The Sun. — London, England, 1863-09-11 00:00:00

to Cotton Famine and the Health of the Operatives. In the autumn of last year apprehensions were entertained lest the distress in the manufacturince districts should lead to the oui break of some epide mic disease. In the month of October the attention of the Mcdfell Depirtmont of the Privy Council Wt s aroused, and Dr. Buchanan, one of the physi cians to the L'eidon Fever Hospital, was commis sioned to inquire into the sanitary condition of the cotton distric - s. His investigations occupied about two months, and at the end of December he made a report which has been published as an appendix to that of Mr. Simon, the Medical officer of the Privy Council. That report is not confined to a mere statement of the nature and extent of the disease met with, but also contains much valuable informa tion es to the sueficiency of relief afforded, and the eff,ct which prolonged distress has had upon the Irlbits of the operatives. In spite of the vast efforts which were made to assist the unemployed one of the most lamentable consequences of extreme destitution appeared last winter. Lancashire had been wholly exempt from typhus fox, r, of what is called by D. Buchanan the "true Irish type," since 1847-8; but last year it again appeared, and in Preston and Manchester assumed an epidemic form. At Preston 227 cases were ascertained to have occurred between midsum mer and the end of November, and those attacked died at the rate of about 23 per cent. At Manchester there were probably at least 100 attacks, and 20 deaths in the same period. The existence of typhus ft ver was itself sufficient to suggest doubts as to the success of the measures adopted for the relief of the distress, and inquiry detected the existence of other morbid conditions confirming thoie apprehensions. Some of these conditions consisted of a simple de cline from the normal standard of health and strength, while others constituted positive disease. , The towns visited were Ashton, Blackburn, Bol ton, Bury, Charley, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham, Preston, Salford, Stockport, and Wigan. In all of these, with the exception of Bolton and Bury, it was found that the cotton workers, as a body, had sustained a loss of strength, colour, and flesh. Uni versal emaciation and pallor did not indeed at first sight strike the visitor, but those who penetrated to the homes of the poor observed a wan and hag gard look about the people which is not habitual. The parents had lost their health, and more gene rally than the children, and the paleness and ex haustion of the mothers, who almost starved them selves, were particularly noticeable. At Ashton women had become weaker in childbirth, and fainted readily from any excess of haemorrhage at that time. Many mothers unduly prolonged the suckling of their children, pleading in excuse that they could not afford to purchase the food appropriate to an infant which was being or had jest been weaned. Children had suffered less in their strength and apparent r obustness. Indeed inattention and substitution of maternal car e for the and injudicious treatment of hired nursery keepers had operated favourably upon their health; and a part from special epid emics the ordinary maladies of childhood were very slightly felt. In Preston, through the summer and autumn diarrhoea was muc h more prevalent than in ordinary years, and the disease was peculiarly untractable. In no other town was there such an excess, and in Ashton, Blackburn, Bolton, Bury, and Stockport there was less autumnal diarrhoea than usual. Cases of dysentery, in no great number, but still of exceptional frequency, occurred at Chorley, Oldham, Salford, and Wigan. At Ashton and Chorley diarrhoea had been a constant con comitant of measles, but except in those towns no prevalent disease had been complicated by it. A tendency to haemorrhage was witnessed in several towns, and actual scurvy occurred among cotton workers at Stockport, Preston, Blackburn, and Sal ford. In almost all eases the sufferers were women A disposition to ulcerate or slough, apparently in consequence of altered habits and diet, was exhibited in one cr two cases in Blackburn ; and one district surgeon in Manchester found that all bruises and Alight wounds were singularly difficult to heal. Rheumatism was said to be particularly common among other places at Ashton and Wigan. An un paralleled quantity cf itch was observed in Black burn, Manchester, Stockport, and Salford. Epi demic diseases, fostered as they are by bad diet, bad air, and want of cleanliness, furnish a good index to an exceptional preva;en C 3 of these agencies. Put ting aside sporadic cases the fallowing complaints were met with in an epidemic form :—chickenpia in a part of Manchester; measles in Ashton, Black burn, Eury, Chorley, Manchester, and to a less extent in Salford, Preston, and Wigan; whooping-cough in Chorley, Manchester, Salfoiel, and Stockport; scar• hatina in Ashton, Darwen, Manchester, Oldham, and about October and November in Stockport ; typhoid rather frequent in Bolton, Bury, Chorley, Darwen, and Stockport; true typhus cases were seen in Preston, Manchester, and Chorley. At Chorley measles had frequently been complicated with ophthalmia. .Scarlatina, whever it occurred, was distinguished by the extreme degree to which it affected the mucous membranes. Very bad throats, with nasal discharges, and glands in the neek greatly swollen, had been commonly observed, and in some places, as at Oldham, had given a highly fatal caa reefer to the epidemic. In that town, the popula tion of which is 72,233, there were 169 deaths from scarlatina between midsummer and the Ist of December. Drunkenness with the diseases and accidents produced by it were unequivocally less prevalent than usual. Only in Manchester, Salford, 'and Wigan, where a large portion of the inha bitants are not engaged in the cotton trade, had in temperance prevailed to its ordinary extent. The inquiry of Dr. Buchanan was, as we have 'hinted, not confined to the diseases which had been produced or aggravated by distress, but extended to tee more general sul4ject of the income, expendi ture, and the state and habits of the operatives. AS the result of the investigations into the financial branch of the subject it was found that low health anala c tual disease had resulted and wou ld result from t he income of the unemployed being belo w the ct. ( lard that would procure them adequate food. Actual observation eu showed that health cannot be sen P at? .., r an amount of food less than is repre le. 9.1„ 1. r j e t " . • 6d. per head per week w holesale, or lest the all value. In the month of December all souree,"„age income of the cotton workers from as out of th us . nearly 24. per head per week, but etout la. s ' l Payments for rent, amounting to eer week and oemetire as Per family, for candles, and tity of food procurable Luc had to be :made, the quau auch as cou ld .„) Zale was On the average only 1.6, 51., but which a t , tr:ieci at contract pric!e4 for From the c eeattieneinae ta il shops would cost ls. 711 more than ef the distress until No ber scaree4 eteeuet of food w „, . proeu n three quarters of that °anoint; which ought not to There is one small indicates the clinging to hab l i be overlooked, as it h-e who are b u ff • " prudence on the y , rt o. t„o, • buffering the a children distress. Tice .41:Iny of the operatives have thei r clubs, and religiously discharge the in in burial wee;tiv peyments of penny per head, are, It is said , sed to r • best p.ea teem, .2.e poor Ist ance either in money' or in tickets the currency of particular shop, h which let hot confined to a their choice in this respect is hardly a wise one. p ron ; rice s charged at n u comparison between the r n tail shops and those paid for articles supplied by contract it appears that 10d. given in kind Nor is the is equal to a shilline given in money. nd confined advantage of the system of relief in -d i to the question of value. The articles suppli ed f rom the stores of guardians and relief comm ittees are, as a rule, better and more pure than those obtainable tst the shops ; and under such a system th e p oor escape the temptation to unprofitable expenditure to which when relief is given in money they are too often disposed to yield. The nature of the diet of the operatives and its preparation have, of course, a bearing upon their nutrition scarcely less important than its amount. In thee respects the poor of Lancashire suffer not a little in consequence of their previous habits and their want of knowledge as to how to make the most of the food which is now procurable. They have been used to live upon a generous diet, and suffer In‘lre from the lack of animal food than if they had ' l ot been a.constomed to its liberal use. In prosper- oils times they pay litte attention to careful domes ' tic economy, and now that it is needed they have no knowledge how to turn their f,canty inc In( s to the best adv;intage. If the nAoney which spend in food was laid out to the best account, a they were able to cook the materials Co procu- in the mot nseful manner and without waste, their rear rve would go much further than they now do. An ex- Creme instance of ignoran ce i n t h ese respects was exhibited by a poor girl at Preston who paid half her earnings in rent and tried to keep herself alive upon the remaining 15d. a week. This would have been difficult with the best management, " but her notions of economy were comprised in bread and tai, and death by scurvy was the result of them." The ordinary diet of the unemployed, as witnessed by Dr. Buchanan, was almost exclusively vegetable ; occasionally only they effcrded a bit of bacon, cheese, or butter, a herring, or, more rarely still, a morsel of cheap meat. " Bread constitutes the greatest part of their daily food. Oatmeal or meal of Indian corn less commonly is the next most usual food, made into porridge or into various sorts of bread. To these a little butter or treacle is added generally for the children when they can afford it. Potatoes stand next, being happily good, cheap, and generally popular. Partly from want of utensils, partly from inexpertness, their cooking gives no variety to these materials. Tea with sugar, but usually without milk, is now the common drink. , In very few families can a proper amount of milk, even it any at all, be bought for the children ; they are put on the same food as the adults at much too early an age." After such a picture as this, it is satisfactory to learn that, although a n imal food was so scantily consumed in a solid form, the poorest usually buy ing none, yet, "in almost all towns there are soup kitchens, where a quart of good meat soup is given fora penny ;" that "in some few towns potato-hash"t a (locally called " bob sconce") " may be had a penny a pint," and that "in Manchester and Salford public dining kitchens base been , lately established, where not only soup , but meals of meat m m and n t potatoes .,, ri,he can a d advantage for t h a a g d e of n s extremely ueh estas small enptayi strikingly illustrated by the fact that— In ss these mal food can be got for th e same m ways a dinner containing ab out two ounces oeunctehsat i ofnatnhie homes of the poor would only procure a dish of po tatoes or a basin of porridge. As far as the better class of cotton workers were concerned, there was at the time of this report bat little alteration as regarded the houses which they Tb e y were, as a rule, inhabitin g th e occupied. same cottages of three or four rooms that they occu pied in more prosperous times. There w as among t h em but little disposition to crowd together, though often a married son or daughter came back to live with their parents, in order to save rent. Among the poorer classes, however, things were worse. Many who formerly rented a two or three-roomed cottage were obliged to content them selves with a single room, while others took a stranger to lodge with the family. In the very poorest class two families frequently occupied a single room, one bed sufficing for the whole of each family. The amount paid for rent varied consider ably in different towns, and even in the same town according to the means and disposition of landlords. The owners of single cottages, often poor persons, to whose support the rent was a material contribution, were obliged to bear rather hardly upon the tenants, but larger owners could afford to wait for their rents, and as a rule they showed considerable libe rality. Distraint was rare, and not many cottages were to be seen empty. The average of rent paid was probably much less than half the usual amount. Only in one town, Oldham, did the Relief Com mittees make a separate provision for the rent of the people whom they were assisting, but as a rule tLe committees regarded a portion of their grant as applicable to this purpose, and arranged their allow ante with reference to that circumstance. Over crowding was distinctly on the increase, and had in December reached a pitch fatal to cleanliness and purity of air, and equa4 so to sexual delicacy. In the very poorest cottages there was a further reason for overcrowding, besides the desire to save rent. "In the bitter frosts of November the most destitute began to huddle together as closely as possible for warmth, and, being sadly deficient in bedding, their day clothes often serving for their only covering by night, they care fully excluded from their crowded bedrooms every breath of sir. If they rented two bedrooms, they brought the beds together into one. Six or eight people would come at night into a room 12 feet square, with the window and door closed and padded, and the fireplace (as is almost univerfril with them) thoroughly papered up, and lie as closely as they could for the heat of etch others' bodies. They got their warmth indeed, but in a fashion that was monstrously hurtful to their health." Even when Dr. Buchanan visited the manufac- Luring districts a check had be.eu given to the over crowding which resulted from mere cold by the distribution of bedding, and it is to be hoped that in the ensuing winter the poor will never be driven to such unwholesome shifts to keep up the animal heat. In the article of dress the cotton operatives had suffered as much as is those of food or lodging. First their Sunday clothes, then their changee of linen, were sold or pawned, and their single suit, if not diminished in the same way, was worn to shreds. The poorest people were constantly with out underclothing, and a single petticoat and bodice often formed the entire wardrobe of a woman or child. In such a state, and with deficient bedding they were found by the early frosts of No vemb3r. Had we had a veriwct or cold winter, the rate of mortality would have been frightful. As it was, bronchitis was exceedingly prevalent, even mong the women and children, and the men who were employed at out-door labour seem to have suffered with especial severity from diseases pro duced by the cold. They would have suffered more had not the Guardians in the worst weather dis pensed with the test of oat-door labour. De. Bu chanan found nothing to observe upon in the exter nal condition of the houses and streets as effected by the distress, but as to the inside of the houses in habited by the poorer classes he states that these was a general want of cleanliness, in part connected with their having more inhabitants, and in part due to the cost of cleaning materials. Landlords,whose weekly visit for rent was made in vain, appeared to have become careless about the wholesomeness of their houses, and few of the local e.uthoritie, had acted on their powers of compelling attention to these matters. D miestic cieanduess had been often preserved under many incentives to its neglect, a result which was probably greatly promoted by the gratuitous distribution of soap by many of the relief committees. It' the old standard of personal tidi ness had not been maintained, there had been lees slovenliness and dirt than might have beer. ex pected. In the Preston Union, when a dirty person applied for relief, the Guardians, before considering his case, sect biza off with a tick:A to the nearest bath. One of the most interesting and effeenal means which henevolencs created to contend with distress last winter was the sewing schools, end it is satis factory to learn from De. Buchanan that " from a medical point of view it would hardly be possible so give too much praise" to them. " Triousands of persons," he says," but especially of young woman, are provided in them with shelter and warmth thtoughout the day, are act. to useful work, fur nished with clothes and money and kept from the mental harm of idleness." Excellent as these insti• tstitions are, at the time of the dextor's vkit one f :; ka e: t e o r r a y l i l inns fault pervaded them ; they exnibited a la mentable deficiency of ventilation. Held, as they lation without uur place y or w i el e in the large, low , room of an empty of ehii r tt a Fchoolroom intended for a less num pro:ae'da, the original construction of neither The girls used for a Lai - lc:lent change of air, " venti to draught e,„N'pg scarcely possible." left off ° all the Windowtheir hot mills, inejsted on shut tingofte intolerably 41 ; pe so stances we are not that the at:mil/Lei.," was learn that the lady Burifei and under such circntn superintendents often and that more than headaches,: that the faces vg°ll( Wil4 the intense of the ' Wo - men P in e t s h ton. were seen unhealthily flushed, a Pea thernoelves one of t h e m had fainted over her acwi nc , The only schools which were ein e m; . at Preston, were those established by the guardians getting out of health, and at the e f iaerned that the young It had lately schools had been request of the managers Dr Buchanan undertook an investigation into the nature, extent, and ,canoes of their sufferings. Of 36 girls examined eight had ail- so N. LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 11, 1863 ables, books. Yankee notions. The voice was not sufficient t to solicit custom; the basket was thrust in your ribs for your patronage. The hawkers of New York papers bAwled the tillefi of their ware in our ears till midnight. Presently came the turn for the Philadelphia, then for the Baltimor,:, early press. The evening trash was followed by the morn ing rubbish, with first, second, and third editions, and the " sensation" headings dinn e d at full length into our ears. Anon there was the sharp twanging voice of the Yankee guard squalling for tickets. He came past like a turnkey making the round of his gaol birds. He dug his sharp nailed thumb between the shoulders and chest of the unlucky sleepers. He spoke to us, handled us as no London police man would deal with a thief. Eight or ten times at least in the night was that odious call for tickets renewed. The ne ceseities of the service may, for aught 1 know, render the nuisance unavoidable; but notning will convince me that the surly official dog does not take a wanton pleasure in ag gravating the hardness of his functions ; that he does not wish to impress you with the fact that all men are equal before hire, and that till be sees your ticket ho has a right to look upon you as a swindler, aed has the right to treat you as such both before and after seeing the ticket. Mauled, pounded, and with all my poor blood boiling with the sense of long-endured indignities, I at last reached Washington, where, as a matter of course, I had to go through the ordeal of porters, carmen, and hackney coach men, and to bear the vacant, insolent stare of the officer keeper, and the laziness and untidiness of the waiters at the hotel. I have since been moving about, without ceasing, by day no less than by night, by steamboats no less than on railways. I found nowhere a change for the better. Every where the same crowds and mobs, the same filth, the same utter disregard for other people's comfort, the same reck less irresponsible extortion, the same cool quiet insolence, the same want of all order, punctuality, civility. I spoke to well. to •do Americans, who agreed with me that travelling in their country exposes them to all the harsh unmannerly treatment I complained of, who confirmed nay opinion that matters on that score have become infinitely worse than they used to be in my old experience of Yankeeland a quar ter of a century since, when they were in all conscience already as bad as they ought to be. My friends shrug their shoulders, and think the evil admits of no cure. Secession you may have in America, and martial law, and the sus pension of the habeas corpus; but democracy must needs hold its tyrannical sway on the high road ; and a division of railway carriages into classes, a separation of first and second cabin passengers in steamboats, are no more to be thought of than the removal of the nasty quid from the jaws of an independent citizen, or the abolition of the pri vilege every man has of turning the carpet even of a lady's drawing. room into a pig -sty. How should, then, a poor wight travel in this country ? The answer of my estimable friends is simply "don't," and they illustrate precept by practice by limiting their excursions in the States to jour neys of dire necessity, and hastening to Europe whenever they can afford leisure and money for genial locomotion. Travelling in America is like pelitics—a dirty work, from which clean-minded men shrink, leaving it to those who have no better way to get on in the world, and who know bow to turn it to the best account. SPIRIT OF TIM PUBLIC JOURNALS, TIMES.-111,irriage is an important as well as a holy thi ng . N othing can be sounder than the doe • trine th at a nat i on is in a bad way when the mar riages am ong its populati on decline in number. The fact is pr oo f e i ther of public distress or social dete rioration. Still, there must be fluctuations in such statistics, but it is very desirable that their real meaning should not be mistaken. Just now, the returns on this head are rather remarkable, but we doubt 'whether we h ave been correctly apprehen d e d . It is b eyond question that the marriages in the whole kingdom were below the average for the whole year 1861 —the last annual reckoning published by the Registrar-General. It is also certain that the decline was di s ti nctly marked in the manufacturing districts, but we are by no means sure that the in fluence of the Cotton Famine in the matter has not been materially overrated. When we read in the report that in a certain quarter of the year 1861 the marriages in Manchester, as compared with those of a similar period in the year preceding, declined from 1,285 to 1,150; in Ashton, from 312 to 271 ; in Blackburn, from 412 to 288; in Preston, from 355 to 254 ; and in Stockport, from 332 to 218, it is impossible to d ell that the incipient the cotton ind ustry might really h ave b een th en affecting the returns of the year.yet paralysis of this influence could not have b een so powerfu l as was suppo se d. The Quarter which we have quoted was the fourth quarter, and, indeed, we could hardly have looked for much effect of the blockade before that time. But the report shows or less unfavourable to marriages, and l especially a the first quarter of it, when the cotton supply had " d o experienced no interruption, and the Civil l. America had not broken out. In poiet of , fact, e lt was tho weather which at this period was the that the whole year was more ob structive agent. Most readers will retain a . a tol ? recollection of the Christmas of 1860, its intense ' the e frosts and its snow. The extreme severit el contributedn period " eminently uopropitious,” an,, - s an e upon the will le seeson and the dearness of provisions rendered o the much to that decline which the marriage rate up 0 the succes sively failed to bring prospective cotton famine could avereg-, but still the especially in fauit, for the same phe year. The second and thirdiBqUlarters, again, stueees not have been bo f ri l i ° N ra i :i T OT:1 n S o W f ' 8 t they It is evident, in short, kingdom. It the majority of the great inspection of these statisrias, that upon an attentive in m s ter of marriages which distin the destine in thol , lL 1861 was due to the operation or guishes the yea . i causes rather than to th e i n _ general and eV; in g e rY xtraordinary agency. We can fluence of any one further. We can show that, this also gu one step thenwas, exhibited no Manni ng decline, such as it ertions. Nobody examining the observable . or uncommon proportions. for 1831 to suspect that be induced by the g misfortune had befallen the any unprecedented r. There is a very distinctfall tables of these statistics for the last 20 years would country in that ye r a riages, no doubt, since the total ing off in the e7rcrisen little as the popu h:er, whereas, according, marriages t o 161,f,0).65....1.°1tr5h 1855 —they to rule, they should But such fluctuations are not ago, for instance,—that ' lation increased. itGieraerl::::to March 31. Yet in that qua" numbers England d a r n o d p o w ed: l l e ' r a o h m at nvga l say, unusual. i n stahwe the figures zujuporwel sa3brsd(nui,oBBtoutbsot hit! : e1 1 : 1 8 4 . ; / : 1 1 have g. though 1853th a e mounted to 164,520, among a smaller popula tion, excess of the returns for 1861. being actually in 9 11 annodt iato wiaasrgneotadsuriiunst issued, dropped from 159,027, 1857, to had fallen th t i'en l y s ey e ae , :rs 1840 and 1842 o • ~ co . :o l :o s issi _nr ia.olhtnena 156,070. The Years h 'r also fell eft' . 1846, declined at a hefthr i e US to create any astonish materially ; but seen 011 foramebradocyca from ßu t h o e years retern i s a predecessors, t o e f l. t . B t e l 7 ltt t ghea e sint m :u a sti r nna r by ; e,lrBitpla-fB t rh the eg- figure not gu re g g : s t , h w er i e li :o h re h , a in d off in the numbers was any great degree to the Cot- ton earsio occasion:- and 7, quarterly return of the i t p F el, Famine. eiadt rraer tactual. antraunces an unex pected others, so that, whereas we the reader is probably aware that in these Reports the 'marriage return is always three months in cat births the But the lax, a nd deaths up to June 30, we get the in some of the chief districts m te a r— rri t a h g e es fi o r r s li t y o u r p the currentyear— they were de cidedly inereesing figures roe from 951 in 1861 and 830 in 1862, to e. In Mancbester the "Li F C a t: i t n tton also, there was a increase, and in Salford ' too. In other : 1 t o f : l e i os c 6i t d e ledarsabtbv considerable e t p h r e i n C g C o tton districts the tide VV 3B sti ll Setting the other way, and possible, as the R e gistrar-General observes, there li results. Nevertheless, in spi te o f t h e d e st r u c ti on o f o and t h e , i mpo v er i s h men t of our greatest g been re ates movements industry i s , of population affecting these onr richest communities, the national marriage rate for the first (Flirter of the present year is re ported above the aNerage. S o broad, i , . fact, is the area of these surveys, J and so numerous are the ele ments at wor k uPon the results, that we may per iisips fi n d lighter t races of the Cotton Famine than we ex pect even in ' the complete reports of 1862 and 1863. ['he cotton districts, alter all, are but a frac tion of England, and if any causes should combine to stimulate trade and encourage industry in other Populati on as th e y seem to h ave ,I,De in the metrop o li s, the decline to be anticipated great centres marria of marriages of Lancashire m a y b e compensa t e d by increase elsewh ere. We have already learnt that co tton is not such a King as was suppos e d, and that thEngl an d are not under h i s ru l e . Thee destinies cotton o tradef has b een struck out from the in dustries of the c ountry for a whole year witn less e tfact upon the business of the nation than anybody could have imagined. Some analogous result we may possibly discover in the Registrar-General's future returns. We see, in fact, in the tables now perceVibly off€eted by on like Lists of those of flue vicissitudes which before us that the Prnaress of the nation is but im are successively chronicled. The great body moves b Y g e o lo g, with a sl ew hnt irresistible course, Migratory glaciers grinding out for itself an onward passage through every obstacle in its Way. The Registrar-General tells us that we may take the last quarter of a cen tury, and consider that the growth of our population described throughout the Whole period proceeded as uninter ruptedly and as uniformly as the growth of a gigantic pine. "E h • • 1 eriod added : , le quinquennia p a million or a little More to the a nt In 1836-40 , CCM • the populatioh was ii s i n e e ge tarough its . s i xteenth million ; in 1841-45 throuah its seventeenth; in 1846-50 through itseighteenth; in 1851-55 through its nineteenth; and in 1856-60 through its twentieth million." In The niiddlicaf'lB6l our numbers are computed to hays be ett 20,119,496 for England and _,..re, No. .... Wales only, and th is in spite of wars, mutinies, - _, auenham, Norfolk, ;-11 commercial Da ' 'est deficient harvests, and inclement i ate of the liver, which had resisted 2 8 9 d; lib, 45 6d; 51b, - ..eatment. In tins, 11b, seasons. Calamities which startle US at the moment, i i_ls; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 405. Barry du Barry and Co., No. 77, and which may produce deep local distres_ fail ttegent-street, London; also Fortnum and Mason; and all 1° ) to gaocers and che t In th e United Kingdom • min a every town of , went of the day demanded and obtained from a subservient Parliament a suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act, on the plea that the existence of clubs and societies in favour of Parliamentary Reform tivls a public danger, detnalding this extreme mea sure, Then, as now, Lord Russell was the cham pion of public justice and popular rights, against the encroachment of arbitrary power and the seifish violence of a privileged class. One of his first speeches, it will be remembered, was against this unconstitutional measure, and referring to the much more serious dangers of the country when the Act was passed, he said, "We taik much—l think a great deal too much—of the wisdom of our an- ce;tors. I wish we would imitate the courage o our anc,istors. They were not ready to lay down their liberties at the foot of the Crown upon every vain or imaginary alarm." In the same speech he earnestly warned the House against losing the re spect of the people by refusing to listen to their grievances. "Let not the Reformers say—When we ask for redress you refuee all innovation ; when the Crown asks for protection you sanction a new code. For us von are not willing to go an inch— for Ministers you go a mile. When we ask for our rights, you ought not to touch the little finger of the Constitution—but when those in authority de• mend more power, you plunge your knife into its heart." When Lord Russell used this bold and patriotic language, all the world of fashion, i n fluence, and power were again st him, but he steadily fought the battle of popu l a r rights, giving th e b est Sears of his life to the snuggle, and eventually he triumphed. And amidst such welcome and strikinf, illustrations of the beneficent effects of the victory, a reference to the cause is not only pardonable, but in a high degree encouraging and instructive, Another political murder has just been committed at Warsaw on a man named Richter, the head of the pass_ port-offlco, who had recently been engaged in organizing a new police. He was stabbed to the heart in the street close to his own door. SHOCKING GUN ACCIDENT AT WARRINGTON.— A , acc id e nt, attended with festal consequences, oc eurirredtnd wrm. on Monday. Two young men, n ame d P eter Ken w Durkin, went to th e h ouse o f John Mee, in fl h a ydock-street, and borrowed a gun, Mee was not at home, but his wife, on being asked by Kenvrright if the g un was loaded, said she did not k now. T he young men then want together to the shop of Thomas Lowe, butcher, Winwick-street. Kenwright went into Lowe's house for t h e purpose of procuring a powder flask and shot bag. leav ing Durkin, who held the gun, at the sh o p d oor. Durkin stood with the gun resting on his foot, but, by some means, he let it fall, and, the hammer coming in contact with the ground, an explosion was the result. The greater part of the contents were lodged in the head of a boy of Lowe's, lour years of age, who was Playing about in the shop. The boy was killed in s t ant l y. Durkin, in a state of great a l arm , went to the police and gave himself into custody. The chief constable, however, finding thezo was no blame attached to him, did not detain [ADVERTISEMENT.3—OOrISUIriptiOII, all nervo us , bili ous liver, and stomach complaints, every stage, are only ag gravated and acc elerated by drug s o f every description, but perfectly curable by Du B arry ' s health restoring Revalenta Arabica ood, e:s proved by thousands of cases which had been considered hopeless. We quote a few.—Cure No. 62,914. Miss Lange, 18 years of age, cured after the medical men had abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last stage 9t pulmonary co nsumption, with f•arful cough, expectoration, exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, hollow cheeks. emaciated to a skeleton. Sheds now, thank God, a perfectly healthy, blooming, fleshy girl.—N. L ange , C omm is s aire de Police. Cure, No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Frimley S urrey, of thirty years ' diseased lungs, spitting o 1 blood, livers Mies deran gement, and partial deafyoB,—Cnre, No. 47 1 121. Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme ' nervous ness, indigestion.. gatherings, low spirits and nervous fancies. —° - 5 4,816. the Rev. James T. Cam ben T ' - of indigestio n and torphii. — • p all medical leave much mark in the great nationA account. Fttat account goes on with the steadiness and trei tormity of mechanism, and happy it is for Its the its purport prot.4pity. Ou another point, too, connecte e, w ith tlini subject t he same conditions or th e question m a y be remarked. It Las been asserted that emong the middle class of the population, or at any rite among a prtieular section of that claL , s, marriages have become of late less frequent than they were and. than they ought to be. But this de cline, if it hies anywhere occurred, is lost in the gross totals of the reckoning. Whatever may be done by war or famine, we may be pretty certain that a mere predilection for bachelorship has never yst affected the marriage rate struck by the Regis trar-General, We sincerely trust it never may do sc, for the symptom would be a bad one for the country, but at present the whole assertion must remain without prop''. We cannot test it. We can only say that if it is founded on fact the result is inappreciable in the statistics of the population, and that it requires causes far more powerful than social selfishness to influence the marriage rate of a great nation. DAILY NEW:J.—The establishment of People's Parks i❑ our large manufacturing and commercial towns is a felicity quite peculiar to our ow❑ day, a striotly modern fact, and it is at the same time one of the most gratifying signs of our social and poli tical progress as a nation. Until quite a recent period, excepting in the single instance of the Me tropolis, Parks belonged only to the privileged classes, being wholly identified with the royal or noble owners for whose use and pleasure they were in the main sacredly reserved. Close to many of the large towns were magnificent parks and plea sure-grounds, within whose dividing pale, from year's end to year's end, only a single household or a select circle ever entered, while the pent-up dwel lers in those towns had no means whatever of open air recreation except at too great a distance for any but vagabonds habitually to enjoy. The rapid de velopment of our manufacturing, mining, and com mercial industry has no doubt tended, as Lord Rus sell points out, to increase these evils. The rapid multiplication of mills and workshops will soon, even in the roost rural districts, absorb the village green, turn the way-side stream into inky slush, and cover the adjecent fields with a mass of densely populated, squalid tenements. In a few years al most the only available recreation for a working roan in such a district after his day's toil is a pipe on the door-step, a wrangle with his wife, or a pot with his companions at the beershop at the corner. But this serious incidental evil of our prosperous industry is being rapidly corrected. In our day the vanished village green is restored on a scale answer ing to the enlarged requirements of a manufacturing town over those of a country town or a rural ham let, Within the last few years many of our large towns, such as Salford and Halifax, have been sup plied with magnificent People's Parks, and the boon has in most cases been the result of local muni ficence, the parks having been given in whole or part by merchants and manufacturers. Those whose capital has most largely profited by the modern concentration of labour have thus been amongst the first to recognise the claims of the industrial classes, by making permanent provision on a general scale for their comfort and recreation, and enjoyment. Through the munificence of Sir D. Baxter, Dundee is now added to the number of towns thus tavoured. The beautiful park which this public-spirited mer chant has presented to his fellow-townsmen was opened on Tuesday, Lord Russell gracing the occasion with his presence, and appropriately summing up the feeling which such an act naturally inspires : ‘‘ Happy is he who can give to those in populous city pent' a rest from exhausting toil amid scenes which invigorate the body, and turn the mind to the contemplation of the wonderful works of God." The political allusions of Lord Russell's address, if deficient in the charm of novelty, were nevertheless Imenlierly fitted to such an occasion. We have no doubt heard before of the noble lord's share in the repeal of the Corporation and Test Acts, as well as in the great Municipal and Parliamentary Reform. But for this very reason, because a reference to these measures is so familiar and commonplace, we are too much disposed to overlook the great social and political revolution they represent, and while enjoying the beneficent results of this revolution► it is well that we should be reminded now and then of the struggles through which it was achieved, and learn to connect our superior advantages with their true cause. There is a far closer connec tion between the Parliamentary Reform of thirty years since and the People's Parks of to-day than careless observers might be disposed perhaps to imagine. It was substantially the battle of popular rights and political justice against the combined forces of clads, privilege, and accumulated wrongs ; and its success gained for the people the position out of which People's Parks, popular educatiou, end number less of her schemes of industrial elevation and social reform arose. That great instalment of public justice, with the measures in favour of political and religious liberty it produced, did much to remove the bitter alienation that had grown up between the governing classes and the people, established an understanding between them, and laid for the first time a solid basis of future action for the com mon good. It is enough to glance at the history of this country daring the years which preceded the Lela ling of the Reform Bill to be convinced of this. We can baldly now even conceive of the terrible social and politic:el condition of England during the fifteen years that intervened between the peace and the era of successful reform. The Government of the day was not only destitute of popular sympathy and support, but waged an active and determined warfare against the people. It was the era of the Hampden Clubs, the march of the Blanketeers. the so-called Derby insurrection, and the political trials for alleged blasphemy and sedition. At the time when Lord Russell first entered public life the govern, i UPS AND DOWNS OF AN ACTOR'S LIFE. Oa Monday, a case most painfully illustrative of the viei:isitudvs of an actor's life came before the bench at Hull. A rairidle-aged man, named James Clifford, of wretched and half-starved appearance, and whose only covering consisted of shirt, ti °users, and boots, was placed at the bar charged with having attempted to commit suicide by jumping into the Humber Dock on Saturday evening. A young man, named Thomas Beautyman, a licensed porter, stated that on that evening he was going along the Humber Dock side, when he observed the prisoner jump from the quay into the water. The witness at once raised an alarm, and also got into a boat with a view of saving the life of the unfor tunate man. After considerable difficulty and the lapse of about five minutes he was successful in his endeavours. The would-be suicide was hauled on to the quay and handed over to the custody of the police. The prisoner on being asked by the magi strate what he had to say for himself made the fol lowing statement : He said that for about 40 years he had been a travelling performer with portable theatres, and had performed at Winn's Theatre, as Drypool Feast. He had once been in very com fortable circumstances, and had plenty of friends, but latterly he had become very much reduced. He had been compelled to part with all his clothes ex cept those few rags which now covered his body. He soon found that when his clothes were gone his friends had also flown, and those who had once ap peared to be the firmest of friends had now become almost his greatest enemies. When he was left in an almost naked state, he found it absolutely im possible to obtain an engagement, and having nothing wherewith to procure food his existence became miserable in the extreme. During the latter part of last week he had wandered about houseless, homeless, and friendless, and ou Friday and Satur day had nothing to eat. On the evening of the last named day the rain was falling very fast, and on meeting a policeman he asked if he would be allowed to go into the lock-up for the night. He was informed by the officer that unless he had com mitted some crime he could not be locked up. Being wet, cold, and hungry—in fact, just on the verge of starvation—he sought refuge under the dock sheds, and whilst he was so sheltering he began to con sider which would be the best way to pursue in his then lone and desolate circumstances. He con sidered that he had neither clothes, food, shelter, or friends, and was at a loss how to proceed. If he had had his clothes he would have known how to proceed, but in his then state before any respecta ble manager he would have been naturally told that he was "worse than a shoeblack." Therefore at the time he thought there was only one way for him, and he determined to take it. He therefore got up from the place where he was sheltering, walked to the edge of the quay, and jumped into the water. This was al: that he (prisoner) had to sup. Such a thing had never before passed in the drama of his life, and he hoped that it would be a caution for the future, for if he lived he would long remember it. During the time the prisoner was making the above statement the most breathless silence prevailed in the court. Mr. Winn, the proprietor of the portable theatre which has been exhibiting near the Drypool Church since the Drypool Feast, was iu the court. He came forward and said that he had known the prisoner for upwards of twenty years, during which period the prisoner had been under his management in several portable theatres. In the whole of this time he had never known him commit an offence similar to the one with which be was now charged. He had always been a steady and inoffensive man. The witness aso further stated that about a fort night ago the prisoner and his wife quarreled. In consequence of this he took to drinking. His wife left him and took away with her his wardrobe, thus depriving him of the means of going on the stage. The witness had several times sent for the prisoner to return to his theatre, directing the messengers to tell him that he was quite agreeable to take him on. The witness supposed that through shame the prisoner declined an offer. Whatever might be the cause, however, he did not accept Mr. Winn's offer, and he (witness) was very much astonished when on the previous night he heard that the prisoner had attempted to commit suicide. He could come to no other conclusion than that ho had been induced to commit the rash act through want of food and through in toxicsting drink. Even at that moment he (witness) was quite willing to take the prisoner hack into his em ployment. His worship pointed out to the pri soner the folly of the course of conduct which he had pursued. As the witness, however, had so kindly come forward to speak for him, and had even promised to take him halo his service, he should discharge him. A subscription was got up amongst the attorneys and several gentlemen in court, W e , worship also contributing, and upwards of 15e . were placed in the hands of th e prisoner, WI h e l eft the court a happier and no doubt a 'wiser man. His worship also presented ss. to Beautym an , for the promptitude and presence of mind which he had shown in rescuing the prisoner from a shocking and untimely end. Imenus that had either , existed before the ce,q-a.tion ot their factory work or app”ared to ba independent of 1 their altered circumstances; four had experienced I some loss of health, but not d ming their al.tendauce 't the sch , lol, one or two having indezd enj-)yed better health since they attended the &asses—five said that they were in better health than when they were at mill work-12 stated that they were as well as when so employed—and in the case of the six others more or less deterioration of health had occurred. 'Minute inquiries into the amount of in come received by these girls, and th© mode of its appropriation, led to the conclusion that health was being maintained on so much food as could be bought with 2s. lid. per week, but that where, from any cause, the amount of income available for food fell materially betow that point loss of health was very generally to be o ocriess momentrring.The thanchara sufficiencycte . character of the food ood appeared of t quay, io n n o t f i t fr e b s h u t m s e t i a l t l w i t a a s e a e s m s i e s d proba ble e tohbasterdvepedrilvoa ss of health, To meet this last evil it recommended that the sewing girls should get their dinner at the schools twice a week, by which means a meal, such as potato-hash, containing fresh vegetables and about two ounces of meat, might be supplied at the same cost to the girls themselves as their innutri. tious and monotonous dinner of bread and tea. The ventilaiion of the room naturally attracted a good deal of attention as exercising an important influence upon the health of the scholars. The average at• tendance of girls in the schools examined at Preston was such that in those buildings each scholar had at least 120 cubic feet of air, and the means of heating and ventilation were such that the air could be maintained sufficiently pure and warm. At times, however, an unusual influx of scholars reduced the breathing space to 70 or 80 cubic feet, or more fre quently the love of the girls for hot rooms red them to close the windows and ventilators, and then the atmosphere became oppressive and unwholesome. So great an aversion have the girls accustomed to the warm close rooms of the factories to anything like a draught or a free current of air that even where the breathing space available for each girl does not exceed 60 cubic feet they take every oppor tunity of closing the windows or otherape th rt e ures intended for the admission of extern a l a i r . U nder such circumstances it is not surprising that at mosphere of many of these rooms is to a visitor intolerably hot and close, and that, if the girls themselves do not suffer, the injurious effects of a protracted attendance are frequently experienced by the superintendents. Dr. Buchanan closes his report with a recommendation that " 120 cubicfeet at least should be secured to each girl in the sew ing school, when necessary by a limitation of the number of scholars in a room. In all cases due ven tilation of the rooms should be resolutely insisted on, and with such ventilation the temperature that would be the best to adopt for a mean is probably 65 deg. Fahrenheit. AMERICAN TRAVELLING. (From a Correspondent of the Times.) PHILADELPHIA, Aug. 13. I left New York for Washington a few days ago. The thermometer was at 96 deg, in the shade. I chose the even ing mail in the vain hope of shunning the killing heat of the day. From my hotel to the ferry, and from this again to the Jersey shore, I and my baggage were, of course, at he mercy of hackney coachmen, carmen, and porters. Like everything else, extortion is free in America ; it is sullen, insolent, overbearing besides; it bows to no tariff, stoops to no fixed charges ; it takes its own time, chooses its own way, deaf to your remonstrances, unmoved by your hurry ; bully or blackguard it does not, for it has a quiet consciousness of its power, and does not condescend to higgle or argue. It bumps your "plunder . ' on the ground, shatters your trunks wilfully, as if visiting on each luckless box that so cial sin that made some men owners, and some others mere carriers of trunk. The ticket-seller, the luggage master, all the railway offi cials, harbour towards you the same feelings as your cabman or porter. They all aye you sorely, answer you curtly and tartly. Nay, before they answer they stare at you leisurely as if revolving in their mind what right you have to put a a question, or what business it is of theirs to attend to it. They have not the sharp, snappish, pedantic, dictatorial tone of your French Jack-in-office, but neither have they the rough-and-ready but good humoured obliging English way of going to work. The fare is not down on your ticket; you pay as you are bidden ; your luggage is not weighed ; the charge is made at discretion. It may be all right, no doubt. I was bidden to pay twice as much lot thy trunks from 'Washington to Baltimore as I had paid between New York and Washington—twice as much for the same weight over hardly one third of the distance. I asked for explaea- Lion, and was answered by a vacant supercilious look. Very clearly inside the station the horse has the whip-hand of his master. Your choice lies between travelling on such conditions or travelling not at all. Enter: you have been kept en queue at the ticket once; you have been penned up at the waiting-room as in France, or at Smithfield ; but the bell rings, aed this is the way to the "cars." The cars, or railway carriages, are long vans on railway wheele, constructed to carry any number of passengers from 60 to 100, disposed its seats, two by two, with a gangway running the whole length between. These cars are all for one and the same class. Americans travel on the footing of perfect equality. The crowd was immense, as it always is at every hour, on every road, by every conveyance in thi s marve ll ous l y st i rring community. I read in the pages of a recent good-natured English traveller that "this promiscuous coming together of persons of every description gave rise to no inconvenience; for the same thing happened hero as on board the penny boats on the Thames, where the shabby passengers, altogether en titled to equal rights, instiuctively shrink from contract with the better drensed, and huddle together as if knowing their places." I did not find my fellow-travellers so modestly accommodating the other evening, nor have I since found many instances of this amiable disposition among these people. There was a rush and a scrambling and jolting; the cars were taken by storm, the places were secured, and with stranger " car-tellows " poverty could scarcely have made me acquainted, It is true some of the cars were not equally thrown open to the multitude. Before them stood soldiers, grizzly guardians with muskets, bar meg the doors. These were reserved we know not for whom; perhaps for the miitary. One or two were set apart for "ladies," for in America the sex is your true aristocracy. Like the Emperor Nicholas, it confers distinction on those its countenance shines upon, and so long only as it does so shine upon. The sex enjoys privileges which it can easily ex tend to any man or set of men in its company. It is, however, a distinction without a difErence, tor the " gents' " car (the word gentleman is never written at full in these places) the gents' cars are only open to the world. The "ladies'' cars are accessible to " the world and his wife." A very fishwomsn is as freely admitted into the privileged corn par ment as a duchess ; and she can bring with her a whole squad of fishmongers, as much entitled to rank among the "ladies' men" as she among the ladies. Luckily or unluckily I was owned by no lady, and had to put up with the gents' limbo. I got in. The whole of Broadway was squeezed in that close narrow apace. There they all were, the loafer, the rowdy, the coatless, the hatless, the washed and the unwashed, the sharp-featured sour-visaged Yankee, the wild shaggy-headed Irishman, the heavy-lipped beery Ger man; all the heads of the people, with the exception of the negro head, All Broadway is on its navels, incessantly on its travels. You would say that broadcloth shuns the high wily, or that gentili y dr,ps its trappings, and affects the look, the costume, and the manners of rascality to propi tiate it on the highway. Tne air of the place choked me, the sight siconed me, lam an old stager, be it borne in mind, broken into all manners of hardships, roughing it with the hardiest of men. But I draw a line between the washed and the unwashed when I can ; and I do not con ceive why, so long es one class lives apart from another in houses, so long as Americans shun contact with each other as they do by pews in churches and boxes in the theatres, why, I say, they should not allow money equaly to pur chase separation in public conveyances, why men of all ranks should be "made" to "pig together" on omnibuses, boats, and railways. Talk of the tyranny that chains toge ther the patriot and the felon in the gelleye I Why, here is republican equality dooming the clean to spend a whole night, or any number of nights, side by side with the tut- clean in the cars. I walked up and down the gangway twice and three times, like a luckless dog fidgeting lound and round for a roper spot to lay himself down. Alas I no spot was left. I took my seat near one of the sovereign citizens, edging away from him, wHiout looking at him. Smoking is not allowed, I believe, even in the gents' cars, but the Yankee needs no ci,rar to make a beast of himself with. The quid was in every two mouths out of three. An incessant fire was kept up iron, the double row on the right-hand seats to the double row on the left. The missiles flew out of the narrow open windows, re gardless of the wind which flung them back in minute spray, mixed with the dust of the road and black ashes from al.; ,cpzine. But why should I dwell on the loathsome scene ? Tt war pi,adamonium ; and a night spenti s n on a s n e American car, even if ii`brings a man d,?rn. to a proper of his own unworthiness as one of the rade; is not ce..tainly calculated to awaken his kindest sympathies in behalf of the race itself. I am an old stager, as I said, and if compelled to travel five or six nights in succession I can make I . Lays3lf at home in a carriage seat as in the most Itixurions of beds. I smothered dawn my indignation, overcame my disgust, crouched down in my narrow and by no means soft bench, and soon dozed. Dozing, indeed I Behind me was the door owning e. every two minut e s, fi erce ly jarrin g as it opened, e t r o a ug : h l y tar : 3 e 7 fo g r in v g en a d s or it sof is closed. orange pop,Theeatables gangway eataes was and a drink tho ~- WATERSPOUT IN TEE MORAY FIRT: Monday's storm (says the Banffshire Journal) was accompanied in this immediate neighbourhood by one of those splendid but not less terrific pheno• mena rarely witnessed in these latitudes, namely, a waterspout. This terrible phenomenon was seen in the Bay of Banff about 4 o'clock in the after - noon, and presented a very magnificent and impos ing spectacle to those who had an opportunity of witnessing it in all its furious grandeur. In noting its progress, the phenomenon, as first it p resented perly b e described as itself to the eye of the behold ers, would more pro a whirl w i n d t h an a water • spout. In the tbrmer shape it had its rise, n the latter it had its fall. west The wind wa s from the north , and strangely thou it blew a lake. I n t h e offing perfect hurricane inshoreir, the sea was calm as a away to the right, in the as yet unruffled portion of the bay, was a little boat, from Macduff, with three men on board, quietly, to all appeatance, fishing for mackerel. Away to the left, or to the windward, fitful squalls were aweep• iug round the little promontory at Bleckpots towards the breakwater at the harbour, eddying about in the intermediate bay, throwing up a wave here and there, and lashing it into foam. In this way the curious inshore hurricane continued with less or more violence for nearly an hour, and the coast gaardstnen we:e watching the squalls with i derable anxiety, f ear i ug lest at any moment cone they should extend its playground a little further to sea, and mayhap upset the mackerel boat. While they were thus eagerly watching the peculiar conduct of the warring elements, their atten tion was suddenly arrested by an object of a still more peculiar nature away further to windward. A violent whirlwind, scattering the waves in its course, came sweeping along almost in a direct line to the point of view, gathering up its strength as it came. As the whirlwind approached, it seemed to pause for a moment off the station, as if to co ncentrate a ll i ts energies in a last effort. At that moment the water, gathered up by the whirl wind somewhat in the form of a cone, and lifted higher and higher in the air, was borne straight up wards to the height of more than 50 feet above the surface. Pursuing its easterly course, the huge ap parition swept forward for a considerable distance, till, just a little to the north-east of the breakwater, it burst. As if caught " the wings of the wind," the huge mass was borne aloft for some distance, and then precipitated with great violence into the " vasty deep," whence it came. The effect of the phenomenon is desc r ib e d b y those who witnessed it as something very grand and imposing, if not abso lutely terrible; for, had the fury of the whirlwind expanded itself in a less convenient place, the con sequences might have been dire havoc indeed. Such a sight has, not been witnessed in these quarters for many a day. [A.DVERTISEME N ] Happiness round t .1 - e H r — t ° ll l . n — w h O th in e --- toTeittrinanlsd, temp. means of stoppi n c, it is mosts daily endangert g tations, and the accident lare C iti es, health and life in th e iniport:ni to have at hand some neglected tb.. b , breeding evil, for the longer it is Holir- more wide spread is the degeneralicn. , way's medicaments supply this great want; they a re inexpensive, purchaseable everywhere, can be readily used, are safe even in inexperienced hands and perfectly reliable as healers and purifiers. Holloway's Ointment and Pills cure inflammations, abscesses, and ulcerations Wi t h a facility hith er t o un known. Holloway's noble remedies will give relief to sufferers from skin diseases of the most re volting characters, for which in bygone days a dangerous mineral was often administered with fatal consequences. FALKIILK TRYST. The Tryst on Tues,lay was favoured with a little bcttcr weather in the early part of the day ; but towards the after noon rein again c:;tne on, which quickly put an end to business. The stock was all placed by eight o'clock, and • consisted of North and West Highland beasts of all ages, and almost every quality—this class forming at least half of the stock on the ground, although it was certainly de ficient in regard to I.umbers when compared with previous September fairs. Thera were also short-horns and Irish cattle, country beasts, and Ayrshire milch cows, and polled cattle from Dutofra;s and Galloway ; but none of these stocks showed anything like the numbers of previous years, except perhaps the milch cows, which were a capital show. The supply, however, in every department, was quite equal, in deed, superior to the demand, the fact being that there was a considerable margin on each stock left at the conclusion of the market unsold. The Highland cattle in really good condition meta r fair sale; but those net so met a ra th er meagre d ema nd. I'll° best toneitioned 10:s of small beasts from the North High lands met a fair demand. It may be said that the Highland cows were an excellent show, and attracted very considerable notice, and many of them were sold at rather high prices. It must also be added that there was a considerable number of inferior looking Highland beasts on the ground, but this may have arisen trorn the jaded state in which the beasts were, after having been driven in many instances between 200 and 300 miles. The three-yea: olds of the Highland class were few comparatively, this kind of stock being ge nerally brought cut in October; but those which were in the market met with a ready sale. The North Highland beasts, from two to six years, also met similar goodencouragemente The kyloes, which were in anything like condition, were very smartly looked after by the English jobbers, in conse quence of the turnips and other green crops having so much improved from the recent rains. The best class of both heifers and stets were in demand, but in some instances prices were rasher low, but the better kinds supported the prices of last year. The £9 or £lO beasts were down 55. ae head, but the condition being better than this time last year, the reduc! ion must be considered rather more. The same may be said regarding the two and three-year , old bullocks and kyloes ; in fact, the Highland cattle :were on the average from 10 to 15 per cent. below that of last year, although there was no discernible difference between this and last month's market. The polled cattle from Galloway and Dumfries were in a fair state, and met a ready sale. The short-horned stock was a large supply, and was in famous condition, especially the 3-yr-olds, which were readily picked up, more particularly those fit for fleshing purposes. The 2- yr-olds that were not in the same state also met a similar sale. The milk cows were a shorter supply than usual, but the market was stiff, and the sales effected were slightly lower than last year, and ss, 10s, to 20s less than the last Rutherglen market. The Irish cattle were a large show, comprising 3 and 2-yr-olds and six-quarter beasts. Those of the first class that were in condition sold equally well as last year; the second class were ill to sell and £1 down, and the inferior kinds were unsaleable. The Yorkshire calves were a large show, for which there was a good demand. The highest prices obtained for Highland cattle were For 3-yr-old bullocks, £l6 10s; 3-yr-old heifers, £lO lOs 3-yr-old queys, £ll ss; cows, £9 lOs; 2-yr-old stets, LS 15s ; 2-yr-old heirs, £7 7s ; yearling stots, £3 lOs 6d; 6-quarter-old stots, £3 lOs; 6- quarter-heifers, £5 ss; a nd stirks, £4los. The Ayrshire milch cows fetched as much as £lB, and the lowest price accepted was £lO The Irish cattle ran-3-yr-olds, £l4 to £l6 10s; 2 .yr-.oldS o £lO to £l4 lOs; and stirks, £6 lOs to £lO 10s. The short-horns, 3-yr-olds, fetched as high as £l6; and 2-yr-olds, £ll to £l4; stirks, £7 lOs to £lO lOs; and York shire calves, £5 to £7. he show of horses was rather large, more particularly those of the draught stamp, which ran from £2O to £4G. For this kind there was a fair demand for what were really good, but the inferior kinds were ill to sell, and it may be added the trade was very dull. The lighter description of animals were a tolerably fair show, but did not meet that encouragement that might have been expected, in consequence of the broken state of the weather, which causes this class of beasts to be at a dis count, the jaunting season being all but over. COUNTRY MARKETS. BRISTOL—THuRSDAY.I At this day's market the supply of English wheat wag short, which met a fair sale at prices is to 2s higher than last week. In foreign more doing, and quite as dear. Some fine samples of new maltine: barley changed hands at 2s advance. Grinding sorts scarce, and 6d uesrer. Oats in fair request. Beans more active. MANCHE STER--TwuRsDAY. At our market this morning there was a fair attendance of buyers. The demand for new English 'wheat was slow, at the prices of this day se'nnight. Foreign wheat also in active, at an advance of 2d to 3d per 1 ( Alb. Flour at Jot week's rates. Oats and oatmeal wPr-) limited in sale. i n Indian corn an improved demaud. Beans steady. BIRMIN GHAM —THURSDAY. At to-day's market there was a short supply of wheat, Which found buyers at is advance on last week's currencies. —English wheat was sold at 46s to 60s for white, and 409 to 46s per 36 stone for red, Barley, new malting, 36s to 42s per qr ; grinding, 26s to 30s Oats, old, 24s to 300 per 30 stone; Irish, 21s to 2os. Beans, 40s to 44s per qr. Peas, 3f3s to 44s per 36 :done. CORK—SEPT. 8. The following were the quotations this morning wheat, 8 s Od to OJ ; whit e , 10 8 3d to —Od b b arleY, Od to Os Od ; oats, 7s 6d to Os Od. ; black do., 58 9d to 8s 2d. EDINBURGH GRAIN—SErT. 9. A fair supply of fermers' wheat met a to-da 'fair sale at fully t h e pr i ces of last week. Barley y, which a ready sale, and p r i ces is up. Oats dull, and I s dearer, met er. I Beans were sc arce . Wheat on the top 2s Od up ......... .avera 2s Barley on the top O s 6 d down.. g......averagee ls 4d up. up. Oats on the top 2 s Od up. ....... ... average Os 10d 10d do Beans on th e top Os 3d u wn. P ..........average is 9d down. Total Sup p l y and Sales. Wheat. .... ... 660 qrs Barle Sold 311 qrs Oats y...„ ... 98 qrs S o ld 9 8 qrs Beans . ...... 1155 q rs S o l d 599 qrs ....... 32 qrs Sold 24 qrs Flour sells as follows :—Whites, 40s Od; extras, 38s Od; superfine, 36s Od ; fine, 34s Od. DERBY SMITHFIELD—SEPT. 8. There was a short supply of fat beasts to-day, and the quality of many of the animals was inferior. The num ber of sheep was also short, but lambs were in good show. Fat calves were dearer. The show of fat pigs was not large, but they were better sold- Beet 6d to 7d Veal Mutton ...64d to 7 d 7d to 7d P or k sto 5d Lamb Bd to , Rough fat, 3 8 9d per stone i . Hides, 3d to 4d; calf skins. hd to 6d. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton Sept. 18. via Marseides Sept. 12. draail and CaN; Verds, by British packet. Oct. 5. Cape of Good hope, Ascension, and S. Helena Sept. 28. tAaina, Penang', anti Singapore, via Southampton Sept. 18. via Marseilles Sept. 12. ''alklaud Island s ...... .. ....... ... .... Gibraltar, via Southarupton ...... ......... .......... Sept. 10. India (Cal cutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton..Se 12. t. 18. via Marseilles.... Sept.p { ndia (Bombay), v i a Southampton .. via Mar se i ........... Sept. 10. iles ................ Sept. 20. Portugal.. • . ............................... ti alto, Egypt,. aud Aden, via :7;outhemptou ...... S Oep ct. t. s. i via Marseilles .... 0. ....Sept, Set 12. .................... Sept. 17. Newfoundland Oporto and C. S. and EritiA. N. Arnerien, Ly Brit. 7.)acket Sept. 11, by U.S. racket.... W. f , by Canadia n pac k et. S ept. 11. . or Africa, 'Madeira, and Tenerilie lo° 11%tharual,,, vat IN York Sept. .. LS. parta (.4 NlTet incolding Peru, 14, California, , t.r.zd CO:7IT/Ibin. Sept bencfit of reduced duty obt , iined by pur chasing HornilnatL'S pure Tea; very choice at 3s. 4d. and 4s. " High Standard "at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. Births. BARROW.—On the 27th July, at Madras, the Wife o f Lieu tenont-Cerolonel Barrow, of the Royal Artillery, o f a (laught. COBHAM Strode Cob --On the 7th inst., at Morden, th e w i fe of Geo. Lmto, Esq , of a 3011. HANBuitY.—Ort. the 7th inst., at Ballysax, co. Kildare, the wlhter of Captain G urney Hanbury, 10th Hussars, of a daug. Marriages. EAGLE—WITH S H ER S the 10th i nst., at St. Bartholo mew 's , lia y riwt W., denhatn on W. P. Eagl e , E sq., of Cannon -street, to ~only et L dauk ondon-bridge.htcr of Henry Withers, Esq.,of 3, Wellin gton-stre PUILP—iAItRY.—On the 10th inst at St. James's, Pic cadilly, 13enjamin Batten Phil p, E sq., of The Elms,Hare lington, Middlesex, to Mrs. Barry, of Greenwich.. Deaths. BICICHAM.—On the Bth inst., Thomas Biekhe.m, Esq., of Whalley Range, Manchester, CORNUIVALL.—Oa the Bth inst., at Bruges, from the effect of a severe fall, Herbert Cornewall, Esq., of Delbury Hall, Salop. DA.VIES.—O n the 13th July, at Shanghai, of cholera, Henry Tod,,r Davies, EA., Commissioner of Chinese Customs at that port, 1-l Awk.urs,.—On tt e 10th i ns t ., at Brighton, Wm. Henry Hawkins, J.P., age d GS . li c i LL. — P:n the 9th inst. at Encomb e -torrace, Wands wortlf-road, Joseph Holl,, Esq., aged 78. liousox.—On the 7th inst., George ilobson, Esq., of Cottered, Herts. WILDS.--On the Gth inst., at Cheam Tionse, Surrey. Geo. Wilde, Esq., aged 69. - - London : Printed and Published by WILLIA? !ANDREWS of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE Su Office No. 112; Strand, in the Precinct of the 3avoy, in the County of Middlesex, —Friday, September 11, 18 ,$.7,