The Sun. — London, England, 1864-08-25 00:00:00

Na val and Military Intelligence. The D uke of Somerset, K.G., First Lord of the A imiral ty, together with the other members of the Board whose pressing duties did not require their re turn to the Admiralty on Tuesday evening, re sumed and brought to a termination their official inspection at Chatham yesterday. As already stated in The Sun, the boisterous state of the wea eweather and the heavy rain which swept across the harbour on Tuesday morning prevented them land ing from their steam yacht, the Enchantress, Staff. Commander J. E. Petley, and visiting the extension woaks at St. Mary's Island, where preparations had bee n made for receiving the Duke of Somerset and the other; members of the Board, and conducting the . 3l over the island. Late in the afternoon, how ever, the wind having fallen, it was determined to visit the island. Accordingly, on the completion of their round of inspection of the dockyard, hospi tals, Royal Marine barracks, and the other naval establishments, their lordships proceeded to the ex leesion works, which were reached from the east or land side of the dockyard. In consequence of the lateness of the hour at which the visit was made, Mr Bernays, under whose superintendence the whole of the works are being carried out, had left the island, and the duty of conducting their lord• ships over the sites of the docks, basins, and other undertakings devolved upon the officials connected with the department of works at the dockyard. The present area of the dockyard, with its factories, workshops, wet and dry docks, and building slips is exactly 98 acres, but on the whole of the eaten in progress b eing eion works now completed the new dockyard will cov er an area of 400 acres, upwards of 100 acres being occupied by the basins, docks, and locks which are now in course of for mation, while from 15 to 2 0 acres will be .covered by factories, workshops, and other build a,gs. In the formation of the basins advantage has been taken of St. Mary's creek, which bisects the island almost due east and west. It is this creek which will form the site of the new docks, Scc. en the works connected with which 1,000 convicts have been daily employed for some three years past. The portion of the undertaking which has claimed the greatest amount of attention, and in the inspec• tion of which their lordships were chiefly occupied, is the formation of the first of the three basins, which covers an area of 221 acres. Already con siderable progress has been made in this work in order that it may, if possible, be ready for receiv ing some of the vessels now under construction at the dockyard as soon as they are launched. Five ,large graving docks, three of which will be 500 feet length each, and two of 400 feet, will communi cate with this basin, the entrance to which will be by a lock at that part of the harbour exactly facing Upnor Castle. Tee centre basin will have an area of 20e acres, and the largest of the three basins will cover a space of 28 acres, with a mean breadth of 700 feet, and will be of sufficient depth to allow vessels of the heaviest tonnage and draught of water to be fitted and despatctied to sea with the whole of their guns, stores, &c., on board. After spending about an hour in the inspection of the works their lordships left the island and proceeded on board the Enchantress, where some of the minor alterations and improvements on the original plan of the extension works formed the subject of con. sideration. The members of the Board commenced early yes terday morning the duty of completing the inspec tion of Chatham. It devolved on the Duke of Somerset and Vice-Admiral Sir Frederick W. Grey, Rear-Admiral the Hon. J. R. Drummond, Mr. H. C. E. Childers, and RealeAdmiral S. Robinson, the Controller, having been compelled to return to the Admiralty in consequence of business of an urgent re glue requiring their attendance. The first vi sit paid by their lordships yesterday morning wits to the naval training ship Wellesley, 72, in Chatham harbour where they were received by Commander R. Studdert and the officers. The number of boys and lads on board the Wellesley at present is rather less than 300, and even the cursory inspection of yesterday showed the excellence of their training on board. Some thousands of smart lads are yearly sent into the navy from the training ships at Portsmouth, Chatham, Woolwich, and the other ports, and the experience of the last few years goes far to prove that in a thorough knowledge of their duties and in steadiness of conduct ,they are among the most - valuable seamen in the service. The visit to the Wellesley occupies about half.an hour. and while on board their lordships inspected the lads in making and shortening sail, in their management of the broadside guns, the cutlass drill, and other parts of their duty, and the manner in which they acquitted themselves, as well as the regularity and cleanliness of the various parts of the ship visited, reflected great credit on the officers, and favourably impressed their lordships, who after wards re-embarked in their barge, and pulled to the dockyard, where they landed. After spending a short time in the establishment they paid a second visit to the Naval Hospital at Melville, taking up the inspection of that extensive establishment at the point at which the previous day's visit terminated. The hospital in all its departments is a model of cleanliness and order ; indeed, no further praise can be bestowed on the building than that given by Miss Nightingale on the occasion of one of her visits, when she pronounced Melville Hospital to be one of the most perfect and bestearranged establishments of its kind in this country. On quitting the hospital establishments their lordships left directions as to the proposed additions and improvements to be ef fected, and proceeded on foot to the Royal Marine Barracks for the purpose of making an inspection of the officers and men of the Chatham division of Royal Marines. Their lordships were received at the en trance-gates by Major-General A. B. Stransham, Inspector-Gen. of Royal Marines; Col. G.C. Langley Deputy Adjutant-General; Col.-Commandant I'. Lennon, C. 8., commanding the division ; Col. W. 11. March, Col. S. N. Lowder, Aide-de-Camp to the Queen, and other officers. The division, which numbered 800 men under arms, was formed in the barrack-square in two battalions, in quarter-dis. tance column, and on the arrival of the Lords of the Admiralty the companies gave the usual salute, with colours lowered, the band playing " Rale Britannia." The battalions then marched pass in open columns of companies at quick time, and having executed a few other movements, were dies missed to their quarters, their lordships leaving the barracks and proceeding to the gun-battery, where they spent nearly an hour in seeing men selected for that duty go through their exercise with the 110epounder Armstrongs and the naval 68epounder broadside guns, under the direction of Capt. Bligh, the divisional instructor in gunnery. The Duke of Somerset and Sir F. Grey afterwards returned to the Royal Marine Barracks, where a portion of the battalion was drawn up in the barrack-square for the purpose of going through the bayonet exercise before their lordships, at the termination of which the officers and non-commissioned officers were drawn up on the parade ground and went through the broad -sword exercise. On the conclusion of this portion of the inspection their lordships were enter. tained at luncheon by the officers of the division in their mess-room, Major-General Sir R. Walpole, X.c.8., Commandant of the garrison, and other officers, being invited to meet them. Their lordships brought their inspection at Chatham to a close shortly after two yesterday afternoon, when they left by train for London. The Admiralty yacht Ene chantrees left the port shortly afterwards for Ports mouth, to await orders from Whitehall. According to existing arrangements, which were announced at Chathem previous to the departure of their lordships, one or two members of the Board, together with Lord Clarence Puget, Rear-Admiral Robinson, and Major Clarke, Director of Works, w i ll proceed to Malta on an inspection of the dockyard and Admiralty esta blishments at that island. The members of the Admir , lty who will be engaged in this duty will proceed overland to Marseilles, at Which port tbo Encbantresg, Staf-Commlnaer. Petlay, Will be in readinees to embark them. It is Uncertain whether the Da!:c of Soracrset will r ccompany 1115 colleagues, es his Grace has to be in attendance an her Majesty on Saturday, and will probably accompany her to the Highlands. In accordance with arrangement previously made to that effect, advantage was taken of the visit of the Lords of the Admiralty to Chatham to test the value of the improvements just completed on board the iron frigate Research, 4,200 horse power, Capt. Wilmshurst, previously to that vessel taking her departure from the Medway to join the Channel fleet ; the chief obj ec t o f the trials being to ascer■ tein the value of the new description of portable hinged bulwarks, recently fitted to enable the broadside guns to be discharged ahead. The mem bers of the Board present were the Duke of Somer. set, Vice-Admiral the Hon. Sir F. W. Grey, K.C.8., Rear. Admiral the Hon. J. R. Drummond, C. 8., Mr H. C. E. Childers, M.P., and Rear-Admiral S. Robin.. son, Controller of the Navy, with Capt. Hall, C. 8., commanding the steam reserve at Chatham, and other officers. On their lordships reaching the Re search, in the barge, orders were at once given to clear the ship for action, and this was completed in a couple of minutes. The guns on board the Re search, it should here be remarked, are the heaviest at present carried by any vessel in the navy, and consist exclusively of the 61- ton smooth bore guns. After a few discharges had been made from the broadsides the most important trials of the day corn-. menced by placing the two foremost guns in the bulkhead ports for firing ahead over the ports. It will be remembered that on the formefoccasion, when a much smaller kind of guns were tired from the bulk head ports on board the Research considerable mis. chief ensued from the want of caution exhibited on board in not making the requisite arrangements for firing the guns in that direction. Since that occa sion, however, Mr. Reed has taken every precaution to prevent a recurrence of any similar mishaps, and at the same time has effected several improvements in the arrangements for removing the bulkheads when the frigate is cleared for action. Instead of the bulwarks being made to shift out and in, the fore end has been hinged, which allows the bulwark to be thrown open like a gate. This, so to speak, gate has been made of stout angle irons and platiag, and its obvious strength gave the dockyard officials so much confidence that they have not only built up hammock berthing on the top, but flapboards have also been hung on the lower part of it. As has been already pointed out in The Sun, these were of wood, and of inferior strength to the iron bulwarks. It was doubtful whether they would stand the fire and concussion of the guns, but the members of the Board said, as the trials were purely experimental, they might be allowed to remain where they had been placed during the firing of the guns, as they were trifling fittings, and, if not found to stand, could be removed on a subsequent occasion. The firing then commenced with "reduced" charges of 121 b. of powder, and these were attended with the most satisfactory results, not the slightest mishap marking this portion of the trial. The charges were next increased to "full," and afterwards to " distant charges," with 231 b. of powder. These latter were watched with the keenest interest, as it was exactly in this portion of the trial that the breakdown was likely to occur. In order to place the gate-balwark in the worst possible position, it was purposely kept close to the port, so that the fullest effects of the firing might be brought to bear upon it. It was ad mitted by all on board that no invention could have been subjected to a more severe trial, but, notwith standing the heavy charges of powder used, and the extremes of elevation and depression at which the guns were fired, the iron gate bulwark stood per fectly, giving, at the close of the firing, not the slightest indication of weakness or injury, while even the wooden berthing and flapboards at the top and bottom of it stood all but the largest charges successfully. With the guns fired at extreme ele vation and the largest charges used, the canvas covering of the hammocks became unlashed, and blown in on the deck, and with the guns laid at extreme depression some of the flapboards below were driven in on the deck, as was generally an ticipated would prove the case. It was found, how ever, that even those would stand the concussion satisfactorily if made of iron like the bulwark. So satisfied were the Lords of the Admiralty with the result of the trials that at their termination they directed similar bulwarks to be fitted abaft the bat tery of the Research, and also in the ironclad ships Favourite and Pallas now under construction. THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 25, 1864. as they are distributed all over the country, it would seem to follow that the climate of India is not necessarily fatal to Europeans in any higher proportion. Hitherto, the mortality of the army from sickness in India has been considerably raised during the period of war. In the first Mahratta war, in 1801, it reached 134 per 1,000. In the Burmese war of Lord Amherst the mortality among the European troops was as high as 130 per 1,000 for the three years ending 182 G. Since that period the condition of the troops in time of war has been healthier, and all the evi. dence goes to show that the mortality in the wars in India is mainly the result of disease. Disease too contributes to destroy the efficiency of an army in another way. It appears from the returns which have been laid before the Commis sion that in the stations of Bengal 84 men in a battalion of 1,000 were on an average constantly in hospital, a largo pro portion of the cases being of a syphilitic character. With this amount of sickness an army of 20,000 British troops in India would require constant hospital accommodation for 5,880 men, while with a mortality of 69 per 1,000, it loses yearly 4,830, or nearly five regiments. A return which was laid before the Commission by Brigadier-Gen. Russell shows that out of 1,061 non - commissioned officers and men of his regiment—the 84th—who arrived in Moulmein in 1842, only 93 landed in England in 1859 after a period of 17 years' service, so that the regiment had to be almost completely renewed during that time in India. This re turn, it may be added, agrees very closely with the general tabular results, from which it may be seen that 1,000 effec tives serving in India are reduced to 96 in 20 years. It would further appear that the mean term of service in India is 8 . 6 years, and that 11 recruits are required annually to every 100 men, so that to maintain an army of 86,000 men a yearly supply of something like 10,000 recruits would be necessary. Such are the principal facts connected with the rate of mortality among the European troops scattered throughout our Indian Empire, but there is, independent of these, a large force composed of natives, into whose sanitary condi tion it was equally the duty of the Commissioners to inquire. From the returns which were laid before them by the Secre tary of the Bengal Medical Board, it is to be inferred that the mortality of the native corps at the several places where European troops were stationed was somewhat under 8 per 1,000; while the average rate for the three Presidencies is ascertained from the military returns far the 20 years end ing 1844 to be 18 per 1,000, 19 in every 1,000 being the extent of the invaliding. Thus it will be seen that the native troops experienee a rate of mortality nearly the same as that of the civil servants. Their superiority in point of health to the English soldiers serving in India has often hitherto been explained on the supposition that their organisation is specially adapted to the climate in which they were born; but it is found that removal from one part of India to an other at a distance from their homes has the effect of greatly increasing the mortality among them, and there is no good ground for believing that the mere fact that they are breath ing their native air operates to so great an extent as to pro duce the marked difference, or anything like it, which exists between an average mortality of 18 and 69 in every 1,000. The men of the native army are for the most part married. Their pay exceeds the earnings of their fellow• countrymen of the same class, and, except in Bengal, the wives live with their husbands in small huts, which are constructed of bamboo and matting at a slight expenditure of money and labour, The Brahmin of Bengal leaves his wife at home, but visits her periodically when on furlough. The men generally sleep outside the huts, except during the rainy season, and to the fact of their possessing those separate huts, and not being cooped with several of their fellows in one sleeping apartment, much of their superiority in point of health to the European soldier is attributed. The Commissioners, with all these points before them, and being aware that the British soldier in India is a some what expensive article, very naturally dwell upon the expe diency of taking steps to preserve his life, not only upon the score of humanity but also on that of economy. After a careful examination of the statistics upon the subject they find that £lOO is on an average annually expended on the European soldier serving in India. The loss of a man who, with all his arms, costs the country that sum, reckoned at only a few years' purchase, is not to be lightly regarded, especially as it occurs frequently and inopportunely in the field, when his services are most required. Taking the annual death-rate among the English troops in India at the amount already stated-69 in every I,ooo—and the whole European military establishment in that country at 73,000 men—the number proposed—it is evident that it would re quire 5,C37 recruits per annum to fill up the vacancies caused by death alone. Now, a death-rate at 20 per 1,000 to which amount the Commissioners express a confident opinion the present rate might be easily reduced, would render neces sary only 1,400 recruits per annum, so that the excess cf mortality presumed to be avoidable is absolutely 3,577 lives in the year. Assuming the cost of re-riffling, training, and landing men in India to be no more than .£I.QJ per man, this excess of mortality is equivalent to a tax of £l,OOO a day, irrespec tive of the extra sickness indicated by a high death , rate. Tho point, however, is ono with respect to which the Commissioners entertain very sanguine hopes. A care ful examination, they say, of the causes of disease, and the character of the diseases prevalent at the more healthy sta tions in India, lead them to expect a greater saving of life eventually than one of even 49 per 1,000. They go so far even as to cherish the idea that the day is not far distant when the natural death-rate in times of peace of men of the soldier's age in India will be no higher than 10 per 1,000 per annum, which would bring it down almost to the Eng lish level. Cotton Supply Association. At the usual weekly meeting of the Executive Committee, held on Tuesday, August 23, a letter was read from Greenough Flats,Western Australia, enclosing a sample of cotton, which was valued at 4s per lb., and stating that green seeded cotton, which is supposed to rank as Sea Island, is likely to prove the staple produce of 'Western Australia. The acclimatised seed, or the seed from plants raised from exotic seed, will produce upwards of 50 per cent. from green seeded plants, larger and more pro. ductive than the exotic seed, but the staple, although long, silky, and strong, is not so fine as the produce of the exotic seed. A letter was received enclosing a sample of the first crop of Sea Island cotton grown by the Queensland Cotton Growing Company, Bol ton, on a block of land of 1,200 a., situate . near the sea, and about 100 miles north of Brisbane. Not withstanding the wet weather which had prevailed a good crop was expected from about 15 acres, and with the requisite moans it is said that at least 100 bales of the finest quality could be produced next year. The land is well adapted for growing cotton, most of it being good sandy soil, near the sea coast, with sea breezes and a flowing tide, so that the land can be kept dry and warm, which appears to be re quisite, especially for Sea Island Cotton. The directors in their last report, which was enclosed, express full confidence in the ultimate success of the undertaking, which has already outgrown their an ticipations. The object is so to render each share holder his own producer, on his own freehold land, and there seems a respectable prospect of a crop of cotton by next May worth £2,000, with other pro duce in proportion. A letter was read from the Japan Herald, on the export of cotton from Japan during the year 1863, showing an aggregate amount of 33,187 bales, or, taking the weight at 11 piculs per bale, 58,078 piculs. The exports in the last cix months of 1863 amounted to 24,539 bales, compris ing about 4,000 bales of the new crop. No restric • Lion appears to have been put upon the supplies of cotton, although on several occasions there were rumours that the Japanese authorities would take measures to curtail them, and there is reason to be lieve that the native dealers experienced some diffi culties in bringing down the staple to Yokohama, which, however, the large profits made by them determined them to brave and overcome. Much more cotton has been planted than formerly, and it cannot be doubted that since the effect of the high prices lately ruling has been felt by the original producers their efforts will be redoubled to increase a crop so greatly in demand in ports open to Euro pean commerce. A despatch forwarded by the Colo nial office was received from the Governor of Gambia showing the continuous increase in the growth of cotton on the banks of that river, His Excellency has succeeded in a great measure in restoring:peace to the adjacent countries; the large tract of arable land near M'Carthy's Island is under cultivation. The Yaunimaroo people alone are at variance with each other. The Mandingoes of four large towns near the Vintang Creek sent an embassy to the Go vernor soliciting his mediation, that all, both Ma hommedan and Pagan might be able to live in peace, and if his interposition should be successful, a most fertile country with water carriage on two sides will be restored to cultivation. The whole of the Barra kingdom is in profound peace. Upper and Lower Corubo is full of nomad farmers actively engaged in agriculture. Sanguine expectations are formed that the rivers on the West Coast of Africa will be so many highwuye for the conveyance of cotton, and that tho present year and every succeeding one will show a considerable increase in the quantity ex ported. His Excellency believes that facts prove undeniably that the African is industrious when he works for himself. A letter was read describing the ccitonsgrowing capabilities of Algeria, and stating that the writer has 100 acres which he is about to place under cultivation. The French Government grants a premium of is per lb on the long staple or German cotton, and of 41d on cotton of another de scription, which contributes greatly to the profits of the grower. Ia the province of Oran, where the Property referred to is situated, the writer's rela tives have upwards of 1,750 acres of land suited to the growth of cotton, and as the soil is good, with an ample supply of water and other advantages, he feels confident that the success of his efforts is be yond doubt. A letter from Gibraltar states that the picking season has commenced in Barbary, and that gins are urgently needed. Sanitary State of the Indian Army. The report of the commission appointed to inquire into the sanitary state of the army serving in India has just been published by the War-office. The inquiry has been one of unusual extent and duration, and from its very na ture has led to considerable delay in the collection and arrrangement of the information supplied, The commis sioners had, in the first place, to lay the foundation for their investigations by a careful examination of the statistical and sanitary documents in the India-house, and, in the next place, to take an enormous mass of oral evidence, but, beyond this, they found it be necessary for the attainment of the object which they had in view to institute a prelimi minary inquiry by means of printed questions at all the In dian stations. In addition to these causes of delay there were others which operated in the commission itself. As originally composed at the date of its appointment, May 31, 1859, it consisted of the following members :—The Right Hon. Sidney Herbert, chairman—Major-General Sir It. J. H. Vivian, K.C.B.—Colonel Sir P. T, Cautley, K.C.B Dr Alexander, C. 8., late Director-General of the Army Medical Department—Colonel E. H. Greathead, C.B.—Dr W. Farr, Mr J. R. Martin, and Dr Sutherland. The official duties of the chairman, and, unhappily, his declining health frequently rendered it necessary that the meetings of the commission should be post poned, while its proceedings were interrupted, also, by the resignation of Sir R. Vivian, whose services were required elsewhere, and by the death of Mr Alexan der, To supply their places Dr. Gibson, the present Direc tor General of the Army Medical Department, and Colonel Durand were nominated members of the commission, and Lord Stanley succeeded Lord Herbert as chairman. Under his auspices the inquiry was brought to a close in the spring of last year, and the result is now before the world in an elaborate report and two volumes of evidence. Besides, appended to the report itself is given a summary of the evi • deuce, an abstract of all the reports from the stations in India, and a valuable paper of comments upon them written at the request of the commission by Miss Nightingale. Among those who contributed to furnish the information thus carefully compiled are the present Governor-General of India, Sir J. Lawrence, Sir C. Trevelyan, Sir A. M, Tulloch, Colonel Durand, Colonel W. Thompson, Commis sary-General, Bengal ; Brigadier-General Russell, Dr. Bird, late Physician-General to the Bombay Army—Dr W, C. Maclean, Deputy-Inspector-General of Hospitals—Maj.- Gen, Cotton, Madras Engineers, and several others whose acquaintance with the soldier's life in India was from the nature of their position while in that country necessarily of a most intimate character. Before proceeding to take oral evidence, however, the attention of the commissioners was naturally directed to ascertain from what authentic docu ments these facts upon which the whole of their subsequent investigations were based. The rate of the mortality pre vailing in india, especially in the army, was therefore the first point to which they addressed themselves, and under this head is to be found some of the most interesting in formation in their report. The English population in India amounted, according to the returns made by the several governments in 1861, to only 125,915 persons ; so that this vast Eastern empire is held in subjection by a mere handful of Europeans, which, as the commissioners observe, is less than the population of the parish of Marylebone. Of these 125,945 people, 81,083 went to compose the British officers and men of our Indian armp ; while 22,556 consisted of men and boys in civil life, including the civilians in the public service ; the remaining 19,306 being females, of whom 9,773 were over 20 years of age. Taking in the first place the English children in India it is found tbat the rate of mortality among them is lower than that which generally prevails among children at home; but then as they advance in years they grow feeble, and gradually wither away. This remark dues not, however, apply to children reared on the Hills, as is shown by the experience of the Lawrence Asylum at Sunnawur, which contains 509 children, of whom a native chief on one occa sion observed that they looked like lions' cubs, and who appear to possess all the vigour of children reared on English soil. When the census was taken the number of females of English origin in India above the age of 1.5 was 11,636, including 8,356 wives and 1,146 widows. Of the officers and men of the Royal army 93 per cent, of all ages wore unmarried, while the proportion of civilians above the age of 20 unmarried amounted to 50 per cent. The mortality among the wives of officers the commissioners regard as a fair representa tion of the mortality under ordinarily favourable circum stances of English women in India, and this has been ascer tained not to exceed 14 in 1,000 between the ages of 20 and 40. The wives of the non-commissioned officers and sol diers do not fare so well, as the provision made for their accommodation is inadequate, and in that class of life the women—including the Eurasians, or half-cast:N3, whose number is very considerable—die at the rate of 35 per 1,000. Among the civil servants in India between the ages of 20 and 4.s—and they may be looked upon as affording the most favourable illustration of the duration of life among the adult male population of English origin in that country— :he average rate of mortality per 1,000 has been found to be little more than 20, the rate being between 14 and 18 in the case of Madras, In England the mortality among men of the same age is on an average about 9 per 1,000. The mor tality among the natives of all ages in India, it may be aided, as far as can be ascertained, amounted to 51 in every . . 1,000, while in this country the latest returns showed the number of deaths per 1,000 to be under 23, We come now to deal with the army in India, the con stitution of which it was the special object of the commcs sion to investigate. According to the returns published in April, 1862, when some of the changes resulting from the incorporation of the Indian with the Queen's troops had been carried,into effect, that army numbered nearly 200,000 —the returns were not quite complete,—of which number 3,962 were European officers and 70,489 European non commissioned officers and men; the native officers and men amounting to 108,382, exclusive of 11,652 men in the Punjab local force. The distribution of these troops was as follows ;-88,000, in round numbers, in Bengal, the North-West Provinces, and the Punjab, 42,000 in the Bombay Presidency, and 54,000 in Madras. Over the pro vince of Pegn, too, a few thousand soldiers were scattered. To the Europeans in this large army the experience of the past proves service in India to be extremely trying. The average mortality cf men of the soldier's age in the healthy parts of England and Wales is such that 8 die annually out of 1,000 living, while in the unhealthiest towns and in the unhealthiest trades the number of deaths in 1,000 is not more than 12. In the British army at home the mortality, which was 17 per 1,000, is now declining in proportion as well ascertained causes of disease are abolished or mitigated. In India, however, a different state of things exists. There the death-rate of the English soldier has ranged from 41, at which point it stood in 1852,jt0 131 per 1,000, which was the mortality in 1804. Fluctuating during a long series of years between those two extremes, the average mortality has been struck by the commissioners at 69 per 1,000; so that, taking the average mortality of men in England at the soldier's age at 9, it would seem that 60 in every 1,000 die annually in India owing to the special causes there in operation; the numbers slain in battle being few compared with those who fall victims to the more deadly agency of disease. To determine the rate of mortality among th e British troops in India of different ages as well as of different terms of service, the returns for the 10 years ending 1856 have been used. From these it is found that the mortality per 1,000 between the ages of 20 and 25 is 56.4; between 25 and 30, 48.8, when it gradually rises till between the ages of 40 and 45 it reaches 61.6. After the age of 55 the deaths grow less, and at 70 and upwards old men die nearly at the same rate in India as in England. From these rates of mortality a life table has been constructed from which the mean dura tion of life, as well as the value of the annuities dependent on soldier's lives in India, can be deduced. By this table it will be seen that the mean after-lifetime, or expectation of life, as it is sometimes termed, at the age of 20 in India is 17'7. years, while it is 39'5 years in England ; so that life is shortened by more than 21 years by residence in the former country. The after-lifetime at the age of 40 is 15 years in accordance with the Indian, 26 in accordance with the English table. We must not fail to observe that while the mortality of the soldier in India has been at the rate of 69 per 1,000, that of the officers has bean only 38, and a fair deduction from this corn parision would appear to be that the 31 deaths in excess in the case of the former are due to other causes than the climate, to the influence of which officers as well as men are everywhere exposed. To illustrate the extent to which the insalubrity of India has been proved to affect civilians, officers, and soldiers, the case of four armies, each consisting of 33,615 young men of the age of 19, may be taken. The first army remaining in England, and experiencing the or dinary rate of mortality, would lose in the first year 251 men, 276 in the second, 281 in the third, and so on, until at the expiration of 11 years it would be reduced to 30,453 men of the age of 30. The second army, proceeding on the game calculation, would also lose in the first year 254, and if then landed in India, and suffering a loss only equal to that of the Madras civil servants, it would in 11 years be reduced to 28,916 men ; while the third army, landing in India after the first year, and experiencing the came rate of mortality as the military officers, would be reduced to 24,610 in 11 years ; and the fourth, in the same period, to 19,617, the death-rato being that which has hitherto been found to prevail in the case of the common soldier. If in such contrasts as are thus presented there be much to regret, it must not be forgotten that the elements of hope are not wanting ; for it is evident that the great mortality among the mass of the troop 3 is not the inevitable result of Indian sun. It is clearly attributable to other causes than the nature of the climate. While the soldiers live together in numbers in common bed-rooms in barracks, the officers generally reside in separate bungalows; their food and drink are of superior quality ; their contact with the sick in barracks is limited to periodical inspections, and when ill they have the advantage of being able to resort to healthy places. Similar causes operate in favour of the civil ser vants, the mortality among whom, as has been already stated, does not exceed 20 in 1,000 at the soldier's age, and Fearful Railway Collision. PONTYPOOL, Wednesday. A fearful collision between an excursion train and a mineral train occurred at the junction of the West Midland and Taff Yale Extension Railway, at Pontypool-road, last evening. The following are the particulars as ascertained upon the spot by the reporter. Yesterday morning an excursion train left Worcester at 7.25 for Crumlin Viaduct, one of the great attractions of Monmouthshire. All went on well until the train was on the way home in the evening. The train had only travelled about six miles, however, when the occurrence we are about to narrate happened. On the return from Crumlin the train consisted of ten passenger cat riages and three break-vans, each having a guard to work the break. They approached the Pontypool -road station at about half-past 5 o'clock in the evening, and had been preceded about ten minutes by a coal train. Pontypool-road station is approached from Crumlin on a rather steep incline descending to the station, and the run in is also on a sharp curve. The driver of the excursion train was coming down the incline, the signal being "All right" for his approach, when he saw the goods train on the rails in front of him. He immediately shut off the steam and whistled for the break to be put on, but the impetus with which the train was travelling rendered a col lision unavoidable. The driver jumped off and escaped un hurt, but the stoker, who stuck to the engine, was badly injured. The collision was fearful, and the cries of the pas sengers which followed the crash were terrible. Of the coal trucks four of the hindermost were completely smashed • The guard's break was broken from end to end, nothing be ing left entire but the bottom. The guard, David Jones, who was at his break when the collision occurred, was fear fully cut about the head and face, and one of his hands was badly lacerated. After his wounds had been sewn up he was conveyed to Hereford by special train, and now lies there. The first carriage of the passenger train was an old Great Western third class, both ends of which were demo lished and the sides stove in. The next was a first-class saloon West Midland carriage, which was served in a similar manner. Both ends o f th e carr i age were broken in, and the wood and glass scattered ever the passengers. Strange to say, however, the passengers in these two car riages were less injured than others nearer the middle of the train. All the passengers were thrown together with great violence, and many of them were severely cut about the head, legs, and various parts of the body, but happily, as far as we could learn, no bones were broken. The confusion that ensued, as may be imagined, was very great. Among the passengers wa s D r W oo d war d, of Worcester, wh o , escaping with a few b ru i ses , re ndered valuable aid to the injured. Other medical assistance was sent for and Dr, Laurence and Mr Thomas, surgeon, of Pontypool, were quickly in attendance, and, having bound up their wounds, they were sent on by the ordinary six p.m. train and a special train which followed. It is hoped that the whole will eventually recover. The most injured are Miss Gee, of Worcester, and another lady (name unknown), besides the guard, Jones. Miss Gee is injured in the spine. This is the most serious case. None of the carriages were knocked oft the line or they would have been precipitated down an embankment. The rails wets only slightly bent, and a staff of labourers has been occupied to •day in remov ing the ruins of the broken carriages. The traffic has been very slightly hindered in consequence of the accident. The cause of the accident is attributed to neglect on the part of a signal man at the Pontypool-road junction. The approach to the station from the Taff Vale extension line, as alr eady mentioned, is down a sharp incline, and the si g nal man, William Phillips, had instructions not to let the passenger train pass untill the goods train, which pre ceded it, had been put into a siding. Contrary to these orders, however, it seems he kept the signal up "line clear," and therefore the driver of the excursion train came on round the curve, and ran into the goods train. The above aro the facts as ascertained on the spot. Phillips, the signal man, is in custody; and, of course, there will be au official inquiry. The spot where the acci dent happened is about three miles from Cwmbran, where, about two years ago, a passenger train ran off the rails into the station, killing one person and injuring others. [ADVERTISEMENT.] Holloway's Pille. Chest and Stomach Complaints.—The source and centre of almost every ailment is impu r ity o f th e bl o od—dislodge this poison and disease departs. Holloway's pills exercise the inesti mable power of thoroughly cleansing each component part of the blood, an d rendering this fluid fit to perform its im portant functions. They cope most successfully with chest diseases, stomach complaints, liver disorders, and many other maladies which were once the besetting dangers of mankind at certain seasons, in town or country. The direc tions for use enable everyone to regulate the operation of these pills with the greatest nicety. Chronic invalids, ner vous sufferers, and all whom other treatment has hitherto failed to relieve, are respectfully invited to try Holloway's celebrated medicine, which will strengthen and probably cure them. The New City Traffic Regulations. The new by-laws made under the authority of the recent Act of Parliament for regulating the traffic of the City have now been in practical ope ration for a week, and the result has been a most sensible relief from the overcrowding which has been experienced for years past in all the leading thoroughfares. Yesterday in Cheapside, looking from the corner of Queen-street, which intersects it about the centre, towards the Mansion-house on the one band, and in the direction of the Peel statue on the other, great gaps could be seen in the lines of carriages of all kinds going in opposite directions, at four o'clock in the afternoon, when the street used to be at times all but impassable, except to people on foot. At the same hour, and indeed all through the day, Cannon-street, the broad, hand some thoroughfare leading in a straight line from St Paul's to London-bridge, and which was wont to be comparatively deserted, is crowded with passen ger traffic. Again, in front of the Mansion-house, where six main and two subsidiary thoroughfares all converge, and where for eight hours in the day there used to be a constant scramble, the change for the better is manifest, There people on foot can now cross from side to side with ordinary care, with out danger to life or limb, and the dirty, disreput able persons who for years past have infested that part of the City on pretence of assisting aged and infirm persons across the thoroughfare may now betake themselves to some honest calling. They have long been a nuisance to the neighbourhood, and have times out of number been brought before the Lord Mayor and punished for drunkenness and disorderly conduct and assaults on the police. Their habit was to worry ladies with offers to convey them across, and sometimes to hoot those who de clined their services or to submit to their exac tions. All this relief from over-crowding in the great leading thoroughfare from the Bank to St. Paul's and especially in the narrow neck of the Poultry, has been effected simply by the diversion along Cannon.street of all the omnibtisses and cabs going to and along London-bridge from the south east corner of the Cathedral, and in making the reverse journey, instead of by way of Cheapside. In this way 42 omnibuses, among others, plying between Brompton and London-bridge, and which invariably went and returned by Cheapside, now pass along Cannon-street both ways, and as these make five complete journeys to and fro daily, the result is equal to diverting 420 omnibusses from Cheapside in the course of the day. The change is also partly owing to the operation of the new re gulations, which limit the height and width of loads of merchandise conveyed between 9 o'clock in the morning and 6in the evening, and prohibit alto gether the conveyance of scaffolding, timber, and the like, of certain specified dimensions, between these hours. By a judicious arrangement which has long been enforced on London-bridge the light and heavy traffic move onward in separate tracks, by which confusion and delay are avoided, but the pouderous waggons and vans on which bonded stores, builders' materials, engineering plant, and merchandise of all kinds are borne at slow pace have never been amenable until now to any regula tion in the Fublic streets, and hence during the past week they have been " conspicuous for their ab sence." The civic authorities, exercising what in the first instance they conceived to be powers con ferred o❑ them by the Act in this respect, sought to control the traffic in various other directions, with the view to the public convenience, by an elaborate code of regulations ; but these good intentions have for the present all been frustrated by the ambiguous use of the little unfortunate word " such " in one of the governing clauses. Sir George Grey, who as Home Secretary, has a power of approval, consulted both the Attorney and Solicitor-General on the matter, who confirmed his view of it, which W;lb opposed to that of the Re corder and Common-Sergeant, by whom the Cor poration was advised, and in the result the Home Secretary eliminated from the code of by-laws sub mitted to him for approval all but three of the 16 or 18 of which it consisted. The Bill was drawn by one of the principal legal functionaries of the Corporation, and promoted by the Gourt of Corn mon Council, so that the flaw originated with them. It is said, however, that the acute mind of the At. torneyGeneral has discovered powers which the Act vests in the Court of Aldermen for still furthe faci litating the traffic, in some respects of which they themselves or their advisers may nor, have dreamt. If so it will be some compensation for the whole sale rejection by the Home Secretary of the pro posed by-laws submitted to him for approval. The city magistrates want all the power they may fairly use for such a purpose, as will appear from a re turn made to tho Common Council when they were promoting the Traffic Regulation Bill of last year. It was then shown that the total num ber of passengers who entered the City daily in the early part of May, 1860, on an average, was 706,621, of whom 535,535 were on foot, and 171,986 were in cabs and omnibuses, and that the average number of vehicles entering it daily was 57,765. The ma terials for this return were carefully collected by the police at 48 different entrances to the City. 01 pas sengers 84,927, and of vehicles 10,429, entered by London-bridge; 38,935 and 4,108 respectively by Blackfriars-bridge; 83,548 and 3,461 respectively by Bishopsgate; 55,122 and 4,978 by Aldgate ; 20,650 and 1,279 respectively by Chancery-lane; 38,084 and 3,451 by Finsbury-place; 77,704 and 9,060 respectively by Holborn-bars; 28,842 and 2,439 by Smithfield bare; and 50,674 and 2,155 re spectively by Temple-bar. At that time, however, part of the pavement was up in Fleetastreet, which had the effect of bringing less vehicles into the city through Temple•bar, and more than usual through Holboen-bars. It may be mentioned in• cidentally, as showing the effect of a toll, that only 2,340 passengers and 497 vehicles entered the city by Southwark-bridge, in comparison with the 84,927 and 10,429 respectively entering by London, and the 38,935 and 4,108 respectively by Black friars•bridges, A most vexatious delay, extending over a whole year nearly, has arisen in the applica tion of this most necessary Act for regulating the traffic. The Act was passed towardsthe end of the Session of 1863, and the long interval which has since elapsed has been spent—first, in framing re gulations, then in advertising them for a month before being submitted to the Home Secretary, next in settling the interpretation of a monosyllable, and lastly in advertising them again for another month after they had been returned by Sir George Grey excised in t he manner described. The Herring Fishing. ANSTRUTHER, August 23.—Though the fishing here this ruorningis net quite so heavy as on Satur. day, it is yet good, there being an average to 250 boats of about 7 or 8 trans—giving a total of about 1800 crans. The quality is middling, their being a large mixture of small fish. A great number of stranger boats are now coming here from all parts of the Firth. The general price today is 18s. per cran. A few boats that had spent fish sold for 16s. At this date the fishing is about 3,000 crans above last year, and about equal to the average of the last seven years. PTTTENWEEM, August 23.—The fishing here this morning was very irregular, a good many boats having takes of from 10 to 20 trans, while a great part of thun (and principally the stranger boats) came in almost clean. The quality of the fish is very inferior. Prices still continue high : current price to-day, 182. 63. per cran. DUNBAR, August 23.—0n1y two boats went out for the Monday's fishing and returned nearly clean. The fishermen were beginning to be of opinion that the northerly wind and the heavy swell had driven or would drive the fish into quieter quarters. How ever this morning all the boats came in with quan tities from a basket up to four barrels of splendid fish, not one spent herring being visible over the whole catch. They were quickly bought up for the fresh markets at 28s. to 30s. per cram At these prices there is no curing. The whole have again been takca to the east. FALKLAND.—The labours of the harvest are closely attended to here, and all along the 11° , 4 e of Fife Btooks stud the landscape. Mr Rasseli, Falkland Wood, had several fields cut last week, SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, TIMES.—It was only in sarcasm that a political novice was once invited to see by what men the world was governed ; but it is in sober truth that we are now asked to observe on what simple principles the art of government depends. One of the most experienced, successful, and popular Ministers of modern times has just explained to his consituents the maxims by which his policy has been shaped, and they consist in leaving people to themselves at home, and keeping the country out of mischief abroad. In this country, said Lord Palmerston at Tiverton, " all that Government has to do is to leave things alone." The science of politics thus regarded is like one of the best conceptions of the science of medicine, which looks upon physicians as little more than scavengers whose duty is to remove such obstacles as are in Nature's way, and let her work out her own cure. If commerce is unrestricted and industry undisturbed, if capi tal is secure and credit stable, then men may be safely left to pursue their own interests after their own designs, without aid or guidance from authority, and the Jesuit will be public prosperity and national wealth. So far there is no policy like that of inaction. A Government which will care fully remove obstructions in the way of industry, and abstain from meddling any further, will do all that is necessary to be done. But these are not all the functions of a nation's life. A country may be occasionally called upon to suspend these pleasant and productive works of peace. and assume obliga tions of a very different kind. Not only national interests, but national honour and national duty may summon a people to the sacrifices and suffer ings of war. Nor can this command, when founded on justice, be disregarded without danger. Lord Palmerston believes, indeed, that the "peace-at. any-price" party eXists among us no longer, and that there is now no section of Englishmen which would shrink from war if the honour and dignity of the country required the sacrifice. But how is such a question to be determined ?There we do, indeed, encounter difficulties; but still there are no State secrets in such problems. True political wisdom consists, not in enunciating a "policy" in sonorous phrases, but in applying to each question as it occurs the rules of common sense and prudence. Lord Palmerston frankly acknowledges that in the three cases which have recently arisen there were considerable differences of opinion ; in fact, he asserts only of the decisions of Government that, upon the whole, and after calm reflection, they will commend themselves to the public as right. It is not to be denied that there has been a feeling of misgiving in the popular mind. The country is sometimes but half satisfied with. itself. True, we are enjoying a safe and prosperous peace in stead of battling with the charges and necessities of war, but have we purchased this happiness at too dear a price ? Have we evaded our duties when we were called upon to prevent oppression, and cause right to be done ? We are sure it will be the ultimate conviction that we have incurred no such reproach. No doubt a different policy would have gratified many at the time, but that proves nothing. It has been said that two things are in variably popular at first—a war and a peace ; and there is, perhaps, hardly a question on which a defiant or Quixotic policy would not command a certain amount of approval. The point for decision concerned, not the transitory feelings of a party, but the permanent interests of the State, and by this time we believe the policy adopted has been recognised as the best that could be embraced. We may almost put out of the question the case of the American belligerents. Nobody could well maintain that it was the duty of England to interfere in such a contest, and events have suffi' ciently proved that it was net our interest to do so. By intervention we should, as Lord Palmerston observed, " have added thousands of our own sons to the hecatomb of victims which that calamitous and bloody slaughtering war has sacrificed," while it is doubtful if by this expenditure we could have liberated the cotton supplies of the South, and quite certain that even it' we had done so the result would not have been worth the cost. The paralysis of the cotton industry has cost us literally nothing—that is to say, our national trade is just as large and 08 lucrative as it was before, whereas a war with America might have cost us more than any man could reckon. The Polish question was nut so clear, but it turned mainly on sympathies, and such sym pathies rarely constitute a sufficient cause for war. Lord Palmerston admits that a war for the rescue of the Poles would have commanded " great acqui escence in popular feeling," and it is also well under stood that it might have been undertaken with the oosoperation of France. But, measuring interests against interests,'and looking calmly at the probable condition of the struggle, we cannot say that Eng land was called upon to intervene, or that she neglected any duty by declining to do so. However the case may be regarded it certainly was not a case of duty or honour. The Danish question was more difficult, for our power appeared greater while our obligations seemed more distinct. It seemed far more practicable to send a fleet to the Baltic than to tear a continental province from the Russian Empire, and it was undeniable that the chief Powers of Europe had made a contract with Den mark, which, if it did not amount to an absolute guarantee, did certainly imply a recognition of the pretensions asserted by the Danes. In this case, indeed, our Government was prepared to co-operate with the other Powers in securing the observance of the engagement, but no other Power would bear its share in the undertaking. It then became a ques tion of might as well as right, and we had to ask ourselves not only whether we were bound to pre serve the Duchies for Denmark, but whether we had the power of doing so if we wished. The unani mous decision of the Governments whose engages ments were identical with our own showed to how slight an extent thetfreaty was held to be operative, while as regards our competence to perform the work Lord Palmerston placed the question beyond dispute. The season would not admit of our sending a fleet to the scene of action, nor, if we had sent a fleet, could it have stopped the march of the armies which were invading Denmark. The war was to be fought out on land, and the utmost that we could have done would have been to oppose a contingent of 30,000 or 40,000 men to armies which the enemy could have raised with ease to 300,000 or 400,000. Such was the aspect of the question when viewed by the light of practical common sense. There is, however, always an escape from such arguments, though it lies in a prophecy only. The advocates of a war policy rarely venture on advo cating the thing itself. They tell us that a mere threat would do the business. They say that if England would only threaten to go to war, the war would never be provoked, and that we should gain our ends at the cheap cost of a bold front and a few strong words. But that was not the case 10 years ago on the Turkish question, nor do we believe that Russia would have been found any more pliable in the question of Poland. In the Danish question it is now almost certain that one of the German Powers at anyrate could not have been turned aside by anything short, of superior force. From what has transpired of the policy of Prussia it is rea sonable to suppose that she was fully prepared to encounter the extremities of war rather thaa desist from her purpose, and that the quarrel, if once undertaken, must have been fought out to the end. We put out of the question for the mo ment the manifold and weighty considerations of ancient alliances and permanent interests which any European war must involve, but, ho cecver things had gone, or whatever might have been the policy of the party in power, we could certainly never have done all three of the things which it is maintained that we ought to have done, if we had gone to war with Russia on behalf of Poland, it is perfectly certain that we could never have so much as enter. tained the question of a second war with the United States, or a third with Germany. One of these " obligations" would infallibly have so satisfied us that we should have had little consideration for the others. 'War is a very exhausting occupation even to countries which make it more their business to be prepared for it than we do, and when we see how impossible it is to carry it on everywhere, we may perhaps feel better contented at letting it alone altogether. DAILY NEWS.—The alliance and accord between Austria and Prussia by no means implies, or even advances German unity. It is simply an agreement between military powers for military ends. Instead of the Cedant armta, which might have been hoped from the great industrial progress of Germany, it is on the contrary civil improvement, and even coma rnercial development, that is sacrificed to aims of military organisation and agglomeration. Had the old policy and politicians survived that extended the commercial sway and influence of Prussia so far beyond its frontiers, they would have taken advan Cage of the late successes to push the limits of the groat Commercial Union even to the Sound. But M. de Bismark cares for nothing but military ports, arsenals, and contingents. Whilst he is eseablish ,ing these beyond the Eider, the hold which Prussia had for well nigh half a century maintained over the South is loosened if not lost. All the States of North Germany —those at least which belonged to the Zellverein—hve consented to its renewal. Even Hanover, which objected .... so strongly to the treaty with France, had waived objections. Not so the two minor kingdoms of the South. Bavaria and Wurtemburg still hold aloof. And as the Prussian Government does not take the least pains to conciliate them, and seems not to care whether they go or stay, it is not improbable that the re newed Zoliverein will not extend south of the Danube. This indifference, real or feigned, of Prus sia to the extension of its Commercial Union even over its old limits in the South, gives rise to many suspicions. One obvious fear is, that it has given its consent to a dualism, or division of Germany into North and South—the former to be sub jected to the authority of Prussia, the latter destined to undergo the Austrian yoke. The Prussian Minister may plead that the accession of Bavaria and Wurtemburg to the Union adds nothing to the common revenue ; on the contrary, those States receive more than the share they bring. But there are many circumstances which. compensate for this, and which should be taken into account, North Germany, like the Northern States of America, has constituted itself the factor of the South. The colonial produce which it COB* sumes, as well as its other wants, are provided by the merchants of Hamburg and Leipsic. It the Southern kingdoms quit the Zollverein, they will be supplied from Trieste or from France. The pro bability is that if Bavaria and Wurtemburg decide upon a commercial secession from Prussia and its Union, they will join Austria in a counter Zollve rein, nu event that must be attended by political as well as commercial results of extreme importance. It is singular enough that, at a time when these Northern kingdoms of Germany are called upon to take a decision of such magnitude, they should have both fallen under the rule of new sovereigns. , A 9 much of the immediate future of Germany m ust depend upon the part which its four minor kings play—those, we mean, of Bavaria, Saxony, Hanover, and Wurtemburg—it is important to consider the character of the new monarchs, and the influence s likely to prevail with them. The death of the late King Maximilian of Bavaria was considered an ad vantage to Prussia, since it removed a personal antagonist and rival of the Hohenzollerns. But King Maximilian, though petulant and resentful, was not formidable, being a scholar rather than 5 soldier, and far more fitted to carry on an academic than a military war. The youth who has succeeded him is spirited and lively, and may one day play a leading part, but for the present he is through Ills relations under the influence of the clergy, wh ose antipathy to Prussia is of the strongest. Th e able Minister, Von der Pfordten, is equally opposed to the policy of Berlin. But as that policy seems to confine itself to the North, and to have the suppor t of Austria, Bavaria may be content to maintalls• the rights and influence of the minor Princes is th e Bund. The new King of Wurt e mb urg canno t plea' , : infancy. It is long since he reached maturity, but his father kept him so estranged from public busi ness or political influence that he is almost like s' Turkish prince ascending the throne. His Queen is the Grand Duchess Olga of Russia. Nevertheles s the new reign follows the steps of the old with re gard to the Bond and the SleswipHolstein succes sion. And the Duke of Oldenburg, who roade a tour incognito through the little country of the centre and south,was ili-received every where,even at Stut t , - gard ; in many places, indeed, not received at all . The mingled fears and rivalry which animated the minor kingdoms against the great ones, and a gainst Prussia especially, have led to some good resolves and to a sounder policy. All agree, for example, that in she face of Bismark treading down the 139- tional representation, their business is to be on good terms with their Chambers, and to keep true to the constitution. The Wurtemburg Chambers met, 89 their fundamental law enjoins, on the King's death. After the new monarch swearing to the constitution they took the oath of allegiance to him. Then fol lowed the address, and the debate on the addressf t ill which the extreme Right, the extreme Left, and iu u moderate or middle party showed themselves. T he extreme Left was for denouncing Austria and Pru s : sia, and forming a third pure German party to res ist them, and a vote in that sense was passed by th e Wurtemburg Chambers in February. The Me d " rates, however, deprecated any raisi n g of a separate banner against Austria and Prussia, it being w i l l to assume that the rights of the Confederation w°i e be respected, and the wishes of th e G er man P u p. W duly considered. These opinions and debates of the Chambers, which are only just clo sed, , seem to show how moderate and measured is li ku ' Y f to be any parliamentary resistance on the part the lesser towards the greater Powers. Austria can alone act as a counterpoise to pr e vent Prussia fro m carrying its advantage and its ambition too far. Should, however, those two great Powers have agreed upon "going halves" in Germany, di viding influence and empire between them, nothing can save the minor States from absorption except the timidity or prudence of the great sovereigns. to Austria, it can have no idea of absorbing, suet? aa country as Bavaria. All it requires is Ba vay . l e support and adhesion_ In the North it is otherwise. • There M. de Bismark would gladly and greedily swallow w up Hanover, Saxony, and Mecklen bur g ; nay, he would at once annex Schleswig - Holstein but for the hesitations of King William. And for this not a few Prussians loudly censure the King , whilst ready to applaud his unscrupulous Minister. COUNTRY MARKETS. NEWCASTLE-ON-TYNE-TUESDAY. Harvest work has commenced in earnest in the county of Northumberland this week, and reaping machines hay° been called into active requisition. This morning a t our market the wheat trade was slow, and prices ruled at abou t the same as last Saturday. We had a large arrival of oats (Scotch), and a lair business was done at the quotations of last week. LYNN-TUESDAY. At to-day's market the supply of wheat was moderato, and the attendance was small. The sales realised previous _ prices. Several samples o f new b a rl e y were shown, the quality good and heavy. Beans and oats firm. White wheat 46 s t o 48 s i B ar l e y ..32s to 36s 9 1g Red.. go Beans .38s to 39s 1 Oats .. .22s to - Small . to -- -5 36s to 37s 1 Peas ............... —s Averages Wheats, 42s Gcl—barley, 33s la—bean 6, 39s 3d. HULL—TUESDAY. of At our market to-day there was a very short supP nee English wheat, which realised fully is per qr ad more on last week's prices for new kinds ; old also rather barley money. Peas and beans rather dearer, and grindi n g sold at full rates.Od Wheat.... Old white.... per qr Old red 1) New white .. „ New red .... „Oa Barley.... English malting Grinding Saal and Oderbruck Holstein and Danish Od d Grinding Oats English ' ', old 223 3 42:4, 5028 5 2:31 sss s sssssa 000000 0 000 i d addi itt t it 0000 0 00000 4 3244234 9 43:4413 : ssssss: ,00000... Archangel and D dl u t th os3 Riga, per st osil2l to 4tno Friesland sviTl4 Swedish and Danish Beans ....English, old, per qr New pigeon New tick Egyptian Peas Foreign boilers ... Grinding Tares ....Spring o Indian Corn Linseed, feeding — 433 3 45 34 0 02 0 33 0 , 2 2 s s ssss : s s 006000°021dddadddd to ocLo o o o l t 4 53 : 33 4 4 . ? °3 463 : s s ssss 1 0 60 : 0 3 0 t 0 d d tl d i crushing 40s Od to 52s 0 , 1 Linseed cakes (Hull) £lo 5 0 to ilo 10 0 Foreign! 8 0 o to 9 0 0,, Rape cakes 5 0 oto 0 0 Bonus 5 5 () to 510 0 MARKET HARBOROUGH-TUESDAY. At our corn market to-day the supply of wheat was ra ther limited, and former rates unaltered. Barley scarce. —White wheat, 42s to 47s ; red, 38s to 44s per 36 stone. Malting barley at 26s to 32s per qr.; grinding, 27s to 2? , ! per 30 at, Oats, old, 26a to 295; new„ 21s to 21s per ' ;0 st. ; beans, 36s to 43s per qr. BRISTOL SUGAR—TUESDAY. Our market has become very dull again , and the sales West India kinds are quite insignificant—still, we Csn,ht of quote any reduction in rates. Prices steady for rum, vi.'" met a dull sale. Births. t 1 t h i s c . the Wife Richmond, m 0 n d , Surreys BUUB.—On the 23d inst., a Esq., of a son. GOODWYN.—On the 10th inst C. 8., 41 tat the Carragh of Kildare, the wife of Colonel Goodwy n,itegiment, of a s of Charles Babb, son. KyrusToic.--On the 24th inst., a t 3, Esses . Villas, Ken sington, \V., the wife of John Nynaston, jun., Esq., of a daughter. LEA.—On the 22d i ns t ,at Temple r oore, Ireland, the wilt of Captain Lea, 16th inst., of a son. Marriage & COMYN—PULLEN.--On the 23d inst., Edwd.Comyn, Esq., barrister-at-law, of 'Temple , second son t — an O to ll u t , h t e d of Fitzwilliam. Cou►yn, Esq., of 59, Cleveland-squa re, 5, lump-court, llyde-park, to Nary Louisa, eldest daughter of John Pullen, Esq., solicitor, of the Middle Temple. STANTON— J O OO w it y S S : town, nd . 3, Honey -2501: tßi Bartholomew-road at St. .I‘ r l o a a r d y n l eibootnbe, lane, city, to Susan ane, K C h e (Church, r t s h h , on ly daughter of Richard Owers, Esq., 51, Tottenham courL-road. Deaths. BILLINGS.—On. the 20th inst., at Lower Philliniore - p lace, Kensington, F. W. Billings, Esq., aged 59. I.3roGs —On the 20th inst., at Tunbridge-wells, Mai" 1. P. M. Biggs, aged 41. FIELD.—On the 23d inst., at Kew-road, Richmond, Surrey, James Fi e ld, M.D.. M.ll C.S„ aged 82. O'MALLEY.—On the 18th inst., at his residence, Kilboyn? House, Mayo, Ireland, Sir Samuel O'Malley, Dar t., uget 80. PRICE.—On the 21st inst., at Heald Grove, R u shome, cheater, John Thomas Price, Esq., J.P., aged 57. WILLIAMS.—On the 22d inst., Louisa Teresa, wife of Coro: manner G, B. Williams, and eldest daughter 01 Vice-Admiral liingcome. . r London: Printed and Prtfished by WILLIAM ANDI,-' 'Tv; of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE SUN office , N°' ' 4 ": Strand, n the Precinct of the Savoy. ;n t i l e Cf,lll 3 tY °` Milk)loex.—Thursday, August 25, ltha.