government has the authority to do it can no more be denied than that authority can be denied to everyother government in the world. Moreover, a peculiarity of the case is that in our form of government we have all consented to the exercise of this power over our persons. And even though the action of Government may seem to be extreme, yet it is by the con sent of each one of us that Government acts, as much as if each one of us had been a member of the convention which made the Constitution and the congress that made the law. When a people say, We will form a government, and will give it extreme power over us,' each individual is bound by its acts as much as if he had signed an agreement. It can not be said that this power is forced upon him. The next question is whether the government has the right to take from the citizen the power of inquiring into the exercise of this power over him. The government has the right to defend its own existence, and when it is necessary it may say to all, You shall not prevent or embarrass the action of the government in the exercise of this high power by any form of legal action.' It may say, Each than must come forward to help to defend the national life,' and he cannot interpose the objection that he is not lawfully called upon, or that he is called on to do more than his neighbour. It is enough that he is called on by the government and is within its reach. We impose the same authority in other matters, We supersede all action on the part of corporations at once by legal proceedings. We stop the proceedings of individuals by injunction. We send an injunction from one Court to another, stopping its action as much as by physical force. No one thinks that such things cannot be done, if it is necessary for the time, being. And the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus is only saying that the Court shall not open for such proceeding; the writ is defunct for the purpose of interposing such objections, awl a 9 Wirt ola4l pct ii lefereAcc tv §tic4 cmo. t4il3 case the General commanding here returns to the Court that this man is retained as a deserter, having been enlisted as a soldier in the army, and that he is retained to be tried , for that offence. Who shall try him for it ? Shall we say that this Court shall step in with this writ and take him out of the hands of the Court before which he stands, and which has prima facie the right to try him for such an offence ? He is not to be tried there by aliens or foreigners. He is to be tried before the same men, sitting as a court martial, that might sit as a jury to try him. He is declared by the law to be amenable to court-martial, and he is in the custody of the United States to be subject to trial by court-martial, as he would be if he was held by any other form of judicial action. If he had been seized by every Court in the country ho would not any more be held for trial than now. This Court cannot step in and take him out of the authority of the Court that must try him. You say that he is not in confinement under any process, But it is not necessary to have any written or printed process. It is enough to say that he is in the custody of the law, ap prehended by the neck, as used to be the case under the old civil law. This Court is constituted for one purpose ; the military Court for another ; and when the party is held odor e a military Court ho is as much before a tribunal as if he was before this Court. And he must be tried before the tribunal which tries such offences as he is alleged to have committed. This is all that this suspension of the writ amounts to. The proclamation says that the case cannot -proceed before this tribunal. When the man is held for such offences, this Court cannot inquire into it. It is out of its jurisdiction. The condition of things will not allow such a trial as belongs to peaceful times, but the party must be tried before the military tribunal which has charge of the case, I see nothing, therefore, which makes it proper for this Court to go into the inquiry whether this man enlisted. The return is that he is held for trial as a deserter, and that makes the case as much before another tribunal as if he were held by the judicial power of France or England. My judgment is that the proclamation makes it out of the power of the Court to inquire further into these pro ceedings. Mr. Walton, for the prisoner, said he desired to raise the point also that the return said that the man was held under the authority of the United States, while the proclamation, by its terms, applied only to persons held under the autho rity of the President of the United States, and also that the return was not sworn to as was required. Mr. GLASSEY, for the Government, said he thought that the certificate of a sworn officer was as good as a sworn re turn, but if the matter was to go further he would put in a sworn return. He added that he understood that an ap plication was to be made to General Dix in this matter, and he would say that the men would remain here a few days to allow such an application. Judge Betts announced that the principles which he had stated would govern him as well in cases of application for writs of habeas corpus as in those where the writs had been already issued. have found himself at home in Warsaw. Ali that he could have missed there was peace and the op portunity of pursuing his studies without ge tti ng his papers burned. The notion of burning Chopin's piano is, I sup pose, not particularly Oriental. Ono significant thing in the work of destruction was, that no port able articles of v alue w ere sa c ri ficed. The children of holy Russia did not allow their divin e rage to go beyond certain limits, and it was only what could n ot be pocketed or conveniently carried away that the avengers of disturbed order devoted to the flames. The Government of Warsaw and of all Poland is now entirely in the hands of the Russians—in fact, of the Russian soldiers and police. But on every inch of ground not occupied by the Russian sol diers and police there the National Government rules and is implicitly obeyed. Is it " terrorism," as the Russians pretend, that makes this Govern ment so powerful ? I think not, and lam sure that there is less cause for alarm in a camp of insurgents than at the present moment in the streets of War saw. The last of the Poles have now abandoned, or been forced to leave, their official posts. M. Ostrowski, a relation of the Marquis Wielopolski, has been replaced in the Ministry of the Interior by General Roznow. The successor of Count Sigismund Wielopolski, as President of the Town, is General Witkowski. General Roznow and General Witkow ski were both members of the Inquisitorial Commis sion of the Warsaw citadel. It is said that General Roz wadowski, formerly chief police master of War saw, is to be made Civil Governor. The police have issued an order forbidding per sons to enter private houses where they do not re sure, and cautioning house porters against allowing this order to be contravened. They have at the same time deigned to command that no one who enters a refreshment house or tavern shall remain there for more than ten minutes. I mention these curious facts for the benefit of visitors to Warsaw who may have letters of introduction to present, or who may be in the habit of devoting not less than a quarter of an hour to luncheon. The truth about the reported " insurrection" in the Ukraine is that there has been no political move ment whatever in that province, no talk about a hetman, and no manifestation, direct or indirect, in favour of Poland. But the peasants have risen by thousands; and my informant, who has arrived in Cracow from the disturbed districts, just before I left that city, estimates at six thousand the n u mber who showed themselves ready to resist the Russian Government in his immediate neighbourhood. The cause of the rising is simple, but formidable. I say "is," because it still exists, though for a time it may be inactive. yV hat is now called the Ukraine, it must be remembered, is not the Russian or Little Russian province to the east of th e Dnieper, the country of Mazeppa and the wild horse, but the pro vince to the west of the Dnieper Which remained Polish until the second partition and which at presen t is styled in official language the Government of Kieft The Russian or Little Russian or Ruthenian peasantry of the Ukraine have never, since the massacre o f the haydamaks in 1768, been suspected by the Rus sian Government of liking the P o l es . B ut they also do not like paying rent either to Poles or Russia ns for land which their fathers once held as freemen; and it is the rent question, or rather the land - t ax question, which has brought them into conflict with the Russian troops. The Russian Government, some weeks since, deplared th e peasants o f the Ukraine free proprietors, but a t the same time put a tax upon their land and call e d upon them to pay into the hands of the Gove rnment the arrear s o f rent or obrok due to their f ormer landlords. The peasants would do nothin g o f t h e kind. They let it be clearly understood that they would pay n o one, and though force was employ e d against them , and though after the disturbance s were at an en d, seve ral chiefs of villages were severely flogged, yet the peasants gained their point. Th ey have not paid, they will not pay, and the wh o l e question is p ut off until October, when still th ey w i ll not pal. here is a clear case in which the R uss i an Govern ment has ability set the peasants against it se lf, and with t h e it has lately shown in r u li ng P oland there i s no say ing whether it may not ultimately contrive t o g ain their enmity as a class. The peasants, like the in tervening Powers, will move if they find their o wn interests threatened, but n o t o th erw i se; a nd if such a movement should t a k e pl ace at all it w ill proba bly a become general. Insu rgen t s w i ll tell you that in thebl Palatinates, wher e th e p easants are most f a vour ably disposed those of y dispoaed towards th em ( as, f or instance, Lublin, Kaiisch, a n d Pl oc k) , the reply i n variably given when they are asked to join the ins urrection is, " We must see w h at t h ey do in the nex t village; if they join, we do n 't mind joining, bu t not alone. In the same way th e p easants in any given Province are likely to clai m th e a b solute proper ty of their land, independent of a ll taxes and dues , if such a claim is made by th e p easants, their ne i g hbours ; the and if any one p rov i nce takes up arms on question, nothing i s more l ikely, noth i n g indeed i s certain, than that the adjacent provinces will follow its example. It will b e intereatin,, to see whet the Russian Governm en t w il l do with the pea sants of the Ukraine after the October q uar ter. be said at the present moment is that a f te r Playing with socialist weap ons t h roughout P o land it has contrived in one Pr ov i nce at least to cut its own fingers. All that can However, if the Russian Govern men t cannot get the money it wa n t s f rom the peasants o f the Ukraine and is afraid to p ress f or it, it makes of the conti guous one no ceremony taxes hav e a t l ast been paid with the propriet ors e i ther of that province or of Volhynia• The ordi naryeverywhere in Poland, exc e pt i n the TCnb execut ion. The ; w h er e they are —r , doro, now being le v i e d b y s p e cial!war- tax of 10 per cen t. on i ncome is being demanded in the south-eastern p rov i nces, and t h os e proprietors who do not pay u p f orthwith (whic h ve ry few are able to do) h ave soldiers quartered on them and their property so ld. The so-called t ax of 10 per or 30 cent. may be a t ax o f 20 per cent., fo r i t i s fixed in an arbitrary manner and it is not every proprietor of th e south- pr ovinces who can easter ' n go to Kieff to complain of an overcharge. Accord mg to the term s o f the publishe d or der, persons considering th emse l ves undul taxed mig ht a pp eal within three we e k s ; but I know of cases in which proprietors have b een exorbitantly ove r-taxed, and allowed only a few da ys for making the payment demanded, witho u t th e y alternat i v e of execution, and without any p oss ib ility w h a tever of appeal. This tax is, in f ac t , a h eav y fine laid upon the Polish proprietors t o Punish them for the:part they have taken in the insurrection, and so to cripple them as to render it -- impossible for them to aid it any longer by money contr ib u tion. Many of the Volhynian landown ers have already had their crops and cattle seized, an d a s the Government de mands from every on e Bo muc h as it pleases, it will of course succeed in ruini ng a great number of Polish subjects. Such a proceedi ng seems strange even f rom a financial point of view, but Russia probab l y thinks t hat unless she impov er i s hes and exhausts Pola nd she may one of these days lose it. Under Nicholas " the great idea was to suppress educat ion through out the country. The chief notion now is to waste and confiscate property; and it is p robably quite t r ue that if all the Poles were la mentabl y i g norant ble as they do at present. and lamentably p oor t he y would not give Russia nearly so much trou chasing. Hornimat's pure Tea; very Full benefit of reduc ed duty c o h b o t i a c i e n a e t d by s P 4s. "High Standard "at 4s. 4 d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Ag ents in every mss town rnd town supply it in oackets. [ADVERTNEMENT.]—Consumption, all nervous, bilious, liver, and stomach complaints, in every stage, are only ag gravatcl and accelerated by drugs of every description, but erfec.ly curable by Du Barry's health restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, as proved by thousands of cases which had been considered hopeless. We quote a few.—Cure No. 62,914. Miss Lange, 18 years of age, cured after the medical men had abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last stage of pulmonary consumption, with fearful cough, exitectoration exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, hollow cheeks, emaciated to a skeleton. She is now, thank God, a perfectly healthy, blooming, fleshy girl.—N. Lange, Commissaire de Police. Cure, No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Fernley Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derangement. and partial deafness.—Cure, No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, indigestion, gatherings, low spirits, and nervous ancies.—Cure, No. 54,816. 'I he Rev. James T. Campbell, Fakenham, Norfolk, of indigestion and torpidity of the liver, which had resisted all medical treatment. In tins, 11b, 2s 9d; 21b, 4s 6d ; 5 1 b, lie; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 40s. Barry du Barry and Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London ; also Fortnum and Mason; and all firma and cliemig* 111 every t9WA 91 the VAitctliiipgclura, SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. Trains.—Mr. Henley appears to think that the introduction of Free Trade had a very inappreciable effect upon agriculture, which has pursued an even tenour of improvement from time immemorial, whether fostered by grants, by laws, or by loans ; whether helped by the sister sciences or released from vicious protection. It is difficult to assign a definite effect to any one epoch, for no sooner is it done than up starts an objector with abundant evi dence to show that the epoch signified very little. We need not go very far for an instance. Com mon opinion assigns the bureaucracy and excessive centralization of France to the assumption and absorption of art power by the Revolution and the Empire ; but we have been lately assured on a very high authority that this is all a mistake, and that the French Government was in all ages too jealous of local authority. Indeed, if you are to be " brought to book," as Mr. Henley expresses it, it would be easy to prove that the English were very good Protestants for centuries before the Reformation, for, though they burnt Protestants, that fact itself proves that there were Protestants to burn, and if they burnt one it was to inspire a wholesome terror into the thousands who listened to his teaching, and gave it its political importance. We are still of opinion that, on the whole, unprotected Agriculture has made greater progress than protected. We do not measure that progress by scientific discoveries. Science is almost necessarily slow, halting, and accidental in its pro gress. Yon cannot bribe science or flog it into brisk action. You must wait for genius, for op portunity, for the concurrence of circumstances, the meeting of men, and the comparison of thoughts. Even when science or Heaven has done its work, it requires a man of almost fanatical zeal to embrace the new truth, and urge it to its practical consequences. So in a comparison of periods we rest rather on the amount of enterprise, the general spread of knowledge, and the work actually done ; and on a rough but very palpable estimate we claim a great step since the British landlords and farmers werechiefly known as habitual grumblers, depending partly on the clemency of the skies and partly on parliamentary protection. But, so far from being desirous to exalt the agriculture of this day at the expense of a former period, we entirely agree with Mr. Henley in thinking that much remains to be done, and that the south of England especially has even arrears to make up. It must be said that Agriculture is not so profitable as it should be for any one of the three classes con cerned—for the landlord, the tenant farmer, or the labourer. The landlord does not obtain the rent that he should, the tenant does not make good a profit as he might, and the labourer is not so well off as he should be. At present it is difficult to take the part of any one class without seeming to infringe on the just claims of another. But as all these classes certainly derive much more from the soil than they did, we will say, before the end of the last century, —if we were to put it within this century, Mr. Hen ley would probably contradict us,—so we hope they will derive more than they do now, and we see no reason why they should not. There are, of course, moral as well as scientific considerations that bear on the condition of Agriculture. With those we will not meddle. The art itself is most evidently open to improvement. It does not make the best of its opportunities in these islands. Wherever the sun shines and the rain falls upon an un grateful soil, there sun and rain are wasted and lost to the country. Wherever the water stands and drowns the land, and prevents the introduction of warmth and air, there the soil is wasted and lost to the country. Wherever the convertible materials of future harvests are thrown into our rivers to be carried out into the sea, or dissipated into the elements, there also the food of millions is wasted and lost to the country, Wherever the labourers are ill-housed, ill-clothed, and ill-fed, and are therefore incapable of doing all the work they might do, their labour is wasted and lost to the country. Under all these heads there is an amount of waste equivalent, probably, to the sustenance of a second population, equal to that which now finds subsistence in these isles. No doubt, we shall be charged with cutting out hard work for Agriculture, especially when Ireland is thrown into the account, and science is required to meet the twofold difficulty of a sterile soil and inclement sky ; but if science and invention had not braved difficulties supposed to be in surmountable, neither England nor Europe would now stand at the top of the world. The Duke of Marlborough, in common with most of our landowners, claims for agriculture a pre-eminence over all other arts in dignity and in actual import ance. Mr. Henley believes it to be the first interest in the country. It the comparison must be made, then it must be admitted that food is the most indispensable political e p r o a w t o e r u , t m h o a r n e t social i h n e fl r a i e . n n t c e e r , e a s n t s d . product of industry, and that, as a fact, land owners ' w fh h i o s , i a s s r s e o c o og n n a i s se th d e b y y h m av e e rc m h e a d n e ts a ta h n m u haveore moresoci a social e n d u f act thousandu r e r s, cl ndr ina or so invest in land, when they could easily obtain a much higher inter es t i n t h e safest branches of ',heir own business. But the only use of such comparisons is to remind the higher not to be beaten by the lower, and to carry off the palm of achievement as well as the pride of position. Has agriculture done as much as manufacture in these islands ? Has it con verted barren heaths into the habitations and gar dens of prosperous crowds ? Has it multiplied the popul,ation of counties three or four fold within a hundred years? What part of Ireland now prospers most, the agricultural or the manufacturing? Which interest offers the most opportunities to tho§e who are thrown on the world and have to seek their for tune? Considering the answers that must be given to these questions, it hardly becomes lords and county members to institute a comparison between the importance or the rank of the sister interests. Let them be allowed the pre-eminence, if they will really take the lead, and surpass on the wide plat form of nature the wonderful progress of our manu facturing districts. Tne way is plain before them, E arth and sky are theirs, The land cannot run away ; the materials to be worked with are safe under Nature's key, and cannot be withheld by jealous neighbours or angry belligerents. Moreover, it is their turn to do someti.ing marvellous. So let them set to in good earnest. They are " the first interest ;" let them take the lead. HERALD.—The Channel Fleet in the Bay of Dub lin excites, the local journals tell us, in stereotype phrase, "universal interest." Wherever this "city on the inconstant billows dancing" settles itself, though but for a brief while ; the whole neighbour hood is astir to welcome it and do it honour. Some 15,000 visitors from the Irish capital daily go the great iron-clads which are t o hel- to see to deter mine the Wale of Great Britp: .p . we may be pardoned oned fn - ..La on the seas. So solid substanti . expressing a hope that a result will attend the friendly in ttre"' a§e between the home navy And the citizens of the several ports to whict: it has found its why, and that this hilarious greetint and pleasant curiosity of the landsmen, who live at home at ease, will not be the only good effected by the progress of the Channel Squadron along the shores of the United Kingdom. Admiral Dacres, who is evidently proud of his profession, very judiciously took advantage of the enthusiastic reception he and his officers met with from the Royal Mersey Yacht Club at Liver pool to make some thoroughly practical remarks at one of the prandial festivities. Seeing the un bounded and undeniable welcome with which officers and men had been treated ever since the great ships came up the broad stream of the Mersey, the Admiral expressed his surprise at the small number of men enrolled in the Naval Reserve at Liverpool when compared with the swarming population of the town, directly or indirectly con nected with seafaring interests, It would not be amiss if the admiral repeated similar observa tions wherever the flag ship rested and received guests. Throughout the country the Naval Reserve has still but a very limited popularity. Its numbers are greater than formerly, and here and there, as on the Thames and the Tyne, energetic shipowners have stimulated the movement into something like a success. But still, compared with the increasing strength of the mercantile marine, the force of the Naval Reserve is not a tenth of what it should be. A public correspondent, from Liverpool, has called attention to the present hesie tation of both officers and men of the mercantile marine in joining this invaluable supplement to the navy. There is no question but that the regular service and the Admiralty view any intrusion upon the distinctive rank and privileges of the navy with a curious professional dislike, it not actual appre hension. The same quiet contempt with which the volunteers on land were met by the army and its authorities in the first days of the rifle corps more or less tinges the feeling of the ALl:draft- and the service it controls towards the Neval Reserve. There is a fear that the navy may be lowered and its dignity impaired by too free and ready an ad mission of the officers of the Naval Reserve to suit able rank and privilege. Mr, Ballantine states a perfectly recognised fact, when he declares that, at present, there is no active co-operation on the part of the officers in the merchant service to swell the ranks of the Naval Reserve. " From what I feel myself, as well as from the notbrious absence from the force (of course, with a few excep tions) of the commanders of the great mail lines of steamers—such as the Cunari, the Peninsular mad Oriental, the Canadian, and other services —it is very clear that the terms offered by the Go vernment are not considered those to which mer chant officers of the highest class consider them selves entitled." This system of "chilling rewards " is altogether a very short sighted policy, The Admiralty must know as well as we do that the majority of the commanders of the mail lines is com posed of retired naval officers, and that nothing would please these gentlemen more than the opportunity to resume the connection with the service to which they once belonged, if that opportunity were be comingly and honourably offered. It is idle to think that any large body of men can be subdued, as it were, into patriotic efforts, or that, unless a great emergency arises, they will condescend to accept an inferior status in the Queen's service, and so lessen. their weight and standing with their professional brethren and the crews under their command. Even such an eccentric refusal as that returned by the Admiralty to the Mercantile Marine Service Association, on their application that the officers of the Reserve might fly the blue ensign, will go far to disgust any naval volunteer. The highest na tures feel these slights most keenly. And the Admiralty should be very chary of offering them, especially when there are so many temptations to keep the officers and men away from the dis cipline and extra duties and liabilities of this invaluable adjunct to the Queen's service afloat. " What is honour ?" says the fat knight. "A word. What is in that word, honour ? Air. A trim reckoning. Who hath it ? He that died o'Wed nesday. Doth he feel it ? No. Doth he hear I it? No. Is it insensible then ? Yea, to the dead. But will it not live with the living ? No. Why ? Detraction will not suffer it—therefore I'll none of it." This is the sort of catechism with which Lord Clarence and those about him must have confounded themselves, according to the terms they have proposed to the officers of the Naval Reserve. " Officers of the land Volunteer • forces," we read, "are allowed their rank up to colonel, but officers of the Naval Reserve can never attain even the honorary rank of commander or cap tain unless on actual service." " I may add," urges Mr. Ballantine—and his complaint breathes the same spirit of soreness against disdain and con tempt throughout—" that the force has no recog nised existence in a social position; for I have never seen, either at the entertainments given by the town of Liverpool to the fleet, or by tee officers of the fleet themselves, the slightest recognition of the Reserve officers, who are to rank with, but after, the lieutenants of the Royal Navy," It needs no argument to demonstrate the error of all this indif ference and cavalier treatment. All proper eti quette springs from the kindly and conscientious feeling of the superiors by whom it is dictated. It is quite certain that whilst the officers of the mer- chant service consider themselves in any degree slighted by the Admiralty arrangements the Naval Reserve will never be adequately manned. If the force is wanted, and is to be relied upon in the hour of necessity, it must be made popular to both officers and men. COUNTRY MARKETS. ►. - MANC HESTER--TutruspAr. At our market this morning the demand for wheat was very languid ; dry new English was held at the full prices of this day se'nnight, but damp samples were ineffectually offered at about a reduction of is per qr, while American declined 2d to 3d per 1001bs. Flour inactive, at 6d to is per sack and barrel lower. New oats receded ld to 24 per 451 b, and new oatmeal again pressed at is to 2s per load less money. The tone of the trade for Indian corn and beans was about the same as last market day, BIRMINGHAM—THURSDAY. English wheat was sold at 44s to 488 for white, and 40s to 46s per 36 stone for red, Barley, new malting, 36s to 42s per qr; grinding, 26s to 30s Oats, old, 24s to 30s per 30 stone ; Irish, 21s to 255. Beans, 40s to 498 . per qr. Peas, 36s to 44s per 36 stone. CORK—SEPT. 30. The following were the quotations this morning :--Red wheat, 7s Od t o 8 s 3d ; white, 7s 3d to 9s 6d ; barley, 6s Od to 5s Bd. 7s 6d ; oats , 58.0 d to 6s 10d ; bl ac k d o ., 4s Od to EDINBURGH GRAIN--SEPT. 30. A fair supply of farmers' wheat to-day, which met fair sale at abo u t th e prices of last week. Barley met a good sale, and prices unaltered. Beans were dull. Oats a ready sale. Wheat on the top Os Od up .......... average Oa 6d up. Barley on the top is Od down........ave rage O s 6 d' down. Oats on the t o p 2 s Gd down. ........ average ls 6d down. Beans on the top 3 s 6d up ...average 5s Gd up. Total Supply and Sales. Wheat........ 911 qrs Sold 392 qrs 8ar1ey........1816 qrs Sold 1504 qrs Beans Oats ....... :1841 qr 5........ Sold 830 qrs 18 qr 5........ Sold 7 qrs Flour sells as follows : — Whites, - 395 Od ; extras, 37s Od ; superfine, 35s Od ; fine, 33s Od. DERBY SMITHFIELD—SEPT. 29. There was a good supply of fat beasts to-day, but there was a great deficiency in the quality, and the best beef was in good demand. The number of sheep and lambs about an average. The show of fat pigs was not so large as last week, but sales were brisker. Fat;calves were scarce. Beet Alutton ...... Lamb Bd to —d Rough fat, 3s 941 per stone. Hides, 3d to 41d; calf s ki ns, 5d to W. Births. CHURCIL — On the Ist inst., at Shore House, S. Hackney, Mrs. A. G. Church, of a son, GOSLING.—On the 30th ult., at Wellbury, Harts, the wife of Francis Gosling, Esq., of a daughter. LoYD.—On the 30th ult., at 77, Eaton-suare, the wife of W in Jones L o yd, E sq., of a son. q WAnpunToN.—On the 30th ult., at 58, Lansdowne-place, Brighton, the wife of Captain A. F. Warburton, of a daughter. Marriages. CHILD—EWING.—On the 30th ult., at Eaton, Norwich, William, the eldest son of George Child, Esq., of York dau g hter of e, Upper J Norwood, Surrey, t o Ell en Alice, second . W. Ewing, Esq., of Eaton. WisBEY—HoPKINs—On the 28th ult., at Trinity Church, Westbourne-terrace, Bayswater, Charles Wordsworth Wisbey, to Marianita, second daughter of E. Hopkins; Scc. Deaths. ADDISON.--OR the 30th ult., at Hexham, Mr. J. Addison I the representative of Messrs. J. W. and H. Browning and Co., of London. ARMSTRONG.— On the 27th ult., at Colne Hatch W. A. F. Armstrong, l a t e o f Walworth , aged 3 y 6. HAYWARD.—On the I s t inst., at , 7, Highbury-terrace, R. L. Hayward, E sq . HouGHToN.—On the 30th ult., at Rose Mount, Oxtonf near Birkenhead, Z achariah Barnes Houghton. KING.-- On the 29th nit., at ~ Leamington, Richard King, Esq., aged 75. SINCLAIR.—O n th e 30th ult., at Pilmuir, Torquay, the, ltight Hon. Charl es, L ord Sincla i r , i n t h e 9 Gth year 01 his age. TVSsEx.—.on the 30th u lt., at Copford, Essex, - T Yr ell T Y ss ea) only son of Commander Tyssen, R.N,, aged font years. London : Prined and PtiNished by WILLIAM ANDREWS , of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE SUN Office No. 11 0 ' Strand, in the Precinct of the savoy, iu the C9tuatY 4 1 1delleatx, 7 1414ay, QctcJ,er NO,