The Sun. — London, England, 1830-12-31 00:00:00

OSP= OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, Sir Edward Sugden enjoys a high and, we be live., not ill-founded reputation as a Chancery Bar rister; but be has on all occasions, when appearing in the character of a constitutional lawyer, cut a very sorry fi gure, 'lt will be remembered how confidently he pronounced against the capacity of Mr, O'Connell to he electethi Member of the Muse of Commons when that qeestion (not his right to sit and vote without taking the oaths) was agitated, which capacity was afterwards affirmed by a Committee of the House of Commons. Again, on the momentous subject of the devolution of the Crown in the event of the last reigning Monarch dying without male issue, leaving his consort preg nant, Sir Edward Sugden was heard to enunciate the preposterous doctrine that allegiance would in the proposed case be due to the foetus in venire xa mere, instead, of to the heir.presumptive, a doe trine utterly at variance pith the plain principles of the commonlaw, and deserving rather to be classed with the theological phantasy of baptism by injec tion, than . regarded as the sober opinion of a jurist. This error, in like manner, met its proper condem nation from the late Regency Act. The late So lieltoe.General made a further display of his pro found constitutional knowledge on the eve of the adjournment last week, when he flippantly declared that there was not the least ground for the question made by Mr. Rothvere, as • to the comparability of an Irish Peerage with the place of an Eng lish Master in Chancery . which singular con junction of dignities is now to be found in the person of Lord Henley. It remains to be seen how the House of Peers• will judge bf the mat ter. , We can hardly imagine that the place of an " attendant" on their Lordships—sech being the Parliamentary-phrase descriptive of the capacity in whiCh a Master in Chancery is attached to the Houle of Lords -- will be deemed reconcileitble with the dignity of the Peerage, now possessed by Lord Henley in his character of an Irish Peer, not less amply than :by any Lord sitting within the walls of Parliament. By the 4th Article of the Act of Union it is provided, that " the Peerages of Ireland, shall be considered as Peerages of the United King dom, and that the Peers of Ireland shall, as Peers of the United Kingdom, be sued and tried as Peers, and enjoy all privileges of Peers as fully as the Peers of Great Britain, the right and privilege of sitting in the House of Lords, and the right of sitting on the Trial of Peers, only excepted.' . To those excepted rights, and to take his seat in the House of Lords,'Lord Henley may become one day entitled by being elected one of the Representative Peers; or, what is the same thing, he may now by virtue of his Peerage vote at the election of a Re presentative Peer. To all intents and purposes he is the Peer of the Lords of Parliament. With what propriety, then, ran he continue to occupy the situa tion of an attendant upon those Lords ? There is indeed one statutory mode by which an Irish Peer may ,degrade, and for a time denude himself, of his Peerage, That is, by procuring himself to be elected ,serve, and by serving for any county, city, or; gh of Great Britain, in the House of Commons ;list so long as Such Peer shall so serve as a %frillier of the House of Commons, " He shall not (says the Act of Union) be en titled to the privilege of Peerage; nor capable of being elected to serve as a Peer on the part of Ireland; or of voting at any such election ; and shall be liablgto be sued, indicted, proceeded against, and tried IS '4-cominoner." Had Lord Henley availed hi jt ' bf this—the pole 'constitutional means by which lie can divest himself of his privi lege of a Peer—the objection to his retaining the place of is Master in Chancery would be removed. Ilut he has not so dotie, am! no renunciation of his right to vote for the election of a Peer on the part of Ireland, nor of his eligibility to be elected such representative Peer, Would be of the least avail. His Ma is therefore precisely the same as that of any other Peer of England, or of the United King- NM ; and unless it ,hall be held that the door of the House of Lords may be kept by a Peer, or Sir T. Tyrwhit yield his post of Usher to one of their Lordships, we do not see how Lord Henley can attend on them, and bear their messages to the Lower House. But such anomalies are the natural result of an impoverished Peerage; and after all by no means so disparaging to' the " Order," as the figure which some of its members cut in the Pen sion List, where, as in the case of the Countess of Mornington, we find the mother of four Peers, a Duke, a Marquis, and two Barons, subsisting on the eleemosynary henevoleece of the Crown; and where, also it is seen, that until ashamed by the recent wt . - posure of the fact, the mother of the Duke who in sisted on his right to do what he would with his own, was a dependent on this fund for the relief of titled nsvrrdicity.---Morning Chronicle. Among the publications to which the disputes in the .Netherlands have gived rise, one has been sent to tie, distinguished by great good sense—a pamphlet by Count Vail Hogentlorp, well known its a Minister of the late kingdom of the Netherlands, and highly esteemed as an able and informed writer throughout Europe. This pamphlet of which we possess the second edition, wits first published the 7t2d October, 1830; but matters bad proceeded too fair for the voice of reason to have any influence. Count Hogendorp states, with great truth, that " National Debts and Standing Armies" are the causes of revolutions throughout Europe. " We live (he says) in the midst of frequent revolutions We seek the causes of them, we lose ourselves in long reasonings, and we shut our eyes on the only alfitialg cause which explains them all Let int free the people, anti especially the laborious classes, from the burdens of taxes, no longer sup portable; this is the only means of restoring order, securing the public tranquillity, and preventing re volutions." The publication of Mr. Barber Beau mont„ to which we yesterday alluded, forms a valuable commentary on the above positions of Count Hogendorre Mr. Beautnont thews the deep interest the poor have in the protection of property, and t h e deep iatereat which the possessors of pro perty have that the poor shall be in a situation that will lead them to respect property. The •work ing man, unassisted by capital, would frequently starve; and the mats at property, not having his capital required for the uses end profits of iiidustry, would soon consume it, and sink to the condition of poverty. Thus reciprocally serviceable are the poor arid the rich one to the other---one cannot flourish, without the other, nor scarcely subsist,"---lie points out the persons who, without being capitalists or labourers, are also entitled to their share of the produce to which they contribute to give effect. " Bat when, in addition to these, the producers have so support, in almost equal splendour, the fianilies gl a host of lioresigh-owners, who commanding a majority in the House of Commons, wield power which is superior la the Sovereiyn's, en d by which they compel him to employ such Ministers and adopt such measures as they desire; anti when the preducers have to provide expensive gentility for poor relation*, and followers and supputers at the Borough owners, by shoals, it may be conceived that the biarthen of taxation may be extended beyond the power of human patience to bear. Thus we have seen, that to propitiate the Bornugh-owners, our army and navy establishments have been kept up in the midst of profound peace with all the world, at an expense which exceeds that when we were at war with Fiance, Spain, Holland, and Aunties; and with so little regard to con sistency, that it has been remarhsel we have throe Gene rals fur every tegintent of soldiers, two Admirals for every ship of the line; . arid, taking both services together, one Commissioned Officer for every five private men.— That to gratify this interest still further, diplomatic sproitittnerits abroad have been unnecessatily made, and unproductive colonies have beers endowed with ex tensive, Staff: appointments ; that military and c u test schools and asylums hate been 41104461nd fur the edu cation of sbildren rooettonended by the influential class ; that Paulatahav! Wen Wooed out of the gaols to snake way fears tsaYerners, will tire salaries of Liens a r ou l t*Cnionehtl sod that clisplaincies base been soul. onC nuts r;, 'that high Waits are Jsa id no Istl**Pate services sea mitered, and sinecures ti t email - pratileieehave hseit laYisbatf where rasa service it pokaci. i f s consequence .of this system • ow the condition of the pa uldes the moiety rates fur maintenance of gaols and pitseentions have lately increased tolhe farmer magnitude of the poor rates ; and the poor rates have advanced to an equality with the whole revenues of Government, no longer ago than the accession of George 111. That concurrently with the borough•owner,' the tithe-owner has pressed forward with his claims, not only on the produce of the earth, but on the produce of industry, capital, and improvements, brought from other parts, with a keenness unjustified.l; reason, and uncoun. tenanced by former custom. " Mr. Beaumont observes that the invention of funding changed the character of, the House of Commons, by giving the owners a deeper interest in expendinp; loans, than in resisting taxation borne by them, only in common with the public. After de scribing the delightful progress of loans, contracts, dePreciation of currency, &c., he observes— The borough-owners were delighted with things as ' they were.; they offered the sacrifice of their lives and for tunes in upholding them ; and villitled, slandered, and de , notinced as enemies to their country, those simple citizens whb mourned over the waste of millions iu unnecessary wits and despotic objects, and predicted that the incessant borrowin9s and wasteful expenditure of the Ministers of GoVernment, would, as with other spendthrifts, speedily exhaust their own resources, while it spread distress and misery upon all who were involved in the consequences of their prodigality." Mr. Beaumont estimates the Government, Church, and Local Taxes at 76,000,0004, and the whole rental of real property us scarcely more than the re turns of 1804,,1. e. 38,000,0001. He supposes that not more than five millions of men in the twenty millions are employed in productive industry; and taking the annual earnings of the productive labourers of the United Kingdom at 87,250,0004 sterling, those who live on the taxes and tithes ab sorb nearly as much as the whole of the value of the industry of those who work. Mr. Beaumont's ac count of the premium in favour of crime in this country is admirable : "A different cause of distress and of irritation against superiors is to he found in the vast accumulation of power of interference with the working man's free agency, which has grown up in the hands of magistrates amUocal autho rities. Law after law is passed to extend the discretionary power of magistrates, until the people are almost mad dened with the restraints of petty tyrannies But, if the working man lay aside his honest industry and turn thief, or pauper, these persecutions cease, and the humane sympathies of the authorities then begin. So much pains have been taken to make punishments eons fortable, that the culprit asks the Judge for a lengthened term of imprisonment as a (*sour; and the pauper is so used to the officiousness of his superiors, in managing his affairs, and providing for his wants, that if these things be not done handsomely, and according to kis notions, while be stands by in'idleness, he is ready to break out in rebellion. The last point to which taxation can be ear, ried may be conceived to be, w h en th e taxes by direct and circuitous operation take so much away from the produce of those who work,, : ax to reduce their families below typhus proof, and their oivn condition below that which is provided at 04 public expeuce for the sustenance of idlers and thieves in workhouses and gaols, and "which, therefore, incline them not to work but to idle, or steal, that they may enjoy the better fare offered to paupers and felon." Reduction of expenditure must be accompanied with the ►►prooting " the great cause of the irrita tion, of the outrages, the loss of protection for pro perty, and the anarchy in which we are now unhap pily involved." As our overwhelming taxation has been brought on us ►hrough the degeneracy, and corruptness, and wastefulness of the House of Commons—" Corruption (he observes) hath now eaten up corruption those who have fattened on the loans and taxes, now find out that the Govern ment can no longer feast them as they did formerly." " All parties are at length so well satisfied that no thing short of Reform can pacify the country, or avert a revolution, that a Reform of some sort will take place. We shall in a future number examine Mr. Beaumont's plan of Reform—Morning Chron. We recollect that, about the beginning of lust winter, some of those London Journals that pre tend to a superior portion of philosophic illumina tion made it a point to decry private charity, as be. ing only an inventive to vagrancy and idleness, in a country in which the law had provided atut no man should die of starvation. Before the winter termi nated, however, we had to report many of those melancholy cases of death from distress, which proved that the actual state of facts was greatly at variance with the theory of the law. Several in stances occurred then, and others have occurred since, both in the metropolis and the country, of persons being found dead under circurnstances which betrayed the last degree of human destitution, and which warranted Coroners' Juries in returning verdicts of " death by . starvation." Thus u n h a ppily are t h e records of judicial inquiries opposed to the benevo. lent maxim of the law—the humane fletion—that - - no man can die from want of food in England. The ' " philosophers" of the Press found apt and docile pupils in same of the Police Magistrates of the me tropolis, who took occasion, whenever a case of pe culiar wretchedness was brought before them, to retail, for the edification of parish overseers and po licemen, the harsh and cruel sentiments which they had imbibed from the pages of those enlightened in structors who have undertaken to unteach mankind the erroneous impressions which they receive from the feelings of eature and the virtues of Christi anity I Philosophers and Magistrates of this stamp seem to consider it no small preof of advancement in political wisdom that they had discovered help less poverty to be the worst of crimes, and desti. tuto human beings to be the most atrocious of all offenders; but, if they were capable of view ing their own conduct through any medium but that of absurd self-admiration, they would find that it required nothing but a hard heart and a flippant tongue to decry that spirit of benevo lence which, next to the gift of reason, most ex alts man above the " beasts that perish." There is no country in the world where charity has a larger field in which to exercise those feelings which pro duce the finest gratification of which the human heart is susceptible than England at the present day—for there is no country in which, opulence and destitution, luxury and distress, are to be found in more prominent and painful contrast. A cold and heartless self-sufficiency may reduce to a system the maxims of sordid pride and selfish enjoyment, but that knowledge is of a higher moral source which preserves, amid the business, the cares, and the pleasures of the world, the warm feelings of charity as a "salient spring of living and ge n er o us ue ti on . ' Public and compulsory charity, such as that esta blished by our poor laws, though it has many ad vantages, has also great defects. Its machinery is cumbrous, and often so slow its movement, that un happy objects, who have an indisputable claim upon its saving interference, perish before they can receive relief. Wu reported the other day the case of a woman, who, with a helpless daughter, in a state of utter indigence and nakedness, died of absolute want upon a truss of straw, in a car ter% shed at Oxford, where she had begged a lodg ing to save her from t h e necess i ty o f lying deism with the cattle in the field. !lad there been a " good Samaritan" to have poured " oil and wine I into the wounds" of the suffeier, without trusting to the tardy sympathy of the Levites of the Pool Laws, the quick instinct of his hum a nity wou ld h ave snatched a victim of famine from an untimely grave. Our modern philosophers would have blamed him, no doubt, for having anticipated the stat u t or y bene volence of the law, but he would be more than con- soled for such censure by the approbation of his OWII heart, Let any one read the case of the poor Irish sailor, and his four Wretched companions, who were foetid its a state of indescribable misery, on the in clement night of Christmas-day, huddled together on a little straw, under one of the land-arches of Loudon-bridge, in a companionship of wretchedness and despair, dying by inches in this Christian land, while, within a few hundred yards of them, thousands - were revelling in all the luxuries oh life. -Let any our, we say, read this case, end then tell us if the prompt intervention of private charity is supeulluous at all times under our boasted system of poor lOwi. What was the statement of the officer that found them ? Hear* yea whom " plea sure, Wealth, and affluence sorroutui I" Ile said the poor ?creatures had gathered together a little straw, and made a sort of Chamber for themselves under the arch by placing some loose bricks; and they were all huddled together; the sailor more - exposed than any Had the rest, us be was the only h a rdy one o f t h e set . Had they been left in their chamber, the officer said till morning, there would have been no occasion to trouble his Lordship on the subject (they had been brought to the Mansion-house), for the gravedigger would have done their business. To this melancholy statement it-was added by Mr. Teague, the Gover nor of the Compter, that when the poor men were brought to him he found it necessary to send off two of them immediately to the Hospital, as he feared they were dying.. The third was in a very bad state, and was then in the Compter. The sailor came lo very well, and did all he could to assist the unfortunate companions among whom be had fallen ; ;but the condition of the three was dreadful in the extreme—they appeared to be in the last stage of hionan misery! But there is a circum stance which makes this ease still more worthy of observation. It appeared, from the statement of the sailor, that two of his 'comrades under the bridge had told him they had been in lodgings in a parish to which they did not belong; but that the over seer, having ascertained that they were in a bad state of health, and likely to .perish, compelled their landlord to put them out of doors, for fear the parish should be at th e expense Of burying them 1 Many are the instances in which the poor laws are the instruments' of the most in human oppression of that class of people whom they were expressly framed to relieve,. and this in a great measure arises from the law of parochial settlement, which circumscribes charity by the local boundaries of parishes, and abiolutely steels the heart us well as closes the bend against the poor who happen to have their settlement elsewhere, or, like the Irish sailor, to have ire' settlement At all l Thus is the principle of a legal provision for the poor, which is so good in itself, rendered in many Instances of extreme distress worse than nugatory, because it instigates to acts of oppressive and frau dulent expulsion, which often aggravates the misery of the sufferer, and frequently terminates in death. It is true such cruelty is indictable, and, when it has fatal consequences, can be punished as manslaughter in the overseer; but it is then too late, it will be ad mitted, to relieve the victim. The conduct of the Lord Mayor on this occasion does him great credit both as a magistrate and a man. He inquired into.;, each case, and administered relief himself with out waiting for the slower process of the law:' We hope the example will remind others of eti'e Christian precept " to do likewise."—ltfornit4 Herald. We alluded yesterday to the evidence on the trial of several rioters at 'Winchester, from w hi c h it .ssi! peered that the farmers at Selborne were egging NV poor deluded wretches on, and standing by while they forced the clergyman Cobbold to sign a paper, for the reduction of his tithes by more than oneJ half. Of Cobb Old himself we shall here say, that he was a coward to submit, under any intimidation whatever, to any such act; and Baronlraughan said, with great justice, that the farmers were more cri minal than their labourers, find ought to have biiirj placed in the dock to take their trial with them but of this we shall have occasion to speak more strongly and more closely hereafter. We now first ask Cobbold whether he means to redeem his cha racter by prosecuting the farmers who, through their poor distressed labourers, exercised such force upon him ? If not, be acknowledges his signature us a voluntary acr, and is clearly bound by it. With this we shall dismiss him. But the knavery of the farmers ! What scoundrels ! To induce their-la bourers to believe that they should receive higher wages if they would but first endanger their lives for them—if they would but run the slight hazard of the gallows, by murdering the clergyman of the parish if he would not give up his tithesoar is por tion thereof, to them, the farmers. I t seems as if every body conspi re d the destruction of the poor labourers in the county of Hants. 014' Cobbett excites them to the burning of barns and ricks by his lectures, as they charge him with their dying ,words ; and the farmers urge them to mass aere th e clergy with a view to destroy the tithes. And what will the' poor labourer gain by either? Increased misery. By the death of the parson, he will often lose a kind friend: by the destruction of barns and wheat-stacks, he destroys that which is too often his only nutri ment, bread. But let us suppose the tithes all abolished, and the Clergy rooted out, what power upon earth, we then ask, is there to prevent the landlord from laying on the amount, and more than the amount, of the tithe in rent ? The answer is obvious : there is but one power,—that which has abolished tithes. Rent is a tax : destroy the land lord too, if he is stupid enough not to yield to the doctrine; and, horror of horrors, Carlile and Cob bett (we hear nothing of the Devil's Chaplain now) become our only legislators in Church and State NVe shall have holiday days of it then or rather we shall lose our holidays. There will be no Sun day, and the poor will have leave to work all the year round. We press this matter more particularly, because (we have agents or correspondents in every part of the kingdom) we observe universally that the greatest elemourers against tithes are—and we beg cite public to observe it—the greatest savages to their labourers. The mob who; under the in fluence of the farmers, forced the parson at Sel borne to sign away his right, rushed next to destroy the workhouse, the instrument of tyranny exercised over themselves by those very farmers and their overseers. The matter is clear to demonstration. We have already expressed our decided opinion that some modification of the tithe system is de sirable, not more on account of the tithe-payer than of the tithe.receiver : for the present sys tem leads to ill-blood and dissensions between the clergy and their flocks, to the scandal of religion itself. But let us be just : the Clergy are not answerable for the abuse's of the system which they constantly show a readiness to ameliorate. In the sprit of justice, then, we deprecate the abuse of the clergy, and, in the name of law, we will say a few words on the subject of tithe being a tax, and not property, which is now asserted,—as what will not be asserted by impudence to impose on selfish igno rance ? If it be a tax, of course it came out in the budget What Chancellor of the Exchequer laid it on ? Under what Ministry, and in what year, was it imposed ? A tax, indeed I If it were u tax, why was. 'rum trebled with the assessed texesaluring the war? It would be no great advantage to the landholder if tithe were considered us a tax : for, whether it were received by the Government or the landowner, the occupier would find either of them much more oppressive people (and rendering no service in return 1) to deal with than the clergyman. In ear aneient law-books they are briefly defined to be " an ecclesiastical inheritance or property in the church, collateral to the estate of the lands thereof." —ll Rep. 13. A taxl flow can tithe be a tax, when it existed for ages before taxes were invented, and when Kings curried on their wars and paid their servants out of their hereditary revenues? Selden contends" that tithes were not introduced here into England till towards the end of the eighth century" (a pretty old title), " that is, about the year 786."--Selden tif Tithes, 86. And Blackstone, the Commentator, says, " I will not put the title of the clergy to tithes upon any divine right, though such a right certainly commenced, and certainly ceased, with the Jewish theocracy. Yet an honour able and competent maintenance for the Ministers of the Gospel is undoubtedly jure divine, whatever that maintenance may be."-2 Com. 3. Undoubt edly the clergy have great and various duties to per form us the condition on their part of receiving tithes : and it were, we repeat, well if some arrange ment were made respecting them, that migh t prevent squabbles and liti gation . But how can a commutation of any kind take piece, unless the property of the Clergy in tithes be first acknowledged ? Rob. bery and spoliation, and perhaps murder, may take place, as in a revolutionary State ; and what would be the result ? That the farmer would, ultimately, gain no relief ; not only the new acquisition, but the whole property of the landowner would follow, and the labourer be yet more oppressed. But to return to Mr. Cobbold, and the affairs of Se!borne, in the county of. Hants. One poor'creature after another, among the labourers, is condemned at the Assizes at Winchester. But the mob at Selborne was headed and incited by farmers; and, monstrous as the thing may seem, not one of those farmers has been apprehended ! not one put upon his trial ! We are aware that there was a trial on the same day be fore Mr. Justice Parke, in which two farmers were tried and acquitted; but we now speak of the Sel borne case. If this be suffered, there is an end. of all justice whatever. Why are the poor, starving, ignorant ' misled, laboure rs t o b e se l ecte d f or ruin, —to be dragged from their families, and consigned to we know not what sufferings —some even to death, and the farmers to be spared? We speak advisedly —we ,speak from the report of a trial. Cobbold swore that " there were many farmers I present—about ten," when he, under the fear of immediate death, " was forced to sign an agreement to lower his tithes;--.that they were with the mob. and stood looking on." The rioters themselves de clared "that the'farmers had undertaken to raise the r . wages, and that- they - (the mob) had undertaken to get a reduction : of tithes!" Fitt, a farmer, when called to the character of one o f t h e la bourers, was thus addressed by Judge Vaughan :- 1 "JUDGE....i hope you were not ono of those farmers who were present inciting the mob to make the demand on the clergyman ?" Witness Fitt—" 11Iy Lord, I was present at Sir. Cobbold's when the mob was there!" JUDGE—.." Then, Sir, you ought to be ashamed of your conduct," &c.. &c. And again the Judgi thus addressed the wit ness :—" Sir, I must tell Oil bat you may consider yotirself very lucky that yeneare not standing in that doel4" (but why was he net standing in that d oc k? why 'wa s b e not t h ere standisve ask ?) "cha rge d with this offence: I think you merit it as much, or more than any of those poor men who now stand before me. It is really disgraceful to see such a transaction us this by men ip..your condition !" Then follows the most criminal part of all in the conduct of this man Fitt, and no doubt in that of the other farmers. " They afterwards distinguished themselves by their activity in preventing the mob from doing further mischief." Oh yes; they could defend their own property, they could defend that of the parish for which they would have been liable in the rates : but having excited the mob to the destruction of the clergyman, upon the pretence that wages would be raised if tithes were lowered, the wretched objects of their delusion are placed at the bar for trial, and the authors, the fomenters, the only persons benefitted by the riot are at large, and have the infamous audacity to appear as evidence to the character of those whom they havisedeluded ! In the history of criminal proceedings,_ th ere.never was any thing s o monstrous as this. Ftir' . our own parts, we shall never cease from crying " Justice, justice !" till these men are apprehended,-iancl put upon their trial.—Timer. .4 . A little work upo n th e su bj ect o f machinery and the benefits resulting from it has just been put forth by the " Society for the Difftision of Use Know ledge." The work is well timed; and, as it is plainly written, and the illustrations of the principles which it is intended to' inculcate are drttwn from topics familiar to every labourarand mechanic in the kingdom, it will no doubt prove extensively useful. The chief doctrine which it is sought reestablish is, that machinery, by diminishing the cost of pro duction, increases the consumption, end thireby aug ments the demand for labour. If this proposition could be established to the conviction of the labour ing population of this kingdom, it is clear that the destructive operations againtw tnschinety which have lately and are still carried on in the' Southern and some of the midland districts, would be speedily brought to a close. The art of 'printing is adduced as an instance to substantiate thb propoil- Orin.. From the type-founding up to the ultitnetC impression, the operitioe of printing is shown to be one of machinery. And it is shown that this machinery of printing will produce 10,000 copies of a work in one week, by the aid of from sixteen to twenty men, which would require more than ten thousand penmen to transcribe in the same time. This fact being indisputable, and indeed generally understood, the great error into which people usually fall seems to be, that if twenty men with the type end printing presses were restrained from working, by an injunction of the Court of Chancery or by' Act of Parliament, the ten thousand penmen would be culled into action. It requires but little con sideration to chew the fallacy of this conclusion. The printed work could be sold for one shilling; the same work executed by a penman, who would be occupied for one week upon hie task, would oat, paper and profit included, not less than two pounds 1 The purchasers at' this price are of course considerably fewer; indeed the necessity of using the pen for the propagation of the work at all would amount to a prohibition of it. This may be more clearly illustrated by a reference to the Newspaper Press. To how many does not this portion of the Press give employment throughout the United Kingdom ? And it is most certain, that were it not for the invention of printing , and the machinery connected with it, the Newspaper and periodical Press would not exist et all 1 The ma- chinery its use in husbandry, and especially in the grinding of corn into flour, are referred to in the little work under notice. In respect of the former it is shewn that if all husbandry machines were destroyed, the farmer having only a certain fund to expend in wages, would not be able to employ a number of labourers sufficient to give him us good a crop as he had by the use of ma chinery. The result would be that the productions of the soil would be dearer, and the labourer's a t s he be s f a o m re e in nominal quantity of a a w m r a ti g o c e i l i e s n : t, f u o w i r t l o i c o t o il i C i g i s t u n in o t t p h i t e ) i u o r n sc , ah t tan h se e e reby reducing the value of his wages in the inverse ratio of price. If th e consumption of an article be according to the facili ties of obtaining it—and all experience as well as reason teaches that it is so—it follows that the de mand must increase -upon the reduction of price; and increased demand is, in truth, synonimous with in creased labour. Fur, although the article produced be the almost entire work of machinery, and have in point of fact superseded any given number of hands in its invention, the increased consump t i on o gi v esthe t il a n to in t i rta ll t i e s r e ta t t o , which in all probability fully restores th e equili el:runner l e a l b it ou u r i , jo i briutn. Thus, in the case of printing, a l t h oug h r a t r t e h d e u c e e h t a l a c a o e s l t a multitude of industrious penmen may have been thrown out of employment, what numbers have not beers called into action by the establish ment of newspaper and other presses, in every vil lage in the kingdom ? Asa counterpoise to the loss of occupation by the aboriginal scribes, how many bands have been called into operation in the manu facture of paper, in the making of printing ink, in productio ns o f hundred -thousand plied raw material o ut d the stitching, and binding, and v en di ng, of the r il : i f atel : l v .da l r i t i te t i .: dr i e l lh all these different articles proceed ? We might proceed in the same manner through every department of human industry and mechanism, to show that where there is increased demand, the stun total of human labour must, although indirectly, be increased also. But one example is as good as a hundred; and the most minute investigation into would establish, to the conviction of the in the multifarious sources of w ea l t h and lumen in dustry quirer, the uniformity of natufe in all her opera tions.—Morning Post, A NEW WAY TO SAVED.--A. Metho• ilist preacher, not 100 miles from Hoiden, in the county of York, when reading a notice after the sermon, respect• ing the re-letting of the pews in the chapel, said that, in oilier to a person's being saved, it is absolutely necessary that he should pay fora pew or sitting in some place of worship ; for, added he, '6 How Call any one expect to be' saved under a Gospel, unless he pays toivards the support of that Gospel U" FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE. FRENCH PAPERS. (From the Moniteur of Tuesday.) The official part contains the following Royal Ordi nances " 1. M. Merilhou, Minister of Public Education and Eeclesiastical Affairs, is appointed Keeper of the Seals, in the room of M. Dupont de l'Enre, whose resignation is accepted. H - 2. M. Barth 4, President of ens of the Chambers of the Royal Court of Paris, is appointed successor to M. Merilhou. " 3. Colonel Jacquerninot, member of the Chamber of Deputies, is appointed Chief of the Staff of the National Guard of Paris, in the room of M. Carbonnel, whose resignation is accepted." (Non-official Pert.)• PARI3, Dec. 27.—The capital has been perfectly tran quil as on the preceding days. The proclamations and act' of the Government were read with great eagerness, but without tumult or assemblages. '. Battalions of the National Guard were in reserve at the Tuileries, the Luxembourg, and Paleis Bourbon. The Paleis Royal bad only its usual Guard; the people were in no part prevented from walking about as usual. At night the reserves were called back. ,to their respective quarters. (From the Afessager des Chambres, Dec. 29* Pawls, DEC. 28.—The most violent attacks ,tigainst the Chamber of Deputies recommence by the republican opposition. A discussion on the meritd or demutits of that assembly would lead us too far. Let us attend only to what is positive in the state of our affairs. We have not yet any electoral Igo. If the Chambers were .dissolved, it would be necessary to elect a new one according to the old law, and by the 80,000 electots who are spoken of as a privileged class. `. The law which is to call 400,000 citizens to the exercise of, electoral rights has not yet been propbsed by the Govern ment. The new law cannot be discussed except by the.oresent, Chamber. If it i s di sso l ved, there 'Amino an topsail.' tional means to give the country.an electoral law. But the Opposition declares that the Chamber has lost the confidence of the country, and that it is not animated by the spirit of liberty which effected the revolution in July. Thus they desire other elections upon other principles; and yet will not have the Assembly which alone is invested. with the authority and political capacity to vote an elec toral law. Thus the republican opposition plaCes France in a vicious circle, in an inextricable embarrassment, from all which there would be no escape, but by a coup d'elat, which is precisely what was attempted on occasion of the trial of the Ministers of Charles X., but l ithich failed. Now the King is called upon, as a measure for insuring the public safety, to promulgate of his own authority a new election law. It is so sensibly f e lt t th at const i tut i onal France is pl ace d i n a Monstrous position, that nothing less than a monstrous measure is advised. We do not know Whether an illegal and violint measure ia.sucti only while it is employed in support of absolute power like • the ordinances of Charles X., and whether the same conduct is good and prudent when it is employed in, the cause of liberty. Only in reply twili4artisane of liberal c pups detat, we might iltuSte 'the followin g verse front :, ' the . B rutus of 2VAltaitis : "C'est agir en tyrans, " Nous qui les punissons," COUNT LOBA - 1/ - AND M. JTREILLARD. (From the Messaper des Chambres.) General Moutim, C ount d& Lobau, s erve d as a soldier in the ,Republican army during the early years of . our first neeolution. He wes raised by his courage to the highest rank in the army, and every step was gained at:the point of the sword; and noverAlid a single cringing act or word of flattery facilitete'.his advancement. M. de Lobau, a zealous republicap, did not submit without pain to the glory Of a man by whose ambition his straightforward and brave spirit was displeased. He saw 'the sceptre of the Einperor in the fourreau of the soldier. The sanction of the entire country was necessary to gain for Napoleon the friendship of this brave man, who, having become his Aide-de-Camp, preserved, in the midst of .a Palace, the characteristics of stern virt ue and true milit ary frankness. M. .'slis•Lobau, in the days of peril, in our last Revolution, was among the first to run to the breach. He was one of the Mu nieipal Commission who then displaced all the powers of Government ; and he quitted the Hotel de Ville, when he had no more service to do there, to go to the Chamber to vote for the Monarchy of Louis Philippe. Called us witness in the prosecu tion of the Ex-Ministers, he announced himself a soldier—a true soldier—who has e'en all the battle fields in Europe, ,and always presented himself to the fire in the front of spur brave fellows. Thus it was that Latour d'Auvergne never wished to be known as any other than a grenadier. M. de Lobau is devotedly attached to our popular throne, arid his old republican affection rallied without any effort to the support of him whom France has charged with the maintenance of her liberty. Count Treillard has quitted the Prefecture for the Cour Royale of Paris. Though stilt young, be wishes to dedicate his time to the Magistracy in the administration of that code which his father had so much contributed to establish. lie will occupy, sooner or later, in the Court of Cessation, that seat which Napoleon gave to him who has made his name illustrious. M. de Treillard is named a mem ber of the Legion of Honour. His successor, M. Baude, late Under-Secretary to the Minister of the Interior, and twice elected a Deputy within four months, is an extremely active inert, full of ardour, and possessing high powers of mind. Firm and de voted to order, a warm friend to liberty, he orga nized, on the 27th of J u l y, t h e energetic resistance of a .Journal, with which he was then connected, and was one of the first to excite by it the legal resist ance of the citizens. He participated, as Secretary, in the labours of the Municipal Commission, and re fused many times since then high functions, through a feeling of independence. But talents so eminent as his are necessary for the support of power, and the new Prefect of Police will immediately make popular his name, until now but little known to the public. These are the men whom the Government pre sents to France. Such selection, do honour to the Minister of the Interior. As far as our young Monarchy is concerned, the country knows full well that it will never betray its origina DUBLIN, TUESDAY, ITAVP-PAST Two.— ! write this from the Royal Betsle:Collegeltrews; from the windows of which I have a full view of the procession of delegates appointed to present the Address to Mr. O'Connell.. Long before they arrived immense crowds of the poorer claws of tradesmen nod laboilnits occupied the streets from SwAN's Rooms to this point;and a num ber of highly respectable individuals might also be seen, attracted by curiosity to viewsthe procession. A little after two o'clock it reached College-green, headed by Lance- Sergeant CosTer-Lo 'mounted on a splendid mud-coloured Manx chargeri with a switch tail, and followed by 160 well-dressed persons, three a- breast, decorated with orange, green, white, and sky-blue scarfs. The Sergeant's charger was rather difficult to manage, and the con gealed state of the mud put the person of the learned rider in considerable jeopardy. Just as the procession arrived in front of the statue of King WILLIAU, a loud and deafening cheer announced the arrival of an unex pected personage. Every eye was turned to the spot, and the cheers were again repeated on observing the Mar quis of Asr‘mxsza mounted on a real charger, accompa nied by one Aisle-de-Camp, and followed by a single groom, passing through the immense multitude. I never saw a man so completely taken by surprise as Lance-Ser geant Cosret.Lo. The arrival of the Gallant Marquis never entered into his calculation. The people were, therefore, not drilled, as on a former occasion, to keep silence ; and tl.e enthusiastic cheering, which burst warm from their heart*, baffled the agitators, and proved at ones that the gallant high-minded AMILASSA Still retains a strong hold on the love of even the lowest of the democracy. His Excellency appeared evidently delighted at the warmth of his reception, and repeatedly acknowledged the cheers by taking off his hat, and bowing. He rode up Sackville street, to Mountjoy-square, and returned by the CluaYs to the Castle. The precession passed only once round the statue, and I learned, from good authority, that only three Orangemen were in its ranks, and they were discarded, fifteen years ago, from the Society. Every thing passed off quietly. The agitators now say they intend to have a procession of women !...--(From the Aforning Herald Correspondent) THE MARKETS. ei • I SOUTHALL MARKET...Dn.* This day's market exhibit e d a ver y li m it e d su pply Aron, out, and was thinly attended by buyer,. Thetreft• with kind of meat was very dull, at the following prices per 11(-.41 81b. to sink the °Wan:- 2s. ed. to 4s. 10d„ 42.2d; to ss. Mutton 210 46 J Pork 3el= .0 The foregoing quotations are Beef, Veal, and Perk, from 4 to 4d. ; Mutton' d. per stone lower than on this day se'mil , „ Beasts, 134 ; Sheep, 1,664 ; Calves, 33; Pigs, 42. A cond . % able number of the Sheep and Beasts left the market %w ay HAI LS H A 151 MARK ET.—Dee. 29. 3s. Oil. to 4s. Od. Or. Od. to 44. . Mutton 2 8 4 8 Pork 3 4 3 r i A limited supply, and a very dull trade. A a ARUNDEL MARKET.—Dec. 28. r liaef 21.10 d. to 4i. Oct. 31. a to". Mutton 3 4 4 4 Pork._ .3 4 V ft. Supply limited, and trade duU. . CHICHESTER MARKEL—Dec% • 2s. 8.1. to 4s. 10d. 3s. 2d. to 4s. e Mutton 2 8 4 2 1 3 0 3lv ; In Lean Stock very little doing. A short supply, and a di , trade. .L RUMFORD MARKET.--Dec. 29. IL S. d.tos. d. i. d. I. 114 fleet... ...... 2 8 3 6 Veal ••••••••••••••••. 3 B 4 i r 111utton .... .... 210 4 0 Pork , .. Suckling Calves from I 4s. to 345. ; Quarter7:ldP l P l2l3o 18 ‘ e aci ' Supply limited, and trade very dull. COUNTRY CORN MARKETS DURING "nig WEEK 11 Per Quarter. Mandfont Cambridge.., Chard Wheat. s. - I 64 70 - 69 60 70 58 74 62 II 65 74 66 74 66 74 67 77 61 70 56 79 - 64 65 70 66 74 66 23 Barley. 1. lA. Oats. s. to 25 IS - 24 I. 10 IL 145 4 8 ett ; :'te d 20 w•°# 30,17 0 8 't 33 •• zi 3d 4 . " -- 37 4 4 -. T, 37 4 1 2 g 41 , 1911 1 34 . „,4: vr ibip - 33 3g HUhfingdo— .Long Sutton . Louth Newark 30 1 1 4 31 3 0 31 $ 33 37 30 4 0 20 44 35 46 IQ go 19 In 18 94 18 25 20 25 25 32 21 91 ,1 20 2 3 19 25 -.. 96 22 2 5 24 3 5 22 96 Nottingham Peterborough Plymouth Pontefract,,, . v .,,. Sleatbnl , I.lppihana V.ibnecgh ii 46 41 98 3 8 94 43 6sod ug : to nerd. e o a atir erga._wb - ,t. ..... , 4,0 7 0 511). 3 !%31. 0 t0 I oa. _. 041.01.6d.t RatloY.°sllt;K Narovwfcm— , kbe a t: • ' i * pd. i ilarlers' lffl i gas. 6s. od., to 8 „ . 3d. ler 751 b. tog, tht lo th. _ , ., 4 J uste. 561bA 4 s. • 1 LEEI)S CORN MARKET...Dee' 418 ' t I,_ hien In consequence of the severe frost that set in hit we- , w- stpped thr navigation, the arrival of Grain has been very mil' what little New Wheat is up, has been sold at an Advance of ."--, to 24. per quarter, and about 1 , . per quarter on t he. best sample .3 , of Old, Fine Barley may be noted Is. per quarter MOO I I " 41 there has been a better demand for o th er deecriptioas. Go' I ,' , .heart' English Oats 34d. per stone higher. In Skala& Bon' -.: "sc. and Nalt, no alteration. Rapeseed full IL per last lOW' in and dull side. s , h Wheat, Norfoli an Suflblk, 601 b............ ........ 495. to 7 8 s. ~... ----- 8 8.4 eai rle:: Y . O .. rf r :ol ... . kaTan...d:5un..:711:1.k.63.6°..:1.b.................,......".....".........."."........ si lt... t t0 t : 364. 43‘ 734. i ,. : ,.. u it Yorkshire and Lincolnshire.... . ..... 365. to 42L . p --- Grinding ' 20s. to Ws 4 1 , .... ....... ............... Bats, rotatoe . 245. to 2s. .. -- Mogul& Forei g n .............................. to mid. Shelling . Ra i * " cOl. En5i1ti1..0.7c.577.:.....* N. 7.orligq, - 4 . to P er /1 "" LI VERPOOI. CORN EXCHANGE. --Dee. 06., • _ There icas a thin attendance of dealers at this Morni ll 6 101 `...ii k et, and the amount of business transacted was only to a rir , d_ 1 : ,i rate extent. still we advance the quotations of Wheat Id. t no ' per 701 b., and those of Oats fully id. per 451 b., end holden 4t i e "I nerally were very firm at the improvement. In . the other ~.' . . 1 . ) cles of the trade we note no alteration. . 1 0 ri o i loll o ' ti WHEAT. English, White, per 791 b. ........ . ;..... 1 0 0s. 0 0d. 1 Red - 10 9 ------. Scotch, Welch, and Manx . ...... -- Irish, White ............. 0 4 n . 9 9 910 v, , R e d ~........ ..... .. ....... .........m. ~., 10 ' II 2 Foreign.... .............. ..•...... ........... . iv Oars, English, Welsh, and Scotch, per 451 b.... 3 3 3 3 1 . 11 ~ Irish N.. Ire. 0 •••••• ••••••••••••.••••••••••••_ .„. ... . . ,_ ......". Foreign •••••••••••••••••••••• ill tl , e , r ... 7 BAELKY, English, Malting, per Imp. quarter... 46 0 41 2 ; . --•-• Scotch and Irish, per 601110. ...... 6 2 a 4 6 , 410 's ------- Feeding ................. ----- 1 . Irish, &c. .•.......... ............ .. ......... .. . ..,72 y OAI ...............BRANS r i . ; : r g e l i il s h n . .......... .1 ..... pct .... L.1 .. 1 . . q u...u ... t . e . r .. .............. .... ... 4 t: (2,1! 4458 1;0 0 ir i • Pease, English, per Imperial quartet ... ........ 56 11 .50 0 5 ° ° '1 --- E•rein ..... ....... .......... .. ._ _ 0 30 0 Ftot , a, English, per 2301 b. . ............ . .... 51 53 0' 55 ° . 1.•. ---- Irish ..N•»... , ........ OATMEAL, Englishand Irish, per . .401ba es 034 0 Ai , 43 0 4 6 u• , INDIAFe CORM, per 44011). --t S n i y A ß L l r, Pe l p:e p r i o m l i t r i f l e r p e o i a irr quarter iGal a q s u i a r e e rr".t..h....e....‘,‘.«,.."..7k.. ............................................. Wheat. Oats. i Barley. Flour. ~, y,,,,.... • ti: Qrs. Qrs. 11 93. I Foreigni_Brb.ilusb,ke- 8 C" 7 6 7 3 1 , 614 , _... 8,842 3,275 1,164 4 Ibs I ' / - ------- ZHE TUILERIES.—We learn that the forth ii ofo i t n h te e m es:b u li n sb eg m u en alled t of in tb t e he coming romance of " The Tuileries" annprehends a pew. , .. from the first popular triumph in the fall of the Bastille . the victory of Alarango. It is saki lat every character of note figuring durieg that Important intervid-upon the Political g age , i i , istro d u ced into the pare of this ink • resting work. Hill MAJEsTY was solicited the other day t, But Ir• a patronize the Russian horn players, who had the bottot! , sulp:ldemacctr, of French history.. '.. of performing at the Royal Palace, Ili.his when his MOIST' e . 4 replied, that These were not times; to bestow hapa- al troaage upon every novelty of forei g n birth." -. Jest'' in this instance , has shown his wisdom. The ' town ' for the last few seasons, has been sufficiently gulled ~ with troops of foreign minstrels. The Beh erniti2 bre ' ;beret who obtained so much of the public patronage, were Jew Begar.Makeill in the city. The Prague Minstrels were German soldiers out of pg. If the purlieus of the wit el', were to be strictly examined by a mu si cian , voices wolf! ' ~.! be found whose elf-cts, with a little drilling, would be , 1 1 equal to the Bohemian Jews, and any Seed musician woulu ~, not be at a l ees t o organise a band o f wind iustruments With llAReeat WILLItAS, &C. lea., ianaite:y OW 11l 390 , Prising and pleasing than the Prussian aeldiete, Kt cried. up for their performances. The Tyrolese minerals riette4 the. ..._ ) , sum of 15,000/. during the time they *Cat W Dag, land !—Correapondtst of the Times. On Saturday a case of unprecedented oft tw it ?, was brought forward in the Police Court, kilesgew- Dies, . 3 i• man named JOHti hIUSLIAT, a pensioner, residing io Venue!, along with his wife, MAXOARIT Cestrext-14 were put to the bar, accused of having grossly maltreated ' their children.—the one a boy , nine y ears of age; du other a girl, aged seven. No less than $ 2 witnesse s " neighbours of the prisoners, were 'seminar', all of whoa' bore testimony to the barbarous usage to which these on ' fortunate children had been subjected, especially br th e'', o l ifi mothe r a te food,l , female delinquent, who was their step mother. The gir ' Was quite unable to stand up , owing to the ayatemeti ' course of cruelty and starvation of which she bad be grant, victim; her skin was dry and shrivelled, betokening .: ru s eileti n n d u l i t n e eed r ye f rya ac he s sp an ticaraa d ia o tind ther " p a n rt i s va bo s re pec ts ta n t eq er u r f ora th, ' . , , proofs of violence. It was proved that this unfeeling gel' of opiesion towards thes e . wretched children --she Otptal iciest them by the throat 4 bald their faces to- the re, and then dash them to ground, whilst their puaillanimous father, if he did not' take an active hand in these moat *musters! proceeding!! demoniacal cruelty of his w(fd. The regular allowan ce o victuals for the day was a halfpenny worth of brea that t d eac I h . hut so much were the children afraid to go Lome, he frequently chose to want altogether rather than run the risk ; on which occasion it was proved that they subsistee on the most wretched refuse, and wvuhl afterwards tisk 4 shelter fur the night in stairs, byres, or other outhouse' i The charge was clearly proved a g ainst Cestrettle wb was sentenced to 60 days' confinement in Bride well; by. ` 4 the evifletw.m being cletialtive as to the guilt or tbe'fathei r was disnuesed.—Glasgow CAT onci 1f see : 1 BIRTHS.On the 30th inst. inßsick-square, Dirt. Ching:', of a daughter. tIo, ~ On the 30th inst. in Estoa-place, 13elgrave-square, lady of John Farquhar Frew, barrister-at -law, of a; daughter. On the 27th init. Olt . the wife of Mr. U. iro_ 'if the Globe, Lisson-grove, Marylebone , wi ne sad brandy.roer• chant, of a daughter. .1 MARRIED. 1 Oil the 23d inst. at All Hallows' C h urch, Lombard. street, Mr. Joseph Thomas, of No. 4, Birchirt-lena, $ O: l' Ann E. Fairer, only daughter of Mrs. Allison, lite *1, 4 Finch-lame. E.o O c a nh t tr h hk e ee, 3 2 o E7 t ts h hq. inat. at St. James's Church, E. 11. Cole,!' Bag., eldest son of Stephen Thomas and Lady Elizabeth:, Cole, to Mary, widow of Lord Henry Seymour Mooreq and daughter of Sir If. Parnell, Bart. Lineoln's-inn, to Mary Anne Coffin, 11 11 d 1°Y111 : 1 4 E b 71;r°:4 a . i o n f lL Cl:e t sh C un h t el . a DIED. * in Onhis ?sth year. inst. at his house, in Devonshire - o i,, the Rev. William Holwell Carr 8.D., F.R.S.I ke. of '1 Exmouth, Devon, and Vicar of hienhenniett, in Cornwall.d On Christmas:day, at Wood-end, near Chichester, the b Right Hon. Lady Louisa Mary Lennox, widow of the 44 Gener a l Lord George Lennox, and grandmother of th e ,; present Duke of Richmond. On the 29th inst. at her housi On the 19th inst. Wm. Strait, Esq., q Derby, F. 8 .8., i year. Moulton. • * On the 12th inst. in Upper Eaton-street, Grotetoge place, Lieut. N. Breton, H. P. of the 36th itegim il t, 4 in Baker-street, Mrts l' , elder son of the late Geone Breton, Esq., of the eottot, of Cork. ____—.............. PAINTED AHD PUBLISHED BY IklUltDO'YOtTliCii VIZ SUN OfFICX, 112, 6 TR AND, Loma*