The Sun. — London, England, 1830-12-02 00:00:00

are two examples bperating in a contrary direction et this time. The labourers have seen that disturb ances have regulatly 11 d to an increase of wages, and heuce the universality of the movement. What *lesson / Need we ray that we shudder, when we think of the tendency of this example ? What a lesson to teach, that crimes lead to increersed well-being i The other example—am punish ment—will, we fear;be less influential. Individuals will suffer, but the peasantry are not to be deterred by the example, for they are bet - faith - le by what led the sufferers to their fate. It is not to be disguised that the effeet o? what has been done is a revolution in property. An increase of wages to the whole population, willing and able to work, settles the question with the litedlord and the titheholder its a very summary way. In a pamphlet, just published, under the title of " 7'he Common Cann of the Lanctiord, Tenant, and La- Laurel.," &c., by Cl. Poulett Scrope, Esq., F. R. S., there is the following striking passage 4 * For some years past the tax-gatherer Ite.s been clo s ely pinching the parson and the landlord, thes e i n tur n pinche mg the former, and the farmer his labourer. The tables -are turning; the game toes the other way. The la homer will bear pinching no longer, and returns it back to the farmer, sad the farmer must of course pass it on to the tithe-owner and landlord ; and these gentry will take Me to take it out of the Otwernment. What, the/ 4 should he your melee? I answer, wait upon your land lord or his agent, and call on him to reduce your rents is proportion to your increased expences in wages and rates, You need not use threats, ns the.pacr ignorant labourers do to yoO. They well know thaeefter the fires whi c h Lien enlightened en many of you on the necemity of itn proving the condition of your own labours re, they cannot refine to tower rents, for who wPI take your farms on other terms if you threivie them op?" This is the language of a great landholde r , Manting Chronicle. • The French, with their usual alertness, are mete ing such preparations for war, that, happen what may, they will be safe. They see all the difficulty of their position with reference to Belgium. This question of Belgium is no doubt full of perplexity. The French Government communicated to the Belgian Provisional Government the determina tion of the Great Powers to interfere if the Nassau family should be excluded from the throne. A formal communication was shortly afterwards made to M. Van de Weyer, on the part of the Bussien Government, to the same effect. This information was laid before the Congress previous to deliberee tion on the questi on o f the exclusion of the Nassau family, and we have seen how little effect the com mumcation had upon the votes. Will there be war ? If the Duke of Wellington were now Mini. stet., we know what answer we should make. We have no doubt all the movements of Russia, Austria, and Prussia are the result of n common un derstanding between these Powers and England. The language of the King's Speech with regard to the observance of Treaties and approbation of the King of Holland, the obstinacy of the Dutch Mo numb, his mention of the promises he had received Amu bit Allies,—all seem to point to an under standing to interfere with Belgium. The ulterior views of the conspiracy may easily be inferred, They knew that the French Government would be placed in an awkward dilemma by their interfer ence; that that Government would endanger its existence by allowing the great Powers to conquer Belgium, and that it would be obliged, therefore, to guard against domestic danger, to come to blows with the Powers offer their entrance into Belgium. They probably counted also on the reluctance of the French to have recourse to arms till the last extremity, when the proximity of their armies to Prance would lead to that country being this theatre of war. The Quotictirnne of Monday hints that the Freya, will not be in time for the great Powers-. , - a ' If we are to believe (says that Journal) persons who stall thetamtvee well.inforrned, the Minister of War, after 111 very agitated Council, tlespatclied, last night, five Coo. tiers to different parte ; out of them was charged with order' to the Lietitesent.Generel Commandant of Lille to take possession of Mons on the first news of the entrance of the Allies into ' . . In this state of things the occupation of the frontier fortresses by our temps would be a violation of the Treaties which th e Ca. net of the Pelais 'loyal has recognized. Ws Ctthi binet would thus take upon itself en immense responsi bility in thus intervening as an aggressor in a quarrel which is not personal to us, and when all Me world are convinced that the Government is not in a condition ac tually to support a war fir which the Great Powers have taken the precaution to make preparations as soon as they had information (If our Revolution." France is not certainly a country to be conquered in a day; and it so happens that the provinces which form the frontier towards the great Powers are the most wealthy and warlike, and the best affected of all Prance. An article In the Considuiionnel men tions the eagerness with, which the people of the eastern departments are preparing to repel any at tempt at invasion. It remains to he seen whether the breaking of cue link in the chain of the con spiracy will alter the determination of the great Powers. The French Government we are assured (nn what we consider gond authority) possess the best evidence of the participation of the Wellington Ministry in the projects of the great Powers. In deed, we believe this may be safely taken as a set tled point. The Wellington Ministry being re- Moved, and a Ministry who have not hebitaied to express their sympathy with France having taken their places, the Great Powers may yet pauee before plunging Europe in war. A little time will soon clear up this point. After all, how ever, we question whether it might not be the bet ter policy to take it for granted that Europe can never know peace so long 1111 so large a portion of it is subject to irresponsible Governments, aed whether it would not be well, once fur all, to nele one grand effort . to secure the nations against the con temn recurrence of calamities almost inseparobte from Governments which have hardly ono feeling in common with the people under them. Were Europa ender Constitutional ' Governments, the peace of the nations, would be assured; because nations can never have an interest in war, and because the consent of the people would be necessary before it could in any case be declared. All plots and conspiracies are in a great measure impossible where the Got-eminent can only go hand-in-hand with the people. But Europe ever since the first partition of Poland has been familiarised with, great military movermnis, directed by the caprice of despotic Governments At this present moment the people of Europe golf:- rally, and more especially the people of that great portion of it %sleek may be , described as the heart, have shown that they ,ntn ripe mei ,teruly for au effort to secure their liberties against the eaptices of their Governments. We are assured that, att a chm ent to the person of the King of Prussia, who is very mach loved by his subjects, is the the cause of the tranquillity of the north of Germany; but that the least imprudent movement on the part of that Mo narch would dissolve the : Spell . by which the people are bound to him. Tlie threat of the late 211 r, Canning is much more 111)1)1;01)4,4o the times in which we live titan to those when h e uttered i t , If he feared " that the next war which shriek tie kin dled in Europe would be a war not so much of titmice as of opinions,"" that " it was the contem plation of this new power in one future war which excited his most anxious apprehension,'" a n d that " the consequence of lettieg loop. the passions, at present alibied and eonfined, would he to pro duce a scene of destolation which no moo rim c"n* template without horror," , vie now know „that, oft the first entrance of an armed French force into Germany, the population of the greatest part of that immense country would avail themselves of the opportunity to shake off the little petty oppressors who now harass their industry and waste their le west**. There is hardly n State in Germany ire which the people are not at issue with their Govern moo no account of Newton. The 'Ciminero, say, why are we to be etetasally cursed with such a number of Courts ? The splendour du Court may suit very welt the meridian of Paris sold londoo, but it becomes a nuisance in a little dominion of a few miles square. The French would be hailed tie deliverers, and receive the tight hand of fellowship whitlow they appeared, From the Khios to the Dnieper the population everywhere requires only the signal. Since War is so great an evil, that although we foresee, it meet long he avoided, and that the French would derive great advantages from giving the signal for insurrection throughout the Uontinent, we would put off the thy to the very last. From the very nature br things, there must be strong hatted between France and the kingdoms of the tuntinent. The example of France shalom the authority of the Monarchs, and they cannot see without alarm the exigence of a great power in their neiF,hisetrbood in which the demo. erotic principle 'unquestionably preponderates.— Russia, however, having most to apprehend from war, will probably act with the greatest prudence ; and if Prussia only remain trtinpiil, the other two Powers cannot move. , ..4llerning Chronicle. If the r ,4. eA t military preparations of the Holy Alliance do not mean war, those despots have cer tainly a very warlike wisy off skewing their ham non to remain at ISeace! The rulers of Russia, Prussia, and Austria, have been for some time past .most actively occupied in raising armies end making other hostile demonstrations, It is trite, the Ger man Papers, which dert , fiat publish any thing dis agreeable to the authorities, which allow them to exist only On su ff erance , and tegnire that the only " light" which !shell easenate tram the Press upon political matters shall be " darkness visible," would have • us bAeve that these warlike preparations are only precautions 'against continssencies, which do not indicate * design to to to War. • They mix up these statements with a liberal proportion of flattery to the Russian Autocrat, whose elevated and bench volint Character, they tell us, is genetally iseknow ledged, and add, that he understands what the times require, and appretiates the blessings of peace. They , told its the same when he was making pre perattons for the overthrow of the Turkish empire. Yet the same Journals menet so completely sup press the truth as not to allow some obscure in timations of a gloomier description to transpire. For Instance, they tell us that " the accounts of the vigorous and extensive armaments, and the movements of troops in Russia, make a great impression at Berlin, and that the public look with Confidence on these armaments as an increase of the resources which justice and the gond cause may immediately command in case, an intervention by arms should be required; but this case itself, even with a guarantee of the successful issue, fills people's minds with apprehensions, since at first great con vulsions and extraordinary sacrifices must inevitably ensue as soon as the word war is decidedly pro nounced," Here we have a little truth used us a cover to a greet deal of deception. No doubt, as soon us the tocsin of war is sounded, and those armed Legislators, the Scythian hordes, and the Don Cossacks, pour forth from the desert towards the fertile plains of western Europe, to dictate to free men what form of Government they shall be per mitted to live under, great convulsions and extraor dinary sacrifices must inevitably ensue! And all this to support a good cause forsooth I The cause, rather, of that selfish ambition, equally ferocious and fearful, which trembles and flies to aims whenever the spirit of freedom rises to ',meliorate the condition of man kind in the remotest corner of Europe! The " Holy Alliance" appreciate the blessings of peace in the same sense that the Roman histo rian informs us the term was understood by some ancient pacificatory of the world, who tranqiii fixed by the simple process of destruction--soli tudiirem et preens vocant. To extend the blessings of that sort of peace it is that Field Marshal Count Diebitsch, the victorious passer of the Balite, is expected on the frontiers of Russian Poland, to review the troops, consisting of 200,000 men, with 400 pieces of cannon, march ing from the interior, and to order the necessary measures for their cantonment and subsistence. Truly such a force looks like an indication of a con tinuarce of " weak piping time of peace !" But where, it may be flaked, where is the enemy? Ar maments like these are not raised to fight, after the Quixotic faction, against windmills. if it be only Belgium which is threatened, one would think that the '70,000 men which Prussia has in fighting order in the Rhenish provinces, would suffice, even though encumbered with the dangerous assistance of the heroism of Holland, to force a Prince of the House of Orange on a country, which, as Sir William Temple describes it, is not of a size to support a large army, nor of a figure to be defended by a small one. No, this is not the only object of such vast and expensive levies. The vulture of the north has a nobler prey in view, and will pounce upon that prey unless the revolution in the councils of Eng land should scare it from its rapacious design. The military preparations in France, which its late Mi nistry had left in almost a defencelesti state, show in what way the present Government of that country interpret the warlike movements in the north. Had France elects the revolution in July put forth her energies in creating armies, and concentrating the, elements of war, for some great enterprise, there would be some reason for supposing that the military equipments, which Russia and her Allies have been for some time making, were but precautionary measures. But France made no demonstration of the kind. On the con trary, her late Government seemed to be even timidly scrupulous to afford no ground of suspicion that she would either disturb the peace of Europe herself, or countenance others in disturbing it. The proof of this is found in the fact, that if that coun try had been invaded by the Allies while the late. Ministry were in power, it would not, us far as de pended on a regular army, have the meatus of re sistance. There is one hope still for the peace of Europe, and that is, that the change in our foreign policy, which the change in our Cabinet has pro duced, may make the Holy Alliance consider suc cess es hopeless, because their nefarious project can have no cooperation either of English troops or money. The present Ministry, If they act with the judgment and good sense for which the country is willing to give them credit, will leave no fair effort untried to preserve the peace of Europe. If even war should arise, they will do nil that is consistent with the character and honour of England to save us from any participation. But if driven by tun in superable necessity to the sad alternative of arming the nation in defence of its existence, or in defence of those interests without which its existence could not he worth preserving, they will, we trust, take that side which eitgage the feelings and sympathies of the English' people, and assist France in a struggle which would be a war of opinion—a war of constitutional against despotic principles—a war of intelligence against barbarism—of mind, and law, and justice, against ignorance, force, and oppres sion, and which we believe would only ' terminate in the estublishmint of representative systems upon the ruing of every despotism in Europe.— Morning The Paris and German Papers continue to abound with rumours of war, and materials for grounds of war. We noticed yesterday the preparations which were making, or had been made, by Russia and Prussia; and, us will be seen from the Paris Papers, the apprehension of an approaching conflict has grown so much, not only on the French people, but on the -French Governmeni,—which, considering the perwes of whom it is composed, is not very likely to take a wrong-headed view of things,— that it lee, in .addition to the 148,000 men called out lately, as bur readers will remember, and who were ordered to march on the Ist and 15th instant, de tertnined on making an extraordinary levy of 80,00(1 ►core T—making in all a disposable force of, in round numbers, 230,000 men, to which ought to be added the previously standing army of not less than 147,000 veterans. When we speak of such being the nunt her of armed men ut the disposal date French Go, vernment, we speak of them as the regular army, with the deductimi, however, of the number killeti and wounded at Algiers ; but, as our readers Are aware, there is another force of a mili tary character in France—the Natio►tal Guard which, to our certain knowledge, averaged, at the end of September, not Ws than 700,000 men, of which a considerable portion —say one-third in order ter be within bounds—had been bred to arms, 'and to which practice the remainder were busily engaged in being trained. Thus oUr neighbour has at her command hot only an immense force, ready at any moment that may be desirabies or thay seem he cessary, to make foreign aggrission ; but also one of still greater infigiiitude, and not very inferior in efficiency, capable of repelling aggression from abroad, and of guarding the soil of France from the trespass of either Austria, Prussia, or Russia; and we mention the facts to show, fist, that a Strong apprehension of the hetessity of being at least pre= pared for War, must have existed on the part of the French Government, and grounded On facts which " have not yet met the eye" of 'common observers like ourselves, before it determined on making any additiott to such an immense force; and, secondly, to prove to our readers the extreme folly of those who imagine that any continental war in which France may be engaged must necessarily be carried on, not without, but within her territories. The idea is ridiculous. The National Guard alone is sufficient to protect the territory of France; and a regular gamy of '200,000 men would be inefficient indeed, badly disciplined, and still more ineffiCiently headed, if it would allow any combined force that could be mustered in its neighbourhood to drive it back upon the soil of Prance. But, however this may he, it appears that the agents of the King of Holland, lac Ei»g of the Aretherlands, have not been slow in furnishing both parties with grounds for quarrelling; and what is the ground for quarrelling? Why, neither more or less than the pitiful Duchy of Luxemburg I—Pitiful, we say, because the value of any Duchy, com pared with the value of treasure and blood that might he expended in a general war for its posses sion, is us a grain of sand to a mountain. How ever, this very grain of sand looks very like—from a Proclamation issued by: one of the Dutch King's Councillors of State, warning the inhabitants of the Grand Duchy, who have already sent representa tives to the Belgian National Congress, from taking any part in Belgian affairs, " because the Grand Duchy forms a part of the German Confedera tion,"—and from another Proclamation stating-- " that as the sovereign rights attached to the Grand Duchy having been disregarded and attacked, his Majesty the King of the Netherlands, as Greed Duke, has, cseformahly to Article 63, of the Act of Congress of Vienna, been obliged to require the assistance of the German Coefe deration, to re-establish legal order in that part of the Confederation, they may of their own accord place themselves again under the autho rity of the King, their Grand Duke, alone legal, and which it is their interest to do, in order to avoid the injury that may come from the employment of constraint and of the armed force;"--we say this grain of sand looks very like as if it would prove the cause of a more general war than Europe has yet known, and more destructive in every respect of the institutions which are at present established in her different states. However, if so be that the three Holy Allies are desirous of waging war against liberal institutions, let them try it. if France prove not enough for them, there is spirit' enough in this country to turn the scales; and that England would remain idle while other powers were struggling, some against institutions of the same :as tore as our own, and one only in favour of them, it is utterly ridiculous to imagine. We say confidently, that site would enter the field, and that, leagued with France, the attacks of the barbarians of the north, and of the south, would prove destructive to themselves only.—Morning Advertiser. The accounts from France and the Netherlands continue to excite apprehensions of approaching war on the Continent. The French Government in ad dition to the 148,000, or 130,000 troops immedi ately destined for the frontiers, have ordered a new levy of 80,000 men. It thus 'splicers that the Go vernment of terance sees in the intended movements of the Armies of the other Great Continental Powers sufficient cause of distrust in regard to their views, and is determined accordingly to lose no time in providing every possible means of defence, if not of aggression; nor is it at all unlikely that instead of waiting the near approach of the apprehended in vaders, the first movements of the latter, whether Austrian, Russian, or Prussian, will be the signal for the march of the French army. These demonstra tions may however prorkce such an effect upen the Councils of the Allied Sovereigns as to induce them well and seriously to reconsider their hostile resolution, in which case the general peace of Europe may yet be preserved. It is in the very nature of things that the finitude of mutual menace or defiance thus assumed by great and powerful States towards each other should increase on all sides the feelings of re ciprocal jealousy or ill.will by which it has been occasioned; and it cannot fail to be recollected, that in tact hostile demonstrations so gemeral and exten sive as those of which we daily receive intelligence have usually been followed at no distant period by actual hostility. Yet in the actual situation of the several Eutopean Governments, and in the relations which connect them with each other, there is much that encourages us to cherish the hope of prolonged and uninterrupted peace. The expediency of avoid ing war, with a view to the interest of each sepa rate State, appears to us to be so evident and so strong, that we think it pacific policy is likely to predominate for a considerable period in the Conn cils of the Monarchs, notwithstanding the grounds and inducements which recent occurrenc,s may have afforded to some of them for hostile inters vendors. We rest time question solely upon considerations of convenience, for the right of in terference in the affairs of the Netherlands--- should the interests of Europe seem to require such interference on the part of great Powers-- is, we think, ungneetionuble. It is a right which these Powers purchased and paid for when they erected the Netherlands into a kingdom by the union of Belgium with Holland; it is a right which the Belgic and time Dutch people recognized in the fullest manner when they joyfully acceded to this union, and gladly embraced the advantages it con ferred; it is a right which those nations conferred upon their deliverers as time price of theirrescue from the iron yoke of the usurper and a tyrant ; it is a right which the great Powers of Europe still fur ther established and secured w lien they incurred the heavy expence of fortifying the frontier of the Netherlands against the aggressions of her most formidable neighbour. The question, then, is not whether the right exists, but whether it be convenient or advantageous t o exer cise it. And this question we still think it probable that the Powers chiefly int , ,rested will, by their conduct, answer in the negative. The late Administra• lion of theta Britain had, as we know, decimleit aga i nst interference in the affairs of the Netherlands, unless an appeal to the natioaal honour, and the faith of treaties, rendered forbearance impossible; the present Aduainis. Italian is resolved not to interfere, whatever may become of na lanai honour or the faith of treaties. Thus at any rate it seems certain that fur the present at least Great Britain will remain at peace. France, bound by the 'Jame obligation as Great Britain to the other Powers of Europe, wilt not interfere, sinless it be to protect the Bd. gian revolutionists, and to maintain the eff ec t s o f t h e revo lution : for these purpose*, if necessary, she will i n t er f ere in defiance of the treaties to which s h e _ NI a party. Thi s with the present French Government is not a matter of choice ; it is an indispensible con dition of its own existence. Whatever may be the disposition of Russia, Austria, an d p ire „ eht, or whatever in other circumetances might have been their understanding of their rights, their interests, their ditties, it is ettreinely probable that the conduct of those Powers will be greatly influenced by the position which France and England have assumed. What prospect of success or of advantage can Rus4ia, Austria. and Prussia perceive in an attempt to ia-rstabliili the authority of the family of Nassau iu Belgient by force of arms, England standing aloof in resolute neutrality, and France employing her vast military means to withstand and to resent their interference? Can they overlook the probability that the cons e quences of such a war might he to Unite not only Belgium (for this mead be certain, end immediate), but Rolland also, to France—to subject Austria to invasion, Prussia to dismemberment, Poland to insurrection, Italy,' and Portngal to revolution i' Can t h ey overlook the important fact that the separation of B e l g i um mei land is equally agreeable to the piople of both countries ? Can they forget how essential to the vigour and success of their former military operations against France they in variably found the .pecuniary aid of Great Britain, of which they can now entertain no hope? The difficulty, the danger, the improbability of success, are strong grounds fur believing that the other Continental Powers will not engage in war against France and Belgium fur the purpose merely of restoring the latter coun try to the dominion of the House of Orange ;—nor cart we believe that the military preparations now in progress have any such object. It is assumed much too hastily that the purpose bf these irmatnents is aggressive, Is it not more probable that it is strictly and purely defensive ? Is there nothing of menace to the great and ancient Monarchies of Europe implied in the present situation and character of the French Government? Is it impossible even that they may have grounds of apprehension more distinct than those which are open and obvious to all the world ? Has Prince forgotten the ambitious deaires which she never yet, we believe, omitted any favourable opportunity to display, and which within our own times have been suc cessively gratified and tantalized ? Doe. not the pacific, determination of the British Government, ►o unreservedly proclaimed, offer a favourable opportunity to France, if she be such too France has always been? Must it 'of necessity be for purposes of aggression that the Continental neighbours of France prepare themselves for combat ? Morning Post. We gave yesterday in a somewhat lengthy extract from the last number of Fraser's Magasine, a more accurate account of the real state of the labouring classes, and of the real causes of the buntings of farm-yards, and breakings of machinery, in the dif ferent counties, than we have yet met with; as well as some sound observations upon the operation of Peel's Bill, in increasing the difficulties of the far mer, and rendering more intolerable the state of destitution and degradation to which farm labourers here been ►inking for years past. We now return to the subject, for the purpose of confirming more at length the view taken by the writer of that article, of the causes of the d'sturbances—causes which have their origin, not in disaffection to the Government, in disloyalty to the reigning family, or in the promptings and persuasions of hired incendi aries or political fanatics—but in the long course of oppression endured by the labourer—in the poverty and degradation to which he has been sunk by a ra pacious aristocracy—and in blind revenge, to the adoption of which a system of so much injustice has ut length driven the unhappy labourers, who, besides being condemned to labour hard on a starv ing pittance of 9d., or Is., or, at best, Is. 3d. per day, have been used, as the writer observes, more like locomotive engines than human beings, driven from place to place, and actually let out on hire us lyasts of burthen. These are the real causes of the outrages and the buntings; and it be comes perfectly evident, in consequence, that any system of cure, in order to be effectual, must em brace, Ist, an increase of the labourer's wages— and, secondly, a return to that kindly treatment, in all other respects, which secured to the farmer and the landlord not only the best services, but the pro tection and regard of the labourer. Now there is no difficulty, so fur as rational and humane per sons are concerned, in effecting the latter object ; but bow is the former to be accomplished ? We believe there is but little doubt that the fault of the low rate of wages paid to agricultural labourers does not rest with the farmer—that he pays as much as the produce of the soil will permit him, and that were he compelled to pay more, that more would have been paid, not out of his profits, but out of the very capital which supplies the means of employ- 1 ment Such a system, however, could not last for twelve months—the capital of the farmer would be come greatly exhausted, and in order to prevent the whole slipping from his bands, he would become au exile from his country, and betake himself to regions where his person and his property would be secure against violence and forced payments 1 What, then, remains to be done ? The bur therm that press upon tl►e farmer must be re duced, and the to•la which cramp his exertions and industry destroyed. The enormous rent which he pays to the landlord must be reduced, and the tithe system either done away with, or so modified and arranged as not to prevent the farmer from employ ing his capital upon lands which are at present waste, but naturally fruitful and capable of a high de gree of cultivation. These are the natural remedies, and they are those which must be adopted, and that speedily, in order to arrest the progress of evils a hich are now undermining the very foundations of society, and striking. at the root of social order; and be it observed that while the landlord has, on the one bawl, no just rause to complain in being called upon ►o reduce rents which, by the operation of Peel's Bill, have been augmented, like all other fixed engagements, to the great injury of the farmer, and, indeed, of every class in the community but those possessed of fitted money incomes;--the clergy, on the other hand, can have no valid °Nee jewion to have their claims on the public liquidated, we do not say reduced, in a manner which will pro mote peace mid amity between them and their flocks, and enable the latter to provide more liberal wages for the labourer. If either do object, however, to the adoption of the only rational remedies for the distress of the times, theirs will be the fault of all the direful consequences which we foresee as the result of times the most extraordinary which the country has ever witnessed, and which require the application of equally extraordinary remedies. As some proof of the necessity of adopting the remedies which we have pointed out above, as well as of their reasonableness, we copy from the Hampshire Telegraph the following extract from the general account tJouk of a respectable timer in this county, kept in the year 1772, 1773, 1774, and 1775, when the average price of wheat was 134 151. per load, and labour 9s. per week : The rent of the farm was :£125 per annum. The amount of tithe Poor. rates 2O Making together —ls9 The rent is now The tithes Ponr-rates BO Deduct the former 159 An excess of. 292 I t w ill thus be seen that the rent has increased 140 per cent., the tithes 500 per cent., the poor a n t n ets as othe i t sel f,v e average than fre, cent. It I n t o s t p m ea o k for res nn n 1,54 per loud, that the firmer is overburthened with 4 wheato pe r rent and tithe ; the rates be must still pay, or lessen them by employing more labourers. It may be urgel tottiogtheemleanndt, then formerly ; we grant this, now is more productive, fro m better in part, but even that is not comtnensurate with the increased price of every commodity the firraer's wan ts compel him to consume. We would advert also to the alteration of the farming system from what it was sixty years ago. At that period every farmer maintained at least two.thirds of his labourers in the hortse ; and what they ate and drank was wholly, or nearly so, produced on the farm. At the end of the year he had about 41. to pay each for wages • in addition to thi s h e was wee kl y i n t h e habit of receiving for eggs, butter, pork, &c. twenty tr thirty shillings from the neighbouring market. Now, on the contrary, he is obliged every week to rind money to pay his labourers ; and, as he sends 110 small produce to market, be has not funds arising from that source to meet this expense. With re gard to the labourer, in those days he could do better on his 9s. a week than he can now on 12.. Meat, groceries, and clothes were cheaper, nd the labourer generally then kept a pig; now he keeps none. Every necessary, in fact, he now uses is loaded with 2(ttaisil.ceouxflcahitsoiesr twhatisgoetnfsatihdnierttiaytxopenilceeitateiftlo.l,ri:oiburo,guarAsedravnceoriltiitgleeibnr.niottetss ---- ituesELL.—The author of " A Winter in London" has added greatly to his celebrity by the publica tion of his last novel. The applications at the libraries .or an early sight of the new work an writer who wrought memorable en effect by his first production, are, we un derstand, very great ; and "Russell" has already been pro nounced a greater bit than "via the " Winter in London." SECOND EDITION. SUN OFFICE, Seven u' Clock. IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT THIS EVENING. HOUSE OF LORDS. The LORD CIIANCRLLOD took his seat on the Woolsack at Ten Minutes past Five. NEGRO SLAVERY. Petitions were presented by Lords CARAMV anti CAL. THORPE, Earl GRIM, and the Bishop of LownoN, against Negro Slavery. The Bishop of NORWICH presented a petition from Newport, in Galway, for the more equiPahle distribution of Parliamentary grants to the Kildare School Society. Lord CALTHORPE presented a petition for the Repeal of the Duty on Sea-borne Coal. Earl GRAY presented a petition from Montrose, pray ing for the regulation of the Scotch Boroughs; and Ao from Arbroath, praying for Parliamentary Reform. ADMIMSTAATION OF JUSTICE. The Order of the Day having been read, the The LORD CHANCELLOR rose, and said—My Lords, is rising to call your attention to a subject of the highest possible importance, as it appears to me, for the welfare of this country, I think I owe 'your Lordships a very ample apology for introducing such subject before you. In any ordinary circumstances, and upon any other occision, the feelings which indicate to me the necessity of this apology would in stantly concur in preventing me from trespusing upon your Lordship's time ; but the circumstances I am about testate, and with the greatest satisfaction! state thew, will probably be considered as offering the best apology to your Lordship*. Upon looking to the Journals of the other House of Parliament, your Lordships will find at a very early period of the present Session, I, who then enjoyed the high honour of a seat in that assembly, obtained from that House leave to bring in a Bill, not precisely, but in all essential particulars, the same as that to which I now have the honour to bring the consideration of your Lordships Before I had an opportunity of availing myself of the leave which had been given me, I was removed to the high ho nour of a seat in this House, and necessarily the proceed ings on that Bill were put an end to for the present. My worthy Coadjutor (Lord Morpeth), how ever, kindly offered to bring the subject forward; but be not being of the profession of the law, I told him that it would he almost impossible for any person not experienced in Courts of Justice to prosecute such a Bill through its ♦arious details. The impossibilty of proceeding with that Bill in the other House of Parliament has been the cause of toy soliciting the attention of your Lordships to it. A subject, my Lords, for which your Lordships are more capable of taking cognizance than the other House.— It belongs more particularly to the jurisdiction of this House, which has within itself the highest func tions of Parliament, as well as judicature. Encouraged, my Lords, by the paramount importance of the subject, and having from my personal professional knowledge been confident of the defects for which I am about to bring in this Bill to remedy, I throw m} self on the indulgence of while I state as shortly as I can the nature of the evils, and the course which I intend to pursue in order to cor rect them. Before, however, my Lords, I proceed to that part of the subject, it is due to my Noble Friend opposite your Lordships, that I should state that which I am about to suggest to your Lordships, comes from myself indi vidually. I hail no opportunity of consulting with my Noble !Friend, with whom I am joined by the ties of office as to to this measure.—(Hear, hear. ) I bring it forward, my Lords, in my individual capacity as a Peer of this House, and I press the matter upon the attention of his Majesty's Ministers with equally as much zeal as Ido upon she attention of your Lordships indidually. (Lary srsAtixc.) HOUSE OF COMMONS. The Gallery was not opened until past Five, when the House in oceNierl to ballot for Committees to try the merits of petitions presented, complaining of undue returns for the following places:— Forfar, Glasgow, Eve.ham, St. hlawee, and Borough bridge, for which Committees were severally appointed. (Lim sirrisa.) POLICE INTELLIGENCE. BOW.STREET. Yesterday Mr. Charles Kemble waited upon Sir R. BIRNIR, and stated that he had received a letter signed " Swing," threatening his life and also the destruction of Covent-garden Theatre, unless he should consent to grant a free benefit for the writer and his associates. Mr. Kemble produced the letter, of which the following is the substance :--- " sir,—We must not, shall not starve. Give us a free benefit, and apply the profits to our want., or we will set fire to the theatre, and kill you. f' SWING." Sir R. Ihamti told Mr. Kemble, that he need not be under much apprehension that any mischief would arise either to himself or the theatre, as the letter in question was most probably a hoax. The Magistrate added, that perhaps the better way would be to accede to the demand, and to take Mr. "Swing" into custody, or whoever he might send to the theatre for the amount of the benefit. lamination was received at this office on Friday last, that a most daring and extensive burglary had taken place on that day week, between the hours of four and seven o'clock, at the house of Mr. John Abrahams, a pawnbroker, residing at Bristol. Mr. Abraham. being a Jew, closed his premises at four o'clock on the day in question, as the sabbath of the Jews usually commences from bun-set on Fri day, and continues until the same hour on the fol lowing day. The thieves, taking advantage of this circumstance, entered the shop by means of skeleton key., and packed up nearly the whole of the valu able property which they found upon the premises, consisting of 243 gold and silver watches, 500 wedding and fancy rings, 400 solid gold seek, 30 gold chains, two doz, , n of silver gilt knives and forks with mother-of-pearl handles, a great quantity of ear-rings of various patterns and descriptions,. se vend dozens of silver table, ten, and salt spoons, and a great stock of valuable property, amounting in the whole to upwards of 2,000/., the principal part of which consisted of pledges received by Mr. Abra hams in the course of his business. Sir It. BIRNIN, upon receiving this information, immediately despatched Ford, the gaoler, the only officer whose services were at that time available, to endeavour to ascertain at the several Bristol coach offices, whether any suspicious persons had lately arrived from that place with luggage likely to contain property such as had been stolen. From the inquiries set on foot by Ford, he was induced to bel►eve that the driver of a hackney-couch, whose number he ascertained, could furnish him with some important information, but on inquiring for the coachman, he was informed that he had gone down. to the neighbourhood of Hastings with some articles of furniture, which he had been in trusted to remove. By direction of Sir Richard Birnie, Ford proceeded to Hastings on Friday night, and fortunately met wi;11 the coachmen, who nt once informed him that he conveyed three men from one of the Bristol coach-offices, on the pre vious Saturday evening, to the Gun Tavern at Pimlico. The coachman added, that the travellers had with them some very heavy luggage, and that he conveyed the part es to a house which he de scribed, in Pontipool-street, Blackfriars-road. Ford returned to. town with the coachman, and, accom panied by other officers, proceeded to the house in question, where they apprehended a man who went by the name of Cole, but whose teal name is Wm. Walker, This person was immediately recognized by the officers us an old acquaintance. The mother of the prisoner was observed by Ford to leave the room in a hurried manner, and upon following her to the privy, Ford discovered two silver tea-spoons lying upon the soil, and from the situation in which they were found, it was evident that they had just been thrown there. The mother of the prisoner who said her name was .lane Cole, was then taken into cus tody, and also a womun,who gave the name of Mary Ann Cole, and who described herself as Walker's A young woman who acted as servant, and who gave the name of Mary Ann Scott, was likewise appee. bender!, and Ford, upon searching the premises, f oun d a go ld s e al and some small articles of jewel lery, of which he took possession, together with the spoons which were found in the privy. The prison- era were then conveyed to this Office, and sad' went a private examination, at which,theprostal er s Mr. Abrahams, and Saiith, the principal tAcer- m s t , &O Bristol, attended and gave ev i de nce, the which, however, did not transpire. It proied;dist the prisoner Walker was in Bristol some 'Weer !rs the robbery, aid Mr. Abrahams recognitiilllo distinctly as hiking ,come to his shop .trills some articles, and only a day or two heforittif berg he pawned a watch, which he (Mr.. Ahiebtgl! . ) himself took in. It was also proved'that night of the robbery three men got into a CIO it Bristol, which wits waiting for them at a sliatt i di• tance of the prosecutor's house. SOMe brin ier gage was put into the chaise, and it re &freer with great rapidity along the Batk readiin rection of London. The chaise .was afterustiacor scribed at various inns upon the road, and it el considered strange that wherever it ittuprelq, lll three men who were within it refused tolliiPt' Ford produced the articles found at the hbele of the prisoner, to which, however, Kt:** hams could not distinctly swear, although he:l,o 1 * pressed little doubt but that th e y formed pot 41 0 stolen property. Oilier facts were stated, forming so strong a chain of circumstantial evidenett,Oet t ha committal of the prisoner Walker, antliFrillehls determined upon ; and he will theft, it exP le be sent in custody to Bristol, is orderito. b e EA amine(' by the Magistrates it thatpleee; On Tuesday evening, the female prison's tell brought before Mr. MINSEItiLL in the puhli °T ee , and, in answer to a question by the ALIO:P(4 .1.11. prisoner's mother, who had previously passed'unest the name of Cole, acknowle d g ed that her Mill*" was Walker. She is upwards of 70 ypars and of very respectable appearance. S 4 1410 , 41 w she had been for :rimy years a widow, sod 1,P.1 the husband had held a situation for a long pstiou tend serviceofofsome the Eas highly es Last India Company the names respec t able whom she said she was nearly related, displeased her relations by her marriage le p i es, life, life, she had been separated from theni ere! !Ira, and her husband, who wags gay man, harill w .„d pated in youth the fortune she had hrolletf: as which should have served for her old ages kll c e . obliged to live with her son. ,The wife fif 1111 bi sorter stated, that she had been only eta e re married to him, and that the Ceremony! ) . l . 4 r is id at Lambeth, upon which oc casion ther;idow his came was Cole, and, in fact, chi ti d „ „. him by any other name. they h s e lt esehravdanitatgeilryl wseaesnthaellityqurtleittra:lll:;,7l:l her master's possess;on, but thbil,lihr4,tlyi- week and, as it appeared that she h01:10„.ti only in in the service, she was &lir, r fori t sc oasing ther, on condition that she IIhOWU that. la the whenever she should be required; • with issrintaleat tou mean time, she should hold „A nett"--sonaecirfe any of the prisoner ' s frien ds. Jo!, _AA tha t and mother were then ordered to be ter 7'244. we understand that it is the intention 11470, trates to discharge them altogether; tq i • ro g,jod an ins ndb c o ics t s j i i hto : e r rgo lc o 2 mu u n o tie l gdohaceitete.brdtfernohe, rpelmrconcerne d .i and ot h lYce"ur'' i:r d t .lea k e e h: e t i: e itta c hh p t n s e °d e btn a i chnbrnuagt r obbe r y. articles le: l i h r : h a r v bt : C i l 1 : 0 1 • 414 0 • 11.1 : 14 . 11 K t li ly , 14 d.tb: tion "O P The prisoner was then rentan-e and his wife and mother were dischargen. THE MARKETS• icKr.Dee. . alto 060114. Walls End Corr l ,' •• 3 Pitto i1eat0n.....*."•• as 0 1/Itto I Illda ........-.""' zi Ditto 110t5pur.....-T11; r 0 Hitt° Northurntrena,.. . 6 3 Ditto P Wolin's...oo ii Ditto Hassell', ....400 6 6 0 Walls End Helton ....... 0 Walls OKI LainbtOlt...o2; 0 Walls End Stowatt's . r, 6 110ckt0n...........-........ 0 ,,, 0 Hartley ......................... i 6 Silkstone rie1d.............. 6 W. E. 0vertu0................ ..„, n Ditto Henderson -........ E ; Walls End 5e1by......—.... Yl , 7, Russell's ts Be Vs small 11 IN told. *0........Un501d, 38S. _ - COAL WI Aslair's rosremPorrowpoo.or 334 GI. Arcot 0 41 Berishano 31101 31 0. Hcbhurn Main 34 31 0 P erc y 8en5h0ni........ 31 a Pom!) W o ina -•50r.....- 30 0 South 23 0 TonAeld 30 3/1 row $ Millington W)lsta 02 Walls KorlllewicksACes. ari WAIT. }:n4 g i t , Ditto Burraton----- ;i1 Ditto Calistriogl•-•-•"-'" 3 6 Ditto Croniliogton..... 3 Ditto Ooeforthoks N h i p s at no', i•••••,‘ CoONTRY CORN MARK Nhipe at ma,•--, : _ _ '---------NO Tilt V I / °° "" coUNTRY CORN NARKEIS AURI Oat& 11 1,1•0 Wh eat " 1 13a"eY. 1....^. .............-.--...------ .............................................. a, to 11. 11 ' de Per Quarter. j. 10 , II • q, 4 2 • " 21 X 1 ,,, t 5 5C Abinglion...-....... 55 ,-,.• ---, . ) 4 38 a. , 40 Andover ............- tll 7 6 f.: " - AA g 4 2° .59 _,"" 44 llirreingharn..--* 64 7 3 frul Or 41 00 ...- 40 riridport .1...........".• ria 74 .... Or 0i1.." 26 oot 4,5 Cif linetilier worn*. 30 68 21 34 Ott ~.,1 38 ...." ' 0 Farinvlon......--. 34 6 6 a 0,,,,, g ° 56 ,:,-, 40 0 Williio rd ...v..- 48 74 i. , ge iN ... 00 1 lira ey................. 54 83 30 3 5 0 0 46 - 00 lieretbrd ............. 90 64 38 4% 08 34 ....... 51 Highworth ....... 0 SO 92 :I, 0 34 , 40 Maidenhead ....... 63 84 2 6 .., ‘ •,,,, t is 3 2 .4 0 46 54 7 4 4 . ...".1 95 Reading .............. 46 64 31 ''''' 5 3 35_ - alisbury—.....-.... 35 68 9 2 qv, 0 ri, . 0 Southampton ...-. 4 76 37 '"", 0 , ...34 0 Stroud .............. 64 78 32 --, 3 0 ~,, 7.,.' V Tearkestrtry ....... 48 63 748 54 9 4 0 7 92 ...''' 1 0 9 0 40 ,46 .. .. 44 70 al 21 W, - , ' 4b 0 Warta «...... Warminster ......... 44 ,... , ~, Wir ... 150 r........... 49 '72 26 .."' 58 33 Worceater-.......... 64 68 24 ~.' ___--_-__ LEK' .9 MAR KET. ... l'4v• n o ~00 t' o , ___ White Wheat (per qu arter) ....... g 3 13 0 '3 1 . 0 ___ 11 ' 4 d i tto ........ ....................... ?, 0 0 1 1 11 '0 n t t l ..: .ew .. ...... .. ... .. .. ............. .............. 1 s Lbi.i0 , ,,,,. .. .. ...... ..! ,ri OPer 0' ...Nov." ). .0 ° a 11K r. O'to .3 10 . s- 0 ...... 4 30 )1 , 0 .... 'BO .19 ,0 ....... 0 0 1 ......... ......... 11 10 0! re r 10 01 ' 1 ring H uLT, A rt ,, K a t • of an tsql s , r ah, oon There is only a very limited h e wetl y .00 ,01.1._ ft i day's market, and as moat of tn..kh ll 2 tl „I'6 country millers, Are iOW ill wcs advance of Is. per quarter mp on $1.3:;._;.„ or e , pro . r, 1?7.1 - 01. parcels of Old foreign 'Wheat n , ; the low qualities of Ilussian ann . ,..44 0 sdt Lions, where sales are made, Barley ast_ri,fi• gt ifiug: There is not so Icirge a show of t in,' J o ncirr i irsg 4 . oo :i i o 7o no disposition manifested to pu c n i7 ,e wedit Is. to 2s. per quarter. In o*s are I,eq port the eurrency of lass week , nu k auotations. ing Polo maintain last tree • q. ) , r , last • . quit, although tittered at I/. to • o u,s hen also to ^s. per quarter lower, all . ~Nrjelz4o,, Wheat, O - 4; 0• 54, . "" st+;s7,.•4* 1114, -- Foreign ..... o p, Oats, Poland ;4, . 00 - Small or —s• • . . do : --- Foreign jloo.. Barley, Norf. & Sot. 0• . 1,00,130 . ....... Foreign ............... ;^ s .. . ! gt . 00 „ , Beans H I ea : sr p ft. t:c - e •.• .......................................................................... ........... . ................. 0 Oats - flay ...............Sl , IX'S I E INhite Wheat Bed ditto Barley Oati. sew ..... Beans... ............ ......... Oil Cake. New.... ...... .-.-------"-r----.401_,,,, , 9 ‘ .., i t i o DUMFRIES MAIII(bi 0 00 0 s.d. plOk''''`..**.... °° o S Wheat, Imp. Bush 7 3 to 8 6 Outlet:too ,„....,: .... 0 4 5 Battey 3 0 4 0 F4111,61r0). .... ' OO 0 4 ; 6 Fl u it 9 3 3 800,_.,r" , ..... ~... g 4 il „ Flour, Itlh. o.ltmeal Potatoes, 0rt......,..„ 19 g o.QUAtiti.oo Or tler _,,,,----' • .An , .."'..."....1"1".71 111$/1" o ss I The Gazette of Tuesday nig t, T wo ,if for Court Mounting for the Kips 0f .. , 4 o e a p4cePw" . Ii begin on Dceentt er 2, to be cherr" and to end on December 2L Oo the 29th nit. at SlioUlltltal.ruili,ton, the lildi o f STl'.lll-1. C. Moffat, of a am) P 6° ' . the 2tith ult. at lialbeckil vett lis(lleighi Olt cothe°lll7 of Lieut.-Colonel 'taper, of the flost. mpany's service, of a sun. i i t s OS el' hIA it 111F.P. 111:yi A ri t a, AcaNnornrtt:hionnSioyh:dkealiseuuygrcd,oeirr 7 , jrzT2,,0ib01.14.:,:ya,,,.._...,.,„, ~,,1 l A l :( 4 l : 4 e n l y i , t ft h ile r C I odartrunri:in..:llll.iir.set. Ilrig ht o n T. •rid > p sl4 : l l; ri . :10::: ' Apr{ to Margaret Eli's, relict of the l ate llev. 1 1 . - y ,fr ri Co the SOth nit. st St. George a, lilootrilot' fing etts, second daughter of S. Ili I sin 13A- " CO" g 3 ' ( hiro' ton-square, to J. F. Liscelles Dig 0. mandes, R.N. ° DIP 9 ifor ,a, • ie o f 1 " On the let in st. in Coleco:m.000v nor /laughter of the Rev. Wm. Li ilhank , I*" Edit ibui p, London. PSINTIM AND PusLiNtizo MORII O •' ' L VIS t • Trig SUN °Mot, Jigs groAso, -°