The Sun. — London, England, 1863-08-12 00:00:00

THE TELEGRAPH TO If mechanical appliances are to be depended upon, and it the most careful and experienced supervision of all relating to the scientific perfection of a sub marine cable is of any avail, the whole of England before next March will have at command a means of daily, if not hourly, communication with Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay. The activity of grey shirt ings or the dullness of mule twist ought to be known here to the fraction of an anna every morning; and the news from China and Australia anticipated by exactly the difference of time between an overland passage and an overland telegraph, which means the difference between 30 days and five hours. So care fully have the plans been matured, so quietly has the cable itself been manufactured, that the an nouncement that the expedition will in a few days begin to leave these shores to accomplish such great results comes upon us with asuddenness that is almost startling, and the notion of being in instantaneous communication with all India soon after Christmas seems almost too gated and too astounding to be ca pable of such immeditete realisation. Suoh, how ever, is at least the object with which the expedi tion will start, and such, we have not the slightest doubt is the object which will accomplish with triumphant success. The Indian Government in making their cable have proceeded so quietly that, except to a few electricians and scientific men, the announcement that a cable to conetect this country with Calcutta is nearly made will, we fancy, be quite a surprise to our readers. The political necessity which renders it essential for her Majesty's Government to be iti frequent communication with the great Indian Empire it is needless here to describe. The Government of Belch distant possessions as India and Australia ce.n scarcely be carried on in the bureaus of Downing street without some readier means of conveying instructions than that afforded by the Post. Minis ters have long been conscious of this fact, and the failure of the attempt to establish electric commu nication with India via the Red Sea must be fresh in the memory of all. Profiting by the bitter expe riences of that unfortunate undertaking, the Govern ment have wisely determined to take the construc tion and completion of the present line to India into their own hands. The India Board have placed the general superintendence and control of the line under Lieut.-Col. Patrick Stewart, R.E., an officer as well known for his gallantry during the Indian mutiny as for the great services he rendered the Government by the construction and maintenance of the telegraph lines through the wildest districts of Central and East India. For the immediate elec trical and engineering superintendence of the line, and also for the arduous task of submerging it, the Indian Government have selected Sir Chas. Bright and Mr. Latimer Clarke, and under such auspices and supervision its manufacture is now approach ing completion at Mr. Henley's telegraph works, North Woolwich. Whatever may be its ultimate fate, it was quite certain that there never yet has been a cable manufactured with such care, or one which, in point of " conductivity" and insulation, comes so nearly up to the standard of absolute elec trical perfection. The design and construction of the cable differ very materially from any line hitherto laid. Every operation in submarine telegraphy— even the great Atlantic line has contributed its quota of valuable experience; for, though success fully laid by Sir C. Bright and his assistant en gineers, in spite of the imperfect construction, it was destroyed by the injudicious electrical treatment it received after submersion. This fact is now so well established that the cause of the failure of the Atlantic cable may be consi dered as set at rest for ever. The insulation of that line was not very perfect, as may be imagined from the infancy of the science at that time, but yet the electrical power used was such as would infallibly break down even the most perfect cables manufac tured at the present day. Of this our readers may judge when it is stated that the large induction coils first used in signalling between England and America were probably equal in electrical power to 3,000 battery cells, while now it is found inexpedi ent to use more than two or three cells in working the longest submarine lines in existence. Some of this great power was no doubt used in the vain hope of forcing signals through the line at a greater speed than the very slow and unremunerative rate at which it has alone been found possible to communi cate through an unbroken length of 3,000 miles. The result was disastrous, but the experience, though dearly bought, has proved of great value. It has taught electricians the value of moderating the power used in working lines, and above all has . pointed out the imperative necessity of having no single section of a submarine line of more than 600 miles in length. To lay long submarine cables in a continuous length without intermediate stations has been found to answer no other purpose than that of greatly diminishing the speed of working and multi plying every imaginable risk both of manufacture and submersion. The Indian Government, acting under the judicious counsel of their scientific ad visers, have wisely determined to divide the Persian Gulf cable into three sections, though its total length will not exceed 1,5u0 statute miles. The faults which led to the destruction of the Red Sea line were of another character. Though it was manufactured and tested with a care greatly superior to that taken with the Atlantic cable, it was submerged in a way which rendered its ceasing to work a question of a few weeks more or less. Sheathed in a covering of small wires, quite unprotected from corrosion, it was laid without any allowance for "slack" cable to fall into the irregu larity of the bottom of the sea. It consequently lay strained across the points of the inequalities, with a tension of several thousand pounds. As the unprotected wires rusted away, and the suspended portions of the line became loaded with coral and barnacles, the whole line crumbled into hundreds' of pieces by its own weight. This is no mere hypo thetical opinion, but a fact, which wairamply proved by the expedition to the Red Sea in 1861, under Mr. Latimer Clark. There can be little doubt that the same cause led to the temporary failure of the Malta and Alexandria line, as well as that laid for the French Government between Toulon and Algiers. To obviate this cause of danger, which in the above -mentioned lines has probably occasioned a loss of property to the value of over a million sterling the Persian Gulf line is cased in 12 No. 7 gauge bard -drawn iron wires, thickly galvanised, so as . fr ettually t o p revent t h e i r corros i on. But, i n or d er ' to se, sre more effect ua lly th e permanent sta bili ty of wiles the _ lie the whol e fi n i s h e d ca bl e i s t hi c kl y coate d two s e rv ings of tarred h em p y arn , over l a id with tw o b y sir Coatings Char of a patent comp os iti on i nven t e d les Bright an d M r. L at i mer C lark. The compositi on consists of mineral pitch or asphalt, Stockholm tar sinproportiOnasnd powdered silic a , m i xe d i n cer ,.aild laid on i n a me lt e d s t ate While yet warm i passed betw e e n c i rcu l ar rol lers, which give it t a round, smooth surface. Wh en quite cold this forme a maesv® covering of great strength and perf ect fi ezib s it sve . i to water, and incapabl e ee b e ing!' to tally impervious minute animalcules whic destroyed by the h existin When such abundance in a gainst thei r warm latitudes, and whi ch, the cable is not protected a every atom of the hemp, as : tacks, eat of the c a bl e laid betw een T oulon the case and Algie rs . Galvanising the wire is in i tse lf an almost perfect protection from rust—certainly for many yea rs the good condition of the cable pi c k ed up off Ire Kooria Moria Islands, a part of which was, galvan ised, showed, as far as the galvanising W as con cerned. But, with the final protection both from rust and animalcule which Bright and Clark's corn. pound affords, there appears to be no reason why this cable, when once laid in shallow or deep waters, should not remain for 100 years to come. The copper conducting wire is composed of four segments, drawn into a hollow tube in such a manner as to appear like a solid wire. By this means all the ad vantages of a strand wire are combined with the condensed bulk and small surface of a solid one. The copper from which the wire is drawn is espe cially selected by the engineers for its high capacity for conducting electricity. Jt is, perhaps, not gene rally known that different samples of copper vary as much as 50 or 60 per cent. in this respect,—that is, some specimens of copper. wire will conduct elec tricity with greater facility than other specimens of double the thickness, though physically there may not be the slightest difference by which you can dis tinguish one from the other. This wire, which is nearly s of an inch in diameter, is then covered by the Gutta Percha Company with four distinct coats of gutta percha, and four coats of Chatterton's com pound laid on alternately. This termed, is then tested i n cold water, c a o t re a , as it is tempera ture of 90 deg., and then under a pressure of 6001 b. to the square inch. After passing through all these ordeals, the loss of leakage through the gutta percha covering does not exceed 100 millionth part of the current of electricity passing through the conduct ing •wire in every nautical mile. To such minute perfection has the system of testing adopted by the engineers been carried, that the loss of one thou sand-millionth part of the current by leakage could be detected and estimated on the instruments. In the present state of the insulation of the cable the loss by leakage in working each section of the line will not exceed one four hundreth part of the elec tric current sent through the conductor—a condi tion of insulation which we believe has never been equalled by any cable hitherto manufactured. Before being sheathed at Mr. Henley's works the coils of gutta percha core, which are in three mile lengths, are again tested under water for insulation and for resistance of conductor, therefore if any in jury should have occurred to the fragile gutta percha covering of the wire during i ts transit from the Wharf-road to North Woolwich it is detected before the cable is made up, and then the process of sheathing them in their outer covering is com menced. The first coating outside the gutta percha is 12 thick strands of wet hemp, and over these again comes 12 solid No. 7 gauge wires, which have been most carefully galvanised by Mr. Hen ley. The outer covering of iron wire is generally the last which a cable receives, but in this instance, as the line is to be laid in comparatively shallow ,eater, the wires themselves, though galvanised, are' to be still farther protected from their most formidable enemy, rust, which is done by the coveri . Dgs of Bright and Clark's composition already described. During* the whole time the cable is at Mr. Hen ley's the current is kept always through it, so that the slightest possible defect in the wire can be detected. la addition to this, the very able electrical staff test every portion regularly twice a day for insulation and resistance of con ductor. When everything has been done which the most jealous care and the most fastidious scientific skill can suggest it is passed out on the river side of Mr. Henley's factory and coiled away in tanks filled with water; and even here perpetually watched and tested. There are upwards of 900 nautical miles of it thus manufactured lying at Mr. Henley's works—huge coils of thick black-looking rope, nearly lain, in diameter, weighing nearly four tons to the mile, and 2-1 tons in water, and costing as nearly as possible £2OO per mile—the cheapest, strongest, and, electrically speaking, the most perfect cable that has ever yet been made. Three hundred and fifty miles more of the same kind have yet to be manufactured—to which, however, the great resources of Mr. Henley's factory are quite equal— in the time that yet intervenes before the last ship which composes the expedition will leave this country in September. We have hitherto spoken of this cable as the Indian wire, but, strictly speaking, it ought to be called the Persian Gulf line, and it is down that route it is to be laid to connect Kurrachee with the present land line to Constanti nople. Colonel Stewart has himself during two years travelled through and examined the various overland routes which have been from time to time suggested for a part of this line across the Turkish portions of Asia Minor. One of these has been selected from the greater ease with which land lines are erected and kept in repair as compared with submarine wires, and also be cause along at least three-fourths of the entire route the Turkish Government have already este liehed and keep in admirable working order a tele graph from Constantinople to Bagdad. This land line runs from Scutari on the Bosphorus across Asia Minor to Diarbekir, thence to Mosul (the ancient Nineveh), and thence to Bagdad. It hap pens, however, that over the broad tract of country which intervenes between Bagdad and the head of the Prsian Gulf, along which this submarine cable to India is to be laid, various predatory tribes of Arabs c'aim a sovereignty, and fight for it with more c,r less success, and over these lawless vaga bonds of the desert the Porte has no manner of cJutrol. Always quarrelling among themselves, they agree only on the one point of disobeying and defying their nominal lord the Sultan, which they always do with impunity at least, if not success. These people will require skilful handling, and the land line from Bagdad will probably be taken along the frontiers of Arabia, through the territories of the most powerful of th 3 tribes, who are able to protect it against all corners, aad whom a subsidy of £l,OOO a year will at once render most zealous. By this route, for a length of some 300 miles, it will pass to the head of the Persian Gulf at the estuary which marks the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates —a miserable Eastern township, called Shat-el-Arab. It is not intended, however, to rely solely upon this land route. Another land line will very pro bably be taken from Bagdad over the frontier of Persia to Teheran, thence to Ispahao, and so on by Shiraz down to the shore of the Persian Gulf at Bushire. Thus, even in case of the Arabs proving refractory, there will always be the land line through Persia to Bagdad, and so on to Constan tinople and. England. From the estuary at Shat el-Arab the submarine portion of the line is to be laid in three sections; for, though the length of the whole is only 1,250 nautical miles, yet the Govern ment have most wisely determined to avoid the fatal dangers which always beset telegraphy through long deep-sea routes by making no less than three breaks at the stations at which the cable will be landed. The first length will be from the head of the Persian Gulf at Shat-el-Arab to Bushire, a dis tance of 170 miles, along which the cable will be submerged in from 20. to 25 fathoms of water. The anext bold, lengthdesoi desolate, eto illb n e y from Bushire to Mussendom, Arabia. Thi s section headland 40 0 n m i t l e h s e o c n o g a , s t a n o d l Mubmerged in from 30 to 35 fathoms of water. The third length will be from IVlussendom to Guaddel, a small city on the Mekran coast, o n the frontier of the Kelat territory. This po r ti on w ill b e 400 miles long, and laid in from 9e) to 50 fathoms of water. From Guaddel, a short length of land line is now almost complete along the coast, giving direct com munication with Kurrachee, and thence all over India to the very frontiers of Burmah, At all these breaks or stations in the Persian Gulf the extreme shore ends will be very massive coated with galvanised iron wire of almost tenfold strength, and weighing as much as eight tons a mile. In certain portions of the route near Bos sora h , where there is any danger to be apprehended from small coasters anchoring, the weight of the line will also be increased by the extra thickness of its wires to nearly nine tons a mile —enough to shield it from any risk from the little anchors of the native boats which are likely to come there. In short, as far as depends on minute care and a wide scientific expe rience, the whole cable is likely to be as perfect as skill or ingenuity can make it. The vessels which are to take this line will probably leave England about the end of next month, arriving on the scene of their operations in the Persian Gulf in January or F e b ruary —the best time of the year in wh i ch to la ythe cable. The p rocess o f su b merg i n g it and securing se n c t i t o he s o f the shore ends is not lik e ly t o oc cupy more than a m onth or so. The total cost of the subma rinene will be less than £350,000, the includi ng expens es of laying it.—Times. [AnvEnTisExtivz.]-11olloways Pills and Ointment.— Health -imparting Medicines. - --In hot climates, an d our upon the mankind b excellen y t ce of he dis covery of th ese valuable prepara- whi ch is universally testified. They stand unrivalled, and may safely be recommended to people of all degrees when suffering from over -heated blood, dis ordered stomach, or biliousness. They act as the gentlest aperients and most reliable alteratives, and have for the last 30 years been noted for these virtues which they healthily exercise over either sex. For heat -spots, treekles, rouvh skin, and similar disfigurements, Holloway Ointment has long been successfully used. His medicaments brace, g in v,ora ; te purify, and give the heart cheerfulness and the frame rigour, ~_, ~1~~ •M mil 1 inimiu. THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, AUGUST 12, 1863. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. WOLVERHAMPI ON RACES,TuEspAy. The Ladies' Purse of 50 sous for horses that-have never won a race value 50 sous at any one time; two-yr-olds, Est 71b ; three, 7st 91b ; four and upwards, Sat 71b ; m. and g. allowed 31b; entrance 2 Boys, to go to the fund. Three quarters of a mile. Mr. Rich's East Lancashire (h.b,) 3 yrs, 7st 91b (Challoner) 1 Lord Wilton's Herdsman, 3 yrs, 7st 61b (H. Grimshaw) 2 Mr. W. Saunders's The Queen of Trumps, 2 yrs, Est 41b (J. Gritnshaw) 3 Mr. Davies ns. London, 2 yrs, 7st 71b ...... . (Thomas) 4 Also ran Illusion, Helen, and Sorceress. Betting—Even on East Lancashire, 9 to 4 agst Herds man, 10 to 1 agst any other. Won by a short head; a bad third; Helen did not pass the post. The Cleveland Cup (in specie), by subscription of 10 soya each, 3 ft (to go to the fund), with 100 added ; three-yr olds, 7st 71b ; four. Bst 121 b; five, 9st 51b; six and aged, 9st 81b; mares and geldings allowed 31b; certain penal ties and allowances. Twico round, starting from the Stand. 9 subs. Mr. W. S. Cartwright's Fairwater, 5 yrs, 9st 21b Mr. T. Hunt's True Heart, 3 yrs, 6st 91b (X2o(Custance) 1 0) (Thomas) 2 Betting-10 to lon Fairwater, who won by two lengths. The Staffordshire Nursery Handicap of lop soys, added to a Sweepstakes of 10 soya each, 3 ft (to the fund), for two-yr-olds ; winners extra. Straight half-mile. 34 subs. Mr. T. Allen's Geduld (h. 4), Get (carried Est 11b) (S. Adams) 1 Lord Stamford's Hypatia, 7st 71b Mr. Knight's Acceptance, 6st 41b Mr. T. Cliff's Wildman, 7st (Williamson) 4 Mr. Dark's King of Clubs, Est 101 b (car. Est 111 b) ( aidment) 5 Lord Bsteman's Fair Sophia, Est .. (J. Grin.shaw) 6 Betting opened at 6 to 4 and closed at 100 to 30 agst Hypatia, 7 to 4 agst Geduld, 7 to 2 agst Fair Sophia. Won by a length and a half; three lengths between se cond and third ; a neck between third and fourth. The Holyoake Stakes (Handicap) of 10 sove each, 5 ft, with 100 added ; winners extra; second to save his stake. One mile and a half. 16 subs. Mr. T. Hunt's Misfortune, 4 yrs, 6st 131 b .. (T. French) 1 Mr. W. Hart's Middlewatch, 3 yrs, sst _ 121 b _ - (J.'Grimshaw) 2 Mr B. Ten Broeck's Lord of Linne, 4 yrs, 7st 131 b (inc. 71b ex.) (Fordham) 3 Mr. Reldiff's Jack o' Newbury, 3 yrs, Est ....(Loates) 4 Betting-2 to 1 agst Lord of Linne, 9to 4 agst Jack o' Newbury, 4 to 1 each agst the other two. Won in a canter by a length ; five lengths between se cond and third; a length between third and fourth. The Patshull Stakes of 5 soya each, 2 ft (to the fund), with 100 added ; two-yr-olds, 6st 101 b ; three, Bst 71b ; four, 9st 51b; five and upwards, 9st 71b; selling and other allowances. Three-quarters of a mile. 18 subs. Captain Christie's Lady Clifden, 5 yrs, 9st lllb (not to be sold) Lord Stamford's Livingstone, 3 yrs, 9st (not to be sold) (A. Edwards) 2 Betting-4 to lon Lady Clifden, who won by a length. The Stewards' Plate (Handicap) of 40 sovs, added to a Sweepstakes of 5 sovs each, 2ft (to the fund), for all ages ; winners extra; selling allowances. Straight half mile. 19 subs. Lord Stamford's Chicquot the Jester, 2 yrs, 6st 51b (Loates) 1 Mr. Mellon's Southport, 5 yrs, Bst 121 b (Reeves) 2 Mr. De7ereux's Highland Mary, 2 yrs, sst 71b (Kenyon) 3 Lord Bateman's Fair Sophia, 2 yrs, sst 71b (J. Grimshaw) 4 Mr. T. Stevens's Pinkepoe, 4 yrs, 7st 91b (H. Grimshaw) 5 Betting—Even on Chicquot the Jester, 7 to 2 agst South port, 4 to 1 agst Highland Mary, 5 to 1 agst Pinkepoe. Won by a neck ; two lengths between second and third. The winner was bought by Hr. Sampson for 92 guineas. First Year of the Fifth Stamford Biennial Stakes of 10 sous each, h ft, with 50 added, for two-yr-olds ; colts, Bsf 91h; fillies and geldings, Bst 61b; certain penalties and allowances. T.Y.C. Half a mile. 60 subs. Lord Stamford's Procella, Bst 61b (A. Edwards) 1 Captain Christie's The Gordian Knot, Bst 6lb (Fordham) 2 Mr. J. Ambery's Lady de Trafford, Bst 6lb (H. Grimshaw) 3 'lr. C. Peck, jun.'s, John Gully, Bst 61b (E Harrison) 4 Mr. G. W. Fitzhugh's Fisherman's Daughter, Bst 81b (Custance) 5 Mr. Naylor's Audacieuse, B s t 6lb (Challoner) 6 Lord Stamford's Acolyte, Bst 91b (Loates) 7 Betting-6 to 4 agst Procella-6 to 1 each agst Gordian Knot, Lady de Trafford, and Fisherman's Daughter-7 to 1 agst Audacieuse, Won by two lengths; three lengths between second and third ; a head between third and fourth. Lord Stamford declared to win with Procella. THE PUBLIC HEALTH. (From the Registrar-General's Quarterly Return.) General Register .office, Somerset-house, July 31. This return comprises the births and deaths registered by 2,201 registrars in all the districts of England during the quarter that ended June 30, and the marriages in 12,630 churches or chapels, about 4.808 registered places of wor • ship unconnected with the Established Church, and 640 superi❑tendent registrars' offices in the quarter that ended Marcia 31. In the last quarterly report it was stated that in the period to which it referred the birth .rate had been unusu ally well maintained. That rate was still higher last quarter, and in all the quarters of the last ten years, 1853.62, only two instances occurred in which it was as high or higher. This fact may be remarked in connexion with the generally healthy state of the population during last year. The mar riages in the first quarter of the year were more numerous than in the two corresponding quarters, a result which the metropolis appears to have mainly helped to produce. But, in taking a general survey of the returns, that which chiefly claims notice is the tact that the mortality, which was high in the first quarter of the year, continued high in the quar ter that ended June 30. MARRIAGES. The marriege•rate in the first quarter of the year was 1.404 per cent., or, as it may be said, it the same rate were in operation for a year, 1,404 persons would be married in that time out of every 100,000 of the population. The ave rage rate per cent. in the same quarter in ten years is 3.394. Following the Christmas quarter, in which the greatest number of marriages are celebrated, the period to which the present ratans relate is that in which they are always found to be fewest. The number of marriages reported is 35,454, against 33,274 and 33,976 in two previous March quarters. In London marriages were 5,306 and 5,752 in 1861-2; in the present year they rose to 6,226. There was also an increase on both the previous corresponding quarters in the south- Eastern counties, the South- Western, and the West Mid land counties, in Yorkshire, and the Northern counties. Lancashire exhibits a revival in its marriages as compared with those in the first quarter of 1862, for in three periods taken in the order of time they were in that county 5,431, 4‘,V7i aid (thii:jiditr) 'r The' fribrektse is very*friii deralle in Liverpool and - West Derby; which' Lye been comparatively unharmed by the prevailing distress. The following districts of the cotton manufacture exhibit an increase in the marriages over those of one or both pre vious quarters : March Quarter. 1861. 1862. 1863. Prescot Ormskirk Chorlton Salford Manchester Clitheroe Blackburn 259 .. 216 .. 237 The following are examples of decrease :-- March Quarter, 1861. 1862. 1863. Warrington . Bolton 305 .. 314 .. 230 Bury Barton-upon-Irwell 81 .. 81 .. 59 In some of the above instances, as in many others through out the country, fluctuations of the marriages in particular districts are probably caused by movements of the population. , 83,290 emigrants, 56,436 (of whom at least 40,000 were Irish) chose the United States as their destination. The English people contributed about a fourth part of the emigration to all parts. PRICES, THE WEATHER, AND PAUPERISM. The lowest and highest prices of beef at Leadenhall and Newgate were 4id and bid per lb, sold by the carcase. In the same period of last year they were 4d and 6d. During the last 12 months the average price of the best quality has not varied. The price of mutton fell. In the June quarter of 1862 the worst and best qualities were 5d and 7d per lb ; and they were near those prices in the succeeding nine moOths, till last quarter, when they were 4id and 64d. The average price (.f wheat fell to 46s 2d per qr ; that of the best potatoes to 120 s per ton, against 190 s in the same quarter of last year. _Beef furnishes the only exception to the com parative cheerless of the principal articles of food. Mr. Glaisher vrites that the period of five months that began with December and ended on April 30 was as warm as any corresponding period in meteorological annals. The first half of the last quarter—viz., from the beginning of April to the middle of May, with the exception of a few days, had a mean temperature which was on an average two degrees in excess daily. After May 17, for a period of nine days, it was no less than six degrees under the average. Again the temperature rose, and was 3.25 in excess till June 5, from which date till the end of the quarter the air was cold. The mean temperature of the air in April was 49 deg.; That of May 52 deg. ; and that of June 58 deg. The mean tem perature of April was higher than that of the same month in any year since 1844. Days and nights in April were warm; nights in May and days in June were cold. Rain fell to the amount of 6 . 6 in, of which 3.9 in fell in June. In the preceding two months of the quarter the rain fall was scanty. This account of the weather is derived from the observa tions at Greenwich. The pauperism of the June quarter declined, as is usual, on that of the March quarter; but as regards the recipients of out-door relief it was much greater than in the June quarter of 1862. The average numbers of poor persons relieved on the last day of each week, in three correspond ing quarters, were as follows : In-door. Out-door. June quarter, 1861 117,802 713,785 1862 .... 127,863 •• • 781,858 1863 127,852 .• • • 879,241 DEATHS, AND THE STATE OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH. After a period of two years, in which the public health was better than usual, the mortality rose in the last three months of 1862, was high in the first three m meths (the winter quarter) of the current year, and continued above the average in the quarter for which the returns are now made. In this last period the death-rate was 2.313 per cent. per annum, while the average was 2.191. With the present exception, a spring quarter has not occurred since the year 1853, in which the rate of mortality was as high as 2.3. Both town and country testify to an increase of deaths in their respective populations ; for the rate in the chief towns was 2.478 (against an average of 2.336), and that which prevailed in small towns and the country parts was 2'103 (against 2-031). S umme r-like weather in the earl y y ea r , and cold days or n i g h ts striking a sudden chill into th e heart of it, produce effects from which neither city nor hamlet is exempt. That vast town population that resides within " the bills of mortality" suffered in common with the provincial popu lations, and in its due proportion ; for though those com plaints that are more directly traceable to meteorological causes, namely, bronchitis and pneumonia—were little, it in any degree, more fatal in the metropolis than usual, both smallpox and scarlatina were very prevalent, and caused numerous deaths. Smallpox carried off 788 persons in Lon don, or nearly nine daily; scarlatina and diphtheria 1,230, Though the former disease destroyed fewer lives than the latter, it was more powerful in inspiring the public mind with a salutary dread. It should not be overlooked that prophylactic measures are available against scarlatina as well as smallpox, and both maladies are subject to modifi cation. Smallpox was not confined to London; its presence, which assumed in some instances a character of virulence, is an nounced by registrars in many and distant parts of the co untry. The following are the chief districts, parishes, or townships where the attack was of sufficient importance to procure a notice in the reports of the local officers:--In Surrey, Croydon and Godstone ; in Kent, Maidstone and Rochester; in Berkshire, Reading and Kintbury ; i n Bedfordshire, Wing (Leighton Buzeard) ; in Essex, West Ham, Orsett, Rochford, Manningtree, Colchester and Sible Hediegham ; in Suffolk, Cavendish; in Cornwall, Bodmin, Truro, Redruth, and Penzance; in Warwickshire, Kilsby ; n in L D a e n r b e a s y s h h r r e e D iv e e r s b t y D a e n r d b yG2lossop ; in Cheshire, St oc k port; in Lincolnshi re , G ran tham, Market , Rasen, an d Misterton; i Wigan, Didsbury, Chorlton (d Harrogate, ford ) B W r n e In t h i n e yr , b y, Leeds,Y a Bcl Dewsburyon , Ell and (Halifax), Shi p l ey upon-Medl oc k. M anc hester (where it was ver y prevalent), Ashton, and Oldh a m; in Yorks hire, Barnolaswick Ripon, r Bierlow, Sheffield, Bramham ( Tadcaster), York, Sc ulcoate, Hull, Whitby, and Northallerto n. In thenorthern counties, Stockton, Yaom, Bishop Auc kland, and Chesterl e - street. e , Barnsley, E ee t esen Fear of the disease, minatory notices issued by guardians, or the infection of example have given a useful stimulus to vaccination in many places where it had been opposed by prejudice or had sunk into neglect. Not only smallpox but also measles and scarlatina at tacked the industrial population both in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Of 287 deaths in the St. Helen's sub - oistrict of Prescot 68 were from measles, and out of 376 in Wagner 72 wero from the same disease. In West Leigh a fourth part of the total number of deaths was from measles, which was also very fatal in Bolton. In the sub-district of Oldham -below. Town out of 312 deaths 15 were from smallpox, and 57 from scarlatina. In the north sub-district of Sheffield 23 cases of smallpox and 20 of scarlatina were fatal ; and in Brightside (Sheffield) 27 cases of smallpox, 25 of scarlatina, and 20 of measles were attended with the same result. The mortality of London in the quarter was 2 . 103 per cent., that of the North-western Division 2.569, that of Yorkshire 2.589. Cheshire and Lancashire constitute the North-western Division; and the death-rate in the latter county, apart from the fernier, was 2'592. Liverpool, Man chester, and other large towns have long invested this county with an unfavourable distinction, which it is hoped the important measure now passed by Parliament, for en abling the distressed Unions to borrow money for works of public utility, will be successfully employed to remove. In the present day the rate of mortality in Lancashire furnishes a striking contrast to that of the south-eastern counties, which was 1 . 9 68 l ast q uarter. To re duce if not to annihil a t e ' the difference is not an impracticable task. The deaths in London rose from 15,230 and 15,695 in the June quarter of 1861-2 to 17,417 last quarter. Those in the north-western counties rose from 17,576 and 18,017 to 19,467; those in Yorkshire from 11,600 and 11,916 to 13,339. The increase in Lancashire and Cheshire ill last quarter on the mean mortality of the two previous seasons was 9 per cent., and less than in London and Yorkshire, where it was 13 per cent. Taking particular districts of the cotton manufacture, there was an increase in Oldham; in Manchester and Warrington of 20 p-r cent. ;in Chorlton and Wigan of 25 and 34 per cent. Measles and other epi demics, as has 'oeen shown above, were spreading through those parts. On the other hand, there was a decrease in Ashton, Preston, and Chorley, amounting in the last two districts to 20 per cent. or more. It is probable that fewer deaths have been registered in many districts in consequence of the emigration or removal of the inhabitants, for doubt less many villages besides Belmont, which the Registrar writes is "almost uninhabited, owing to the badness of trade," complain of empty houses ; but, reviewing the whole facts of the present return, they will be found to support the conclusion which former reports tended to establish that sickness has not been aggravated nor the mortality in creased by the distress which has prevailed, and which hap pily to a certain extent has now been subdued. It must be regarded as a providential interposition in favour of the underfed and half-clad workmen and their families that the period embracing December and four succeeding months was, in the words of the Meteorological Report, distin guished by a temperature higher than in any corresponding period since 1771. The leading facts in the financial history of the distress may be stated in a few words :—The number of persons de pendent on the parochial rates and relief funds was 530,000 before Christma s , 1862, when the maximum was attained; at the end of June it was reduced to 256,230. Nearly half the burden is at the present time removed. The expendi ture from both sources in December was £289,225. It was reduced in June to £102,241. The loss of factory wages per week at the end of Jan., 1863, was £172,018 ; at the end of June, £132,553. The decrease in weekly expenditure from the rates and relief funds (the last week in December, 1862, being compared with the last week in Jun; 1863)has been in 6 months £20,000. The total expenditure in 12 months, from the 30th June, 1862, to the same period in 1863, was about 41,676,413, of which amount £1,051,413 was derived from relief funds, and £622,000, expended on the out-door indigent only, from parochial rates. The improvement in the cotton districts, by which 47 local committees have been enabled to suspend operations, has arisen from various causes—the emigration or removal of operatives, the increase of outdoor work, the partial re vival of industry. The Public Works Act, if adopted and carried into execution with earnestness and goodwill, is ex pected to provide the wages of labour to a fifth or sixth part of the population, who without its aid would be in want. But,notwithstanding the present encouragement,the Central Executive Committee takes a desponding view of the coming winter. The external conditions of the cotton trade from which the ruin of the manufacture sprung remain unchanged and there is little prospect of that cheapness of material on which former prosperity was based. Present alleviations of the distress a ill, some of them, cease when summer and autumn have passed. Private savings are spent, credit ex hausted, relief funds diminished. Therefore, it is not un reasonable to anticipate that though the distress of the ap proaching winter may visit fewer hearths, its severity where it falls may be greater, because the means of reliev. ing it may be, less. ;From the Registrar-General' s Weekly Return.) which were 1 The deaths in London, ,514 i n th e l ast week ofJuly, declined to 1, 4 2 last weok. Those o f persons under 20 years of a g e decreased from 870 to 827, and th ose which occurred at 60 y ears o f a ge and upward s f e ll f rom 246 to 218. The average number of deaths derived from ten cone- spending weeks (viz., the 32d week in each of the years 1853-62), with the omission of deaths from cholera in 1854, and with a correction for increase of population, is 1,252. The altual number in last week therefore exceeds the esti mated number by 150. The deaths from smallpox in the last three weeks were successively 34, 43, and 49. Of these 49 cases 13 are stated to have occurred to persons on whom vaccination had been performed. The Registrar of Haggerston East returned 5 deaths from smallpox in the week, which is more than was returned by any other sub-district of London, except Isling ton West, in waich the Smallpox Hospital is situate. Scarlatina was fatal in 115 cases, and diptheria in 15. From the former disease there were 5 deaths in the St John, Westminster, sub-district, 14 in the district of Pancras, 9 in Islington, 5 in the sub-district of Hackney-road, 4 in that of Artillery, Whitechapel ; 4 in Limehouse, 7 in Mile-end Old-town, 8 in Bow. The most fatal of all the epidemics was diarrhea, which always predominates at this season, and which last week caused 184 deaths, From the mortality of this complaint in Islington it appears to prevail much in that district. But the deaths from diarrhoea in London have not increased within the last fortnight. In the last three weeks the numbers were 233, 2UI, and 184, There were 15 deaths from cholera, chiefly among infants. The wife of a labourer is reported to have died, on the 3d of August, at .1, High-street, Bromley, of Asiatic cholera. A boy aged three years died of coup-de-soleil; and the wife of a butcher of " malignant pustules," after seven days' illness. A Greenwich pensioner died at the advanced age of 99 years. Last week the births of 919 boys and 853 girls, in all 1,772 children, were registered in London. In the corre sponding weeks of the years 1853-62 the average number (corrected) was 1,797. At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean height of the barometer in the week was 29.837 in. The reading decreased to 29.71 in. on Wednesday, and it rose to 29.98 in. on Saturday. The mean temperature of the air in the week was 65 deg., which is 2.9 deg. above the average of the same week in 43 years (as determined by Mr. Glaisher). The mean daily temperature was above the average throughout the week, though the excess was small during the greater part of it. The lowest night reading of the thermometer was 54.1 deg., and occurred on Sunday. The highest day reading was 82'9 deg., and occurred on the following day. The range of the thermometer in the week was, therefore, 28'8 deg. The mean daily range was 20 6 deg. The differ ence between the mean dew point temperature and air tem perature was 6.2 deg. The mean degree of humidity of the air was 81 (complete saturation being represented by 100). The wind was daily in the south-west. Nearly 2-10ths of an inch of rain fell, chiefly on Thursday. There was thun der on the morning of Sunday. SPIRIT OP THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, TIMES.—When the unexpected news of Sir Cress well Cresswell's sudden death burst upon the town every man asked his neighbour, in a tone of hopeless speculation, " Whom can they appoint to succeed him ?" Sir Cresswell had made his own Court ; he had arranged his own practice; he had disciplined his own Bar; he had acquired an abso lute dominion over his own suitors. No one bad ever thought of any other Judge of the Divorce Court than the man who filled the piece with such alhsufficiency. He was so strong in mind and so unfailing in body that we had not considered that he was treading upon the verge of the working existence of ordinary men. He had made no men tion of retiring. He was altogether unconscious of the disease which had so fatally sapped his life. However well he had earned a right to pase his latter years in a learned leisure, the public would perhaps h-ve murmured a little if he had left a post where he was so indispensable. The sudden summons, however, came, and he died in harness. we had nct been prepared for so quick a necessity to answer the question —Who among our judges is fit to be the successor to teir Cresswell Cresswell ? It is now announced that Sir James Wilde, one of the barons of the Ex chequer, is to be removed to the Probate and Divorce Court. We cannot say that either the profession or the public have received this intelligence with un qualified con tent. We will not inquire whe ther Mr. Baron Wilde combines in himself all the qualities necessary to the highest point of efficiency in the Judge of Matrimonial Causes; and Mr. Baron Wilde is so fully entitled to our respect that we would not willingly put an\ question which might seem to imply a slight. It is, however, no disparagement to him to say that, whatever may be his qualities as a lawyer and a man of the world, he is not physically a strong man capable of hard work. As an amiable lawyer of respectable abilities, he will no doubt do all that can be reasonably expected of a judge who to this intellectual calibre adds the misfortune of a delicate physique, and it certainly will not be his fault if the profession shall see a difference between the Divorce Court as it was and as it will be. The Di vorce Court, however, is not in its nature a sanato rium; it is much more of a gymnasium. We want strength, and power, and sinew there, both physical and intellectual, and there is at least a very general impression that by this appointment we are not likely to gain all these. We admit the great diffi culty of the choice. When the public looked around they could not recollect among their eligibles Chief Justice Erie or Sir Roundel' Palmer, because unfor tunately the place to be filled is not one of the great prizes of the profession, and when these names have been spoken it would be difficult to name another of lower rank which would carry with it universal conviction that every condition had been fulfilled. It is not therefore in any spirit of captious criticism that we remark upon this appointment; but simply to point out the necessity that when you appoint an ailing man to a place of great importance you must make his labour light. It is physically im possible that Sir James Wilde can do the work that Sir Cresswell Cressweli did, and it will not be fair either to him or to the public to put him to do it. Even Sir Cresswell was pumping in a well with the water always up to his lips. We cannot afford to have this court discredited by delays and choked by arrears. It has a number of natural enemies through out the country, and any shortcomings in its work will be made use of for superstitions and sectarian objections to the system of law it administers. It would be a great pity to deprive it of all the advati cage which a full judicial staff might give it. The at nexation of the Probate jurisdiction to the Matri monial jurisdiction was at first a ridiculous homage to an absurd association of ideas ; if Sir James Wilde is to go to the Divorce Court, it will, we tear soon become necessary to hand ov er the Pro bate business to another judge. PosT.—To-day is the day with which, esti mation of a very considerable and influential in the section of her Majesty's subjects, autumnl is associatedin reality begins. Not the autumn of the people which with falling leaves, reddening woodlands, chilly nights and mornings, and roast goose at Michaelmas, but the autumn of patrician and opulent sportsmen, the autumn of sultry days upon the bills, an autumn which is still summer ere a single hectic hue is per. ceptible in the deep green copses. It is the 12th of August— Ipsi hetitia votes ad sidera jactant, Intonsi mon tes. Ere these lines can greet the reader's eye a thousand keen marksmen will be awakening the echoes of the Highlands, and as many head of grouse have flut tered bleeding into the heather. Shooting i n al l its branches is by far the most exclusive of field sports. It is only a rich man who can preserve game, and it is only those who find it worth while to pay three guineas for the privilege who are allowed to shoot it. The preservation of foxes costs, on the other hand, a mere trifle, and any man who has only a donkey to bestride may join in the pursuit if he chooses, A ng ling, too, has always been to some extent a sport open to the poor. No license is required for it, and the expense of preservation, though often consider able, is as nothing compared to hares and pheasants. With grouse of course the great expense is the hire of the moor; but even on the mcor a considerabl e staff of keepers and watchers has to b e k ept u And the sport itself being conduct e d on a large); scale, and the game more remote and inaccessible, becomes of necessity the privil ege of still fewer than partridge or even pheasants. Yet grouse shooting, though more exclusive and aristocratic, is, for obvious reasons, les s unpopular than st ooting , of any other kind. In the first place, people who cannot shoot grouse do not as 4 rule see grouse. And thus one source o f i rr i tation is removed. In the second place, as they cannot be preserved I exactly the same style as more domestic game, they do not involve those desperate conflicts with the poachers whi c h bringm s omuch odium on preservers. Thirdly, th e y do comparatively little injury to the farmers' crops, and hence another topic of invective familiar to a certain class of malcontents is not suggested by «The Twelfth." For all these rea sons a peculiar superiority attaches to this noble sport, independently of those attractions which are almost universally acknowledged. The change of scenery, the beauty of the bird himself, the com plete freedom of the hillside, and the bracing air which is inhaled, delight and exhilarate the shooter more than it is possible that the finest southern shooting ground should do. Bat over and above all this there must, in the minds of many great men at least, be the agreeable consciousness that, in turning oat this morning, they leave behind all grumbling jealousies and hearthurnings. Of course, among the very great magnates of the land the dis content produced by game-preserving is hardly, it at all, felt ; and in a great many districts we must r v e s remember it does not exist. By proper r s e manage ment.and liberality ibo Most populous p may be kept up without creating a spark of ill-teel ing in the neighbourhood. But it is notorious that they often do create it ; and then, unless the estate is very large and the tenantry particularly cautious, HERALD.—The American war has already lost much of its interest to many persons. They assume, somewhat hastily, that the North from henceforth is W have it all its own way, and the conquest of the Southern republic is now only a question of time. The South, they say, is now on its last legs; it has earned a title to the admiration of the world by having fought so long, and with such success. against a nation of vastly superior resources and of similar pertinacity. And so, men who look on upon such things as a sort of drama played for their edi fication, but in which they feel no very particular interest, go on to speculate on the probable results of it all, to calculate the combinations that will en sue, the regime that may be looked for when the spirit of the Southern people is finally crushed, their aspirations for freedom are trodden out. The men and women of England are not so sentimental is they were. Time was when a hundred bards would have wailed in a hundred dirges, a hundred orators thundered from a hundred platforms, at the mere suggestion that such a catastrophe was impending. Time was when Hope was repre sented by the poet as raising her pinions and taking her leave of a miserable world, because the promise of a resuscitated Poland turned out to be a dream, when the Goddess of Liberty shrieked at the failure of the adventurer who was the fore most to espouse her cause. Is it possible that we cannot spare for men of our own race and blood one tithe of the sympathy which we accord to Poles and Hungarians, to Greeks and Italians, to men of alien race and foreign creed ? In what respect was Kos suth superior to Davis, or why should .Kosciusko take precedence of Lee and Jackson ? To enlist our sympathy in his cause a man must speak an out landish tongue, be dressed in a picturesque costume. The heart does not beat quicker at the heroism of a man with a common English name; his death is no occasion for tears, but much a question of interest to the Stock Exchange, because it may cause cer tain shares or funds to fall in value. The possible subjugation of the dauntless Southern people, their ruin, extermination, or slavery, are matters that are calmly debated and reckoned up as so much profit and loss by a considerable portion of the reading and writing public. But the fervid anticipations of their enemies in North America, and the conclu sions of their lukewarm friends in this country seem to us to be equally unwarrantable. Threatened men, we are told, live long. The South is able to maintain the struggle for twenty years to come. It is not impossible that before this campaign is con cluded some battle may be fought which will turn the tide of victory, and again plunge the North into the depths of despair. It is but a short time since we were told from New York that the return of Lee's army to Fredericksburg or Richmond was rendered impossible by the attitude of Gen. Meade. Lee had crossed the Potomac with the plunder of Pennsylvania, and lay in the Shenandoah Valley. It was said that the passes of the Blue Ridge were guarded ; but it appears that he crossed those mountains without opposition. We n ex t hear of him in the plain of Virginia, assuming a defensive attitude, between Culpepper and Gor donsville. After that he massed his forces at the former place, ready to give battle, the front of hi s army extending from Fredericksburg to the Rapidan. One account represents General Meade as taking up the old Federal position at Falmouth, north of the Rappahannock. Another asserts that he is prepared to dispute with Lee the position of Fredericksburg, and has even attempted to Occupy the heights to the rear of that important place. It this be true, there will probably be another battle ere the close of the campaign ; and this ti me G eneni, Lee, fighting in the Southern country, and secure of his communications, will take care. that he is not taken A defe a t wh i ch would repeat of Chancell orsv il le would at the a terrible disadvantage. lesson shrivel up in a day the mushroom reputation of the general whom fortune has so si • that his friend s p roc l aim him thengularly favour e d superior of such soldiers as Lee and L ongstreet, Ewell and Hill, men accustomed to victory and u a reverse. In th nwi unwilling to ac ce p t compariJon battle on the Thppahannock thewith the chance of a movements of the other armies possess but little interest. It is curious that Johnstone and Bragg, whose armies were re presented but the other clnsday as utter crushed and pers,d, seem able still top rese nts b . old front to the enemy on the line of t he Mobile and Ohio Rail road. The war in Kentucky is going on with 1 a ter nate advantage to each of the combatants.r The siege of Ch ar l eston i s still vigorouslyprosecuted; but since th e i r repu l se from Fort Wagnerp andted re treat from J a m es I s l an d , the Federals have g ained nothing in thi s quarter. The Confederat meet with aid in m ore t h an one may quarter. W es e do nor at present attach much importance to the rumours of a coming alliance between France and the South ; and, though the Northerners are pleased to con• alder it an encroachment on their rights, we suppose that their G overnment will be forced by its neces sities Pose to swallow the bitter pill of the Austro- French empire in M ex i co, w hi ch ehould be a subject for congratulation everywhere, as promising the restoration of order in that distracted country. The mob of the North, and the negroes of the South --very antagonistic agencies as they may seem— may yet work together for the contusion of the Washington Government. On the third of this month the conscription was to be carried out under the protection of the army at New York. The people, as far as we can learn, were determined to resist it, and the next riot, better organised than the last, may end in the subversion of the Government, of Mr. Lincoln. Meanwhile we understand that it has been urgently represented to that Government that if it perseveres in arming negro troops for the war, the South, on its part, will arm its negro slaves, and send them out to fight under the masters whom they are accustomed to obey, and for whom they feel an affection and reverence far different from the feeling which they have for those would-be friends, who, in their cities, beat and persecute them, and in the battle-field drive them on like cattle, to be slaughtered in the front. In a very short time the South can send into the war a disciplined army of 750,000 blacks. T o the civil struggle between the whits s we shall then have added a civil war between the negroes. The massacres of St. Domingo will be repeated, the savage achievements of Dahoman warriors outdone. If the North ehould persevere in its inhuman policy of arming runaway servants against their late masters, the South, in its indig nation and despair, will retaliate by hurling against them its myriads of yet faithful slaves, and the darkest picture yet painted in this hideous war will be outdone by a deeper horror. Nair NEWS. If heroism and martyrdom were sufficient title-deeds to national existence, P land for the right to li ve. would not now b e fighting fried in the furnace of affliction, sharpened by de spair, and strengthened by endurance, the con stancy of that noble people seems to acquire a finer and firmer temper from day to day, wearing o ut t h e Weight of an immense y r m by desultory contests over an ever expanding area of revolt, and carryiue their resolve unshaken through loss One e slaughter. Borne down at one point by overwhelming force, the insurgents rise in another, like a mountain tor rent that, fed by subterranean kitreanas, swells un BIRTHS. The annual birth-rate in the June quarter was 3105 per cent., against the average 3'587, It never happens that as many as 36 children are born to a thousand of the population in a year; and in the 24 years 1838 61 there occurred only one year (1859) in which there were 35; and it is also a rare occurrence that children are born in a quarter at the rate of 37 to 1,000 of the population per annum. The number of births in the quarter was 189,611, that in the same period of 1852 having been 185,638. Nearly 26,000 children were born in London in 13 weeks. More than 25,000 were born in Lancashire. There was an increase in the births over thou) of the corresponding quarter of 1862 in all the 11 divisions, except the North-Western, which comprises Cheshire and Lancashire, where a decrease would arise from a reduction of the marriages in last year, and pro bably from a cause of greater moment, the emigration of heads of families from those counties in quest of employment. lIVCREASE OF POPULATION. The births exceeded the deaths by 71,236. Therefore each day in the three months gave on an average a natural increase of 783 to the population. Immigration and emigration modify the result. It was stated in last report that the emigration of the March quarter, consisting of 37,806 persons ofjthe English, ScDtch, Irish, and other nations, was greater than it had been in the same season since 1854. The return* of the Commissioners for last quarter shows that emigration had attained a magnitude that can hardly fail to surprise when the circumstances of the Western World, by which it appears to have been chiefly evoked, are taken into consideration. The number of emigrants rose to 83,290, which is more than in any June quarter since that of 1857. In the same period of 1861 it was about 38,000; in that of last year 47,000. The Australian colonies supply an increasing attraction; British North America also draws a growing number; but of the * Return with which the Registrar-General has been favoured by the Emigration Commissioners. The number returned as of English origin was 8,773, while the birth_ Place of 4,884 emigrants was not distinguished. In the above statement a proportioaal number of these last have has been added to those returned as of English origin. complaints will reach the owner's ears, or oftener we should say his eyes, which must detract more or less from the pleasure of knocking down his birds. To see a farmer look on unsympathisingly at a neat " right and left," and thee walk moodily away, evidently occupied in calculating the damage which he undergoes that another may enjoy the fun, is disturbing to the best balanced minds. The farmer may be quite in the wrong. His com pensation may be ample. But still clearly lie is out of humour. Now, from all this kind of petty annoy ance grouse shooting is quite free. That is a great point. It is also, as far as regular shooting goes, iike the first plunge into the se-, to the overworked barrister or doctor—and the difference between that plunge and when, you get on the Ist of September is as great, if experts are to be trusted, as the diffe rence between bathers from a machine and jumping out of a boat into clear water a good mile or two from land. These may be but travellers' tales. and we do not believe in the whole of this alleged supe riority. But some of it is evidently true. One of the great and growing advantages of all field sports at the present day is in the healthy tone which they impart to the members of fashionable society. There has been a time in England when fox-hunting and partridge shooting were looked on as the amuse ments of boors. The consequence was that the sportsman was deficient in refinement, and the fine gentleman in manliness. The two were seldom found united. The season was in those days in the winter, and when that was over, instead of the healthy alternations of rural life, the exquisite of the period sought only to make a mimic London of Bath or Tunbridge Wells. A fine gentleman, as we learn from the Spectator, paid a flying visit to his estate once in three years, "to raise his rents and de bauch a milkmaid," and this was all his tenants ever saw of him. Nothing but evil could spring from such a system as this; and the modern method of passing the opening or early summer in town, and the autumn and winter in the country, is the only possible way of averting it. Some of the most polished gentleman in England constitute the Melton Club. Some of the most manly and athletic congregate at White's and Brookes's. It Chesterfield had lived in the the present day he would have been " a first flyer," in Leicestershire, as well as the first wit at St. James's; and it is in the union of these characters, scarcely, we think, to be met with out of this country, that the peculiar excellence of the English gentleman consists. Long life, therefore, to the 12th of August, and let us add, by anticipation, to the Ist of September also. Both are red-letter days in the calendar of English sports; and in the calendar of English sports we shall not seek in vain for the elements of English greatness. seen into an abounding river, While the diplomacy of the great Powers is fumbling at its eternal Pe nelope's web, and playing at " points" which have the double merit of being unacceptable and im practicable on both sides, testifying neither comha aant, and settling nothing, General Mouravieff i 8 supplying the fullest and completest interpretation or Prince Gortschakoff's polite despatches bye suc cession of edicts, of which the deliberate and calea rating ferocity would search in vain for a parallel in all the records of barbarous warfare. Th e Scourgers of Mankind, ,who have in old times laid waste the finest portions of the earth, swept nations into outer d ar k ness, and put whole peoples to Leath, were humane asd merciful conquerors com pared with this practical modern commentator upon the good intention of a Russian Emperor, who con fiscates the estates of all Polish patriots who will not present themselves to be hanged, and murders tee resident proprietors as suspects" in batches, on the testim ony of loyal informers, who are paid in Bind. The attent i on of civilised Europe will do well to fix itself upon General Mouravieff's method of pacifying Poland and preparing it for an al ly nesty. The day on which the latest collective but not joint, and similar but not identical notes are communicated by the respective ambassadors to the Vice-Chancellor of the Empire, and the reception ac cor d e d to each, with the rejoinders to follow, is an interesting topic fur the serious conversation of Foreign-office clerks in their vacation rambles. But for the great public of France and England, who know nothing of diplomacy but its impotent results, the question is becoming one of mere humanity, lik e the . " customs" of Dahomey. N o one beyond official circles and probably no one w i thin them, can eve r have imagined that any help for Poland was to corn!, from the joint or collective or separate act i on ot France, Austria, and England —three Powers be tween whom there is nothing in common save the conviction that nothing can be done, and the desire .to appear to be doing something for Poland. The radical incompatibilities of the three Powers the moment they quit the safe ground of generalities are only too obvious. One of them alone, and that is England, can be perfectly disinterested in the desire of peace, as it is only England who could go to war on such a question without a motive of ambi tion or a fear of loss. England means peace, because she knows that no good for Polish or any nationality can come out of a French war ; and because she knows that the Poles themselve s or at least the most intelligent of their leaders desire no armed intervention of the Powers. What Poland demands of free England, and what free England should be the first to demand on behalf of Poland of the Powers that signed the Treaty of Vienna is o formal and emphatic repudiation of the treaty rights which the Russian Government had so flagrantlY , broken ; so that not a shadow of factitious " law may continue to mask the hideous wrong which the gibbet, the cord, the bayonet, and the axe are main' taining in Poland. What Poland has a right to look for from England is the most solelnn national expression'of disapproval of the proceedings of Gen; Mouravieff. The form which such an expression 0 " disapproval, or such an act of sympathy, shou ld take would be nothing more or less than the recog nition by the British Government of the Poles s e belligerents. Let the other Powers join with Enli land in this recogn i t i on, and the consequence won' . not be a diplomatic settlement of the Polish ques tion, but something more immediate and urgent- 4 restraint upon the infamous of executing prisoner' s of war. COUNTRY MARKETS. LIVERPOOL—TULSDAY. At our m ar k et to -d ay there was a good attendance of country mill ers, and wheat experienced a moderate sale at a redu c ti on of ld to 2d per cental on the week. In'Afs corn was in better request. Oats dull. Barley an d b 0 0... at Friday' s pr i ces. Oatmeal very slow. American 011 ' less saleable and 6d per brl down, LEEDS—TUESDAY. To-day the demand for old wheat was slow, but new w as inquired f or . F ine red qualities sold up to 5 0 s Pe r qr; white, 565. MARKET HARBOROUGII—TUESDAY. White wheat,;44 s to 498; red, 42s to 46s per 36 stl l e . Malting barl e y a t — s to —8 per qr. ; grinding, 30 s to 065 ~ per 30 at. Oats, o ld , 22s to 258; new, 19s to 22 s per : 41 at. ; beans, 37s to 41s per qr. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME—AT oNDAY. A moderate supply of wheat for the time of the Ye sr i ; Business was quiet, a t th e prices of last week for tres samples, and other ki n d s the turn easier. Barley scaler, cl s with a moderate ,mand, an d commanded late rates. Oats and beans also in moderate supply. Old white wheat..s4B to 60s I Old red wheat s3s to 56 2 New d o . . 48s to 54s f Now do. 44s to Ivo Malting barley....37s to 42s I Oats. 23s to < 05 Grinding d0.....27s to 29s I Beans .66s to 455 SHEFFIELD—TUESDAY. The weather has been splendid during the last few days, and harvest work has commenced here, and the crops look beautiful. Red wheat, per load of 3 imperial bushels...lBs Od to 20s Od White New red ...20s Ori to 2ls Od New white „ • • _ . 1 1 8 6 s s 00(d) t 0 00 19s ss Od Beans Peas ...17s Od to 19s Od Gr , per qr ...... " .. 45s Od to 56s Od M inding barley, per ........................................ 30s Od to 32s 04 Oats alting ditto, ~................. 34s Od to 3 8 8 0c1 .................. 22s Od to 288 0 ' Flour, is 7d t o 2s Od per stone. --- - MELTON MOIVBRAY—TUESDAY. The following were the currencies :--New white whea t, . 45s Od to 51s Od ; new red, 42s Od to 48s per 36 6 rf t e :; beans, 36s to 43s for old ; new sorts, 36s to 38 sper 38 -for barley, —s to —s for malting, and 28s to 30s per qr• grinding; new oats, 23s to 26s Od per 24 stone. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. ‘,. 18. 1 Letralia and Mauritius, via Southampton u•A u b . l3. via Marseilles .. drazil and Cape Verds, by British packet. ...... . Sept. „ 0. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena., Aug. f ...... i hina, Penang, and Singapore, via Southatapton.Aug• 1 3, via Mar se ill es ...Aug Pal k l an d I slands .. .• . Aug. 18. , iib ra l tar, via Southampton .. I ndia Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampt o n.. Aug ndia ' 1 3, via Marseilles.... A"g' $ 5 . 0 (Bombay), via S ou th ampton via Marseilles A.ug. 2 , Portugal.. 3 , Sept talta, Egypt, an d Ad en , v i a S outhampton Aug. 13. via Marseilles Aug' Newfoundland ..Aug. 19. Oporto and Vigo . U. S. and B r i t i s h N . America, by Brit. packet.... Aug. 19 by U.S. packet.... 14. by Canadian p ac k et ,Aug. 10. re W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Tenerjfle Aug' '2. 'tahaas, via New Y or k . ...A u g' 7 8. Nlexico . ....Aug. All parts of W es t Indies, including Chili, P e ru, I Aug . 13 California. and I3ritisl; Columbia.. [ ADVE RTISEMENT.J—ConsumptiOn, all nervous, bilious liver, and sto mac h compla i nts, iu every stage, are only a 6; gravatej and accelerated by d rugs of every description, perfecJy curable by Du Barry's health restoring Revalen t : Arabica Food, as proved b y thousands of cases which been considered hopeless. We quote a few.—Cure No. 62,914 ; Miss Lange, 18 years of age, cured after the medical men bat; abandoned all hopes of h er recovery from the last stage pulmonary consumption, with fearful cough, expectoratio n + exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, hollow cheeks• emaciated to a skeleton. She is now, thank God, a perfectly healthy, blooming, fl es h y Lange, Comm i ssa i r e de Police. Cure, No. 46,270. M r. James Roberts, of FrinileY Surrey, of thirty year s ' di seased lungs, spittingof b loo d, liver derangement, and parti a l d ea f ness.—Cure, No. 47,121. Mis l Elizabeth Jacobs, of ext reme nervousness , indigestion" gatherings, low spirits, and nervous fancies.—Cure , 64,816. the Rev. James T. Campbell, Fakenham,dNorfolk, of indigestion and torpidity of the liver, 6d ; 51b all medical treatment . In tins, 11b, 28 gd 2i d b, co., No. 77, 118 ; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 40s. Barry du Ban and and all Regent-street, London ; also Fortnum ha:United Kingdom. grocers and chemists in every town of t which 11 4 1 3 resisted Births. Esq., Linco2n's- Kl iS N 3l o a, S r F bo o tor ß ao D u son. g. h,Otnhethwe BURY.—On the 10th inst, pt Low Hall, Brompton, near Edward B sn u a r r y e , s brook, 11Irs. C. CUMBERBATCII.—Op the 10th inst., at Queen's House i f 9 e t 1: f i nst , Lyndhurst, the wife of Lawrence Henry Cumberbatch; Esq., of a son. Kingsford, of a daughter. SELBY.—On the sth inst., at Plumstead of Lieut.-Colonel Selby, of a son. "eommon, the wife Marriages. B A.T N—MATNARD. thur On the 11th i nst,, at St. Mark's, EmA Hamilton-terrace, Ar, second son of Wm. Bateman. E sq ., of Ha mi lt on - terrace, and Old Broad•streat, city. to Alice Consett, second daughter of the late Herbert Buc Miq ks nard, Esq., o f the Bengal Army, and Embertont CHILD--WILLIAMS.— On the Oakley- square, John, the only s Bth inst., J. at St. Matthew'Flt on of Child, Esq., 2 1 1: Harrin g t on - square, to Amelia, youngest daughter of Esq. BOTP IELD.— Deaths. On the 7th inst., at his residence, GrOSVCDOT: 56. f •quare, Beriah Bolfield, Esq., M.P. for L u dl o w, aged BUTLER —O n t h e 9th inst., Mr. Charles Butler, of Lower Su ssex place, Olti Kent-road, and Horselydown, aged 48. FIELD. —On the 11th inst., at Balham-hill House, SurreY7 J °shill Field, Esq., C.E., F. R.S., aged 77. FRASER.-0a the 21st May, at Theyat-hlyo, Burmahl Alsjor James Fraser, 60th Rifles, only son of the late Colonel Hugh Fraser, R.A., aged 40. HaLvi.R.—On the 10th inst.. at Plymouth, Henry Richd. Vansit tart, eldest son of Captain H. Id illyar, R.N., u. a., aged seven years. London : Printed and Published by WILLI A.BI ANDREWS of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE SUN Office No. 112-, Strand, in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the County of Midgleaex.—•Wednesday. August 12, 1863. I