The Sun. — London, England, 1863-01-26 00:00:00

R OYAL ENGLISH OPERA, COVENT G A It DEN. Under the Management ut Miss Louisa Fyne and Mr. W. 'Harrison, Sole Lessees. THIS EVENING, SATANELLA : Misses Sara Dobson, Thirlwall, and Susan Tyne ; Messrs. W. H. Weiss, J. 'Rouse, A. St. Albyn, 11. Corti, C. Lyall, W. 11. Payne, and George Ferrets Conductor —Mr. A. Mellon. Atter which, the Grand Comic Christmas Pantomime, en titled HARLEQUIN BEAUTY AND THE ncBEAST. Doors open at halt-past 6—C ommee at 7. mfr H EATRE-R YA L, DRURY-LANE.- -11 Lessee and Manager, Mr. Edmund Falconer. THIS EVENING, the Comio Drama of THE NEXE OF After which, the Grand Pantomime of LITTLE GO DDY TWO SHOES, Commence at ^. TH EAT E E-R 0Y A 1,, HAY MARKET. Lessee. Mr. J. B. Buckstone. THIS EVENING, at Seven o'clock, will be performed CUR AMERICAN COUSIN. Asa Trenchard, Mr. Buck stone ; Lord Dundreary, ➢lr. Sothern. After which, a new and original Extravaganza, entitled RASSELAS, PRINCE OF ABYSSINIA; or, The Happy Valley. Rasselas, Miss Louise Keeley. Concluding with OUR MARY ANNE. THEATRE ROYAL LYCEUM OPEN, under the Sole Management of Mr. FECUTER. THIS EVENING, Jan. 25, to commence with an OH final Sketch, entitled A SUDDEN ATTACK. Messrs. Shore, Garden, 11. Widdicomb, Miss Henrade, and Mrs. Lee. After which, at a Quarter to Eight, a New Romantic Drama. in Three Acts, and Pri!o , ue, entitled THE DUKE'S MOTTO, by Paul Feval and John Brougham. The principal character will be sustained by Mr. Pechter, sunported by Messrs. G. Vining, J. Brougham, H. Widdi combe, W. 111'Intyre, P. Charles, Garden, Raymond, 11. Butler, Dawson • Misses Carlotta Leclercq, Kate Terry, E. ',avenue, and Elsworthy. Mr. Phelps and Mr. W. Montgomery are engaged, and will shortly appear. Doors open at half-past Six, performanca to commence at Seven. Private Boxes, £2 12s. dd., and £ 2 Places registered. Stalls, 6s. 6d. ; Dress Circle , as. 6t;rcle, ss. ; Upper Circle, 4s. 6d. Prices at doors—Stalls, 6 s. ; Dress Upper Circle, 45.; Pit, , it, 2s. ; ls. No half-Price. Box office open daily from 11 till 5. The public are entreated to take notice that no charge is made bithe occupants of boxes, box places, or stalls, either for playis or for the safe keep ing of hats and cloaks : and that attendants in all parts of the house are forbidden to reeve tangaratuities whatever Stage-Manager, Mr. G. Vining. A-Manager, Mr. H. Barnett. EATRE. .11) ° A T i a esee ß an l el N Ma C n E age S r S ;i S r L i T n d ir t' THIS EVENING, LAW v. LOVE : Miss M. Oliver. --- Followed by ONE GOOD TURN DESERVES AN OTHER. Mr. R. Roxby and Miss Amy Sedgwick. After which, the New Grand CHRISTMAS PANTOMIME, " RIQUET WITH THE TUFT ; or, Harlequin and Mother Shipton." Mr. G. Belmore, Mr. C. Scyton, Misses Gray and Hudspeth, Mr. Milano, Mr. R. Power, Miss A. Collinson, and Mr. Halford. NEW TH FATRE-RO YAL, ADELPHI.- Sole Proprietor and Monitor. Mr. B. Webster. __ THIS EVENING, THE LI I TLE TRE A SURE. Mr Billington, Mr. R. Phillips, and 3liss Marie Wilton. After which, A TICKET OF LEAVE : Messrs. J. L.Toole, P Bedford, and Mrs. Billington. To conclude with " GEORGE DE BARNWELL : or, Harlequin Follyin the Realms of Fancy." Miss Woolgar, Miss K. Belly, Miss Seaman ; Messrs. J. L. Toole, P. Bed ford, S ephenson, C.. 7. Smith. Harlequin, Mr. John Lauri; Columbine, Miss Caroline Adams ; Clown, Mr. W. Hildyard ; t'a ntaloon, Mr. J. P..u10. The celebrated Arthur and Le rtrand. Commence at 7. The WEATHER.—Sun Office, Jan. 25, 1863. THERMOMETER. Highest since Noon yesterday 47 Lowest during the night This day at N00n..... Barometer-30.28. Wind—W.N.W ; fresh and cold. JANUARY 26. THERMOMETER, Highest since Noon yesterday .. 45 Lowest during the night This day at Noon Barometer-30.26. Wind—Westerly; fresh, and variable, with fine weather. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. This DAY.—Morning, 6h. 40m.—Afternoon, 6h. 59in, To-MORROW.-Morning, 7h. 21m.—Afternoon, 7h. 47m .4. LONDON, MONDAY, JANUARY 26, 1863. - The converse of the Apostle's dictum may, we presume, as a matter of course, be taken for granted : the familiar dictum about " evil communications." The influence of mere companionship, in truth, whether for good or for evil, ages since found utter ance in one of those old time-honoured proverbs— happily defined once upon a time by Earl RUSSELL (the noble lord speaking of them at the moment generically) as " the Wisdom of Many and the Wit of One"—Noscitur a sociis And, in point of fact, the predominant influence exercised socially by good as compared with the influence exercised by evil, is fact tolerably plain and undeniable. Apply this truth politically—and the result is yet found, even there, to be one of a kindred character. Associate together a Despotism and a Democracy—ally inti mately any Great Military Autocracy with a purely Constitutional Government—and so far from the evil communications of the one corrupting the other, the ulterior consequence will inevitably and infra • libly be, in the long run at least, exactly the reverse. It may be a slow process—it Is a slow process—not a doubt of it. But, work its way it will for a dead, or, we would rather say, for a living certainty. There are these two grand and dominant allies in Western Europe—allies, intimate and cordial allies, during these last ten years especially, in peace and in war France under NAPOLEON, England under VICTORIA. Their soldiers have fought and bled, side by side, during these last ten years, in more than one remote quarter of the globe. Now in the Crimea, now in far off China. The two peoples during these last ten years have been also more or less frequently associated together in intimate personal relationeliip. Each of them has held in turn high holiday —France in the Champs ElP= 6 :? , s, England alternately in Hydepark and at South Kensington. Last year the bonds of this alliance were knit yet more closely together, by the negotiation of a Commercial Treaty, bridgir g over the Channel more effectually even, one might say, than it had already been bridged over by steam power. A couple of years back the French EM PEROR, with a single sweep of his autocratic hand, had cleared away for once and for all the vexatious Passport System, hitherto impeding the intercourse between the inhabitants of the two countries. As a gracious and enlightened response from England, in return for this ingenious and magnanimous act on the part of the French Sovereign, the Apostle of Free Trade went forth from this island to France —formally delegated by his Government to indoctrinate with those commercial principles his eloquence hod been so mainly instrumental in winning the triumph for amongst Ourselves, to indoctrinate with those wise and bene ficent principles the haughty and eminently protec tive system in vogue there (until his coming) in imperial France. The good work done by Mr. COB • 1 DIN in Paris was done, it is true, as we felt very painfully at the time, in a bungling and left-handed way as it happened. Still—however done—it was done. Reciprocity Treaty or not—(and as a recip rocity treaty it was necessarily and essentially a retrogressive treaty)—tho Commercial Treaty was negotiated, signed, sealed, and delivered. When scanned in retrospect, it almost seems to us now that in its reciprocative, and , consequently,a s but ju s t now remarked in parenthesis, in its retrogressive e h are c ter, the Treaty, we will acknowled ge , may be accepted at length as having been ioge. -,lously so designed by its principal nego tiator. Mr. COBDEN probably taking as his guiding axiom at the outset reculer pour mieux saucer. H.)t - Ftrcr done,, we repeat , there it unqueitionably is deny : the validity Commercial Treaty between France and England being a fact as incontrovertible, in Os way, es the abolition t already alluded to) of the old-fa.thioned and wholl3 intolerable system of Passports. As to Freedom of Speech having again been restored to the French Legislature—well, to a cer tain extent that, too, is in a mcabur.; beyond the reach of contradiction. Not very much Freedom, i t i s t ru e, has been restored to the Parliamentary Tribune there. But Freedom of some sort there is, beyond a moment's question—otherwise the Senate would never have listened, as it did, not so very long ago, to the bold and outspoken harangue delivered there by an Imperial Highness, who for once could apparently think and talk for himself! Prince NAPOLEON doing so, there, it may be remembered, in direct antagonism to the policy of the Imperial Government ! Discussions there are even now, ses sion after session, among the Deputies and among the Senators—speeches very courtly no doubt for the part, and pronounced as one might say, in the main, " with 'bated breath" or, at any rate, sotto voce. Nevertheless discussions there are_(they will become louder and bolder by usage)—discussions both spoken from the Tribune and reported in the Newspapers. As to the restoration of anything like Freedom to the Newspaper Press—though that too thoughoohasbeen talked of in the precinc ts of the Tuileries, its coming was, a while since, trumpeted sonorously enough by the Minister of State, the Count DE PERSIGN Y, at the moment of his returning from being Ambassador in England to resume the administrative portfolio of the Interior in Imperial France—so small, so in finitessimal is that to our Brobdignagian habits in the way of Free Writing and Free Printing over here in England, that it is all but absolutely invi sible and unrecognisable, upon the most careful scrutiny, by the eyes of Englishmen. There it is we are told, notwithstanding—though we cannot see it. There it is we are still confidently assured; and there, too, we are assured, it will gradually grow up, imperceptibly expand, and eventually flourish. Heaven grant: it, is our one prayer of sympathy and good fellowship : and the sooner the better, say we, under the circumstances. However, all this may be, nevertheless, here, as among the most significant signs of the times that could possibly be brought to us from France, comes the Speech delivered by the EMPEROR yesterday in the Palace of the Louvre,upon the occasion of his MA JESTY'S distribution of the Prizes recently awarded in London to the pick of the French Exhibitors in the Industrial and Art Palace of 1862, at South Kensington. For once in a Speech from those usually grave and taciturn lips—for once there comes audibly to us a sentence that has about it a taste or flavour of the Humorous. A strange blending there seems to us in the particular words we are now alluding to, a strange blending of the genial and ironical: but out of the blending of those apparently incongruous ingredients there comes as the result—this same indication of the humorous. " That redoubtable invasion of the British says his MAJESTY, " has, then, been realised." He is alluding to the Exhibition—he is addressing himself to he French Exhibitors. "I am happy," he adds, "to have to reward the bravest of the brave, In fact, we have crossed the Channel and invaded English soil, not with the arms which carry ruin, but with those which confer prosperity and comfort." Later on in the Imperial discourse, NAPOLEON 111. observes in words that befit less the lips of a military despot than those of an autocratic ruler aspiring to assume his place among the ranks of the Constitutional Sovereigns : —"lf foreigners have to envy us many useful things, France must have seen that she can borrow many moral conquests from England. We have, in fact, borrowed from England that spirit of liberty which, being extended to all opinions, insures the development of all interests." It is something, surely, " to the good" that France should become accustomed to hear language of this kind uttered by her Imperial ruler. With the Passport System broken down, with an intimate commercial intercourse established by Treaty between the two countries with voices again audible in the French Tribunes, with reports of discussions again appearing in the French newspapers, with words coming to us like thoseyesterday pronounced by the Emperor NAPO LEON, in reference to the Free Institutions of England, and in reference to the hopes inspired by them among educated Frenchmen, it is impossible not to cherish a belief that, with the advance of I time, the Napoleonian Empire may yet develop 1 into a Constitutional Government. The news from Poland proves that the greatest confusion reigns there, and many accounts of suffer ing and violence may be expected shortly to follow. The result is only what might have been expectedfrom the long endurance of that oppressed nation, and the cruel tyranny of its oppressors. It needed but a slight impetus to turn the murmurs of discontent into the outbreaks of open 'warfare. There is no doubt that the immediate cause which led to this sad state of things was the cruel conscription that ha 3 of late so irritated and distressed the Poles. The ' inhuman mode in which that procedure has been carried on has increased tenfold the original horror of its decree. A greater scandal to a civilised com- , munity can hardly be imagined than the records , which reach us of the doings at Warsaw. It is not to be supposed that any material benefit will result to Poland from this insurrection ; indeed, it is only too probable that by the active and stringent measures adoptel by the Russians, the chains of that unhappy country will be more firmly riveted than ever for the time, and that the suffer ings of her unhappy people will furnish another long list to add to that catalogue of wrongs which awakens the pity and arouses the indignation of all independent men. The accounts furnished reveal a concerted character that is rather surprising, 1 unless we consider it as the simultaneous expression of an injured people, whose wrongs are beyond endurance. There have been several encounters I between the troops and the insurgents. These latter had effected a junction of their several bands on the , ' right bank of the Vistula. On the night of the 22d, 1 there were attacks made everywhere on the troops that were detached, they killed all the soldiers they found billeted in various houses. Of course this suc cess was but of a partial nature. The troops, in their turn, united and repulsed the insurgents, not, how ever; without loss on their own side. A general was wounded and a colonel killed, thirty Russians I were killed,and three times that number wounded in I the combat. It is a warning to the authorities of the mistake that they have made in their recent, arrange ments, by their over haste and harsh t n h e a s t s itnhopltawno ning and pursuing their operations, thousand conscripts lately enrolled have deserted and assembled at different points. These men must have been wound up by dreadful persecutions and fired by the recollection of most maddening out rages to have taken so decisive a step, and dared the dangers of so imminent a fate as that which hangs over them now after that desertion. They have been supplied by place. The J ourna l of St. Pe the conflicts that have taken eharace.er. It also Siedle c,states werethat hostages seized in their tersburg states that placeof m ot h a ei a n s t t a serious u ll r g lo e c n k t i Plonsk, Radzyn, and 1 had intended to enact a second massacre of St. Bar tholomew, and at midnight of the 22d they seized the soldiers that were scattered about, not only in Warsaw, but all the towns throughout the pro . vince, some of whom were strangled in their beds. They also burnt several villages, but the soldiers d e lended these vigorously, and finally repulsed the [insurgeats every where with great loss. The Rus sians, on their side, seem to have adopted every means of defiance and precaution. A general con centration of troop% has taken place, and Poland is declared in a state of siege. A band of insurgents have been surrounded by a military cordon which has cut off their supplies, and domiciliaq visits and arrests have been made at Kalisch. All these strenu ous efforts will doubtless gain their immediate end of putting down the insurrection, and quelling the national outbreak. When this has been done we shall be tempted to exclaim, in the words of Mr. COBDEN on some public question of the day, " What next, and next ?" Is the same system of tyranny carried to so crushing an extent that human nature must revolt at it, however useless or unavailing the outbreak may be, to be the ground work of the future policy of tke Russians ? Must the generation that now exclaims against such bar barity, together with those that exercise it, alike pass away to give place to others who will play the same part on the stage of the world's history ? The CZAR may exult in the triumph of his arms in putting down rebellion and anarchy, but he had better call to mind the remark of PYRRHUS, " Another such victoryand I am undone." The bright promise which ALEXANDER 11. gave at the outset of his reign has already been overclouded, and appears likely soon to give place to the gloomiest forebodings. If he sanction and encourage the repetition of such transactions as are recorded in the recent telegram, he will undo all the good he has already done, and cover himself with disgrace in the eyes of the civilised world. [hose who may not be willing from political motives, or able from intrinsic strength, to aid the oppressed nation by force of arms, will yet raise an indignant outcry against such barbarity that may startle the proud EMPEROR, and call down disgrace on his doings. To find a parallel to the scenes in Poland we must look at the blackest pages in the world's history. The anomaly is that while many nations have been under such strict surveillance for a time, that Poland seems destined never to emerge from a state of moral siege, to a brighter or happier day. The very means which the usurpers adopt to crush the incipient attempts of the trampled down people to free themselves are of such a nature that after a time these suppressing severities in themselves occasion renewed outbreaks. It is high time that this dark tragedy was played out, and that reason and remonstrance shou,d induce the Emperor of RUSSIA and his chief counsellors to moderate their cruel conduct. If they persist much longer they may create confusions that even their armies can not quell, or if they do put down the insurrection openly there will be a smouldering rage within the heart of the country that will continu ally cause them annoyance and harass. It would be worth their while for an experiment to adopt milder measures towards Poland, since this constantly re curring violence cannot be ♦ery pleasant or profita ble even to them. One thing is certain, while human nature is constituted as it is and men's passions are aroused by fits of treachery and deeds of violence, so long will the Pol_s rise up against their hard task masters who seem to have taken PHAROAIE of old as their model of a ruler, and to harden their hearts alike against the commandments of their Maker, and the rights of their fellow creatures. It is to be trusted that something is yet in store for Poland that may allow that outraged land, at least, a little breathing space, and that some check may be given to her ruthless persecutors, who seem bent upon scattering and devastating the population of a country that they have done their utmost to blot out from the nations of the world. We have now before us, en extenso, the address which the majority of the Prussian Chambers have decided upon presenting to the Throne. It is yet to be seen whether, should it be presented, his MA JESTY will receive it, since his evil genius, Herr VON BISMARK, has already informed the Opposi tion that " there are limits to what the King of PRUSSIA can listen to," and that he cannot advise his MAJESTY to accept the address in question. Herr VON BISMARK is, probably, indignant at the inge nious and strictly constitutional distinction which is drawn in the address between the KING and his , Ministers. He is very unwilling to accept the blame which under a constitutional Monarchy attaches to the Minister for his Sovereign's acts, and which in this case at least it is very fair that the Minister should be made to participate in. He is too ob stinate or too shortsighted to persuade WILLIAM I. to abate his pretensions and govern on moderate and equitable principles, and consequently he per sists in the course which is leading both himself and his master into very serious difficulties. The Chamber, on the other hand, after distinctly stat ing their grievances and the support given them by the country at large, throw the onus of the late unconstitutional proceedings directly upon the Mi nisters, thereby giving the King, if he choose to avail himself of it, an easy and dignified mode of concession by the dismissal of his present unpopu lar administration. Nowithstanding the loyal ex pressions of the address, it is evident that the Opposition is assuming a more decided attitude. Their language is firmer, their statement of grievances mole plain and uncompromising than of old. They commence by reminding the King that the last session was closed prior to the coin pletion of the Budget Law for 1863; the budget drafts for 1863, which according to the charter should have been agreed upon the previous year, ware withdrawn, and notwithstanding the re quest of the Chambers that the Govern ment would re-submit them in time, the Cham bers were closed without receiving them. " Since then," says the Address, "the Ministers appointed by your Mojesty have, contrary to law and the charter, carried on the public administration with out a budget voted by the House. Defying an ex- i press resolution of the House of Dsputins, they have i even gone so far as to authorise such expenditures as had been definitively refused by the decisions of the House." What would be the feeling in England if such proceedings were adopted P We are not sur prised to find the next paragraph asserting, in in dignant terms, that the supreme right of the Legis lature has been invaded—a right which forms the very basis of constitutional government, and the full concession of which to the Prussian Parliament has never been hitherto so much as doubted. It is this right that has always proved the great check upon Monarchs and Ministers inclined to overstep due bounds. It is a right which all parties ' must admit is incontestably one of the first privi leges of a Legislature; and if the Chambers take their stand upon it, we do not see how the KING can silence them, unless he resorts to the expedient Of CHARLES 1., and endeavours to rule without them. The Address then proceeds to denounce in strong terms the presentation of the addresses by the reactionary party, which, it states, consists onlj o f a "small minority estranged to 1 the nation, hut supported by your MAJESTY'S Ministers;'' being er s ; Session, it is said, has opened without any real over ^i s thepress, and bf power towards civil ollie a 1.., and goes on to compare the present and the non-embodied militia, to the oppression prac ticed years in the preceding the Regency. The new made by the Government, and, in truth, ' the tone of the Speech was anything but concilia-- \‘ ' tory, The IIK} is zeminded of the daily 1058 of THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 26, 1863. dignity and power suffered by his Government in the eyes of foreign nations, and is entreated to dis tinguish "between the honest voice of the legal representatives" of his people, and the advice of those who endeavour to shelter their arbitrary pro ceedings by his name. Certainly, after perusing this document King WILLIAM I. will not be able to complain that he has not heard the truth, yet, notwithstanding its plain speaking it is charac terised by justice and moderation. The Chambers have undoubted the right on their side in insisting upon the legislative control of the financ's, and we trust that the members of the Opposition will re concile all other differences, and concentrate their forces on this point. They will undoubtedly receive the support of the nation at large, who have wit nessed with alarm and misgiving this invasion of their rights, and their demands will beendorsed by the public opinion of Europe and the invariable practice of all constitutional kingdoms. On the other hand, we sincerely hope, although appearances are at pre sent unpromising, that the KING will reconsider his position, and avail himself of the opportunity offered him to effect a reconciliation with his Chambers. Let him replace Herr VON BISMARK and his associates by a constitutional Ministry, let the Budget be submitted to the Chambers in regular form, and let the further consideration of the ill starred measure of military re -organisation be de ferred for the present. The Chambers speak truly when they state that the prolonga tion of the dispute is weakening the authority of Prussia at home and abroad, and it is undoubtedly to the interest of both par ties to come to a settlement. We cannot hope that the Deputies will renounce their rights, but we hope that the King tatty learn wisdom from experience, aided by the piesent 'state of affairs in a neighbouring country,' and availing himself of the constitutional axiom that " the King can do no wrong," meet the loyal professions of the Address by the dismissal of his obnoxious Minister. The Reforms of the Pontifical Government. The following details respecting the proposed reforms of the Pontifical government are translated from the official report recently forwarded by the Papal Nuncio at Paris to the French Minister of Foreign Affairs. The entire report is of consider able length, and is principally occupied with an account of the organisation of the Papal States : At the approaching renewal of the communal councils, the law of 24th November, 1850, will be carried into execu tion in the enactments not vet enforced relative to the elec tion of the councillors by means of a college of electors in stituted to that effect in every commune. JChe Holy Father also intends to increase the number of Councillors of State, and of members of the Consulta of State for the Finances, by granting to these last a deliberative vote. But will he be able to do this with a good grace (con decoro) now that his States are reduced to so small a frac tion, and the treasury and its resources in a manner ex hausted ? Still, his holiness does not cease to occupy him self with all the improvements passible in the administration of the State. With that view, a commission composed of competent persons will undertake the necessary studies as soon as the preparatory measures (the execution of which has already commenced) shall have been completed. The administration of justice does net differ from that existing in the most civilised States of Europe. There is a code of procedure, and in each chief provincial town a tri bunal for important causes, while for matters of minor importance there aro inferior judges who fulfil the same functions as the juges de paix in France. There are three courts of appeal, one at Rome, one at Bologna, and one at Macerata. Criminal causes are tried by the collegiate tri bunals in public sitting, and the witnesses are confronted with the accused. A code of procedure determines the forms to be followed in criminal causes, and a penal code fixes the punishment to be inflicted on persons found guilty of misdemeanours or crimes. If in civil affairs there is no code properly so called, still the laws in vigour are of a nature to induce the most ardent enemies of the Holy Father to confess, even in the parlia ment of Turin, that the Pontifical government is the most paternal and at the same time the best adapted to the wants of the population. With some trifling exceptions, the poll, tical and civil jurisprudence of the Roman States has no other bases than Justinian law. Nevertheless, in accord ance with a petition addressed to him, the Holy Father has named a commission charged to embody all these laws into a kind of code. Thus, with regard to the existing penal code the means of effecting certain ameliorations are already under consideration, whilst the Council of State is engaged in introducing into the commercial code certain modifica tions which have been recognised as useful and necessary. Public works and charitable institutions will always be favoured by the Holy Father, and ever find support and assistance in his inexhaustible charity. An article in the Osservatore Ronsano notices these dispositions, and although that journal is not official, the information it gives is gene rally very accurate. Neither the miserable condition to which foreign rapacity and violence have now reduced the Pontifical finances, nor the other difficulties of the present time, prevent the Holy Father from providing for the wants of the populations, or from doing whatever may promote their welfare. For instance, his holiness has just ordered the making of a road to plan Sermoneta in communication with the neighbouring localities, a road which was much wanted. He has also given an active impulse to the work for making a new wet dock at Civita Vecchia, by adapting that already existing to the requirements of commerce. It is also well nigh decided to grant the demand of a company which pro poses to connect the Civita V ecchi Railway with Orbitello, by means of a new branch line ; likewise, for the greater advantage and convenience of his subjects, the Holy Father h en a l s a b t i e e e n n i p n l e t a h s e e d i n t t o e rabolish the and ha use of sd eel passports ared th at for a n y free papercir proving identity should suffice to authorise the bearer to travel wherever he may please. To the Holy Father's clemency is also owing the permis sion to return to the Pontifical States granted to those who had left them to fight under the Piedraontese flag, provided they were not charged with crimes of misdemeanours. An amelioration of the postal service is now under con sideration, and efforts are making to introduce into the other branches of the a dministration all improvements which may be advantageous to citizens, and tend to promote the public service. In a word, the Holy Father's attention is constantly directed to whatever can contribute to the moral and mate rial welfare of his subjects, and to the means of realising improvements so far as circumstances and the penury of his finances permit. THE FUNERAL OF THE LATE MR. RICHARD GREEN.—On Saturday morning the funeral of the late Mr, Green, the eminent shipowner,took place in Poplar with every mark of public respect and regret. An im posing processhn was formed soon after 11 o'clock, but long before that hour the streets near the railway station, in front of the lamented gentleman's late residence, and the East India-road as far as Trinity Chapel, were thronged by dense crowds, numbering from 15,000 to 20,000 persons of all ages and conditions. The shops were generally closed, and the flags of all the shipping in the East and West India Docks were hoisted hal ..mast high. The pro cession was headed by 100 men of the Royal Naval Re serve, followed by 40 cadets of the training-ship Worcester. The hearse was followed by several mourning coaches and Mr. Green's private carriage, to which succeeded the cap mine and officers of deceased's ships, the foremen and clerks of the establishment, a large number of the gentle men of the district, and the carpenters and others employed in the yards. The cortege was closed by a number of boys from the Merchant Sailors' Orphan Asylum at SnaresbroolE, and from the local schools, of which Mr. Green was so munificent a patron. The body was interred in Trinity Chapel, Poplar, by the side of the coffin of deceased's father, Mr. George Green. THE BUDGET. - -Rumour, however, says that our gross military expe n dit ure f or next year will b o diminished by mor e th an ten t i mes th e sum we h ave men tioned £200,000, and th at on t h e arm y es ti ma t es a l one th o Chancellor of the E xc h equer w ill b e ena bl e d t o remit, two pence of the income tax, thus bringing it down to its ori ginal, and we may say normal 7d. We believe that, in this instance, rumour is guilty of no undue exaggeration. The principal head under which this enormous reduction is effected is that of " Warlike stores for land and sea service," for which £3,200,000 was voted last year. With the faeilty of manufacture which we now enjoy, we may, with all safety, allow a diminution of the immense ' quantities of stores accumulated at all our military stations over the world; and we believe that the great reductions under this head will 3EII leave our establishments fairly supplied. The cost of barracks this year was £693,000, and iu this department we may expect a considerable re duction of expense, attributable, we may presume, to a do termination to erect no more new buildings while there are many barracks in excAlent condition unoccupied through out the United Kingdom. Upon other items of supply no doubt reductions can be effected, and we cannot but express great satisfaction that the expectations of the country as regards a diminution of expenditure aro likely to be an coroplishel without any very serious reduction of the nu merical strength of the army, or a material interference with the organisation which of late years has tended so much to its efficiency.--A rdl y a nd "Navy Gazette. A nephew of Abd-el-I(ader, married to a Chris tian wife, is about to be baptised in Paris, and intends to proceed to the Sahara as 9, utigiaiQuary., LATEST INTELLIGENCE. INSURRECTION IN POLAND. ST. PETERSBURG, Jan. 24. Three bands of insurgents have assembled, one in the direction of Minsk, eight versts from Warsaw ; the second at Blonie, near Sierock ; and the third at Pultusk. The first has dispersed. Flying columns are traversing the disaffected dis tricts. A telegram received from Warsaw, dated the 23d inst., states that the Bionic insurgents, numbering 1,000 men, had crossed the Vistula in ord( r to join the insurgents assembled in the forests of Nasielsk. The bands effected a junction on the right bank, They were partly armed. A regiment had been sent against them. Another telegram, dated Warsaw, the 24th inst., says:-- " On the night of the 22d attacks were every where made upon the detachments of troops sepa rately cantoned. The insurgents killed all the sol diers they found in the houses where they were billeted. The several detachments of military having, however, afterwards united, repulsed the insurgents and took many prisoners. Thirty Rus sians were killed and three times that number wounded in the combat. Colonel Kiglianpow was killed in a wood. General Kanabich was wounded. More serious encounters have taken place at Plock, Plonsk, Radzyn, and in the environs of Siedlec. A general concentration of troops is taking place. The whole kingdom of Poland has been declared in a state of siege." ' JANUARY 25. The Journal de St. Petersbourg of to-day pub lishes an account of the insurrectionary movement in Poland entirely confirming the telegrams re ceived here yesterday, and stating that the conflicts which have taken place at Piock, Plonsk, Radzyn, and Siediec were of a most serious character. It was at Warsaw, on the night of the 22d inst., that the insurgents attacked all the troops separately cantoned, and killed several soldiers. The Journal de St. Petersbourg confirms the statement made in the Warsaw telegram of the 24th inst., received here yesterday, respecting the number of Russians killed and wounded in the fighting which subsEquently took place, and says that the loss of the insurgents was very great. It further states that the Warsaw revolutionary party intended to enact a second massacre of St. Bartholomew on the night of the 223 to the 23d inst. At midnight, not only in the city of Warsaw itself, but in every town throughout the province, all the detachments of Russian troops were simul taneously attacked, and many soldiers strangled in their beds. The insurgents also burnt several vil lages, which were vigorously defended by the sol diers, who finally everywhere repulsed the insur gents with great loss. The Journal de St. Petersbourg also publishes a despatch from Wilna, dated the night of the 22d -23d inst., stating that a numerous body of insur gents, coming from Poland, made an attack upon the Russian troops cantoned at Suracz, the commander of whom, fearing to be surrounded, fell back upon Gablondow. The environs of Wilna were said to be in a state of tranquillity. An officail announcement of the proclamation of martial law throughout Poland has been published to-day. LEMBERG, San. 25. The greatest agitation prevails in Poland. Open acts of violence and insurrection have been com mitted. The railway and telegraphic communication be tween Warsaw and Cracow, and between Zytomiers and Brzesziisen has been destroyed. More than 500 persons who had been enrolled for military service in the Russian army have fled into Austrian territory near Skalat, and been hospitably received. BERLIN, Jan. 24. The Nord Deutsche Zeitung of to-day says : "From intelligience received from Thorn we learn that an insurrection has broken out in Poland. It is probably caused by the conscription which has recently taken place there. The telegraph wises round Warsaw have been destroyed. It is expected that the first conflict between the insurgents and the military will take place near Plock." January 25. The following intelligence relative to the events now passing in Poland has been received here by letters : " The garrison of Warsaw has been increased to 40,000 men, who have been supplied with ball car tridges. The 2,000 conscripts lately enrolled have deserted and assembled at different points. Hos tages have, however, been seized in their place. Some students and married men who were arrested have been set at liberty. The students, as a body, have refused to take part in the revolutionary move ment. Five priests have been arrested for having distributed revolutionary writings. The Marquis Wielopolski has not left Warsaw. Revolutionary assemblages have taken place in some of the pro vinces. At Blonie the insurgents were dispersed by the military. A band of insurgents near Zerosk have been surrounded by a military cordon, which has cut off their supplies. Domiciliary visits and arrests hay.: been made at Kalisch. At Posen two companies of Cavalry and Artillery were confined to their barracks during the night between the 23d and 24th inst." FRANCE. L'Opinion .Nattonale tells us that active endea vours are being made to conquer the reluctance of the Duke of Saxe Coburg-Gotha to become a candi date for the Greek throne. It states that the Duke has informed Kii'g Leopold that he wished to be allowed till the end of the month before giving a final answer. We find in the same journal a stat ment taken from the France, that the Emperor proposes to attempt a new interference in the American struggle. He intends to recommend the belliger ents to name two representatives to discuss the basis of an arrangement. L' Opinion Nationale does not doubt that the South will readily accept this intervention, from the tone of Jefferson Davis's speech. But is the North of the same mind ? L'Opinion fears not. The South exhausts itself by its victories no less than by its defeats, and will rejoice to Lee negotiations opened. The North hav ing grounds, from the immense superiority of its resources, to hope for ultimate success, will be less ready. These conclusions, however correct in their results, are not exactly founded on fact. Le Constitutionnel announces that the report of the commission on the Address will be read on Monday in the Senate by the President Troplong. It is supposed that the debate will begin on Thurs day, and that the general discussion will be concluded on Saturday, so that next week will be devoted to the consideration of the paragraphs. If these cal culations are correct, the debate on the Address will not commence in the Corps Legislatif before the 10th of February. Le I'ays has an article full of virtuous indignation against England, on account of the remarks made on the proposed enrolment of an Egyptian battalion. BounsE, Jan. 24.—Threes, for the Account, slightly receded at the commencement of business, but they soon recovered their lost ground, and are now again at 69f. 85c., the closing price of 3 ester day. Mobilier show a slight improvement. Rail way Share Market without animation. Italian Loan firm at 70f. 55f. The market closed as follows per Cents .. 98 601 Bank . Shares 3400 Do. en<l —— l Credit l 312Cier 1470 3 per Cents Do. eel roGnth, 69 90 Italian Loan 7O 80 New 3 pr Russian. Do, end month..,. Anstrim Credit Mobilier.... 1165 Spanish Threes 53 . Do, end m0nth....1168 75 llama Debt RAILWAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans lOBB 75 .. 1088 75 Northern New. ditto . .• Lyons and Mediterranean 1155 .. 1156 25 Genova.. 397 50 .. 400 southern 822 50 .. 825 Wes , ern Eastern ..... • .. 5 75 • • 53 ' Sardinian .............. 370 • • Außtrian -06 2 5 505 • • f.,00.I,3rd North of Spain - 543 75 • • °" 50 Saragossa.. Ditto to Barcelm4 •• • • 326 " THE GALE BLACKPOOL, Saturday. The gales that swept along our coast during the past week have been producti,e of much serious damage, and we regret to say in many cases the loss of many lives. Among other disasters we have to record the fall of the lighthouse at Lytham, and the loss of the bark Reuben, 573 tons, from the Bay of Fundy for Glasgow Dock, IVlorkcambe Bay, with a cargo of deals. The Lytham lighthouse stood on a point called the "Double Stanners," between Lytham and Black pool, close to the high-water mark. Considerable fear has been entertained for the safety of the erection for some time past, in consequence of the great encroachments of the sea on this part of the coast; and many workmen have recently been engaged in driving piles around its base, and more particularly in the front facing the sea. The lights were exhibited for the last time on Tuesday evening. On Monday night the wind was blowing stiffly from the north-east, accompanied by snow and hail, but on Tuesday morning it veered to the north-west and continued to blow in that direction all day. On Wednesday morning it moderated, and again changed to the south-west, whence it continued to blow stiffly until Thursday afternoon, when the lighthouse fell. The keepers left the building on Tuesday morning, as they found it was vibrating in the most alarming manner, and to a much greater extent than had been previously experienced. When they put out the lights that morning they found that the frame of the piling in front of the light house had given way, and that a great portion of the foundation had been undermined by the waves. In the course of Tuesday morning one of the keepers went up to Lytham, and was joined there by his eon, who told him that the lighthouse was quite leaning over. Information was immediately sent up to Preston to the engineer of the Ribble Navigation Company, and soon afterwards it was discovered that the north corner of the masonry was worked out and the foundation laid bare down to the bottom, below the concrete, there being a large hole, filled with water three feet below the foundation. The keepers with assistance set to work to get every thing out of the building, except what was abso lutely necessary to keep the lights burning. They worked until the rising night's tide surrounded them, and, from the fury of the gale, had little hope that the place would stand until morning, but the lights never burnt more brightly than they did dur ing that evening. On Wednesday morning, the wind still blowing stiffly, they extinguished the lights for the last time, the tide during the night having made greater havoc in the foundation, and carrying away a part of the south corner. On Wed nesday morning they took out the glasses and all the remaining property—lenses, reflectors, furniture, and apparatus. By noon the way. s had made a further breach into the south corner, which gave way, leaving an excavation like a manhole in the foundation, through which they were enabled to get out the oil from the cisterns in the ground floor. Wednesday night's tide worked further under the south front of the foundation, which gradually gave way, until Thursday at noon, when the building fell. The building was erected by the Ribble Naviga tion Company about 15 years ago, at a cost of £1,400. For the guidance of mariners we append the bear ings of the missing light :—Nelson buoy, N.W. by W. t W., 61 miles; N.W. lightship, Liverpool, S.W. 1 W., 191 miles; Great Ormshead, W. by S. S., 38 miles; Point Lynes, W. N., 48 miles ; Douglas Head, N.W. 1 W., 531 miles ; Manghold Head, N.N.W. I W., 55 miles ; St. Bee's Head lighthouse, N. E., 51 miles. It may, perhaps, be as well to state that the screw pile light in More cambe Bay, at the entrance of the Wyre, about 20 miles north of the Lytham light, is also now extin guished, owing to the insecure state of the erection through the collision of a vessel with it. There was a meeting of the managing committee of the Board of Directors of the Ribble Navigation Company in Preston yesterday, to consider what steps should be taken with reference to the restoration of the light. The authorities at the Trinity-house have been com municated with on the subject, and it is probable that they will arrange for the re-erection of the edi fice, as the coast is one of the most dangerous in the kingdom, three of the most dreaded banks lying im mediately in the neighbourhood. The Reuben struck on the Salthouse bank on Wednesday. She had made the entrance of the Bay of Morecambe, but, not falling in with a - pilot, she was obliged to stand out to sea, beating off and on. The fury of the storm, however, forced her to lee ward, and all the efforts of the captain (John Skerr) and crew to keep her off the bank were una vailing. She struck about 1 o'clock on Wednesday morning, and the sea immediately made a clean breach over her. Her boat was launched, but, as soon as two of the crew jumped into it, the painter broke, and they were cast off amid the waves. For tunately, the boat, which immediately filled with water, was lined with cork, and it drifted to the shore, where the men were rescued in an insensible condition. The lifeboat wes afterwards 'nought down by six horses, and the men were taken off. The vessel has since come on shore : she will be come a wreck, but the cargo will be saved. GREAT YARMOUTH, Jan. 24. C,,pt. Lincoln, of the brig Lucerne, of Whitby, with a portion of his crew, was landed here to-day and received at the Sailors' Home. He reports a very gallant service rendered by two Yarmouth smacks, which saved the crew of the brig from cer tain death. The brig was on a voyage from Hartle pool for London, with coal. She was caught in the recent heavy gales, when about six miles off Lowes toft. Her sails were split, her bulwarks washed away, and she sustained other damage. During the succeeding night (Tuesday) the vessel sprang a leak and made water fast; the crew took to the pumps and worked very hard at them for several hours, but the water continued to increase. The following morning two Yarmouth smacks—the Waterwitch and the Miriam—observed the distressed state of the Lucerne, and bore down to her assistance; but, in consequence of the heavy sea which was running, they could not render her any aid. At this time a heavy sea struck the vessel, and, sweeping over the decks, washed away the boats, &c. The vessel now rolled a helpless log upon the waves, and the crew had every prospect before them of her speedily foundering. The smacks however remained by her up to an early hour on Thusday morning, when they launched their boats. In getting under the ship's counter one of the crew of the sm6ck Miriam was knocked overboard, and it being dark at the time, with a wild sea on, the unfortunate man, who had exerted himself to save others, was drowned. The crew of the brig were conveyed safely on board the two smacks, Lux being placed in each. They had drifted to within 20 miles of the Texel, when the brig was deserted and soon afterwards the ill-fated ship dis appeared. Had not the smacks remained by her, the whole of the crow must have been lost. Yester day the master (Baines) and crew, eight in all, of the brig Two &others, of and from Shields for Lon don, with coals, were landed here. During the late gales the vessel sprung a leak when about 60 miles from Yarmouth. Finding it was impossible to keep the brig afloat, the crew launched their boat and were picked up by the fishing smack Samuel Bales, of Barking, from which they were transferred to the Yarmouth smack Brilliant, and landed byre in an almost destitute condition. The Sailors' Home, a most valuable institution, received the poor way farers. PORTSMOUTH, Sunday. The violent gales and intervening strong breezes of the pat week have haen succeeded to-day by a moderate breeze foal west to north. The air is cold, with fiunshine, and at considerable intervals slight squalls of kleet. At. 10 a.m. the mercury in the baro ►neter had risen during the previous 24 hours 5,1 tenths, and it now marks 303, with a still further upward tendency. SWINDON, Saturday. This town and district were visited this morning by a series of thunder and hailstorms of unparalleled violence. The first occurred about 6 in the morning, and was attended by a terrific gale and most vivid lightning. A second followed at 10, and three quarters of an hour afterwards a tempest came ou which can only be compared to the hurricanes of the tropics. For about a quarter of an hour the hail fell in sheets, and wae driven by the wind with the greatest fury. The ground continued covered in some placcs to the depth of several inches with the falk , n haiistones. the storms all arose to the west ward, passink from the north to the east. BRISTOL, Saturday. This morning a heavy gale from the W.S.W., ac companied by thunder, lightning, and hail, occurred about 9 o'clock,and continued to rage with great fury for about half an hour. After a lull of about two hours the storm burst forth again and lasted for a nearly similar period. The hailstones were of very large dimensions. The damage reported is not very serious. CARDIFF, Saturday. This morning, about two o'clock, a tremendous gale, accompanied with thunder, hail, and rain, set in from the S.S.W., and has continued up to this evening with little intermission. The tide began to flow about four o'clock a.m „ and the gale from that time up to high-water (10 18 a.m.) blew with fearful violence, alternate hail anti rain descending in torrents, accom anied with loud peals of thunder. Under these circumstances no ship at tempted to leave port, but several managed with great difficulty to get within the sea lock, and were thus comparatively out of danger. Great fears are entertained for the safety of the large fleet of ves sels that took refuge from the late storm in Penarth roads ; but up to this evening they have, with one exception, outridden the storm without any casualty. About eight o'clock this morning the barque Ste beneth, of Liverpool, for this port, parted her an chor, and was driven up Channel with the tide. Three steamtugs were immediately despatched to her assistance, two of which succeeded in getting her in tow, and after great exertions brought her round with the fall of the tide to the mud bank, where she will, no doubt, be secured before the tide flows. Although the sea rose several feet above high-water point, and came on with great violence, no damage has been done to the shipping in the docks. BRADFORD, Saturday. The district has had its share of the gales which have swept over the country during the past week, and to-day, in addition to a boisterous wind, there was a thunderstorm, accompanied by a considerable downfall of hail. The storm began here a little be fore two o'clock in the afternoon, and lasted half an hour or rather more. Some of the hailstones were of very large size and the peals of thundur loud. MEDICAL CERTIFICATES IN LUNACY. - The subjoined is a copy of a letter addressed by the Commissioners in Lunacy to Mr. Elliot, pro. prietor of Munster House Asylum, Fulham, where Mr. Hall was transferred on Dr. Semple's and Mr. Guy's certificates : "In the letter addressed to you by the solicitors of the board in the month of August last, the censure of the board was conveyed to you for your culpable neglect before taking charge of Mr. James Hall as an insane patient, to ascertain, by reading the certificates that they were in all respects conformable to the statute, and the opinion of the board was expressed in the following terms : There is no part of the duty of the proprietor of a licensed house which req..ires greater care than the examination of certificates. Your long experience ought to have rendered you familiar with the par ticulars in regard to them which demand special attention, and the Commissioners, therefore, con sider your negligence on this occasion as a most grave offence.' Had you performed this, your obvious duty, you would not have received Mr. Hall, inasmuch as Mr. Guy's certificate was, upon the face of it, invalid, and incapable of amendment under the statute, being founded upon an exami nation of the patient more than six weeks before its date. The question of the sufficiency of the facts set forth in medical certificates admits, in many cases, of much doubt, and the certificates, in this respect, may be amended after the reception of the patient. It is entirely different if the examination of the patient took place, as in the case under con sideration, more than seven days prior to admission. Mr. Guy's certificate bore date six weeks subsequent to the day on which he last saw Mr. Hall. This was fatal to the validity of his certificate; and it is, therefore, of paramount importance that proprietors and superintendents of asylums should, before taking charge of a patient, carefully peruse every certifi aate. The Commissioners feel themselves called upon, in the existing circumstances, and for the 1 1 above reasons, to intimate to you their determina tion to visit any violation of the provision of the taw such as that of which you were guilty in Mr. Hall's case with the penalties of the statute. In order to the promulgation of their views the Com missioners intend to circulate generally copies of the present communication.—Jan. 9." REPRESENTATION OF REIGATE.—The nomina tion of candidates for the representation of Reigate is expected to take place on Monday, the 2d February. The candidates are, Mr. Granville Leveson Gower, of Tilsey Park, near Godstone, and Mr. W. A, Wilkinson, formerly member for Lambeth, and their canvass having been com pleted, each expresses himself confident of victory. The contest will in all probability be a close one. THE BULLION MARK ET. —Annexed is Messrs. Pixley, Abell, and Langley's weekly report of the bullion market :—Gold—The Yorkshire has brought £304,000 from Melbourne, and the Europa £36,250 from New York ; these amounts have been purchased for export, and in addition thereto about £206,000 has been withdrawn from the Bank of England. The demand for abroad still continues, and any arrivals will at once be sent away. The Shannon has taken £5,890 to the West Indies, and the Ripon £31,700 to Alexandria, and £7,350 to Madras. Silver —The bar silver ex Seine has been sold at 6l id per oz. standard ; at this rate a fair amount of business has been done for the out-going mail to Bombayof the 27th inst. The market is now rather quiet, but without variation in price. The Ripon has taken £50,000 to Calcutta. Mexican dol lars—The Ripon has taken about £40,000 to China and the Straits; the amount sent would have been considerably larger, but for the impossibility of procuring the coin. The price obtained for the small parcels that have lately come to hand is higher than has been known for nearly half a century. Exchange on India for 60 days' sight bank drafts is the same as last week. We quote Bombay, 2s Old ; Calcutta and Madras, 23. India Govern. ment Loan Netes remain about the same as on Thursday last. We quote 51 per Cents. 1121 to 113; 5 per Cents. 1051 to 106, and 4 per Cents. 951 to 961. Quotations for bullion :—Gold—Bar gohi, 77s 94d per on std, last price; bar gold, fine, 77s 101 d to 77s lld per oz std; bar gold refinable, 78s per oz std, last price; Spanish doubloons, 76s to i7s per oz, but little doing; South Ame rican doubloons, 74s 6d to 75s per oz, last price; United States gold coin, 76s 41d per oz, last price. Silver—Bar silver, 5s lid per o,z, std ; bar silver, containing 5 grs gold, 53 lid per oz std, last price ; fine cake silver, bs 6ad per oz ; Mexican dollars, 5s 51c1 per oz, last price, merely nominal ; Spanish dollars (Carolus), 58 2d per 6Z, nominal ; five-franc pieces, 4s llid to 4s llid per oz. • ATTEMPT AT MURDER.—Yesterday morning at an early hour, in the neighbourhood of Morton street, Newington-causeway, cries of murder were heard proceeding from a house, No. 2, in the above-named thoroughfare. In a few minutes several police-constables of the M division proceeded to the house, where they found a man named Henry King bleeding profusely from a wound in the side. The sufferer was immediately removed to the hospital, where little hope is entertained of his recovery. It appeared that he had been stabbed by a woman known as Flash Kate Upton, with whom he had been living. The woman, upon finding that she had caused a serious wound, started off before the police had time to secure her, and up to the present time has not been apprehended, but owing to the delinquent being well known to the police, there is no doubt but she will be speedily taken into custody. DEATHS BY Firs AT NICE.—We are sorry to learn from a letter dated Nice, Jan. 21, that Mrs. Johnstone Gordon expired on the 20th of January in con sequence of the injuries which she received some days before, when it will be remembered her daughter, Mrs. Johnstone Gordon, was so severely burnt as to die within 36 hours. That unfortunate lady was buried early on the morning of the 18th, the melancholy solemnity being at tended by a large number of the British residents; and a roost impressive sermon was preached on the occasion by the Rev. C. Childers, the Consular Chaplain. In one of Lover's Irish stories, the narrator, describing the feats of a very knowing fox, tells how Master Reynard entered a cottage, sat down by the fire, and took up a R6sconinion Tournat. "Airy now," cried a listener, " a fox read the paper I I'm not going to believe that." " Sure," replied the other, "an' if a fox does'nt read the newspapers, how is ho to know where the hounds meet ?" A rumour, of which confirmation is promised, has reached us (Athenceum), that the skeleton of a crocodile has been discovered in the old red sandstone in the neighbourhood of Elgin. If true, it marks another epoch in geological science, as the fossil remains hitherto found in that formation have been of creatures much lower in th. 9 Ocale of organisation, ~;:_