The Sun. — London, England, 1863-04-11 00:00:00

THE INSURRECTION IN POLAND, (From ae limes' Special Correspondent.) BRESLAU, April 7. The Poles have returned to guerilla tactics, and military events are comparatively scarce. This is a remark equally applying to all parts of the country. From the nature ofl this kind of warfare it is not only hind work for the pursuer to come up with the pursued, but even when caught and brought to a momentary stand the rebel will give him no oppor tunity for a decisive and ringing blow. Thus, while tussles abound, there may be a want of fights and serious encounters. That this is the state of things in the present lull will be shown by a survey of last fortnight's actions. The National Government is of opinion that to surrender to Russia would be the worst policy to be hit upon. They place some reliance upon France, and are, on the other hand, assured that the crime of rebellion will be as little forgiven by the Czar now as atter a few months' continued indulgence. With the nobility and townspeople continuing at their disposal they have as yet no lack of ardent patrio's to fight the desperate fight they have entered upon. Both the patriotism of the people and the dread of their terrible messengers keep them in cash and supply the moderate sinews of war required. In a country like Poland, where the prevalence of poverty is in direct ratio to the absence of wants and a relish for war, it is not very surprising, after all, that a might flame should have been kindled by the Tartar Government of a soi-disant European Power. To calculate its duration is in many respects, however, a purely psychological task. But for the want of arms ten times the present number of insurgents might be sent to the field. The majority are artisans and journeymen la bourers, with a strong ingredient of youngsters from the educated class. Of peasants, those only along the Prussian frontier and of Lithuania have been as yet gained over for the cause. In Cracow, Radom, and Lublin, more especially, the agricultural popu lation is too deeply steeped in ignorance and bru tality to take up any cause advocated by the lords of the soil. The early approach of summer will necessarily bestow considerable advantages on the guerilla troops. When Langiewicz fell the Russians were too ex hausted to follow up the pursuit with the extreme rapidity required. They would have been compe tent enough to beat him in battle, but to run after thn dispersed troops, besides being out of their way, was no easy job after the incessant marching that preceded success. Thus we find them requiring a week to move on to the Austrian frontier, and occupy the more important places in sufficient strength. As the reader may recollect, the force assembled to insure the capture of General Lan gicwicz amounted to 15,000 or 20,000 men. The object being partly obtained, about one-half were marched off to Kielce and Lublin, the other being reserved for disposal along the boundary line ; but it was not before the end of March that the latter movement had been fully executed, and garrisons provided for a dozen points admitting of passage to and from with the greatest ease. Proceeding from the West, garrisons were, by the Ist of April, provided at length for Sosnowice, Micha lowioe, Macki, Olkusk, Skala, Michow, Pros nowice, Ignolomia, Tzyce, Strzmieszyce, Strs zow, Stobnica, and a few other places, all situate within a distance of 20 miles, and intended to seal up intercourse with the heart of rebellion in the South. In addition to the 8,000 men thus em ployed as many more have been formed into flying columns of about 1,000 each, and are engaged in scouring the country, south of Kielce, between the northward course of the Vistula and the Prussian frontier. Several thousand more are kept in reserve at Kielce, Radom, and Czenstochow. I have repeatedly alluded to the fact that the concentration of this powerful force has been only possible at the cost of authority in the North, Plock, Podlachia, and Augustowo had to be drained of half their garrisons to allow of more efficient measures being adopted in Cracow and Sandomir. We sha soon perceive, however, an apparent discrepancy existing as yet between effort and effect. The loca lity is cleared of Polish forces, but it is chiefly be cause they have split up into diminutive bands. So far from having entirely disappeared, they have only multiplied, and partly, it is true, shifted the scene of their activity a short distance inland. It is evident something more is required to cope with re bellion than to adopt a rational system, and do the several districts individually with an overpowering force. Over and above the system there is agility wanted in the men and decision in the leaders. If it took them a week to dispose themselves along the border line after the catastrophe of Welce, we can not but infer that, though their ultimate victory re mains the more probable alternative provided the right system be persevered in, the bands will yet give the Russians a deal of trouble even in the counties of Cracow and Sandomir. By a report re cently circulated they have begun forming guerilla volunteers, drawing better pay and enjoying higher privileges than the rest of the soldiery ; but the Russian is too indolent and has too little of indivi dual character to achieve any remarkable feats in a hurry, and when left to his own resources in small detachments. He fights well enough in a regiment, bat his courage forsakes him in a patrol. Having taken this rapid glance at the Russians, we now turn to the insurgents, and the state of the cause in the old roving ground of their fugitive chict Of the 10,000 men remaining with Langie wicz on the morning of his flight, about 1,000 Effected their escape to Lysa Gora and the hills of Swiety Krzyz. There they continue unmolested, under Czachowski and Dowgiello, having been at tacked but once, on venturing from the hills, at Kozienica, on the 25th and 26th. Their menacing Kielce, reported the other day, seems to have taken place only in the fancy of enthusiastic admirers; yet they have managed to keep the Russians in constant alarm for a distance of 20 miles, and, in a particular case, created considerable 1112 t, finess as far as Miechow, whence a detachment was actually sent to the assistance of the northern garrisons. Of the remaining thousands a third part have entirely disappeared from sight, and, as the Polish papers hint, are re-forming in some mysterious locality. Many of them have probably fallen in the heat of pursuit, and others may be hidden, and passed off for respectable artisans by the townspeople of the neighbourhood. An equal number, it is computed, sought refuge in the woods and hills of the border, breaking up into small detachments, and clinging together, if not from fear, from courage. About 3000, which is the residue to be accounted for, crossed the frontier, seeking protection in Austrian territory. 1,000 of these—always speaking in round numbers — never gave themselves up to the authorities ; but, finding food and shelter among their Galician compa triots, disposed of themselves according to pleasure. Again, those who fell into the hands of the authorities did not, by any means, intend staying there f or goo d and all. 2,000 the Kaiser received with open arms, but about 1.200 he allowed to depart again. En couraged by the agents of the Cracow Committee, and fired by the enthusiasm of the Galician townspeople, the gallant fugitives seem to have wended their way back almost upon the day of their arrival on Austrian ground. Having been left in convenient vicinity of the frontier, the return took place along the entire distance from Cracow to Sitniawa and Opatowice. They went in bands from 20 to 30, dug out the arms they had concealed before leaving Poland, and collected in the woods, ready to begin the old game afresh. They have been all told, however, by the committees that, if holding out but a little longer, they will be sup ported by the French and avenged upon those horrid Muscovites they have been taught to fear and learnt to despise in the course of so many suicidal wars. With this charming prospect in view, and the giddy Polish blood boiling in their veins, what else is re quired to convert them into eo many ardent war riors eager for the fight ? From the 24th, when the Russians fired upon an Austrian railway train while passing the frontier, the returning insurgents ever proved the plague of the hardly pacified district. The train coming from Cracow was to be stopped at Macki, the border town and Customhouse of the locality, but, in spite of several discha rges, ran on, sett i ng d own it s insur gent load at a short distance from the disappointed picket. On the 25th and 26th Czachosyski, rein forced probably by the tide flowing in a different direction, fought his successful encounter of Ko zienica. On the same day small bands, numbering between 50 and 100 men, were perceived near Olkusg and Miechalowice, while another and stronger force passed the Vistula on their way back near Opatowice. The day after Jezionauski re turned with several hundred men by way of Por zemba, leaving orders for those who remained behind to follow as soon as possible and meet him at Luchow. On the 27th, I find, a band of some hundred men came in sight at Walbrom, which on the day after was occupied by a Russian column. The 28th was marked by the appearance of 200 men at Panki, the 29th by that of 100 at Moszanica, and the 30th by rather less than 100 at Olkusz. On the Ist of April they fought, and, although not vic torious, were not defeated, at Z , zyce. Considering that all these bands were discovered in the imme diate neighbourhood of Welce, and the scene of their grand defeat, the guerilla war, we are led to believe, has not seen its extinction with the remo val of one of its most accomplished leaders. It mast be also taken into account that in guerilla war, when the bands are found out and started, this must be taken as proof sufficient for the exist ence of many more. Though not very dangerous, and, indeed, rather unobtrusive in the neighbour hood of Cracow, they are even now sufficient to pro long rebellion, and force Russia into a trial of power and perseverance which, even if gone through suc cessfully, will entail upon her considerable loss and permanent injury. I n L u bli n an d Lithuania, as we shall see in the course of the survey, this danger continues to be coupled with the more imminent peril of revolutionary success. Both the Russian and the National Government outbid each other in their anxiety to secure the good will of the peasants. While Russia is going to ex tend the Lithuanian Ukase to Poland proper, and dissolve all connexion between landlord and tenant, the National Government has forbidden proprietors to accept the Easter instalment on the price of the peasants' allotments. By the Russian measure the peasant will be obliged to pay his instalments to Government, the latter, it is understood, reserving to itself the right of refunding the money to the individual proprietor, according to his political deserts; the Polish decree refers the proprietor to the future naticnal exchequer, and, as we see, is quite earnest in cancelling the debt of the party obliged. Between the two impoverishing decrees the Polish nobility have a fair prospect of losing the little property they managed to save from the grasp of Nicholas I. (From a Berlin Correspondent.) BEr.LIN, April 8. A letter from Kowno contains interesting particu lars of the insurrection, which in that district, it says, is on the increase—new bands forming, and old ones growing in strength. The peasantry, it adds, are generally well affected to the insurgents, and the Imperial ukase, intended to prevent them from joining in the revolt, has little effect : The insurgent bands form themselves in the following manner :—The nucleus is composed of stu dents, young noblemen, clerks and employes from the towns, artisans, &c.; around these muster pea sants, and the band establishes itself in some favour able forest district. The arms are single and double barrelled fowling-pieces, few rifles, pistols, revol vers, and swords of various kinds. Those who have no firearms are furnished—until such time as they shall have conquered for themselves a gun—with pikes or scythes, manufactured in the camp in im provised smiths' and armourers' forges. Moveable columns, as they are called, are sent against the insurgent bands. When the latter consider them selves in a favourable position they accept the com bat, and otherwise they give way and retire. The troops very seldom penetrate into the woods, but , return to their headquarters without having over taken the insurgents, Unhappily these military expeditions leave the most deplorable traces behind them. It is incomprehensible that the superior officers of the Russian army can allow such robbing and plundering to take place. I can again cite to you remarkable instances of Russian excesses. Near the little town of Kejdany there was a moveable column, commanded by Col. Dellingshausen. In the night of March 27 and 28 two cavalry outposts were disarmed by some insurgents. To discover these latter, the troops, led on by the said colonel, attacked the little town and completely sacked the mansion of its proprietor, Count M. Czapski. " On the 29th the house of Madame von Fergits- Winsentow was plundered and burnt because it was alleged that some insurgents had halted there. A woman servant, who endeavoured to save the cattle, *as thrown into the flames. The consequence of Such proceedings is that, among the country people, el panic terror of the Russians prevails, and on their tipproach everybody who can move flies from the Villages. This may be one cause that they are so ill-informed of the movements of the insurgents. On the 28th ult. a company of the Ist battalion of harpshooters was almost annihilated by the insur gents, who had chosen a very favourable position, firing down from a steep, sandy, wooden eminence upon the troops, who had the hill on their right 11and and the river on the left, and were thus com pletely exposed. Of the whole company very few escaped. To-day (April 1) Gen. Lichatscheff re turned hither from the Augustowo Government, with a regiment of Dragoons and eight guns. A few hours after his arrival official news came in that the insurrection had broken out again, and more violently than before, in the district he had just left. The railway train to Wirballen, which left this at 2 p.m., has come back from the first station. The station of Koslowa-Ruda has been attacked, and the garrison, consisting of 80 men, annihilated by the insurgents. Towards evening an extra train, with two companies of infantry and 30 Cossacks, was despatched to that place, but it was said that they have been repulsed with loss. In the last four days reinforcements have been received here. To-day three wounded Russian officers and six carts of wounded soldiers were brought in from beyond the Wilia. "April 2.—The train from Wirballen has arrived. The news of the defeat of the Russians at Kos lowa-Rnda is confirmed. During the past night a band of insurgents penetrated close up to the town. They 'showed themselves before the Carmelites, a building in which are a military hospital and a-pri son for political offenders. After the garrison had been alarmed, they disappeared and left no trace. I have just been witness of a cruel spectacle. Seven insurgent prisoners, four of them wounded, were brought in from Koslowa-Ruda. Instead of taking the wounded men total hospital, the soldiers paraded them about, bleeding as they were, with their three companions, through the principal streets of Kowno. This seems done to deter others from revolt." LAW AND JUSTICE. —The sum £2,780,341 has to be voted by the House of Commons for law charges for the current year—an increase of £17,033 over the vote of last year. One entirely new vote makes its first appearance this year, namely, for the Land Registry office, established under the Act of last session ; the vote proposed is of £3,300 for the period from August last to March 31, 1863, and £5,030 for the financial year commen ding at this last date; of fees received not a syllable is said, , thie Charge in these votes, the charge for the Irish Consta bulary, is less than last year's by £19,851 ; the expense of providing the men with Enfield rifles is over, and the out lay for clothing is smaller this year. On the other hand, the expense of criminal prosecutions at assizes and quarter ses sions is estimated at £23,000 more than in last year. The charge for prison and convict services is £44,000 more than last year; the increase occurs partly in the maintenance of 600 convicts in probationary discipline in county gaols, and of other sentenced prisoners in county gaols and reforma tories, and partly also in the growing expense of Broadmoor Criminal Lunatic Asylum, as it becomes more fully occupied, the charge for it rising from £17,400 last year to £30,965, Provision is made for 10,466 prisoners in Government con vict prisons at home—an increase of 415 over last year ; there are also nearly 3,000 convicts to be provided for in Australia and Gibraltar; and charges are made for provid ing for the transportation of 900 convicts to Australia, and 300 to Gibraltar. The votes, however, are not confined to the charges of criminal justice ; that,, is the £160,000 for the county courts—the estimated deficiency after allowing for the fees paid by the suitors ; there is £17,850 for 85 revising barristers at £2lO each, and a number of other items. If to the whole amount of these votes we add £690,253, payable out of the consolidated fund for other charges of courts of justice, we shall find that the administration of justice for the year will require from the public purse £3,470,600, to which may be added about £1,200,000 for local police rates. These sums, keep out of law individually as we may, we must raise and pay by rates and taxes, subject to such reduction or repayment as may be obtained by fines and fees levied. THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, APRIL 11, 180. DISCOVERIES IN ROME. (From the Builder ) The Church of St. Nicolo in Carcere has been closed for repairs during about 17 years, but we are assured that the elow advancing works are, at last, near to completion, and that this ancient building amidst the quaint irregular streets near the Tiber, where once stood the Forum Olitorium (or vegetable market), beyond the line of the Servian walls, will be re-opened, and restored in a style of splendour, but preserving its leading features of basilica architecture, within six months hence. All are familiar with the story of " The Roman Daughter," and the prison consecrated into a temple of piety to commemo rate the act by which she saved aparent's life—one example of the reverence entertained for domestic virtue amidst whatever corruption of manners in ancient Rome. But arch asologists have destroyed the claims once admitted for a spot supposed to be that story's theatre—the subterranean cell below a temple of the republican period, included within the St. Nicholas Church. That in this celebrated incident the relationship of the personage was different from that generally assumed, and often represented by art, a mother, not a father and daughter, being the real actors in the scene in which the life of one was saved by nourishment from the other's breast, must be admitted on the credit of the only reliable classic authorities by whom it is men tioned—Pliny, " Hist Nat." vii. 36, and Valerious Maximus, 1. v. c. 4. For the version which presents the subject, more pictorially indeed, as a father's life thus saved by a daughter, we have only the less trustworthy report of Solinus, " Polyhist," and Festus, in " Pietate ;" whilst Pliny states distinctly that the temple dedicated to Piety on that prison site (a sacellum, or chapel according to Sollinus) was, among several edifices, swept away to make room for the theatre begun by Julius Caesar and finished by Augustus, with dedication to Mar callus. The other Temple of Piety being in the immediate vicinity, we may understand how the two became con founded, and one at least positively mistaken for the other by ecclesiastical authorities, amidst the ignorance of Me diasval Rome in regard to all concerning her own antiquities. Till the sth century of our era, it is supposed, this temple still remained entire; and in the 9th century was raised above its then ruined structure the church known as " St. Nicholas in the Prison," a name expressing the popular tradition —source, no doubt, of a special privilege possessed by it from the time, it is said, of St. Damasus (who held this cure before becoming pope), namely, that all the pri sons in Rome were subject to the jurisdiction of its clergy as pastors of their parochial centre. A benefactor and re storer of this parish church was the Cardinal Borgia, who became Pope Alexander VI. ; and in 1599 was built the façade still standing, on an obscure piazza, from She design of Giacomo della Porta. Certain it is, that on this site stood the Temple of Piety, built, or at least founded, A.U.C. 573, in fulfilment of the vow made 10 years previously by Acilius Glabro, on occasion of his victory over Antiochus, the Syrian king, at Thermopylae ; but dedicated by that con queror's son, who placed before its front a guilt equestrian statue of his father, mentioned by Livy (1., x., c. 34), as the first "status aurata " seen in Rome. Earlier, about - the end of the sth century, a temple to Hope near the same spot, had been dedicated by Attilius Collatinus, who triumphed over the Carthagenians in the year 497, and had twice been consul. This, first restored after a fire in 640, was rebuilt under Augustus, to be dedicated anew, after his death, by Germanicus; and in its extant ruins Canina points out ornamental features added on to the lonic of the primitive building, in style evidently of the early imperial period (see "Esposizione Topog. di Roma Antics"). The third of the adjacent temples, here forming one group, was dedicated to Juno Sospita by the Censor Cornelius Cathe gus, four years after he had vowed its erection previously to engaging in battle with the Cisalpine Gauls and luau brians in the year of Rome 559. Of this last we have no further record, save in the Catalogues of the Regionaries, Victor and Rufus, showing that it still existed, probably entire, about the end of the fourth century of our era. The first excavations with the object of discovering these ruins under the church by which all these temples had been absorbed, buried beneath modern buildings, were, in 1808, directed by the architect Valadier ; and the results led to establishing beyond all doubt the fact that the three fanes had stood parallel from east to west, the central being that to Piety, and of largest dimensions, approached from the Forum Olitorinm by 15 steps, its entire area measuring 105 feet by 50 feet. Surrounded by a Doric peristyle of fluted columns in peperino, with six in double file along the front and back, 11 in single file along each side, it was therefore a hexastyle peendodipteros. A portion of the pedestal for the equestrian figure of Acilius Glabro was dug up near its front, so placed that it appeared to have divided the first 10 steps of the outer staircase into two branches; and along the remains of a projecting basment or socle, adorning the fa. , Bade, were found several quadrate niches between pilasters, destined, as Niddy infers, for the bronze tablets of Fasti, here displayed to public view on the forum. Opposite is supposed to have stood the Columns Lectaria, a pillar at which it was the inhuman practice of paganism to leave in fants exposed for the chance of being taken to nurse by some compassionate stranger. The church of St. Nicholas has arcades and columns, dividing nave and aisles under a flat coppered ceiling, the Corinthian capitals and marble shafts beingunequal, and from their irregularity manifestly the spoils of sonic classic and splendid edifice. We descend into the confessional, an elliptic chamber recently constructed below the high altar, and thence pass through a spacious modern vault, under the sanctnary,into a long dark corridor, vaulted in modern brickwork, along each side of which runs a substructure in enormous square blocks of travertine, in terrupted at irregular intervals by small quadrate cells, whose walls are of peperino, alike massive, all of the same dimensions, scarcely in any part ruinous, but without inclo sure or any remnant of walls in front; and this absence both of masonry and doorways to guard the entrances cer tainly does not consist with the theory of imprisonment being the destined purpose of these interiors. The old ens tode, whose one idea on the subject is continually dinged into our ears, with repetition of the words "careers, car cere," improves indeed on the favourite version of the " Roman Daughter" story, by converting the mother not merely into a father, but a senator of Imperial Rome, who was undoubtedly confined here I The above-described travertine structure is surmounted at regular intervals by the basements and shafts of a peperino colonnade, here seen in very imperfect glimpse, the upper part of all of the pillars being built up in the church wal above. Hence we pass into two other parallel corridors, each lined, but only along one side, with similar cells con structed in peperino, opening from a projecting front of tra vertine. At one end of the corridor, running southwards, we reach a flight of steps, antique, leading to a doorway, and this egress opens on a narrow winding passage now blocked up at a short distance by fallen masonry. The walls each side of this doorway are reduced to mere rubble work, without any incrustation of hewn stone; and the custode sagaciously assures us that this mysterious passage leads as far as the basilica of St. Sebastian on the Appian Way, at least three miles distant I A large chamber, in masonry,similar to that of the cells, opens at the end of one corridor, and another, still larger, is now only visible through a gap in the modern walls, completely shut in by the re stored vaults under the church's tribune. The shaft and Doric capital of one of the columns, imperfectly seen be low, is recognised, half embedded in a niche, after we have zeturned to the aisle of the church; and opposite, in the southern line of walls, are partly visible some other pepe rino columns, of which seven may be fully seen from a narrow court external to the building on this side. In another court off the northern side are several fragments of architectural ornaments, some in marble, now set into a wall for better display, their rich character in a few in stances contrasted with the simplicity distinguishing all else in these ruins. More interesting is what we see after ascending to a platform immediately under the old belfry, where we stand between two files of walls and cornices—to the north the Temple of Hope, to the south that of Piety, alike built in peperino, one loftier than the other, with cor nice better preserved, the details of the egg-moulding 8011 clear, though not unworn by time, with a frieze below, along i.vhichare numerous indentures, evidently the holes for nails, by which were fastened letters of a varnished inscription. The opposite lower cornice is less perfect and less strongly marked in its relief details. Still higher, ascending to an: other terrace, we see several courses of the masonry belong ing to the Temple of Piety ; and these terminate in a broken arch of very massive structure, the complete span of which must have been considerable. Among antiques appro- priated to sacred use in the church is a sarcophagus of the finest green porphyry, with two expressive Medusa heads in low relief on each front, this being destined for the relics under the high altar, to be surmounted by a canopy resting on four columns of Oriental alabaster. The excavations on the height immediately above the An tonine Therm are continuing, as has been the case during the last six years, but now apparently rather in the object of giving employment to the youths of the teformatory for juvenile culprits located at this old convent than with any expectation of great results. Several brick constructions, in the style of the later imperial period, and a series of pa rallel arched chambers with entrances walled up, under one wing of the inhabited buildings, attest the foundation of some extensive edifice on this elevated ground. For some time archaeologists were at a loss to divine further, still less determine, when the discovery, in '59, of a few words on a water-pipe, proved sufficient to identify beyond doubt-- ABI PRAEF VRB, explaining the destination of this site for the palace of Fabius Chilo, the Domus Cilonis of the Regionaries, its master having been prefect at Rome, consul in the years .98 and 204, and at one time preceptor of Antoninus Ca- racella, who was on the point of sacrificing him, together with the countless other victims put to death after the murder of Geta, as suspected friends of that higher victim. some of the brickwork ruins have been swept away since the discovery here ; and we were sorry to observe the dila pidation of a more important structure in their vicinity, do sacroirab , an — d a e r n emn g ra a v n e t d o i f n the declivity o n w hi ch this convent stands now built into their S l e V r m vian Gt' f l o r r s tifi " c i a ' t o i p on og s ra a p g h a y in o st f the inclosure wall on the side overlooking the valley be tween this and the Palatine Hill. Only two courses, in large squared blocks of volcanic Alban stone, are left—con siderably less than appears in Gelrs pages. Some time ago a proprietor of enterprise in such under takings, Signor Guidi, began other excavations not far frum this spot, immediately below the southern end of the Anto nine Therrow, outside the great inclosed area of those ruins, though within the quadrangle of porticoes and Chambers once surrounding them, now, indeed, amok entirely lost save on one side. Two stories of subterranean halls, appa rently independent of the baths, and belonging to some splendid residence, were here uncovered (for the most part within the last few weeks), both having pavements in black and white mosaic, or gracefully designed floral and folial subjects, but without figures or other representations. The walls are covered with colour, mostly deep red, divided by quadrate borders of different tints ; and within these com partments are figures, some well preserved, others scarce traceable. Most of the mosaic pavement has fallen in from the upper story, encumbering the floor below, to which we can only descend by a ladder, no staircase remaining. But the principal extent of halls is still subterranean, there be ing in this part but one story under the ground cultivated as a garden immediately above. Here the wall paintings are more perfect, and cover almost the entire surface ; but as they became inaccessible, owing to the influx of water from an inundation of the Tiber, shortly after their recent discovery, and the works have been in consequence sus pended, we are unable to supply fuller report as to these in teriors in their present state. The activity within the sphere of sacred archwologic pursuits and research for their illustration under the present pontificate has demanded a special record of re suite ; and this desideratum is promised satisfaction, with all possible advantages of intelligent interpretation, by a monthly issue from the pen of Di Rossi, first among living authorities on Christian antiquity in Rome. Hi s " Bulle tino di Archeologia Cristiana" began its welcome career last January, in pamphlet form of ample contents, with fac simile epigraphs and outline engravings occasionally inter spersed over the text, and has hitherto proved indeed worthy of its distinguished editor. The first number gives a full ac count of the discoveries under his direction in the catacombs on the Appian Way, begun in 1848, and resulting, two years later, in the opening of a crypt, at the foot of its an cient staircase, adorned by paintings, among the most im portant yet found in these Christian hypogees ; also, the opening, in 1857, of another crypt belonging to the cata combs of Pratextatus, whose vaulted roof is covered with paintings of much beauty, ascribable, as here shown, to the period of the Antonine Emperors. The second number re • ports with full details on the subterranean church of St. Clemente, and its interesting archaic contents, some of its paintings being ascribed by Di Rossi to the 9th, others to the 10th and the latter years of the 11th century. Else where are described the frescoes lately found in the most an cient section of the S. Lorenzo basilica—tne Virgin and Child, and the figures of five male and five female saints in this grouping, are allowed claims to antiquity at least as high as the 10th century. Besides this new periodical, we have the Bulletin of the Archaeological Institute, conducted by the Germans, to whom that association pertains; also monthly, and very well compiled, but rather appropriated to classic than sacred antiquity; nor is there any other re gular report of the archzeological researches in Rome save at the sessions of " Accademie"—amidst which deficiencies we have the greater reason to hail with pleasure the under taking of Di Rossi. The site of the ancient Aricia, but the highest point of which is occupied by the modern village of that name, is now being excavated by Signor Fortunati, to whose ex. ploring energies we owe the discovery of the beautifully painted tombs and the St. Stephen basilica, on the Latin Way. A private society for excavating purposes has lately found the remains of an antique villa on the Campagna, near a village named Prima Porta, on the Tiber; and close to the little port on that river, within the city, was recently disinterred a pedestal bearing the dedication, Dive Antonino, Casts from all the reliefs referring to Trajan, on the Arch of Constantine, have been executed for the Emperor of France; and, thus reproduced, these noble sculptures may be far better appreciated. The Atrocious Assault by the Russians on a British Subject. IA letter dated Cracow, April 4, says : The Secretary of the British Embassy at Vienna arrived here a few days ago to inquire into the circumstances attend ing the attempted murder of Mr. Finkenstein, who, strange to say, is recovering, and is now able to walk. The descrip tion of Mr. Finkenstein's passport, as entered in the books of the frontier station at Baran, has been examined, and his account of the onslaught made upon him by the Russian soldiers taken down, read over to him, and duly attested. a To my former narrative of this horrible affair I may now add some particulars supplied to me (at my own request) by M. Bielski, the proprietor of Gebutlow, the village where the outrage was perpetrated. Mr. Finkenstein only knew that after he had remained for some time in his carriage (on Sunday morning, the day after his capture), guarded by a Junker and four sentinels, four Poles were brought to his side, and that immediately afterwards a furious attack was made upon them and upon himself by the soldiers, against which the efforts of the officers to save the prisoners proved quite unavailing. It appears that for about an hour before the massacre of the prisoners the Russians had been engaged in searching and robbing the house of M. Bielski. The major commanding the Russian column (composed of several com panies of the Smolensk Regiment of Infantry and the bri gade of shorpshooters, with a detachment of Cossacks and dragoons) was present endeavouring, by a judicious use of the revolver, to restrain the excesses of his men. In going over the house to look R. arias the soldier° etola whatever they could lay hands upon; they also assaulted and wounded many of the servants, but in prim," of their determined chief they were obliged to preservo a certain decorum, and confine themselves to pocketing chimney ornaments and other portable articles when his eyes were turned another way. An officer of Cossacks entered the room where M. Bieleki's wife and daughters, with several other ladies, were col lected, wearing his cap, whey the major at once knocked it off. With this one exception all the officers seem to have done their duty as gentlemen end men of honour. I asked M. Bielski why the Major, who was perpetually exhibiting hi s revo l ver, did not mak e use o f i t an d s h oot one soldier in or d er t o di s courage the oth ers , "He was on the point of d o i ng so, " w al'4 the reply, " b u t we en t reate d him not to. It would have been the signal for a general massacre of the officers. The major was the only one who could enforce a ny sor t of obedience; and yet, w h en h e menaced one of the men, and said to him, I. have a bullet here for you,' th e answe r made to him was, And I have two for you."' The fury of the soldiers was so great at not being allowed to pillage the house that I‘l. Bielski, for the sake of his tamily and of a number of visitors who were staying with him, offered to give it up to plunder. He also proposed to constitute himself a prisoner, on condition of being allowed to send the ladies away; but the major would hear of no thing of the kind, and said that, the search for arms finished, the soldiers should go, and that no one shoulcr be injured. When the troops were ordered to leave the chateau of Gebultow they b e g an t o growl like beasts deprived o f th e i r prey, and a t t h e first comma nd did no t move a step. The major rep ea t e d the order i n a per em pt ory t one, and a cry was then r a i se d of 64 He's an insurgent I He's a Pole I He's against the Emperor I" M. Biel s ki' s w i fe an d d au ghter, a b eau tif u l li tt l e g i r l o f six or se ven years of ago, n ow r e ti re d t o th e c h ape l w i t h the ladies w h o were stay i ng at the house, an d wen t d own on their knees, expecting every moment to be assassinated. Bielski remained with the major, who preserved all his calmness, and : ultithately succeeded in driving the ruffians out. They went into the court-yard cursing and blasphem ing, and muttering that they would burn the house down before they had done with it. _ The major was endeavouring to form the column, and giving directions to the officers, who could not get the men together, when a number of soldiers of the Smolensk Regiment called out " Kill the prisoner," and rushed to wards Mr. Finkenstein's carriage, by the side of which four tocers knocked who happened downand Polish prisone rs were stan di ng un d er t h e guard of a Junker tn how they attitude were ultimatelyof w and four senti ne l s. H ow th e p r i soners were saved for a mo mento be ar, b o y th,e and energetic bayoneted, has already been told. You may remember that three of the Poles were killed on the spot; the fourth, like Mr. Finkenstein, was left for dead. • M . Beilski saw the massacre from the door of his house, and hastened to inform the major of it. The major struck his forehead in despair when he heard that Mr. Finkenstein had been murdered, and exclaimed, "My God, what a posi tion I am in I I did my best to save them all, but I gave that one my solemn promise that nothing should happen to him I" The chateau of Gebultow was now surrounded by the sol diers, intoxicated and enraged by their own bloody work, and " Burn it down I burn it down 1 " was roared out by 600 savages. A ltogether th e place and all its inmates bad been threatened with destruction for an hour and a half, when the major at last got the column into movement. It had not proceeded many paces when it halted, and many of the men turned round and declared they would go back to the house. The major assured them that the first who tried the experiment might consider himself a dead man, and the experiment w as not tried. But th e grum bli ng an d muttering still continued) and a noise like the growling of 600 bears was heard until the column was out of sight. When it was last seen the soldiers were still hesitating and refusing to march, and the major was still riding along the side, picking out the most turbulent among the military mob, and subduing them by his voice, his gestures, and the presentation of the eternal revolver. It would be unfair to this officer, who is an honour to the Russian army, just as much as the Smolensk Regi ment in general is a disgrace and shame to it, and to the whole country, not to mention that his name is Bentkowski lie is no relation to the well-known Prussian-Polish De puty and chief of the staff under Lungiewiez of the same name, but belongs to a thoroughly Russian family. After the Russian troops bad disappeared, the members of M.Bielski's fatally came out to see what could be done for the prisoners, though they had every reason to i feat i • nk they i‘ were already beyo n d th e reac h of assistance. F en - • stein's face was one red m ass , a nd the first thing ho remem hers after recovering his consciousness is Madame Bielski leaning over him, and wa s hi ng a way the blood, which was flowing profusely from a frightful wound in his forehead. Sbe was disturbed in her charitable occupation by a cry that the Russians were returning. This was an error, the troops which were approaching were not those of a regular Government pretending to be civilised, but of Langiewicz, the insurgent chief, who, as the reader is already aware, directed the stirgoon of his staff to attend Mr. Finkenstein b his hotel at Cracow, and not to leave him until he was Well. The one wounded Pale who still lived it all confided to the care of another doctor, and was also removed to Cracow, to the hospital of the Hotel de Sate. The journey to Cracow must have been dreadfully trying, not only to the patients, but also to their medical attendants; the roads being so bad that the carriages en which the wounded men were placed were constantly on the point of upsettiflg Langiewicz' surgeon had to walk the last 20 miles (the whole distance from Jcbultow to Cracow is about thirty) holding the side of the carriage or cart in which the patient was lying, propping him up from time to time, and et pecting every moment that the jolting would disarrange the bandages and re-open one or more of the 32 wounds inflicted upon him by the daring Regiment of Smolensk, SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, TlMES.—Despatches for St. Petersburg were sent last night from London, Paris, and Vienna, with instructions to the representatives of Great Britain, France, and Austria at that city to read these de spatches to Prince Gortschakoff, and to deliver copies of them. They are couched in friendly terms, but all convey au intelligible warning to the Russian Government. The Russian Government on their side have sent General Berg to 'Warsaw to supersede the Grand Duke Constantine. Vigour without cruelty is said to be the spirit of his in structions. So far from being terminated, as at one time seemed probable, by the flight of Langie wicz and the dispersion of his army, the Polish re bellion appears to gather strength and resources from despair, and fresh confidence at the very mo ment when cold calculations, based on the ordinary events of ordinary wars, would have led us to sup pose that nothing remained but abject and complete submission. There i s no occa sion to go ov e r aga i n in detail the cis° of Mr. Finkenstein and the four unhappy Poles, his companions in misfortune, which has already received such ample notice at the h i ands of our co rres p on d en t i n P o l an d. Suf fice t to say that an English traveller, with his passport perfectly regular, having been vised by the Russian Minister at Berlin, examined by the Aus trian authorities on the frontier, and again exa mined by the officer on duty on the Russian fron tier, was stopped by a msjor in command of a por tion of the Smolensk Regiment, and compelled, together with a lady who had accompanied him, to pass the night in his carriage under a guard ; that four Poles, noncombatants, were brought in next morning; and that, incredible as it sounds, the soldiers of the Smolensk Regiment, in defiance of the efforts of their officers to restrain them, killed three of 'the Poles with bayonet wounds, and left Mr, Finkenstein and the fourth Pole apparently also dead. After a while the assassins returned, and strove to complete their work by beating Mr. Finkenstein about the head with the butts of their muskets. The lady who accompanied him was wounded and partially stripped of her clothing. It is only due to the Russian officers to say that they appear to have done everything in their power to prevent these detestable proceedings, and that their own lives were placed by the conduct of their men in the utmost jeopardy, the officers threatening to fire on the men, and the men retorting by threatening to fire on the officers. Mr. Finkenstein was plundered of money to the amount of nearly £l,OOO. Ete owes his life to the benevolence of a Polish family, who them selves plundered, and put in imminent risk of their lives by the private soldiers of the Smolensk Regi ment, had yet the kindness to wesh his wounds, and restore him to that existence of which they themselves had no guarantee from one moment to another. The Polish army under Langiewicz next appeared, and although in the very crisis of his fate—for it was only two days before he crossed the Austrian frontier—the Dictator contrived to send Mr. Finkenstein, bleeding from two-and-thirty wounds, together with the surviving Pole, in a cart to Cracow, and to spare his own surgeon to accom pany them. Mr. Finkenstein, who, strange to say, seems likely to recover, has laid his case before the British Government, and, of course, no time will be lost in demanding reparation from the Government of Russia. We do not doubt that all that is asked will be promptly accorded. Nobody supposes that the Emperor will regard this most signal outrage with any other feeling than that of indignation and shame. It can have no effect on the good relations between England and Russia; but it is an event of great significance. This comes of strong govern ment, of treating the wishes and the rights of man kind as nothing, and appealing to the sword as the first arbitrator in all cases. The man of the sword comes to recognise his own omnipotence, and to con sider that as he is stronger than the prople because they are unarmed, so he is stronger than hisofficers because they are few. Thus, military government destroys military discipline, and the constant ap peal to force ends by setting mi re numbers and brutal strength above the control of law, justice, and reason. POST.—The intelligence which some two or three times a week reaches us from North America has long since lost that interest which it formerly possessed. Events which have lately occurred on our own continent have, by engrossing uni versal attention, contributed much towards this result; but, independently of this con sideration, it is undeniable that since the commencement of the present year the Ame rican news has been monotonous in the ex- treme. It is a matter for congratulation that we are no longer called upon to record the stories of battles like those of Antietam and Fredericks burg; but still, the reflection is far from agreeable that whilst the respective governments and armies of both North and South have for the past three months remained in the same relative positions, bath republics are bleeding at every pore. War is a great evil, but it is one which entails much more serious consequences when it assumes what may be termed the chronic form. It is no doubt shocking to hear of a battle having been fought in which the slain are counted by thousands ; but then it is such battles which hold out the brightest promise of approaching peace. Men are not marched against each other by military commanders for the mere purpose of slaughter, but with the view of gaining ulterior advantages which may enable them to dic tate the terms of peace. Since the war commenced in America it has, however, unfortunately happened that many and bloody as have been the battles which were fought, they have hitherto been utterly barren of results. This has arisen principally from the invading Power having been in almost every engagement in the field unsuccessful. The North stands to the South in somewhat the same relation as a besieging army to the town which it invests. Over and over again have attempts been made to penetrate into the capital, but they have failed. The besieged must content themselves with repel ling attacks; they are not in a position to compel their assailants to raise the siege. If an investing army is able to take possession of the town, the struggle is of course at an end, but no amount of blows inflicted on it by the garrison, short of utterly routing it, will terminate the siege. The siege of the Southern States has now continued two years, and the assailants have ,for : ,, ..:.practical purposes not advanced an inch due 1 - that entire period. The series of assaults have for a time been sus pended, and the assailants dmsear to have deter mined on following out on a gigantic scale the plan of starving the besieged into submission. It is needless for us to say that such a method can never succeed. If the South is to be subdued it must be by force of arms and the extermination of its people. The effects of the war have been to develop its industrial resources in an extra ordinary degree; and it now possesses within its confines the means of producing all that is required either in time of war or of peace. It is idle for the North to suppose that it can ever tire the South into submission. What end, then, let us ask, can be gained by permitting the war to pass into its pre sent chronic condition ? There seems no reason why, if the Federal Government is indifferent to the disgrace of becoming bankrupt, the war should not be thus protracted for a long series of years. The South is powerless to effect a peace; it can only act on the defensive as long as it is attacked. But if the North is apathetic, is the rest of the world to remain impassive ? The North is the Government officially recognised, and on it is cast the onus of vinaicating its authority. It is not sufficient for it to assert that the population of the South is in a state of rebellion; it is bound to exhibit reasonable activity in reducing the insurgents to submission. The ground on which the non-interference of neu trals in the quarrels of belligerents is based by international law, is, that war shall be carried on with such activity as may tend to the speedy re storation of peace. On any other assumption it would be monstrous to expect that neutrals would submit to all the inconveniences entailed upon them by the wars of other nations. One belligerent has an undoubted right to blockade the ports of another, and that right has been made available by the Fed€ ral Government in the present war. But suppose the North, seeing the hopelessness of its attempts to overrun the South, were to withdraw its troops within its own frontiers, and instead of concluding peace were to say—" The war still con tinues ; we do not despair of reducing the South to submission; we possess a large and efficient navy, and will maintain our blockade of the Southern ports" —suppose such a course to be pursued by the North, would it be sancti one d by the maritime Powers of Europe ? Would France and England continue to support a large portion of their manu facturing population on charity because the Federal Government thought proper to turn to account its naval superiority, by blockading the South, after it had abandoned all hope of enforcing subjection by the employment of its land forces ? It is needless to say that they would not. The blockade of the Southern ports can only be recognised as an inci dent of the war in which the North is engaged, and n o t as the sole means by which war is to be pro secuted. HEItALD.—No question which has agitated Europe of late years has commanded the sympathy of all parties and of all creeds to such an extent as the cause of Poland. When the electric current ceases to communicate news of importance from across the Atlantic, and the unpropitious season compels a lull of hostilities between North and South, the eye turns immediately to the telegrams from Poland, anxiously seeking to glean some ray of hope for the successful issue of the unequal con tent that noble nation has eared on, a . t intervals, for nearly a century, against its gigantic i oppressor. Is the defeat and capture of Langiewi▪ cz the precur sor of the dissolution of all the insurgent bands throughout the country as quickly as the news of the fall of their chief reaches them across the wide tracts of scarcely inhabited forests P Or will the fire of insurrection, once ignited, conti▪ nue to spread until it has embraced in its flames every square mile which owns the Polish as its native language, from the Prosna to the Dnieper, from the southernmost . part of Podolia to the most northern extremity of Courland ? The answer to these questions is the more difficult from the meagreness and conflicting nature of the information with which we are sup plied. It must depend entirely on the degree in which the four class e s of the inhabitants—the aris tocracy and large landowners, the nobles and smaller proprietors, the serfs and peasantry, and the mer cantile class, consisting chiefly of Jews—make com mon cause to subvert the foreign yoke. The nobles, analogous to the freemen of England in former days, constitute about one-fifth of the entire population, and include all who are, or whose ancestors have been, freeholders. It is this class among whom the insurrection or i g i na t e d an d w h o st ill f orm its backbone; nor sh a ll we excee d t h e tru th i n saying that among these the utmost unanimity exists in their determination to submit to any sacrifices and to endure any martyrdom which might lead to the liberation of their country. This proceeds from natural causes. It is they who have experienced, in their fullest rigour, all the measures of per secution and coercion to which the Russian Government has deemed it necessary to have recourse, from the ukase, ordering the trans portation of forty-five thovsand noble Polish families to the Caucasus in 1832, up to the recent edict of conscription, o f w hi c h the present insur rection is the natural o ff spr i ng. The stringent regulations of the police law press most heavily on the smaller proprietors. In Wolhynia and Podolia it has long been unlawful for neighbouring land owners to pay one another a visit of courtesy or friendship, unless with a passport, and this boon is rarely granted to such as are suspected of" national" ideas. The richer aristocracy find means and influ ence to evade these irksome restrictions, of which their less opulent neighbours have to endure the utmost measure. The former, too, can seek a respite from the severity of the Government at home, by obtaining leave to spe n d as much as three years, sub ject to good behaviour,in travelling abroad; and even when in Russia their greater command over t h e lexuries and amenities of life enables them to forget more easily the political nonentity to which they are reduced. Hence it is not so often at the gate of the castle as at the door of the more humble house of the "noble" that the listener will h ear at n i ghtfall, spite of Russian interdiction an d esp i onage, the solemn strains of the collected family singing the celebrated national hymn, " Our country, our free dom deign restore to us, 0 Lord." We would not leave it to be inferred th a t among the highest classes there exists any coolness or indifference to the fate of their country. A mong those who perished at Warsaw in 1861 w ere mem b ers of the noblest families; among those who led the great procession of thousands, unarmed, save with crucifies and lighted tapers, which crossed the Bug in the face of the Cossacks,, who seemed paralysed at the solemn sight, were men, and ladies too, bearing the proudest names which have graced the past history of their country. But among the members of the highest aristocracy ardour and zeal for action are certainly tempered with more of prudence and fbre sight, partly perhaps from the causes above men tioned, and partly from the greater certainty with which they would be singled out as terrible ex amples and victims to the sure and certain venge ance of the Czar. It yet remains to be seen whether the great proprietors have thought the present a fit ting opportunity for attempting the hopeless task of wrestling with the Northern Colossus, or whether they have regarded th e struggle as a vain, useless expenditure of blood and t reasure, which might, if allowed to fructify and inc rease , at a f uture period be used with greater success. THE ACTON MURDER. It appears that for some time after the convic ion of the prisoner Joseph Brooks he continued to assert that he was innocent of the offence, but it is satisfactory to state that during yes terday he appeared to feel the awful position in which he was placed, and he has made state ments tantamount to an admission of his guilt. When he was visited on Thursday by the sheriffs he stated that It was not true that when he procured the gun at the shop of Mr. Ayres, at Hammersmith, it was loaded, and on his being reminded that the witnesses had sworn postively to the contrary, be sides which it was not likely that a pawnbroker would take in a loaded fire-arm as a pledge, he per sisted in declaring that what he had stated was true. Yesterday afternoon, Mr. Alderman and Sheriff Lawrence, and Mr. Sheriff Jones, accompanied by their under-sheriffs, Messrs. Mackrell and Farrar, and the governor of Newgate, proceeded to the pri soner's cell, and informed him that in accordance with the painful duty that devolved upon them they would fix Monday, the 27th instant, as the day for carrying out the law. The culprit did not betray any emotion upon hearing the fatal announcement, but he expressed a desire to make a statement in refer ence to the crime of which he had been convicted. Some portions of this have transpired, and it appears that the prisoner, finding it was useless any longer to state any falsehoods, admitted that it was his gun that had caused the death of the deceased, but he seemed to convey the idea that his was not the hand that discharged it, although he at the same time ad mits that he knew all about the transaction. The prisoner states that the evidence given by the girl Jane Lake, to wham, it will be remembered, he was to have been married three or four days after the mur der was committed, is quite true in every partic u l ar , and he expresses his sorrow for the pain he has caused her_ It will be recollected that the sugges tion on the part of the prosecution as to the motive that led to the commission of the crime was that the unfortunate deceased, while on his duty on the evening of the murder, had detected the prisoner and his brother Isaac in the act of stealing some building materials belonging to a Mr. Saunders, who was carrying on some building operations in the neighbourhood, and it appears that the prisoner has admitted that about 6 o'clock the deceased met him and his brother carrying some wood that they had improperly removed, and that he taxed them with stealing it, and told them they must accom pany him to the police-station. He stater that his brother Isaac ran away, and he accompanied the constable a short distance, but, upon arrivieg at an open gate leading across the fields, he also ran off and succeeded in getting away from the constable. The prisoner was aware that the constable knew him, and that he was pretty certain that proceed ings' would be taken against him, and he states that he and his brother held a consultation as to what should be done, and he appears to endeavour to throw the blame upon his brother, although the evidence all tended in the contrary direction, and to show that the prisoner was himself th e principal agent in the sad affair. The prisoner and his brother Isaac are both natives of a small village in Oxford shire called Cuxham, near Oxford, and the early part of their lives was occupied in farming and other agricultural operations, but about 10 years ago they both came to Lundon. The prisoner served for a short time in the Royal Artillery, and during the Russian war h o was with his regiment in the s C e r r i t m er. He Crimea; and it h as b een ascertained that h e i s a de ehibsacsonnovticbteioen. n visited by any of his rela tions THE CONFEDERATE LOAN.—An enormous busi ness was done yesterday (Friday) in the Liverpool share market, and the closing quotation was 14 pm. LADVERTISEMENT.I — HoIIoway ' s Ointment and Pills.— Indisputable remedies for old wounds, sores, and ulcers ; if used according to directions given with them, there is no woond, ulcerous sore, or bad breasts, however obstinate, or long standing, but will yield to their healing :and cura tive properties. Numbers of persons who have been pa tients in several of the large hospitals, and under the care of eminent surgeons, without deriving th e s li g h test benefit, have been thoroughly cured by Holloway's Ointment and Pills. For glandular swellings, tumours, scurvy, and diseases of the skin, there is no medicine that can be used with so good an effect. In fact, in the worst forms of dis ease,dependent upon the condition of the blood, these medi cines are irresistible. LONDON GAZETTE—Yesterday. FOREIGN-OFFICE, APRIL 8. The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Eduardo Clifton Carne as Consul at Falmouth, and of Mr. Diego Lloyd as Vice-Consul at Liverpool, for the Argentine Republic, APRIL 9, The Queen has been pleased to approve of Mr. Carlos Stanhope Watsou, as Vice-Consul at Montreal, Canada, for his Majesty the King of Portugal and the Algarves. WHITEHALL, APRIL 7. The Queen has been pleased to present the Rev. Donald Macdonald to the church and parish of Sleet, in the pres bytery and Isle of Skye, vacant by the death of the Rev. John Forbes, WAR-OFFICE, PALL MALL, APRIL 10. Royal Attillery—Riding-Master, with honorary rank of Captain, James Everett to be Second Captain ; Second Captain James Everett to be Adjutant on augmentation. COMMISSARIAT DEPARTMENT.—Deputy Commissary- General William James Tyrone Power, C. 8., serving with the local rank of Commissary-General in British North America, to be Commissary-General, vice Weir, placed upon retired pay; Acting Deputy Assistant Com missary-General Thomas Sadlier Brereton to be Deputy Assistant Commissary-General. COMMISSARIAT STAFF CORPS.—Sergeant-Major John Williams to be Quartermaster. INDIA OFFICE, APRIL 7. Her Majesty has been pleased to approve of the under inentiomd promotions and alterations of rank amongst the officers of the Staff Corps and of her Majesty's Indian Mili tary Forces. BREVET. The following officers will take rank from Ist instead of the 2d July, 1862, as stated in the Gazette of the 25th February last. Colonel George Wm. Hamilton, Bengal Staff Corps. Lieutenant-Colonel Samuel Richard Tickell, Bengal Staff Corps. Major John Daniel, Madras Infantry. BENGAL ARMY. General List of Infantry Officers—Ensign Claude Stewart Morrison to be Lieutenant, vice Carter, late 2d European Regiment (104th Foot), deceased. Resignation—Lieutenant George Angus, of the General List, Infantry MADRAS STAFF CORPS. To be Majors—Captain George Joseph Stainton Tire man, Captain James Davidson, and Captain James Smith Martyr. MADRAS ARMY. 10th Regiment Native Infantry—Lieutenant George Rowlandson to be Captain, vice Mitcalfe, deceased. General List of Infantry Officers—Ensign John Nichol son to be Lieutenant, in succession is Mitcalfe, 10th Native Infantry, deceased. ALTERATION OF RANK.—Medical Officer—Surgeon Robert Rushbrook Sutleffe to be Surgeon-Major. BOMBAY STAFF CORPS. To be Major—Captain (Brevet Major) Edmund Antoine Henry Bacon. To be Captain—Lieutenant Joshua Havelock. BOMBAY ARMY. 2d Regiment Light Cavalry— Lieutenant Roderick George Thomas Stevenson, to bo Captain, vice Pym, de ceased.• Army Rank—The undermentioned officer having com pleted fifteen years' service, to be Captain, by Brevet :-- Lieutenant Alexander Hawthorne, 9th Native Infantry. Medical Officers—Major John Turner to be Surgeon. Major; Surgeon JameM Vaughan to be Surgeon-Major; Surgeon-Major F. Manisty will take rank from 6th March, 1861, instead of 7th July, 1861, as stated in " Gazette" of 7th January, 1862 ADMIRALTY, APRIL 10. Vice-Admiral of the Blue Henry Francis Greville, C. 8., has been appointed to receive a pension of £l5O a-year, as provided by her Majesty's Order in Council of June 25, 1851, vacant by the death of Admiral Sir John Louis, Bart.; and the name of Vice-Admiral Greville has been removed to the Reserved Half-pay List accordingly, and in conse quence of this removal, the following promotions, to date the 3d instant, have this day taken place : Rear-Admiral Sir Burton Macnamara, Knt., on the Re served List, to be Vice-Admiral on that List. Rear-Admiral of the Red Lord George Paulet, C. 8,, to be Vice-Admiral of the Blue. Rear-Admiral of the White Horatio Thomas Austin, C. 8., to be Rear-Admiral of the Red. Rear-Admiral of the Blue Woodford John Williams to be Rear -Admiral of the White. Captain William Hutchaon Hall, C. 8., to be Rear- Admiral of the Blue. The following promotions, also dated the 3d inst., conse quent on the death, on the 2d inst., of Rear-Admiral of tho White John Shepherd, has this day taken place:— Rear-Admiral of the Blue Augustus Leopold Kuper, C.B. to be Rear-Admiral of the White. Captain George Grevillo Wellesley, C. 8., to be Roar- Admiral of the Blue. 31. Royal Marin e Light Infant MAßC ry— H Gentleman Cadet Thomas Crater to be Second Lieutenant. --- BANKRUPTCIES ANNULLED Braughton Packer, shoe manufacturer, Northampton Richard Boardman, car proprietor, Liverpool BANKRUPTS. The following are the only bankrupts of any importance which appear in the Gazettc : John Pagden, grocer, Redhill, near Reigato H. G. Maycock, bootraaker, Bayswater George Hill, licensed victualler, Oldbury Thomas Wasley Brown, plumber, Cheltenham Joseph Sutcliffe, upholsterer, Scarborough Walter Page, grocer, Great Yarmouth George F. Garratt, grocer, Amersham, Bucks James Vickery, beerseller, Nunhead, Peckham Arthur Jardine, builder, Kensington Thomas Parsons, grocer, Stepney Joroyal Green, carpenter, Wantage, Berkshire George Green, brazier, Northampton William Foster, brass cock founder, Warwick Charles Cambridge, boat builder, Hartlepool, Durham Robert Foy, wheelwright, Whitchurch, Hants SCOTCH BANKRUPTS, Peter Campbell, wood merchant, Balquhidder Henry Richards Roby, tobacconist, Glasgow William Gardner, farmer, Torheads, near Hamilton Abraham Freyd, jeweller, Glasgow Hugh M'Creadie, joiner, Ballantrao COUNTRY MARKETS. ,~.___~. WAKEFIELD—Apitu, 10. Fine fresh English descriptions of wheat met a better in quiry to-day, and prices were fully as dear as last week. In other articles there was no alteration. STAMFORD-APRIL 10. White wheat, 48s to s ; red, 44s to 47s per 36 stone. Barley, malting, 36s to 41s; grinding, 32s to 348 per qr. Oats, 22s to 248 per 24 stone. Beans, old, 348 to 428 per qr. ; new, 38s to 40s. LIVERPOOL -APRIL 10. At this day's market there was a good attendance of the town and country trade, and wheat met a fair de mand, at Tuesday's rates. Flour was not improved, and difficult to sell. Oats and oatmeal ruled quiet. Barley and beans steady. Indian corn in good demand, at late rates. EXETER —Arum 10. Wheat, white.. 6s 3d toss 4d Barley.. 48 3d to 4s Od Ditto red .6s Od to (is 3d I Oats .........2s 9d to 3s 6d Flour, fine, 36s to 37s ; seconds, 34s to 35s per sack. CATTLE. Fat beef, p sc., 10s0d to 10s9d Ewes, per lb .... 5 dto 61c1 Pork carcases, 7s 6d to 8s 6d Wethers, d 0.... 6'ld to 7d Lamb, p 1b.......—d to —d Fat calves, d0...61d to 7d. Rough fat, 32d per lb. BRISTOL SUGAR—APRIL 10. The market re-opened on Wednesday last after the Easter holidays. The business done has been limited to a few parcels on the spot. Sales of floating cargoes have been checked by the high prices asked by sellers. The demand for refined goods is steady, but not active, at late rates. In rum no sales to report. COAL .ARKET. loes of Coal per Ton al Carway and Duffryn s. d. Malting ~ . l9 6 Lambert's West Hart ley l5 0 Davison's West Hart ley l5 0 Tar.lield Moor, l2 0 Tanfield Moor Butes l2 0 Walker Primrose ll 3 Eden Main 14 9 Wylam 15 6 Hastings Hartley l5 0 Holywell 15 3 Ships at market the dose of the market. s. d• Buddle'sWest Hartley 15 0 Cowpen Hartley 15 0 West Hartley 15 0 Was End. Haswell .. . l7 6 Hetton l7 6 Cassop .. 15 3 Hartlepool.. l6 9 South lielloe l6 0 South Hetton 17 3 Gosforth l4 3 Whitworth l5 0 Heugh Hall 15 6 :t,: . 84:; sold, 54., Importing Tea without colour on the leaf pre vents the Chinese passing off inferior leaves as in the usual kinds. Horniman's Tea is uncoloured, therefore, always good alike. Sold in packets by 2.280 agents. Births. EVERY. --0/1 the 6th inst. at Eggington Hall, Burton-on- Trent, the wife of Sir fienry Flower Every, Bart., of a daughter. MAIR.—On the 9th inst., at Edgware, Mrs. W. B. Mair, of a son. MANNING.— On the 9th inst., at Princes gardens, Princes• gate, the wife of Charles John Manning, Esq., of a daughter. Marriages. MUNCASTER—L'ESTRANGE.—On the 9th inst., at Maltby Church, Yorkshire, Lord Muneaster, to Constance, the second daughter of Edmund L'Estrange and Lady Har riet, of Tynte Lodge, co. Leitrim, and niece of the Earl of Scarborough. SPOTTIS WOODE—HAMMICK.—O n the 9th inst., at Milton Abbott, Tavistock, George Andrew, the younger son of Andrew Spottiswoode, Ezq., to Frances Grace, the eldest daughter of the ltev. St. Vincent Love Hamraick, vicar of Milton Abbott. Deaths. BILLIAT.—On the Bth inst., at Barkston House, near Grantham, Joseph Billiat, jun., Esq., aged 31. MITCALFE —On the Bth inst., William Mitcalfe, Esq., of Hill House-park, Mangotsfield, and of Tynemouth, Nor thumberland, aged 77, ROTTIIVELL.—On the sth inst., the Rev. Richd. Rainshaw Rothwell, M.A., for 62 years rector of the parish of Sef ton, Lancashire, aged 93. SAIMAREZ.—On the 9th inst , at his residence, Chelten.. ham, the Right Hon. Lord de Saumarcz, aged 74. WAY.—On the 9th inst., at Bayswater, Wm. Score Way, Esq., aged 70. WINTERBOTTOM.— On the 6th inst., Richard Townsend Winterbottom, Esq., late of 35, Belgravo-square, aged 56. London : Printed and Published by WILLIAM ANDREWS, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE Surr Office, No. 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the County o f M iddlesex.—Saturday, April 11, 1861