The Sun. — London, England, 1864-04-01 00:00:00

CENS&S OF OCCiii4TION, On the eve of the meeting of Parliament we pub• fished s statement of the population of the kingdom Ar:d its distribution at the time of the last census, We propose now to give a❑ account of the occupa tions of the people. The general classification of the population entmerated in England and Wales at the census of 1851 and that of 1861 is as follows :- 1851. 1861. 376 ; 434 481,957 10,010,343 11,426,720 528,599 .. 623,710 2,084,153 .. 2,010,454 .. 4,143,293 .. 4,828,399 3. vrlfesgioral clR9a - 2. DJmestic 3. Commercial ~ 4. Agricultural I, 5. Industrial 6. Indefinite ~ 784,737 ~ 69.5 984 17,927,609 20,066,224 The professional class is subdivided into three cyders or sub-classes. The first is the Governmental, beginning with her Majesty the Queen, and reach ing down to the police, the letter carriers, and the dockyard labourers ; for the subordinates always in the census returns go to the Principals. The de partment of the Post Office increased its numbers from 8,881 in 1851 to 14,131 in 1861, the police from 16,392 to 21,938, and the whole Governmental body advanced from 66,724 to 87,350. The second sub class, the military, increased from 85,818 to 131,944 This does not include the Volunteers; volunteering was not their principal occupation. The third "Eub•class-the learned, literary, and artistic pro fessions-increased from 204,093 in 1851 to 262,663 in 1861. The clergy were returned at 17,320 in 1851 and 19,195 in 1861 ; Protestant Ministers, 6,405 and 7,840 ; Romin Catholic priests, 966 and 1,216. Barristers advanced from 2,816 to 3,071, but the number of attorneys was stationary. The physicians increased from 1,771 to 2,385, but the surgeons and a pothecaries dew e ased in euasher, the profession answering to the preference of the patient for the higher title. Schoolmasters, schoolmistresses, and teachers increased from 94,878 in 1851 to 110,364 ill 1861 ; this last number includes 24,770 gover nesses. Authors and literary persons are stated at 3,395 men and 185 women in 1861. The progress of the taste for music is seen in the increase' of musicians and musicmasters from 11,105 in 1851 to 15,021 in 1861. Photographers were but 45 in 1851, but in 1861 had become 2,534. Civil engineering is also a profession rapidly increasing; its members at the two dates were 2,577 and 3,329. Classification is difficult with the literary and ar tistic class. An author may also be a clergyman, barrister, physician. It is necessary also to include persons ministering in the lowest fields of public amusements. Conjurors, performers at shows, bal lad singers, pugilists (18 in number) -they here get into worshipful company ; and we have to close the list of the " professional class" with the last minis ter of the law, who is introduced with such honours as may be-" The ancient office of execu tioner has one representative left in England." The domestic class comes next. It comprises women not in business, children, servants, and with these are placed innkeepers and other persons en gaged in providing board and lodging. The whole class constitutes more than half the population of England, But besides the 6,795,805 females here returned as of no occupation, mothers, housewives, daughters of all ages, there are no less than 3,436,749 women returned in other classes as engaged in business, or assisting in it : proof enough that women are not idle. The most remarkable thing, however, is the large increase in the number of children returned as scholars, either at school or at home. In 1851 they were .2,297,232 ; in 1861, 3,150,048, of whom 1,552,738 are boys and 1,597,310 girls. The number of scholars under five years of age doubled in the ten years. Of children between five and ten 69 in every 100 boys (61 in 1851) and 66 in every 100 girls (56 in 1851) are returned as scholars-that is, "daily attending school or receiving regular tuition at home." Between 10 and 15, 37 in every 100 boys are in recognised occupations, and 20 in every 100 girls, bat the proportion who are still scholars at this age rose from 39 in 100 of the boys in 1851 to 45 in 1861, and from 41 girls in 100 to 52. A high propor lioti-one-fourth-of girls of 15.20 are returned as at home and in no definite occupation. There were in 1861 4,442,249 children in England between 5 and 15,and it is gratifying to learn that 2,616,731 of them 'were scholars receiving instruction, 638,274 were oteupied in various ways. Unfortunately, 1,194,247 were at home, apparently deriving no instruction from any of the schools, Of the residue of the per sons constituting class 2 the most noticeable circum stance is that 962,786 -nearly a million-female domestic servants were enumerated in England and 'Wales in 1861. It tells of increased comfort and prosperity to real that there are 400,000 more fe male servants in England than there were in 1831. Class 3 is the commercial class-mercantile men, general dealers, and persons engaged in the carrying business. Here are the 56,000 commercial clerks, -who in 1851 were not 38 000 ; and the commercial travellers increased from 8,000 to nearly 11,000. Itsilway servants and clerks, who were set down as 25,236 in 1851, were 53,699 in 1861. The telegraphic service employed 261 in 1851, and 2,612 in 1861, 01 whom 213 were females. There were in 1861 27,759 errand boys under 15. The number of marine-store dealers doubled in the 10 years. We come now to "the great central productive clue s of the country"-:he agricultural, in which (including woodmen, gardeners, end persons en gaged about animals) 2,010,454 persons are directly employed, 1,631,652 males and 378,802 females. This number is less by nearly 74,000 than in 1851. The wives and grown-up members of the families of 'farmers residing on the farm are counted, on the assumption that they more or less help in the work of the farm, and these are represented as having decreased from 381,469 to 339,916. Considering that the number of farmers themselves, 249,735, is almost precisely the same as in 1851, this return is rather puzzling. But there is another deficiency still larger. Although the outdoor agricultural labourers, 958,265 in 1861,are rather more numerous than in 1851, the indoor farm servants are repre sented as having declined from 288,272 in 1851 to . 4 204,96 2 in 1861. In Essex the men (indoor farm servants) are stated to have decreased from 1,530 in 1851 to 587 in 1861, and the females from 2.343 so 525; in Suffolk, the men from 2,845 to 959, and the females from 3,640 to 1,215. In Lincoln shire the indoor female farm servants are re turned as increased from '769 to 3,417, and in Sussex has decreased from 1,760 to 313. The report for 1861 allows that some uncertainty prevails as to whether the farmers returned all their indoor farm servants, :and we can hardly think that the returns of 1851 and 1861 can possibly have been made on the same principle. 'raking the most purely agricultural part of the population-the males only, being far mers and graziers, agriculmural labourers end shep herds, indoor farm servants and bailiffs-the num bers are 1,347,387 in 1851, and 1,340,916 in 1861 ; and that is on the statement that the indoor farm servants, the men, were 30,000 fewer than in 1851. With regard to agricultural statistics, the informa tion in the returns has not been abstracted for all England, but only for 10 agricultural counties, and it would appear from these that the size of farms has increased in the last 10 years. The farms of less than 100 acres declined from 31,553 to 26,567, so that 4,016 were amalgamated to form other farms of larger acreage. Class 5 is the industrial, comprising no less than 3,262,510 males and 1 ,563,839 females, and includ ing more than 1,000,000 young people under 20 years of age. This vast class includes the workers in materials of all descriptions. Tr,e greatest increase of artisans since 1851 will be found to be in trades to which machinery has not yet been successfully applied, sue h as the trades connected with building. Tole num b e rs returned under the head of " Cotton Ila.nufacture" were 371,777 in 1851, and 456,646 in 1861 1 woollen cloth manufacture, 122,256 in 1851, and 1,30,034 in 1861. Navvies and railway labourers inorea red from 34,618 to 43,008; engine and machine maker s, from 42,597 to 60,862 ; shipbuilders and shipwrights, from 21,100 to 31,291; printers, from 22,399 to 3t `,590; lithographers, from 1,393 to 2,912 The number of persons employed in paper-making was 10,8.09 in 1851, and in 1861 13,357, of whom 7,746 we: re men and 5,611 women. The workers in miner els exceed a million in number. The coal, iron, c op per, tin, and lead miners increased trona 254,15; i n 1851 to 317,832 in 1861 ; but this, of is independently GI the vast nidy Of persona employed upon the mineral when got. Class 6 is created in great part by imp Ifect re t,ros. It comprises per:ons whose occupation is ill defined or undefined. There are in it 6,544 men returned generally as " labourers,' 11,621 as mechanics. It concludes the account given of the occupations of the people of England and Wales at works of great labour, and executed with mach care and skill, though not infallib.e after all. Scotland having now its own Registrar-General, its census was taken by that functionary, with the assistance of Mr. Stark. They present the follow ing result : 1951. 1861. 1. Profess:onal class 2. Domestic ~ 3. Commercial „ 74,756 .. 84,338 4. Agricultural „ 5. Industrial „ .. 543,662 .. 694,074 6. Indefinite „ 108,841 .. 118,463 2,888,742 .. 3,062,294 In 1861, therefore, of every 100,000 persons i❑ Scot land 1,715 belonged to the professional class, 2,754 to the commercial, 12,364 to the agricultural, 22,665 to the industrial, 56,634 are classed only as domes tic, and 3,868 are undefined, ill-defined, or non productive; 567,056 are returned as scholars, so that 15.2 per cent. of the population, or one in every 6.5, was receiving education at the date of the census. In England the proportion was 15.7 per cent, and yet the number of adults able to sign their names on the marriage register is much below that of Scotland. The percentage of domestic servants to population was as high as 9.3 per cent. in Edinburgh, and in Glasgow it was only 3.6 per cent. The bakers in crease in Scotland; the increase of this class be tween 1841 and 1851 was as much as 44.8 per cent., indicating the change of diet by the gradual adop tion of wheaten bread in the country districts. Very great pains have been bestowed upon this census of Scotland, and much interesting informa- :ion has been collected, but the compilers propose a far more complete method in future, showing the number of persons dependent for their support on each occupation or trade, and not the mere workers only. When the expense and trouble are taken of going the round of the kingdom and knocking at every door, it will be well to get a little more in formation than hitherto. The Irish census distributes the people of Ireland into ten classes—Landed proprietors, 8,412 ; agri culturists, 969,636; engaged in commerce, manu factures, and mechanical trades, 815,356; learned professions, 11,695 ; other liberal professions, 1,066 ; engaged in teaching, 19,346; civil service, 20,564; military and naval services, 30.328 ; miscellaneous, 829,138 ; without specified occupation, 3,092,630 —total, 5,798,967. Or again thus—Ministering to food, 1,033,031 ; to clothing, 490,450; to lodging, furniture, and machinery, 463,547 ; to conveyance and travelling, 68,793; to banking and agency, 4,555; to literature and education, 40,840; to religion, 10,625; to charity and benevolence, 982; to health, 6733 ; to justice and Government, 55,083 ; to amusement, 2,840 ; to science and art, 757 ; resi • due unclassified, 3,600,338. The Irish census volumes have not given so much information of the occupation of the people in detail as the Eng. lish and Scotch have. It strikes the eye in glancing over the volumes that those for England and Scot land abound in details respecting occupation, but there is not a line about religious persuasion. 't he Irish census, it no more is to come, will seem a little Dare as to occupation, but it is brimful of religion. THE FRENCH IN MEXICO. (From a Correspondent of the Times) MEXICO, Feb. 27. Some few months back, in order to enable Vera Cruz to compete with the ports then in possession of Juarez, the duties on all imports were lowered 50 per cent. This, as a temporary measure, was much approved. Since then the subject of the tariff has been frequently!under the considerationof the French authorities, and as it is notorious that some of these gentlemen are in favour of very extensive modifica tions, it may be as well to consider very shortly how such modifications, pa-ticularly if carried out to the extent contemplated by some—namely, 75 e er cent.—would affect the future revenues of the country. It must be borne i❑ mind that ❑p to the present time the duties levied at the ports have formed the principal if not the only source of real revenue, and although, from the system cf plunder and robbery which has ever prevailed, these duties have seldom, even in the best of times, produced more than 7,000,000 dols. annually (except in theyear 1831-32, when the Vera Cruz Custom-house alone is slid to have yielded within a fraction of 13,000,060 dols.), yet few can doubt that with an honest collection they would have realised more than double that amount. Almost every Finance Minister from the year 1830 down to the present time admits such to have been the case, and the fact is susceptible of proof in the following manner ;—The imports of the country, as set down by Senor Lerdo y Tejada and others, have amounted one year with another to about 26,000,000 doll., and, from the inquiries I have made, the duties upon these imports average, at the lowest estimate, 70 per cent. of the real value of tLe goods. This would give, under an honest col lcction, 18,200,060 dots. Now, to deprive the coup :ry of so large a source of revenue, at the very mo meat when it stands most in need of it, is rather a strong measure. Tranquillity restored and trade flourishing, it will, of course, be important, as tar as possible, to adopt the principles of free trade ; butt in a country like Mexico, where, out of a popu lation of 7,000,000, 4,500,000 are Indians and non consumers, this cm only be brought about by slow degrees. In most European countries increased con sumption has more than compensated for reduced duties; but that will not be the case here. Before we can hope to obtain increased consumption, we must engender wants in the great mass of the population, which can only be done by improving their posi tion, exciting emulation, and raising their morale, and this must necessarily require time. At the present moment I believe that an Indian woman would still be sati-fled with one gown a year, whether it cost her 2 doll. or 4 dole. The general opinion seems to be that no violent changes ought to be made for the present; that it would be better in the first instance to do away with the international duties, which only create trouble and confusion, and leave the tariff, at all events for a time, as it stands; that if a reduction if. made it ought to be gradual, so as to give an ;.mpetus to trade without materially affecting the revenues of the State. Many believe that, with a judicious system of taxation, the rever ues of Mexico may be raised to 30,000,000 dole., but then this system has to be devised, formed, and carried out, and to de prive a country in a state of bankruptcy, overbur dened with debt, and utterly without credit, of a well-ascertained source of revenue, before another has been substituted in its place, is certainly a dan gerous mode of proceeding. A great proportion of the present duties have, moreover, been assigned to the bondholders, convention holders, and other creditors, and it would scarcely be acting equitably towards these gentlemen to deprive them of this security, unless some other means are provided for the liquidation of their demands. The following extract from a letter written by Juarez:and addressed to Doblado confirms the truth of a statement made in one of my previous commu nications, that en attempt had beers made to force Juartz to abdicate in favour of Ortega :_ " I have already told you in my letter of the let, and I have repeated it to Senors Carreaga and Medina, in the presence of Senor Cabeza, that, I never said a word to the latter touching my pretended abdication. I have well con sidered th- , question, and I cannot discover any rea:on of sufficient weight to convince me of the propriety of the course you wish me to adopt. On the contrary, I consider such a course fraught with danger, and I am satisfied that it would only cover us with ridicule, increase the anarchy and confusion, and overwhelm me with ignominy. I fear this result the more as it is by no means certain that the enemy will treat with Ortega, whom he considers as a de serter who has broken his parole. Besides, facts prove to us that the enemy does not wish to destroy individuals, but merely the G , vernmeut which the nation has adopted. It is with this view that a monarchy under a foreign Prince has been established, and that Napoleon, in his last speect , to the Legislative Assembly, declared that he had no pre concerted plan; that he merely sought the triumph of his arms, and wished to secure the interests of France by con fiding the destinies of Mexico to a Prince well qualified for suck an undertaking, I, therefore, think that my abdica- TIM SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, APRIL 1, IS€ tiOu would not only 13..) useless and ridiculous in the eyes of the enemy, but a further source of anarchy and confusion, for it is by no means certain that the nation would at prove of my resolution to abdicate. A single State might refuse to recognise the legality of the power assumed by Senor Ortega upon the ground that it had already made its elec tion, and the latter would then be under the necessity of re ducing the dissentients by force. Under any circumstances, we should only afford to our enemies an additional cause for triumph, who would not fail to put forward our dissensions as a powerful argument in favour of intervention." On the 28th of January Gen. Douai left Lagos at he head of one battalion of the Chasseurs a Pied and three squadrons of cavalry, and on the 29th directed his march upon Ceocaltiche, which was said to be occupied by a portion of the Liberal forces. He arrived - before the place, which was occupied by 600 infantry and 4 squadrons of cavalry, about 3 in r•he afternoon. AU the approaches had been for- titled and the streets barricaded. In order to cut off the escape of the enemy, the General orcered his cavalry to surround the to xn. As soon as the infantry came up they were formed into three columns, and at half-past 4 the place was vigorously attacked. Notwithstanding a severe fire opened upon them, the chasseurs soon made their way to the church and the plaza, when all further resistance ceased. Fifty of the enemy were killed and the rest made prisoners. In this brilliant little affair the French had two men killed and 13 wounded. The very day after Gonzales Ortega issued his warlike manifesto to the inhabitants of Zacatecas, in w hich he pledged " his word of honour that he would shed the last drop of his blood in defence of the liberties of his country," the capital of the State was occupied by Meja and his forces without a shot being fired ; and, if report speaks true, the worthy patriot himself has since addressed a letter to Gen. Douai, offering to make his submission to the Em pire if guaranteed in person and property. The manifesto was merely an excuse for extorting more money, and having got this, he is of course anxious to keep it. The most perfect tranquillity reigns in all the towns occupied by the French, and the last accounts from Guanaxuato state "that scarcely a day passes without some of the followers of Do blado giving in their adhesion to the new state of things, convinced that all further resistance is out of the question." Trade is fast reviving, and I have been informed by some of the principal merchants that 4 has not for many years been known in so flourishing a condition. As for the city of Mexico i; is becoming quite a little Paris, and it is only those who have been resident in the country during the last five Or six years that can fully appreciate the immensity of the change. The last accounts from Monterey state that a very angry correspondence had taken place between Vt duarri and Eglesias, one of the Ministers of Juarez, in which the former had virtually thrown off all allegiance to the central Government. On the Bth Doblado arrived at Monterey, having left his troops, reduced by desertion from upwards of 4,000 to 1,500 men, at the village of Santa Catarina, distant two leagues from the c:ty. On the 10th Juarez. accom panied by a few friends, also presented himself in the capital of Nuevo Leon to have an interview with the governor. 'What may have taken place nobody seems to know, except that General Mhjia writes from Matehuala on the 12th that Vidaurri had armed the citadel and occupied the surrounding heights, and on the night of the same day a courier was despatched from Monterey informing Mejia that hostilities between DAlado and Vidaurri had actually commenced. Another letter dated Mate huala, the 17th says "Just as Juarez was about to make his entry into Monte rey, Vidaurri commenced hostilities against the troops of Doblado, from whom he took three pieces of artillery and 300 prisoners. Juarez has returned to Santa Catarina ; as for Vidaurri, he has shut himself up in the citadel with his troops and artillery. Fighting is going on, and we await the result with anxiety. Should this intelligence prove correct, it is evi dent that Vidaurri has at length dine what has long been expected of him—viz., declared in favour of the Empire. - We may, therefore, expect to hear that Melia, or some French troops have marched to his support. In that case, Doblado will have some difficulty in making his escape. There is also a report, for the correctness of which, however, I do not vouch, that General Castagny has completely routed Gonzales Ortega. The Loss of the Caledonia Steamer. BOARD OF TRADE INQUIRY. Yesterday an official inquiry, instituted by direction of the Board of Trade, was commenced at the Greenwich Police court before Mr. Traill, the magietraie, and Capt. Barris and Capt. Domett, nautical assessors, into the circumstances attending the wreck of the Caledonia steamvessel, belong ing t , the General Steam Navigation Company, near Flam borough Head, on the morning of Feb. 29, whilst on a voy age from London to Granter'. Mr. O'Thwd attended on behalf of the Board of Trade to conduct the inquiry ; and Mr. Pratt, secretary, with Mr. Pearce (of the firm of Pearce, Phillips, and Pearce), ap peared on behalf of the company to which the vessel be• longed. Mr. O'Dowd, in opening the proceedings, said that the Caledonia was a paddle-steamer, built at Blackwell in the year 1836, her net tonnage being 423, and her engines of the nominal power of 2eo horses. The vessel belonged to the General Steam Navigation Company, and he thought it his duty to mention a fact which reflected no slight credit on the excellent management of the company, that although they possessed a fleet of 50 vessels, afloat in perhaps some of the most dangerous navigable parts in the world, this was the first time the machinery of the Board of Trade had been in operation in respect to any of their vessels since the passing of the Merchant Shipping Act in 1854. This no doubt was owing to the admirable skill of the class of men chosen as commanders, and to that class he believed Capt. Joseph Clark Hist, who had command of the Caledonia at the time of her loss, belonged, he holding a cer tificate of competency as ',meter trona the Board of Trade dated the 14th of July, 1855. The vessel left London at eight a.m. of the 27th February, with a general cargo. a crew numbering 29 hands, and nine passengers, b. uud for Granton. Nothing worthy of note occurred until about 7 p.m. of the same day, when the vessel was brought to anchor off Harwich, that precaution being adopted in con sequence of the density of the fog which prevailed. She remained at anchor until 9 a m. of the 28th (14 hours), when the tog somewhat clearing off, she was got under weigh, and at three in the afternoon the vessel passed Yarmouth Roads. At 8.30 p.m. the Dudgeon Light was observed, bearing W. and distant about five or six miles. At this time the weather became somewhat clearer, but at 1 a.m. of the 29th it became thick again, and at 3.15 (it being then low water) the weather was very thick, with the wind blowing fresh from S.E. The vessel shortly afterwards stranded about a quarter of a mile inside Flarnborough Head, the light being right a-head, carrying at the time fore and ate sail, and proceeding through the water at tne rate of nine knots an hour. Captain Hest had charge of the watch at the time of the vessel striking, the second mate being also on the deck, and a proper look-out being kept on the forecastle. On the vessel striking Captain East ordered her engines to be stopped and turned astern, and they were kept backed two hours and a half, when the engineer reported that the engines were disabled and that water was over the engine-room floor. The vessel was then striking the rocks very heavily, and about an hour after wards rockets were thrown up, blue lights burned, and several guns fired for assistance. Seeing no hopes of saving the ship, at 7.30 a.m. the boats were got out, and one lett with portions of the crew and passengers for Bridlington, and the remainder of the passengers and crew were landed at the village of Southsea, near Flamborough. Shortly afterwards Captain Hest returned with Lloyd's agent to the scene of the wteck, but little or nothing was to be seen of the ship. "These were the short facts of the case, and in the inquiry which the Court was called upon to make he (Mr. O'Dowd) believed that every care would be displayed, and that justice would be done towards those whose con duct might be called in question. The chief mate, Charles Holmes, the second officer, homas Hall, and other witnesses were called and examined as to the courses steered, the whole of them stating that from 12 o'clock on the night of the 28th until the time of the wreck the engines were not "slowed," the speed of the vessel being nine knots an hour, nor was the lead hove; and in anst:er to a question from Captain Harris, The chief mate said he was not aware of any written or printed instructions being issued by the company as to the rules of navigating vessels. Mr. Pratt said printed instructions were issued to the cap tains of vessels, and he was surprised at the statement the chief mate had made, that he had not been made acquainted with such instructions. the inquiry was then adjourned. [ADVERTISEMENT.] Holloway's Pills. —These cele brated pills are especially useful in preventing the ill effects of luxurious living. They purify the blood, cleanse the stomach, gently stimulate the kidneys, and act as mild aperients.. Without some such correctives as Hol lowa y' s v illa the festivity of one day would often debar us from all njoyment fora week. A few dos e s of this purifying medi cine set the foulest stomach r i g ht, restrain biliousness , .teady the circulation, give strength to the muscles, and composure to the brain and nerves . Th e pills are incapable doing mischief to the m os t d e li ca t e cons itution. lam rue system has been enervated by over indulgence, or ex hausted by mercurial preparations, the pills are exc ellent restora tives; they expel all polecat and enrich the bleed, ASSIZE .NriELLIGENCE, NORFOLK CIRCUIT.—NORIVICII, 'March 31. (Before the Lord Justice and a Special Jury.) FULLER V. SUTTON AND OTHERS-THE 111UNDORD POACH- ING CASE, Mr. O'Malley, Q.C., and Mr. Phear appeared for the plaintiff; Mr. Keane, Q.C., Mr. Bulwer, and Mr. Markby, for the defendants. This case was an action against three of the magistrates of Norfolk. Philip Fuller, the plaintiff, was cross. examined by Mr. Keane, Q.C.—I was not asked where I Lougat the game, and I did not say. I did not call the persons I bought it of as witnesses. Mr. Walpole's uncle was present when I was before the magistrates on the let of July. He did not apply for a postponement—they let me go without entering into recognisances. When I was before the magistrates in August Mr. Baring said he wished it put off then, as he had applied for counsel's opinion to knew what he should do in the case. On the last occasion that I was before the magistrates Mr. Baring said they had tried to get the penalty let down, but they found they could not do it, They gave me a month to pay the fine, and said I must pay the costs down. I said I had not got the money, but I did not ask for time. By the Judge—l don't recollect whether I told my at torney where I bought the game. The reports of the proceedings before the magistrates in the Busy Post were put in and read. Mrs. Bye—My husband is Shepherd to Mr. Roper. I was subpcenoad, and have since had notice to leave my house within a week, Mr. Keane submitted that that was an improper ques tion. His Lordship—l cannot believe, Mr. Phear, that a gentle man of your experience does not know that that is an im proper question, and could only be asked for the purpose of prejudice. Mr. O'Malley, Q.C.—lt has been made a point in this case that the plaintiff did net call these witnesses when be tore the magistrates, and this evidence is introduced to show why he did not. Atter his lordship's remarks I feel bound to say that I am entirely responsible for the ques• tion asked by my learned friend, and for the reason I have stated. The witness went on to say that she sold the pri soner the rabbits. Mrs Mathew—My husband is bailiff to Mr. Roper. I remember the plaintiff coming to my house just before he was taken before the magistrates. I had a hare and par tridge in my house that day. I parted with them to Fuller. He gave me some herrings, some yeast, and a shilling. I gave him the partridge. This was the plaintiff's case. Mr. Keane submitted that there was no case to go to the jury, as the conviction was not quashed. Mr. O'Malley called his lordship's attention to the Jus tice of the Peace Act, and submitted that it was only neces sary that the conviction should be quashed in cases not within the jurisdiction of the magistrates. His lordship stated that he would consult Mr. Justice Crompton, and give his decision this morning. This mornine the learned Chief Justice stated that he did not feel justified in stopping the case, but he would reserve the point. Mr Keane then submitted that no action would lio in re spect of the refusal of the magistrates to state a case. Mr O'Malley said that he did not rely on that as a sub stantive cause of action, but it was evidence of malice. His Lordship— The great question will be whether there is malice. Mr Keane not calling witnesses, Mr 0' Malley addressed the jury for the plaintiff, con tending that the facts clearly showed malice, as the magis. trates had made it one of the grounds of the conviction that the plaintiff had been convicted before. Mr Keane then addressed the jury for tee defendants. He (the learned counsel) thought he could satisfy the jury that the decision of the magistrates, if wrong, only resulted from the erroneous judgment of the magistrates, and not from any desire on their part that justice should be admi nistered partially. He did not presume to criticise what was done in the Court of Queen's Bench, tut what was done there was calculated to eatbarass the magistrates. Under en act confessedly obscure, and of which it has been held that the mere finding of game was presumptive evidence of guilt, there could not, under the facts of this case, be ma lice. What other conclusion could the magistrates come to than that the plaintiff came by the game improperly ? Could the ju , y then say that they had personal or legal malice? The plaintiff gave no account of the game. Game is found in the cart—a partridge with its legs broken, as if by a trap or snare ; a hare, which the plaintiff did not mention to the policeman; the cart against a plantation; and all the de fence was that the man had a wooden leg. It reminded him (the learned counsel) of a story told in one of Mr Dickens's novels. A coachman was told that the law required him to do something which it was impossiblo for the driver of a coach to do, and the reply he made, not very respectful perhaps, was that if the law required this "the law was a bass, end never drove a coach;" and he (the learned coun sel) said that if the law was such that a man with a wooden leg could not be convicted of poaching, "the law was a bass, and had never poached." (Laughter.) Then they say it was malicious, refusing to state a case; but what did the ma gistrates do? They say that is not the proper course, you should appeal, and then you would have both facts and law gone into. The plaintiff might have taken up a case after that. The delay after the case was decided was only caused by the magistrates taking the opinion of counsel, as to whether they could let the plaintiff off altogether. Some thing had been said about Mr, Sutton saying that he would not stultify himself by altering the decision the magistrates had come to. It had been said, why did not the magistrates come and face the jury ?—why rest their case on the facts as stated by the plaintiff himself ?—and they say that on those facts no malice is shown. They could not alter the facts if they had come and given evidence. His Lordship then summed up to the jury. He com menced by stating that it was for him to decide whether there was react nable and probable cause for the conviction, and in his opinion there was not ; but that would not ren der the defendants liable, unless the jury were of opinion that there was malice. Under this act of Parliament it was not necessary that the man should be seen upon land. That conclusion might be come to inferentially, but in his opinion the evidence did not justify that inference. If this man had been found at 5 o'clock in the morning or with guns atednets, or even in company with a person who was proved to be in pursuit of game, the case would have been different; but the inference was, what the evidence to-day has abundantly proved, viz., that he was going about the country collecting game which other pt °pie had taken ; and that would not justify the conviction. But it is not because magistrates make an error in judgment that they are to be responsible Then came the question, was there m alice ? He (the learned judge) would have seen not hiring in the case to indicate malice had it not been for the unfortunate expression of Mr. Baring. to the affect that they allowed themselves to be influenced by the antecedents of this man. The question then was, were they so influenced ? It appeared Mr. Baring used these expressions to justify the opinien of the magistrates, which had been rather roughly handled by the Court of Queen's Bench ; and if that was the case, and they were only influ enced by the evidence which was before them, they were not liable. But if the magistrates strained the law in order to convict this man, that would be. malice. The question for the jury was, whether what was done was maliciously done; if not, their verdict must be for the defendants. With respect to the refusal of the case, that was matter for their consideration on the question of malice. They had a discretionary power, but they were bound to exercise that without niches. It was said they had omitted facts in the case, but it the jury were of opinion that the only question on which the magistrates wished for the opinion of the court was as to whether it was necessar y to prove that he had been seen on land, then in his (the learned judge's opinion) no material fr.cts had been omitted. If the plaintiff wanted to reverse the decision on the facts, the Court of Quarter Sessions was undoubtedly the proper tribunal to go to. As to the count for the imprisonment, he was of opinion that it was justified by the subsisting- conviction. The jury would therefore say whether there was malice, and whether an verdict for , unreasonable time elapsed bet ween the decision of the Court of Queen's B e nch and t h e imprison ment of the p lain tiff. Theei Jur y, after considering for fmor a 4Js. —and stat e d, in ne atly two hours, retu r ned a rdc reply to a question from his lordship, that there was only malice in straining the law at the time of conviction, and that no unreasonable delay occurred in carrying out the conviction. His lordship certified for a special jury, and that it was a proper case to be tried. PRATT v. cANNELL. Mr. O'Malley, , gr. Beane, Q C., and Mr. Cherry appeared for the plaintiff; Dlr. Bulwer and Mr, Stephen son for the defendant. This case involved a question as to the title to a fence, and was of no interest whatever except to the parties can- cerned. ls.—was entered • bytp is lain case, tiff by A co v n er se d n ic t t . for the plaiutiif—daraages, NEWHAM V, M ASTERS AND OTHERS, In he this Wirhoimalsworae machinery of the defendants, an action for injuries sustained who are merchants and millers at King's Lynn, a verdict was entered for the plaintiff fur £l5O by consent, Mr, Keane, Q C., and Mr. D. Brown appeared for the plaintiff; Mr. O'Malley, Q.C., and Mr. Markby f or th e defendants. CROWN COURT. (Before Mr. Justice Crompton.) Collbeck, Alexander, McDowell, and Rock, the four soldiers who were tried yesterday for riot and violent assaults, were found guilty and sentenced to three years' penal servitude. Mr. Metcalf and Mr. Sims Reeve appeared for the pro secution, the prisoners were not defended by counsel. Edward Hyde was indicted for feloniously wounding Thomas Smith. Mr, Carlos Cooper was for the prosecution, and Mr. Drake for the defence. The prosecutor was a veterinary surgeon, and the prisoner a brewer, both of them living at Watton. On the evening of the 24th of December lust they were both drinking at the Green Man, at Watton, and a good deal of quarrelling seems to have occurred a mongst the patty. The prosecutor was turned out of doors by the landlord, and for half an i3911r Afterward' occupied hitueelf with knocking and kick- ing at the door, cud caliir.g on the prisoner for an exi iana flea of some offensive language used by him eat liar in the evening. Meanwhile a policeman had come into the house, and the prisoner, who had hitherto been afraid of going home lest he should fall into the clutches of the prosecutor, placed himself under the constable's protection, and sallied forth. The prosecutor rushed at the prisoner, and be alleged for a peaceable explanation, but according to the prisoner's case with a view to "smashing Mr. Brewer's head." In the struggle the prosecutor was severely wounded by a knife, which according to one party the prisoner made a stab with, and according to the other which the prisoner merely held up in self-defence. The case was proceeding when our parcel loft. NORTHERN CICUIT.—LIVERPOOL, March 31. SECOND Nisi Pnius COURT. (Before Mr Justice Wiles.) ROITLINSON T. GORDON—BREACH OP PROMISE OP MARRIAGE. In this case the plaintiff, Mies Blanche Rowlinson, the daughter of a merchant in Liverpool, sought to recover damages from Mr. W. G. Gordon, for breach of promise of marriage. The plaintiff is 23 years of age, and the defen dant 27. The plaintiff and de,endant became acquainted when the latter was employed in an office in Liverpool. He paid the plaintiff great attentions, but he never made auy proposal of marriage. He subsequently obtained a situation at Hankow in China, from which place he wrote a long letter to plaintiff's father, confessing his love for the plain• tiff, and soliciting permission to pay his addresses to her. In this he enclosed a most passionate love letter to the plaintiff. Both Mr. Rowlinson and the plaintiff replied to these letters, each agreeing to the defendant's wishes. The defendant after this wrote numerous letters to the plaintiff, in which, in true lover's terms, he constantly alluded to their marriage, and spoke of his parents being agreeable to the engagement. He also said that he had saved £3,000, which be would settle on the plaintiff, and that he would soon be a partner in the ,firm of his employers. He also described how he was furnishing a house for her, and men tioned a variety of details as to her outfit, and the arrange ments he thought best for her journey to China. He spoke also about everybody at Hank ay and Shangai being aware of his proposed marriage with her. This correspondence commenced in June, 1861, but in August, 1862, the defen dant wrote to the pla ntiff to the effect that the marriage would have to be delayed, as his parents objected to the marriage. He also said that be intended returning to Europe to see his parents on the subject. His letters atter this gradually cooled, and he finally wrote to Mr. Rowlinson, returning the plaintiff's letters, and breaking off the engagement. He gave as his reasons for this act the opposition of his parents to the marriage, and the uncongeniality of his disposition and the plaintiff's. _ _ The damages were laid at £lO,OOO. The Jury returned a verdict for the plaintiff—damages, £750. POLICE INTELLIGENCE—Yesterday, MARLBOROUGH-STREET.—FtAORANT CASE of POLICE TYRANNV.—EIiz ►beth Wilson, a respectable looking young woman, residing at No. 6, Great Exeter street, Lisson•grove, was charged before Mr. Arnold with being a common prostitute, and annoying male passengers in the street. Mr. Eiward Lewis, of Great Marlborough-street, ap peared for the young woman. The case was partly heard on Tuesday, resumed yester day, and concluded to-day, and the greatest interest seemed to be felt in the matter, the court being much crowded. Wollard, 129 D, said—At two o'clock on the morning of Tuesday last I was in Oxford-street, and saw the prisoner take hold of gentlemen's arms, and heard her say to one of them, "Come home with me." I then tok her into cus tody. I have repeatedly seen her in the street. By Mr. Lewis—Late in the evening. I cannot say the dates, but this month. I spoke to the second gentleman. He die not give me his name and address. I then thought I was justified in taking her into custody. I heard her ask the gentleman whether he would go home with her. I said, " There are great complaints of prostitutes annoying gentlemen, and I shall take you to the station ;" and did so. I did not in Marylebone- lane say, " Now you may go." She did not say to me, 6' No ; you have called me a prosti tute, and I will go with you." Mr. Arnold—You say you have repeatedly seen her in the street. When was Ihe last time before this 2—Con stable—l think on Sunaay night, between eleven and twelve. She was then going towards the Marble Arch. I have seen her walking bacawards and forwards in Oxford, street. I have seen her out as late as 1 o'clock in the fore part of this month. Thomas Berridge, 295 D—l have seen the prisoner in Oxford-street at 11, 12, and 1 o'clock, always walking with different men, and a quarter or half hour at a time, Mr. Wilson, of 6, Exeter-street, Lisson-grove, said—The young woman is my daughter, and a professional singer in the provinces. 'When she is in town, sometimes a Sew weeks together, she lives with me. She is occasionally out late, as she visits professional people, who meet late. Her employer for the last two years is in attendance to speak to her cha meter. Mr. Jennings, the propriet - ;,r of an operatic troupe, said he was in the habit of engaging Miss Wilson as ono of his operatic troupe for the provhices. He had done so for four years. He had ascertained that Miis Wilion went on Monday night to a music hall in Long-acre, and he had no doubt that was the reason why she had not, when the case was first before the court, stated where she had been, as he told her once thAt if she sang there she might sing there altogether, and probably she was afraid of offending him. Mr. Arnold put several questions to the witness, in answer to which he said Miss Wilson bore an excalleut character. Mrs. Se.rah Macdonald, wife of Mr. Win. Macdonald, of the Scotch Stores, Long-acre, said—l have known Miss Wilson for four years. I never heard anything derogatory to her character. Cn the night of Easter Monday we had a party at our house, and several professionals were present. Miss Wilson was there all the evening, and left from half past 1 till 2. Miss Julia Ballinger, a professional singer, said—l have been in the habit of travelling with Mies Wilson for four years with Mr. Jennings's company. I have during that time lived with her, and never heard a word against her character. Mr. Arnold said the prisoner was charged with annoy- ing gentlemen for the purpose of prostitution, and if the statement of the constable was true, then the charge was fully made out ; but if the constable had not told the truth, then it was not made out, and the constable was guilty of wilful and corrupt perjury. In answer to the evidence of the police, there was very strong evidence on the other side as to the respectability of the young woman. Whet had great weight with him was, how the time was spent by her on the night in question. He (Mr. Arnold) was aware that a great many young women, ostensibly milliners or proces sionals, and persons of apparent respectability, eked out a living by prostitution. The great difficulty he felt on both occasions was no explanation being given as to how she passed the night—but he was bound to say she had per fectly saddled him now. It would have been painful for him (Mr. Arnold) to have convicted the young woman after the protestations of respectability she had made, and it was with great pain he said that the evidence of the con stable was utterly unworthy of belief. He believed the young woman to be highly respectable. There was no doubt the constable called her a prostitute, and that then she resented it. He should take care the conduct of the constable was represented to the Commissioners of Police, and he trusted that he would not be allowed to remain many hours longer in the force. Tha young woman was discharged. Some applause followed the magistrate's decision, but was instantly checked. THE CHARGE ov ABDUCT i °N.—Thomas Howard, the keeper of a night refreshment-house in Haymarket, charged with taking a girl, named Minnie Wilson,from her parents, she being under the age of 16, was again brought before Mr. Arnold. Mr. E. Dillon Lewis (in the office of Mr. Edward Lewis, Great Marlborough-street) prosecuted, on behalf of the Society for the Protection of Women and Children, and on the prisoner being placed in the dock, said he had good reason to believe that the girl Minnie Wilson had been tampered with, as she was not in attendance. That being the case, and as the evidence was not quite perfect, he wished for another remand. Sergeant Appleton, 26 C, said he had had charge of the case, and he had reason to believe, indeed he was sure, the girl had been tampered with. She had removed from the place where she lodged, and £5O had been given to her through an officer of the Huse of Detention. Mr. Arnold—An officer of the House of Detention! Mr. Lewis said he should be able to substantiate it. Mr. Arnold—Sergeant, Do you know a waiter at the Raglan Music Hall? Sergeant Appleton said he did not. Mr. Arnold—l have received a letter, which I shall hand to the solicitor for the prosecution, and from which it appears the girl has been tampered with. Sergeant Appleton said the girl's father would not come forward without he was summoned. Mr. Arnold—l shall remand the prisoner, but will take two sureties in £lOO each. [ADVERTISEMENT.] —Consumption, all nervous, bilious liver, and stomach complaints, ia every stage, arc only ag gravate i and accelerated by drugs of every description, but perfectly curable by Du Barry's health restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, as proved by thousands of cases which nad been considered hopeless. We quote a few.—Cure No. 62,914. Miss Lange, 18 years of age, cured after the medical men had abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last stage of pulmonary consumption, with f-arful cough, expectoration, exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, hollow cheeks, emaciated to a skeleton. She is now, that* God, a perfectly healthy, blooming, fleshy girl.—N. Lange, Commissaire de police. Cure, No. 48,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Frireley Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derangement, and partial deafness.—Cure, No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, indigestion. gatherings, low spirits, and nervous fancies.—Cure, No. 54,816. the Rev. James Campbell, Fakenham, Norfolk, of indigestion and torpidity of the liver, which had resisted all medical reatment. In tins, 11b, 2s 9d; 21b, 4s 6d; 51b, 115; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 401. Barry du Barry and Cu., No. 77, Regent-street, Loudon ; also Fortituni and hivon; and all gmen and clietelata I>q every t9wn 91 the Vaned 8,191149 m. SPIRIT OF T. TlMEs.—Her Msjesty's loyal subjects av ill be very well pleased to hear that their Sovereign is about to break her protracted seclusion. Next week and the week after she will hold Courts at Buckingham Palace,—the first for the principal members of the Corps Diplometique; the second for such distin guished persons as she may invite for the occasion. Various other announcements encourage the hope that not only will Buckingham Palace resume its place in the world of life, but that her Majesty will herself reappear as its Mistress, and that before long the whole Court will recover from its suspended animation. It is almost needless to enumerate the classes possessing so personal an interest in this revival that they have taken abundant care to make their wants known and establish an actual griev ance. The West-end of this metropolis only enjoys life for half the year, and after staking so much upon its Royal and aristocratic patrons has to de plore the lot of those who trust in the favour of Princes. But the Court has a loftier mission and wider duties than the encouragement of deserving tradesmen, or the prosperity of those who seek to bask in its smiles. It is the very central and highest institution of the country. It is the Court which realises and arrays the Sovereign to the mind of the people. Lawyers and legislators may understand the Royal prerogative, and say what a Sovereign may do and what she may not ; and they may de scribe her as the keystone of the arch, the symbol of unity, order, and obedience. Princes, too, may have that personal knowledge of the Sovereign which reduces the splendid ceremonial to an idle formality. But the people at large see, or think they see, her Majesty surrounded by the officers of State, the representatives of foreign powers, and the nobi lity and leading gentry of our own realm. We are not a peopie to take much on trust, or to conceive that to be real which does not meet the eye, Every body must here show himself in his appointed place or his usual resort. If a gentleman is no longer seen on the bench of magistrates, or at the covert side, or wherever else the county chooses to assemble, he loses not so much caste as existence ; and even a dis appearance for a few years becomes so much lee way in his career and in the progress of his family. It is an exigency that bears hard upon many charac ters who are but ill adapted to hold their own is the crowd, but it is a matter of public weal,and the public wishes to have its rulers always before its eye, that being the necessity of its own life, and therefore the reciprocal duty of all who claim a public character. We do not deny that it is possible to retire from the public eye to a household or a select circle, and to exercise, by force of wealth or position or some per sonal gift, a considerable power, and yet be almost personally unknown. There are, it is true, men and women who, yielding either to natural taste or to circumstances, shut themselves up and become names and nothing more ; known only in the past, or in their inseparable connection with living persons and outward things. There are such who are believed to be models of piety, of goodness, and of accomplish ment, whose virtues are often alluded to, and who are worshipped in a mysterious retirement by a se lect circle of congenial and interested admirers. But in no position or rank of life is it possible to become this impersonal and mystic being so completely as to lose feelings and be incapable of opinions. The most secluded people cannot make the world of their own so complete as to shut out the reality; and they who live ever so much in the past will still find the living intrude. Indeed, they are apt to give way to feelings upon the questions of the day all the more because they have indulged too much in recollec tions and regrets, and all the shadows of a bygone time. The present will assert its claims to their at tention and interest, and will lay a strenuous grasp on the heart that seemed devoted to the very tomb. As long as there is life there is that which sustains the life of the great, the noble, and the good—the love of justice and truth ; the love of family and race, the love of a cause, or whatever else has once possessed the soul. So they who would isolate themselves from the world and its duties must forget both it and themselves; they must cease to know and to (tare as well as to act, and be content to let things take their course. This in effect they cannot do; this they never do; and the only result is a struggle in which they neither die nor live—neither live, as they wish, in the past, nor do their duty in the working world. To take a pert in the world it is necessary to live in it. But they who live in it and wish to share its action must be Resent ; they must see and be seen. Without this, they will find themselves fading to the eye of man, losing hold on the general interest, receding into the misty background, speaking without being heard, aiming without reaching, stretching without grasping, fighting the air when they believe them. selves in friendly embrace or in contest of argu Went. It is the only advice that can be tendeted to all, from the Sovereigndown to the humblest servant of the Sovereign, the State, or the public; down to any man who has his walk in life and his post 'o fill. He mast walk his walk and fill his post, and that actually and visibly, otherwise the view dissolves and another picture takes its place, which is either not himself, or such as he will hardly wish to be so. PoST.—Daring the reign of the Emperor Nicho las in Russia no one was surprised at accounts of atrocities unkno`wn and unheard of in civilised countries. In those infelicitous times neither age nor sex was excepted from corporal punishment. The monster Constantine, who governed Poland as viceroy, and himself married a beautiful Pole, was constantly in the habit of ordering Polish women to be flagged, not for crimes against the law, but for political opinion, or the wearing of colours that ins dicated a political opinion. Nothing raised the gorge of the Poles more than this brutal soul debasing inhumanity ; and there can be no doubt that it was one of the proximate causes of the Revolution of 1831. Nor was the flogging of women confined to Poland. It was often prac tised in St. Petersburg during the reign of Con stantine's younger brother, Nicholas, to whom he fielded the imperial crown, and practised, too, not merely on Polish but on Russian women. In the year 1830, if we remember rightly, one of the prin c.pal hotels at St. Petersburg was kept by one De muth, and his wife, a born Russian, having been denounced by a police spy, a Russian prince (princes in Russia are as plentiful as blackberries in Sept.), as having spoken rather freely of one of the Dames de la Coeur, Madame Demuth was seized, bound, stripped, and flogged by the police authorities in her own house. The sensation this produced at Vienna at the close of 1830 was intense, and when the revo lution broke out at Wilna and 'Warsaw in the fol lowing year the sympathies of the Viennese were breast-high with the Poles, In Galicia facilities of concealment and escape were afforded to Poles flying from pursuing Russians, for the Austrian Govern ment did not at that moment dare to run counter to public opinion. Yet Austria at that period was dsspo.ically governed; the narrow-minded Em peror Francis still lived, and Metternich was all powerful. True, the governing power was leaden and heavy-handed, but it. was not stolid or stupid, and certainly it was not brutal. It was not, indeed, till seventeen or eighteen years after this period that woman-flogging was heard of in Austria, and then it was resorted to, in 1849 and 1850, by the monster Haynau, who was not an Austrian born, hut, a veritable Hessian, being the natural son of William I. the Elector of Hesse-Cassel, by Madame de Lidentbal. The manner in which this brutal soldier exercised his authority was so ferocious that the Austrian Government was forced to deprive him of all military authority in July, 1850. He left the army and the country which he disgraced by his inhumanity at the close of August, and in the month of September, 1850, arrived in England. The infamy of his evil deeds had pre ceded him hither, and it is in the remembrance of all that when he visited Barclay and Perkins's brewery, some fourteen years ago, l‘rewers' dray men and populace all joined in one loud diapason of disgust and indignation at his cowardly con duct. The inhuman monster speedily left these shores for Brussels. There, as well as here, the populace taunted him with his dastardly and in human conduct to women, and received him with shots of execration. From Brussels be proceeded to Paris ; but though the police in that capit a l afforded him protection from actual manual vio lence, yet he could sufficiently read in the expres sion of every passing visage indications of loathing and contempt. He did not remain much longer in France than in this country or Belgium, and quickly returned to his fatherland. There, whether from the stings of conscience or remove, he was seized with apoplexy, and died on ts way to the waters of Grafenberg in 185, of his death Austria has the period period IthetT.gonegreat changes. The military power of the empire has been humbled and chastised. The Emperor Francis Joseph has been induced to grant rewesentative institutions to his subjects, and 15 or 16 m on th s ago many i n th ese kingdoms were hopeful enough to think that a career of progression and improvement was opening but to Austria. But since the outbreak of the Polish insurrection many of those who were not originally unfriendly to Austria h ave s e e n c ause to change their opiriton. They are constrained to think that Austria is acting in perfect complicity with Russia and Prussia, and that th e con stitution and repre sentative institutions granted by the Emperor may be but mere convenient shams, delusions, mockeries, and snares —anythi ng , i n a w ord, but reality. That very Galicia whi c h, i n 1831, was a refuge and Amid for Russian Poles, is now e according to the Journal de Debate and the Psesse i s the theatre war atreo! acts as Mx sinus as any occurring n 1831 a -iaw under the Grand Duke Constantine, or at Wilna _intier the senator Novosiltz°ff. For more than a nonth past councils of war have been in full activity it Lemberg. They dispose at least of four cases daily. People of both loxes are condemned each week—in- JOURNAL S. deed each day---to co4oral punisbmoTit f,or the most trifling offences. The slightest annoyance to a stn' tinel is deemed worthy of corpora! punishment. Many youths and men have for this heinous crime undergone corporal punishment either with clubs or rods. This is brutal enough when applied to the male sex, but what at , abomination is it when applied to women ! Yet women have been knouted and flagged in the month of March of this year of grace, 1864, not in autocratic Room, but in constitutional Austria—Austria with two Chambers possessing liberty of speech and disco' sion. Is there no man with a heart within his bosom among the hundreds of men in the Upper or the Lower Chamber of Austria who will denounce these horrors P Is there no deputy, gent:e or simpler titled or untitled, in Austria who will ask for the decision of the court, military or civil, prevotal or mixed which condemned Julia Chorostouka, aged thirty-four, maoreau-maker at Lemberg, to be flogged ? is there no one who will ask for whit crime Catherine Samborska, domestic servant, has been ordered to receive a like punishment. Fot teen years ago Austria repudiated and disgraced the monster Haynau for woman segging. Swill it be said that the Austria of 1864 is more brutal an d narbarous than the Austria of 1830 ? In the cliy . of Maria Theresa, Austria, though a despotism , Wed a mild, a humane, a beneficent despolleot in tne days of Joseph 11. and Leopold it was a Government tempered by philosophy, by gentleness' and by toleration. But if the specific accounts con tained in the Debats with names, and dates, and all convenient certainly of time and place, be true. Austria, instead of progressing, is retrograding . ' instead of advancing, is becoming the scandal, the opprobrium, and the shame of Europe. UnhapPY country ! unhappy people ! COUNTRY MARIZAT& - it. -..... BIRMINGHAM—TRUBsDAY. There was a short supply of wheat to-day, and English witnout change in value. Foreign wheat met a retail sale at is below previous quotations. Barley quite as dtar• —English wheat was sold at 40s to 46s for white, and 364 to 43a per 36 stone for red, Barley, new malting, 30s t j 38s per qr; grinding, 24s to 288 Oats, old, 22s to 30s per 30 atone ; Irish, 18s to 245. Beans, 34s to 40s per qr Peas, 328 to 42s per 36 stone. BURTON• ON-TR ENT-THURSDAY. Old white wheat..4sB to 47s I u,d red wheat ...40s to 43s New do. 44s to 47s I New do. ..388 to 420 Malting barley....33s t0,37s I Oath l9B to '2E 4 Grinding d0.....28s to 30s I Beans 36s to 420 MANCHESTER—THURSDAY. English wheat met with a stow demand this morning aik abouL the currency of this day week. American ld to 2a per cental lower without induoing millers to operate. Flour again met with au exceedingly dull sale, and prices were the turn in favour of buyers. Indian corn and beans changed in price. Oats and oatmeal were dull, and slightly easier. BRISTOL—TIRrnsDAY. • A limited attendance at oar market to-day, and wheat rather ad` anced in price. Barley scarce, at former rates' Beans and peas inlimited sale. EDINBURGH GRAIN—BIARcu 30. ------ --- To- day there was a fair supply of wheat, which met slow sale at rather under last week's prices. Barley we a ready sale at is advance on former rates. Beans a ready sale, and about is more money. 048 sold heavily. Wheat on the top is 6d up average is Id down. Barley on the top 3s Od up .average is 4d up. Oats on the top Us 6d down..........average Os 9d doff! , Beans on the top 313 9d up. ,..average 3s 9d up. Aver age Prices. Wheat., 37s 2d I Oats. Barley ..33s Od 1 Beans Total Supply and Sales. Wheat ..1016 qrs Sold 623 qrs 8ar1ey........ 853 qrs Oats Sold 1486 qrs Beans l7B qrs Sold 204 qrs Flour sells as follows :—Whites, 39s Od; extras, 37s Od; superfine, 35s Od ; fine, 33s Od. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. wstralia and Mauritius, via Southampton. .Aprillg• via Marseilles .. April irazil and Cape Verde, by British packet. April 5• 'ape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena. April !hula, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton.April. 3. via Marseilles ...April 12 e'alkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton iidia kCalcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton April 3 via Marseilles April a iudia (Bombay), via Southampton via Marseilles April 6. Portuga1.... .talta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton April 3 via Marseilles April 6 Newfoundland /port° and Vigo I. 6. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... April 7. by U.S. packo' by Canadian packet. April --- N.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Teneritle .. , tthamits, via New York April 7 'dome() ....April 25 Ili parts of West Indies, including Chili, Peru, 1 April 1 3 California. and British Columbia.. Persons who have been in the habit of paying weekly 86 borrowers of Sewing Machines will do well to apply at once and become members of Messrs. Watts and Co.'s Sewing Machine Clubs. By so doing they will not only save the money they now foolishly throw away, but at the same time secure to themselves the possession of one of the best and most celebrated sewing machim-s in the world. Every in formation given on application; or by letter addressed, with a stamped envelope, to Messrs. Watts and Co., 12, Beaufort" buildings, Strand, London, W.C., where mein rs are en' aolled daily between 10 and 4 ; Saturdays, I 0 andl MURDER IN FhANCE.—The Court of Assizes Of the Drug-Sevres has just tried a farm-laboure r named Gabilly, aged 35, on a charge of having murdered his sister at Chapelle •St.-Laurent on the 10th Dec. last. Iti appeared from the evidence that the prisoner:was in the service of a widow Niort, who in December last engaged Il i° sister to come and keep house for her while she went to o fair at Bessure. The prisoner had always been remarkable tor his violent temper, and became furious on the least con' trariety. On the morning of the clime, in a fie of passioll he took a gun and shot several hens because they came into the kitchen, and threatened to shoot the neighbours le bcl reproached him with his telly, but they at last got posse .' lion of the gun and took it aw a y w ith th em. L ater i n the day, when preparing to shave himself, he told his sister 0 go and borrow a falll for him; she left the house to do eat but as she did not walk fast enough for him, he ran after 0 0 2 cut her across the neck with hi s razor , i n fli c ti ng a wuo w " of which she died a few minutes afterwards. On hearing the woman's screams the neighbours ran to her assistance; and at last mastered him, but not before he hud wounde d one of them severely, He was committed for trial, and t be doctors who were called in to examine him as to his Banat declared that he was not insane, but had acted under al: influence of passion. The prisoner himself stoutly denie d '.hat he was mad, and stated that when he struck his siste r he was so enraged that he forgot he had a razor in his han d ° and was very sorry for what he bad done. His answers 0 the President's questions were perfectly rational. The counsel for the defence ple.ded insanity, but the prisoner refused to take advantage of the plea. The jury acquitted , the prisoner on the charge of w il fu l mur d er, b ut f oun d bn guilty of inflicting a wound which had caused death, 07. allowed him the benefit of extenuating circumstances. 1.116 Court condemned him to two years' imprisonment. A fire occurred at Eitceaf two mornings 1,6 01 on the premises of M. Arnouz, a cloth mends!: Cuter, The flames were first observed in the dryil rooms in the upper part of the building. 5 :., 11 firemen came immediately to the spot, and there bel ts a good supply or water the conflagration was limited to t place where it commenced, with little injury to the lov; storeys of the building. The damage is estimated at fr°, 20,e00f to 25,000 f. The same part of the establishment 1 / destroyed by fire in Octob er tes t, w ith th e same a moull ° damage. Births. DUNCOILITE.—On the 30th ult., at 20, Groevemer-ssi ftuale, the lion. Mrs. Duncoulbe, of a daughter. FORSTER.—On the 28th ul ~ a t St. Margarel's, haw, the wife of Staff Cohunander J. T. Foriter, of a son ; and on the 'can, of a daughter. cf _.‘„, IRBY.—On the 30th ult., at Chelsea Hospital, the w"" Captain John Irby, of a son. Woon.—Oa the 30th nlt„ at 10. The Terrace, Peck — Wood, of a son. rye, Mrs. Henry Marriages. 1 1 iERRYDIAN - WORTHINGTON.-Ot the 30th ult., Si td "nos 8 7 Piceaalily, mAor• General Ferryman, C. 130 Sarah Caroline, youngest daughter of the late Jon ° Worthington, Esq., of Arundel Villa, Cheltenham' A v f TROLLOPE—MURRAY.—On the 31st Ult., at S , . Ge Org- of 11.-tuuvei-square, Major-Genera: Troliepe, C. 8., 8011 0 0 the late Sir John t rullope, Bart., to Cordelia Mariato, daughter of the late Major-General J. P. Murray, G* Deaths. BARRY.—On the 31st ult., at 35, Hanley-road, near TOW sey, Juhn Thomas Barry. 190 DANIEL.—On the 3Uth ult., George Datiiel, Ekclq Of Caounbury-equare, aged 74. C. 13 ult., EARLE.—On the 29th at Albury, the Rev. - • Earle, la 11 0 FRITH.—Oa the 30th ult., at Hackney. Miss Frith, aged 64. For' GOLDSMID.—OE the 30th ult., at 46, Baker-street, mau-square, M. A. Ooldamid, Esq. 011, MANSFIELD.—On the 31st ult., at Camberwell, Ail. Mansfield, aged 66. WEMYSS.—On the 29th ult. James Hay Erskine We 4 of Weruyss and Torrie, Fife, at his residence, nuci‘il ham-gate, S. W. ~ ,„t ,l; London: Prthzed and l'rtlished Dy WIL LI A .11 A ~. ' '''' I,' , 01 No. 112, Strand, Printer, at 'Das SUN Otl i c e '',„,.4 Strand, : n the Yrecinot of toe Savoy, a the OUP 8 31144.1vsex,rEricliiy, Afril 1, .1801. }g?