The Sun. — London, England, 1833-10-17 00:00:00

at St. Janle s' ‘ loon, a ttepar Isar Caati.e) o'clock, Or the Hoo aace il e r of se' the CA, oard of Trmief t L u e , Omni' doi upon, a° aeJ to be ' s ' o the 1 0 ° 1 the Ki ga ill Atailou sl '; STA cretary MA ALL' vol , ere the at , v :STINg , l i e QU " d the „dill irshal, I' do the KO° 1 4 AN ( 6° O, W001,14° • Cl (f)' At s i x 9 yr, e at `yin i'.NCE. O ' 1-atreet, P mo &square, at GtesT'of t.-Genetsleo, I St. Jatid' Lady P o ol arts ; 0 0 1 !larl of P o p a Edgesolp in the o. "sif Windsor) l; ion, 10 ,,,',4t at the 1 "" 0 Abbey , ie. Cons o, ouse Inshire. LY.) 0 11 fr. Ald e gr , cl upon pro • ,,0 Mr. P O 1001. 0 .nk of S a fe h be Prii e of Es' _the ada" forgery. Ad utioof 1 7b. e as to , re [ler Via', SALE OF MILITARY COMMISSIONS. „TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN, ' a ltßa..-I have been somewhat surprised, since the ol:Pearance of the Duke of Wellington's elaborate defence the purchase of commissions in the army, that none of Il lese who suffer from the practice should have started up expose its sophistry, and to call upon a Reform Parlia ::at, and a generous country, to remedy the abuse. Such thL aet on the pact of the illustrious warrior, who has thus s r i atVri thh weight of his 'great name into the scale, in ( 7er to crush the claims of the meritorious and deserving t t . l :Tiasing their sufferings with a single unfeeling para -4,4* and reducing the whole to a mere matter of sihillings, and pence), need excite no surprise, ts to . - ” been, with the exception of a cersain class, most riously forgeiful of those without whose assistance he bald never have achieved the wonders of the Peninsular War• It is but natural that the man, who has been the 4 44 Yiel' b in R opponent o f R e form, under every shape, should " de P forward in defence of an antiquated abuse, which no an in the reign of the second Charles (fit parent for n :" an offsprin, and has continued, under tbe fostering riftedthfitfa. s ucceCommanders-in-Chief, to enable those give pers, the Aristocracy, to provide cheaply hn'T u p pers, children, whilst it crushed the hopes fiat 4 "ted the prospect of the deserving soldier. It . is nat tt a bi ed u th al. I repeat, that he should defend a system which son of the woman he pensioned, torise with to pe wPled rapidity to the top of the profession; but . it a,: the t ° me somewhat strange, that the military Premier -e Profuse dispenser of pensions to those who had no 4 ; Whatever on the gratitude of the country,. should . too the score of economy. His experiments in lO t h h"Y' if I remember right, extended little farther than e di stnissal of a f ew m iserable clerks, and ill paid under e; W hilst he re f ra i ne d, with characteristic prudence, 1 4 1,, rnedd ling with abuses nearer home, and thus left to as tn ii-r e Ministry the glory of setting an example of eco tat Yl' by begi nn i ng w i t h a re d uc ti o n of their own salaries. ra nt ' " l ust not " t rave l ou t o f the record," or dwell upon ta,:,, rB the merits of which have been long since dis t n r , and therefore return to the subject which called L'" these observations, viz., the Duke's Memorandum, I l l ded to the Report of the Parliamentary Committee. hy o ntace, after a few preliminary sentences, setsot t i o t ati"" a rving, that the practice of purchase "extends totaeast three-fourths of all the officers appointed to fill Np ill s isBia na;" and this he repeats in a subsequent para. the if with a view of impressing on the minds of Pub lic th at t h e num b er o f t h ose who do not purchase t ers a kti n y° , 4l, and the consequent suffering from its ope '4 s it aitecl to a very narrow circle. That at lea!t ea en te. ' a urths e f a ll t h e officers in the army purchase their b at Tni " i ana „ might, I think, be very easily disroved ; t : l oa, e b v e -n t admitting the correctness of the Duke's asses 10rn't r emembered that this is the case at present ; ' 4 at d matt safely assert, without the fear of contradiction, Pla ting the war, when thencmpaigns were held in other t ag eeB o ," a a in ball-room., number did not nee!. ave lierriWe half of the officers bolding commissions in the , u een Since that period, the number purchasing has "avi ;" e xampled, the sale of unattached commissions Miil n e ° , ° Pened a floodgate of abuse which still . continues ; no , 11 " 4 e officers (to the Duke's shame be it spoken) l aa'es 4 ,F7ed most through the Peninsular campaigns, !air e d b ° ' benefitting by the lavish patronage thus ac ilyd.,Y the Commander-in-Chief, saw themselves spee -4d I:,; ane ed, in the race for promotion, by others who ee t i t - ver seen a shot fired, and who bad no other claim Th at service than that which their money afforded. v eia Q lpractice i s so gene ral as to be almost uni Qt a 2 i 8 an ob serva ti on apparen tl y s h o v e d in by his fenl-vti f or th e p urpose o f w i t hh o ldi ng t h e pu bli c sympat h y nisdibose wh om t hi s d ocument i s i nten d e d to crus h, an d That in the same spirit with that I have already quoted. *I I , i t is utterly untrue, must be evident to any person Wat bed his ey e over th e army li st, or w h o h as th at the colum ns o f t h e Gazette, and i s aware th e the privilege of purchase does not extend to eh 4 a rtillery and engineers. I have never heard it asserted by efficiency of these two splendid corps w as i n j ure d pe t i 4 ir bei ng s p are d an inundation of yout g an d inex okitaced officers, although they might be "mess of fortune ini e ,: d ucation," and " have some connection with the Ini iii s ta and fortunes of the country bes , ides the cong. be t 1).4 which they hold from his Majesty. ' I shall s a id. it is the opinion of his Grace that the pron the 1 ° a act- that a mercenary army." Ido not mean :en that . Grace is a mercenary soldier, because he e nant r t „ h " en JaYment of an enormous income from the Patr o ,,'"a addition to the many titles and consequent hoallge conferred on him, but I do assert, that the as tre e f e n Whom he thus indirectly stigmatizes, are quite and e,,ararn mercenary motives, as the "men of fortune sad I'/cation" to whom he alludes in this paragraph ; atsneeaeg.to remind him, at the same time, of a circum tho,Which he seems to have forgotten, that the majority t he 11, e , O fficers who shed their blood so unsparingly in the n h ` n t 'neula, were men who had risen to the the (iss,„ -e 'd, without purchase. To these men, , however tw,;'Y of whom are at present subalterns of upwards : of k e nt Y years' standing) the Duke, with characteristic ticer,a,litY, addresses himself I—" Neither is it the p r ac_ e- ' lhoth the generous Duke, " of the officers at the nli l4 . ° f the army to refuse permission to sell their corn nee„:"B to those under the rank of Colonels of regi leck-'5 who had served for twenty years, although they I var e i net purchased their commissions." Alunificent re for twenty years' slavery to those duties which his 1 4elsewhere so eloquently describes ! Can there be smokers more pitiful than this, to hold out to the subal. 11 11:in° had served under him at Waterloo, and is still a Isl e o ' c rn, the splendid remuneration arising from the Worth„ his subaltern's commission? Truly the e gibe is fott et ,' L " f hie Grace, and I trust will not easily be for 'adeea "Y those to whom it is addressed. They are, bit o' to use the wo r ds of the poet, who has measured ile a'a mind so justly,— `ad "The broken tools that tyrants cast away," - . 0 , °llly look to th e country, and the Members w hich 11 7, ' ne m Parliam en t, f o r the remedy of an abuse, flat t ,s as injurious to the community as it is un aatvey: the i n di v id ua l su ff erer . I t may b e asser t e d, 6 4 4 ,r, th at the Duke's authority, with respect to the at t::1 o Peration of the system, ought to be conclusive ; 44 0Ni: ea h the country to consider, that he is . merely Z`ef "e the interests of a particular and exclusive . class ° '' e whom I have elsewhere designated Hereditary h ietl e e r ::,, aa ,d who would suffer severely if the practice were I; ll ° , 4l lity - :;°J_ the Legislature ; as . the younger sons of the i n ve tr ) "° chiefly profit by it, would, in that case, aotu n ' a ugh their way through the field of promotion ' his with humbler neophytes. In fact, the whole v . P i ri: n i r i a ,ae'l argument, from beginning .. to end, is in the L a rat ed ""ercenary calculation, in which the system is ad -7'4 re ." the ground of expediency alone, without the Iveen regal to iusti and no comparison instituted - 4144 note '''!%ciency c o e fother services, in which purchasing .. b er x; e xist and our own. In no other service has it k " . tne e l s : te d---ilnd I think it will be difficult to prove the ga ,i rrn Y in any respect inferior to ours, particularly , i s h, - ; t il ti o e t i a ti t a l e ie sca in le telligence and efficiency of its officers ; of promotion in that army, h a . t least me Ch.,441. the period when Bonaparte achieved ,"uiy• „- triumphs was solely regulated by the merit of the the l4 ; al t Without s reference to the splendour of his birds, in er ; tQ ount of his pecuniary advantages. ' b f ally' ll niusio n Mr. Editor, I beg to observe, that while ; 4 'Y 4,,, 1 re e with luxuriant,: in thinking, " the abuses in both hs ' t xte ~-"" navy so luxuriant, and the growth of so many Z er ,e;,% , t O . require being " lopped away without think you will readily concede that a system, 'gat ofiaeotnnatent with the institutions of a free nation, as Itthltr.nthe Purchase of commissions (or of any situation ) 0 11te tfe r ;: v ernment) is an abuse which calls loudly for the s i eh, - r e of the Legislature and one to the root of c't too , - ; ° e t.its manifest injust ' ice, the axe of reform call a be laid. VINDEX. k Ni • 1 / 4 2 by P o I nt of f ac t, th e promo ti on o f the officers of the ICher;,,,hase is a saving of expense to the public, and m' ick ai :Val to the service, although it falls severely upon 41 dr ,e,Mitiister of the Interior in France, has Astuteesim, a circular to the Prefects of the Maritime Dee hyero , authorising the despatch of expresses . fromtb ging I) "Ports, by merchants and others, without their tt 74. orfi n der the necessity of applying to the General 4 th e t e, but on condition that the letters sent be taken lb eno t l '?"•office of the place of departure, and the „ /34 o f Postage of each paid in advance. I. 'eti at ,°lldav morning last an awful event oc ,,,,,Private t ( l l r e George Inn, Mitchelde . an, Gloucestershire. t o ' l lY to ti , t he Bth Hussars, on his way from Aberga- I tak e ie ne ad.quarters of the regiment at Glouce . ster, ` 4 IH " trial for insubordination, managed to seize a r , f ; rtirbio ' t to h . e from one of his guards, placed the muzzle 'e le breast , and shot himself through the heart. )4, ecas e d „, to B °i a as a very fine young man, only nineteen . l o dtioh i ge, a nativ e of Ireland, and unhappily addicted ip d Y in - I A Coroner's inquest was held upon the the afternoon, and a verdict returned of felo de 9 4 fo und e Pocket o f t h e wretc h e d and misguided man tt l,tt th at !"'eok, attached to whi c h was a riband, and a 4ergitve might be conveyed to a young woman in -"Y•*--IVonntouthatire Ahr/in. FRENCH PAPERS. (From the Journals of Tuesday.) A courier was sent off for Madrid on Sunday, by the Minister for Foreign Affairs, to convey to M. de Rayneval letters which accredit him as Am bassador of the King of the French to the Regent of Spain. About twenty minutes after one o'clock yester day, as Count Pozzo di Borgo was getting into his carriage, M. Fabricus, the Dutch Charge d'Affaires, Baron Werther, the Prussian Ambassador, the Austrian Charge d'Affaires, and the Spanish Am bassador, Count Colombi, arrived at the Russian Embassy, and held a conference with the Count, which lasted till half-past two. The steam-vessel the Wagner, which left Algiers on the 4th inst., and arrived at Toulon on the Bth, brings the following particulars respecting the cap ture of Bugia " The loss of the French is estimated at three hundred men ; that of the Arabs is not known, but, from the duration of the battle, it cannot be com puted at iess than three thousand. It is asserted that General Trezel was seriously wounded. A sloop, which was despatched to Algiers for rein forcements, was fired upon by one of the forts. This attack, however, was fully punished, for the sloop not only silenced its fire, but gained possession of the fort itself. The conduct of Captain Ferrin and his crew is above all praise. Two companies of marines from the frigate La Victoire particularly distinguished themselves at the landing. We have to regret the loss of two officers. The Moniteur announces that, by a Royal ordon nance, dated the 10th instant, the King has ap pointed Baron Mortier his Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the Queen of Por tugal, and M. de Lurde, Secretary of Legation at Lisbon. The Journal des Debats says :—" The mission of Prince Felix de Schwartzenberg to the Hague is an effect of the Conferences which took place at Munchengratz, between the Emperor of Austria and the Emperor of Russia, and the King of Prussia has also sanctioned it. The Prince de Schwartzen berg is charged by the three Sovereigns with the task of urging the King of Holland to submit the question of Luxemburg to the Frankfort Diet without delay, in order to remove, as soon as pos sible, all the difficulties which still retard the con clusion of the definitive treaty with the King of the Belgians." A courier arrived at Paris yesterday from Madrid, which he left on the Bth instant. The Queen's Government was daily gaining strength. No mani festations of a serious resistance had been evinced at Madrid or in the neighbouring country. The events in the province of Biscay had not made any deep impression on the capital of the environs. The be neficial influence of the moderate men who have been appointed members of the Government was felt more and more, and every one perceived in that appointment a guarantee for the future welfare of the country. The choice of M. de Las Amarillas and that of M. de Santa Cruz was hailed with ge• neral joy. It was known at Madrid on the 4th that Don Carlos had quitted the head-quarters of Don Miguel, and pissed the frontier at a point which is not stated. The Count de Bourmont, M. de La rochejaquelin, and several other Vendean officers, had arrived in Spain, and were performing quaran tine in a small town in Estremadura. The Go vernment of the Queen had given orders that, at the expiration of their quarantine, they should be conducted to Cadiz or Malaga, and embarked. The courier found on his journey the road between Ma drid and Bayonne perfectly free. The Courrier Francais says :—" A courier, who brought despatches from Madrid, has communicated to us some particulars on the moral situation of the Government of the Queen. It appears that, imme diately after the death of the King, M. de Zea ad dressed a note to the Representatives of,the Foreign Courts, declaring that the new Regency would, in no case, depart from the principles of the Govern ment of the late King; and that neither innovations ttor concessions should be made to the old party of the Cortes, overthrown by the campaign of 1823. This note was chiefly intended to obtain the ac knowledgment of the Queen's Government by the several Powers, and to counter-balance the moral influence of the party of Don Carlos, who would have availed themselves of the hostile attitude of the Foreign Ambassadors at Madrid to effect an insurrection. The answer of the Ministers of Aus tria, Prussia, and Russia, was drawn up in concert, and states that they would communicate to their Courts the note addressed to the Ambassadors by M. Zea. The Count de Rayneval, in his answer, adds, That he had no doubt of his Majesty, the King of the French, readily continuing with the Go vernment of the Queen the friendly and neigh bourly relations which existed between the late King and France.' The answer of the English Minister, which will probably be couched in the same terms as that of the French, is not yet known. It was with a view of conciliating the foreign Cabi nets, that the Queen issued the manifesto published in the Madrid Gazette. It appears that the re commendation to do so was given by the Austrian Ambassador, whose Court is least opposed to the acknowledgment of the young Queen." The fol lowing is given as a statement of political opinions in Spain :—" Biscay, Navarre, and part of Ca,alo nia, are considered as insurrectionary provinces; Old Castile arid Estremadura are willing to join them; but the kingdoms of Valencia, Andalusia, La Man cha, Murcia, and all the coast along the Mediter ranean, are in favour of the Queen. The latter pro vinces even contain a great many partisans of the Cortes. The Government continues to receive protestations of devotedness to the Queen and Re gent, sent by the Captains-General of the provinces; that of General Saarsfield, commander of the army of observation on the frontiers of Portugal, has like wise arrived." _ . The I - limit eur du Commerce gives a letter of the 9th instant, from Bayonne, which says :—" Orders have arrived here for a division, under the command of General Harispe, to be cantoned, and we are assured that if the disturbances in the Basque pro vinces continue, the French army will enter Spain on the 15th instant. We have this instant learned that the Sub-Prefect has just received intelligence from one of his emissaries at Iran, that the Infante Don Carlos has arrived at Badajoz, and has been proclaimed there. The Infanta, his consort, is said to have embarked for Barcelona, but the latter news needs confirmation." Another litter contains the following :—" By means of messengers, stationed from distance to distance on the cross roads, who deliver their despatches from hand to hand, the Car lists have kept up a constant communication with Don Carlos at Abrantes, and neither M. Zea Ber mudez. nor his protegee, M. Arjona, have hitherto been able to catch the thread of this active corres pondence. It is now known that General Quesada i sent n his resignation because he was unwilling to accept the command of Andalusia in the room of the Marquis de Las Amarillas. The reason he gave for his refusal was that, under existing circumstances he conceived that his presence at Madrid was neces sary. It was found by the King's will that he had five hundred millions of rials in the English Funds, which, with other trifles, made his annual revenue amount to 30,000,000 rials." The Indicateur of Bordeaux of the 12th inst., has the following :—" The diligence from Bayonne did not arrive here yesterday till one o'clock in th e afternoon. This delay wa s occas i oned by the b a d state of the roads. In th at town a division of re serve of 10.000 men is now forming under the com mand of General Harispe. Every day some of the ex-body-guards are going to Spain, which they look upon as a second Vendee. Thence the partisans of i Henry V. hope to return to France, n order to esta blish the Divine right, and all the abuses proceed ing from that worn-out principle. Proclamations in favour of Don Carlos are being circulated through out Spain. In spite of our police, arms are sent over from France, money is circulated to foment the insurrection, and, before a French army can oppose the movement, Don Carlos may perhaps be able to take quiet possession of Madrid, in consequence of the tendency of the Queen's ministry, whose dynas tic interests are said to be sold to the Apostolical party. We are assured that a Spanish courier, who yesterday passed through Bayonne, on his way from Paris to Madrid, was the bearer of the answer of our Government to the Queen, who, it is said, has solicited the succour of 30,000 men. These, it is added, will soon be collected on the Pyrenees, and enter Spain, in spite of the protest of Russia. A report has just been spread that Bar celona has attempted to follow the example of Vit toria, but that the monks, who excited the commo tion, have fallen victims to it. Two convents have been plundered and destroyed by the partisans of the Queen Regent. It is also reported that offers have been made to the old patriots who fought in the war for independence, and that Mina, Le Pastor, and Valdez, are on the point of returning to Spain, to combat again for their country." The Spanish Review, of the Gth instant, contains an account of the commotion at Talavera de la Reyna, which confirms the details we have already given, and adds that, after the flight of the insur gents, the corregidor Tegevo assumed his authority, and caused the four rebels, arrested at Puente del Arzobispo, to be brought prisoners to Talavera. Several individuals who joined the revolutionary faction had surrendered themselves, and had been disarmed ; and of the total number of the insurgents there remained only seven, including the chief, Gon zales, director of the post-office, and these were in flight. A report, addressed by the corregidor to the Queen's Government, gives a very satisfactory ac count of the spirit that prevails among the inhabi tants of Talavera, as well as among those of the province in general, and bestows great praise upon the Royalist Volunteers. The following protest from the King of Naples against the acknowledgment of Donna Maria Isa bella, was communicated, some time ago, by the Neapolitan Minister to the Spanish Government:— " Ferdinand 11., by the Grace of God, King of the Two Sicilies, Jerusalem, &c. We have learnad with the deepest regret that his Catholic Majesty, by his decree of the 4th of April, 1833, has convoked the Spanish Cortes for the 20th of June next, that they may take the oath of allegiance to her Highness the Infanta Donna Maria Isabella as Hereditary Princess of the Crown of Spain ; and this with the intention of causing them to sanction by this act the new order of succession which his Ma jesty proposed to establish by his pragmatic sanction of ti e 29th March, 1830, annulling that promulgated by Philip V., in the law of 20th March, 1713. Under these circumstances, We have considered that the said law of 1713 was enacted by the chief of a new dynasty with all the formalities indispensable for its validity, at a mo ment when the concurrence of extraordinary and disastrous circumstances justified a new order of succession; that this law has been consecrated by an uninterrupted exist ence for upwards of a century, and that it was in exe cution of stipulations which insured the throne of Spain to the grandson of Louis XIV. and his male descendants. We have also considered that an order of succession, established as this has been, with the consent and under the guarantee of the principal Powers of Europe, and acknowledged successively in different treaties concluded between those Powers, has become obligatory and unalterable, and has trans mitted to the descendants of Philip V. rights, which, having been obtained by the sacrifice of other rights, cannot be abandoned by the said heirs without material prejudice to themselves, and without failing in the respect due to the illustrious chief and founder of their dynasty. Moreover, according to the principles of universal legisla tion, we are satisfied that, when such a fundamental law has been once adopted, it is not in the power of any per son, so long as the dynasty of its author shall subsist, to make any alteration or change in it, for any reason or under any pretence whatsoever. Therefore, as the right of succession to the crown of Spain is vested in the male descendants of Philip V., and to each according to the order and priority of his birth, at the death of the last possessor of the crown, the succession reverts in full right to the eldest of the elder branch, as the Prince nearest in blood to the deceased ; and the successor does not derive his right from any act of his predecessor, but from God alone, and from that inviolable law which established the order of succession. It is no less evident, that if this law were destroyed, all the endeavours made by the Princes of Europe, at the commenceuaent of the last century, for establishing a just balance between the different States, would be without fruit, and grounds would not be wanting for apprehending a return of the frightful war of the suc cession. For this, therefore, and in conformity with the measures adopted, under date of 22d September, 1830, by our august Father, for the maintenance of his rights, we have judged it indispensable for our honour, our Royal rights, and the duties of the station in which it has pleased Divine Providence to place us, to protest formally, as we do by these presents, before the legitimate Sovereigns of all nations, against the pragmatic sanction of the 29th of March, 1830, and against every act which may vitiate, or in any manner affect the principles which have hitherto formed the basis of the splendour and power of the House of Bourbon, and the eventual, incontestable, and sacred rights which have been transmitted to us by the funda mental law of succession, hitherto invariably observed, and which was obtained by the greatest sacrifices. Such is our solemn protest, which shall be communicated to the Court, and copies of the same invested with our signa ture, and the seal of our Royal arms, and also with the signature of our Minister for Foreign Affairs, shall be de posited in the Department of the Interior and of Justice, and in the office of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers. (Signed) " FERDINAND. (Countersigned) " ANT. STATELLA." The Augsburg Gazette of the 11th instant con tains the following of the sth from Vienna :—" On the 7th the Emperor and Empress will leave Brunn for Krems and Lintz. Prince Metternich will pro. teed from Vienna to join their Majesties at the latter town. The King and Queen of Bavaria will meet their Imperial Majesties at Lintz on the 10th. Our Exchange has been agitated to.day, in conse quence of reports of fresh disturbances at Constan tinople, in which the Sultan is said to have been exposed to great danger. The Government has not yet received an y official information on the subject, whence these reports are considered very doubtful. What is, however, not doubtful, is the continuance of a coolness between the Porte and the French Government, on account of the treaty which the Sultan has concluded with Russia. It is asserted that the French Cabinet has formally protested against it, but that the Sultan replied to the French Ambassador—' That he knew nor how far France had a right to control his actions, and that he found in the very objections made by the Ambassador against the treaty, an attempt of that supremacy which France dreaded from Russia, and against which the Ambassador was constantly warning the Sultan.' Thus the affairs of the East are not yet settled, and may give rise to many and new compli- cations. The report of a Ministerial Congress being about to be held here gains ground." The Crocodile packet arrived at Algiers on the Ist inst. with Marshal Clausel and several men of science. The Quotidienne considers it impossible that, in the present state of affairs, France can collect an army of 100,000 men on the frontiers of Spain, without leaving entirely unguarded points of more importance to the very existence of the Government. BOURSE, HALF-PAST THREE.—The Funds evince a tendency to rise, owing to the articles in the Journal des Debats of this day, which pretty nearly assume that the Government of the Queen is esta blished, but such a conclusion is far, very far, from being warranted by the facts. Those who view the matter dispassionately are of opinion that the vague ness of the acco un t s p u bli s h e d i n di cate t h a t t h e r eal intelligenc e received by Government is infinitely less agreeable than the Ministerial papers affect to be lieve, and that a decline in the prices of the Funds will occur to-morrow if not this afternoon. FRENCH FUNDS.—Pants ' Ocr. 15. Five per Cents., 101 f. Sc. 20 c . 100 f. 90c. Four per Cents., 89f. Three per Cents., 71f. 75c. 72f. 20c. 71f. 80c. Treasury Bonds, Dec. 334 ; June 3%. Bank Actions, 17001. Rente de Naples, 86f. 25c. 50c. 80c. Roman Five per Cents., 86. Rente d'Espagne, Five per Cents., 16. Rente d'Espagne, Three per Cents., 3334 33 3234. Royal Spanish L oan , 7434 74. Rente Perpet. d'Espagne, Five per Cents., 54% 53143. Belgian Loan, 1831, 9034. EXCHANGE ON LONDON. One Three m paper,s:pape r2,51.253t2.5c; .7 m n e 0 y n , ey 2 , 5f. ,2.5 32 —Cour: Authentique. ty.) a, coll' o re thu t s ps in 1 ▪ ~c• 0 11. 6 1 0 Siss 0 81, of, 1 45 ' 6 1 ' 703 , e'• ' ) t 4 fisl t V to i 0 15 4g 15 5 lS 0 1 10 stAt l l.o 0 ky 0 k 0 10 1 10 otiv ij oro va s s t s : it e°' ,r• 10(1. t° 4 8 p ( 4cl• c ers, t 3, t 0 6110c1 308; eb t n of" SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. NEI4MARKET SECOND OCTOBER MEETING, 1/133. Newmarket, Wednesday. Although the Wednesday at Newmarket has always been a kind of " banyan-diy," it never was so entirely neglected as on the present occasion only two races in the list, and neither of them run. For this, and for the general slackness of the sport during this and the recent Meetings, we ar e indebted to the Heaton Park Races, which, following Doncaster, and immediately preceding the first October week, exhaust the spirit and purses of those who are looked upon as the legitimate supporters of Newmarket supremacy. Lack of racing drove the visiters upon other sources of amusement; some killed game and ennui in Cheveley Park, a few took to betting on the Derby and Oaks, others went coursing, and a considerable number started for Bury fair, this being the " grand d.ey." Leaving them to their compulsory pleasures, we may dispose of the list in a few words : The Oatlands Stakes of 30 soy. each, 10 ft. B.M. (6 subs). Col. Peel's Malibran, 3 yrs. 7st. 31b., and Mr. Ridsdale's Sevilian, 3 yrs., 7st. 11b., divided the follow ing forfeits of 10 soya. each :—C lonel Peel's Clarion, 5 yrs, 9st. ; Mr. Cosby's The Copper Captain, 4. yrs, Bst. 10Ib. ; Mr. Sowerby's Catalonian, 3 yrs, Bst. 61b. ; and Mr. Cooper's c. by Cation, out of Twatty, 3 yrs, Bst. 3lb. Match, 100, h. ft. T.Y.C.—Lord Wilton's c. by Camel, Bst. Sib , received 35 sovs. from Count Matuscewic's f. by Leviathan, Bst. 111,. By way way of filling up our time, we have collected the following list of the arrivals up to Tuesday:— The Prince Esterhazy, Count Matuscewic, and several other foreigners ; the Duke of Portland, the Duke of Rutland, and the Duke of Grafton ; the Marquis and Marchioness of Exeter, the Marquis Graham, the Marquis Conyngham, the Earl of Verulam, the Earl of Orford, the Earl and Countess of Lichfield, the Earl and Countess of Chesterfield, the Earl of Stradbroke, Lord Robert Manners, Lord Charles Manners, Lord George H. Bentinck, Lord John Fitzroy, Lord Grimston, Lord Godolphin, Lord Sidney Osborne, Lord W. and Lady Caroline Paulett, Lord Charles Fitzroy, the Hon. B. Craven, the Hon. Captain Rous, the Hon. Colonel and Mrs. Anson, the Hon. General and Mrs. Grosvenor, Sir Robert and Lady Peel, Sir M. Wood, Sir Sanford and Lady Graham, Sir Llewyn, Colonel and Lady A. Peel, Colonel Udny, Colonel Sowerby, Captain Grant, Captain Hunter, Captain Gardnor, Mr. Cosby, Mr. Sloane Stanley, Mr. L. Stephens, Mr. G. Walker, Mr. Waddington, Mr. Shard, Mr. Rawlinson, Mr. A. Hunter, Mr. Worrall, Mr. and Mrs. Wilson, Mr. Roberts, Mr. and Mrs. Spalding, Mr. C. Greville, Mr. Payne, Mr. Irby, Mr. M. Stanley, Mr. and Mrs. Newton, &c. DEPARTURES.—Sir Robert and Lady Peel, Lord C. Fitzroy, Mr. Lyne Stephens, and Mr. G. Walker. THURSDAY.—Gen. Grosvenor's Bon Ton, 7st. 11b., agst Mr. Cosby's Stadbally, 6st. 101 b. T.Y.C. 50 sovs. FRIDAY.—Duke of Portland's Emily colt agst Mr. R. Pettit's Emperor, Bst. '7lb. each. T.Y.C. 50 sovs. . - PRENDERGAST STAKES (FRIDAY.) —The following have paid : Glencoe, c. Zarina's dam, c. Emiliana's dam, and Mourad. The odds in this Stakes are 7 to 4 agst Mr. Stonehewer's Zulima, 3 to 1 agst Mr. Mills's Pincher, 9 to 2 agst Sir M. Wood's Ludovica (taken), and '7 to ] agst Lord Orford's colt. Tuesday Night. The following are additional particulars of the races decided this afternoon T. Y. C. Plate.—Betting 7 to 2 agst Gen. Walpole's filly, 5 to 1 agst Aline, 5 to 1 agst Harum Scarum, 5 to 1 agst Ophelia, and S to 1 agst Lord Berners'.—By a little better management than usual the horses were got off without a false start, although fourteen in number, and only two yrs old. Lord Berners' colt made play at a good pace, Kislar Aga and Arthingworth next him, and the others well laid up. Without any material change of po sition, they went to the ropes, where Harum Scarum, Aline, and General Walpole's joined the foremost horse; they continued in company till about twenty yards from the chair; when Aline broke away from them, and won cleverly by a length. General Walpole's filly and Lord Berners' filly were next by the chair, but too close together to admit of the judge placing a second; Harum Scarum was nearly abreast of these two, and behind him Barossa and °pilelia. Match. 7to 4on Marpessa, who won by two lengths. Clearwell Stakes.—Betting, 3 to 1 agst Louisa (taken) 4 to 1 agst Amadou, 5 to 1 agst Bentley (taken freely), 8 to 1 agst Dick, S to 1 agst Freedom, 10 to 1 agst Old Bill, 12 to 1 aest Sister to Cactus, and 13 to 1 agst Le gend (taken). y The horses got off at the first signal, and immediately divided into two distinct bodies, the outside one containing Legend, Bentley, Amadou, and two or three others. Legend made the running, followed by those already named to the end of the new ground, where Amadou went in front, with Louisa next her ; they did not long retain their places, Bentley running by them before they reached the cords, and winning easily by two lengths. Although not placed, Louisa was third and Old Bill fourth ; behind them were Rachel and Mask ; Celeste officiated as whipper in, having immediately before her Legend, Freedom, Myrina, and Sister to Cactus, Dick and Prince's c. being in the centre.—Value of the Stakes (winner's stake included) 9501. The winner was backed to a large amount. In the Match for 100, h. ft , A.F., between Mr. Hun ter's Rouncival, 4 yrs, Bst. 71b., and Colonel Peel's Mali bran, 3 yrs, 7st., the latter received. Kingston House Rooms, Wednesday Night. PRENDERGAST STAKES (FRIDAY). 6 to 4 agst Mr. Stonehewer's Zulima (taken) 3 to 1 agst Mr. Mills's Pincher 5 to 1 agst Ludoviao 6 to 1 agst Electress 8 to 1 agst any other Entry for the Handicap Plate of 1001. (to-morrow).— Volage, 6 yrs., 9st. 41b. ; Liston, aged, 9st. lib. ; Ga lata, 4 yrs., Bst. 131 b. ; Galopade, 5 yrs., Bst. 91b. ; Clarion, 5 yrs., Bst. 31b. ; Mouse colt, 4 yrs., 7st. 131 b. ; Copper Captain, 4 yrs., 7st. 131 b. ; Messenger, 4 yrs., 7st. 121 b. ; Ambrosio, 4 yrs., 7st. 101 b. ; Little Boy Blue, aged, 7st. 101 b. ; Salute, 4 yrs. ; 7st. 81b. ; and Miss Mary Anne, 4 yrs., '7st. 61b. Tha Town Plate (to-morrow).—Tourist, Basto, Sa lute, Miss Mary Anne, Myrrha, Tippitiwitchet colt, b. g. --. Swiss's dam, Twatty colt, Eugene, Divan, and Lady Charlotte. Two Year Old Stakes of 100 soya. (to-morrow).— Arlingworth, f..— Memphis, Kislar, Aga, and Sister to Ales. Handicap of 15 sous. each (to.morrow).—Clarion, Copper Captain, Sensitive, Gratis, Titian, Twatty e., and Jason. HOLLYWELL HUNT RA CES, OCT. 15. Sweepstakes of 50 sous . each, h. ft. One mile. Four subs. _ . . Mr. F. R. Price's Caliban walked over. A Produce Sweepstakes of 50 sous. each, h. ft. Two miles. Ten subs. Lord Westminster's The Controller Mr. Price's The Governor 2 The Chieftain Stakes of 50 sovs. each, h. ft. Mostvn mile. Four subs. Lord Westminster's Bridegroom Sir R. Bulkeley's Katinka 2 The Mostyn Stakes of 10 sous. each. Mostyn mile. Thirty-two subs. Mr. Mostyn's Jack Faucet Lord Westminster's The Chancellor 2 Sir R. Bulkeley's Birdcatcher a Mr. Giffard's Perseverance 4 Three others started, hut were not placed. The Champagne Stakes of 50 sovs. each, h..ft. Last half mile. Nine subs. Mr. Mostyn's Queen Bess 1 Mr, Price's The Tulip Lord Westminster's b. c. by Camel General Yates's Noodle 4 The Taffy Stakes of 25 sovs. each, One mile and three quarters. Five Subs. Mr. Mostyn's Jack Faucet Lord Westminster's Decoy Mr. F. Price's The Governor STEAM COACH.—Sir C. Dance's steamer, which makes its trip three times a day from Wellington street to Greenwich, continues to attract an immense crowd of curious spectators, both on its departure and its return ; and such is the demand for places, that the appli cants exceed the power of accommodation, and many wait for two hours t o grat if y t h e i r d es i re f or an excurs i on i n this new mode of conveyance. The journeys continue to be performed with safety and certainty, and all seem pleased with the ease and equable motion of the vehicle. Several ladies have been observed among the later passen gers. Should this passion continue, Sir Charles will, in all probability, realize a considerable proportion of the ex pense which he has incurred in bringing his invention to perfection. The omnibus, we have already stated, holds fourteen passengers, and supposing the full complement at 4s. each to and fro is obtained, and three journeys are completed, the gross amount of the day's receipts will be eight guineas; and allowing the expenses for coke a nd water to he 6d. per mile, the reduction will be hut 155., leaving a daily profit of 71. 13s. towards paying for wear and tear, and attendance of engineer, stoker, and con ductor. The wear and tear, &c., cannot exceed 1/. 13s. for each day ; t h us l eav i ng a net remunerat i on f or capital of 361. for six days. In this calculation it will be seen that i very lib era l a ll owance i n d ee d f or expens es s made, and that upon the adoption of a proper system, the ex penses will be greatly diminished. Popularity more than profit, how ever, i s the main object of the prese nt experi ment, and this seems to be attained. DRURY-LANE THEATRE. SOUTHERN'S long, lachrymose tragedy of Isabella, or the Fatal Marriage, was performed here last night for the first time this season. Mrs. SLOMAN played the part of Isabella, and evinced powers which tended strongly to confirm us in the favourable impression produced by her personation of Belvidera. Her first scene was played with much prepossessing grace and sweetness of expres sion. Her appearance, her manner, and her speech, fully accounted for the long endurance of the devotion of Ville.. roy, and made what else were fabulous but natural. In the following scene, however, the interview with Biron's father, superior exertions were required, and the actress fully appreciated the situation. The entreaty for kindness, for bread, from the cruel father was humble and intense, but it vanished at the moment when the loss of her child was to be made the condition of the supplication being complied with. The next scene, too, was one of remark able power, and strongly indicated in the actress the possession of high capabilities, both physical and mental. The effect of the increasing distress upon the mind of Isabella was naturally and forcibly portrayed, and pre pared the mind of the spectator for the succeeding horrors. The most effective scene, however, was the most trying, that in which Isabella finds her misery consummated upon beholding the mangled corpse of Biron. It was more than an able, for it was a fine, piece of acting. It took a loftier ground than tears. It was forcible without the slightest admixture of rant, and pathetic without once degenerating into whine. The death, too, was extremely affecting, and the dying attitude one of much originality and characteristic beauty. Raising herself to embrace her child, she used her last strength in a vain endeavour to encircle all that she still held dear. Mrs. SLOMAN was frequently and cordially applauded. Mr. MACREADY was Biron. He played with much care and feeling. The Nurse was well played by Mrs. C. JONES, and Mr. MEA DOWS was a good Sampson. VICTORIA THEATRE. The novelty of Tuesday was the first appearance at this house of SHERIDAN KNOWLES, in his own popular play of the Hunchback. His reception in the part of Master Walter was highly flattering. The audience, sensible of what is due to genius, gave him a hearty welcome, and did not withhold the applause he deserved in his per. formance of the character lie has so ably drawn. Master Walter was well played a few nights since by WARDE, who gave original and spirited touches to the Hunchback, which drew forth reiterated applause. To compare the merits of the two actors would be invidious, therefore we have only to add that KNOWLES was in high favour with the audience. In the last scene his display of delicacy, tenderness, and dignity, was rewarded by a general ex• pression of public approbation. The respective merits of the performers in this comedy have been frequently criti cised ; still we must compliment Miss JARBIAN upon her discrimination, and the admirable acting she exhibits in the character of Julia. This lady possesses talents and manners which support the dignity of the stage. Miss P. HoRTON is a very interesting _Helen. KNOWLES, who was loudly called at the fall of the curtain, came forward and announced the play for the ensuing night. The new romantic drama, called Margaret's Ghost, or the Liber tine Ship, was the concluding entertainment. Margaret is in keeping with the poet's fancy, but the William in this drama is a departure from the ballad, inasmuch as he is a lord, the owner of a castle, and a full-dressed commander of the ship Fury. FORRESTER, who plays this gay deceiver, is just such another seaman as the first Lord of the Admiralty. Madeline, the distressed and frenzied mother of Margaret, who has fallen a victim to the Lord William, is given to Mrs. EGERTON, who de lights the audience by her pathetic and admirable sketches of maternal affection : she was deservedly applauded. The merit of this drama is increased by the rich well executed scenery. A rocky beach, the terrace of a castle by moonlight, and the ruins of a chapel, are fine speci mens of painting for the stage. DESTRUCTIVE EFFECTS OF A HURRI CANE ON THE CHAIN PIER. (From the Brighton Gazette.) This elegant and beautiful structure, which has for ten years been the principal ornament of the town, and has called forth the admiration of hun dreds of thousands of strangers, which has stood the shocks of wind and wave, with a stability that from its fairy-like and fragile appearance could hardly have been expected, has at length received such injury as to impair its beauty and utility to a most serious extent. Its restoration will be a work of great labour and difficulty, and must be attended with great expense; but we hope the public of Brighton will come forward and liberally assist in re-establishing a structure, unequalled in beauty, and of vast benefit to the town. At about half-past seven o'clock on Tuesday evening, a most tremendous gale from the west came on, attended with heavy rain and flashes of exceedingly vivid lightning. A very short time previously the pier -master, Mr. Matthews, had returned from the pier head. The pier at that time was in every respect in its usual state. The wind then began to blow with the greatest fury, so that, though Mr. Matthews lives within a few yards of the entrance of the pier, he heard no crash what ever. Few persons of course were on the cliff during so violent a storm ; but report says that some heard the crash, and saw the lightning play along the chains, and that at one moment there was a blaze of light at a particular spot. We give these reports as we have heard them, without in the least degree vouching for their accu racy. Although the wind howled and the waves roared, it is possible that a crash might have been heard; and this is all we can say upon that subject. In respect to the lightning, we ourselves remarked its vividness ; and when the situation of the Pier is considered, composed chiefly, at least in the upper works, of iron, it is not improbable that the electric fluid may have been attracted by the metal; but this is no more than an opinion; there is no proof or collateral fact to lead to such conclusion. The Pier head is lighted by a gas lamp. To supply this a pipe is conveyed along the west side of the Pier. In the concussion the pipe was snapped in two, and the light extinguished of course; but we do not imagine that the gas in the pipe which runs by the side of the Pier could by any possibility have ignited, so that a flame or blaze could hardly have arisen from this cause. The violence of the con cussion doubtless caused so great a friction among the rods, caps, chains, railings. &c., as to produce a rapid emission of sparks, which, in the darkness of the night, might easily be mistaken for the effects of lightning. It is known that such were the effects produced when the Antheum fell in; eye-witnesses describe that event as having been attended with a blaze of sparkling fire. Before we give any opinion as to the cause of the accident, we will first give an outline of the damage done. On the entrance of the first bridge from the esplanade, the first suspension rod and cap on the east side have evidently been moved by some great violence : the cap is partially unshipped, and all the caps on the bridge appear, judging from the state of the paint, to have been moved, but not in a great degree. This bridge on the east side is also sunk below the level line several inches. The 17th cap and rod on the east were more violently affected than any other on this bridge, so much so that some of the iron ornament on the railing was knocked off. The whole of the bridge, independently of the sink ing on the east side, is considerably sunk below the level line, owing to the counteraction of the farther bridges being reduced. The main chains are here nearly as perfect as ever in appearance, nor are the two first towers in any way affected, so far as the judgment of the eye can be relied on : the sinking of the bridge is pro bably owing, therefore, to some circumstances not connected with the chains. The second bridge is, indeed, a sad ruin. All the suspension rods on the east side, from the 10th, reckoning from the first towers to within 12 rods of the second towers, are broken and gone, so that the east side of this bridge dips down to within a few feet of the water. The flooring remains, but it forms so steep an inclination to the eastward, that no per son can walk along it :—one might as well attempt to walk on the roof of a sharp-roofed house. On the west side of this (the second) bridge the damage is less. Many of the suspension rods from the 19th, counting from the first towers, to the 18th from the second towers, are gone ; but a few are left, so that F* • :Litif,:,,u,„:. 7 - g 4 .„.„,...„._ ..„, the west side of this bridge is ‘'-'4> - ir t ed level line. None of the suspen4 Oitruiy a)n this bridge are bent; they.-ke4s ' serval* j asunder, but some of the rods that/fafilliise their former position are considerably bent, and the caps on the top of them are, some partially and others very considerably, removed. This is im portant, since it will throw some light on the nature of the occurrence, as we shall presently attempt to show. We now come to the second towers; and here the work of destruction commences. That on the east has been so violently forced towards the north as to tear up the planking at its base; and it is now very considerably out of the perpendicular line. After it was thus forced up, a se-action of course took place; and it must have been ponderous in deed. Much of the wooden frame work below gave way ; and this part is now a wreck. The opposite tower suffered less; but here also the wood work is torn to splinters. The saddles on the top of both towers were evidently lifted up, and removed from their position; the wood work round the top of the towers, and about the saddles, is in splinters; and even the wooden arch between the towers is rent; this shows how violent the concussion must have been. The sheet lead on the towers is partially rolled up; but there is no appearance of any fusion, although some persons are of opinion that it was here that the lightning first struck, then ran along the main chains, and descended the suspension rods, till it came to that part of them which is not painted (being covered with the wood of the plat form); and here finding no conductor to the earth or water, the shock took place. We confess that this explanation of the matter is by no means satis factory to our minds. We now proceed to describe the havock on the third bridge. The whole of the centre of this bridge is gone—not a vestige remains. There is no communication whatever left, except by climb ing along the main chains. The whole of the wood work, the platform,the iron railings, the suspension rods, caps and all, in the centre, for a distance of thirty or forty feet, has totally disappeared; forty four suspension rods, in a distance of about two hundred feet, are lost on the east side; and thirty suspension rods on the west. The platform drops down, a complete wreck, on each side of the chasm in the centre—the planks nearly up to the towers being stripped up. Some of the remaining suspen sion rods are bent like willows over the side of that portion of the bridge which is still standing; others are broken asunder, and the caps of most are gone; but it is singular that one or two rods still retain their caps, as they hang over the sea or he across the planking. We now come to the most extraordinary pheno menon of the whole. Those who have seen the pier will remember that there are four main chains on each side. We now wish to direct the attention of our readers to those on the east. One pair of these chains were suspended about twelve inches over the other pair, which hung exactly beneath the former. When the concussion took place, the upper pair of chains were by some means sepa rated ; and, wonderful as it may appear, one of them was twisted beneath the lower pair, passed over ' them again, and now remains stretched by the side, but in the centre considerably higher, of its com panion. This, however, in order to be clearly understood. must be seen; and it is certainly one of the most extraordinary things connected with this most la mentable accident. The third pair of towers are also in a dangerous state, having been partially forced out of the perpen dicular; and the fourth bridge is greatly distressed, and bellies down 18 inches, or perhaps more, to wards the sea; but the outer head, the stone work, the piles, &c., are not affected at all. We now come to the most difficult part of our task. What has caused the accident ? If it were caused by the wind, why has not such an accident happened before ? There must surely have been many gales in ten years equal to that of Tuesday evening. If, then, the wind was the cause, why did not the same cause operate sooner ? To these ques tions we can make no reply. Scientific men will of course form their own opinion. But, with all de ference, we may observe that we think the accident was owin g to the wind solely. The wind, we are assured, was west, not south west, as is usually the case, when we have very heavy gales on this coast. On each side of the bridges there are broad boards to cover the iron work. It appears, then, to us, that a tremendous blast must have come suddenly under the bridge, and lifted up the third bridge, in all probability se veral feet. This operation of the wind would have been assisted by these side boards, which tended to confine it. When the bridge was thus heaved or lifted up, the suspension rods, the lower ends of which are fitted to the bridge, would be easily driven upwards between the chains, gliding between the bolts, and carrying the caps on their (the sus pension rods') tops. Then came the fall, when, instead of the caps falling in their places over the bolts, they fell on one side; and hence nothing but a crash could result. By the shock the lower or the upper part, as the case might be, of the suspension rods would be snapped in two, and the bridge would give way. This violent concussion on the third bridge would give a jerk to the second, as well as to the first bridges; Bence we see the suspension rods of the second bridge not bent, but snapped asunder, and the caps on the first bridge, where the shock would be less, partially removed. It is probable when the third bridge was thus forced upwards, that one of the chains on the east side became displaced, because the caps on the sus pension rods being removed, there was nothing to keep them together, and in the descentof the bridge the chain was thrown over its companion. This view is satisfactory to our minds; and we think we shall be borne out by scientific men. We fear that it will now he necessary to take down the whole of the chains from one end of the pier to the other, and to readjust the towers. Crowds were on the cliff immediately after the accident; and the greatest anxiety prevailed as to the amount of the damage. At day break the extent of the calamity was but too obvious. The whole of yesterday the cliff and esplanade were crowded; but very few persons were permitted to go on the Pier. Brighton will deeply sympathize with the spirited projector of this structure; and we trust that our townsmen will not be backward in rendering such pecuniary assistance as may replace the Pier in its pristine beauty and stability. Since the above was written we are happy to learn that a requisition is in course of signature, de siring the High Constable to convene a town meet ing for the purpose of aiding the restoration of this beautiful structure. We cannot doubt that so praise worthy an appeal will be cordially responded to by the public spirit of our townsmen. The beams which rest upon the first clump of piles are snapped asunder, and raised up six inches. This strengthens the opinion that the damage has been occasioned by wind, rather than lightning. Information of this lamentable event was imme diately despatched to Captain Brown, who is, we understand, in Scotland, so that several days will • probably elapse before his arrival. The congregation of the parish church of Hackney were on Sunday last m uc h sur p r i se d an d asto nished on entering the place of wo rs hip t o fi n d printed notices in all the pews, stating th a t, func tionaries of the church, of a meeting of some of the parishioners having re fused to vote a rate necessary fur the payment of the turn:- compelled to suspend the organist, beadle, Ste. This the Rev. Mr. Sands, retired to prepare fur the communion daycirc circumstance, nce, performed, immediatelyhowever, tod except iidbnsentcoe convened di p , vao r et e fn v , ev e t n dhhe t ent t ol usual the ch i u s n oea e ul r e n v s a t i ie n c nr s e g o ci n counteract clergyman,ti churchwarde ns s t w h a r r e d: v n s greathad and a d l n r i ob s ae perfectf . s i e i t e m n r c o e n , payers is resolutions of that which refused the sum required. reigned, the over the congregation. A