The Sun. — London, England, 1833-01-08 00:00:00

. IRELAND. (From the Times.) THE IRISH VOLUNTEERS OF 1633. DUBLIN, FRIDAY, JAN. 4.—Mr. O'Connell seems de termined to hasten the march of events on the qu es'ion of . . repeal. On Wednesday, in the National Political Union, he announced his plan for the organization of this new re peal society under an old name, and his conviction of tie necessity of its being a select one ; the members to he ad mitted by ballot, and one-fourth black beans to exclude. This step has been taken as a great offence by the Trade , 4' Union, whose members have hitherto been allowed to enter the National Political Union on showing their rickets of membership obtained in the Trades, and they threaten tt, relinquish the intended honour of chairing him if he per severes in his exclusive arrangements. Yesterday the Na tional Political Union met for the last time, and Mr. O'Connell hoped to heal the wound inflicted on the Trades by giving notice of a very complimentary motion of the gratitude due to them for the zeal they bad displayed in the late elections. They are still, however, very angry a• being thrown aside the moment they have seated Mr. O'Connell securely in Parliament, without any exertions on his part. The general opinion is, that he will be obliged eventually to submit to their dictation. The fact is, that this most democratic union has grown so rapidly to un precedented power in our metropolis that even O'Connell is not aware of his comparative inferiority and dependence. NATIONAL COUNCIL. At the National Political Union yesterday (Eben€zer Jacob, of Waterford, in the chair), Mr. O'CONNELL congratulated the meeting on the number of friendly letters they had received already. amounting altogether to more than the number of those that had assemb'ed on the last occasion. He would now move that all the accounts of the National Political Union be referred to the standing committee of Finance, and closed as soon as possible, that all the re ceipts and expenditure be published, and that every Mem ber of the Union be permitted to speak and vote on the subject, as in open committee. In conclusion, be would move, that the National Political Union should now ad- journ sine die. These motions were put and carried amid loud cheers. Mr. O'Corrszu. rose again and moved that Mr. Ebe nezer Jacob should remain where he was, as the fits. Chairman of the Irish volunteers.—(Cheers.) The Hon. Member then spoke at considerable length on the past political state of Ireland, and the efforts of the vo lunteers of 1782, after wl ich he declared that this society should put itself at the head of the virtuous and pubic spirited of the country, in promoting the repeal of abuses, and the enactment of wise and necessary acts of legislation, among which he mentioned as the most prominent objects of solicitude, triennial Parliaments, vote by ballot, and repeal of the legislative Union. He was sure that the volunteers would not he in existence three months when Protestants, Dissenters, Quakers, Catholics, and Irishmen of all denominations would be enrolled among its Members for the regeneration of the country. He concluded with moving two resolutions, which were passed at a meeting of the corps of Dublin volunteers on the Ist of March, 1782, the Duke of Leinster being the Chairman of the meeting. They were as follows : " Resolved—That Great Britain and Ireland are, and ought to be, inseparably connected, by being under the do minion of the same King, and enjoying equal liberty and similar institutions. That it is the duty of every good citizen to maintain the connection of the two countries and the freedoin and independence of this kingdom." A VOLUNTEER SCENE. O'GORMAN MAHON stood up beside Mr. O'Connell to second these resolutions. Mr. O'CoNNELL objected to this gentleman's taking any part in the proceedings, as be was not a member of " the volunteers." O'GORMAN MAHON protested against this attempt at putting him down, and demanded to know by what right Mr. O'Connell could assume such a species of domi nation?—(Much confusion.) Mr. O'CoNNELL read the resolutions entered into 1) the meeting for the management of its proceedings. O'GottarAN MAHON stood upon his right to second th. resolutions, and to speak to them, as a member of " the volunteers." There, Mr. Dwyer (said he, throwing down a purse), there are 50/. as my subscription. Mr. O'CONNELL (in the midst of great uproar and con fusion) put back the purse, which, we believe, fell at O'Gormin Mahon's feet. O'GoastAst MAHON—Who are the members of the " volunteers?" (Here a general commotion prevailed in the room, the members in the rear striving to get forward A variety of cries were uttered, such us " Fair play," " Turn him yyt." " Order. order," " Chair." tze.) I de man of te kinairman ( continued Utiorman Mahon) to produce the names of " the volunteers." Mr. O'CoNNELL—Order, order—ls this man to be permitted— O'GoatMAN ]IIAHON—Is this the way to produce con ciliation, and promote the co-operation?—(Cries of " Chair," " Fair Play," and " Ord-r.") Mr. C. O'DwyEn, M. P., rose to order, and said question required calm discussion, in order that the chair man might decide as to the point of order. O'GoRmAN Aliatorr demanded the names of the vo• lunteers. Mr. O'Cot4NELL asked would any member of the Irish volunteers call upon the chairman to produce the names" , O'Goammr MAHON—Yes, I call upon the chairman. —(Great uproar.) Mr. O'CoNNELL—Mr. Chairman, I call upon you to say whether the gentleman is out of order. The CHAIRMAN decided that he was out of order. O . GORMAN MAHON—I rest upon my right, as an Irishman, to obtain fair play Mr. O'Corixri.t., in a loud voice, " Chair, chair." O'GORMAN MAHON—I call Mr. O'Connell to order. Here Mr. Mahon's voice was drowned in a din of many voices, and the most indescribable confusion ensued. There was a rush about Messrs. O'Connell and Mahon, and many cries raised, as if in remonstrance against sonic extreme proceeding. The tables and forms were instantly filled with individuals, all anxious to learn the cause of the commotion. Some said that Mr. O'Connell was struck—others, that Mr. Mahon was going to be forced out of the room. " The scoundrel"—" fair play"— " turn him out"—" order, order''—.." shame, shame," and many other cries resounded through the room. After comparative order was restored, it was ascertained that a man, in the excitement of the moment, rushed towards Messrs. O'Connell and Mahon, hut what his intention was remained unexplained, as he was driven back before he had effected his purpose, whatever it might have been. Mr. C. O'Dwlree, began to speak to order. O'GORMAN MAHON—I was in possession of the chair. Mr. O'CONNELL—I am a volunteer, and am therefore entitled to speak. Every society has a right to resolve upon its own rulers. Those who do not approve of such rules are not called upon to associate themselves with it. Mr. Chairman, I call upon you to read the names of " the volunteers." All who are not of the society are here merely by sufferance. Mr. WALSH addressed the chair, and explained that a meeting was called by public requisition, at 12 o'clock this day, for the purpose of forming " the Society of Irish Volunteers," under Certain regulations. If Mr. Mahon I had attended that meeting, he would have a right to speak in opposition to any measure which he 'night have disap proved of, or have entered his protest against it. But he clearly bad no fight to come in and disturb that society, which were " P the Volunteers of Ireland," as the Political Union bad dis-olved itself, O'GORMAN Marrow—The meeting was called at 3 o'clock. but suet at 12 o'clock.—( Hear Mr. Mahon became inaudible, from the uproar which prevailed.) Mr. O'CoNNELL—Order, order; chair, chair. O'Goastari MAHON called Mr. O'Connell to order, and said that the meeting was misled. Mr. O'CoNNELL—No, no. O'Gonstan Manos—l allele it is, and give me a bear ing that I may prove the allegation. The tumult continued some time—at length Mr. O'CONNELL demanded if such a scene were to be tolerated by the assertion of individual audacity. O'Goestaie Marrow—Oh ! Mr. O'Connell, that is not lansuage to be used to me. But that you are under the protection of a vow, you dare not use it ! That's very After a dialogue continued for a few minutes longer, while the same confusion prevailed, the names of the vo lunteers were read over by the Secretary. They were 3ti in number. The resolutions were then seconded and carried. There were then some 40 or 50 additional Members proposed and admitted (O'Gorman Mahon's name was not among them), when Mr. O'Connell moved the marked, particular, and emphatic thanks of " the Irish volunteers" to the Chairman, for his manly, independent, and public spirited conduct in th e chair—cauied unanimously. The rneettig then adjourned to Tue.day next. The above scene throws some light on Mr. O'Connell's views of the convenience of having a veto on the admis. sion of unmanageable members into his" Irish volunteers." On the previous day he related, in the Nations) Political Union, a very characteristic anecdote in illustration. He knew the importance of associating with men of good character, and honesty of purpose, in the regeneration of Ireland, and consequently the usefulness of some kind of ~ ~~~ ' } test. He recolle*lonce sitting at a friend's, in company with Nicholas -Atrcell O'Gorman, who was complain ing of the want of stetting patriot* in Ireland, and de eta-WTI-it be was the only honest man in company ! " There's O'Connell, for instance," said he, " ready to take the first place that offers itself !" Now, I (said Mr. O'Connell) only replied by walking over to the window, where lay a Catholic prayer-hook, belonging to the lad s of the house. I took it up, kissed it, and declared, "by virtue of my oath I will accept of nothing for myself from the Government till my countrymen are emanci pated." I then handed the prayer-book to Nicholas P. O'Gorman, who shook his head, and wisely declined to take any such oath. I now similarly pledge myself to enter into no compromise, nor to accept of any advantage from the Government till I see our National Parliament sitting in College-green.—(Cheers.) Mr. FINN, M.P.—So say we all of us.—(Enthusiastic cheers.; Mr. Finn is Mr. O'Connell's brother.in-law, and Member for Carlow. Mr. A. C. O'Dwyer, Member fot Drogheda, was in the Chair, and cheering with the rest : so that there is no doubt that the Repealers will fight their battle " war to the knife." In fact, they must do it now they are pledged and elected for the purpose; other wise they could never again show their faces amongst their hot-headed constituents. JANUARY 5. The outrages in the unfortunate county of Kilkenny appear to be increasing ; the last accounts state the death of one young man in a conflict with the police,—of a policeman killed in his own house by Whitefeet,—of seven houses entered and their inmates severely beaten, or wounded by shots ; and of four other houses searched•for arms and whisky, by " the blazing Whitefeet" as they call themselves. Mr. O'Connell has so far surmounted the jealouQy 01 " the Trades," regarding " the Irish volunteers," that ii is settled his chairing will proceed on Monday. FRANKFORT PAPERS. VIENNA, DEC. 26.—The public has been thrown into great alarm by a serious attack of illness which the young King of Hungary has experienced. By the desire of the physicians, the sacrament for the dying was administered to him this morning. How ever, the nervous attacks by which the patient chiefly suffered, have abated, so that there are hopes that he will soon be better. On this occasion the inhabitants of Vienna have given a new proof of their attachment to the Imperial Family ; f r om every mouth we bear the most ardent wishes that Providence may be pleased to spare the valuable life of the Prince, who is universally beloved. In politics we have nothing new. The progress of events in Belgium is looked to with great anxiety. The mission of Sir S. Canning to Madrid causes some sensation. It is recollected that he laid the foundation of much embarrassment to the Porte, when he was sent to Constantinople on a mission to effect an amicable arrangement with the Greeks ; and many are apprehensive lest he should make similar attempts in Spain to embarrass the affairs of the Peninsula. But the Spaniards are not Turks, and it may be more difficult to deceive the Spanish Ministry respecting its own real interest and that of the country, than it was the Divan which was at that time divided in itself. VIENNA, DEC. 26.—Five per Cents., 86-; Bank Shares, I,l2s.—Allgemeine Zeitung, Dec. 31. BRUNSWICK, DEC. 29.—The following Ordi nance has been published here : " We, William, IV., by the grace of God, King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain, Ireland, &c. &c. ; also King of Hanover, and Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, &c. &c. ; and we, William, by the grace of God, Duke of Brunswick and Lunenburg, &c. &c. " Considering—That the changes which, since the disso lution of the German Empire, have taken place in the re lations of the Princely houses of Germany, render it neces sary to revise the regulations which have hitherto been established by the Family Statutes and customs of ow whole House respecting the marriages of the Princes and Princesses of our said House; that the object of such re visal is to promote the interest of our whole House, and to modify the laws hitherto in force in a manner suitable to the attendant relations : considering, too, the example of other Sovereign German Houses may be best attained by the introduction of a superintendence to be exercised by the Sovereign over the marriages of the Princes and Prin , • • '; • • founded on the Sovereignty. " That the interest of our whole Howe requiring that uniform conditions should be laid down to both lines now reigning by virtue of the obligation to take care of the in terest of our whole House, we wished, in reference to the two lines and the relations to these possessions, which make part of the German Confederation, to establish, by mutual consent, a family law adapted to the said object. " We therefore ordain : " Art. 1. The Princes and Princesses of our whole House are bound to ask the consent of the reigning Princes to the marriages which they intend to enter into, which consent will not be refused to properly assorted marriages, without some peculiar reasons should exist. " 2. The decision of the question, whether reasons for refusing such consent exist or not, belongs exclusively to the reigning Prince, in every case. " 3. The consent will be given in a written document, which must be signed by the reigning Prince with his own band, and be confirmed by the Seal of State, and countersigned in the usual form. " 4. A marriage concluded without the formally granted consent of the reigning Prince, does not give to the chil dren that may issue from it, a right of succession to the States of the House of Brunswick Lunenburg, belonging to the German Confederation ; from a right to rank, titles, and arms, of the Most Serene House. _ " 5. This Family Law shall he published by insertion in the Collection of the Laws of Hanover and Brunswick, as an unalterable Decree from the kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick Wolfenbuttel, declaring the qua lifications for succession to the Government for the future. In testimony whereof we have ordered the present (loco. mi-nt to be drawn up—now confirm the same by s gning it with our hands, and having our Chancery Seal affixed to it. " Done at Windsor Code, Oct. 24, 1831. " Brunswick, Oct. 19. 1831. " WILLIAM R. " WILLIAM, Duke of BRUNSWICK. •' L. OMPTEDA V. SCHLEMITZ." " The undersigned, gratetutly recognising in the above Resolutions adopted by his Majesty, in concert with the Duke of Brunswick, for the dignity and advantage of the august House of Brunswick Lunenburg, a new proof of their attention to the said House, have thought it proper solemnly to certify the same, as they do by these presents, by their express declaration confirmed by their signatures. " Done at Kew, Jan. 2, 1832 ; at K nsington Palace, Jan. 23, 1832 - and Hanover, Feb. 28, 1832. (L.S) " ERNEST, (L.S.) AUGUS I US FREDERICK, (L.S.) " ADOLPHUS." FRANKFORT, DEC. 30.—The marriage of his Highness the Duke of Saxe Coburg Gotha and the Princess 'Maria of W;rtemburg, was solemnized at Coburg on the 231 of this month.—Frankfort Pa- pers, Jan. 1. MR. HOOK'S LIFE OF SIR DAVID BAIRD. —" This biography of a man of extraordinary vigour of intellect, gifted with every qualification of mind and per son for a soldier, and whose long and brilliant career w chequered with events even bordering on romance, contains attractive details and anecdotes of service so skilfully ar ranged by its talented editor, Mr. THEODORE HOOK. that the work may be ranked with the ' Memoirs of Sir Thomas Munro,' by Mr. GLEIG, or those of Lord COLLINOWOOD. His campaigns in Italia, the successful storming of Seringa. patam (the scene of his early captivity), his Egyptian ser vice, the expeditions to the Cape, Copenhagen, &c., and his final service in command of the expedition sent.to join Sir Jam{ MOORE in Spain, that General's disastrous retreat, and the battle of Corunna, where BAIRD lost his left arm, are admirably narrated in these volumes."— Court Journal. PART 11. OF THE GALLERY OF CONII CALITIES.-78 Comic Wood Engravings, which have appeared, from time to time, during the past 18 months, in that popular Sporting Weekly Newspaper, Bell's Life in London.—Just published, Part IL, price 3d., 78 Comic Prints, illustrated by prose or poetry, taken from Bell's Life in London, comprising 36 portraits after the manner of Lavater, and 42 miscellaneous political quizzi cal humorous. These 78 prints cost, engraving alone, 400 guineas, and can now be had on one folio newspaper sheet for 3,l.—Published by G. GoonuEtt, 169, Strand, 'London, and sold by all Booksellers, Stationers, and News paper-dealers; of whom may be had, also price 3d., a new edition of Part the First of the Gallery of 130 Corui. calitiea, of which 128,000 have been so:d.—The Trade supplied at 24 for 12, and copies of Part I. and Part 11. will be taken back at the office of Bell's Life in London, 169, Strand, at the cost price, any time before the 24th December, 1833,—Placards for shop.windows. LORD BROUGHAM. Extracts from a spirited Life of Lord Brougham, in Merle's IVeekly Register of Sunday.) :The purchaser of every copy of this week's Register is entitled, without extra charge, to a splendid Engraving of Loan BROUGII,I3I, taken from life expressly for this Paper, and declared to be the best likeness published.) In approaching the subject of the life of this most dis tinguished individual, the vastness of the material that composes it must strike every biographer. He must se, that, like the Egyptian architect, he has to deal with masses sufficient, individually, for statues of common men, and hecomes almost astounded at the hulk he has to raise, and bulk, like the celebrated Memnonian statue, combining vastness with beauty. In recording the deeds of Lord Brougham, we have not to mention that he stands as the solitary successful student in a particular or confined pur• suit, but we have to mark him as he is, the grasper of a nation's collective mind—the promoter, not of a confined and definite science, but the Statesman Legislator that seizes on science for the people, and diffuses through millions the internal light of his mind. He is no laborious pioneer fo• the learned only ; he has not fallen into the narrow error of doing this or that for a set : he has laboured for the national mind that is, and the national mind of ages yet to come. We cannot mark him in his place or his spot in any de. partment of science, for he his generalised so vastly, yet so beneficially, to himself and mankind, that particular emi• nence in any separate pursuit does not seem to hay. satisfied him, and we find him with an intellect capable of all, and sowing pre-eminently in that field of light tha' great national intellects only can cover. If we were called on to produce his parall , -1 in past ;,ges, we know not where we could rest, save on Bacon. The Novum Or ganon of this great philosopher appears to us to have that deep intuition into the wants of futurity that PO singularb. distinguishes Lord Brougham. Each intellect, plunged many a fathom deep in futurity, saw what was rising, and took measures to grasp it when it came before the sight. Few are the subjects unanticipated by these gifted men : only inferior to positive inspiration are the lights that enable them to divine what futurity will demand. In the early part of 1825, he was elected Lord Rector of the Univer,ity of Glasgow, by the casting vote of Si, „ • James Mackintosh, in preference to Sir W. Scott. At his installation he delivered a published inaugural discourse, on the composition of which we have the following un known tale to communicate :—Mr. Conway, a gen demur, who for many years previously to his death. which took place at Paris not long ago, was connected with the Times newspaper, used to relate the following circumstance of Lord (then Mr.) Brougham, as an instance of his extraordinary powers of mind. Mr. Brougham had been fur two days pleading in a celebrated cause at York. On the night of the second day, during which he had been fourteen hours in Court, Mr. Conway called on lion at his lodgings, and found him preparing his own supper. roasting oysters. He invited Mr. Conway to partake of his frugal tare, and shortly afterwards (it- being then past midnight), be excused himself for getting rid of his guest observing, that he had been appointed Lord Rector of Glasgow, and that he had to leave York for that place at 3 o'clock in the morning, and to deliver in his inaugura tion speech, for which he bad nothing prepared, the next day but one. Mr. Brougham travelled from York to Glasgow; and, after having been engaged at York two or three days in a cause requiring all the energies of his mind, and being two entire nights without rest, delivered et Glasgow one of the most powerful and learned speeches that ever proceeded from the mouth of man. Mr. Brougham was for many years the friend, and, in some degree, the disciple, of Mr. Jeremy Bentham, from whose great mind he could draw the knowledge so impor tant to himself, filtering the intellectual stream, as it were, and leaving all its impurities behind. Mr. Bentham was an amiable but an eccentric man. In many things a phi• losopher, greater than any of old ; in others, weak and erring as a chill. It was impossible for a man of Brougham's calibre not to see and pity the imperfection of Bentham, although in kindness to hie great age he pre tended to see nothing but excellence of conception and amiability of heart. Brougham used to dine frequently with Bentham, at his house, in Queen-square, where (sitting at a table calculated to accommodate only four persons, the philosopher, the future Chancellor, and Ben tham's two Secretaries, who always quitted the table after the first glass of wine) these two extraordinary men would discuss the business of the times, and the old man would hang with delight over his own manuscripts whilst he explained the leading points of his plans to his disciple and revelled in the imagery future greatness of his friend, coupled with his own principles and his own name. The connexion between Bentham and Brougham was familiar second childhood, had published some silly articles in the Westminster Review, on Utilitarian principles—a crotchet which had lately come into his head. These articles were cleverly, but, considering the age of Bentham, and the excellence of his motives, severely and unfairly criticised in the Edinburgh Review. Some busy meddler—and Bentham was surrounded by many—told him that the criticism of the Edinburgh Review was written by Brougham. The poor old tnan instantly wrote to his friend and disciple, complaining of this conduct. The writer of this article, when dining shortly afterwards with Mr. Bentham, was shown the answer of Mr. Brougham the eyes of the old gentleman glistening with pleasure as he directed the attention of his guest to that part of the letter in which Mr. Brougham declared that he had not only not written the article complained of but that it had inflicted great pain upon his feelings, and he had written to the conductors of the Review. to request, as a personal favour to himself, that Mr. Bentham might not be again attacked. In concluding the letter, Mr. Brougham re. quested that he might he permitted to plead his defence in person, and desired Mr. Bentham to fix a day when he might dine with him in Queen-square. The day was fixed, and due preparation was made—the organ, on which one of the Secretaries of the philosopher was accus tomed to play a tune before the dinner was served, was newly tuned—the dinner hour arrived—but no Brougham came. On that day lie had been created a C,ancellor and a Lord. Men of the world can excuse the Chancellor for not having kept his appointment, or written to excuse himself for keeping away. A man can only be made a Chancellor once in his life, and on the day of his creation he has enough upon his mind without thinking of a dinner appointment with a friend. Lord Brougham is the last man in the world to mortify the feelings of a person wi h whom he has lived in long habits of intimacy, and we know that he regretted his apparent indifference to Mr. Bentham when the appointment recurred to his mind. But there were others inter ested in making a breach be tween these two really great individuals, each in his pecu liar way ; and Bentham died, we fear, with an impression on his mind that the Lord Chancellor and Mr. Brougham were different men. It is due to the Chancellor to state, that he ever spoke of Mr. Bentham with affection and esteem. Indeed, it was impossible to know Mr. Bentham and not to love him, in despite o! his faults. Lord Brougham married, in 1819, Mary Anne, eldest daughter of Thomas Eden, Esq. (brother of Lords Auck land and Henley), and relict of J. Spalding, Esq., by whom he had two daughters, Sarah Eleanor died young, and Eleanor Louisa, now ten years of age, but we regret to say in a state of health that gives considerable anxiety to her parents. This great man's title, in default of mde issue, becomes extinct; but the commanding nobility of soul that stamps him for undying time—that is no!. among the things that perish. The offsprings of his mind will have an endurance when feofs of nobility have been for a g e s forgotten. Opposed to Lord Brougham, as the writer always has been upon souse subjects, still let him take, even from a partial foe, the unshared glory of the Man of the People. There have been great and mighty minds in England, but their splendour, in the majority of instances, is one that is selfish ; but the glor y of Lord Brougham is, and will be, that for others' goof , and not for individual and solitary gratification, he has devoted the energies of his intellect. Look at him as the orator— one whose chiefest glory is in the hour of the deeply moving harangue, in the triumph of an instant—for no man, though he may read orations, can think the pleasure then equal to the living glorious comment of eye, hand, mental development, through every mass of matter, organic or muscular. Still, even here, he has seised the least perishable part of the crator in the superiority of the " morale"—for we find him the defender of the oppressed, the airier of him that had no helper, the advocate for the diffusion of that mind that horns within himself, the elevator of the age in intellect and thought, the grasper of a glorious series of issues in futurity. The calculation of the effect of his individual oratory upon coming ages cannot be made ; but it is evident that he is lord of a spirit that is lord of the dynasties of earth, that shakes the throne of the despat, reverberates through even Russia's deepest wilds, and rouses up the nobility of man, even there, amid lashes and torment :--that spirit is Con stitutional liberty. If we regard him as a Statesman— ! look at his meesures, contrast theta with any other, and you will soon perceive his immense superiority. Look at his Bills—what are they ? For the Education of the Poor ; on the Abuses of Public Charity ; on Agricultural Distress ; on Parliamentary Reform ; on Reform in Chancery; on Defects in the Laws of the Realm, See how the Statesman passes the confining trammels of that profession which has chained down the wit of Scarlett, the mind of Eldon, the senior•wrangler talent of F. Pollock, Littledale, and numerous others, into being mere lawyers. Lord Brougham is at once the Statesman and the lawyer. As a Statesman, we find him of enlarged views of things ; a fee to tyranny, injustice, intolerance ; the advocate of the oppressed, the friend of humanity, the fearless defender of popular rights. Look at his exertions to increase our commercial prosperity, to reform and improve our insti tutions, to diffuse education. Of him it may be said, even in opposition to the Noble Duke, his chief opponent— .. Cedant arma toga cedat laurea ling= I" The birds of night are ever shrieking in our ears that he is no lawyer. He may not be superior to all men in hi, pro ion in a knowledge of technicalities and details of practice, but where is his equal in a general acquaintance with the principles and history of our own jurisprudence, and with the laws of other nations ? Where is his equal in just reasoning on the broad, and intelligible, and un questioned morale of law? Who so intimately dives into its scope and design? Who applies the means to the end so direct as Lord Brougham? Who is there, whether in a legislative or judicial character, that attempts, equally with him, to secure the great end and object of legal institu tions, the prompt and cheap administration of justice ? As a scholar, he is among the first of this day in varied acquisition, in scienkfic acquirements, in literary taste. And to what an enrhas his scholarship been devoted : to dispel all evils of bad government ; to the crushing of bigotry; to the expulsion of barbarism from the heart; to the social happiness of man. The mighty faculty by which he has achieved all his intellectual victories is in the extra rdinary power of condensing his intellectual energy on any given point, by the powerful command he has over giant mind. Of t:.is our readers may satisfy themselves, when we tell them that, during one of the most violent day con tests of the Westmoreland election, when he must have been on thorns for the morrow's result, that on his retire. , neat for the night he wrote an elaborate article for the Edinburgh Review. A similar instance of his power he exhibited in the Court of Chancery. A political event of :seat moment was handed in to him by the Editor of a public Journal. He wrote in Court an article on the event; listened to Sir E. Sugden on the cause; made up his mind on the issue ; and retired to consult the Judges on a point, as a pretext to shield himself from that person's petulance; consigned his article to the attending Editor's care, and returned and gave such a decision in the cause as produced general satisfaction. Let other literati prac tice this abstraction of ideas, and we shall not then have to complain that they need the flapper of Liputa to rouse them into energy for common life. And in life and society Lord Brougham never had but one glorious rival, Canning. His jeux d'esprit circulate through many a wider circle t , ,an that to which they were addressed ; and on tde morale of the moan, we think that abundantly developed in the issues mom his mind. Our limits compel us reluctantly to close ; incl what Young said of Bacon we repeat of Brougham : ,‘ His mighty mind travelled around the intellectual world, and, with more than eagle's eye, saw and has pointed out blank spaces or dark spots in it on which the human mind ❑ever shone. Some of these have been enlightened since— iome are benighted still." And who, ((pally with Brougham, has called up, like this mighty magician, the spirit of the age to come ; who has been, among the children of earth, more deeply devoted to calling into being a race of men of higher intellectual life than Lord Brougham? Who is there, amid men of modern day, that will be able hereafter to point to the lofty pinnacle to which be has elevated the human mind—who that will be enabled to indicate science, multiplied in myriad forms, in benifieent shapes, in moral loveliness, with the ex clamation, " Mine are these sons of light ; mine this generation of productiveness ; mine this lustre of ages that progresses to infinity and eternity, to the Father of ages, the Illuminer of man." THE DEAN AND CHAPTER OF LINCOLN To THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SIR,—Now that so much is said respecting the merits of Ecclesiastical Corporations, I beg leave, through the medium of your paper, to call the attention of the public to the following statement, which I have received from un doubted authority. They will then be better able to ap preciate the advantages those corporations confer upon the community, and the powerful aid they lend to religion, or tl ey will have something like reason for the opinion so generally entertained, that they ought to be entirely re modelled, if not exting.shed. The statement to which I allude respects the parish of Normantv, near Spiral, a village in Lincolnshire, with a population not much short, I believe, of five hundred in habitants. It is a vicarage of very trifling value, only a few pounds a year, in the gift of the Dean and Chapter of Lincoln, who are also the impropriators. About tortr years ago, an enclosure being in contemplation, the Vicay eapecteu a consiberaure auurtion to nor emour meats. The living being so extremely small, he had held it by sequestration; but in order to assert the legal and fair claims of his vicarage, he must hold it by institu tion. This, accordingly, he proposed to do, and made no scruple of mentioning his intention to an influential Member of the Chapter at that time. Well, Sir, this gentleman was highly indignant. The tithes, he said, were theirs—and he, the Vicar, had be ter not interfere. The Vicar did not interfere. He had derived what little preferment he possessed from the Dean and Chapter; he might, under all circumstances, expect more—at all events, he was extremely unwilling to be on any but friendly terms with those from mom he had re ceived favours, and with whom, as minor Canon, he was intimately connected. The claim was nor, therefore, per sisted in,—the enclosure went on,—the Dean and Chapter obtained an allotment of 1,500 acres, in addition to the tithes of other lands, which they possessed before ; and the vicarage, with the exception of an allotment of two acres, was left in statu quo, in miserable and hopeless poverty ; and so it remains to this day ! Now what, Sir, have been the moral effects of this base cupidity—this scan dalous avarice on the part of this Reverend body ? Nor manby, having no income to support a clergyman, even a curate, has, of course, no resident Minister —and no Par sonage-house—and no Sunday-school ; and mark this : until very recently, the Church, owing to its poverty, has been served only once a fortnight, very frequently at a most inconvenient hour, and along with two, if not three others ! These, Sir, are facts,—let the public draw their own conclusions from them LAICUS. FRENCH PAPERS. (From the Messager des Chambres of Sunday.) PARIS, JAN. s.—The Prince of Orange has reviewed successively all the divisions of the Dutch army on the eastern frontiers. To all he spoke in energetic terms on the affairs of 1-I.lland and Belgium, and the means of terminating them. All his speeches are near alike, and it is difficult to say what power would now have sufficient strength, resolution, and frankness, to prevent the breaking out of the war with which such immense interests are connected. -- lire hear, however, of a mediation, not armed, but pacific, which England, in concert with France, would offer to prevent hostilities between Leopold and William. But if the expedition to Antwerp, and the taking of the citadel have not been able to change the sentiments of the King of Holland, what can be expected of him now that the English fleet does not quit the Downs, and our troops have returned to their cantonments? There is a very current report (it is our duty to say so) of an alliance said to be preparing at this moment, and the e nditions of which are stated to be on the point of being signed by France, England, and Austria. This offensive anti defensive collision, it is added, is directed essentially against the pretensions of Russia, which, on its part, would have Prussia to support it, and might expect to gain over some of the states of the Confederation. Deputies, who fr , quent the assemblies of M. d'Appony, talk of the favourable sentiments of that Ambassador to wards our Cabinet, which they view as a sign of the con. veutions that are on foot for securing the peace of Western Europe. Austria is uneasy at the state of affairs in the East. The Emperor Nicholas is obtaining a very dangerous ascendency in the contest between Me hemet Ali and Mahmoud. England fears for its trade in the Mediterranean and in Asia, and also for Its commerce with northern and central Germany. The development of the naval and military force of Russia cannot fail to fix its attention. Hence would ori ginate this projected alliance with France, which would lend its support to the Courts of London and Vienna, on condition that its throne, and its institutions, should, if necessary, be supported and protected. These are the arrangements of the Cabinets, in which at least as far as France is concerned, but a very secondary attention is paid to the wishes of the mass, the demands of the time, the progress of ideas, the state and the violence of parties. England, with its Whig Minis , ry, voluntarily adopts our present forms, and is not embarrassed by the recollec tions of our two-fold revolution. But Austria is diffe rently disposed ; and if it unites with the French Govern ment, it is on condition that it shall arrest the progress of popular ideas, and return towards its restorations and its maxims without ceasing, and with the firm resolution not to halt in this course till we shall have retrograded to the days when, after an examination of the financial, moral, and political state of France, consent was given, in 1818, to the evacuation of its territory by the armies of the great coalition. Let out readers judge how far these designs may be practicable ; let them build their hopes on this new triple alliance. according to their confidence, in the execution of the projects of counter revolution. For our part we confess that we have little faith in it. We always see two opposite principles, which cannot agree on any terms, and which will long hinder treaties from being made and signed, when they have only material interest for their basis. The directors of the Lloyd's Frangais have published a notice stating that they had not received yesterday, the 4th, and consequently had not posted up, anything like the news circulated on 'Change, under the name of that establishment, relative to the hostile intentions of Holland with respect to Belgium, and the application of Leopold to Louis Philip, for the return of the French army to Be!.. glom. PARIS, JAN. 5.--The Courrier de l'Europe has been seized at the Post, and in its offices, according to an order of M. Legouidel, juge d'instruction, for the speech ad dressed to M. de Chateaubriand by the deputation that waited on him yesterday. (From the Gazette de France of Sunday.) PARIS, JAN. 6.—Our yesterday's Number was seized at the Post, and in our office, fer the article in which we gave an account of the visit of 1,200 young men M. de Chateaubriand. Five other journals have been seize,: for the same reason. The Mode has also been seized. 1 , did not mention the visit of the students to M. tic Chateau bliand, but it contained an article, the heading of which was borrowed front the " Memoir of the Illustrious Author." (From the Arourelliste4 LISBON, DEC. )9.—Viscount Santa Martha announces to Viscount Santarem, that the rebels, having made a sally to the south of the Douro, were repulsed with loss by the advanced posts, reinforced by some companies of Royalist volunteers and the first lines of the militia. Their flight was so precipitate, that great numbers were obliged to escape by swimming across the Douro. As the number of the assailants was above 2,000, it is supposed they were to protect the landing of a more considerable corps that intended to attack the batteries. While the army of Don Miguel was beating the rebels, his Majesty was reviewing the troops on the north of the Douro, from whom he received testimonies of fidelity and attachment.—Lisbon Gazette. (From the Moniteur of Sunday, January 6.) OFFICIAL. PARIS, JAN. v . —The Kime has nominated : Count de Sainte Aulaire Ambassador to Vienna. Marshal Maisou . St. Petersburgh, Baron Durand de Mareuil Naples. Marquis Fay de La Tour Maubourg Rome. M. Ch. Bresson Berlin. Count de Vaudreuil Munich. Duke de Montebello Copenhagen. Count Alexis de Sant Prie,te Rio de Janeiro. Baron de Talleyrand Florence. M. Bellocq Hanseatic Cities. Count de Mornay Carlsruhe. M. Edward de Bassieres Darmstadt. (The following appeared in our Second Edition of yesterday.) The Moniteur has no official article. (From the Messayer des Chambres of Saturday.) There is no doubt whatever that the report in the peti tions relative to the Duchess of Berry will he made to morrow (Sunday). It is added that the Ministry think to obtain the simple order of the day on all these petitions, which are of two kinds. Some cad for the execution of the laws, and others desire that the Princess may be sent out of France. The order of the day would be wholly conformable to the wishes of the Ministry. It is said, that before coming to a resolution on this point, it has been wished to know the opinion of M. D'Appony, and to learn what Austria iwould think of prolonging the detention of the Princess till a general peace. It is stated that the answer removed all uneasiness respecting the consequences of such a resolu tion; that Austria seemed to feel very little interest in the attempts at Marseilles, and an expedition of the Nest. The Northern Courts, it seems, have not appeared inclined to make any serious remonstrance, and after their prepara tions and precautions, it has been decided in the Council not to propose the law which was announced, and in the Committee to propose the order of the day, as we have stated. (From the Quotidienne.) To-day, at two o'clock, above 1,200 young men, be longing to all classes of society, assembled to express to M. Chateaubriand the enthusiasm excited in them by his late publication, and their entire assent to the opinions and sentiments which he has so eloquently expressed. M. Agle Thomas, in the name of his comrades, addressed the following words to the great author : " Sir —Your noble voice has found an echo in all truly French hearts; you have branded all that degrades our social order ; you have worthily pleaded the cause of France; you have rendered splendid homage to the greatest glory of our age, a national glory, if ever there was any such, because it has rejected all fo• reign aid. The French youth are grateful for it ; you will always find them on the road of honour, always ready to make new sacrifices .when required, to se cure to the country repose, glory, and stability. Accord ingly they believe that they ought to exclaim with you in addressing Madame, " Madame, your son is my King." This last phrase was received with universal bravos. M. de Chateaubi iand appeared to be deeply af f ected : He replied by thanking them for this mark of esteem, expressing his admiration of the generosity of the French youth, and concluded with saying—" The future, Gentle. men, belongs to you ; you will see better days than those which I have witnessed ; but though 1 am a man of times that are gone by, I am at least certain, that in speaking to the French youth of glory, of liberty, and honour, I am using a language which, in our country, will never grow old." M. de C. then returned personal thanks to them, ob serving, however, that the words which they had just heard were very serious. "As for me, said I am advanced in years, and do not fear persecution ; but you young men"—his voice was interrupted by a thousand cries—" Persecutions! we brave them ; the future will belong to us." It was voted on the spot to give a gold medal to the noble defender of the captive of Blaye. It will bear on one side, The grateful Youth of France; on the other, Your Son is my Ring. The school of law has joined in this vote, through M. Arthur Berryer, son of the Hon. M. B. A letter from Vienna of the 26th December announces that the young King Of Hungary is rather better. FRENCH FUNDS, JAN. 5.-Five per Cents., 99f. 90e. 85c. 1/oc. 99f. 95c. 100 f. 99f. 95c. 100 f. 99f. 95c. 100 f. ; Loan of 1832, Five per Cents., 100 f. luOf. 25c. ; Four and a Half per Cents., 93f. 50c. ; Three per Cents., 70f. 65c. '7oc. 75c. 70c. 75c. 70c. 80c. 85c. 95c. 71f. 71f. sc. 71f. 71f. sc. 71f. 71f. sc. 71f. 71f. 20c. ; Bank Stock, 1670; Rente de Naples, 83f. 50c. 84f ; Rente d'Espagne, 34% 35; Rente Perpetuelle d'Espagne, 57 3 A 57 %.-Exchange on London, one month, 25t. 75c.; three months, 25f. 65c.- Cours Authentipe. FRANKFORT PAPERS. VIENNA, Dec. 26, 7 o'cLoce, p.m.—His Majesty the young King of Hungary, Crown Prince of Austria, was rather better yesterday, after an indisposition which attacked Lim a few days ago; but in the course of to-day he has become so much worse, that it has been judged proper to administer to him the extreme unction. The Emperor bats ordered the two Court theatres to be closed to day, and the Host is also elevated. Arrangements have also been made, that in case of an unhappy termination of the disorder, her Majesty the Queen shall leave her apartments, and remove to those recently occupied by the Archduke Palatine. It is affirmed here, that the negotiations respecting the affairs of Portugal are pretty far advanced. The mission of Sir Stratford Canning to Paris and Madrid is sup posed to be intimately connected with this subject. If this negotiation, which has originated with France and England, should succeed, the right of Donna Maria to the Portuguese throne will be recognised by all the Powers. Don Miguel will remain in possession of all his treasures, and, after formally renouncing the crown, will reside as a private individual at Vienna. The conciliatory spirit of the French Chamber of Deputies towards the Govern ment, and the result of the Parliamentary elections in England, have dispelled all apprehensions that were enter tained here of the general war.—Nuremburg Corre spondent, Dec. 31. FRANKFORT, Dzc. 30.—The Estates of the kingdom of S ixony are convoked for the 22d of January, 1833. The reasons that the Diet has not been convoked this year is stated in the Ministerial announcement to be " that on account of the novelty of the case, and the difficult and tedious preparations that were required, the elections of the deputies to the Diet experienced so much delay that they could not be completed before the end of this year." BERLIN, DEc. 22.—The Session of the provincial Estates, which usually opens at the beginning of the year, is deferred till autumn. WElmAn, Dec. 15.—The accounts of the chief in spector of the establishment relative to the sciences and the tine arts, have, for the first time, been laid before the A,sembly of the States. The reasons which have, we think, prevented this communication, have been removed by the death of G•.ethe, who would never hear of the un count9 being presented, and the States suffered this omis sion out of compliisance to him.—... Frankford Papers, Dec. 31. REPEAL OF THE UNION. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Stit,—The question of a repeal of the Legislative Union , between Great Britain and Ireland, is one of such im mense importance—of such deep interest—of such mighty magnitude—and is so soon to come under the considera tien of the Legislature, that no time ought to be lost is endeavouring to ascertain its consequences, weigh its re sults, and acquire, as far as can he acquired, a knowledge of the good and the evil of which this measure promises and threatens to be productive. Ireland, neglected, despised, degraded, and demoralized, has assumed a new aspect, and presents herself in a novel attitude before the public. She no longer weeps over her woes iu passive unresisting silence—no longer bares her arm nerveless• from suffering, and threatens a bloody, but impotent ven geance—no longer acts the fettered maniac, lacerating her limbs in idle attempts to break her chains, burst her prison, and wreak her fury on the mere soul.selling soul-lacking instruments of her degradation. Ireland rises in her strength, calm, collected, and comparatively composed, and in a firm voice demands a compliance with her wishes. Shall we spurn her from our presence unheard and unanswered? No. Unfortunately for England and' Ireland, this mode of redressing her grievances was too often adopted, and too long succeeded. Ireland will, she must he heard. Justice demands it, and her voice can no longer be stifled. That a repeal of the legislative Union between Great' Britain and Ireland will lead to a separation of the two countries, and will in the end prove disastrous to both, is my firm conviction. Yet lam not inclined to quarrel with those who advocate repeal, as I am convinced the wrongs of Ireland are of such an aggravated nature, and are so deep-rooted as to make it a matter of some difficulty to discover by what other means the evils of which she complains can be eradicated. Of these the people of this country know nothing—exceptions there are, no doubt, is ca-es of individuals, but I speak generally. An intellie gent Englishman will tell you at once the manners of the inhabitants of Siberia, Greenland, Lapland, Chins, Hindustan, Egypt—any place but Ireland—and of that country he knows nothing. This ignorance is not con• fined to the lower or middling classes; the higher are hardly better informed. How then was it to be expected that jus ice could be done to a country of whom her legielas tees knew, and know, little or noteing ? Nothing is more common in England, when Irish dile' tress awl consequent discontent is mentioned, than to refer to Scotland, by asking why is the former country not se happy as the level ? To this I answer, there is no re' semblance whatever between the moral, intellectual, or physical condition of these countries. This shall be shown presently. Again, there are radical causes of dir content in Ireland that are not known in Scotland. These shall he explained first. The radical causes of Irish discontent are confiseacioe and colonizition—Estsblished Church—want of a legel provision for the poor—and ignorance, the consequence of penal laws. To any nation that has arrived at any degree of civili' cation before being subjected to the power of a more pd tent State, one of the greatest curses that can happen is general confiscation of property, when followed, as o '. generally the raw, by colonization. Whatever provocatioe' the invaders receive, the invaded regard confiscation, eve o in the eases of individuals, generally obnoxious, as robbr ries committed on the nation, which all are bound, whe o possessing power, to punish. If the property so confie stated be land, the new occupants, if they be colonists, are doubly objects of vengeance; and as land is imperishabl! , the memory of the wrong is renewed by the sight of it 1 0 the latest posterity of the outcasts. On no country bd this curse ever fallen with half the blighting, blastit severity, that it has on Ireland. Since the landing Henry the Second on the island in 1172, to the presete time, Ireland is computed to have been confiscated ur wards of fourteen times, and even in one rebellion eleven twelfths of the whole country changed owners! To this he it remembered that Ireland was several tin o colon;zed. In 1173, after the Irish Bishops and Clete assembled in Ciehel, had recognised the vatidifi, of the bull issued by Pope Adrian, giving to the King 9 England ail Heaven-derived jurisdiction, Strongbow stowed large tracts of country on his followers, wi ll , settled in the countries of Waterford and Wexford. MO adventurers fllowed King John into Ireland, on whom b e ig likewise bestowed the castles of rebellious chieftains. F L every succeeding reign, swarms of needy profligate vee r , thrils, the younger sons of men of rank in El ler, went over in the wake of a Lord. Lieutenant, or Dsr lV , Viceroy, to make a provision for whom, the nat've prin cy were di iven into rebellion to excuse the intent ed c0n6 141 1 tion of their territories. Cromwell himself filled be' Ulster peopledwithi his l compfollower n s y , o a f nd ine Lo rch n a d ol builtd th e e rr p y r w ov a i s neef and residing themselves in the Enslish capital. Between di colonists and the natives there was no sympathy of associf 'ion, nor community o feeling. They imbibed, at the knee of their several parents, a hatred of each other, and wha t the descendants of the English were taught to regard tlit!,l neighbours as rebels; th y, on the other hand, listened, the evils that had been inflicted en themsslves in the pear, of their incest' y by the titled plundererson whom a rapact . Court had bestowed what was not theirs to give. mutual hatred arising from this cause has never been eras' rated in Ireland. Time, which pours balm into oth il l wounds, and extinguishes other fires, has here only cove • with a festered excresence, and dispelled the smoke of concealed by its own ashes. Let England ho i the parties to themselves, and blood will not cease to 0 6 until the one has extirpated the other. The Established Church is the second radical source discontent in Ireland, and has been the cause of 1 04 bloodshed, burning, desolation, and destruction than all (~ .., 1 " others put together. Never was there an attempt to ee';, blish a new ieli g isn any country so openly in flefis 9 s , of the wishes of the people. The sword of the civil 0 .4 gistrate, not the sword of the spirit, was the armour 0„ by the pious missionaries ; and net only were they ne!', quainted with the prejudices, but they were strangers to t r ! language of those whom they were appointed to lustre . % In Ireland, thousands have been coolly and delibersr; murdered, for refusing to be converted by arguments Pi peated in language only understood by the preacher s r , his clerk ! The system was continued, and is contiort by coercion. The established religion in Ireland d monu ment of perfidy and plunder, unequalled in the o' nals of lawless outrage. Every stone in the sal edifice is cemented by the blood of the poor—every so s ' 0 . within its walls is the echo of the groa ns of th e statflAl widow and the famishing orphan. Th e people of Ire 0; ar e beggared—literally BEGGARED, t o su pp or t i n atflue.,,, and the means of indulging every pa-sion and propel a priesthood whom they detest, and by whom they detested,—a priesthood whom they hate, and by they are hated,—whom they loathe, and by whom are loathed ! Under heaven, what cruelty can be greo than this, that a men should be under the necessity 1t as-isting by his means in propagating tenets which bel n an 1 i la e i n e dlove himsvieotel n o: trooufi Toe o e t h h f ic :o o s l hm s e e h e; e t e a e l n d r a n d o eternally v y an i n l o i whom t • h h bo maintains e o h si m ui e epv h peo e ir s i t s ta b o ocruoenml to be compel op s commit a heinous moral transgression. But the consideration of the Established Church be f o it, . opposed to the wishes of the people of Ireland is not,/ greatest evil that attends it either in a moral or po/i 1 1: print of view. From lands alone the revenue o f the P Church is considerably above one milli on sterling aneu'i —a sum which is now literally throw n away, or w/ 01. 0 ' worse, given to a numb r of idle persons for insultiog,l stead of instructing the people ; whereas, it per)• managed, it would defray the expense of parish ecti l and parish poor-houses throughout the kingdom. 1 0 there is the tithe, an incubus never resting but O t i s bosom of industry. Who in Ireland would think 0, 0 ling an additional field, or of adding an additional abi . , ll to his agricultural outlay when he knew that the teeP:e the profit was to go to the support of a stall-fed ro; . ! luxuriating in V e accumulated wealth of thousand: worn he was only known in the- person of the proe I, myself, know many parishes in Ireland where rectors have never made their appearance, and wher e service of the Church of England has never been 1 4 5, and where, if it was read, there would not be fetpro Protestant to attend ; and yet strange to tell the rri receive from these parishes, a thousand a-year eaclit i i above, to enable them to live in such fashionable as Bath and Brighton! The want of a legal provision being made for the i f poor when overtaken by extreme poverty is another rO il i cause of discontent, and is the great source of many of g i f evils which affect the peace and prosperity of Ireland. 4 . the Irish landlords obliged to pay for the maintenamij . their distressed tenantry there would be an end 0 :4 rack-renting, and con-acreing, so ruinous to the try. The bane of Ireland is tl;ntawndantthoefoenmlyplloryamye; sotnablish a poor -rate, for j pi t ' h ieo e ry l s a tu n tr d ee l r o la c o • b i lrn w disa il n i tfi b rps e t7 su ut r io e atei to introduce machined t,, encourage manufactures, to prevent demands being ori their pockets. There is n o necsss i ty i n establishl v d poor-rate in Ireland to introduce the abuses of the system, nor is the existence of such abuses any are '' against its introduction. Let a legal provision be tal the poor, and the landlords will soon take care to have employed, profitably to themselves and the communpf; Want of education amongst the poorer c asset has the cause t commotion ! perty rath er former were vinced that of moral i peasantry i Penal code that death e muter cau guilty o f te , cruelties hindrance rr Irish be exi they saw ti moral feelin others, who nati on ; wl her castles, not without a nd brue o u people. London, _