The Sun. — London, England, 1863-12-09 00:00:00

Mr. J. Locke and his Constituents, Last night Mr. I. Lease, M.P. for Southwark, met his constituents at the Bridge House Hotel, London-bridge, for the purpose of rendering an ac count of his stewardship during the last session. The chair was occupied by Mr. J. Oast!er, of the firm of Messrs. Hoselev, Palmer, and Co., leather manufacturers, in the Borough. Mr. LOCKE said that this was the seventh time he had appeared More his constituents during the Parliamentary recess, in order that they might commune together upon the interees of the nation at large, and those of the borough of Southwark in particular, and it was extremely gratifying to him to find thac the course he pursued always met with their approval. Since he first came before them, his opinions and those of the great bulk of the commu nity had coincided, and he believed that the great benefits conferred upon this country, during the time he had been their representative, were due to that party in the House of Commons whom, through him, they had supported. (Hear, hear.) Since they had last met, they had lost several most influential and active persons in the borough, and among them Dr. Challice and Mr, Day, the latter of 'whom had done much to promote the movement for the equalisation of the poor rates. (Hear, hear.) It Was said that the late session of Parliament did nothing. That was always said at the end of every session, but he shoull like those who made the com plaint to sit in the House of Commons, as members did, until 2 o'clock in the morning three days a week, and see what was done. Daring the session 125 public and 250 private acts had been passed, and therefore Parliament must have laboured to some extent. (Hear, hear.) With regard to local matters he expressed his regret that no site had been found in Southwark for St. Thomas's Hospital. Had the committee of the hospital done their duty, they would have kept it within the borough, and thus carried out the object of King Edward Vl.'s charter. Difficulties had arisen, however, in one quarter and another, and now, un less the parties peculiarly interested did not exert themselves, there seemed to be every pros. peat that the hospital would be rebuilt at Stangate. That would certainly be better than the original proposition to take the hospital five or six mil es out of town ; but he contended that the men of Southwark had alone the right to possess that hos pital. (Cheers.) Another important local question was the proposal to have a park for Southwark, which was much discussed seven years ago. The Metropolitan Board of Works, for whom they en tertained deep gratitude from a lively sense of favours to come — (laughter) --had a resolved that there should be a park for Southwark ; and, if he were rightly informed, they had given notice to pro ceed next session with a bill on the subject contain ing powers for rating the whole metropolis for the expense of forming the park. If the inhabitants of Southwark were united, and did not quarrel among themselves as to where exactly it should be, their chance of getti ng a park would be much improved. A VOICE —The miserable dwellings of the poor are of more importance. (Cheers.) Mr. LOCKE said he had forgotten that subject, but he thought that a park was intimately connected with the dwellings of the poor. (Hear, hear.) With those dwellings was also closely bound up the equalisation of poor rates. Complaints were made throughout the country, and especially in the agri cultural districts, that the houses of the labouring classes were not only in a very bad state, bat too far removed from the places where they performed their work. One reason was that until last session a man was not irremovable until after five years' residence in a parish, but now that period was re duced to three years, The object of those inte rested in land in certain parishes was to prevent working men residing within them, because, if they fell into distress after a three years' residence, they would be irremovable, and those parishes would have to keep them. The present system of poor law weighed heavily on the working classes in the agricultural districts, because they 'were obliged to crowd together in small parishes far away from their work. But, fortunately, there was at the head of the Poor-law Board one of the most distinguished men of the country for philan thropy, intelligence and honesty, Mr. Charles Vil liers—(cheers)—the man whofirst agitated the repeal of the corn laws, and therefore before either Mr. Cob den or Mr. Bright took up the question. (Cheers.) He was untrammelled by the cobwebs which con glomerated round the minds of those who previously occupied his position, looked straightforward, and kept always in view the principle that the rich of a community should be taxed for the support of the pooe. (Cheers.) Under the present system in South wark the poor were compelled to support the poor. (Hear, hear.) The dwellings of the labouring classes in many- parts of the metropolis were pulled down to make way for improvements, without others being erected for their accommodation, and the result was that those people all congregated together in poorer districts of the town. Mr. Villiers succeeded last session in extending the area for poor rates to unions and rendering a man irremovable after three years' residence. The first provision did not benefit South wark, as large parishes in themselves formed unions, but it was a step in the right direction. (Hear, hear.) They could not do everything at once. In commit tee he moved an amendment to the effect that for t hepurpose of the bill the whole metropolis should " taken to be a union, and, though he never ex- Noe(' t o carry it, no one gainsaid the justice of the principle that all who benefited by the labours of the working easses, or possessed property, should con tribute their fai r p c ° p or ti on t o th e r e li e f of the poor hers totta titbl a i ispesition among a large class of mem rise to onert:110 the iaw of settlement, which gave espcci, in ji a l inconvenience and expense, and, classes to the aoi e ziantry, bound down the working olhcr parishes. (laser, prevented them going into T rial :des Censerva.o r, hear.) With regard to the , the lion, member said the Government had taken into consideration the report of the committee of last session on that sub ject, , r d had given notice of a bill for next session, making the bosrd of commissionershe n, tlr e more represen r.- t a tive and popular e Was the Thal'a impor tant questloa of the Thames Embankment, (Hear, hear.) It ryas.cytt.wh i rea 'atkable that he e sis had never heard a word said b y his constituents about the embankm ent arty a of the Surrey aide. (" ilt s indispensable.") In a former session a bill was of the north • passed for the embankm ent aide of the Thames, and last session another was p asile , Q for a n • enbankment on the Surrey side from 'W est I ntaater. bridge to a point, he believed, beyond V e ,„, h an. bridge. If his constituents bestirred themselves it was not too late yet to get that embankment can in a directi on tinued from W es t m i ns ter -bridge to wards London. bridge. (Hear, hear.) In the course of the session some very important public measures were passed. First, there was the bill founded on the budget, taking off 2d. from the income tax and Od• from the duty on tea—another advance in the direction of free trade, which had been so bent ficial to the country at large. (cheers.) He need do no more than simply refer to that subject, as there was hardly a man in Southwark who was not a stern and strong free-trader. (Hear.) (A Voice— " What about the game laws PI An act was passed last session called the Nuisance Removal Amend ment Act. (Laughter.) Everybody knew the disad vantage of eating bad meat. Formerly they could s a e ize diseased meat but not the animal which con tained within it disease, and the act in question rec tified omission, that and increased the penalties. Nothi ng , loir me , s so insidious and so dangerous as bad a" It taken by human being, it not only affected him a at the moment, but ate into his whole system, and causedi innumerable diseases and com plaints which ended no question o n l 'tailY• (Hear.) There was which countrythere was such a diversion of opinion in this S om e were Confederates, as the war in Ameri c a. and some neither. (Laughte r .) Federals, B some both, forgotten that last session an ) act was passed giving effect t o a treaty entered into b t he United between this coun try and , extendin g th e f both countries ktee f powers 0 at' the suppressi on of the slap© trade. (Cheers.) e TLiL Law Revision by the direction of th e Act, prepared Lord Chan ceilor, and introduced by the Attor neY-Gederal would also have an extremely important and salu taryoff from the st a t ute - book effect. It struck obsolete or unnecessary acts of Parliament, whose short titles extended over 76 closely-printed pages, qnd thns tended greatly to simplify the 1 Nv. He trusted that both the Lord Advocate the At- I torney-General would continue their xortions in this good work of law reform. (He . ear.) They might all congratulate themselves - the general prosperous condition of the country. (" The Lanca shire weavers.") Considering the American war, the present state of things was most wonderful, and he attributed it to free trade and the French treaty. If there had not been that scope for the industry of the country which free trade gave, the condition of the Lancashire weavers would have been much worse, but the rest of the community being pros perous, they had been able to contribute largely to their support. (Cheers.) Now, however, matters seemed to have taken n turn, and they would be able, he hoped, soon to get a supply of cotton from other sources than America. If they were, and the cotton was untainted with slavery, such a result would be for the benefit not only of this country but for the whole human race. (Cheers.) Therefore, after all, the American war might turn out, under Providence, to be for the benefit of mankind; but, whatever the result—whether the North overcame the South, or the South bec am e independent—he believed slavery was doomed. (Cheers.) It was not for us to interfere in the struggle; and the Go vernment had adopted a course which was strictly in accordance with the opinion of the people at large. (Cries of " No, no," and cheers, and con siderable uproar.) The policy of th e G overnment was non-intervention, which he beli eve d h a d t h e appro bation of the whole land. (No, no," and cheers.) E N n o g rt l h and and had been theSouth, vio butlen violently ed he a o b t u h s ew b both the North was sover e the, whole Anglo-Saxon race on the American continent would taken. We oug appreciate the course she had ht not to be too thin-skinned as to what the American press said of us, nor should those across the Atlantic be too , thin-skinned as to what was said respecting them i n the English newspapers. He did not himself believe that the New York Herald expressed the opinions of the better classes in the United States. But however that might be, we had a simple duty to perform—to remain neutral, and we should ulti mately have our reward. The great majority of the nation were clearly for non-intervention. There were many foreign questions of extreme import ance, but with respect to a great number of them they had not full information. The Cabinet, they must presume, had, and they must trust to them as the executive, deciding those questions in accord ance with the information they possessed. There was the difference between Denmark and Schleswig Holstein. He had been in many societies of intel ligent men, and he never met with more than two who distinctly affirmed that they understood that question. Although Lord Palmerston had not said he did not understand it, he had not distinctly de clare that he did. (A Voice—"He knows every thing.") (Laughter.) But Lord Palmerston had said that it was an extremely difficult question. Prussia seemed to have taken up the matter as if for the purpose of deferring that liberal constitution which she had so long promised to her people, but looking at the good sense displayed by other coun tries, he did not think it would lead to war.: Next came the question of Poland. (Hear, hear.) That was a most melancholy question, and he should deeply regret if any hopes had been raised in the minds of the Poles by the course taken by this country. No doubt the Poles were entitled to the consideration and sympathy of this country, and something more, but did England see her way to a war with Russia on their account P (Cries of No, and Yes, and much disturbance, chiefly caused by a vehement individual in the crowd declaiming against the Emperor of Russia as a wholesale mur derer.) We were upon this subject placed in a very unenviable position. Twice had we remonstrated with Russia on behalf of the Poles, in 1831 and again recently, but without avail. (A cry of " Gunpow der," and laughter.) Did the people of England think that their going to war with Russia would ameliorate the condition of the Poles. (Hear.) He wished that Poland were an independent nation, and regretted that steps were not taken at the time of the Crimean war for the purpose of establishing her independence, but at present all they could do was to leave the matter in the hands of the Govern ment. Another question of foreign politics was that relating to Japan. Our admiral on that station had been found great fault with for having fired a broadside on the Japanese. Our merchants ex pected protection from the British flag in whatever quarter of Iha world they traded, and if they did not get it, no set of men would be more vociferous in blaming the Government. The Chinese war took place for the protection of our trade, and the object of the war with Japan was the extension and protection of our trade with that country. And if they were to have trading establishments among a semi-barbarous people like the Japanese, the pro bability was that they would come in collision with them. An English vessel sailed by one of their forts and was fired upon, and if the admiral had not retaliated, what would have been said of him? (An elector, "He would have been called a coward.") And did any man like to be called a coward, especially an officer in her Majesty's service ? (Hear, hear.) The admiral, after ample warning, tired ; but the sea being rough the shot went over the fort, and unfortunately set the town, which was built of wood, on fire; but he had not heard that any people had been killed. Therefore, until they understood the thing fully, they ought not to ca n• demo him, and should not suppose that any British admiral or officer in the army would be guilty of any cruelty if he could avoid it. (Hear, hear.) An ELECTOR —What is your opinion about church rates ? (Hear, hear.) Mr. LOCKE said he had always steadily voted for the abolition of church rates ; but he thought that the more violent advocates of that meusure•— and especially the members of the Liberation Society, who were examined before the Lords' committee—had thrown back the question. They had given evidence in favour of the abolition of tithes and other matters, which afforded their opponents a powerful weapon of attack. The hon. member then declared that all the measures be advocated were for the advancement of the people, and concluded by asking his constituents to say whether, after the explanation ho had given, they thought he had done his duty towards them. (Cheers.) Mr. WELLER complained of the injurious cff,ct which petroleum stored in warehouses in South wark had upon the health of the inhabitants, and asked what Mr. Locke's views were on the subject. the evil OCKE said that an act . for the prevention of vie _ to was passed last session, and if its provisions not "i tov t carried out the House of Commons was he was ta t me. In reply to other questions he said s outt.... 4t in favour of the recognition of the for u n i, 7 4: a e l ers)—and that he was not an advocate of the fr suffrage, but desired a great extension an e t t i_ . 9 passed attt Upon ~_ 49 •(Hear, hear.) the /notion by Mr. Tnoito of Dr. E. B. JONES, seconded "VAL— was unanimou s l y " - ER, the following resolution in parliament, at the course pur suedexpresses its entir e That this meeting zealous and and its high by Mr. Locke asurerod_eonstant attention, appreciation of his those measures but also the general interest y nf to th t e ho e involving the welfare of t t h o the local ques tionswhich eminently entities him t o the eo e borough,. and n„tinued con fidence and support cf his constitneota. A vote of thanks to the chairman . te rminated the proceedings. ----- No HOME complete without A WILCOX AND G inn s . SEWING-MACIIINE. Simple, compact, efficient, durable, and, noiseless. Warranted to fulfil all the requirement s of a perfect family machine. PrOSpOCtLIS free On application at No. 135, Itegent-street, W;—[AnvT.J [ADVERTISEMENT.] —Holloway's Ointment and Pills.— There existed for many years a great and unfair prejudice against these remedies, but such has been their succcarred ess in expelling internal impurities and healing bodies s with sores that their worst opponents have now become their warmest supporters. At the present day no difference of opinion exists with reference to the purifying, and heal ing powers of those world-esteemed medicaments, which gradually cure diseases and remove disfigurements over defect g s the of which medical skill heretofore had exercised little con trol. among have for a long time enjoyed a great reput ation t -' ladies for checking pi m pl es , eruptions, and othe r Plutons. the akin, and ' giving theta clear and rosy cora- TIM SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, DECEMBER 9, 1863. THE LATE GALES, - Telegrams received yesterday afternoon in the city from the ran gmoste of coast dreadful for manys ship wrecks agents at Nieuw Diep, on the Dutch coast, corn. u e ic:t thatthatof m years past. The ill-fated ship was the Wilhelmsborg, Capt. r u c e the haveparticulars happened Kress commander, built in 1853, and of upwards of 1,200 tons burden. She left Hamburg in the early part of last week for Australia, and is reported to have had nearly 400 German emigrants on board, men, women, and children. She had also a cargo of general merchandise. It would seem that she had scarcely cleared the Elbe before the awful gale of Thursday was encountered, and the wind blowing direcely upon the shore the ship evidently was un abie to get an offing clear of the long line of low shoals which abound on this part of the coast. The ship was brought up at her anchor, but the high gale and the heavy waves which kept tumbling in from the North Sea no doubt quite overwhelmed the vessel, and she was driven on the Ter schelling sandbank, a dangerous shoal near the entrance to the Zuyder Zee, where she speedily began to break up, and of 400 lives on board only 44 are reported to have been saved. On this line of coast upwards of 100 coasting vessels are stated by the agents to have been wrecked or stranded, and many of the crews were drowned. Several were bound for England. Intelligence continues to be received at Great Yarmouth of frightful destruction of property and life by the late gales. It appears that when tho storm burst in its fury on Thursday there were from 80 to 100 fishing-boats off Win terton, and that in the course of a few hours the whole fleet was scattered, some foundering, others being completely disabled, while not a few lost several of their crew. On Monday evening there were still about fifty fishing-boats unaccounted for at Great Yarmouth, and the scenes pre sented on the quay in consequence of the assemblage of relatives and friends anxious to obtain tidings of missing boats and fishermen have been very affecting. A telegram was received on Monday afternoon to the effect that the fishing-boat Francis, belonging to Mr. Shuckford, of Yar mouth, had been driven ashore on the coast of Holland, and it is believed that the whole of the crew had perished. The Whim fishing boat lost two hands, who were washed over board—the Swallow, two—the Star, one—the Fortitude, one—the Velocity, three—the Catherine, three—Harriett Todd, tour—the Rosa, two—the Pelican, one—the Olive Branch, three—and the Dido, one, the mate. The following boats have been lost, although the crews are stated to have been saved—The Twilight, Indefatigable, North Star, Fear Not, Seven Brothers, Fortitude, Agenoria, Miriam (one band lost). Napier, &c. The loss in fishing gear, nets, &c., has been very considerable, At the Sailors' Home since Thursday upwards of 60sailors from various wrecked vessels have been received and comfortable housed. Two of the poor fellows were in such a prostrate condition that they had to be nursed with the utmost care; but with the attention of the superintendent, Mr. Watson, and medical aid, they gradually recovered. On Monday morning the fishing smack Uncle Tom, of Hull, arrived at that port from sea, having on board Capt. Vetch and 12 of the crew of the bark Frederick Franz, of Mecklenburg. The vessel was bound from that port for London in ballast. She became disabled in the gale of Thursday last, and on the following day was fallen in with by the Uncle Tom in a sinking state. The crew had been pumping for about 30 hours, and were exhausted. The smack bore up alongside, and a rope was thrown out to the crew of the disabled vessel. One of them passed this rope "round his body, but, instead of tying it, he merely held it with his hands. He jumped overboard, and was hauled towards the smack, but when near her he was carried away by a heavy wave and drowned. At the same mo ment a man on board the smack had one of his arms broken After a time the captain of the smack ordered his small boat to be launched. This done, he got into her, but the other seamen refused to go in her, saying that it would be certain death, The captain, therefore, determined to go alone, when one of the boys volun teered to go with him. These two rowed the boat to the bark, and at much peril succeeded in saving the lives of the remainder of her crew. The bark went down about two hours after being abandoned. On Sunday the smack Secret arrived at Hull with the crew of a Grimsby smack which went down on Friday.. She also had on board the captain and nine of the crew of the bark Orlanda, of Shields, whom she picked up on Friday in the North Sea. The Orlanda sank almost immediately after her crew had been taken off. The smack Dasher also arrived on Sunday, having on board the captain and four hands belonging to a Welsh schooner. On Thursday night the Foam, of Grangemouth, and the Plover, Captain Hudson, of Ipswich, went ashore inside Spurn Point, and the whole of their crews, with the excep tion of one man, were drowned. On Monday afternoon the smack Standard arrived at Hull, having on board the crew of the smack Rival, Captain Cross, of Grimsby. These ves sels were blown towards the Dutch coast on Thursday, and during the night a tremendous sea struck the Rival, filling her with water. The crew began to pump her, and remained so engaged until Friday afternoon, when, as she appeared to be settling down, a signal of distress was hoisted. The Standard bore down towards them and took them off in safety. The crew of the Standard had only just taken their unfortunate brethren on board when they were again called upon to put forth their exertions to save life. At a short distance from them they saw a steamer, the Lord Cardigan, Captain Wharton, of Grimsby, from Hamburg, come into collision with a fishing smack. The smack appeared to be cut nearly in two, and she went down alraest immediately. The crew managed to cling to spars and pieces of wreck until assistance came. The smack turned out to be the Test, of Hull. One of her crew was picked up by the Standen!, and the remainder were taken on board a Barking smack. On Monday the screw steer= Excelsior, Captain J. Toogood, arrived at Hull from Hamburg. She was nearly a week overdue. The Excelsior left Hamburg on Wednes day evening, was overtaken by the gale on Thursday, but put back again for Cuxhaven. She lay in the roadstead at this place on Thursday night, with two anchors down, and the engine moving ahead. On Friday she again started for Hull. On Sunday the Excelsior passed several wrecks about half-way across the North Sea. Among them were two vessels, bottom upwards; one a vessel of about 1,000 tons burden, and the other a large brig. They also passed the stern of some large vessel, but could not see any name upon it. The captain states that off the Humber the sea was covered with masts, spars, deals, timber, and other wreckage. Fears are entertained for the safety of the screw steamers Panther, Captain Ruther, and Leopard, Captain Fowler. These are first-class vessels, and belong to Messrs. Brownlow, Lumsden, and Co. ; one was bound to Copen haven and the other to Dantsic, and nothing has been heard of them, although they have been gone nearly a week. A telegram arrived yesterday, which states that the steamer Alert, Captain Dawson, from Hull for Hamburg, has been abandoned, waterlogged ; her crew had landed in Holland, and the vessel has since been picked up and taken into Nieuw Diep. The westerly gale continued to blow at Shields all Monday night, and during the whole of yesterday forenoon the weather continued very stormy. The large fleet of colliers which sailed from the Tyne on Friday passed Whitby on Sunday, but it is thought that many of them will be blown off the land with the prevailing gale. The greatest appre hension prevails, however, with regard to the 20 sail of ships which left Shields on Wednesday night last, despite of the storm warnings. It is feared some of them would not be able to withstand the fury of the tempest of Thursday. Infor mation has reached Shields that the Thomas Kennion, be • longing to that port, from Cronstadt for London, has been abandoned in the North Sea, and that another collier brig, the Orlando, has been lost. The number of disabled ships, mostly from the north, taken into the Norfolk and Suffolk ports is something extraordinary ; • and there is every reason to fear that when all is counted up it will be four d that there is a sad loss of life through ill• found and leaky laden ships foundering at sea. Several chips have been seen to founder the names of which are un known. The gale of Monday did some mischief inland and upon the river. but nothing to a very serious extent. It blew in the gable ends of several new houses. At Newcastle the gale of Monday blew in the end of a house in the Shield-field. Four men were seated at dinner. Two escaped, but the other two, John Long and Robert Simms, were so severely injured that they had to be removed to the infirmary. The 'Scotsman of yesterday states that the gee during the last few days blew at intervals with considerable violence over Edinburgh, accompanied occasionally with heavy showers of rain. Early on Tuesday morning the wind rose to a hurricane, and continued to blow for about two hours with unabated fury. The two Londbn steamers, one for Granton and the other for Leith, which left the Thames in the middle of last week, had to run into ports for shelter. The Hull and Newcastle steamers had been running with out much interruption. Several steamers left Leith, but none of the sailing vessels would venture out. So high is the wind and rough the water that no boat can go out. The oyster and deep sea fishing has been suspended for some days. On Monday forenoon the ferry passenger steamer Thane of Fife, which left Granton about 10 o'clock, failed to make the shore on account of a break-down in her ma chinery. When about three-fourths of the way over a sud den lurch in the vessel caused the main shaft of the engine to give way, and brought hdr at once to a stand-still, the sudden quietness of her machinery causing considerable alarm among the passengers till the nature of the accident was ascertained. The main or intermediate shaft was found to be completely broken, end the boat being thereby reduced to a helpless condition, the captain resolved to bring her to anchor and signal for assistance. This was obtained as speedily as possible. The company's steamer Forth, pro ceeding from Granton, took the Thane in tow, fully an hour and a half after the accident occurred, and brought her into Burntisland harbour, when, having transferred the Passengers and goods, the Forth landed them at the rail way pier. A s p e ci a l t ra in was thereupon despatched for the n or th with the passengers. of sever e Sunday ni g ht an d on M on d a y there was a recurrence gales a t G reenoc k , an d t h e vesse l s i n the road stead great difficulty in keeping their anchorage, many of them had dragging ult. 4 f l o e ; considerably. It is reported that three of the Liver Poll and Gl asgow traders had gone ashore i n t h e channel. The brig 's of P T o k r c t an G a l a a , s h go a w a , pu w t h b ic a h ek le l f e t ak th y e Clyde on the 29 , with loss of sell s and bulwark s. t. i Thebrig Flying Cloud, of Belfast, which left th e Clyde a l s o put back, with loss of atti .r Santos on the 28th ult. has for a, anchor, cable, and spars. The ship ashore at Toward i s th e John. 13u11, from Liver- pool for Boston. She sprung a leak on the 30th ult., 250 miles west of land, and turned back. She tried to make Liverpool, but could not; she then ran for Belfast, but could not go in, when she run up the Clyde, and made for Rothesay. She was driven on the Toward shore, near the Castle. Attempts have been made twice to get her off, but these failed. She is loaded with pig-iron. ETHNOLOGICAL SOCIETY. Yesterday evening there was a meeting of this society— the president, lair, Lubbock, in the chair. A paper was first read, "On the Weddos, a wild tribe of Ceylon," from a native, on which a discussion took place. Mr. GALTON, one of the honorary secretaries, took occa sion to notice the influence of salt in the spread of civilisa tion, the absence of that substance being generally accom panied with a savage state. A paper by Mr. CRAWFORD was then read, "On the commixture of the races of man as affecting the progress of civilisation in the New World," It was not, he observed, until the discovery of a now world that races of man of strikingly contrasted qualities came to intermix. The Euro. pean people of antiquity and of the middle ages had hardly any experience of such admixtures. In the Western World the intermixture of nations which followed the conquests— first of the Romans and afterwards of the northern nations —was an union of races of equal quality, and hence it could not be predicted that either improvement or deterioration was the result. It could not, for example, be safely asserted that a Greek was superior to a Gaul, or a Roman superior to a Briton. Very different was the ease in the Eastern World. There Greeks, Romans, and Goths intermingled with races greatly inferior to themselves, such as Egyptians and Syrians, and hence the deterioration to which, in a great measure, mast be ascribed that decline in civilisation which ended in the downfall of the Roman power, not re sulting, as in Western Europe, in a mixed race of high endowment and regeneration. The New World offered to the people of the Old, or at least to such of them as had the enterprise to enter on it, a field for the intermix ture of races on a scale which was before unknown to them. Nearly the whole of its vast extent was peopled by one race of man essentially the same, although in very different states of society, the civilisation attained by the most advanced among them being, however, of a very feeble and imperfect character. Physical geography seems to have been the main cause of the differences which existed in the social condition of the people of the New World. The highest civilisation was reached in the tempe rate and salubrious climate and forest-free valleys and plateaux of the Andes. There agricultural nations were found which had made some progress in the arts, but far below that of second or even of third civilisations, not only of Europe, but even of Asia; for they had discovered neither malleable iron nor written language. With these excep tions the rest of the Continent and its islands were peopled by thinly scattered savages, living as hunters or fishermen only ; for the pastoral state of Europe and Asia had, in the absence of the domestic animals indispensable to it, no exis tence in America. The discovery of America introduced new and hostile elements into its population. The people of Europe poured in, and these, finding the native inhabitants too weak or unwilling to labour for taskmasters, introduced some millions of powerful-bodied and feeble-minded but docile African negroes for that purpose. From these causes a great and various commixture of races has taken place, of which the Old World affords no examples. The temperate regions of the North have been planted with a pure European race, now far more numerous than were the inhabitants of the whole American continent at its discovery; the savage native hunters and fishermen giving way before the invaders in the same way as have done the wild animals of the woods. In the forest.clad intertropical and subtropical regions of America the European nations have been planted in fewer numbers and under inauspicious conditions, and there many of the native races still exist in a state not materially differing from their condition when first discovered. In the valleys and plateaux of the Andes, however, a very diffe rent state of society has sprung up. There a native agri cultural population, too numerous and too much fixed to the soil for expulsion or extermination, existed, and a strange admixture of races has been the result, necessitating even the framing of a new nomenclature. Of this state of society Mexico is the most prominent example. Its present popu lation is computed to be in round numbers 8,000,000, of whom one-half are considered to be pure aborigines, of one and the same race, yet speaking twenty distinct languages, fully as many as are spoken by the two hundred millions of the people of Hindostan. About a million, or one-eighth part of the whole population, is held to be of pure European blood; these are the well-known Creoles, from the Spanish word eriollo, which signifies persons born of European parents in a colony. This is all that of pure European blood Spain has planted in the finest part of her American dcmi nion in more than three centuries, while England, in about half the time, has planted four and twenty times that num ber of a superior people in a region seemingly less favour able. With the exception of the aborigines and a few thou sand African negroes, the rest of the people of Mexico, some 3,000,000, consist of various mixed races, for most of which the Spanish language has specific designations. Of these, as might be expected, the most numerous are the offspring of Europeans by natives of the country, and they go under the name of Mestizos, signifying literally mongrels or hybrids. The issue of an European by a negro is called in Spanish a Mulatto, a term which we have ourselves adopted, and which is evidently a derivation from mule, a mule. The offspring of a negro by a native American is called a Chino or Chinese, from, it may be supposed, some imagined resemblance of such issue to a native of China. The offspring of an Euro pean with a Me.tizo or a Mulatto goes under the name of a Quadroon, and the offspring of the European by the Quad roon is called a Quinteroon, terms which signify that the parties have one-fourth or one-fifth of European or the best blood in their veins. The cffspring of an Euro pean by a Quinteroon is considered equal to a pure European, that is, in the fourth generation the impure blood is deemed to be washed out. The term Sambo, which in the Spanish language literally signifies "bandy-legged," is applied to the issue of a negro by a Mulatto, or by a Chino. The result of the union of so many incongruous races in Mexico, and the same observation applies in a greater or less degree to all the States which once constituted the American colonies of Spain, is a barbarous state of society, in externals imitating European communities, but yielding no solid materials for the formation of rational and enlight ened self-government. For a full half-century almost countless revolutions, accompanied by anarchy and disor ders, have prevailed nearly over the whole of them, so as to make it even doubtful whether the people have really been gainers by their emancipation from a foreign and a very unenlightened yoke. The European portion of the Mexi can population constitutes but a small fraction of the whole, and cannot therefore rule. Even if it could, its dominion would be that of a caste by race, much like that which pre ceded it. The purely native inhabitants, although a moiety of the population, are intellectually too feeble to exert any beneficial influence. They have been converted to Chris tianity, and can no longer indulge in the human sacrifices of their ancestors, but, while not nominally slaves, they are still but the rural servants of the other classes of the com munity. Next to the natives, the most numerous class are the Mestizos, and these have had a large share in the revo lutions and anarchy which have so long distracted Mexico. The result of the inquiry into the effects of the commixture of races was thus recapitulated :—Nature has endowed the various races of man with widely different qualities, bodily and mental, much in the same way as it has done with seve ral closely allied species of the lower animals, as for example in the cases of the canine and equine families. 'The present state of the earth and all authentic history, Mr. Crawfurd maintained, testify to this fact. No one, he said, will at pre sent venture to assert that the properties of an European and an Australian, of a Chi nese an d o f an Andaman Islander, are identical, or that there ex i sts any l aw o f na ture by which one of th ese parties could h ave b een c h ange d into the other. When the qualities of different races are equal, no detriment results from their union. The mongrel French and English are equal to the pure breeds of Germany and Scandinavia. When, on the other hand, they are un equal, deterioration of the higher race is the inevitable result A pure Spaniard may be just as good as an Anglo-Saxon of Virginia or Massachusetts, but no one can imagine that a Mestizo of Mexico or Peru is on a par with an Anglo-Ame rican. In some cases, and under some conoitions, there exists an antipathy to union that makes an amalgamation difficult. The aboriginal inhabitants of Spain readily amalga mated with Italians, and the descendants of these again with Goths, but eight centuries were not sufficient to cause Spaniards effectually to a malgamate with Arabs, and they finally rid themselves of them by expulsion. The Greek and Roman conquerors of Egypt, readily admixing with each other, do not seem to have admixed with the native Egyptians, who, however, afterwards readily commixed with the mo re near l y a lli e d Arabs. Shakspere is, no doubt, in error, wh en h e ca ll s the celebrated Queen of Egypt a "tawny" b eauty an d a " g ipsy," for Cleopatra was a Greek, and probably as f a i r as Caesar or Antony. When the dis parity of race s i s extreme no amalgamation at all takes place, for an antipathy is the result, somewhat similar to that which prevents intermixture between closely allied species of the lower animals in the wild state. The Hottentots, the Caffree, and the negroes of Southern Africa have lived im memorially side by side without crossing. The p i g m y negroes of the Malay Peninsula and those of the Philippines have dwelt immemorially in the same land w ith t he Malayan race with o ut the production of a cross race. So great, indeed, is the antipathy between these races (as far as we know equally aborigines), that the weaker escapes extermination only by sheltering itself in the recesses of in accessible mountains. The red man of America and the Eequimaux, although imrrediate neighbours never inter mix. But it is in that part of the New 'World in which one of the highest types of man, whether as to race or civilise. tion, the Anglo-Saxon, and one of the lowest in both respects the African negro, have by fortune been brought face to face, that the antipathy of race is presented in the greatest intensity and on the largest scale. There the great ma jority of the interior are the slaves of the superior, but even those who have been manumitted are still a persecuted class, and held by the white man to be as impure as Brahmins hold outcasts. According to the laws of the State of Tennessee, no white person can intermarry with a negro, mulatto, or other person of mixed blood down to the third generation. All marriages contracted contrary to this rule are declared null and void, the parties being be sides considered guilty of a mis demeano ur , and punishable by fine or imprisonment, or both, at the disc re ti on o f the judge. The laws of the State of Indiana go a step further, for by them one eighth part of negro blood vitiates a mar riage and bastardises the children. The State of Massa chusetts adds Indians to negroes in their proscription, and that of Oregon wholly excludes negroes and even Chinese from its territory. rJr. Crawford concluded by saying that it is the presence of the African race, too prone to live and labour in slavery or in social degradation, and utterly in capable of rising to an equality with the higher race among whom it has been unhappily planted, that has caused the present distracted state of the North American continent. The paper gave riso to an animated discussion, in which Professor Busk, Sir Charles Nicholson, Professor Tyndall, Mr. Dickenson, Mr. Carter Blake, Mr. Pope, and the pre sident took part. Professor Busk expressed the opinion that a commixture of two distinct races could not be perpe tuated unless there were addition from the original stock, and that in the course of time one or the other race would be eliminated. Supposing, for example, a community of mulattoes were settled in an island situated like Fernando Po, without any communication with whites or blacks, the white element would in a few generations be eliminated, and the black race would be restored, such a climate being more favourable to the existence of the negro than of the white man. Sir Charles Nicholson altogether dissented from the hypothesis of original distinction of race, and considered that the philological researches of Pro fessor Max Muller and others had proved that all the inhabitants of the world derived their origin from the East. Mr. Dickenson defended the negro's claim to equality of race with the white man, and attri buted his inferior state merely to deficient development, Mr. Lubbock mentioned that Mr. Mason, the Confederate commissioner, had affirmed, as evidence that the negro is a distinct and inferior species of mankind, that mixed breeds are with difficulty reared beyond a Quadroon, those persons being generally so delicate that they die early in life. Mr. Crawfurd replied to the various speakers, and the meeting then adjourned. CITY SEWERS COMMISSION, Yesterday a very numerously attended meeting of the members of this commission was held at the Guildhall, under the presidency of H. De Jersey, Esq., deputy. THE METROPOLITAN BOARD AND THE CITY. A considerable portion of the sitting was occupied in the consideration of the question relative to carrying out a public improvement in Mansion-house-street, by setting back the premises of Messrs. Lubbock and Co., the bankers. An offer of a contribution of £2,600 towards effecting the im provement had been made to the commission by the Metro politan Board of Works, but it was urged by several of the members that, as it would cost something like £17,030 odd to carry it out, it was not right that the ratepayers of the City should be taxed to pay the remainder. Ths matter was referred to the Improvement Committee to consider the let ters which had been received from the Metropolitan Beard respecting the proposed improvement, and to report their opinion as to the best course to be pursued in the matter. Yesterday Mr. Joseph Daw, the principal clerk to the com missioners, read the report of the committee, which stated, that in obedience to the terms of the reference, they had carefully and anxiously considered the question, and as they were of opinion that if the present opportunity was lost for effecting the improvement great public inconvenience would hereafter be felt, they recommended, as the most judicious course to be adopted under all the circumstances, that they should be authorised to pursue the negotiations for pur chasing the piece of ground required to be laid into the street, and, if it was thought advisable, to go to the arbi tration of a surveyor for a settlement of the value thereof, as proposed by the owners of the property. A plan of the improvement was laid on the table. The ground proposed to be taken covers an area of 450 ft., the frontage being 36ft. in length. It is 15ft. in depth at the end nearest St. Mil dred's-Court, and 10ft. 6 inches in depth at the other end. Upon the report of the committee a rather animated dis cussion took place. Some of the members were of opinion that the improvement was one that ought to be carried out by the Metropolitan Board of Works, as it was part and parcel of the scheme about to be effected by them respecting the new street to be made from Blackfriars-bridge to the Mansion-house. The majority of the members, however, agreed that some portion of the expense should be borne by the commission, but they tho ight that the Metropolitan Board had acted very illiberally in the matter. Upon the motion to agree with the committee in their re port, an amendment was moved by Deputy FARRAR to the effect, " That the improvement would be of great advantage to the public, and that it should if possible be carried out ; but, in the opinion of the commission, the expenses should be borne by the Metropolitan Board of 'Works out of the funds at their disposal contributed by the whole of the me tropolis, inclusive of the city cf London, the improvement having been rendered necessary by reason of the contem plated new street ordered by Parliament to be made by the Board of Works ; this commission being willing to aid the improvement by a reasonable contribution of the rates en trusted to them for improvements, and by using its legisla tive pewers." The amendment, upon being put, was carried. Upon being put as an original proposition, however, Mr. LowmAx TAYLOR moved a further amendment, as follows :--‘. That this Court is willing to carry into effect the improvement in that portion of Mansion-house-street referred to by the plan, provided the Metropolitan Board will undertake to contribute one-half of the actual cost of effecting the same." In the course of a discussion that ensued upon this amen ment, Mr. SAUNDERS, who, with Mr. H. L. Taylor, represents the city at the Metropolitan Board, strongly urged the com mission to carry out this moat desirable improvement. He expressed his opinion that if they purchased the whole site of Messrs, Lubbocks' premises (for which it was said about £50,000 was required), they would, after throwing the amount of land required into the public way, be able to re imburse themselves to the whcle extent of the money ex pended. The amendment was ultimately adopted, and the clerk was directed to communicate the decisionof the commission to the Metropolitan Board, and request them to return an answer forthwith. DISEASED MEAT. Mr. A. J. BAYLIS, the solicitor to the commission, re ported that in accordance with instructions he had caused a pig dealer, named Stewart, lately residing at Cupar Angus, Perthshire, Scotland, to be indicted at the last session of the Central Criminal Court for sending a quantity of diseased meat to Newgate Ma , ket. The prisoner was tried before Mr. Commissioner Kerr,and notwithstanding a vigorous defence made in his behalf by counsel he was convicted and sen tenced to 12 months' imprisonment, to pay a fine of £5O, and to be further imprisoned until the fine was paid. It was stated that it came out during the trial, by the avowal of one of the witnesses, that hundreds of animals suffering from lung diseases were slaughtered and sent up to Newgate Market from the place in which the prisoner resided alone, and there could be no doubt that the same practice was carried on elsewhere in Scotland to a very considerable ex tent. It may be stated that out of the 34 cases entrusted to the solicitor to the commission during the past year, and in which a discretion had been allowed him whether or not to take proceedings against the senders, in none of the cases in which a prosecution was instituted has the evidence failed to obtain a conviction. Mr. H. A. ISRAEL, while allowing that the practice of sending diseased meat to London was one that ought not to be permitted, could not but help feeling that in this parti cular case the sentence was severe and excessive. He thought the commission should lean on the side of mercy, and take steps to get the term of the man's imprisonment lessened. Deputy ELLIOTT and other members thought the decision a very proper one, for they regarded the offence of seeding diseased meat to London to be used as food as one of the most serious character. They trusted that the decision of the judge in this case would caution other persons against send ing up to London meat of the description referred to. It was decided that placards should be prepared for circu lation in se vera l o f t h e pr i nc i pal towns o f S cot l an d , caution ing persons against sending diseased meat to London. A communication was read from the Metropolitan Board of Works, calling the attention of the commission to the various railway and other schemes affecting the metropolis, proposed to be proceeded with during the ensuing session of Parliament, and requesting them to acquaint the board whether the schemes affected the area within the jurisdiction of the Court, and if so in what manner, and to acquaint the board of any suggestion as to effecting public improvements in connectioa therewith which might appear desirable, The matter was referred to the Improvement Committee to consider and report. SANATORY CONDITION OF THE CITY OF LONDON. Dr. LETHEBY, the medical officer of health, reported on the state of 192 houses, which had been inspected during the week, and he submitted a list of 32 places for sanatory improvement. Ho likewise reported that the market and slaughter-houses had been duly inspected, and the officers had condemned 4,499 lbs. of meat as unfit for human food; about half of it was putrid, and the rest diseased. It con sisted of 35 sheep, 1 calf, 5 pigs, 26 quarters of beef, and 61 joints of meat. Dr. Letheby stated that during the week a pig dealer, of Cupar Angus, in Perthshire, was tried and convicted at the Old Bailey for sending diseased meat to Newg ate-market, and he was sentenced to imprisonment for 12 months and a fine of £5O to the Queen. The mortality returns for the week are below the average for the season. The total number of deaths was but 58— the average for the corresponding period of the last 8 years being 68. Twenty-six, oz about half of the deaths, were among children of less than 5 years old, and there were 11 among persons of 60 and upwards. The chief causes of death were as follows :—Phthisis 6, pneumonia 3,bronchitis 10, continued fever 3, whooping cough 1, scarlet fever 1, croup and diphtheria 3, and measles I—besides which there were 8 deaths from convulsions. QUALITY OF THE CITY GAS. The illuminating power of the gas was in each ease equal to the requirements of the Act of Parliament, the average for the week being for the City gas, 14.4 standard candles —Chartered gas, 13.47 candles—and the Great Central gas, 13 . 45 candles. Except in the case of the Chartered Com pany, the average proportion of sulphur in the gas was less than that sanctioned by Parliament. In the case of the Chartered gas the range was from 17 . 2 grains in the 100 cubic feet, to 25'3 grains, the average being 21.6 grains. Some other business was disposed of, and the commis sioners adjourned. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS Tieues.—The most active and successful comman der whom the Federals possess has not been long in gaining what seems a substantial adeantetge for the Northern cause. General Grant took the command of the Army of Tennessee a few weeks since, after its defeat under Rosencranz. His presence has not failed to reanimate the beaten troops, and com pletely to turn the fortune of the campaign. The Federal Government, apparently roused to greater exertions by the hopes they conceived of their new General, have reinforced his army with men and supplies of all kinds, having within the last month hurried some 50,000 men to the neighbourhood of Chattanooga. Among these have been numbers of Western soldiers, the most zealous and the most efficient that are to be found in the Northern armies. To strike a great blow before the end of the year would be the natural desire of a General in the circumstances of Grant, and when there is added to this the necessity of relieving Knoxville and saving the force under General Burnside or his successor, it is plain that there were the strongest inducements to active strategy. Unless the ex aggeration of the published accounts passes all bounds, the attempts of the Federal General have been rewarded with success. The battle of which we received the news some days since is now described as having ended in the complete rout of General Bragg. Of the battle itself we have but few details. It seems that even before it took place there was an intention on the part of the Confe derates to fall back, for when General Grant made a reconnaissance he found, according to his own despatches, that the enemy was retreating towards Chickamauga. The attack, however, may, for all that, have been sudden and vigorous enough to pre vent the Confederates from retreating in good order. They were either driven from Lookout Mountain or found it necessary to retire, and, from the intelligence which has now arrived, there can be little donbt that they have fallen back in dis order a distance of several miles. The former ac counts stated that when the Confederates were obliged to abandon Lookout Mountain they crossed Chattanooga Creek, and took up a position to the south of Missionary Ridge, on the course of the Chickamauga river. We now learn that in a few hours after General Bragg retreated in the night eastward towards Dalton, destroying the bridges behind him and the stores which impeded his move ments. Generals Sherman and Hooker advanced in pursuit, and, crossing the Chickamauga river, Hooker had arrived in the afternoon of the 26th at Ringold, a place about halfway between the field of battle and Dalton, at which Bragg may be supposed to have halted, as it is a railway junc tion, and the line is necessary for the maintenance of the blockade of Knoxville. As to the losses of the Confederates, it may be that there is exaggeration in the Federal accounts, but from the statement of General Grant that their losses in artillery would amount to 60 pieces, and from their evidently hurried retreat, there can be little doubt that a heavy reverse has befallen them. It has for a long time been asserted that General Bragg did not possess the confidence of his troops. His recent suc cess over General Rosencranz may have done some thing to revive his reputation ; but ever since that time there has been much murmuring in his camps, and some attempts have been made at Richmond to obtain the substitution of a more able, or at least a more popular commander. If the Southern army has suffered by the continuance in command of an ineffi cient General, the Confederate Government will have supported its nominee at a very great cost. The Southern soldiers are described as demoralised and possessed by a perfect panic, and, though this may be only the exaggerated style current in the country it may Well be conceived that a retreat under a dis credited General after a disastrous battle is not likely to have been conducted with the good order which allows defeats to be remedied. Bat whatever may be said of the Confederate commander, or what ever explanation may be given of the details of this battle, we think the true explanation of the campaign is to be found in the weakness of the Southern army. This has been the fatal disad vantage of the Confederates all through the war, and they probably suffer from it now more than ever. They have performed astonishing feats of arms, and feats of strategy still more wonderful; they have won victories against overpowering forces, and have transported armies from one scene to another so as to make a display of their strength which has puzzled and daunted their adversaries. But the inadequate resources of the Confederacy have been visible on more than one occasion in the Western war. While the comparatively well. populated States of the Atlantic coast have sup plied the army of Virginia with reinforcements, and enabled it to defy during three years all the power of the Northern Government, the South-Western States of the old Union have not bad the M3ll to stand against the teeming North. The loss of Vicksburg and Port Hudson was wholly owing to the scarcity of men, amounting almost to depopula tion, in the State of Mississippi ; Louisiana has not been able to shake off the hold of Butler and Banks; and though the regions west of the Missis ' sippi are not overrun by the Faderals, this is owing more to their vast extent and the wildness of their natural condition than to the resistance which their inhabitants have made. '.f he States of Alabama and Mississippi, and part of Georgia, have raised the army with which General Bragg has hitherto checked the Federal invasion of the Cotton States, and even threatened the reconquest of Tennessee. This army has been to a certain extent re inforced during the last two months, but the accessions have been small in comparison with those of the Federals. General Grant's troops from the West were a powerful force in themselves, and the Washington Government has been diligent in marching men from Ohio and other Western States to the scene of war about Chattanooga. We have little doubt that the main cause of the retreat of General Bragg from the point where he has done so much, and was expected to do more, has been the eolief that at present he is not in a condition to oppose the powerful levies which have been placed under the command of General Grant. In a few days probably learn somethi ng more o f the intentions shall sof the Confederate leader ; but it would seem that if he really retreats into the interior of Georgia, the siege or blockade of Knox ville must be shortly raised by General Longstreet. With regard to the other points at which the two parties_,, are opposed to each other there is little to be eaid. There is no news from Charleston, there is no news from Texas. The desperate defence of the Southern seaport continues, and gives a fresh proof of the capacity of land fortifications to resist all that fleets, even of the newest construction and the extremest power, can effect. The expedition to Texas is probably intended to take possession of cer tain points with a view to completing the blockade by land as well as sea. To come to what was once the chief army of the North, we find Gen. Meade marching on Nov. 26 in three columns towards the Rapidan, with the intention, it is said, of crossing that river and attacking the Confederates. The army of Lee, said to be some 60,000 strong, is not likely to permit an unmolested advance, and it is possible that another battle may already have been added to those by which the year has been distin guished. President Davis was with the Virginian army, and had reviewed it ; the men would therefore fight under the eye of the chief of the Confederacy, and, no doubt, equal all her former achievements. Whatever their failures, there seems to be no shrinking on the part of any class of the Southern people. HERALD.—After we have grinned comically at the Schleswig-Holstein conundrum and shrugged our shoulders with a sardonic smile at the Congress riddle, there is nothing like a right hearty look at thorough English Christmas fare to make us truly cheerful and merry, The Smithfield Cattle Show is the most practical thing of the year. There you see what science and sentiment can do in bringing out first-rate beef and mutton and swine's-flesh for a substantial dinner. The poet who cannot feed on sirloin and stout will never have the vigour and fire of the true bard ; and the man of abstraction or mechanical contrivance who does not feed on solid viands and take in a just libation of cheery liquids is not fit to deal with the facts and figures of this rough material world. There have been philoso phers who said that the souls and intellects of men resided in their chests. Unquestionably the broad shouldered men—the Platos of our farms, factories, and warehouses—are the mortals of thorough energy. They push the world before them and make it get on. Progress is with them and the im provement of the human race. Your narrow,. spare-ribbed creatures are only good at speculations and dreams. Even the fair sex, w hen e they ae d d r display strong strong mind and power, present women id of fronts resembling men. The greatby no . means models his tory were very Their biogra phies,tcehaeny. elners—of feminine gentleness and beauty.h hearty f d masculine, and thorough devotees to also, tell us thatathpeyrimweereki fur therance of our argument, we may say that the days of long fasts and ascetic lives were those of scholastic disputes and Aristotelian subtleties. Baconian induc tion and common-sense came in with the banishment of abstinence. The English Church has keptisei discipline eno ugh of the penitential and rigorous d to remind us all that there is not a propensity, want, or desire of the senses which was not given us to be held in check, and regulated by religion a n d wis dom. But the life of the Ilindoo or the Christian anchorite has been exploded perversion of th e p l a i n, amongst us as a weak temperate laws of Provi dence. We acknowledge the happy medium in England, and glorious old Christmas is the centre of our wise, prudent, Well- groun d e d , an d natural social syst e m. because they are our have ova, a pide n r dett i i n these impthe shows,epoch. What nation of antiquity thought of a choice ox or lamb but for sacrifice ? There was no science of breeds, no theory of races. Dr. D Irwin has not a peg for his argument among the ancient prize cattle. Even cur ingenious continental neighbours, or that inventive and creative American off-shoot of nut own people, never dreamed of pitting kine, sheep; pigs, and poultry against one another in a g ravy' national exhibition until England had been long before them with the masterly example. All prais e to the British farmer for his start in this most use' ful and most honourable enterprise and wee!. Amidst the various acts of modern progress this i d s especially our own. Italy, France, Germany, a u the United States have had their sous of science.' their metapnysieans and experimental philosopher!, but it was allotted to England alone to produce tn°, raetieZ domestic animals as witnesses of their p genius and solid ambition. How the Davon s s p ea k to tile skill and care of their owners ! The Hereforu,,. lone-horns, short-horns, the lon-horns, the Norfolks, ta: Suffolks, the Scotch, the Irish, the Welsh t celleo, beasts as they are—all discourse most ox bucolics. Theocritus, Virgil, and Tasso are 0014 poor sentimentalists compared with the substantill poetry of the Smithfield Cattle Club. But how sha_', we describe the ovine innocents—the truly p aste ra ' scene in the exhibition ? The amiable fat wethers,... whether among the Leicesters, or the Cotswolds, lin' coins, Southdowns, Hampshire, Wiltshires , Shr ° l; shires,Oxfords,or white faced mountains! These lua ito charming idylls of their own, and each pen is q u o an eclogue. It may appear hard to be poet ic te a pigs, but that animal has before now been asset:; be with a whistle ; he is said to s ee the wind, a nd pen only learned animal our travelling showmen is i produce is unquestionably the erudite and Pete uv t i. Toby. We may well suppose that there is a acmes ment, and even a certai n di s ti nc tion, in this °P ee p ° when we see the Countess of Ch e sterfield only to proud to carry off her ten-pound prize, and eve, B eto smile gratification at a "hi g hly co mmended" 1 1 00 the grave lips of the judges for those model po.r,A ake which industrious housemaids might well mist for pure white bolsters. Then the late Prin u l o for sort was eminent among his other great qua""l o od his cultivation of this useful English at we must felicitate Major-Gen. Hood on the "); ° . c li care which he bestows on the serious charge i l i o l ad has devolved upon him, though the silver nieu,,, 8 4 . 0 0 the odd pounds he carries away in this exh' h u,4 l o o constitute some regard for the infinite labour 0b that evidently bestowed on the proportions and 9, l "ibst of his Windsor prodigies. We are gravely t°'" o ipo' the Prince of Wales is not represented in thi s ,..7iot sition, but a hint is in gen i ous ly th rown out t r o 9l only the heir to the Throne but his Royal WI „, c ot one day take a pride in being a mo n g the fe,gr po re prizeholders of the Islington C a ttl e Show- ";glil a King-loving people, and why not the L e ona patronage descend to the sources of that, -tars wholesome flesh which goes s o far 'f e y r out a nation of sturdy and stal war t Englis"„7 sad • The present show is a c r edit t o th e enerk n oot enterprise of the Smithfi e ld Cl u b, but it t"; 1 10 be described as an indication of progress n o ie breed and feeding of cattle. We know t",, 13 ; 0 00 here as elsewhere in the domains of ",„" o iloa exertion, an Ultima Thule—a degree of Pe r boe, which cannot be transcended. But this w , of sot reached. The judges even comPl u- irbie a sad falling off in the quality of specirneee', o ;ea. ought to be noted, and, where po s sible, en r ; ',; ;hie Our agricultural comp e tit ors mus t no t halt Iteie, meritorious and highly beneficial direction. a dea attention, skill, and energies a re no w more n: c ot than ever. Unless, indeed, public report is 013 ( 1 for fable, the amou n t o f di sease d meat const nU n e a ere' food is truly f orm id a bl e . C aut i ous graz ing, ', - o r per and cleanly conveyan ce , compe t ent veter inary " - „ t o• vision, as well as th e s t r i ct pursu i t o f health,' ' e vil pagation, can only restrain and diminish s a d the which strikes at the well-being and stamin a ; ; the entire population, We are all intereste d — 413 0 Cattle Show just at this peculi ar ti m e. Thee u 'vel demonstrate what fine specimens ought to he. s oil constitute the proper standard. Our buy er Lfote each take their lesson from w h a t they se! " 0 00lti them. Perhaps here and . the re an energetici or even a fair young matr on or th r ifty dams e ",o 4 improve their knowledge of the essentials of 0 e the dinner by compassing the points of the Ogren sheep, and the pig, as they stand before them' ,: t ;be accurately described. At present we are o" - a ye. mercy of the butchers, and history no N her e Pr, too this order of men fo r th e i r t en d er c onsciences o ' delicate;choice. COUNTRY MARKETS. ....•........,11••••••.......b.4.11. LEEDS—TUESDAY. ae A fair average supply of grain this week. The t r a d e day has been very flat, and the business passing tr i ' DO! significant, although a small decline would ba y° te taken. Fine barley a Hole lower, secondary sorts per qr cheaper. Other articles about supported las t day's rates. MARKET HARBOROUGH—TUESDAY. fl ex White wheat,:4lB to 445; red, 38s to 40s per 3 6 . ‘ ,3 01 Malting barley at 33s to 37s per q r . ; gr i n di ng , 2 9 ! v 'er per 30 st. Oats, old, 26s to 30 s; new , 21 s t o 24 3 1? at. beans, 34s to 40s per qr. LIVERPOOL—TUESDAY. f b the There was a fair attendance at m ar k e t to -day d o ne' town and country trade, but little business wi l te d A O Wheat met with a slow retail sale, and may bes ot i a rood e ' decline of 2d per 1001bs. on the wek. Floor rs , Ostt l rate inquiry, at prices decidedly in favour of buY i e a , bog' s ; and oatmeal neglected, but quite as dear. Pi lr "" c ; ) rn 11 , 1 % and peas brought about former prices. Indial sn migh t scarcely inquired for, and prime mixed Amen have been bought at 29s 6d to 29s 9d per 480 lbs. „f g Oa SHEFFIELD—TnEsDA Ir. nd to . - otl Red wheat, per lead of 3 imperial bushels 15 1 d to l9s 0 White „lie ~, to 178 0 f) ) • 15S U J 1 88 i New red ) ” 17 0c1W 11 56 ,1 New white „ ~ • • l5B ato 449 el Beans i 9 9 408 0 1 kr , VS ~,i 0 Peas, per qr. 30s °4 "' 35 5 Vv Grinding barley, per qr • 348 Od to 16 0 Malting ditto, „ .. Oats 9 Flour, ls sd, is 7d, and is 8d per 14 lb. CORK—TUESDAY. The following were the quotations this raorrul;l_o,ley, 60 wheat, 8s Od to 8s 10d; whits, Ss Od to 9s 8d 0 7, 4cl 6d to 8s Od ; oats, 4s 10d to 6s 2d ; black do., 5s 3d. DUBLIN—TUESDAY. e w heo An extremely dull market, with a small supplY °, 1 .,,ga i ll Best oats and barley cheaper, b u t no quo table cuw" other articles. d. 'od. 0. 0 O e a a t Oatmeal..... s . e 1 ........... 0° 0 1, 0 0 13 B ° i B e a r p e e .... r 4 00 t t t 00° 0 9, Bakers' fth' lr : 27 0 to 28 0 Indian corn 7_ s. d. s. d. Wheat, white,. 24 0 to 26 6 Do., red...... 21 6 to 24 0 Do., new 0 to 0 Barley ...... 11 6 to 14 6 Oats ... .... 90to 12 0 Do., black.... 0 to 0 [ ADvEuTismt — ENT.]—Consumpt ion, ________ liver, and stomach complaints , Missbeen considered hopeless. drugs of every description, Dt', gravated and accelerated by Lange, 18 years of Perlec2Y curable by Du Barry health restoring Revalea; Arabica Food, as proved 19Y thousands of cases which 1 4 are oligoatt;:t abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last shot, age, r e q e i u d l o a t e f e v t e e a r t f ; t e l h w i l t . —a nervous,Ce 'u medicalr e N n o ; e 6:;A o Pulmonary consumption, with fearful cough, Mentors evo exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, holloW obeectii emaciated to a skeleton. She is now, thank God, a pee,.. l o do healthy, blooming, flesh y girl,—N. Lange, Cornmissiondi Police. Cure, No. 48,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Pri vet c, Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting- o f bloo 010 0 derangement, and partial deafness.—Cure , N o. 47,121%,0004 Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, bad i g; TO gatherings, low spirits, and nervous fancies.—Cill'oolt 64,816. the Rev. James I'. Campbell, FakenhaM , '' - ‘ ,lote ) of indigestion and torpidity of the liver, which had re' Oh all medical treatment. In tins, 11b, 2s 9d; 21b, 40 43 1; . / 1 : 11s; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 40a. Barry du Ba rr y and CJ., n - a ob. Regent-street, London ; also Fortnum and Mason; 1 7400 P grocers and chemists in every town of the United 01"-_,) -....// Births. Casa 10 0°4 BATSMAN.--On the 7th inst , at ..iastlenau, Bt n , e, o f lv wife of Hyde Bateman, E s q ., of a dau g ht er. aroß g , DURHAM.—On the B th ins t., at 30, Broo k - stree t, nor-square, the wife o f Arthur E, D urham , BA.' l yß daughter. LAWRENCE. —On the 7 th ins t. , at 18 , Piccadilly , /Sr. ' im So bledon, the ;re ° F. Pollock , f' sq., a son. PowLiLfeocau.M.—ro. G E E n . th F e . 6 of Lthawinrest c at Marriages. a g Lon e.; i N G--StrimvAN.—On the Bth i ns t , at St. a c e soet ij i, Hanover-square, the R ev . Henry Nele . Lorin,,, °` i t .clO o wick, and Boarhunt, H ants, eldest son of the Ja t ,, ° 0,,,„0 t " r at Sir John W en t worth Lorin K.O 8., t° f second daughter o f the late Admiral Sir Chas' su Bart. b' NAInN—REEvE.—On the 3d inst , at Barnet Chtlirsireo PP. Nairn, E sq., ouly son of Wm.. Nairn, Esq*,,,,,' ° fte elf with, to Eli zabeth, second daughter of Jam- Esq., of Ivor Hall, Herts. Deaths. croo l4 ClVoic..—On the sth inst., at Brussels, John Chas' - Esq., a ge d 68 . R . I . P . WO ' COCKINGE.—In August last, at Calcutta, M r ' ' u Cockinge, late of Devonshire House, AYWARD.—On the 6th at 13. h t Vr• Ilfil inst., oc es er, Esq., aged 71. ear alO ia MASTERS.—On the 6th inst., at Ryde, I. "'' C ~ Masters, R.N., aged 76. 'wilts, CO " MEEcit.—On the 6th inst., at Melksham, W. - ' T. C. Meech, of the 62d Foot, aged 82. 7,T ;,1 10 °1' Brighton. oil, NEIDERHAUSERN.—At Paris, Samuel du ~..e.s.er of 21, Cambridge-terrace, Hyde-park, aged 4 9 . / r i ol‘' • ~ SALT.—On the 6th inst Willi a m;Salt, E 84., o f 2 " square, E., Regent's-park. R o SPENCER.—On the 6th inst., at 3 , Gower-street, —eaf square, Richard Spencer, Esq. Iv London : Printed and Published by WILLI/kg ANVso. of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at TIM SUN Ofrle e ., o „",ty Strand, in the Precin ct of th e Savo y . in the ir Atiddlopex.—WednesdaY, De9woer 9, 180, Gr ~; ,Th e ° I 141 '44 0 CoAt .ter eft . Be AL' Pa ri Itteet, r )lv . Inst elttitl( Cared IV tif f a d ( Uti 1 , 1 burit, bi l e n r ß a l the 0 /. 01 , t tb i ; t M 'osi To. Ili by li 1011, 440! ter all ( tee IA T ttl ~~