The Sun. — London, England, 1863-09-11 00:00:00

The Cotton Famine and the Health of the Operatives. In the autumn of last year apprehensions were entertained lest the distress in the manufacturing districts should lead to the outbreak of some epide mic disease. In the month of October the attention of the Medical Department of the Privy Council was aroused, and Dr. Buchanan, one of the physi cians to the London Fever Hospital, was commis sioned to inquire into the sanitary condition of the cotton districis. His investigations occupied about two months, and at the end of December he made a report which has been published as an appendix to that of Mr. Simon, the Medical officer of the Privy Council. That report is not confined to a mere statement of the nature and extent of the disease met with, but also contains much valuable informa tion as to the sufficiency of relief afforded, and the effect which prolonged distress has had upon the habits of the operatives. In spite of the vast efforts which were made to assist the unemployed one of the most lamentable consequences of extreme destitution appeared last winter. Lancashire had been wholly exempt from typhus fever, of what is called by Dr. Buchanan the " true Irish type," since 1847-8 ; but last year it again appeared, and in Preston and Manchester assumed an epidemic form. At Preston 227 cases were ascertained to have occurred between midsum mer and the end of November, and those attacked died At the rate of about 23 per cent. At Manchester there were probably at least 100 attacks, and 20 deaths itt the same period. The existence of typhus fever was itself sufficient to suggest doubts as to the success of the measures adopted for the relief of the distress, and inquiry detected the existence of other morbid conditions confirming thoie apprehensions. Some of these conditions consisted of a simple de cline from the normal standard of health and strength, while others constituted positive disease. The towns visited were Ashton, Blackburn, Bol ton, Bury, Chorley, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Salford, Stockport, and Wigan. In all of these, with the exception of Bolton and Bury, it was found that the cotton workers, as a body, had sustained a loss of strength, colour, and flesh. Uni versal emaciation and pallor did not indeed at first sight strike the visitor, but those who penetrated to the homes of the poor observed a wan and hag gard look about the people which is not habitual. The parents had lost their health, and more gene rally' than the children, and the paleness and ex haustion of the mothers, who almost starved them selves, were particularly noticeable. At Ashton women how become weaker in childbirth, and fainted read i.TY from any excess of haemorrhage at that time. 11'fanY mothers unduly prolonged the suckling of their' children, pleading in excuse that they could not afford to purchase the food appropriate to an infant which was being or had just been weaned. Children had suffered less in their strength and app vent robustness. Indeed the substitution of materna: c are for the inattention and injudicious treatment of :lived nursery keepers had operated favourably upon their health; and apart from special epidemics the ordinary maladies of childhood were very slightly fell., In Preston, through the summer and autumn diarrhcea was much more prevalent than in ordinary' years, and the disease was peculiarly nntractable. In no other town was there such an excess, and in Ashton, Blackburn, Bolton, Bury, and Stockport there was less autumnal diarrhea than usual. COses of dysentery, in no great number, but atii: of exceptional frequency, occurred at Chorley, Oldham, Salford, and Wigan. At Ashton and Chorley diarrhoea had been a constant con comitant of measles, but except in those towns no prevalent disease had been complicated by it. A tendency to haemorrhage was witnessed in several towns, and actual scurvy occurred among cotton workers at Stockport, Preston, Blackburn, and Sal ford. In almost all cases the sufferers were women. A disposition to ulcerate or slough, apparently in consequence of altered habits and diet, was exhibited in one cr two cases in Blackburn ; and one district surgeon in Manchester found that all bruises and alight wounds were singularly difficult to heal. Rheumatism was said to be particularly common among other places at Ashton and Wigan. An un paralleled quantity of itch was observed in Black burn, Manchester, Stockport, and Salford. Epi demic diseases, fostered as they are by bad diet, bad air, and want of cleanliness, furnish a good index to an exceptional prevalence of these agencies. Put ting aside sporadic cases the following complaints were met with in an epidemic form :—chickenpox in a part of Manchester; measles in Ashton, Black burn, Bury, Chorley, Manchester, and to a less extent in Salford, Preston, and Wigan; whooping -cough in Chorley, Manchester, Salford, and Stockport; scar-. latina in Ashton, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham, and about October and November in Stockport; typhoid rather frequent in Bolton, Bury, Chorley, Darweny and Stockport ; true typhus cases were seen in Preston, Manchester, and Chorley. At Chorley measles had frequently been complicated with ophthalmia. [Scarlatina, whever it occurred, was distinguish ed by the extreme degree to which it affected the muce.Tis membranes. Very bad throats, with nasal dischargL'e, and glands in the neck greatly swollen, had been cou.imonly observed, and in some places, as at Oldham, h;tcl given a highly fatal cha racter to the epidemic. in that town, the popula tion of which is 72,233, there were 169 deaths from scarlatina between midsummer and the Ist of December. Drunkenness with the diseases and less accidents produced by it were anequivocally prevalent than usual. Only in Manchester , S alford, and Wigan, where a Large portion of the inha bitants are not engaged in the cotton trade, had in temperance prevailed to its ordinary etent. 'rho inquiry of Dr. Buchanan was, ue we have hinted, not confined to the diseases which bad been produced or aggravated by distress, but exte:ided to the more general subject of the income, expoildi" tore, and the state and habits of the operatives. As the result of the investigations into the financial branch of the subject it was found that low health e nd actual disease had resulted and would result f rom the income of the unemployed being below the Actu a l that would procure them adequate foo d. Lteteal observation showed that health cannot be "Peened on an amount of food less than is repre sented b _ ls. retail is. lid. per head per weak wholesale, or last tt:e :tail value. In the month of December au out of income of the cotton workers from as out ot Iltte nearly 2s. per head per week , but ti l about 16. per Payments for rent, amounting to and sometimes f week p er f a mil y , for candles, and tity of food wo r t 50 °P, had to be made, the qaari such as-could obtained at contract prices for ftil shop s wou ld cost ls. 71d. From the coramen een ; No vember scarcely more t n t, of the distress until No al;hree quarters of that amo uet of food was procurable,uto b There is one small o utgoing which o ught not i n dicates the clinging t o habitsoef overlooked, as it part of thos e who are sufferin g the on the e severest distress. Many of the operatives have their children in burial clubs, and religiously discharge the d of a p enn y per head. T he mary we ekly payme nt s ue poor are, it is said, best pleased to receive assistance either in money or in ticke ts the Currency shop b "- which is not confined to a p articular , At their i s hardly a wise one, p choice in this respe ct rom a comparison between t h e prices charged at re_ paid for articles :applied tail shops and those by contract it appears that 10d. given in kind is equal to a shilling given in m oney. Nor is the onfined advantage of the system of re lie f in kind " lee supplic ed from to the question of value. 'The ar tic les ittees a re, as the stores of guardians and relief c omm o b ta i n able a rule, better and more pure than th ose at the shops ; and under such a system the poor escape the temptation to unprofitable expenditure to which when relief is given in money they are too often disposed to yield. The nature of the diet of the operatives and its preparation have, of course, a bearing upon their nutrition scarcely less important than its amount. In these respects the poor of Lancashire suffer not a little in consequence of their previous habits and their want of knowledge as to how to make the moat of the food which is now procurable. They have been used to live upon a generous diet, and suffer mere from the lack of animal food than if they had at been accustomed to its liberal use. In prosper ous times they pay litte attention to careful domes ' tic economy, and now that it is needed they have no knowledge how to turn their scanty inc Ames to the best advantage. If the money which they spend in food was laid cut to the best account, a they were able to cook the materials so procu-. '. in the most useful manner and without waste, their moneys would go much further than they now do. An ex . tremeinstance of ignora nce i n th ese respects was exhibited by a poor girl at Preston who paid half her earnings in rent and tried to keep herself aline upon the remaining 15d. a week. This would have been difficult with the best management, "but her notions of economy were comprised in bread and tea, and death by scurvy was the result of them." The ordinary diet of the unemployed, as witnessed by Dr. Buchanan, was almost exclusively vegetable ; occasionally only they afforded a bit of bacon, cheese, or butter, a herring, or, more rarely still, a morsel of cheap meat. "Bread constitutes the greatest part of their daily food. Oatmeal or meal of Indian corn less commonly is the next most usual food, made into porridge or into various sorts of bread. To :hese a little batter or treacle is added generally for the children when they can afford it. Potatoes stand next, being happily good, cheap, and generally popular. Partly from want of utensils, partly from inexpertness,thei r cooking gives no variety to these materials. Tea with sugar, but usually without milk, is now the common drink... In very few families can a proper amount of milk , even it any at all, be bought for the children ; they are put on the same food as the adults at much too early an age. After such a picture as this, it is satisfactory to learn that, although animal food was so scantil y consumed in a solid form, the poorest usually buy ing none, yet, "in almost all towns therearesiveuepn kitcheqp, where a quart of good m eat sou h given for a penny ;" that " in some few towns potato-hash" a o- as (locally called is bob sconce ): may be tis had at a penny a pint," and that " inManchester and been Salford public dining kit chens ha'e lately established, where not only soup, but meals of meat and potatoes can be had for an extremely small pay ment." The advantage of such establishments is strikingly illustrated by the fact that—" In these ways a dinner containing about two ounces of ani mal food can be got for the same money that in the homes of the poor would only procure a dish of po tatoes or a basin of porridge." As far as the better class of cotton workers were concerned, there was at the time of this report but little alteration as regarded the houses which they occup i e d. They were, as a rule, inhabiting the same cottages of three or four rooms that they occu pied in more prosperous times. There was among them but little disposition to crowd together, though often a married son or daughter came back to live with their parents, in order to save rent. Among the poorer classes, however, things were worse. Many who formerly rented a two or three-roomed cottage were obliged to content them selves with a single room, while others took a stranger to lodge with the family. In the very poorest class two families frequently occupied a single room!, one bed sufficing for the whole of each family. The amount paid for rent varied consider ably in different towns, and even in the same town according to the means and disposition of landlords. The owners of single cottages, often poor persons, to whose support the rent was a material contribution, were obliged to bear rather hardly upon the tenants, but larger owners could afford to wait for their rents, and as a rule they showed considerable libe rality. Distraint was rare, and not many cottages were to be seen empty. The average of rent paid was probably much less than half the usual amount. Only in one town, Oldham, did the Relief Com mittees make a separate provision for the rent of the people whom they were assisting, but as a rule the committees regarded a portion of their grant as applicable to this purpose, and arranged their allow ance with reference to that circumstance. Over crowding was distinctly on the increase, and had in December reached a pitch fatal to cleanliness and purity of air, and equally so to sexual delicacy. In the very poorest cottages there was a further reason for overcrowding, besides the desire to save rent. "In the bitter frosts of November the most destitute began to huddle together as closely as possible for warmth, and, being sadly deficient in bedding, their day clothes often serving for their only covering by night, they care fully excluded from their crowded bedrooms every breath of air. If they rented two bedrooms, they brought the beds together into one. Six or eight people would ckme at night into a room 12 feet square, with the window and door closed and padded, and the fire -place (as is almost universal with them) thoroughly papered up, and lie as closely as they could for the heat of each others' bodies. They got their warmth indeed, but in a fashion that was monstrously hurtful to their health." Even when Dr. Buchanan visited the manufac turing districts a check had been given to the over crowding which resulted from mere cold by the distribution of bedding, and it is to be hoped that in the ensuing winter the poor will never be driven to such unwholesome shifts to keep up the animal heat. In the article of dress the cotton operatives had suffered as much as in those of food or lodging. First their Sunday elothes, then their changes of linen, were sold or pawned, and their single suit, if not diminished in the same way, was worn to shreds. The poorest people were constantly with out underclothing, and a single petticoat and bodice often formed the entire wardrobe of a woman or child. In such a state, and with deficient bedding they were found by the early frosts of No vember. Had we had a very wet or cold winter, the rate of mortality would have been frightful. As it was, bronchitis was exceedingly prevalent, even among the women and children, and the men who were employed at out-door labour seem to have suffered with especial severity from diseases pro duced by the cold. They would have suffered more had not the Guardians in the worst weather dis pensed with the test of out-door labour. Dr. Bu chanan found nothing to observe upon in the exter nal condition of the houses and streets as affected by the distress, but as to the inside of the houses in habited by the poorer classes he states that there was a general want of Cleanliness, in part connected with their having more inhabitants, and in part due to the cost of cleaning materials. Landlords,whose weekly visit for rent was made in vain, appeared to have become careless about the wholesomeness of their houses, and few of the local authorities had acted on their powers of compelling attention to these matters. Domestic cleanliness had been often preserved under many incentives to its neglect, a result which was probably greatly promoted by the gratuitous distribution of soap by many of the relief committees. If the old standard of personal tidi ness had not been maintained, there had been less slovenliness and dirt than might have been ex pected. In the Preston Union, when a dirty person applied for relief, the Guardians, before considering his case, sent him off with a ticket to the nearest bath. One of the most interesting and effectual means which benevolence created to contend withdistress last winter was the sewing schools, and it is satis factory to learn from Dr. Bucha nan that " from a medical point of view it would hardly be possible to give too much praise" to them. "Thousands of persons,"he says," but especially of young women, are provided in them with shelter and warmth throughout the day, are set to useful work, fur nished with clothes and money and kept from the mental harm of idleness." Excellent as these insti tutions are, at the time of the doctor's visit one serious fault pervaded them; they exhibited a la mentable deficiency of ventilation. Held, as they generally Were, in the l arge, low room of an empty facto o r r y e , h o i r ld i r n a schoolroom intended for a less num bee children, the original construction of neither venti lation The girls 'used to place Without for a sufficient change of air," venti providedn draughtth being scarcely possible! , surprised to hot mills, insisted on shut ting all the that the atmosphere was windoe n eir often intolerably c l o ' se a° off work learn that the lady under such circum stances we are not rues of the with the iniose superintendents often left fittslaueld,uteen_githrls themselves headaches,) that the _ rest were seen unhealthily The only schools which were one of them had fainted ov er specially examined her sewing," more than were those established by the guardians et It had lately seemed that the young women is thosee schools had been getting out of health, and at the request of the man a g ers Dr Buchanan undertook ft, investigation into the nature, extent, and causes o f their sufferings. Of 35 girls examined eight had ail ments that had either existed before the cessation of their factory work or appeared to be independent of their altered circumstances; four had experienced some loss of health, but not during their attendance at the school, one or two having indeed enjoyed better health since they attended the classes—five said that they were in better health than when they were at mill work-12 stated that they were as well as when so employed—and in the case of the six others more or less deterioration of health had occurred. Minute inquiries into the amount of in come received by these girls, and the mode of its appropriation, led to the conclusion that health was being maintained on so much food as could be bought with 2s. 1 : 1,-d. per week, but that where, from any cause, the amount of income available for food fell materially below that point loss of health was very generally occurring. The character of the food appeared to be of less moment than sufficiency of quantity, but still it seemed probable that depriva tion of fresh meat was assisting in the observed loss of health. To meet this last evil it recommended that the sewing girls should get their dinner at the schools twice a week, by which means a meal, such as potato-hash, containing fresh vegetables and about two ounces of meat, might be supplied at the same cost to the girls themselves as their innutri• tious and monotonous dinner of bread and tea. The ventilation of the room naturally attracted a good deal of attention as exercising an important influence upon the health of the scholars. The average at• tendance of girls in the schools examined at Preston was such that in those buildings each scholar had at least 120 cubic feet of air, and the means of heating and ventilation were such that the air could be maintained sufficiently pure and warm. At times, however, an unusual influx of scholars reduced the breathing space to 70 or 80 cubic feet, or more fre quently the love of the girls for hot rooms led them to close the windows and ventilators, and then the atmosphere became oppressive and unwholesome. So great an aversion have the girls accustomed to the warm close rooms of the factories to anything like a draught or a free current of air that even where the breathing space available for each girl does not exceed 60 cubic feet they take every oppor tunity of closing the windows or other apertures intended for the admission of external air. Under such circumstances it is not surprising that the at mosphere of many of these rooms is to a visitor intolerably hot and close, and that, if the girls themselves do not suffer, the injurious effects of a protracted attendance are frequently experienced by the superintendents. Dr. Buchanan closes his report with a recommendation that " 120 cubic feet at least should be secured to each girl in the sew ing school, when necessary by a limitation of the number of scholars in a room. In all cases due ven tilation of the rooms should be resolutely insisted on, and with such ventilation the temperature that would be the best to adopt for a mean is probably 65 deg. Fahrenheit. AMERICAN TRAVELLING. (From a Correspondent of the Times.) PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 13. I left New York for Washington a few days ago. The thermometer was at 96 deg. in the shade. I chose the even ing mail in the vain hope of shunning the killing heat of the day. From my hotel to the ferry, and from this again to the Jersey shore, I and my baggage were, of course, at the mercy of hackney coachmen, carmen, and porters. Like everything else, extortion is free in America ; it is sullen, insolent, overbearing besides ; it bows to no tariff, stoops to no fixed charges ; it takes its own time, chooses its own way, deaf to your remonstrances, unmoved by your hurry ; bully or blackguard it does not, for it has a quiet consciousness of its power, and does not condescend to higglo or argue. It bumps your "plunder" on the ground, shatters your trunks wilfully, as if visiting on each luckless box that so cial sin that made some men owners, and some others mere carriers of trunk. The ticket-seller, the luggage master, all the railway offi cials, harbour towards you the same feelings as your cabman or porter. They all eye you sorely, answer you curtly and nr tartly. Nay, before they answer they stare at you leis y as if revolving in their mind what right you have to put el a question, or what business it is of theirs to attend to it. They have not the sharp, snappish, pedantic, dictatorial tone of your French Jack-in-office, but neither have they the rough-and-ready but good humoured obliging English way of going to work. The fare is not down on your ticket; you pay as you are bidden ; your luggage is not weighed ; the charge is made at discretion. It may be all right, no doubt. I was bidden to pay twice as much for thy trunks from Washington to Baltimore as I had paid between New York and Washington—twice as much for the same weight over hardly one third of the distance. I asked for explana tion, and was answered by a vacant supercilious look. Very clearly inside the station the horse has the whip-hand of his master. Your choice lies between travelling on such conditions or travelling not at all. Enter : you have been kept en queue at the ticket office; you have been penned up at the waiting-room as in France, or at Smithfield ; but the bell rings, and this is the way to the "cars." The cars, or railway carriages, are long vans on railway wheels, constructed to carry any number of passengers from 60 to 100, disposed in seats, two by two, with a gangway running the whole length between. These cars are all for one and the same class. Americans travel on the footing of perfect equality. The crowd was immense, as it always is at every hour, on every road, by every conveyance in this marvellously stirring community. I read in the pages of a recent good-natured English traveller that "this promiscuous coming together of persons of every description gave rise to no inconvenience; for the same thing happened here as on board the penny boats on the Thames, where the shabby passengers, altogether en titled to equal rights, instinctively shrink from contract with the better dressed, and huddle together as if knowing their places." I did not find my fellow-travellers so modestly accommodating the other evening, nor have I since found many instances of this =labia disposition among these people. There was a rush and a scrambling and jolting; the cars were taken by storm, the places were secured, and with stranger " car-fellows " poverty could scarcely have made me acquainted. It is true some of the cars were not equally thrown open to the multitude. Before them stood soldiers, grizzly guardians with muskets, bar ring the doors. These were reserved we know not for whom; perhaps for the niiAitary. One or two were set apart for "ladies," for in America the sex is your true aristocracy. Like the Emperor Nicholas, it confers distinction on those its countenance shines upon, and so long only as it does so shine upon. The sex enjoys privileges which it can easily ex tend to any man or set of men in its company. It is, however, a distinction without a difference, for the "gents'" ear (the word gentleman is nover written at full in these places) the gents' cars are only open to the world. The "ladies " cars are accessible to " the world and his wife?' A very fishworuan is as freely admitted into the privileged com partment as a duchess ; and she can bring with her a whole squad of fishmongers, as much entitled to rank among the " ladies' men" as she among the ladies. Luckily or unluckily I was owned by no lady, and had to put up with the gents' limbo. I got in. The whole of Broadway was squeezed in that close narrow space. There they all were, the loafer, the rowdy, the coatless, the hatless, the washed and the unwashed, the sharp-featured sour-visaged Yankee, the wild shaggy-headed Irishman, the heavy-lipped beery Ger man; all the heads of the people, with the exception of the negro head. All Broadway is ou its travels, incessantly on its travels. You would say that broadcloth shuns the hi g h- . way, or that g en tili ty d rops i ts trappings, and affects the look, the costume, and the manners of rascality to propi tiate it on the highway. The air of the place choked me, the sight sickened me. lam an old stager, be it borne in mind, broken into all manners of hardships, roughing it with the hardiest of men. But I draw a line between the washed and the unwashed when I can ; and I do not con ceive why, so long as one class lives apart front another in houses, so long as Americans shun contact with each other as they do by pews in churches and boxes in the theatres, why, I say, they should not allow money equally to pur chase separation in public conveyances, why men of all ranks should be "made" to "pig together" on omnibuses, boats, and railways. Talk of the tyranny that chains toge ther the patriot and the felon in the galleys 1 Why, here is republican equality dooming the clean to spend a whole night, or any number of nights, side by side with the un clean in the cars. I walked up and down the gangway twice and three times, like a luckless dog fidgetinglound and round for a proper spat t t o lay himself down. Alas no spot edging left. I to f ok om my h s i ea m, near one of the sov i e li reign s c m iti o z k e i n n s g , e is g n i o n t g al a lo w w y ed, I believe, without looking incessant fire was kept up from the gents' t h s a ' i t m cars, s m eAl but nwi t with. e T Yankee i quid wase eds in no e vcigar ttwoo left. The missiles flew ou flung them back in minute re gardless of the wind which road and black ashes from sized with the dust of the the loathsome double row on the right-htaanfdthseeantsartroawtheopdeonubwleinrodwowosn,them mev o ae u kne th ian s bt o he u 'et t sgt of three : spray, mix n on ight It was pandemonium ; an proper sense scene an down to a American car, even if it brin gs a man the race, is not certainly of his own unworthiness as one o the engine. But why should I dw d el a l spent in an the race itself. Ned to travel 'std, "A if t? ' ":113e home calculti I am an old stager, as I h.- ma k e la yoff at !ed to awaken his kindest sympathies in five or six nights in succession I ca" of in a carriage seat as in the most luxurious b b e e h d a s l . f oif smothered down my indignation, overcame my diegus , , crouched down in my narrow and by no means soft bench, and soon dozed. Dozing, indeed I Behind me was the door opening every two minutes, fiercely jarring as it opened, cruelly banging as it is closed. The gangway was a tho roughfare for vendors of orange pop, eatables and drink- sto_N. LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 11, 1863. ables, books, Yankee notions. The voice was not sufficient to solicit custom; the basket was thrust in your ribs for your patronage. The hawkers of New York papers bawled the titles of their ware in our ears till midnight. Presently came the turn for the Philadelphia, then for the Baltimore early press. The evening trash was followed by the morn ing rubbish, with first, second, and third editions, and the " sensation" headings di nne d at full length into our ears. Anon there was the sharp twanging voice of the Yankee guard squllling for tickets. He came past like a turnkey making the round of his gaol birds. He dug his sharp nailed thumb between the shoulders and chest of the unlucky sleepers. He spoke to us, handled us as no London police man would deal with a thief. Eight or ten times at least in the night was that odious call for tickets ren3wed. The ne ces,ities of the service may, for aught 1 know, render the nuisance unavoidable; but nothing will convince me that the surly official dog does not take a wanton pleasut e in ag gravating the hardness of his functions ; that he does not wish to impress you with the fact that all men are equal before him, and that till he sees your ticket ho has a right to look upon you as a swindler, and has the right to treat you as such both before and after seeing the ticket. Mauled, p oun d e d , an d with all my poor blood boiling with the sense of long-endured indignities, I at last reached Washington, where, as a matter of course, I had to go through the ordeal of porters, carmen, and hackney coach men, and to bear the vacant, insolent stare of the office keeper, and the laziness and untidiness of the waiters at the hotel. I have since been moving about, without ceasing, by day no less than by night, by steamboats no less than on railways. I found nowhere a change for the better. Every where the same crowds and mobs, the same filth, the same utter disregard for other people's comfort, the same reek less irresponsible extortion, the same cool quiet insolence, the same want of all order, punctuality, civility. I spoke to well. to .do Americans, who agreed with me that travelling in their country exposes them to all the harsh unmannerly treatment I complained of, who confirmed my opinion that matters on that score have become infinitely worse than they used to be in my old experience of Yankeeland a quar ter of a century since, when they were in all conscience already as b a d as t h e y oug ht t o b e. M y f r i en d s s h rug their shoulders, an d thi n k th e ev il a d m it s o f no cure . Secession you may have in America, and martial law, and the sus pension of the habeas corpus; but democracy must needs hold its tyr ann i ca l sway on the high road ; and a division of railway carriages into classes, a separation of first and of a o f t than second cabin p assengers i n s t eam b oa t s , ar e no more to be pri vilege jaw s thought n n th independent . vilege every man h as of turn i ng th e car pet even of a lady ,. s drawing-room int o a p i g-sty. H ow s h ou ld, then, a poor wight travel in this country P Th e answer of my estimable er eni ci o t v iz a e l n, of or the the n a " b t o y lition id of fi the friends is simply "don't," and they illustrate precept by practice by limiting their excursions in the States to jour neys of dire necessity, and hastening to Europe whenever they can afford leisure an d mone y for genial locomotion. Travelling in America is like politics—a dirty work, from which clean-minded men shrink, leaving it to those who have no better way to get on in the world, and who know how to turn it to the best account. r leave much mark in the great national account. chat account goes on with the steadiness and uni formity of mechanism, and happy it is for us that its purport is prosperity. On :Another point, too, connected with this subject the same conditions of the question may he remarked. It has been asserted that among the middle class of the population, or at any rate among a particular section of that class, marriages have become of late less frequent than they were and than they ought to be. But this de cline, if it has anywhere occurred, is lost in the gross totals of the reckoning. - Whatever may be clone by war or famine, we may be pretty certain that a mere predilection for bachelorship has never yet affected the marriage rate struck by the Regis trar-General. We sincerely trust it never may do so, for the symptom would be a bad one for the country, but at present the whole assertion must remai❑ without proof. We cannot test it. We can only say that if it is founded on fact the result is inappreciable in the statistics of the population, and that it requires causes far more powerful than social selfishness to influence the marriage rate of a great nation. DAILY NEWU.—The establishment of People's Parks in our large manufacturing and commercial towns is a felicity quite peculiar to our own day, a striotly modern fact, and it is at the same time one of the most gratifying signs of our social and poli tical progress as a nation. Until quit() a recent period, excepting in the single instance of the Me tropolis, Parks belonged only to the privileged classes, being wholly identified with the royal or noble owners for whose use and pleasure they were in the main sacredly reserved. Close to many of the large towns were magnificent parks and plea sure grounds, within whose dividing pale, from year's end to year's end, only a single household or a select circle ever entered, while the pent-up dwel lers in those towns had no means whatever of open air recreation except at too great a distance for any but vagabonds habitually to enjoy. The rapid de velopment of our manufacturing, mining, and com mercial industry has no doubt tended, as Lord Rus sell points out, to increase these evils. The rapid multiplication of mills and workshops will soon, even in the most rural districts, absorb the village green, turn the way-side stream into inky slush, and cover the adjacent fields with a mass of densely populated, squalid tenements. In a few years al most the only available recreation for a working man in such a district after his day's toil is a pipe on the door-step, a wrangle with his wife, or a pot with his companions at the beershop at the corner. But this serious incidental evil of our prosperous industry is being rapidl y corrected. In our day the vanished village green i s restored on a scale answer ing to the enlarged requirements of a manufacturing town over those of a country town or a rural ham let, Within the last few years many of our large towns, such as Salford and Halifax, have been sup plied with magnificent People's Parks, and the boon has in most cases been the result of local muni ficence, the parks having been given in whole or part by merchants and manufacturers. Those whose capital has most largely profited by the modern concentration of labour have thus been amongst the first to recognise the claims of the industrial classes, by making permanent provision on a general scale for their comfort and recreation s and enjoyment. Through the munificence of Sir D. Baxter, Dundee is now added to the number of towns thus favoured. The beautiful park which this public-spirited mer chant has presented to his fellow-townsmen was opened on Tuesday,Lord Russell gracing the occasion with his pr esence, and appropriately summing up the feeling which such an act naturally inspires : "Happy i s h e who can give to those ' in populous city pent' a r es t f rom ex h aust i ng to il am i d scenes which invigorate the body, and turn the mind to the contemplation of the wonderful works of God." he political allusions of Lord Russell's address, if deficient in the charm of novelty, were nevertheless peculiarly fitted to such an occasion. We have no doubt heard before of the noble lord's share in the repeal of th e C orporat i on and Test Acts, as well as in the great Municipal and Parliamentary Reform. But for this very reason, because a reference to these measures is so familiar and commonplace, we are too much disposed to overlook the great social and political rev o l u ti on t h ey represent, and while enjoying the benefi cent resu l ts of th i s revo l ut i on it is well that we should be reminded now and then of the struggles through which it was achieved, and learn to connect our superior advantages with . their true cau se . Th ere i s a far closer connec tion between the Parliamentary Reform of thirty years Isince and the People's Parks of to-day than careless observe rs m i g h t b e disposed perhaps to imagine. It w as su b stant i ally the battle of popular rights and political justice against the combined forces of class, pri v il ege, an d accumulated wrongs ; andits success gained for the people the position out of which People's Parks, popular education, and numberless other schemes of industrial elevation and social reform arose. That great instalment ©f public justice, with the measures in favour of political and religious liberty it produced, did much to remove the bitter alienation that had grown up between the governing classes and the people, established an understanding between them, and lain for the first time a solid basis of future action for the com mon good. It is enough to glance at the history of this country during the years which preceded the passing of the Reform Bill to be convinced of this. We can hardly now even conce i ve o f th e t err ibie social and political condition of England during the fifteen years that intervened between the peace and the era of successful reform. The Government of the day was not only destitute of popular sympathy and support, but waged an ac ti ve an d determined warfare against the people. It was the era of the Hampden Clubs, the march of the Blanketeers. t he so-called Derby insurrection, and the political trials for alleged blasphemy and sedition. At the ti▪ me when Lord Russell first entered public life the govern ment of the day demanded and obtained from a subservient Parliament a suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, on the plea that the existence of clubs and societies in favour of Parliamentary Reform was a public danger, demanding this extreme mea sure, Then, as now, Lord Russell was the cham pion of public justice and popular rights, agai▪ nst the encroachment of arbitrary power and the selfish violence of a privileged class. One of his first speeches, it will be remembered, was against this unconstitutional measure, and referring to the much more serious dangers of the country when the Act was passed, he said, "We talk much—l think a great deal too much—of the wisdom of our . an cestors. I wish we would imitate the courage of our ancestors. They were not ready to lay down their liberties at th e f oo t o f the Crown upon every e vain or imaginary al a rm." In the speechsame earnestly warned the House against losing the re spect of th e p eo pl e by refusing to listen to their grievances. " Let not the Reformers say—When we ask for redress you refuse all innovation ; when the Crown asks for protection you sanction a new code. For us you are not willing to go an inch-- SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, amon g it s T lins.—Marriage is an important as well as a dete rioration, holy thing. N o thi ng can b e sou nder than the doc • trine that a n a ti on i s i n a b a d way w h en the mar riagesfact is proof • either of public distress or social dete population decline in number. The Still, ther e m ust be fluctuations in such statistics, b u t i t i s very d es i ra bl e th a t th e ir real meaning should not be mistaken. Just now, the returns on thi s h ead are rat h er remar k a bl e , but we doubt whether we have been correctly apprehended . It is b e y on d question that the marr i ages i n the whole ki ng d om were below the average f or t h e w hole year 1861 —th e last annual reckoning published b y the Regi s t rar -G eneral. It is also certa i n that the o Famine in the matter has not decline was di st i nctly marke d i n t h e manu facturing districts, but we are by no means sure that the in fluence of the Co tton been materially overrated. Wh en we read in the report that. in a certain q a s compared with those of quarter of the year 1861 the marriages in M anchester, a similar period i n t h e year pre c e ding, declined from 1,285 to 1,150; in Ashton, from 342 to 271 ; in Blackburn, fro m 412 to 288; in Pr eston, from 355 to 254 ; and in S toc k port , from 332 to 218, it is impossible to d eny that t h e incipient paralysis of the cotton ind ustry m i g h t r eally have been then affecting the returns of the year. Yet this influence could riot have been so powerful as was supposed. The Quarter which we have quoted was the fourth Quarter, and, indeed w e could hardly have loo ked for much effect o f t h e bl oc kade before that time. But the report sh ows t h at the whole year was more or less unfavour a bl e to mar riages, , and especially the first quarter of it, when the cotton supply had experienced no interruption, and the Civil War in America had not broken out. In point of fact, it was the weather which at this period was the ob structive agent. Most readers will retain a lively recollection of the Christmas of 1860, its intense frosts and its snow. The extreme severity of the season and the dearness of provisions rendered the period " eminently unpropitious," anti contributed much to that decline which is visible upon the whole year. The second and third quarters, again, succes sively failed to bring the marriage rate up to the average, but still the prospective cotton famine could in fault, for the same phe nomenon been w be a e s n o e b s s p e e rv ci a ay b l l l e in the majority af the great divisions of the kingdom. It is evident, in short, upon an attentive inspection of these statistics, that the decline in the number of marriages which distin guishes the year 1861 was due to the operation of general and ordin ar y causes rather than to the in fluence of any one extraordinary agency. We can also go one step further. We can show that this decline, such as it then was, exhibited no alarmi ng or uncommon proportions. Nobody examining the tables of these statistics for the last 20 years would be induced by the figures for 1831 to suspect that any unprecedented misfortune had befal len the country in that ye ar. There is a ver y disti nct fall marriages, no doubt, since the t o t a l dropped from 1 7 0 , 156 to 1 63,706 for a ll Wales together, whereas, acco r di ng and s h ou ld have risen a little a s th e popu ingoif numbers i n d r t o h p e P to England rule, t b e I, lation increased. But such fluctuations are not unusual. Ten years ago, for instance,—that is to say,in B5B the figure say, in the year 1853,—the mar riages, though among. a smaller population, amounted t o 164,520, being actually in e xcess of t he returns for 1861. in 1855—they t h atis t Again,o dropped from 159,027, the number for 1857, to B ha u d t ftawlioenyetaorslsl2a:ll3. 156,070. The years 1840 and 1842 also fell off from the returns of their predecessors, though not materially ; but in 184 7 the marriages, which had been upwards of 14 5 ,000 in 1846, declined at a sweet, to 135,845. There is nothing, therefore, in the figures now before us to create any astonish ment. No doubt, 1861 wad rather a bad year for marriages, but the falling off in the numbers was not so large as we have seen on former occasions, and it was not due in any great degree to the Cot ton Famine. But the last quarterly return of the Registrar-General, just issued, announces an unex pected revival. The reader is probably aware that in these Reports the marriage retut n is always three months in a rrear of the others, so that, whereas we get the births and deaths up to June 30, we get the marriages only up to March 31. Yet in that quar ter—the first of the current year---they were de cidedly increasing in some of the chief districts affseted by the Cotton Famine. In Manchester the figures rose from 951 in 1861, and 830 in 1862, to 1,006 last spring. In Chortton, also, there was a considerable increase, and in Salford too. In other districts the tide was still setting the other way, and possibly, as the Registrar-General observes, there have been movements of population affecting these results. Nevertheless, in spite of the destruction of our greatest industry and the impoverishment of our richest communities, the national marriage rate for the first quarter of the present year is re ported above the average. So broad, in fact, is the area of these surveys, and so numerous are the ele ments at work upon the results, that we may per haps find lighter traces of the Cotton Famine than we expect even in the complete reports of 1862 and 1863. The cotton districts, after all, are but a trac tion of England, and if any causes should combine to stimulate trade and encourage industry in other great centres of population as they seem to have done in the metropolis, the decline to be anticipated in the marriages of Lancashire may be compensated by increase elsewhere. 'We have already learnt that cotton is not such a King as was supposed, and that the destinies of England are not under his rule. The cotton trade has been struck out from the in dustries of the country for a whole year with less effect upon the business of the nation than anybody could have imagined. Some analogous result we may possibly discover in the Registrar-General's future returns. We see, in fact, in the tables now before us that the progress of the nation is but im perceptibly affected by any of the vicissitudes which are successively chronicled. The great body moves cADVERTISE, on like one of those migratory glaciers described l i ver , and stomach.]—Claonts, in mption every ag by geologists, with a slow but irresistible course, grava t e d and accelerated emel byi complaints, , all ne rvous , bilious drugsofstage, ar e only every grinding out for itself an onward passage through perfec t ly cura b le by Du Barry'shealth restoring description, but every obstacle in its way. The Re g i s t r a r -General Arabica F oo d, as proved b y thousands of eae Revalenta tells us that we may take the last quarter of a cen- been considered h o p e l ess . W e quo t e a few.— c s ur s e w Ne. hic 6 h , had tury, and consider that the growth of our population Miss Lange, 18 years of age, cured after th e medical men had throughout the whole period proceeded as uninter- abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last stage of ruptedly and as uniformly as the growth of a Pulmonary consumption, with fearful co ug h, expectoration, "Each quinquennial period added exhaustion, spitting of blood, p ers pi ra ti ons , hollow cheeks, gigantic pine. a million or a little more to the account. In 1836-40 emaciated healthy, a skeleton. Sine is now, thank G o d, a perfectly the population was rising through its sixteenth Police y, to r o e om N ill o g, 46 oe 2 a 7 h o y g 3 1 1r 1 1,— . . eLslfet Commissaire de million; in 1841-45 th ro ugh its seventeenth; in S urrey, of thirty years' diseased .l.N lungs, spittintfobf l' lood ' • leY V er 1846-50 through it s e i g hteenth; in 1851-55 throu g h dera ngement , and partial deafness.—Cure, No. 4;421 ~ Miss 1i itflnineteenth ; and ih 180 - 0 0 through its twentieth Elizabeth Jacobs, of ex t reme nervou s n e ss , i n di gesti ..illion." In the middle of 1861 our numbers ar e gatherings, low spirits, and nervous fancies.—Cur e' / ( s; -.-- h ave been 20,11 9 , 496 for England and 64,816. Ih e R ev . g ames 'l'. C amp b e ll, Fakenharn, Norfolk, computed 1,. .._ • -!-- cnite of Was mutinies, f „, of indigestion and torpidity of the liver, which had resisted Wales only, and this la a,all medical treatment. In tins, lib, 2s 9d; 21b. 45 6d ,sib, commercial panics, deficient harvests, and 'nommen, 1 . „ 1 ,," ; " nu) ; 225; 211 b, 40s. Barry du Barry and Co., No. 77, seasons. Calamities w hich startle us at the moment, Regent-street, London ; also Fortnum and Mason; and an and which may produce deep local distress ? fail to Mars and chemists in every town of the Malted Kingdom. for Miniater;lyOug;a - Mile. When we ask for our rights, you ought not to touch the little finger of the Constitution—but when those in authority de• mind more power, you plunge your knife into its heart." When Lord Russell used this bold and patriotic language, all the world of fashion, in fluence, and power were against him, but he steadily fought the battle of popular rights, giving the best years of his life to the snuggle, and eventually he triumphed. And amidst such welcome and striking illustrations of the beneficent effects of the victory, a reference to the cause is not only pardonable, but in a high degree encouraging and instructive. Another political murder has just been committed at Warsaw on a man named Richter, the head of the pass port-office, who had recently been engaged in organizing a no w police. He was stabbed to the heart in the street close to his own door. SHOCKING GIIN ACCIDENT AT WARRINGTON.— Au accident, attended with fatal consequences, oc curred on Monday. Two young men, named Peter Ken wright and Wm. Durkin, went to the house of John Mee, in Ilaydock-street, and borrowed a gun. Mee was not at home, but his wife, on being asked by Kenwright if the gun was loaded, said she did not know. The young men then went together to the shop of Thomas Lowe, butcher, Winwick-street. Kenwright went into Lowe's house for the purpose of procuring a powder flask and shot bag, leav ing Durkin. who held the gun, at the shop door. Durkin stood with the gun resting on his foot, but, by some means, ho let it fall, and, the hammer coming in contact with the ground, an explosion was the result. The greater part of the contents were lodged in the head of a boy of Lowe's, four years of age, who was playing about in the shop. The boy was killed instantly. Durkin, in a state of great alarm, went to the police and gave himself into custody. The chief constable, however, finding there was no blame attached to him, did not detain him. ---~.r.~._z -.~, ~~ I UPS AND DOWNS OF AN ACTOR'S LIFE. On Monday, a case most painfully illustrative of the vicissitudes of an actor's life came before the bench at Hull. A middle-aged man, named James Clifford, of wretched and half-starved appearance, and whose only covering consisted of shirt, trousers, and boots, was placed at the bar charged with having attempted to commit suicide by jumping into the Humber Dock on Saturday evening. A young man, named Thomas Beautyman, a licensed porter, stated that on that evening he was going along the Humber Dock side, when he observed the prisoner jump from the quay into the water. The witness at once raised an alarm, and also got into a boat with a view of saving the life of the unfor tunate man. After considerable difficulty and the lapse of about five minutes he was successful in his endeavours. The would-be suicide was hauled on to the quay and handed over to the custody of the police. The prisoner on being asked by the magi strate what he had to say for himself made the fol lowing statement He said that for about 40 years he had been a travelling performer with portable theatres, and had performed at Winn's Theatre, at Drypool Feast. He had once been in very com fortable circumstances, and had plenty of friends, but latterly he had become very much reduced. He had been compelled to part with all his clothes ex cept those few rags which now covered his body. He soon found that when his clothes were gone his friends had also flown, and those who had once ap peared to be the firmest of friends had now become almost his greatest enemies. When he was left in an almost naked state, he found it absolutely im possible to obtain an engagement, and having nothing wherewith to procure food his existence became miserable in the extreme. During the latter part of last week he had wandered about houseless, homeless, and friendless, and on Friday and Satur day had nothing to eat. On the evening of the last named day the rain was falling very fast, and on meeting a policeman he asked if he would be allowed to go into the lock-up for the night. He was informed by the officer that unless he had com mitted some crime he could not be locked up. Being wet, cold, and hungry—in fact, just on the verge of starvation—he sought refuge under the dock sheds, and whilst he was so sheltering he began to con sider which would be the best way to pursue in his then lone and desolate circumstances. He con sidered that he had neither clothes, food, shelter, or friends, and was at a loss how to proceed. If he had had his clothes he would have known how to proceed, but in his then state before any respecta ble manager he would have been naturally told that he was "worse than a shoeblack." Therefore at the time he thought there was only one way for him, and he determined to take it. He therefore got up from the place where he was sheltering, walked to the edge of the quay, and jumped into the water. This was al: that he (prisoner) had to say. Such a thing had never before passed in the drama of his life, and he hoped that it would be a caution for the future, for if he lived he would long remember it. During the time the prisoner was making the above statement the most breathless silence prevailed in the court. Mr. Winn, the proprietor of the portable theatre which has been exhibiting near the Drypool Church since the Drypool Feast, was in the court. He came forward and said that he had known the prisoner for upwards of twenty years, during which period the prisoner had been under his management in several portable theatres. In the whole of this time he had never known him commit an offence similar to the one with which he was now charged. He had always been a steady and inoffensive man. The witness also further stated that about a fort night ago the prisoner and his wife quarreled. In consequence of this he took to drinking. His wife left him and took away with her his wardrobe, thus depriving him of the means of going on the stage. The witness had several times sent for the prisoner to return to his theatre, directing the messengers to tell him that he was quite agreeable to take him on. The witness supposed that through shame the prisoner declined an offer. Whatever might be the cause, however, he did not accept Mr. Winn's offer, and he (witness) was very much astonished when on the previous night he heard that the prisoner had attempted to commit suicide. He could come to no other conclusion than that he had been induced to commit the rash act through want of food and through intoxicating drink. Even at that moment he (witness) was quite willing to take the prisoner back into his em ployment. His worship pointed out to the pri soner the folly of the course of conduct which he had pursued. As the witness, however, had so kindly come forward to speak for him, and had even promised to take him into his service, he should discharge him. A subscription was got up amongst the attorneys and several gentlemen in court, his worship also contributing, and upwards of 15s. were placed in the hands of the prisoner, and he left the court a happier and no doubt a wiser man. His worship also presented ss. to Beautyman, for the promptitude and presence of mind which he had shown in rescuing the prisoner from a shocking and untimely end. WATERSPOUT IN THE MORAY FIRTH. • Monday's storm (says the Baneshire Journal) was accompanied in this immediate neighbourhood by one of those splendid but not less terrific pheno mena rarely witnessed in these latitudes, namely, a waterspout. This terrible phenomenon was seen in the Bay of Banff about 4 o'clock in the after - noon, and presented a very magnificent and impos ing spectacle to those who had an opportunity of witnessing it in all its furious grandeur. In noting its progress, the phenomenon, as first it presented itself to the eye of the beholders, would more pro perly be described as a whirlwind than a water • spout. In the former shape it had its rise, in the latter it had its fall. The wind was from the north west, and strangely enough, though it blew a perfect hurricane inshore, the sea was calm as a lake. In the offing away to the right, in the as yet unruffled portion of the bay, was a little boat, from Macduff, with three men on board, quietly, to all appearance, fishing for mackerel. Away to the left, or to the windward, fitful squalls were sweep. ing round the little promontory at Blackpots towards the breakwater at the harbour, eddying about in the intermediate bay, throwing up a wave here and there, and lashing it into foam. In this way the curious inshore hurricane continued with less or more violence for nearly an hour, and the coast guardsmen were watching the squalls with consi derable anxiety, fearing lest at any moment they should extend its playground a little further to sea, and mayhap upset the mackerel boat. While they were thus eagerly watching the peculiar conduct of the warring elements, their atten tion was suddenly arrested by an object of a still more peculiar nature away further to windward. A violent whirlwind, scattering th e waves in its course, came sweeping along almost in a direct line to the point of view, gathering up its strength as it came. As the whirlwind approached, it seemed to pause for a moment off the station, as if to concentrate all its energies in a last effort. At that moment the water, gathered up by the whirl wind somewhat in the form of a cone, and lifted higher and higher in the air, was borne straight up wards to the height of more than 50 feet above the surface. Pursuing its easterly course, the huge ap parition swept forward for a considerable distance, till, just a little to the north-east of the breakwater, it burst. As if caught on " the wings of the wind," the huge mass was borne aloft for some distance, and then precipitated with great violence into the " vasty deep," whence it came. The effect of the phenomenon is described by those who witnessed it as something very grand and imposing, if not abso lutely terrible; for, had the fury of the whirlwind expanded itself in a less convenient place, the con sequences might have been dire havoc indeed. Such a sight has n o t b een witnessed in these quarters for many a day. [ADTEhTISAtENT.] —Holloway's Ointment and Pills. Happiness round the Hearth,—With the sore trials, temp tations, and accidents daily endangering health and lif e in large cities, it it( most important to have at h an d same m eans of stopping th e breeding evil, for the lon ger i t is neglected the more wide spread is, the degeneration. Holloway's medicaments supply this great want; they are inexpensive, purchasaalalo everywhere, can be readily used, are safe ey e; i n ine x p er i e nced hands and perfectly reliable as healer s an d pur ifi ers . Holloway's Ointing;t and Pill s Cure inflammations, abscesses, and •,:sloerations with a facility hitherto unknown. rlcAoway's noble remedies will for which in by gone days a danverotta give relief to sufferers from skin diseases o f the most re volting characters, mineral was Pitch administered With fatal co weve i 4 ^6 .3 FALKIRK TRYST. The Tryst on Tuesday was favoured with a little better weather in the early part of the day ; but towards the after noon rain again came on, which quickly put an end to business. The stock was all placed by eight o'clock, and consisted of North and West Highland beasts of all ages, and almost every quality—this class forming at least half of the stock on the ground, although it was certainly de ficient in regard to numbers when compared with previous September fairs. There were also short-horns and Irish cattle, country beasts, and Ayrshire milch cows, and polled cattle from Dumfries and Galloway ; but none of these stocks showed anything like the numbers of previous years, except perhaps the milch cows, which were a capital show. The supply, however, in every department, was quite equal, in deed, superior to the demand, the fact being that there was a considerable margin on each stock left at the conclusion of the market unsold. The Highland cattle in really good condition met a fair sale; but those not so met a rather meagre demand. The best conditioned lots of small beasts from the North High lands met a fair demand. It may be said that the Highland cows were an excellent show, and attracted very considerable notice, and many of them were sold at rather high prices. It must also be added that there was a considerable number of inferior looking Highl an d b eas t s on th e groun d, but this may have arisen from the jaded state in which the beasts were, after having been driven in many instances between 200 and 300 miles. The three-year , olds of the Highland class were few comparatively, this kind of stock being ge nerally brought out in October; but those which were in the market met with a ready sale. The North Highland beasts, from two to six years, also met similar good eneouracement. The kyloes, which were in anything like condition, were very smartly looked after by the English jobbers, in conse quence of the turnips and other green crops having so much improved from the recent rains. The best class of both heifers and stots were in demand, but in some instances prices were rather low, but the better kinds supported the prices of last year. The £9 or £lO beasts were down ss. head, but the condition being better than this time last year, the reduction must be considered rather more. The same may be said regarding the two and three-year-old bullocks and kyloes ; in fact, the Highland cattle :were on the average from 10 to 15 per cent. below that of last year, although there was no discernible difference between this and last month's market. The polled cattle from Galloway and Dumfries were in a fair state, and met a ready sale. The short-horned stock was a large supply, and was in famous condition, especially the 3-yr-olds, which were readily picked up, more particularly those fit for fleshing purposes. The 2- yr-olds that were not in the same state also met a similar sale. The milk cows were a shorter supply than usual, but the market was stiff, and the sales effected were slightly lower than last year, and ss, 10s, to 20s less than the last Rutherglen market. The Irish cattle were a large show, comprising 3 and 2-yr-olds and six-quarter beasts. Those of the first class that were in condition sold equally well as last year; the second class were ill to sell and £1 down, and the inferior kinds were unsaleable. The Yorkshire calves were a large show, for which there was a good demand. The highest prices obtained for Highland cattle were For 3-yr-old bullocks, £l6 10s; 3-yr-old heifers, £lO lOs ; 3-yr-old queys, £ll 5s ; cows, £9 10s ; 2-yr-old stots, 15s ; 2-yr-old heifers, £7 78 ; yearling stots, £3 10e 6d; 6-quarter-old stots, £3 10s; 6- quarter-heifers, £5 se; and stirks, £4los. The Ayrshire mulch cows fetched as much as £lB, and the lowest price accepted was £lO. The Irish cattle ran-3-yr-olds, £l4 to £l6 10s; 2..yr-oldet £lO to £l4 lOs; and stirks, £6 lOs to £lO 10s. The short-horns, 3-yr-olds, fetched as high as £l6; and 2-yr . -olds, £ll to £l4; stirks, £7 10s to £lO lOs a a n d York shire calves, £5 to £7. The show of horses was rather large, more particularlY those of the draught stamp, which ran from 120 to f 46. For this kind there was a fair demand for what wer e really good, but the inferior kinds were ill to sell, and it may be added the trade was very dull. The lighter description of animals were a tolerably fair show, but did not meet that encouragement that might have been expected, in consequence of the broken state of the weather, which causes this class of beasts to be at a die^ count, the jaunting season being all but over. COUNTRY MARKETS. . a ,._,._,__ BRISTOL—THuusnAr.I At this day's market the supply of English wheat was short, which met a fair sale at prices is to 2s higher than last week. In foreign more doing, and quite as dear. Some fine samples of new malting barley changed hands!! 2s advance. Grinding sorts scarce, and 6d dearer. Oat' in fair request. Beans more active. MANCHE STERN--THURSDAY. At our market this morning there was a fair attendance of buyers. The demand for new English wheat was slow, at the prices of this day se'nnight. Foreign wheat also in active, at an advance of 2d to ad per 100 lb. Flour at last week's rates. Oats and oatmeal were limited in sale. In Indian corn an improved demand. Beans steady. BIRMINGHAM-Ll'lllms DAY. At to-day's market there was a short supply of wheat, which found buyers at is advance on last week's currencies. --English wheat was sold at 46s to 50s for white, and 408 to 46s per 36 stone for red, Barley, new malting, 36 s to 42s per qr ; grinding, 26s to 30s Oats, old, 24s to 30 s per 30 stone; Irish, 21s to 258. Beans, 40s to 448 per qr• Peas, 36s to 44s per 36 stone. CORK—SEPT. 8. The following were the quotations this morning wheat, 8s Od to —s 03; white, lOs 3d to —8 Od , barley, 03 Od to Os Od ; oats, 7s 6d to Os Od. ; black do. ) 5 s 9d to 8s 2d. EDINBURGH GRAIN—SEPT. 9. A fair supply of farmers' wheat to-day, which met 5 fair sale at fully the prices of l ast week. Barley met a Beans red were sale, and scarce prices is up. O ats dull, and Is dearer. Wheat on the top 2s Od up .......... average 2s 4d up. Barley on the top Os 6d d0wn...... „average is 10d up. Oats on the top 2s Od up. ....... ...average Os 10d down. Beans on the top Os 3d up ...... ....average is 9d down. Total Supply and Sales. Wheat ..... ... 660 qrs Sold 311 qrs 8ar1ey........ 98 qrs Sold 98 qrs Oats Beans 32 qrs Sold 24 qrs Flour sells as follows :—Whites, 408 Od ; extras, 38s Od ; superfine, 36s Od ; fine, 34s Od. DERBY S MITHFIELD—SEPT. 8. There was a short supply of fat beasts to-day, and the quality of many of the animals was inferior. The num ber of sheep was also short, but lambs were in good show. Fat calves were dearer. The show of fat pigs w a s not large, but they were better sold. Beef 6d to 7d Veal ...... told Mutton .... 7d to 71d Pork . 5d to 51d Lamb Bd to —(1 Rough fat, 38 9d per stone* Hides, 3d to 41d; calf skins, 5d to 6d. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton .. S ep t, IS. via Marseles Jrazil and C a p e V erds, by British il Sept. 12' packet. Oct. 5 , Cape of Good Hope, A scens i on, and St. Helena Sept. 28. China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton Sept. 18. via Marseilles Sept. 12. Falkland Islands, ............. .. ............. a Gibraltar, vi Southampton .................. Sept. 10. India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via S outhampton.. Sept. 18. via Marseilles.... Sept. 12. India (Bombay), via Southampton ............ Sept. 10. Portu — via Marseilles ................ sept. 2 0 . ga1.... ................................ Oct. . Ntalta, Egypt, an d Aden, via Southampton Sept. s 10. Newfoundland Oporto and Vigo by U.S. packet.... 11. W.C. of Africa, Madeira, Sept. 24. and Tby Canadian packet. Sept• en C e an riff a e .. S e pt. lu. Baham as , v i a N ew York Mexico. .............. All parts of West Indies, including Chili, California. an d British Columbia.. -Per u' I Sept. 14. Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by pur chasing Horniman's pure Tea; very choice at 38. 4d. and 48. " High Standard "at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4a. Bd.), i s the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. Births. B ARW . ( at Madra s , th e wife of Lieu daughter the R oya l Artillery, of a t e ß na O n t of Coraram. rode --On the 7th inst., a t M orden, the wife of GO' St Cobham, Esq , of a son. BARROW.—On ne t l he ß 2 a 7 rr th ow j , ” HANBURY the wife . CO the 7th inst., a t B allysax, co. Kildare? daughter, p tain Gof a urney H an b ury, 10th Hussars, of a Marriages. EAGLE—WITHERS. --011 the 10th inst., at St. Bartholo mew's, Syd en h am, W. P. Eagle, Esq., of Cannon-street, W., to H arr i ett, only daughter of Henry Withers, Esq.' of 3, Wellington-street, London-bridge. PRILP--- 13 ARRY.—On th e 10 t h inst., at St. James's, Pic ca dil, Benjamin Batten Philp, E sq., of The Elms,liar lingtonly, Middlesex, to Mrs. Barry, of Greenwich. Deaths. BICKHAM.—On the Bth inst., Thomas Bickham, Esq., o f Whalley Range, Manchester. COR NEWA.LL.—On the Bth inst., at Bruges, from the effect of a s e v ere f a ll , H erbert Cornewall, Esq., of Delburi Hall, Salop. DAVIES.—On the 13th July, at Shanghai, of cholera, Henri Tudor Davies, Esq., Commissioner of Chinese Custono at that port. HAwKiNs.—On the 10th inst., at Brighton, Wm. Henry Hawkins, Esq., J.P., aged 68. HoLL.—On the 9th inst., at Encombe-terrace, Wands worth-road, Joseph Holl, Esq., aged 78. HOBSON.—On the 7th inst., George Hobson, Esq., of Cottered, Herts. WILDE.— On the Gth inst., at Cbeam House, Surrey, Geo. Wilde, Esq.. aged 59, London ArVI Pulnished by WILLIAM ANDREWS N . °' 112 , Strand, Printer, at THE Sim Office No. 112, S t r "ld, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the County of huddler= s —Friday , September ii, 18133 ..‘.