The Sun. — London, England, 1863-10-10 00:00:00

THE POLISH INSURRECTION, _ (From the Correspondent of the Times.) WARSAW, Oct. 3. A Polish friend of mine who thinks, with reason, that Warsaw is not a nice p lace to sta y in just now, begged me when I was leaving Cracow, to take up my quarters at some distance from the city, and to enable me to do so agreeably gave me a letter to one of his relatives living near Piaseczno, at about 14 mites distance from the capital. But there is no pl ac e in Russian Poland where you may not be murdered at a moment's notice, and I c ould not help I indulging in some reflections on the peculiar uncer tainty of human life under a barbarous government on hearing yesterday that my supposed place of safety had been the scene of one of these infamous outv.ges so common in Poland that a correspondent ceases at last to mention them, as a correspondent in Dahomey would no doubt cease at last to speak of the " customs" of Dihomey's " well-intentioned" King. I was vaunting, at second hand, the tran quillity of Piaseczno, and meditating au excursion there, when I was informed that two days before a proprietor of the neighbourhood, Baron Dangiel, had been cut to pieces by the Russian dragoons as he was standing in one of his own fields, quietly superintending some farming operations. There is no reason why I should mention this most ordinary incident, except that, with the egotism for which Englishmen are so notorious abroad, I could not, and cannot still, help congratulating myself having been p resent when i t occurred. o n not A slight skirmish between Russian dragoons and Polish gen darmes had taken pl ace c lose to Piaseczno, and when it was at an end the former committed nume rous acts of violence on unarmed and perfectly in offensive persons. The dragoons cut at the head and arms of Baron Dangiel, and , as I said before, chopped him in pieces. 111-informed journals are full of explanations, and better informed ones of speculations as to the mean ing of Mieroslawski's recent appointment. The Czas of Cracow, which must know as much about the matter as any of t he French or German uewpapers, has not a word to say on the subject. The Indepen dance, the recognised organ of the National Govern ment h a s not appeared since the Bth of last month. , The last proclamation of the National Government, printed as a handbill, and now circulating in War saw, i s dated the 26th of September, and says no thing about Mieroslawski. It shows, however, that there has been some change in the Government, for it speaks of " the Government of today," and an nounces that this Government will follow in the steps of the preceding one. It declares that it repre sents no party, and that its object is to " unite all parties in one revolutionary movement." How anti revolutionists are to be brought into a revolution ary movement is not explained ; but it must be re membered that the same words have not the same signification in Poland as in England, and if you ask a Pole who calls himself a revolutionist what lee means by the name, he will, for the most part, reply that he does not think of social revolution, but simply wishes that the insurrection against Russia shall be carried on with the energy that has characterised successful political revolutions every where. A Polish democrat is often an aristocrat who thinks it a fine and novel thing to demand that all men shall be equal before the law—which I have frequently been assured in Poland is a peculiarly French idea, dating from the revolution of 1789. He does not dream of applying French democratic principles generally—for the sufficient reason that the first effect of such a step would be to sanction the existing state of things in Poland, whieh does not a ict the Polish peasants any more than it afflicts the Polish horses and cows. As the Polish democrats are a tone higher than the democrats of the west of Europe, so also are the Polish revolu tionists ; and the curious notion of " uniting all parties in one revolutionary movement , ' is not ne cessarily a revolutionary notion in our sense of the word. Nevertheless, as I had occasion to remark a month ago, when Mieroslawski had just been offered the appointment which he has now publicly accepted, the moment of despair for Poland—if it arrives—is likely to be a moment of great danger. Terrorism has been threatened, and in connection with terrorism Mieroslawski's name is always men tioned. He has been the bugbear of the National party for some time past. If anything has gone wrong, the discontented people (who in times of national trouble naturally form no small class) have said, " Why, any one, even Mieroslawski, could do better than that." "If this sort of thing lasts much longer we had better get Mieroslawski, and finish it one way or the other," and so on. He has been so much attacked that people have got to look upon him as a sort of recognised "opposition," and to take it fo,: granted that on the first change of Go vernment the said " opposition . ' must naturally come into power. It seemed to me that as soon as Russia refused in a direct manner the proposition of an armistice and a conference, and as soon as it became evident that the Western Powers would take no steps to force its acceptance upon her—then that the Poles, finding themselves abandoned to their own re sources, would have recourse to the most desperate measures, and that these measures would naturally be carried out by the only men who really in their hearts approve them. But the extreme party, the "red" party, the revolutionary party, in the generally accepted sense of the term, is less numerous than it reckoned itself to be, and I believe it understands that if, after getting into power, it goes too far, the supplies will be suddenly stopped. The worst of it is that not a month nor a week is necessary for playing the great coup that has long been meditated. Another danger is that the extreme party has nearly all its adherents in the towns, so that whatever its forces may be they ere at least not dispersed, and may easily be called into action. I know no thi ng more about the new nominations of the National Gove rnment and the changes that have taken place, and ar e still taking place, in the composition of the National Government itself, ex. cept that a new chief of gendarmerie has been ap pointed, whose first act was to issue a proclamation accepting the responsibility of the attack on Gen, B erg; that Mieroslawski is named not organiser of the detachments of the National army in Poland, b u t organiser cf the detachments of the b u t National arm y abroad," and that the five Alinisters (of W of the I nterior, of Justice, of Finance, and of Pul:lric, Instruction) are reported not to have been changed at all. It cannot be said positively that the extreme party has as yet come into power , nor that it will come i n to power at all to such an extent as to have the general direction of affairs ; but if an attempt is being made to m ix the " red" (or violent revolu tionary) party w i t h the " white" ( o r moder ate , and above all Natianal) party, the colour of the mixture must at least be reddish. As to the very " red" pro clamation of the new chief of the gendarmerie, I may mention that that functionary did not enter upon his office until after the attack on Gen. Berg, and that there is good indirec t evidence in a pro clamation issued • day be fore tla attby his predecessor o n the 18th,the then meditated—that e ack, that nothing of the k ind was is to say, not by the Govern ment. I n • Natio na l o ,a, °", lt appears from paper s issued by the shepublily Zerhment, and distributed it Warsaw t attack on General well be, that within a week after changed, that Berg the Government was power coincided the advent which he i t t he acceptance with of the new Government to ski of a place by MieroslaW was offered to himby the old not accepted when it before ; and that the new old Government a month one officer who wishes il't7tGoverument has at least an act of which the National held responsible for composed on Sept. 19, Was e n er nment, as it was ely fruitless. It may be said that the National Government c.vernment is not bound by the proclamations ganiae detach o detach Miercslawski, being appointed to its ments to officers ; that ments abroad, when there are n organise, is in the position of a bishop i n it may even be said that it is a fortunate , hites?'"; coa liti o n should have been formed, and that - W and Reds should new be working together. I t seems to me all the some that the new Government has a decidedly ruddy complexion. On the other hand I may mention on behalf of the new Government that it has suggested to the gendarmes the propriety of not exposing the inha bitants of Warsaw to the penalties to which per- sons witnessing an act of I , ,omicide without de nouncing its anther become liable, and that a cer tain number of gendarmes have sworn that if called upon to execute a spy or other person condemned by the National Government they wilt at once take the consequences of their act and .3 ain by the body until they ar© arrested. The chief Police-master of lirarsw has, on his side, communicated an order to his agents by which each of them is bound to arrest ten Poles a-week, so that in a given time, if the insurrection lasts long enough, all Poland will be in prison. This appears incredible, but a friend of mine has in his possession the lithographed circular in which the order is con tained. SOCIAL SCIENCE CONGRESS• EDINIITJRGII, Thursday. The first paper in the Public Nightingale contributed by Miss Florence Departmentsnreadby w p a r s . S. Jackson. The paper in on the outsetthe sanitarystate referred of the army into the report of the Royal Commission India ulheicohsd be how iniedthpartoved, unlesslndia, sn d th t e h h e e s a n ith orm of o ß us ri d ti e s a h th tr fr o a p te s in reduced, this country would never be able to hold India with a British army. The time had not yet arrived for the pres sure of the death-rate which that report disclosed to be fully experienced, because the present large army was compara tively new to the country. But unless active measures be taken by the Indian Government to give effect to the re commendations of the commission, it was unhappily certain that the mortality would increase with the length of service, and then will be felt the difficulty started by Sir Alexander Tulloch—viz., of filling up the ranks of those prematurely slain by preventible diseases from the recruiting depots at home. In former times, when the Company's troops bore but a small proportion to the resources (in men) of this country, the death-rate was not so much felt. The small army was swept away, and its place supplied, as often as necessary, from the recruiting offices at home. But now that a large proportion of the whole British army was sta tioned in India, the question whether we should hold or lose India would depend very much on the steps taken by the Indian Government. The paper then went on to notice the death-rate of the troops serving in the country, which was stated on undoubted authority to be not less than 69 per 1,000 per annum. We had been endeavouring to explain away the obvious result of these figures by showing that the average was not constant, that in certain years or groups of years the death-rate was much greater than in others, that the mortality in the years of excess was due to wars and other causes, that peace, and not sanitary measures, was therefore the remedy, and in short that the statement of a death-rate averaging 69 per 1,000 per annum was not a fair representation of the case. To this there was the simple reply that during the present century there had been an average loss from death alone of 69men out of every 1,000 per annum; and, while it matters not how the mor tality had been distributed, there was every reason to be lieve that if things go on as they have done in the present century we shall go on losing our troops at the rate of 30, 50, 70, 90, or 100 and upwards per 1,000. The death-rate above indicated was, in fact, understated, for it says nothing of the invalids sent home from India who die at sea, or within a short time of their arrival at home, nor of the loss to the service by destroyed health, nor of the mutiny years. Assuming the strength of the Indian army at 73,000 Bri tish troops, and taking the death-rate at present alone, without the sickness and invaliding, such an army would lose on an average of years an entire brigade of 5,037 men per annum. It might lose some years half that number, but in other years it would lose two such brigades. It was said that the death-rate of the war years being the highest (not from wounds), peace, and not the sanitary measures, was the remedy. As well might it be said that the British army having nearly perished before Sebastopol, not from wounds, but from the want of every supply of civilised life, peace, and not the supply of the wants of civilised life, was the remedy. The Royal commissioners had shown that if the death-rate were reduced to even 20 per 1,000 per annum, i.c., double that of home stations, since these stations were improved, to India would be saved a tax equal to £l,OOO per diem ; and this represents the cost of replacing the men cut off by excess of premature and preventible mortality. In speaking of the cause of this high death-rate, Miss Nightingale referred to the want of attention to climate on the part of Britons, and to the ordinary system of diet ing British soldiers in India, which, she stated, was more adapted to a cold climate than that of out-doer farm ser vants doing work in England. More than that, the occasional dram at home was commuted by regulation in India into a permission to drink two drams, i.e., six ounces of raw spirits each day ; and be it remembered that, at the same time the men had little or no work to do. The craving for spirits induced by this regulation habit of tip pling leads to increase of drunkenness, so that with over eating, over-drinking, and total idleness, and vice springing directly from these, the British soldier in India had small chance indeed of coping with the climate so called. The re gulation allowance of raw spirits which a man might obtain at the canteen was no less than ISI gallons per annum, which, she believed, was three times the amount per indi vidual which had raised Scotland, in the estimation of eco nomists, to the rank of being the most spirit-consuming na tion in Europe. Of late years malt liquor had been partly substituted for spirits; but up to the present time every man if he thought fit, might draw his 181 gallons a year of spirits besides what ho got surreptitiously at the bazaar. The diseases, however, from which soldiers mainly suffered were miasmatic, such as foul-air and foul-water diseases, fevers, dysenteries, &c. The writer then noticed the total want of drainage and pure water in the Indian stations, and mentioned, as regards the latter, that there was certainly not a single barrack in India which was supplied, in our sense of the term, at all. Water was to be had either from tanks, into which all the filth on the neighbouring surface was washed by the rains, or from shallow wells dug in un wholesome or doubtful soil. So simple a piece of mechanism as a pump was unknown. The quantity of water was utterly insufficient for health, and as to quality the less said about that the better. There was no reason to hope that any sta tion had what in this country would be called a pure water supply ; and at some, it was to be feared, that when men drank water they drank cholera with it. The overcrowding in barracks was next referred to, and the principle of build ing detached barracks ingood situations and well-ventilated recommended. As to the climate, there was, the winter con sidered, not a shadow of proof that India was created to be the grave of the British:race ; the evidence on the contrary, was quite in the other direction, and showed that all the cli mate required was that men should adapt their social habits and customs to it, as indeed they must do to the require ments of every other climate under heaven. That was a duty which devolved on men themselves ; the construction of drains and the finding of a supply of pure water pertained to the Government. If these improvements, along with improved agriculture, and agricultural drainage, were effected, :the normal death-rate of the British soldier would be (say the commissioners) not 60 per 1,000, but 10 per 1,000. After alluding to the necessity of bringing Euro pean civilization and appliances to bear upon the natives of India, at the same time that the condition of the natives was improved, Miss Nightingale concluded by remarking that the whole question resolved itself into this—how to create a Public Health Department for India; how to bring a higher civilization into India. What a work—what a noble task for an Indian Government I That would, she said, be creating India anew, For God places His own power, His own life-giving laws, in the hands of man. He permits man to create mankind by those laws, even as He permits man to destroy mankind by neglect of those laws. Dr. JACKSON next read a paper by the Rev. Dawson Burns i‘ On the influence of Alcoholic Liquors upon Health, as illustrated by the experience of the British Army in India." Mr. EDWIN CHADWICK, C. 8., remarked that in one in stance it had been ascertained that whereas the death-rate among the troops i n th e one s t at i on was 41 i n 1 , 000, the death -rate of the troops in the same place who had e been put upon temperance con di t i ons was reduced to 14 in 1,000. ap pliances, combined with habits no (Hear, hear.) There was o doubt j that by similar appliances, the reduction ' to prevail throughout the whole of India. alluded to of 10 in 1,000, or 15 in d u i d a e . nce and sanitary Miss Nightingale had K. a h m i v n e a l ,tohoaot, them i might t b e e m o expected fcom . o N th Ei e L m so e x n I h l o a. t one of the most prolific sources of mortality pe D lli r n . C.E , sa t i o d that if care were taken to Mr. RAw.LlNsoN. :K ., ocomcarry was obtain them otaheee placed s o t d sites e t o t e a r ; o h p i c e l r i v i 3 ierect barracks, and to have if they got the soldiers better accommodation, and aboiloishne—dthe spirit rations, they hat in place India, now strong,might such t e h h e Britisha position mortality nearly 80,000 AND, M.P., and Mr. show ing about 60 or 70 per 1,000 it shouldlf its The remaining papers, by Mr. GANGEE, referred to the subject of fodtiat not ex cee d 20. ease in cattle and in spection of markets. Mr. RAWLINSON quite agreed that this question of dis eased meat had assumed a national importan to be taken up by Government. It had fallen ' and ought duty to inspect many slaughterhouses in different parts his and be foand that the extent of the trade i) in s of Engllild, d (Trade and International Law) Department eased cattle was most appalling. i p x : r h w as contributed by the Liverpool Financial' th eI Reformnfirtsht the Sixth advocating an increase of direct taxa tion and the repeal of Customs and Excise duties. A paper by Mr. George Smith was also read, condemning indirect taxation as "unequal, impolitic, extravagant, and sinfully immoral, and extremely demoralising." The following letter from Mr. Cobden was then read on behalf of the Liverpool Association, which had requested that gentleman's attend ance at this congress : " Midhurst, Oct. 3. ' Science Association,. "Dear Sir—As I shall not be in. Edinburghatthiet will not meeting of the Social I ; ic t b e the in eo nly pa p r o a w ti e v r e t d o em ta e k r e i t p s a o r f t indirect taxation. youranddiscussion respect ton as to / . Ba Y demerits, because it is really little more than a ques tion for the • v. - ' fern, in which we shall tolerate a necessary evil; unt, adr o i t . direct in admittin g the necessityfof raising a given sum of e ' l Pulses of Government,. there can really be 119 OrSitimat i s th, a oetlut why it ohnicl no t D o riunsi u 4 that form which is the least costly and inconvenient to the public. I say in the abstract, because I know all the ad vantage which the advocacy of an abstract principle gives in bringing your practical views to subjection. Nobody can deny that Customs and Excise duties and other indi rect taxes are More costly in collection than a direct levy of taxation, and nobody who has examined the subject can doubt that they obstruct commerce, impede manufacturers, and check the production of wealth. If a proof of this be required, compare the progress of a free port like Hamburg with a Custom-bound place like Havre. As to the difficulty of instituting direct for indirect taxation, that is a tax for statesmen to accomplish. Once convince the public of the soundness of your principle s , an d you w ill s oon have a Huskisson, Peel, and Gladstone ready to put them into practice. The local legislation of our town councils has already shown the way. The municipal go vernments of our cities contrive to raise their funds by a t f sno b a t y n me a ° t a, h c ns l e y r :t g o o i : t cwri w ,nr h os ii coffee,o c df h ut eh i sseBccoocnnas levied edl Continent.va e i r re e ad d e a as N. ; ao i ol m weu d p Ncv i e uh r s e sa s e t i t aremltea-xahc: Custom-houses s e s et yl a c e x a m be d us e achievement r How impossible it would be to put up barriers at the entrance to Edinburgh or Manchester to collect the municipal rates in the clumsy form of a duty on the daily supplies of those cities; and lam as firmly convinced as of my existence that if we could have for a few years that experience of all the advantages which an abolition of import duties into this kingdom would give us, it would be as impossible to replace the Custom. houses, as a substitute for the collector of direct taxes, as it would now be to levy octroi dues at the suburbs of our large towns instead of the direct rates which are collected from house to house for municipal purposes. Of course you will be met by politicians of all parties with the assertion that your plan is impracticable, which means only that it cannot at present be adopted with advantage by either of the existing political parties; but I repeat, if yon can beat your opponents in the field of abstract argument, you will, sooner or later, find statesmen who will be proud to give a legislative triumph to your principles. It is only a question of time.—Believe me to be yours faithfully, " C. E. Macqueen, Esq," " R. COBDEN. Mr. HA.UGHTON contended that it was not the mode of raising the taxes that injured the working men, but the badness of trade, that prevented him paying the taxes. Mr. BARRACESON, of Liverpool, though not opposed to direct taxation, thought those who proposed the abolition of indirect taxation should inform them how the £42,000,000 thus obtained was to be raised in the other way. Mr. H. FAwcErr spoke at considerable length in favour of indirect taxation, and criticized the principles and opera tions of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association. In justice, he fully admitted, was connected, and necessarily connected, with indirect taxation ; but he could also show that injustice was connected, and necessarily connected, with direct taxation, and no one had ever succeeded in point ing out how a large revenue could be raised without pro ducing great injustice and being accompanied with a great number of evils to the community. Protection was, he considered, abolished, but he believed that they could have ' perfect free trade with indirect taxation, and when they brought forward arguments against protection, they must not suppose that they were bringing forward arguments against indirect taxation. It was well known that direct taxes could not be raised from certain classes with certainty and precision, and he believed, that if any system of taxa tion tended to make a nation immoral it was the Income tax—for it was known that incorrect returns were ofte n given in, so that parties might be relieved from some Per tion of the burden. (Hear, hear.) In such a temptation to dishonesty as this there was a constant inducement to sap the morality of the country. (Hear; hear.) Then,the income system was a most unfair one— and if all the revenue was to be raised in this way, then the inequality would be increased immensely—but with indirect taxation the inequality Nv" spread over different classes of the community, and th ere was some chance that inequality in one direction might be compensated by inequality in another. (Hear, hear.) He certainly could not understand the arguments of the me w " hers of the Liverpool Association, who said that the g reat objection to indirect taxation was that the working num was too heavily taxed. Did they mean to propose that the working classes should escape altogether under direct taxa tion ? He did not think that such a thing would be fair. Re knew that that was a favourite doctrine to propagate from election hustings, but he thought it was a most im moral one (loud applause), and people who had studied the question ought not to come forward and pander to the pre judice of the poorer classes in that way. He thought there was a class more heavily taxed than th e wor king mall' and that was the clerks who had their salary of £lOO or £lOO a-year. (Hear, hear.) Ho complained that neither the re presentatives of the association nor Mr. Cobden in his letter„ had suggested any practical mode of raising the reven ue of the country in the manner of which they seemed to approve; and if they were not able to do so, then the meeting,eetiUg' as practical men, ought not in the least degree to believe in the practicability or the feasibility of the scheme. (Hear hear.) He considered that the present mode of raising the revenue was as just and equitable as any mode he h a d ever seen propounded. (Hear, hear.) Mr. NOBLE replied to Mr. Fawcett, and denied that the Liverpool Association pandered to the poorer classes . The SOLICITOR-GENERAL for IRELAND gave it a s his opinion that the question was entirely one of a choice be tween two evils, and that a judicious proportionment of both modes was the fairest arrangement that could be made. Mr. DUNCAN 3PLAREN thought the argument of the Liverpool Association that the working classes burdened by indirect tax a ti on was capa bl e o f proof, an d h e proceeded to show that th e t axes on t ea, sugar, a nd other necessaries of life were p a id i n a very muc h larger pro portion by the poor c l asses th an b y t h ose Who were is receipt of large inc omes . were unduly _ _ Mr. C. HARRISON proposed as a resolution, — " " present mode of ra i s i ng the revenue of the British empire but after a is as just as any th a t h as yet been devised ;" That the considerable amount of general discussion, the motion was withdrawn. The CHAIRMAN said he hoped, if this subject again came up for consideration, it would be treate d in a more temperate manner than it h a d b een i n o ne of the papers read that d a y. He had never heard so many epithets against an opposite system as he had heard in that paper. Mr. D. W. HENDERSON, Leith, read a statistical paper on the effects of free trade in corn and navigation in cheap ening the food of the people ; after which Mr. DELAHANTY read a paper on the currency laws of the United Kingdom, in which he advocated an assimilation of the laws of Ireland and Scotland to those of England. Several gent l emen having expressed t h e ir satisfaction with the p resent system of paper currency i n Scotland, the department adjourned. TI-LE SUN, LONDON, SAT(JiWAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1863. Statistics of Cremorne. The gard ens o f Cremorne are twen ty-two acres in extent, are p re t t il y l a i d out, are f ill e d with brilliant flowers, and are kept w ith as muc h care as those of the Horti cu l tural Society. Indee d, of the quiet d aylight freque n t ers o f th e p l a ce s were they not properly attended to, there would be a serious fall ing off. During the season, the services of fifteen gardeners are constantly required, i n rolling path s , mowing law ns, and attending to t he beds. Pre vious t o opening, twenty carpenters , six scene painters, twelve g as men , t wo w omen to sew canvas, •6 four men t o repa i r the roof, and five house-painters, take possession of the outside of Cremorne and its a pp urte nances, while two upholsterers, fifteen wardrobe- ma k ers, and ten property - men, l oo k up old material, and prepare for internal decoration. Then the li terary gentleman attache d to t h e estab lishment sit s down in his cabinet to compose the announcement of approaching festivities, and eight bill-posters convey the result of his cogitations to an admiring public. In this past season of 1863 the Gardens opened in the early spring with a dog show; and the estimate for the preparation, for gardeners, Painters, roofers, carpenters, smiths, labourers, and gravel diggers, amounted to £3,500, independent of the cost of material, galvanised iron, timber, ironmongery, wire work, &c., about £2,000 more. 'While the Exhibition was open, the ex penses of keepers, police, attendants, and music, were about £3OO a week, and a very large sum was expended in advertisements and prizes. This dog show, however, was an extraneous affair, not calcu lated in the regular round of expense. In the same category was the tournament, to produce which the services cf three hundred "superb," six armourers, thirty-two horses, and ten grooms, were specially engaged- When the Gardens are open for the sea son the regular staff is very large and very costly. It comprises sixteen moneytakers, seven gasmen, two scene painters, three house painters, one resident master carpenter, and seventeen wardrobe men and women. The stage department requires the services of twenty-five carpenters to work the scenes, a Prompter, a hundred members of the corps de ballet, two principal dancers, three principal pantomimists, several vocalists, and a turncock—without whose aid the fairy fountains would not flow. Add to set of twenty d o n the Octagon gTheatre and m this a firework manu f acturer with seven assistants, fifteen riders, an d several horses in the circus ; a anotherraof the part regular f the o r h ; on a k s e e y t s, of w m it a h r t i h on ei e r tt m es as a te n r d their master, i n , i twenty-five members bands, a gentleman who delivers a two peripatetic e t lecture on the Australian r a and n d ; c grounds s explorers, three regular policemen, and, on extra nights, six ethers and you management of have some notion of w h at the ' f Cremorne Gardens has to meet on Saturday morn ings, as the cost of the amusement it provides.— , piacilee 'filll the rear Round.,, The Extraordinary Mail-bag Robbery. HuLL, Friday. The examination of Melia Cooke was continued on Wed nesday, yesterday, and to-day at the Hull Police.court, be fore Mr. Travers, the stipendiary magistrate. Mr. F. F. Ayre appeared, as before, to conduct the pro secution, instructed by Mr. Forrest, the Post-office superin tendent for the Derby district. Mr. F. Summers watched the case for the prisoner. The following evidence was given on Wednesday : William Anson stated that he was a grocer at South Cave, and kept the post-office. The letter produced, bearing the address, Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, was stamped with the South Cave post-mark, and put into the mail-bag, to the best of his knowledge and belief. The mail-bag, after it had been made up, was placed by witness himself on the counter of the shop. There was not any par ticular place for the mail-bag to be put after it had been made up and was waiting the arrival of the mail-cart. The bag was not very often left on the shop counter without some person in charge of it. After witness had taken the bag and put it on the counter, he went into the sitting room, leav ing his wife in the shop. The mail -cart did not arrive for, perhaps, ten minutes or a quarter of an hour after the bag had been placed on the counter as he had stated, and he had gone into the sitting room at the back of the shop. The bag wa s only missing about two or from that to three minutes before the arrival of the mail -cart. He (witness) had gone from the sitting room at the back of the shop into the kitchen, and while he was there his wife came to him and said the bag was missing and could not be found anywhere. The robbery must have been effected in the two or three minutes that his wife had left the shop. Immediate search was made for;the bag in all directions, but it could not be found. Witness sent for Mr. Bedford, the schoolmaster, w h o assisted in making up the bag, and he went various ways, but no trace of the missing bag was discovered. Mrs. Anson, wife of the last witness, deposed that she knew the prisoner at the bar, Mrs, Maria Cooke. She had often seen her at South Cave, for she had stopped at wit ness's house. The prisoner had never, to witness's know ledge, seen the mail-bags made up. On the evening of the 24th September her husband (the last witness) placed the mail bag on the counter, after it had been made up, to a wait the arrival of the mail -cart. Her husband went out of the shop into the sitting-room, and left her (witness) in the shop. No one came into the shop while witness was there, but she did go out for a few minutes. Witness did not see any one looking in at the window during the time witness was out of the shop. There was titue enough for a person to have gone in and got clear off with the mail-bag before she (witness) returned. The following evidence was taken yesterday : James Anson, recalled and examined by Mr. Ayre, de posed that on the evening in question he placed the mail bag upon the counter himself. He could not say why the bag was placed upon the counter, but his wife was in the shop, and she was looking after the bag. He only saw a little girl in the shop after the bag was made up. Witness was induced to go upstairs by his wife saying " It has just come into my mind that there is a bag in the beck chamber." He immediately went upstairs to fetch the bag and found it covered up with some mats. He brought it down and took it into the shop and placed it beside a butter basket on the floor, leaning against the counter. He (witness) then went into the back kitchen. An alarm was given a short time after that the mail-bag was gone. His wife said, "Oh Anson, the mail-bag has gone," Witness then went into the shop and searched for it without success. He loft the shop and told the neighbours what had occurred, and a further search was made with no other result. Bedford instituted a search on the Beverley road and afterwards returned and told witness ho had found nothing. The mail cart arrived soon after and the news that the bag was missing was sent to Brough and other places by the mail cart. By the Magistrate—Witness was only upstairs a few minutes looking for the bread bag. Mrs. Anson, recalled, stated that she saw her husband place the mail bag on the counter, and he then went into the kitchen, In a minute or two he called out, and she went into the passage. That was perhaps about five minutes after the bag had been placed upon the counter. He was sitting in the kitchen by the fireside, opposite the door, He spoke about a bread bag, and then took a candle with him to look for it upstairs, where she (witness) had told him there was a bag that would do. She returned to the shop, and almost directly afterwards found that the mail bag was gone, She called out to her husband, who came does n, and they searched together, looking about the shop and the shop floor, She did not recollect tolling Mr. James, when he called, that her husband was in the kitchen when she gave him the alarm that the bag was lost. The Magistrate—But remember, Mrs. Anson, that the witness is prepared to say that you did. Witness —Well, it may be so. The Magistrate —How do you account for the way in which the bag was stolen ? What is your own notion ? Witness —Well, Sir, I fully believe that the bag was stolen from the street door, as the passage door has a bell, which must have rung had any one come in that way. Examination continued—Witness thought that any one might have entered by the passage door and stolen the bag without her seeing them, or any one in the room hearing them, if they did so gently. She had convinced herself of 'bat by a practical experiment since made. She knew the pe;:orter, who had been in witness's house, at Cave Fair, which w as held in June, 1863. Witness had not received Witness had no portic a : any letter f rom :he . i cused within the last two months. bag had bee n m i s placed 14a; a :ly one in mischief.reason for thinking that the mail Philip James, the postmaster at Brough, deposed that letters from South Cave were sent to Trough and stamped there. The Beverley letters were sent in another bag. On the evening of the 24th ult, he made up the bag for Hull at Brough, in which bag the Beverley letters went. On the evening of the following day he received 34 letters, bearing the South Cave post mark of the 24th. In the ordinary course, letters posted at Cave were enclosed in a healed bag and sent to Brough. The letter addressed to the Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, did not pass tiLrough the Brough office. By Mr. Summers—Witness always stamped the letters that passed through his hands. By the Magistrate—The mail -cart arrived at Brough on the 24th ult. at 10 minutes to 8, and the driver said he had been delayed 20 minutes at South Cave. It ought to have arrived there at 7 18, and to have left a very few minutes after. The Cave postmaster ought to have the bag in readiness when the cart arrived there. _ . _ John Wilson, the driver of the mail-cart, said that on arriving at South Cave on the evening of the 24th ult , at his proper time, Mrs. Anson met him at the door of the post-office and told him that the bag had been stolen. By Mr. Summers—Witness was told by Mrs. Anson that the bag had been taken from the shop about three minutes before he drove up. William Oxtoby said he resided at South Cave, and was clerk to Messrs. Borland and Sons. He gave the letter pro (Need to Mrs. Anson at the post-office between 5 and half past 5, Christopher Wood, a gardener at South Cave, deposed that he foundthe letter-bag produced in a piece of g round called a the Sand Hole , " next to Mr. M'Turk' s g arden. This was on the 25th u lt . The bag was open , and con tained some papers. Thomas Ward, the superintendent of police , p roduced the envelope addressed to the Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, which he received from Mr. Boyes, one of the bank clerks, on the 2Fth of September. George Martin, a farm -servant at South Cave, stated that he was taking his master's horses to a field on the Brough-road, about half-past 7 o'clock in the evening-, on Thursday. the 24th of September, when he met a person resembling the prisoner. She was running when he first saw her, and when she got up to him sbe began to walk. Robert Barrett, cattle dealer, of Swanland, said that on Thursday, the 24th September, ho was returning from Mar ket Weighton, when he saw a woman on the road, and he asked her if she would have a ride. That.woman he believed to be the prisoner. She was dressed in a similar manner. She accepted his offer of a ride, and got into the cart. She told him she was going to Hull, and witness gave her a ride as far as Forriby. She got down, and he left her there talking to a man named Jenkinson. At this stage of the inquiry the Court again adjourned, it b e i ng nearly 9 o'clock. This morning the f o ll ow i ng evidence was take n : Thos. Jenkinson, of North Ferriby , said that on Thurs day evening, the 2 4th September, a wo man came up to him an d asked where the p ost - o ffi c e was, and he t old her. She res embled the priso ner, an d h o had no doubt s h e wa s the same person. She went away, and he followed her to the end of the lane leading to the station. Ho saw her go to the post-office and put someth i ng in at the window. S he had a letter in her hand w h en sho ca me up to him , and was carry ing something bulky under her shawl. Fanny Jenkinson, sister of the last witness, deposed that sho was the daughter of the postmaster at North Ferriby, o h f e t lon . th L e et F te r r i s da w y i . th and on the evening of the 24th September she closed the box on the Thursday about 6 o'clock. She cleared it next evening, when there were 70 letters in it. She had not cleared it from 6 o'clock fact she made a noticed that many of the letters had the South Cave post mark, and seeing there was something; particular about that Y until separate t h b e u s u e d :: She the South Cave post mark were never posted at Forriby in the ordinary course. She noticed snore particularly because the stamps were not obliterated. John Whitelam, detective police officer at Hall, stated that on Friday morning, the 25th ult., about a quarter past 10 o'clock, he was standing at the corner of Parliament street, when he saw two persons come out from the offices o the Yorkshire Banking CorapanY, and look both ways as if in search of something. They walked sharply through Whitefriar-gate towards the Land of Green Ginger. Wit ness followed them, and saw one go up to the prisoner,who was standing there. The other person said to witness that the bank had received information that a Posteoffiee bag had been stolen, with cheques to the value of 4700 from one of the letters, and that there was reason to believe that the woman had caused one of the cheques to be presented. Wit ness took her to the bank, and having been asked some questions by the managers she was searched, and some other cheques were found upon her. She accounted for their possession by saying that on the Previous night she was travelling from Hessle in a second-class carriage,when a man who was sitting opposite to her threw the cheques to her aAd said she Alight ge t 000ao casU for thew. no wit. , ness asked her what sort of a man he was, and she replied that he was a very tall man. The witness then inquired whether she knew him. She answered in the negative,and added, " I should not know him again, as I had never seen him before." The witness asked if she gave anything for the cheques, and she said " No." He then took her to the polica station, and charged her. She said, "lam as inno cent of the rubbery as you are". Mr. Taylor, being recalled, said that the prisoner had on the same dress when she travelled from Ferriby to Hull, on the night of the 24th of September, as she was wearing at the bar. Some minor details of evidence having been filled up by other witnesses, the prisoner, wh3 by the advic3 of Mr. F. Summers, her solicitor, reserved her defence, was fully committed to take her trial at the ensuing assizes. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. - s - -- TIMES.—The Democratic party on the Continent has always asserted that the French Revolution was not a mere historical event bounded by definite epochs in time, but a movement which has never ceased in its operation up to the present hour. The French Revolution is still going on, they say. As it may be said to have been in action for years—no one can tell how many—before 1789, since, of course, the outbreak of that period was only the manifesta tion of forces that had been in existence for a gene ration past, so the French Liberals hold that it is at work still, undermining all the political fabrics which are built on the oppression of man by man or nation by nation. Of course, we see that they merely make the Revolution synonymous with the advance of the principles of private and public right, and, using the word in this sense, no candid observer will differ from them. But it remains to be ex plained how so large a body of acute and earnest thinkers should look upon a bloody phase in humen history, a period which began with anarchy and the guillotine to end with military despotism and desolating wars, as identified with the triumphs of civil and national liberty. The chief reason is, we think, to be fcund in the existence of that body of monarchical compacts which are known as the Treaties of 1815. Doubtless the philosopher may say that 1789 consecrated the principles of liberty, equality, brotherly love, and so forth, and that wherever these advance 1789 has the glory. But this vague doctrine, founded upon French self esteem, would never have influenced men of every continental nation; and yet, certainly, the re newed activity of the French democracy has been looked for with hope by Italians and Poles struggling against foreign usurpation, as well as by German Liberals worn out by the tyranny and folly of their Sovereigns. The reason has been that the French were the conquered of 1815. The Sovereigns who banded for the most just and holy of causes—that of asserting national independence —overthrew the intolerable despotism of Napoleon, of which no better proofs can be found than those extracts from the new volumes of the Correspon dence which may be read in our Paris letter this morning; but they no sooner found themselves all powerful than they used their power to secure their own imagined rights against their subjects, as well as the real rights of their respective nations against French aggression. The consequence has been that, by a strange perversion, the military disasters of Napoleon have been associated with the wrongs of , liberty; the highhanded usurper and his circle of weak and unprincipled vassals have been re gretted by those who fancy that their's was a golden age in comparison with the leaden oppression of later days, and that however much they might tyrannise in fact their theoretical principles were those of democratic liberty. Nearly half a century has passed since those famous Treaties were signed. The proud and elated poten tates of that day probably thought that they were l i immortal. A final settlement of thereat European questions then took place. Hardly a subject of dis pute, small or great, which had ever engaged the attention of the Sovereigns failed then to be brought for ward. On the whole, they were in excellent temper with each other. There had been a serious difference the year before on the subject of Poland, which had exhibited the five Powers in the same combinations as at the present day, but after the return from Elba and the campaign of Waterloo all irritation was suppressed through the strong desire to make a firm and lasting disposition of Europe. They were all so much of one mind that they did the work too completely. The English Ministers did not, indeed, forget the traditional princi ples of their country, and some of the redeeming clauses of this compact are due to them—notably the stipulations in favour of Poland which have been the ground of the latest appeal to the Vienna Treaties. But on the whole the Kings and statesmen of Eu rope were of one mind. They saw nothing but a dread vision of anarchy and irreligion—the making opportunities for unscrupulous usurpers to torment the world, The belief that mankind was by nature doomed to perpetual tutelage, and must be led either by a legitimate ruler or by an adventurer—a Crom well, or Robespierre, or Bonaparte, was general not only among hereditary Princes but among statesmen and writers. Even men like Talleyrand and Can ning to the last believed that the desire for a more popular Government in England would lead to events like those of the French Revolution. Napo leon in his exile thought that the Duke of Wellington would assuredly make himself Xing, If these were the ideas of master minds, can we wonder that the narrow and half-educated con querors, who had been bred in German, Russian, and Italian Courts, should resolve to take good security against what they considered as popular madness. They acted, on the whole, generously to each other, There was not much desire on the part of the great potentates to rob their weaker brothers. They mediatized sparingly, and only in obedience to the plain interesls of Europe. Germany was left with too many Courts, and Italy was given up again to the Papacy and the minor Sovereigns, But no precaution was neglected by which the nations could be united against France, by which the Sovereigns could be interested in opposing that aggressive Power and the spirit of popular discontent by which it had been made so formidable. The Treaties of 1515 were not the work of tyrants hostile to humanity, as is believed by Continental Republicans; they were approved by the public opinion of the time, and held by not illiberal statesmen to be masterpieces of policy and foresight; and yet they had hardly been in exist ence five years before their weight was felt to be grievous, and the history of Europe since then has been little but a struggle to escape from the condi tions they imposed. Attention is now more particu larly directed to them by the alleged assertion of Lord Russell that they are abrogated by the act of Russia in refusing to fulfil the stipulatiene Made in favour of the Kingdom of Poland. Lord Russell did not, indeed, go so far, and the interpretation of the French press is more in accordance with its own wishes and traditions than with the actual words of the British Minister, But it may b© allowed that these treaties have been so b'We' ally violated by the chief parties to them, an d h ave r e h e ii e d at last so fatal a blow through the repudiation of the great Conservative power of the Continent, that any fur ther a ppeal to them would be idle. England i s, in fact, almost Y. he only Power whiole hag cared to ad just its proceeding; by the literal terms of these agreements. In ceding :he lonian Island s to Greece oar G overnment has been car eful to recog nise the rights of those who committed the Repub lic to its protectorate. The assent of France, Austria Russia, and the other Powers has been ferntallY asked, and the cession will be made with as much diplomatic seriousness as if the Treaties were only six months old. But with th e Continental Powers the course has been widely different. The Vienna treaties they have always been ready to cite against their opponents, never against themselves. We do not complain of the result. The treaties made an injudicious distribution of European territory, and indirectly by the confidence they gave to the Continental Sovereigns, tended to retard the pro gress of civil liberty. Most of what has been done in spite of them has been well done ; and, though it will be rather strange if their death-wound shall be owing to one of the few just and humane stipulations that they contain, yet we must be content. The good and the evil have been alike ' contexaned, and, as each of the greater Powers for its own convenience has violated them, it is now beyond the rights of any to oppose them to claims that may be founded upon reason and humanity. Itussia and Austria, with the assent of Prussia, have destroyed else freedom of the city of Cracow ; France has incorporated Savoy and Nice, and system as it was found e d broken up the Italian anew in 1815. Numberless other chang es h ave taken place, the most important being the sup pression of the Constitution and independent Go vernment of Poland thirty years ago. Although we have had no part in breaking up the Vienna sys tem, yet we have no reason to fear accepting the work of others. The independence of the European nations will be better secured by domestic content and harmony between rulers and subjects than by the test of Treaties which have, rightly or wrongly, become odious, DAILY NEWS.—Another death under the wheels of an omnibus has taken place, and the coroner's jury, though they have absoleed the drivers and the owners from blame in this particular instance, have thought it right to append to their verdict a strong remonstrance against the practice of " nursing," which they declare on their personal knowledge to be still in full force in frequented thoroughfares. So it would seem that the horrible spectacle of last August, when in one of our chief streets a heap of bloody sawdust marked the spot where a victim had been slaughtered, has, ere September was out ; ceased to act as a warning. The death of one female Blondin sufficed to stop the sacrifice of more lives ill that purticulur form of fienlatiQUAl eruct, but t h e death of en omnibus conductor is too trivial an item to prevent persistence in the sensation race of the omnibus, wnere the immediate prize is a few extra coppers, and the ultimate ambition the forcing a rival off the road. So be it. We must adapt our remedies to the evil, and as it would seem that om nibus owners crc not to be restrained by sentiments of decency or of regard for the public safety, we must try to find out some other means of reaching their feelings. We know not whether in the scattered and voluminous police regulations of the metropolis there is tiny power to prohibit a practice which is the most dangerous that can be carried on in its crowded streets, and the great case of the Saloon Company against the General Omnibus Company, a few years ago, served only to show that if an indictment for conspiracy would lie, it was scarcely capable of proof. But if the law in this respect is inefficient, it must be altered. We cannot continue to allow the greedy competition of those who pro fess to serve us to make our streets as perilous as a battle field. Racing and "nursing" are amuse ments for which there can never be apology. They are not fair competition. Neither a new candidate, nor an old servant, has a right to damage his rival in that way. The public cannot gain by it, for its only object is to put an end to that fair competition by which alone cheapness and convenience are to be attained. Thus there is neither reason nor sympathy on the side of those who choose to indulge in so peril ous and iniquitous a means of raising themselves by crushing a competitor. It is, therefore, a fitting case, if any can be conceived, for intervention of the police to put the practice down. Let them, if they have not the power, be armed with the power of summoning every driver who is seen racing, and the owners of every omnibus which is seen " nurs ing," and let sharp personal penalties in both cases put an end to a system which makes the traversing of our streets as dangerous as the walking in a fog along a railway line. In the matter of racing both parties are equally guilty ; in the matter of " nurs ing" there can be seldom any difficulty in discover ing the real culprit ; and if in the former case it may be only the drivers who are to blame, it must in the latter be almost always the owners. The apportionment of the penalty which we have indi cated is, therefore, the fittest to reach the root of the evil, and there can be no doubt it ought to be strictly exacted. The liberty of the subject is carried a little too far when it is made to include the liberty of slaughtering, and the name of free trade is abused when it is applied to proceedings whose object is at any hazard to maintain a mono poly. It would, indeed, be well if the immediate penalties of the police court could in other instances be substituted for the cumbrous and haphazard operation of a civil action for driving in the streets. At present there is no interference with the cab or the heavy van which turns the corner at speed, un less an unlucky foot passenger is killed or seriously damaged, and so clever is the driving, and so preter naturally acute are the senses of the Londoner, that these accidents happen in an infinitely small propor tion of the occasions on which they might reasonably be expected to result. The consequence of this cow - parative infrequency is carelessness,and the accidents which do occur are generally traceable to the care lessness which is bred by the rarity of the penalty. But the accidents would become very much fewer than they are if power were given to the police to take note of those who are acting in such a way as to make them probable. This would be a constant and steady check; the fear of an indictment for manslaughter, or an action for damages, is too re mote to be practically effective. The rule by which police cautions, or summonses, would be guided, need not be different from that which regulates civil liability. It is laid down by the judges that on approaching a crossing it is the duty of the drivers of carriages to look out for the foot-passengers, but at every other place it is the duty of foot-passengers when crossing the street to take care of themselves. There is reason and good sense in the distinction, and it points out a way of securing safety without inconveniently diminishing the speed of vehicles. To require that every driver should slacken his pace on approaching a corner or a crossing, so as to be able to pull up instantly on the appearance of any one in front of him, will not materially diminish the rate of our progress through the streets, and this is a rule which the police might very well be charged with enforcing. We must, indeed, consent to a cer tain amount of police regulation when we cease to be wanderers in the desert or herdsmen on the hills, and crowd together three millions of souls in one huge city. Acts harmless enough elsewher e become full of peril when done amongst a multitude. But prevention is better than punishment, and a few slight fines or admonitions inflicted every week for dangerous practices would be tenfold more con ducive to our safety and comfort than a trial for manslaughter once a year, or the verdict of a jury for twenty pounds and costs, occurring perhaps four times as often, as the penalty for a broken leg or fractured ribs, POST.—It will be in the recollection of the public that one of the first consequences of the introduction by the Federal Financial Minister of an inconver tible paper currency was to drive out of circulation the specie which was then in use. Money dealers, like other merchants, sought the beat market in which to dispose of their precious commodity, and ship load alter ship load of bullion was exported from America to Europe. The effects of the drain thus created soon manifested themselves. Gold first, and silver afterwards, rapidly disappeared, and the citizens of the Northern towns found themselves obliged to conduct even the most trifling business transactions 011 credit. The man who rode in a cab, or dined at a tavern, or purchased a pair of gloves at a hosier's, was obliged to take, in lieu of his change, to which he might happen to be entitled, a certificate of indebtedness for that amount. After a time certificates for various sums were kept in readiness, and each person became, so far as re garded the issuing of bank notes, a private banker. In the meantime the premium on gold rapidly rose. Unfortunately, too, it rose and fell in such a spas modic manner, and the quotations of our day dif fered so much from those of the days immediately preceding and following it, that, in the every-day transactions of business, shopkeepers wer e d r i ven to despair in their attempts to estimate at its market worth the Federal Treasury notes, the only circu lating medium which was left in use, Th e wan t o f dollars, and after a time of cents, mated a demand for their representatives in the new currency ; and to meet this demand the Federal Government were obliged to issue notes of the smallest denomination. e Green-backs," as the Americans learned to call the Government notes, supplied the immediate wants of the community, and render e d unneces sary the devices. to which th e mercant il e classes had been driv en to compensate f or th e d e fi c i ency of "change." Still, however, notwithstanding every effort on the part o f th e G overnment to pt.& vent i t, the specie continued to flow eastward across the Atlantic, and in the same proportion what may be termed the metalli c currency di sappeare d f rom circulation. Congress, which at the time was in ses sion; conferred on the Secretary of the Treasury powers to issue bank notes ad libitum ; and this, combined with the unsatisfactory progress of the war, tended to increase the value of gold, and necessarily to depreciate the paper currency which had to so great an extent displaced it. Such was the general condition of financial affairs in the Northern States at the commencement of the pre sent year. It is, however, not a little singular that, although during the past six months the successes of the Federal armies have not been such as to in spire sanguine hopes of the speedy and victorious termination of the war, the financial aspect of affairs has apparently improved. We are far from denying that the results of the summer campaign on the Mississippi were not such as should have raised in the money market the value of Federal securities ; but, regard being had to other circum s t ances, i t st i ll r emains to most men in this country a marvel that the paper currency of the U n it e d S tates s h ou ld have stood as high as it did in the middle of the past month ; namely, before the defeat of General Bosencrane. At one period last year the premium on gold exceeded 65 per cent. Within the past two months it has been as low as 26. A citizen of the Northern S ta t es wou ld d ou b t l ess re f e r this singular variation to the military successes of the past sum - mer, and to the c o nviction, shared by so many in the North, that the " backbone" of the rebellion may now fairly be considered as broken. That the Northern population are sincere in this conviction is, we suppose, proved! by the willingness with which they exchange specie for one-third more its representative value in paper. But that which shakes the confidence of Europeans is the worth of Federal paper is a circumstance of which the Ameri cans appear to take no ac c o un t. We are a tax-paying people in this country, and are accustomed year by year to see the debts, or the interests on the debts, createcl ie past times paid by the revenues which are thus raised. 'We know from experience that there is but one way by w hi c h th e fi na ncial credit of a State can be supp or t e d, name l y , by providing with regularity for the payment of the o,oeernment creditor. Nov, the circum s t ance t o w hi c h we have alluded, and which amid th e bl aze o f F e d e ral .vic tories has not attracted th e a tt ent i on o f the Amen-, can nation, is that during th e t wo years an d a half which the war has lasted not a single dollar has been raised in the way of taxation, If the success of the campaign pe the Mississippi ra i se d the value of M. r. Chase's Treasury notes, etirely the fact that during the past twel ve months he has increase d the Federal debt by about one h un d red and fifty millions sterling ought to hav e t en de d to depre Ci ate t h e in convertible currency, which rests alone on the cre dit of the state. Add t o t hi s t h at, whilst i ncre asing his liabilities, the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted in any manner"to provide frit. them; and:one may well expres s as t on i s h ment that i n the third year of the AMericau war the pcosiUna °II gold London: PrinZed and rubilehed by WILLIAM ANDREWS, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE Sim Office No. 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, IA the county et Misitilepoz, 7 §aturday, 009 Per 10,:,1863. should be less than half of what it was in the second. The currency which no w constitutes almost the sole circulating medium in the United States belongs to the class of what are termed on the Stock Exchange "speculative securities." The note with which a citizen of New York or Washington pur chases what is necessary for his daily wants changes materially in value from day to day, according as the fortune 3 of armies fighting in distant regions vary, or as stock-jobbers speculate for a "rise" or " fall." Gold which to-day is quoted at 35 premium may, from a variety of circumstances, be quoted at 25 or at 45 a week subsequently. This is the pre sent condition of a Republic which three years since was esteemed the most prosperous in the world. Singular as this condition is, it entirely fails to rivet the notice of those to whom seemingly the changes which have been wrought should be most apparent. The Americans no doubt think it a nuisance that a difference should exist between the apparent and the real value of a bank note ; but they reconcile themselves to it as being one of the hard conditions of war. Their armies are 130 w, as they consider, on the high road to victory, and as each success will diminish the premium on specie, the paper cur rency will be at par simultaneously with the extinction of the rebellion. It is purely a matter of time, and to all appearances a very short time, when the Union, refreshed rather than exhausted by its recent struggles, will once more stand forth the envy and the admiration of all other States. With such prospects, who, then, ought to be sur prised that the premium on gold has fallen instead of risen daring the past year ? Nay, rather, who should not express his astonishment that capitalists do not eagerly convert their gold and silver on such profitable terms into the Treasury notes of the United States of America ? It is idle to argue with those who hold this language ; and, as it is useless to dilate on the pleasures of vision to one who is born blind, it is equally in vain to endeavour to con vey to the hitherto untaxed people of America a notion of the weight of the burdens which are occasioned by a gigantic national debt, Mr. Glad stone on one occasion spoke in Parliament of what he termed "an ignorant impatience of taxation." At present it may be said that the American nation are simply ignorant of this mode of providing for the satisfaction of State liabilities. When the war has terminated, it will be seen whether they will also deserve to be characterised as impatient of taxation. COUNTRY MARKETS. LIVERPOOL-FRIDAY. All this morning we have had continued heavy rain, and at this day's market there was a small attendance, bnt the demand for wheat was generally more firm. Oats Id per bushel cheaper. Barley, beans, and peas unaltered. Indian corn at the prices current on Tuesday. Flour very dull, WAKEFIELD-FRIDAY. A fair quantity of wheat came to hand to-day, and fine dry sorts met a slow demand at nearly last Friday's rates; other sorts difficult to quit at is decline. Barley, fine, was unaltered, but secondary sorts neglected. Other articles rather cheaper. Averages for the week : Wheat 2,869 qrs., at . 42s 9tl Rye Oats — i :---a Ocl Beans Peas 8ar1ey......... 800 STAMFORD—FRIDAY. White wheat, 41s to 45s ; red, 39s to 43s per 36 stone. Barley, rushing, 36s to 408 ; grinding, 30s to 32s per qr. Oats, 22s to 26stper 24 stone. Beans, old, 42s to --s per qr. ; new, 39s to —s. EXETER -FRIDAY. Wheat, white.. 6s 3d to'6s 4d I Barley ...3s 6d to 4s 3d Ditto red. .6s Od to 6s 3d Oats .. ..... ..2s 9d to 3s Od Flour, fine, 35s to 36s ; seconds,i34s to —s per sack. CATTLE. Fat beef, p sc., 10s0d to 11s6d Ewes, per lb ....Rd to bid Pork carcases, 7s Od to Ss Od Wethers, d 0.....„ 7d to —d Lamb, p 1b.......—d to —d Fat calves, d0...61d to 7d. Rough fat, 3td per lb. BRISTOL SUGAR-FRIDAY. The market this week has been doing a steady bust. tress for most descriptions of sugar, and the prices must be quoted fully is higher than last week. Refined goods in better demand, at is to is 6d advance on late rates. DUBLIN-TUESDAY. o. d. s. d. Wheat, white., 23 0 to 25 6 Do., red 2O 0 to 23 6 Do., new Barley Oats Do., black — 0 to 0 8. d. s. d. Beans.. — 0 to 0 Bere ll 0 to 13 0 Rapeseed Oatmeal l2 0 to 14 6 Bakers' flour Indian corn COAL A Primo of Coal per Ton at a. d. .ARKET. the dose of the market. Byass's Bebside West - Hartley....l7 6 Carway and Duffryn Malting . 21 0 Lambert's West Hart- s. d. ley - 17 3 Walker Primrose 13 0 Cowpen Hartley 17 6 rantield Moor 14 6 ranfield Moor Butes l4 6 West Hartley 17 6 Wylam 17 3 Ships at market Walls End. Russell's Byron .. l9 6 K elloe ........19 6 Wharneliffe 18 9 Braddyll's Hatton 20 3 Hetton 21 0 Trimdon Hartlepool 20 6 Thorpe 19 0 Framwellgate.. l9 3 Cassop 2O 0 t, 33 ; sold, 27. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton. Oct. 19. via Marseilles .. Oct. 13. girazil and Cape•Verds, by British packet. Nov. 4. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena.. Oct. 29. China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton. Oct. 19. via Marseilles ...Oct. 13. Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton .. Oct. 8. India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 13. India (Bombay), via Southampton Oct. 11. via Marseilles Oct. 21. Portugal.... Nov. 4. Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 11. Newfoundland .. Oct. 10. Oporto and Vigo U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... Oct. 8, by 'U.S. packet.... by Canadian packet. Oct. 9. W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Teneriffo ..Oct. 10. Bahamas, via New York Oet. 22. Mexico.. All parts of West Indies, including Chili, California. and British C o l um bi a .. Peril, 1 Oct. 14. Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by pur chasing Horniman's pure Tea ; very choice at 38. 4d. and 4s. " High Standard "at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. ADVERTISEMENT.]—Avoid medicines: they always aggra vate chronic complaints, but Du Barry's Delicious Health Restoring Revalents Ambles Food, which saves fifty times its cost in other remedies, invariably Cures them, restoring perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, healthy liver, pure blood, refreshing sleep, functional regularity, and energy to the most disordered or enfeebled. We extract a few out of 60,000 Cures :—Cure No. 58,216 of the Marchioness de Brehan, Paris, of a liver complaint, wasting away for seven years, debility, with a nervous palpitation all over, bad digestion, constant sleeplessness, the most intolerable nervous agitation, and dreadfully low spirited.—Cure No. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies, Lord Lieut. of Waterford, of many years' dyspepsia.—No. 49,832. "Fifty years' indescribable agony s it, l e o t w h from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, g M a t i h s s e r E i ni Elisabeth flatulency, spasms, sickness, and vomiting.—Maria Jolly." —Cure No. 96,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Frimley, Surrey, of meat,Jacobs, thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derange. indigestion, e No, 47,121 spirits, nervous fancies.— Cure No. 54,816. The Rev. Jas. Fakenham, Norfolk, " of indigestion and torpi ditywhich had resisted all medical treatment." partial extreme udeafness.—Cure 8-C u r T.Cam ot t p h b e el li l, Ter, In tins,lb., 121 b., 225. ; 2411 r 1 2s. 9d. ; 21b., 4s. Od ; Nb., lls. ; 40,. —Barry Du Barry and Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London; also Fortnum and Mason ; and all Grocers and Chemists in every town of the United Kingdom, Births. HENDREY.—On the Bth inst., at 78, Warwick-square, Pimlico, the wife of James Rendrey, Esq., of a son. SAVERY.—On the Bth inst., at Chepstow, the wife of A. B. Savory, Esq , of a d aughter. WARREN.—On the Bth inst., at Jeffry's-road, Clapham, the wife of Thomas Warren, Esq., Scinde Railway, of son. Marriages. LUARD— CHAMBEIILIN.—On the Bth inst., at Hale Church, near Farnham, Surrey, Lieut.-Colonel Richard G. A. d uard, Assi s t ant -I nspector of V olunteers, to Hannah, daughter of the late Henry Chamberlin, Esq., of Navi borough, Norfolk. WARREN—RIDSDALE.—On the Bth inst., at Clapham, the Rev. William Warren, of Trowbridge,Wilts, to Frances, second daughter of Francis J. Ridsdale, Esq., of Gray's inn. Deaths. BONHAM.—On the Bth inst., at Paddington, Sir SI. George Bonham, Bart,, K.O 8., aged 60. CinsmirromAitt.—On the Bth inst., at The Glebe, Grote.. hill, S., Robert Cunningham, Esq., aged 61. DAMES.—On the 6th inst,, at Kingstown, Ireland, Francis Longworth Dames, Esq., of Greenhill, King's County GRIURR.—On the Bth ilia., Joseph aged 74. G r ipper, Esq., aged 78. PALMER.--On the 7th i ns t ., Reeve Palmer, Esq., of Haddiscoe Hall, Norfolk, aged 61. at Great Yarmouth, Ambrose Surru,—On the Bth inst., at Lewisham, Mr, Benjamin Smith, aged 74.