The Sun. — London, England, 1863-10-05 00:00:00

THE CIVIL WAR IN AMERICA, (Flom the Correspondent of the TinL:s.) NEW YORK, Sept. 22. The vague sense of impending calamity which has existed iu men's minds for the last week has been justified by events. The long lane of Northern good fortune has had its tueniug, and the South seems as if it were about to retrieve its recent reverses and emerge from the discouraging, but never hopeless condition in which it had been placed since the failure of Gen. Lee's expedition to Pennsylvania and the capture of Vicksburg and Port Hudson. Ever confident of success, filled with conceit, afflicted with the mania of meddlesomeness, the Government at Washington has attempted to do too much at once, and has frittered away the Federal forces in remote and unconnected expeditions with the hope of striking a series of simultaneous blows against the South and ending the war before the winter. The results aro not hopeful. The Texan expedition, fi om which so much was expected, has ended in a humiliating defeat in the Sabine Pass; the siege of Charleston has come to a standstill for want of ac cord between the military and naval coinneand er ! il Fort Sumter, hastily but e ff ec ti ve l y repaired, iloets the Confederate flag and defies Gen- Gilmore r to capture it ; and the F e d era l s, w ithout the to destroy or ruin th e gaunt l ets o f the forts that .de fend the brave little city, hesitate to destroy e i it y Greek fire and g uns at long range , lest th indigna tion certain to be exc i te d i n Europe by the barbarity of the act sho u ld b e o f gre ater v alue to the Confe deraten cause th an a v ictory by ' Beauregard. i border, relieved The inhabitants of the of the presence of Gen. navigation of the river lGrant,issi n ssi have PP not only plucked up courage to prevent theeed by a Confederate force by Federal vessels, but aided Gen. Taylor, are believed of 15,000 men, under r e important position of Grand to have seized ape! And, worst of all, Gen. Gluf, and to be busily engaged in converting it into a second Irie sbur a .magst..erly evacuation of Chatta nooga,Bragg, reinforcements from after has received immense M o bile, ' Richmond and other quarters, and enticed the unsuspecting It o sencrenz to follow him towards Lafayette and Dalton, Rosencranz appears to have b e lieved the stories which were currently reported by his spies and scouts that the army of Bragg was rapidly melting away and utterly demoralised. His first contact with that army on Saturday last has pa infully undeceived him. The battle that occurred appears from the meagre accounts which hove up to this time been received to have been as obstinate as those of Antietam or Gettysburg, to have been attended with almost as much slaughter, and to have left both armies in a position either to offer or to accept battle on the following morning. But on Sunday the results were of no dubious character. The Confederates remained masters of the field, and Rosecnranz, overpowered, if not outnumbered, was compelled to retreat into Chattanooga to a gait rein forcements from General Burnside, who is 200 miles distant, and will probably be cut off in the march. Thus the position of three weeks ago has been re versed, and Rosecranz will either have to make as skilful an evacuation as Bragg or be compelled to surrender. The sensitive money-market has felt the impulse of these disasters, and gold yesterday ad vanced from the 33 per cent, premium of Saturday to 42. To add to the uneasiness of a public that is quite as easily depressed as excited, come rumours from Europe, from Mexico, and ham Richmond, all tending to show that the irrepressible and inscrut able Emperor of the French has resolved on the immediate recognition of Southern independence ; that the Archduke Maximilian has accepted the Mexican throne ; that an alliance, offensive and defensive, between France,Mexico, and the Southern Confederacy has been agreed upon ; and that Great Britain, though not a party to the project, looks upon it with favour and will not offer it the impe diment of the faintest remonstrance. The Republi can party feels had, as they say in America, while the Democrats, rejoicing in everything that throws odium on the policy and dims the prestige of the Government sees in all these events the triumph of their own party at the approaching elections, and the certain ejection of the Republicans from power at the next Presidential election. Unfortunately, however, the Democratic party is without leaders, and one of the most melancholy proofs of the political degeneracy of the Americans is the attitude which it has assumed. It is the strongest party in the country in point of numbers —the weakest in point of civic courage. Its funda mental principles are sound. It stands upon the Constitution of 1787, and is honestly of opinion that such liberty and such restrictions of liberty as were satisfactory to George Washington and the founders of American independence ; are good enough for the men of the present day; yet it allows that Con stitution to be annulled in every vital and essential particalar by a squad of imbeciles whom it despises, and who are neither able nor fortunate enough to give the poor deluded country the dazzling bribe of military glory to compensate it for the loss of liberty. It is true that some of the more promi nent Democrats make speeches in defence of the rights of the people, and that thousands, and even tens of thousands, congregate to hear and to cheer at the " Buncombe ;" but there the matter ends, and their " resolutions" are words that never ripen into acts. As they do nothing, Mr. Lincoln, his secretaries and his generals, take little heed of them, except now and then to seize hold of some particularly noisy or otherwise troublesome orator and cart him over the border or shut him up in Fort Lafayette. And as if Mr. Lincoln were right in imagining that an occasional example of this kind is quite sufficient to keep the tame Dsmocracy in order, the leaders, if such sheep can be called leaders, take warning from the fate that has befallen the outspoken victim who has been removed from the scene, and whisper their disappro betion in such mild phraseology that it is impossible for any Government which respects itself to treat it otherwise than with contempt. There is one vital question before the country—the restoration of the Union, or the acknowledgment of Southern indepen dence, and upon that question, though the Demo crats fume at the President and denounce his mea sures, they pretend to be of one mind with their o pponents. Under no circumstances will they con sent to a dis Union Peace. " No ! Coma the eleventh plague rather than this be ! Let us rather be sunk in the sea;"--and so they stultify th emse l ves , an d degrade what otght to be legitimate and wholesome opposition into mere factiousness and spite. They say to the Government in effect :—" The war is a Proper and a rightful war; only you do not know h(rys to conduct it. Get cut of office and let us in, and you shall see that we will restore the Union, you by your blundering and stupidity are doing your utmost to destroy." Mr. Lincoln cannot, of course,He is in office, admit the necessity of political suicide. h ° fn.ce and will remain in, — not only for h i full term of four years, but for another four, if and e can, own rui n as allows the Democracy to work out their the e ni,affieaTartes, without troubling himself with knows to be unzthunder" of speeches—which he do him or hi e p c : nl Panied with any bolt that can It is as idle for Y th anV damage. time of day f or the ° I) emocrats to cry out at this e Constitutio n as i t , is, ,,‘ a ti 'lien as it was" and the blage of the cl ass in I nv : it would be for an assem. to pass resolutio ns in s wyo r u n r eas- ehire and Perthshire or for the dowagers of t h e F : t v. the House of Stuart, declare that there was oo saiv tl at u . °ll "R St. Germain to the installation of the Count (1 13.4 f°r France but in Tuileries. Facts have killed all e t e h har abord in the sions. The Union perishedwh en " e asi :d eari the at prate fired against Fort Sumter, and t h e co gun was was destroyed when Mr. Chase i gtitution his greenback. Three stabs have been given eit first either of which might have been fat a l, but which in their combined operation have as effectually made an end of it as Brutus made of Csesar. The three were the emission of legal tender paper money,' the conscription, and the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus in States not in rebellion nor threat ened with invasion. And first of paper money. The Bth section of the Constitution, which defines the powers of Congress, says that it shall "coin money," but it nowhere allows it to print or order the print ing of bank-notes or promises to pay. In the 10th section it expressly forbids any State to emit bills of credit, or make anything but gold and elver c vin a tender in payment of debts, Already. such Democrats as believe that the Constitution is still a valid document declare that all Mr. Cdase's issue of greenbacks and legal tender notes are ille,o on this ground, and that they not only will b it ought to be repudiated. Waco peace comes, this is the first great question that will have to be settled, and though Northern politicians affect virtuous indig natira whenever the name of Mr. Jefferson Davis is mentioned in connexion with the repudiation of the state debt of Mississippi, it is evident from the whole tone and temper of the public mind that the repudiation of the enormous war debt already in curred will be a highly popular measure all over the North and West, and will not only meet with little opposition from the scruples of conschut ienc e will be of any considerable number of people, ve h emen tly supported by the plea that the debt was wrongfully and unconstitutionally contracted. just as clearly a breach of thefr CheoncsotnitsUrtiipotni.onwas Congress, by the 12th clause of the Bth section of the Ist " article definito raise ng the f unc tions of the Legislature, has power an d support a rmies, but not to make any appro priations of money to that use for a longer period t h a n two ys ; and, as if to prove conclusively that the framers of that document meant only such a small and moderate army as was sufficient for all purposes until the unhappy day when Mr. Lincoln became President, the 15th clause of the same sec tion provides that in the serious case of insurrection and invasion, when the ordinary army would not suffice for the purpose, Congress should have "power to call for the militia to execute the laws of the Union." Thus, if the Southern people be not a fo reign nation, if they be in insurrectionland rebellion against the laws of the Union, it was the duty of Congress to call out the militia of the several States, which militia, by the 10th clause, was not to be under the command or control of officers appointed either by Congress or by the President, but by the Governors of the several States. Thus it did not per- form its duty, but acted in flagrant violation of it, when it ordered a conscription. Equally positive is the unconstitutionality of the suspension of the writ of habeas corpus. Congress itself has power to suspend it, when in case of re bellion or invasion the public safety may require it; but even Congress cannot suspend it in States where there is neither rebellion nor invasion. More than this, whatever power Congress itself may exercise, it has no authority for delegating the duty to Mr. Lincoln or any other person. There remains but one other stab to be inflicted upon the dead body of the Constitution—the abroga tion of State rights. This is the openly avowed and cherished purpose of the administration, which it will certainly effect before the war is many months older, if the Democratic party will permit. That it will permit is highly probable, if not certain. It has no leaders who will assume the post of danger. It has no "pluck." It prates all the day and all the night, and does nothing. Upon the principle that the man who can prevent a murder and will not is as bad as the actual assassin, im- partial history will have hereafter to record that the Republican party destroyed American liberty while the Democrats looked on, using strong words perhaps, but with their hands behind their backs, afraid to deliver a blow lest they as well as liberty should be strut down in the encounter. Amid all this excitement of home politics, the anti-English feeling continues to be sedulously cul tivated by the leaders of opinion. If there be at this time any Englishman (out of Birmingham or Rochdale) who hates his own country; who, when England is at war, invariably assert that England is wrong ; who would pull down the Church, ruin the aristocracy, Americanise the Government, esta blish universal suffrage and the ballot, shorten the duration of Parliaments, divide the country into electoral districts, and open the doors of Parlia ment to the election of needy members by the pay ment of members ; an Englishman, in short, to whose prejudiced mind all that is British is bad, and all that is American is pre-eminently good — let him come to America and stay in it for three months, mixing all the while with the people. If he do, he will see sights and hear soands that will tend to make him a sadder and a wiser man. And with sentiments such as these, honestly entertained, he could not be otherwise than of a naturally pugnacious disposition, he would of necessity be exposed to rubs and rebuffs in this country that would sorely try his patience and for bearance, and inflict some severe wounds upon his self-love. In the first place, if he knew anything of his native England and its history, ho would find the densest ignorance on the subject prevailing in the new land to which he had bent his willing foot steps. He would discover that the prevalent opinion among the Yankee was that the three British Isles [ were miserable, "God-forsaken" corners of the world, and that if any good existed among them it was to be found in oppressed and "down-trodden" Ireland ; that English society from the highest to the lowest was so rotten and corrupt that it only needed a word and a blow for the Emperor of the French to annex them to the empire, and pension off Queen Victoria with a suitable income, and a wing of the Chateau de Fontainebleau for her residence : that the United States—if such a paltry object were worth the while—could forestall the Emperor of the French at any moment in this praiseworthy design; that Lord Nelson was not worthy to brush the boots of Admiral Farragut ; that the battle of Waterloo was but child's play compared with Antieta m and Gettysburg; that the Federal armies at this moment contain 50 generals better than Wellington, and at least half a dozen as good as Napoleon ; that the siege of Sebastopol made it evident that England had neither pluck, nor skill, nor money, nor men ; that Great Britain is a " one-horse" nation ; that ;he English people cannot speak their own language ; that every one, from the duke to the costermonger, misplaces the aspirates and talks a jargon that is a mere antiquated provincial dialect, compared with the "well of English undefiled" that flows from the lips of Mr. Charlea Sumner and Mr. Henry Ward Beecher; that Englishmen are dull, slow, and with- 1 out a particle of energy or enterprise; that English women have invariably large feet and large hands, drink beer for breakfast, and laugh louder than grooms or coachmen; that whenever England and America were at war, England always puts forth her whole strength, had no other wars on hand, and was always ignominiously " whipped ;" that to Americans alone is due the merit of every great and ssoon useful invention o f th e age ; th a t E ng l an d does not citi possesszen ; a and single that, hotel as ofintastothleodggreeaatnand glorious American union between North:and South is restored, Eng land will be converted into a penal settlement for American thieves, and Ireland I e evated into a re public, under the presidency of General Corcoran or Mr. Kickham, and the prot • ection of :Va. Abra ham Lincoln. If, disgusted with all and conceited bosh, he were to admit once for all that the Americans really knew nothing about England, and were to commence the study of American character, and endeavour to trace the workings of their political system, he would find that he himself had been as ignorant of America as the Americans were of England ; that he had to uproot his prejudices, unlearn his politics, dis card his preconceived ideas, and study his new and singular people as he would study a new language. He would find, as he made a little progress in hi s task, that everything in the character of Ame r i can institutions which he had been accustomed to ad mire was a proved evil ; and the absence of an aris tocracy of high rank and ancient lineage was sup plied by a "codfish aristocracy," a "shoddy aristocracy," and an aristocracy of money ; that if a State Church were an evil, a Church uncon nected with the State, of which the preachers pan dered to the prejudices and the ignorance of the crowd, and touted for custom like the traders of the street, was an evil at least as great ; that universal acrrage was but '°n; that the frequency of another name for universal corrup tion; elections pre vents.la a ,respectable men from leaving the pursuits of 'WI lit erat e of the for seerierPle potable literature, and comm Y ; that Et trade erce to solicit the votes ; that the ballot was no security politics had become so disre putable that the people could find no more opprobrious epith e t w upon a public to bestow man than '°a politician;" - that no really eminent lawyer would consent to b e a - tudge un less it were r t - - of the Supreme C ou ' , where he might hold his position for life, irrespecti ve of the favour of the THE SUN. LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5, 1863 hool education of the people the vaunted common En i c hance no a n r e e e a l l o y r u g e o e o o d ia a i n n ; and i g , r r e e s a i t d e m a a t n ; t h h a a d t P t h e e ople; remotest that odeparasctsiocoanl raessultthse;ythwactrathe 14,b o fo y r s g , o t t hr t o h w ei n r school of the Constitution and history of their lrnal ear ning in the business of the shop, and were into as led t o o t own country as of every other; that their course of reading was confined to the newspapers; that the most n popolar of these were of the lowest class, and pa dered to the most vulgar prejudices; and that the education of the women was as defective as that of the men, and consisted in the largest amount of novel reading, with scarcely a smattering of any kind of useful knowledge. All these things, and many more such, an anti-English Englishman might learn if he had a mind to study them. Whether he afterwards returned to England with correcter no ' lions both of his own country and America would ' depend upon the honesty with which he entered into the inquiry, and the capacity of his mind to profit by experience. Certain it is that he would be a very tame and cold-blooded Englishman indeed if he were not goaded into someth:ng like patriotism by the insults levelled against his country, by all manner of men, on all manner of occasions,—unless I he became a philosopher, and despised a vindictive ness of hatred which he was unable to account for. London ; City of London, Hendry, I Liverpool. 27—The Contest, Amy, Liverpool. 30—Th 9 Floating Light, Starkie, Liverpool. Sept. 3—The Maldon, Scott, Liver -1001. 4—The Glee Maiden, Marshall, Liverpool. 5--The British India, llattrich, Liverpool. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. SPECTATOR.--There seems to be something; of a fatality about the appointments of the Whigs, Every now and then they fill up a vacancy in a way which raises public expectation very high. "Now," people say, "estates, degrees, and offices are no longer to be derived corruptly—clear honour is to be purchased only by merit." And then forthwith the - Whigs get quietly together and perpetrate a snug little piece of party patronage, which, if it does not quite deserve the ugly name of job, is, nevertheless, sure to be called so by a public which has been stimulated to this inconvenient height of public spirit. We think something of this sort has happened recently. There can be no doubt that Mr. Baron Wilde was appointed to the post of Judge Ordinary because he was thought the best man for the post. He had never sat in Parliament, and though he enjoyed the highest reputation in the profession, he was almost unknown out of it. The vacant post was one which the Attorney- General might have accepted, for the Judge Ordi nary takes precedence of the puisne Judges, and no one, therefore, could Lave called it a descent. It ie, however, understood that the Chancellor did not so much as offer it to him. This was the perfect purity system. Then it was necessary to fill up the vacancy left by the promotion of Baron Wilde in the Court of Exchequer, and unhappily Lord West bury has not been able to maintain himself on his flying wing at the same lofty elevation above the vulgar assembly and damp soil of Westminster; and consequently in some quarters there is a rather unjust outcry of another Whig job. For six weeks the puisne judgeship has been vacant. During this period it has been more than once offered to the Attorney-General, who had frequently refused a similar post before. At last it is filled up, and at the same moment the Attorney resigns. The reason given is " Of course that is a sufficient reason, and we do not doubt that it is one of his reasons. But when a lower post, which he had con stantly declined, is pressed upon an Attorney who was not so much as offered the higher one, which was vacant only a week or two before, he may not un naturally regard it as a hict that the Government does not value his services very highly. We do not say that this was so, but it looks like it, and we must say that if it was so, there would be some ground for the Attorney-General's dissatisfaction. There was at least as good a chance that he would have made an adequate Judge Ordinary as that Mr. Sergeant Pigott will make an adequate Baron of the Exchequer; and one does not see why the pub lic might not have run the risk just as well in the one case as the other. If ill health is really the cause of Sir William Atherton'sresignation, we can only hope that he may speedily be restored to active life. We have said that the outcry against Ser .. . geant Pigott is a little unjust, but it must be con fessed that at the present moment the Court of Ex chequer is rather in want of a strong judge. The loss of Baron Wilde is a very heavy loss, and his colleagues who remain cannot, for one reason or another, be considered as rising above the judicial average. Either SERGEANT SuEE or Mr. Mellish would have imparted more strength to the Court ; the latter as being the man who has succeeded to the position which Baron Wilde occupied at the bar —the former because, as we ventured to point out some weeks back, his age, ills position as senior Queen's sergeant, his large practice, and high char acter alike place him at the head of the common-law bar. But the merits of the one are only known to the profession, and those of the other are over balanced by the fact that he is a Roman Catholic. True that he is no Ultramontane, and has more than once shown himself independent of ecclesiasti cal dictation—but Exeter Hall has a loud voice, and mere professional merits cannot be expected to outweigh the influence which Lord Shaftesbury enjoys with the stepfather of his wife. So the dig nity falls to a good Whig, whose family has made Reading a Whig borough, and who always has voted, as his brother before him voted, steadily for the Whigs. But still the truth must be spoken. The appointment of Sergeant Pigott is a fair ave rage appointment. He is in the rank of the Queen's counsel, and has a fair share of business both on cir- cuit and in town. He may fairly be reckoned on to make as good a judge as many of his colleagues, and it has by no means turned out to be true as a rule that great advocates always make the best judges. The habit of partizanship is one which it is hard to throw off at an advanced period of life. A colder temper and more impartial judgment have often put good abilities on a level with very superior intellects, at all events, in the discharge of ordinary judicial duties. To politicians, however, the vacancy caused by the resignation of the Attorney-General will afford a greater field for speculation. That Sir R. Palmer should succeed him is a matter of course, and, in this instance, the ordinary routine promotes the man who, whether as a politician or a lawyer, has the best right to promotion. Once again, the Attorney-General will be, by common consent, the head of the profession. SATURDAY REVIEW.—The tide of success seems to have turned once more in favour of the South. The decisive defeat of Rosencranz by Bragg threa tens to undo all the work of the Federal armies in Tennessee; and Burnside, far from being able to repair the disaster, appears to have placed his troops in a position from which it may be very diffi cult to move them with safety. It is not to be wondered at that the Northern press should turn against its rulers in the hour of so unexpected and serious a reverse, and should exclaim against the incompetency of those who have thrown away so many of the fruits of the patience and perseverance of the North. The minuteness and infelicity of the interference exercised by the Csbinet of Wash ington is illustrated by the revelation that the abor• tive expedition of Gen. Franklin was undertaken by orders from head-quarters, in defiance of the opinion of Gen. Banks. And certainly the misfor tunes of the Federals do not come singly. On every side and at every point there is success more or less for the Confederates, and some repulse or dis comfiture of their adversaries. The siege of Charleston is said to have been suspended ; and the suspension of the aiege, when the advent of au tomnal storms makes every moment precious, is a confession of present failure which will render the ultimate capture of the city far more difficult and tedious, if not impossible. The intelligence from the Mississippi is little less discouraging to the North, for not only does the river appear to be closed to commerce by guerillas, but fortified points are again betng occupied by the Confederates, and the advance of thelNorthern troops into the country of the Red River on the western side of the Mis sissippi has been checked by two serious defeats. The North will be scarcely less surprised than Europe is to find the Confederates, after all their losses and in spite of the severe strain which a two years' war has placed on their resources and num bers, still springing up at the most remote points of their enormous territories, defiant, viotorious, and in possession of forces which even have the supe riority of numbers over their opponents. Both combatants are fully aware of the importance of the crisis which will arise in the ensuing spring. In May, 1864, the three years' volunteers, forming the greater part of the Federal army, will be en titled to their discharge. The recent draft, though it has brought few conscripts into the ranks, has produced, at an enormous expense, a considerable number of recruits in the character of substitutes; but even if the President succeeded in raising 300,000 men, a newly-enlisted army would be far less efficient than the force which has been trained by two or three years of war. The new levies are, as they arrive in the field, incorporated with the existing regiments, which will consequently once more be reduced to skeletons if the old soldiers claim their discharge in May. Even if the Govern ment devises means of overcoming the difficulty, the Confederates will in the meantime be encouraged to persevere in their resistance, and the lapse of seven months affords ample scope for accidents and changes of fortune. They will certainly not be alarmed by the strange suspension of the habeas corpus through the whole extent of the United States. The expansion or contraction of constitu tional liberties in America concerns foreigners as little as the physical alternations of frost and thaw,; but it may be permitted to remark that a nation which describes itself through a thousand speaking trumpets as the most prosperous and united in the world might be supposed capable of governing itself by some less stringent machinery than the rude contrivance of martial law. The Confede rates, who are more immediately interested in the condition of their implacable enemies, will pro bably conjecture that Mr. Lincoln's proclamaZion admits the failure of the first draft, and prepares the way for the enforcement of a second. It will be an amusing circumstance if the corporation of New York once more buys off its unwilling con tingent, at a price which 'eau eearcely fail to he in eereesed by the rising market for substitutes. The republication of Mr. Seward's circular to the consuls once more exemplifies the perverse mistake or misrepresentation which pervades all American speeches and writings. The Secretary of State, addressing, through the pOTIS;4 1 :3? the cgmmersial classes of Europe, or rather of ,ngland--proposes to convince them that the shortest way to arrive at peace is " to withdraw support and favour frets, the insurgents, and to leave the adjustment of our domestic controversies exclusively with the people of the United States." As it can hardly be supposed that Mr. Seward hopes to cenvinu the builders of iron ships who may have accepted orders from the Confederates, he must be understood to insinuate that the mercantile body in general has not left the adjustment of American controversies to those whom they properly concern. II is utterly absurd to say that English traders ha le had other the will or $llO prow to influence in the smallest de. THE NEW FRENCH PAMPHLET. The pamphlet, entitled " L'Empereur Napoleon et l'Empereur Alexandre," has just been published by M. Dentu. It is, as might be guessed from its title, on the Polish question ; it is anonymous, and otherwise, in form, paper, and type, resembles the famous pamphlets which preceded the war with Austria. The author, who applies himself to refute the arguments of Prince Gortschakcff, commences in these words:— " When in private life one has in vain taken all pains to prevent a dissension and a rupture, he is painfully effaced by his failure. How much more is the politician sad dened by the inutility of his efforts after having done all he could to prevent a crisis which the fate of many States depends. Peace is so necessary to the world, to moral pro gress as well as to the development of material interests, that those who direct the destinies of nations cannot be too solicitous in removing everything capable of endangering so great a blessing. It is worthy of note, and it is consoling for humanity, that in our day the Governments the least prompt to have recourse to arms to resolve questions of jus tice are precisely those that are the most civilised and the most powerful. They love to persuade themselves that reason alone suffices for their solution, and that it is only at the last extremity, and after exhausting all means of con ciliation, that they consent to draw the sword. Thus is ex plained the excessive moderation of the notes of the Powers who, in view of the consequences which the Polish insurrec tion may produce, have considered it their duty to submit certain representations to the Court of Russia. This lon ganimity has at least shown the value attached by them to the maintenance of peace, and the system of Russia is com pletely exposed. To the reiterated but courteous prayer for concessions the most moderate, Russia retarned a dry, haughty, and ironical answer. She seemed to say, .1 took part in the discussion merely to gain time. The winter is coming on. I am protected by my snow. For many months you can do nothing to me. I have no further need to dissemble. I break off all negotiation, and I will not suffer my right to torture the Poles to be called in question. The responsibility of war would then fall on Russia. The repeated outrages of that Court being addressed to the other Powers as well as to France, these must be equally affected by them ; and there is no reason to appre hend that we shall be left alone to defend a just cause. The Emperor Napoleon I. never liked to disclose his plans be forehand, partly in order to keep up the prestige of the unknown, and partly not to aggravate the susceptibilities or the of those whom he was desirous of drawing over to his side or of mastering. If during the 20 years of power as General, Consul, and Emperor, so many projects passed through his mind, it may be said that there was one on which he never changed, although he did not carry it out —that of the re-establishment of Poland in her complete independence. The thought of this occurred at the same time as that which he called the first spark of his great am bition, when his soul, soaring beyond Italy, sought for new fields of action in Europe, and for new labours for the liberty of peoples, the glory of France, and his own. To redress the wrongs which the old monarchy had allowed to be com mitted, and which the Revolution had promised to avenge, seemed to him to be his destiny. When I have finished this war of Italy,' he used to say to his aide-de-camp and friend Salkowski, I shall proceed in person at the head of the French to liberate your country. France must not leave unpunished the treason against a nation,' " The pamphlet concludes thus : " In the present state of things the Ambassadors have no thing further to do at St. Petersburg. The discussion has been closed by Russia, and it would be difficult to imagine that the representatives of the Great Powers can remain spectators of acts so deserving of blame without any hope of modifying them. It is not merely the representatives of the three Courts that are more especially engaged by their proceedings that ought to withdraw; all the States will no doubt consider themselves bound in honour to imitate their example. In absolute abandonment Russia would, it is to be hoped, be less obstinate in braving the universal opinion of Europe. In this unanimity there would be a mute re proach, a great lesson—the last means perhaps of avoiding war by an efficacious and salutary pressure. Need we re peat those words in which the war with Russia was an nounced in 1854 It may be seen by these despatches that the Emperor has constantly urged on war. He has been deaf to the observations of his allies, to the instances of his friends. His haughty selfishness refuses to notice any authority but his own, and he wants that his empire shall be as boundless as his ambition. It is, then, the Czar; it is he alone who, after having violated treaties, troubled vio lently and without avowable motives the peace of the world, interrupts trade, and seriously injures the fortune of the public and of individuals. Europe would deserve the eter nal contempt of history if she put up with pretensions which are to-day an insult, and would be to-morrow ruin. France has already made known that she will not suffer them; French soldiers, the worthy sons of their glorious fathers, will have promptly and solidly re-established peace, which is so necessary to industry and to the well-being of families and of nations.' In any case, France can never permit that so many notes, negotiations, and proposals shall end in a diplomatic retreat from Russia." An Exciting Railway Adventure in Switzerland. The following communication from a Swiss tra veller is published in Galign an i : — Western "The s subjoined i l w n a a r y r a m t i a v y e t o e f 0 f a n i n t adventure o m u e p o o n f t m h y e , fellow-countrymen "homeward bound" from Switzerland at the present time, and may be of use as a caution to them to avoid travelling by this route after heavy rains. I took tickets for my wife and myself from Lausanne to Dijon by the 12.40 p.m. train on Friday, the 9 5th inst.; there had been some heavy rain during the previous eighteen hours. Soon after passing Renens Station we found the valley through w hi c h th e railroad pa sses un d er water for a consi derable exte n t of c ountry on b o th s id es o f us. The line is carried on rather a low embankm e nt, and in many pl aces the water w a s level with the li ne , while in others i t was rushing over the rails. In one pl ace it became nece ssar y . to detach the engine and send it forward as a pilot to ascer tain whether the roads were practicable. We proceeded slowly and cautiously as far as Chavornay, about 18 miles from Lausanne, and six miles from Yverdun, where we were stopped by signal in consequence of the flood being several feet deep upon the line, and the road having given way' It was now three o'clock and raining heavily, and the floods increasing, The guard and engine-driver declared that it was impossible to return to Lausanne, as the floo d s would to too deep; neither c oul d we proceed to Y verdun. The waters appeared to extend for about two miles on one side of us across the valley, and we had a narrow but deep and rapid flood on the other side. We were thus en tirely surrounded by water, and with every prospect of being kept in this position for some days, as the stationmaster in formed us he had known the floods in this spot last a week, Fortunately, the ground on which we had sto p ped was rather higher than the other portions of the lin e. The first thing to be done was to inquire for provisions; there was happily a small inn near the station, but bre ad and wine were the only articles of food to be obtained. T he rain ceased about 7 o'clock, and at nine the flood began to subside. On walking back about a quarter of a mile along the line we had traversed in the train, we found the embankment had been carried away for some yards, and the rails, with their sleepers attached to them, were suspended across the chasm, supported by their own strength, w bile the flood roared through the opening like a rushing river. This scene filled us with thankfulness, as i n a ll human prob abilit y we must have perished had the em b a nkment given wa y a few hours earlier, since the ch asm wou ld have been c oncealed by the waters which covered th e roa d. We sp ent the night in the carriages, there being no room for us in the little inn. At six the following morning the water had subsided suffi ciently to enable us to reach the shore on the east side of the valley, and we succee d e d in procuring a country cart to convey ourselves a n d one other Eng lish g entleman (with out any of our l uggage ) to Yverdun in time for a train just starting for Dijon. Th e carriage road from Cha vorna y to Yverdun is carried a l on g t h e side of the v alle y , u p on a of the higher level than th e railway, but it also bore proofs fury of the storm, as l arg e trees, rocks, stones, and other debris were strewed over the roa d and fields, Our fellow with the train to riski n g an y passengers preferred s t a ying further accidents by the carriage road, and how long they were detained in their dangerous situation I am unable to say, but as my luggage has only reached me this morning, I conclude that both they and the luggage were only for warded from Chavornay on M onday, the 28th. The rail way officials, who seemed qui te ready to resign themselves as helpless and inactive norspects until the tr.ain the.could proceed, strongly dissuaded h 11172 nv be tu a r b u i l e g t i o n c Co:tritry cart, assuring us '°w 6 . rt which we all received from the great kindness and attes.i,te-- wife at Chavornay, who did the station master and his . . ? of relieve the discomfort our everything isi their power to tiuue eat in the tram:. l o must not omit to mention DOSiti on.' ' __s_,..----.............-...... ...--__ •_!._-=---- -- _,Cooraption, all nervous, bilious, [ADVERTISEMENT.] liver, and stomach complaints, every stage, are liver, and and accelerated by drugs of every description, but perfecay curable by Du B arry's health restoring Revalenta A r abica Food, as proved by thousands of cases which had been considered hopeless. We quote a few. — Cu re No. 62,914. Miss Lange, 18 years of age , cu red after the medical men had suespittingskeleton. is now, thank God , a perfectly healthy, bloomino- flesh y girl• —N. Lange, Commissaire de Police. Cure, No. 46,270. M r. James Roberts, of Frimley Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lun g s, s p itting of blood, liver derangement, and gatherings, partial dealness.—Cure, No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of extre me nervousness, indigestion, low s pi r its, and nervous fancies.—Cure, No. 54,816. The Rev. James T. Campbell, Fakenham, Norfolk, ofindigestion and torpidity of the liver, which had resisted all medical treatment. In tins, 11h, 2s 9d; 21b, 48 6d; 51b, 115; 121 b, 228; 241 b, 40s. Barry du Barry awl Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London; also Fortnum and Mason; and alI WT99ells and cneuilota in mu tQWEI 91 the VnitcdBlngcl9l4 THE BOMBAY MAIL. We have received by the Overland 1111i1 advices and papers from Bombay to Sept. 9 and from Cal cutta to August 29. The following from the Bombay Gazette composes all the news by this arrival : The Governor-General will leave Simla on Sept. 2,5, His excellency will first visit the Kangra valley to see the pro gress of tea-planting there. ne will then proceed to Peshawur; from Peshawur ho will return to Lihoro and open the Punjaub Exhibition. The Rifle Brigade from Delhi will form his excellency's escort through the Pun jaub. A large military force is to assemble at Lahore ha December next, It will consist of four troops of Royal Horse Artillery, four battalions of Field Artillery, two re , . giments of British Cavalry (Hussars), four regiments Of Native Cavalry, five regiments of British Infantry, six re giments of Native Infantry, head-quarters and four cool panics of Sappers and Miners. Probable strength 11,02 0 men in all, with 3,320 horses and 47 guns ; the largest force ever assembled in Upper India in time of peace, It has bean intimated in strong terms to the Rajah of Cashmere and to the sons of the late Dost Mahomed, that their presence is desired in Lahore to meet the ViceroYy , when matters of an important nature will be discussed. Mahomed Afzul, ruler of Balkh, has despatched 5,000 men to assist his brother, Mahomed Azina, at Zoodrau t, close to the city of Cabul, where Shere Ali has not yet ar rived from Herat. Mahomed Afzul is the eldest legitima te son and true heir of the late Dost Mahomed—Azim is the second son by the same mother—Shere Ali is by a nother wife of the Post, and is much younger than his step brothers. Afzul is the most popular with the people ) and Shere Ali with the chiefs. His Exellency the Governor of Bombay laid the founda tion stone of St. Paul's Church, at Poonah, on the 29th A u g' The church is to be a large and elegant structure. Ili s ex cellency has since gone on a visit to Ahmednugger. w here he arrived with his staff on the 2d September, and wh ere he still is. The reputed Nana Sahib captured at Ajmer° arrived at Cawnpore on the 22d of August, whither he was sent by government for examination. The Cawnpore authorities, after hearing and sifting all the evidence and testimo n y that could be obtained at Cawnpore and Bhi toor, have de. finitively pronounced that the prisoner is not the Nana Sahib. - . _____ The council of regency at Oodevpore havin g f ailed to administer justice, civil and crimi na l , t h e Viceroy a lia Go , vernor-General, by a proclamati on d ate d Simla, has conferred on the political ag en t f or t h e time be i n g the full powers of a sessions judge i n cr i m i nal cases , of super intendent of police, and of com m i ss i oner an d c ivil judg e in revenue and civil suits, S uc h powers to be exerci sed until the Maharajah is prono unce d o f age and "'l iable °f undertaking the responsibility o f th e administra tion of the Meywar state. The proclamti on ca ll s upon the c hiefs of all the states in Rajpootana t o re f use an asy l u m to M ehta st 14 Ajoet Sing, executive member of the council of regency, guilty of great atrocities and c rue lti es, w h o h a s fled from justice. The ship Hahneman, of Live r p oo l , which arrived in Bom bay the 30th of August, reports having ' been fired into boarded by a Confederate p r i va t eer on the l e t Jab". examining the papers of the ahneman the pri vateer left her, in let. 25.25 S, lon g . 36.47 W. Af a t n e d r H By a general order, d a t e d B om b ay C ant l e , Sep tl ' l A S t 6 :' the following officers are permitt e d t o retire from aer "-- jesty's service from this date on the pension of their rank, with the special annu ity o f £2O O, accord i ng to the notifica tion in gene ra l or d er , N o. 35 8, of the 7th Ju ly lest —Ro y al Artillery : Col o n e l J o h n M axwell Glasse, Colon©l Ro : Ro bert Engineers : Colonel H enry al W Croft ormald, and Colon e l J o h n P ott i nge r, C:l3' y Joshua Margery and Colonel Gore Boland Munb ee . The 42d (Royal Hi g hl an d ) Regiment will m arch from Dugshai on the lath o f N ov. for Lahore to feria a portion of the Viceroy's e scor t t o the ' capital of t h e panjeub an d to take a part in the l arge camp of exercise to b e a ssembled at Lahore during th e meet i ng of the Imperia l Council. His Highness M eer J a ff ar Allee Kha n Bahaeloor, the Nawab of Surat, di e d on Friday 1, 1 863 . The health of th e t own and island of Aug.* Bombay has slightly ever, is still above th e average of the last m ortality, how improved during the p ast fortnight. T h e OBITUNY—Lieut. Bute 3d Light CeivalrY, at Kampteo Lieut S. Simpson, Commis'eariatbDepo.rtr ae nt, at Madras ; ; Major C. F. K e ll y , 18 th Royal Irish, at Secunderabad ; Ensign Rolf e , h er Majesty's tast Regiment, at Jubbulpore ; Major J. R. Wil son , Pension Establishment, Ilydrabad R deca de of years. Contingent, at Burgee, 14 miles from Jubbnipere' COMMERCIAL INTELLIGE SCE. (Front the Times of India.) Bom nxy, Sept. 8. Money.—The Bank' s ra t es are unchang ed. In the bazaar there is mo re d eman d , however, than there was last fort night, , first-class credits at 2s. Old., Exchange has again b een more in f a vour of sell ers. We quote Bank bills at 2 s . 03i * Government Paper.—The excitement w hi c h has again set in in the st oc k s o f l ocal joint-stock companies has di verted attention from G overnment secur ities,which we q uote at the followin g p r i ces :—Fours, Es. 091 ; Fives, R s.loB l ; and document s a t 2 s . o , § ,d. and Fives and-a-ll a lf , R s. 118 to 118 i • IMPORTS.--During th e f ortnight o ur market for p iece goods has been fi rmer, and although the t r ansactions re ported are still small, they a re on : some what larger scale than they were d ur i ng the period preceding the dispatch of last mail. The re h as w i thin the last d a y or two been (loci.. dedly more inquiry by Indore dealers, and from Guzerat also some demand has been experienced ; and althou g h im porters have hardly as yet felt the benefit of this, it has re duced stocks in dealers' hands. Grey goads, as a rule, aro firmer, and in certain descripti ons , as dome stics, a consider • able rise has taken pl ace. In white goods little has been done, and the same remark ap li e s to most k inds of coloured goods. The lower numbers both of mule and water twist are firmer. Metals h ave continue d t o improve. Manufac tured copper has b een again in braziers have been s o ld as high as ra . 66 per cwt. Bar iron is likewise firmer. spec ulative inquiry, and ExPoRTs.--Our cotton mar k e t has been dec idedl y more an imated ; and alth oug h the sales o f the fortnight are still c omparatively small, no t excee di ng 9,000 bales in all , th e y still are much larger than any we have recently had to notice. Dhollera has been the description most in favour; but prices of all kinds at closing are about Its. 10 par candy higher than our last quotations, Verawul commanding an advance of RS. 15 to 16 per candy. Some few coasting craft have already come in with cotton from the north, and in the course of another fortnight we expect to see con siderable arrivals. FREIGILTS—The demand for vessels to load at outports has been quite checked by the rise in rates procurable for loading to Liverpool direct, and with the exception of char ters from Calcutta to London nothing offering any induce ment to change ports is in the market. We quote rates as firm at—For London : cotton at £2 2s Gd to £2 I7s Gd ; seeds, £2 lOs : for Liverpool cotton, £3; seeds ; £2 2s Gd to £2 is Gd. CALCUTTA. (BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAITIO Sept. 4, 4 13 p.m. Government paper, 4 per Cent, 10 to 14 annas dis ; 5 per Cent, rs S 12 to rs 9 pm ; 51 per Cent, rs 18 2 to rs 18 6 pm. Exchange on London—First-class credits, 2s 5-16 d to ,cl. Freights to London—Dead weight, £2 ; jute, £3 17s 6d ; seeds, Li 10s; gray shirtings, 14 by 13, 71b, 10 in, rs 8 12 to 14 annas per piece ; Madapollams, 13 by 11, 31b, 32 in, rs 4 5 to 6 arenas per piece ; mule twist, No, 40, good secouds, 10 annas 6 pie per morah. Market for piece goods quiet. Market for twist little doing. SHIPPING IN VELLIGENCE. CALCUTTA. Arrivals—August 23—The ship Evangeline,Wolfe, from Liverpool, May 19. 24—The ship Caspian, Evant, Cardiff, April 29. 25—The ship Alnwick Castle, Taylor, London, May 25. 27—The ship Talavera, Brown, Liverpool, May 18. BOMBAY. Arrivals—August 24—Th© Chapman, Ilarland, from London. 28--The Jane Jack Mitchell, Mitchell, Glasgow, 30—The Minnehaha, Morgan, London ; 'Hahnemann, Phillips, Liverpool. 31—The Mahratta, Wilson, London. Sept. s—The Edendale, Martin, London. Departures—August 22—The England, Robson, for Liverpool. 25—The;Grefve Berg, Snellman, , Liverpool. 26-..410 I)alkeit/1, Josto, LiVerP49l i Cyclops, GarcliAer, greo the fortunes of the American war. To those whom he professes to address, Mr. Seward's advice s simply unmeaning ; but the reflex operation of a Federal opinion may not he equally innocuous. There seems to he no doubt that the universal exul tation which prevails in the North is combined with a vague purpose of qu arre lli ng w ith England, partly to avenge imaginary offences, and also with an ulterior hope of annexing Canada. Mr. Seward perhaps may not wish, like Mr. Sumner, to infu riate his countrymen by misrepresentation ; but it is unworthy of a statesman to sanction, in formal . State papers, a vulgar and d angerous delusion. If it is true that European statesmen have officially predicted the failure of the Northern enterprise, it is intelligible that the Secretary of State should recapitulate for their information the progress of the invading armies; but it is utterly untrue that the insurgents have been enabled to protract their resistance by means of the sympathy or aid which they have received from abroad. In a certain sense, customers require the sympathy and aid of dealers. Butchers and bakers render house keeping possible, and ladies are forced to procure their finery from milliners and dressmakers ; but, in the ordinary sense of words, purchased services are not called aid, nor is there any connection be tween sympathy and selling. The Confederates have not received a gun or a bayonet without pay ing its full value, with an additional percentage to cover the risk of the blockade ; and precisely the same sympathy and aid has been afforded, on a scale tenfold larger, to the Federal Government itself. Mr. Seward cannot seriously believe that the insurgents have derived any benefit from the good-will with which their heroic resistance has been contemplated by a part of the community which, according to Lord Russell's conjecture, is not even a majority. The Government of Rich• mond has shown its estimation of official sympathy by withdrawing its diplomatic agent from London —a measure which seems paradoxical if its hopes of success depend on the continuance of the present relations between England and the Confederacy. It is a backward step in civilisation if peace and war are henceforth to depend on words. If freedom of speech is no longer permissible in England, some check ought in common fairness to be imposed on American eloquence. Mr. Sumner's speech alone is nearly as voluminous as all English disquisitions on Secession put together, and it is more wilfully hostile and offensive; yet even his studied malignity suits the popular scheme of dismembering the British Empire. Not a week passes without a written or spoken proposal for the annexation of Canada, and yet the Chairman of the Committee of Foreign Relations thinks that the most urgent duty of the present moment is to stimulate the animosity of his countrymen to England. EXAAIINER.—By the end of the present month the term will have expired of the notice given to Denmark, that she must submit to be partitioned, or to take the consequences. It is already known that she accepts the alternative, and prefers inva sion, if it should come, to submission. Throughout the protracted controversy, whose issue thus draws nigh, Denmark has shown a tenacity of purpose, and a degree of moral courage, worthy of her old renown. All Germany has been for fifteen years abusing and bullying her, and threatening to rend from her one of her fairest provinces, The pre tencc s for such interferences are too well known to need repetition. That they have been, from first to last, pretences and no wore, has been made apparent to all who have impartial eyes to see, or ears to bear since the concession by the Danish Government of nearly all the local reforms which the Federal Di▪ et declared they must occupy Holstein to effect. The debate on the merits is closed, and nothing remai▪ ns but the naked question of jurisdiction. About this conflicting jurists': may and probably will wrangle on for ever. But the public opinion of Europe is a court of modern equity, not of feudal law ; and its decisions are guided by the maxims of common sense, and of practical justice, for the benefit of the parties more immediately concerned, and of their neighbours and dependents, whose well-being is con sequently involved in their fate. There can be no doubt as to the award of this ulti▪ mate tribunal. A contingent of Saxon and Hanoverian troops have been ordered to prepare for the occupation of Hol stein. Prussia, formerly so eager in the quarrel, is now in the mood to play marplot, and having lost the initiative seems disposed to lag behind. Austria, on the other hand, declares herself fully prepared with such a reserve as must utterly outnumber and overpower any force the Danes can bring into the field. Bat will they be left to stand alone ? The despatch of Count Manderstrom to the Swedish Ministers in London and Paris, calling the attention of the Western Powers to the imminency of the situation, and proclaiming the unity of the Scan dinavian States in resistance to German aggression, sufficiently answers the question. It is the best s'a. off to the truckling advice treacherously preenered by Russia to the Cabinet of Copenhagen, not to re gard the occupation of the Duchies as a casus belli. It is too palpably the interest of Russia that the Government of Denmark should be humiliated in the eyes of its people and in the face of Europe ; that the old spirit of independence should be lowered, and the nerves of its integrity unstrung. Nothing could so effectually prepare the way for the future imposition of her Protectorate ; while nothing could in other respects serve her purposes better than the encampment of an Austro-Hanoverian army beyond the Eider, justifying, as the Court of St. Petersburg would speedily argue, the landing of a corresponding force of Musco vites in Jutland. Russia has long coveted this Naboth's vineyard of the North. Th e heart of her ambition - is sick, until she possesses an Atlantic seaboard. The seizure of Finland was the first strive towards the ocean, the sinister rescue and defence of Denmark would be the next ; but for tle; .B Denmark roust first be invaded and put in jeopardy. It is a transparent policy which Sweden eln r l y — se e s through, and is prompt to countervail-. But u a t et doeswi with not equally behove other Atlantic S .• ,'4,ates decision in like manner ? Can Holland, France, and England afford to see Denmark m a d e th e b attle ' to ne s t the with ocean ev y ground of Germany and Russia, or to allow either Ever ye sv danc b y y c a o r m ra b s i to force e i x ts p mo tive ofconsidera tion of honour to dictate a peremptory inhibition by them of the threatened Inroad into Holstein. In defiance of such a mandate Austria and her satellite confederates dare not stir. Th e march of the Saxons and Hanoverians would be arrested; and the dip lomatic casuists of Vienna and Frankfort would betake themselves for fifteen years longer to their old trade . of protocol- sp i nn i ng. No more than this is requisite, but less than this would be inexcusable. LONDON REVIEW.—It is probable that the President's Emancipation Proclamation has hitherto disappointed the hopes of its friends and its enemies. Those who predicted the horrors of a servile war are equally at fault with those who looked forward to the immediate re. establishment of the Federal Power. The apathy of the slave is, perhaps, justi fied when we consider the wide-spread belief that the if re clamation will never be carried out. There are not T:eanting reasons by which the Federal Government might defend its conduct to itself if the subjugation or capitulation of the Confederate States should be followed by the withdrawal of the Proclamation. The doubts as to its legality may be held by the Supreme Court to be well. founded, in which case it becomes necessarily inoperative. In any case, it may be forcibly contended that the proclamation was issued not as a boon to slaves, but as a penalty upon rebellious slaveholders, and its remission would be simply an act of grace to the latter, involving no breach of faith with the bondsmen. 'We do not, however, believe that these arguments will prevail. The unprincipled rowdies of New York may be sufficiently shameless to urge their adop. tion, but the events of the last three months have shown that the Central Government is strong enough to thwart the will of the Empire City. The Republicans are too much committed to the proclamation to be able to withdraw it, and the Democrats, like the Tories at home, ars powerless, because they have no distinct policy, No restoration of the Union is possible unaccompanied by the liberation of the slaves in the rebellious States. If the result of the contest should be, as is perhaps more likely, the establishment of an independent Southern Confederacy, it is now clear that the limits of such a union will be very circumscribed. Outside it there would be States whose native slaves would be freed through the action of the proclamation, and which would. be States of refuge, unvesed by any Fugitive Slave Law, to the slaves escaping from the Confederacy. Although what are euphuistically called the loyal Slave States are not sub ject to the President's proclamation, it is impossible to be lieve that slavery can permanently exist in them after having been abolished in their rebellious sisters. Even the intelligence of a slave will probably detect the hollowness of anargument which proves that he ought to be in thraldom in Maryland, whilst his brother is free in Alabama. But there are more substantial reasons for thinking that slavery is doomed in the Loyal States, A Slave State having a Free State on its border is ruined without the protection of a Fugitive Slave Law, acid no one dreams that such an enact ment can ever be revived. Moreover, the Loyal Slave States are the breeding States, and it is useless to breed slaves when there are no slaveholding planters to whom they may be sold. There can be little doubt that peace would be fol lowed by measures to secure the emancipation of the slaves in all the States under the Federal authority. It is difficult to form any estimate of the number of freed negroes who will be thrown upon the hands of the Federal Govern. ment. There is now some talk of raising coloured troops to the extent of 200,000, and of 100,000 more blacks to be employed in operations auxiliary to the main work of the army. If the Federals could silcceetl in feting such a force it would repref.,:ent a •.ery large proportion of the ab' e-bodie;l slaves in the South. The total number oF^' . may be said to be, in round „eaves in the Union these it is mole.' numbers, four millions, and of —ee that three-fourths were resident, at the outset of the war, within the limits of the rebellious States. A total population of three millions represents, according to ordinary data, 900,000 men capable of bearing arms, so that the requirements of the Northern armies demand one out of every Olive Ole 'bodied shoree in the South, Te out- siders such a result seems unattainable, and it would be at once rejected were it not for the confessedly large numbers already employed in attendance on the Federal army. It is clear that refugees thus enrolled in the service of the North will not involve, in attendance upon them, the usual pro portion of women, children, and infi,rm ; but we might perhaps estimate at 500,000 the number of negroes thrown upon the Federal Government as a direct consequence of services in the field, if the enlistment of negroes should really be carried out upon so large a scale. We know the device by which Mr. Lincoln last year sought to meet the difficulty which he saw looming in the future. As he looked upon the freed negroes in the district of Columbla, and as he heard by every mail of the contrabands with the army of the Potomac, at Port Royal, and at Vicksburg, ho conceived the brilliant notion of exporting every black to some promised land in Central America, The scheme was a mere expression of hopeless weakness, life our oft-men tioned plan of removing the Irish difficulty by a submer sion for a few hours of the Green Island in the Atlantic; but it gave occasion to a speech in which Mr. Lincoln expounded to congregated negroes the unconquerable dislike they aroused in every American breast. The cynical frankness of the avowal, and the humorous re quest to the negroes to take themselves off, awoke won dering laughter in England; but the scheme itself, it is needless to add, fell stillborn, and has never since been heard of. The difficulty, however, has since then enormously in creased, and it is not difficult to understand the reasons which actuated the Secretary of War in the beginning of this year, when he appointed a commission of inquiry to examine and report on the pressing question—What was to be done with the freed negroes ? The commission appointed by the American Government to examine this question of the freed men may have been wisely chosen, but we confess to having doubts of it when we see at the head of its three members the name of Mr. Robert Dale 0 wen. Our acquaint ance with that gentleman as the evangelist of Spiritualism, fails to satisfy is of his capabilities of investigating evidence and discriminating causes, and can only hope that he had able coadjutors in Mr. James M'Kaye and Mr. Samuel G. Howe. Their report, which has just been published, 'bating an occasional tendency to American tall talk, is, on tha whole, sober and reasonable. It opens with a frank exami nation of the negro's vices; his lax notions of property, of truth, and of the marriage relation—all, however, springing directly from the slave system of the South ; and proceeds to a report on his value as a military labourer. It is on his willingness to work that the future well-being of the negro and the success of any Government organisation on his be half depend ; and the report of the commission is, as far as it goes, very favourable. Major-General Dix, in his evi dence, declared that the military labour furnished by the refugees under him was a full equivalent for the rations and wages which they, their wives, and children received ; and Brigadier-General Saxton, Military Governor of the Department of the South, who had about 18,000 refugees under his care, said, " The coloured people here have been no expense to the Government. They have received a good many articles of clothing from charitable societies at the North; but the balance of credit, I think, is largely in fa vour of the negroes." The work, however, which is thus done under military supervision, would probably differ materially hem the work which would be voluntarily ac complished. Our own experience in the West Indian Islands is that, except at Barbadoes, where the population is so great that the negroes must either work or starve, no wages will induce them to do more than procure the neces saries of life. COUNTRY MARKETS. I , ` NOTTINGHAM —SATURDAY. There was s fair quantity of new wheat to-day from the growers, the condition of which was very good. The de mand ruled fair, and prices unaltered. Barley plentiful. —White wheat, from 418 to 46s ; red wheat, 40s to 435. Barley—malting, 348 to 41s ; grinding, 28s to 31s. Oats old, at 24s to 31s Od ; new, 22s to 265. Beans sold at 38s to 43s per qr. ; new, 38s to 425. GRANTHAM —SATURDAY. Old white wheat, 42s to 468; red, 40s to 44s per 36st. ; new white, 42s to 458; red, 40s t 01425, Malting barley, 36s to 40s per qr ; grinding, :308 to 32s ; oats, old, 288.t1 30s; new, 20s to 24s ; beans, 40s to 425; peas, 36s to 38s. NORTHAMPTON-SATURDAY. ----- A moderate supply of new wheat to-day, but the show of old was again limited. For choice qualities late rates may be quoted, other sorts rather lower. Oats and barley dull. —White wheat, 40s to 455:; red, 37s to 42s ; fine, —3 to —s per qr. Barley, 35s to 39 8—grinding. 28s to 30s; Oats, 28s to 32s per 24 stone. Beans, 38s to 425. Peas, 34s to 40s per qr. LE I CE S,rf E R.-SATURDAY. New white wheat, 44s to 46s ; red, 42s to 442 per 36 stone. Old red, 42e to 44s per 36 stone. Earley, malting, new, 36s to 38s per qr.; grinding, 29s to 322; old oats, 25s:to 30s; new oats, 22s to 25s per 24 stone. Beans, old, 388 to 42s per 38 stone ; flour, 30s to 35s per 20 stone. YORK-SATURDAY. The supply of wheat at market to-day was moderate, and buyers purchased cauti ous l y , a t pr i ces Is lower for all but the best sorts. Barley in good show, but the demand was inactive, and late prices declined is per qr. Wheat, red 3Bs to 42s 0at5...... 2os to 24s White do .42s:to 4os Beans 38s to 40s Barley .30s to 32s Peas ....—s to -8 Malt, 62s to 64s per;qr.; rye, 32s per qr ; flour, 30s to 32s per sack. NORWICH-SATURDAY. There was a fair supply of wheat to-day, with about the customary demand, and late prices were maintained. There was a good show of barley, and in some instances more money was demanded. Flour was in favour of the buyer. White wheat. 46s to 47s Red wheat 43s to 44s lalting barley ... 36e to 38s I Chevalier barley 36s to 37a Distilling d 0..... 33s to 35s Oats 248 to 23i Flour, 31s Od to —s Od per sack from the miller. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton ..Oct. 19. via M Oct. 13. Brazil and Cape V er d s , by British arseilles packet. Oct. 5. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena Oct. 29. China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton Oct. 19. via Marseilles Oct, 13. Falkland I s l an d s Gibraltar, via Southampton Oct. 8. India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 13. India (Bombay), via Southampton Oct. 11. - via Marseilles Oct. 5. Portugal.... Oct. 5. Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 11. Newfoundland ..Oct. 10. Oporto and Vigo .. U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... Oct. 8, by U.S. packet.... by Canadian packet. Oct. 8. W.C. of Africa, M- adeira, and Teneriffe.. ..Oct. 10. Bahamas via New York Ost. 22. Mexico.. All parts of West Indies, including Chili, Peru, }Oct, 14. California. and Briti s h Columbia.. Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by ply chasing Horniman's p ure T ea; very choice at 38. 4d. an d 45. " High Standard "at 45. 4d. (formerly 45. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. THE BOY IN BUTTONS.—The late Captain Basil Hall was dining in the house of a friend in Scotland, the party was large, and an errand-boy from the kitchen had been arrayed in some sort of livery, and promoted for the nonce to assist in waiting at the table. The party was rather a dull one, as often happens when a number of guests are brought together promiscuously, and the captain was striving hard to break the ice by relating some of the most wonderful adventures by sea and land. At length he told one story which seemed even to himself almost to exceed the bounds of credibility, for he stopped short and said, " Now, did ever any of you hear anything equal to that ?" At that moment his eye happened to fall on the errand boy, who, believing the question addressed especially to himself, without the smallest hesitation replied, " Hoot, ay, mon, there's a lass in oor kitchen that has a sister that has three thooms 1" If a bomb had burst in the midst of the party it could not have created greater sensation,—Fraser's lfagazine. Births. CHOLMONDELEY.—On the Ist inst., at Torquay, the wife of C. G. Cholmondeley, Esq., of a daughter, DICRY.—On the 2d inst., at Waltham Abbey, the wife of Captain W. Dicey, of a son. SEL-wYN.---On the 2d inst., at Folkestone, the wife of Car min Selwyn, R.N., of a daughter. WIGN.A.u.—On the Ist inst., at Woodhey, Spital, the wife a of Walter B. W ignall, of son. Marriages. CARSO N — BASSETT.—On the Ist inst., at the parish church of Leighton Buzzard, the Res , . David Carson, M.A., Chaplain R.N., to Mary Jane, younger daughter of d• D. Bassett, Esq., The Cedars, Leighton Buzzard. Ho pimis—WlSDEN.—On the 2d inst., at Saint Nicholas Church, Brighton, Henry Hopkins, Esq., of Codrington place, to Emma, the eldest daughter of Thomas Wisclent Esq., of Silwood-place. Deaths. A IvD Andre,n E . -- O F, n s ci t .h , e of2d 7ino,st.o, Orford -terrace, Lower Norwood 57. BAYLEY.—n the Ist inst.,at R h h*th Mr. John Q. ot er 1 e, Bayley, aged 57, H 3,, d , ey a Peter r k A, agesnd r o BROWNE.—On the 29th ult, at Biobrich, on the Rhino', Lieut.-Col, Robert Browne.' , al6' h late of l t , h Regiment 01 Foot. CASTERTOX.....On the 2d inst,, at Bexley-heath, James ViC Ca sterton, E sq ,, aged 52. LAmoo).--On the lst inst, at 7, Gloucester-road, Rogent' o4 park, Willi am Okey Lamond, Esq., of th e Stock J change. STEWART.--011 the 3d inst., James Stewart, Esq., of 11, Old Broad- street, age d 74. WI GRA- 34 .—0n the Ist inst., at 27, B r yanston-square Charlotte, wife of Octavius I, Vigram, Esq. London : Primed and Pubilshed by WILLIAM ANDREI CS ' of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Trip: Sufi Office NO. 2 Strand, in the Precinct of the 3 ayoy the cotllltY IdtilesoX—Dl9ll l :l4Y l QCt9tPer bp 18.03. Ks ( the " AS I thl a thi Cr thi Pr, an otl bei sh, Cha Cot x.] Sc Rol P , 3 Mor by we du nu r