The Sun. — London, England, 1830-02-05 00:00:00

(:)c- • r 1 IMPERIAL PARLIAMENT HOUSE OF LORDS—(LAST NIGHT.) At an early hour this morning the usual pre paration:, for the opening of Parliament com menced. A little after two o'clock Parliament was opened by his Majesty's Commissioners. he Lords Commissioners were the LORD CHATN eIzLLOR, the Duke of WELLINGTON, Earls ROSSLYN, ABERDEEN, and MAYO. The LORD CHANCELLOR then read the fol lowing Speech : '6 Mr LORDS AND GENTLELIEN, . _ " We are commanded by his MAJESTY to inform You, that his MAJESTY receives from all Foreign Powers the strongest assurances of their desire to tnaintaia and cultivate the most friendly relations of this Country. " His MAJESTY has seen with satisfaction that the War between Russia and the Ottoman Porte has been brought to a conclusion. " Th e efforts of his MAJESTY to accomplish the rn4i n objects of the Treaty of the 6th July, 1827, have been unremitted. " Ilis NIAJEsTY having recently concerted with ts Allies measures for the pacification and 4 H 4 l settlement of Greece, trusts that he shall be enabled, at an early period, to commu nicate to you the particulars of this arrangement, with such information as may explain the Course which his MAJESTY has pursued throughout the progress of these important transactions. " His MAJESTY laments that he is unable to an nounce to you the prospect of a reconciliation be tween the Princes of the I louse of Braganza. " His MAJESTY has not yet deemed it expedient tore-establish upon their ancient footing, his MA- , Jg.sTy's diplomatic relations with the kingdom of Portugal. But the numerous embarrassments arising from the continued interruption of these relations Increase his MAJESTY'S desire to effect the termi kittion of so serious an evil. " GENTLEMEN OF THE HOUSE OF COMMONS, " KS MAJESTY has directed the Estimates for the eurre n t year to be laid before you. They have "en framed with every attention to economy, cu ld it will be satisfactory to you to learn that his MAJESTY will be enabled to make a con siderable Reduction in the amount of the Pub!ic ~.,,spenditure, without impairing the efficiency of our " 4 '41 or Military Establishments. " We are commanded by his MAJESTY to inform /°", that although the National Income, during the last year has not attained the full amount at which i t had bean estimated, the diminution is not Cush as to cause any doubt as to the future pro sperity of the Revenue. " MY LORDS ♦ND GENTL7IIIBN, " His MAJESTY commands us to acquaint you that 'lie attention has been of late earnestly directed to various important considerations connected with itn- Pros'aments in the administration of the law. 1113 MAJESTY has directed that measures shall 124 submitted for your deliberation, of which some are calculated in the opinion of His MAJESTY to facilitate lad expedite the course of Justice in different parts of the United Kingdom, and others appear to be rieces ftry preliminaries to a revision of the practice and proceedings of the superior Courts. " We are commanded to assure you that this MA ' TT feels confident that you will give your best attention and assistance to subjects of such deep and lasting concern to the well-being of his people. His MAJFSTY commands us to inform you that the Export in the last year of British Produce and Manufactures has exceeded that of any former 7114 r, " His MAJEfiTT laments, that notwithstanding this ►ndication of active commerce, distress should Prevail among the Agricultural and Manufacturing "" i" some parts of the United Kingdom. • " It would be most gratifying to the paternal t ilelings of his AIAJESTY to be enabled to propose for your consideration, measures calculated remove the difficulties of any portion of his !Subjects, and at the same time compatible with the general and permanent interests of his people. " It is from a deep solicitude for those interests Out his MAJESTY is impressed with the ne **ashy of acting with extreme caution in reference too this important subject. " His MAJESTY feels assured, that you will con ear with him in assigning due weight to the effect of unfavourable seasons, and to the opera tion of other causes, which are beyond the reach of Legislative control or remedy. " Above all, his MAJESTY is convinced that no pressure of temporary difficulty will induce you to relax the determination which you have uni formly manifested, to maintain inviolate the Public Credit, and thus to uphold the hiv,h Charac ter, and the permanent Welfare of the Country." The LORD CHANCELLOR took his seat on the woolsack at about ten minutes to Five o'clock. Mr. Daws said an account was received of the pro windings of the election of a Peer, in the place of the Marquis of Headfort, deceased. The Earl of GLENCALL we understood to have been nominated in his stead. t ' i lle Duke o f W ELLINGTON entered the House at eL rainus past five o'clock, and soon after moved the trot reading of the Vestry Bill. No. 11,668. tisne when people should be discouraged, or yield to fears at the distress, but they should combine for fresh exertion. He trusted that the distress under which the country suffers should not induce them to ru❑ any risk in the public credit. He, however, purposely abstained from entering any further into the details of this dis tress, as this was not the time when such a topic should be discussed. He hoped it would be. He hoped, however, that he would be allowed to express his opinion on it, which war, that they should pay it their whole ex elusive and undivided attention, and not make it a topic of conversation which could not produce any beneficial re salts; but, on the contrary, would increase the ruling evil. The Noble Lord concluded by moving, that the Address should be presented to his Majesty. Lord SALIf OUN rose to second the Address. Ile en- I tirely agreed with the Noble Duke who had proposed the Address, in all the arguments he had used. It was most gratifying to find, after a peace of fifteen years I (a thing almost unparralleled in the annals of Eng land) that our foreign relations were upon so good a footin( with us. As to the termination of the war in the East of Europe that he considered was not a matter of much interest to this country. With respect to the Treaty of the sth of July, 1E27, and the settlement of the affairs of Greece, of course this was not the time to discuss them. It must be matter of great regret to all that the diplomatic relations between Portugal and this country had been suspended, the commercial ones how ever he (the Noble Lord) was glad to say were in force, but doubtless cramped considerably; but in the state in which that county at present was, it eou4l not be said how they were to be avoided. In law there could be no doubt that the elder branch of the House of Brsgsnas were the rightful heirs to the throne ; the Portuguese nation had, however, adopted the younger. He had no doubt, however, that shortly the diplomatic relations would be restored to their proper state. The next subject was the Massage to the House of Commons, which must of course be satisfactory to every body. Doubtless the diminution of the expen diture would enable the country to meet some of the defi ciencies which had taken place in the revenue. It ws. also gratifying to observe that his Majesty recommended several alterations relative to the administration of the law. He (the Noble Lord) was by no means competent to enter into the subject, but he must state that if any measure could be adopted whereby the laws of the country he represented could be made more expedi tious, he was sure it would deserve and receive the best thanks of that country and himself. There could be no doubt great distress was now and had been for a long time felt by the Manufacturing and Agricultural interests of the country ; and, notwithstanding the gracious an nouncements made to-day, that the commercial interests were proceeding rapidly, still distress continued, which had been ascribed to several causes; some thought it proceeded from an over production, others from a change in the currency, and some imagined it to proceed from other sources. Taking all these things into consideration, he could not ascribe it to either of these causes; he therefore apprehended it to proceed from the change existing in the value of ma nufactured articles, or, in other words, that the event of the late war made us not only the carriers, manufacturer., and sellers, but enabled us to name our price for the articles we manufactured. When peace took place, our machinery was adopted by other nations ; they manufactured their own articles, and even glutted our markets with them; our manufacturer was therefore obliged to reduce his price, and it would follow, as a matter of course, if a manufac turer was obliged to make 100 balers of goods to get the saute profit he originally got on 60, he would be unable to give his workmen what he had originally done. As to the changes in the currency, the distress began to be felt in 1819, 1820, and 1821, before any change tobk place, and therefore it could not he attributable to that. He (the Noble Lord) regretted the distress in common with all, but could not attribute it to the source from whence it was sopposei to spring. The Noble Lnrd sat down with seconding the Address that had been proposed by the Duke of Buccleugh. Lord STANHOPE rose, but his Lordship spoke in so low a ton• for some time that we found it impossible to catch distinctly what he said. Wr, however, under stood him to say, that he should consider himself as totally negligent of his duty, if he did not take the earliest opportunity of making a few observations.- I.le would ask any rational man, who had heard the speech read, to-day, whether it could he considered as affording a real and true representation of the state of the country. A more ineffective speech or one inure full of misrepresentation never was made.—(Hear, hear.)--. After congratulating their Lordships on the state of the country, it mentioned that notwithstanding those circumstances, distress still existed in some of the manufacturing classea —( Hear, hear)—Would it not be much more correct, continued the Nolile Lord. if it had stated that distress existed in every class? He had no doubt the suffering people would be much obliged to the Noble Duke if he would hear them ; where was the place that distress did not exist ? The real English and sum and substance of the Speech was this—" You are in great distress, but take care you don't get out of it—(Laughter)—you are fallen into a river where you are likely to he drowned, but for God's sake take care you don't get into something worse." We have no consolation of even a temporary relief from the Noble Duke. We have been told that the distress was like a slight cloud which would soon pass away. We have seen those clouds gather till they portend an approaching storm. The Noble Duke who had moved the Address had told their Lordships that they were not to encourage the feelings of despondency. Now lie (the Noble Lord) was not apt to despond—it was not in his nature ; but despondency must come on this country if something was not administered in time. The observa tions in the Speech were not excusable, because the Noble Duke at the head of his Majesty's Government must know of the distress under which the country laboured. He must certainly know of the universality of those distresses from the county meetings that had been held in various parts of the country : and though the Noble Duke was pleased the other day to call a county 'sleeting a farce, yet he (Lord Stanhope) would ask if there was not a meeting not far from that place, whose pro ceedings might equally deserve that name. The Noble Duke must also know of the distress front the lemon stranees that were poured in upon loin front every part of the country. No hope whatever was held out in the Speech for the alleviation of those distresses. lie (Lord S.) regretted this very much for the sake of this unhappy and ill governed country, and also for the sake of the Noble Duke himself. As far as regarded the former career of that noble individual lie entertained no other sentiments than those of gratitude and admiration. That noble individual had been placed upon a pinnacle of marble such as no man had ever attained since the days of the Duke of Marl. borough, but every glory was tarnished when that Noble Duke became the first Minister of this country. He found the vessel of the State erurrounded with quicksands, and he followed the same course and doctrines which had given such general dissatisfaction. \i'hat laurels had he gained by the passing the Catholic Bill? It was not a measure which the Noble Duke coincided with, but it was extorted from him by the threats and menaces of the Ca tholic Association. Whatever might be said of exprts, the commerce of this country was never at so low an ebb. Circumstances like these demanded the most serious KING'S SPEECH.The LORD CHANCELLOR then read his Majesty's &pees:lt front the Woolsack, at 20 minutes past five o'clock. The Speech, having been afterwards read by the Clerk, The Duke of BUCCLEUGH said he bad been intrusted with the high honour of moving the Address to his Ma i'MY, he was not unmindfal of the difficulties of the task, and he regretted extremely that he was so unable to do tl " I n it, it would indeed be presumptuous is one i' y ? un g end inexperienced as he was, to venture to give p monsat length on such very important subjects, he would Confin e himself to such few retnirks and oh tatinhe al were absolutely necessary. The strong as "'trance svhich his Majesty gave them relative to the dif ferent States of Europe, which maintained and culti- Zted peace towards each other must be a subject of cougratu tion of them all. Peace has at length been concluded be kico Russia an d t h e O ttoman emp i re , t h e scene o f war , between those two different States has at length l st ied, which, if pro l onge d, mus t h ave i nvo l ve d t h e rest o f ,Pc in the quarre l. Th ey mus t a ll v i ew w i t h grea t ea _ "" 11 =tion his Majesty's unremitting attention to carry the main object of the treaty of June, 1827. Ile trusted that they would all join with him in rejoicing at the measures which his Majesty has thought fit to establish for the set tlement of Greece. Those signs of such importance have It length stopped those scenes of bloodshed and warfare. With regard to Portugal, is it pc esible that we can refer to such a subject without regretting that there Were friends and relatives in that country which was so l ong our own m os t par ti cu l ar a ll y ? Il e truste d t h at hi s Abljesty's efforts to remove such enmity had been happily n neeces.ful, and has estacluded by a reconciliation between the two houses of Braganza. One of the most important Parts of hi s Alajesty's Speech was that which referred to the , i contemplated improvements in the administration of the law every one was aware that some alteration was 3 : 6 "beey for the purpose of facilitating the course of Setiee. It was therefore satisfactory that a revision of 1 4e practi ce i n th e l a w cour t s was a b ou t to take P l,L ett,—that shop parts which were unsuitable to the Preetut state or the cptAntry should be removed, 44 4 1 the course of its operat;an_shortened. He had a ° doubt their Lordships mild be ready to pay the t tt eetion to these matters which his Majesty expected. 44 very one must deplore the distress under which the agri tecittiral and manu f ac t ur i ng climes laboured throughout the litdetn, be, buseever, was not disposed to think it was Qt so nniversal as many would wish to have it be 7txls It was a subject that could only be considered WWI regr e t, and that would require their utmost con sideration. It was only a temporary distress, and they might with a little exertion be able to alleviate, if not remove it entirely ; it must be attributed to the late uufavout able seasons, when the agriculturist had e• many difficulties to contend with. It was a subject of too great importance to be discussed then, bat although they had Lad such distress and opprersi, n throughout the kingdo m , had they not a subject of great congratelation i n the exports of British produce, which have exceeded more than any former year ; it ought to give us indeed much Pleasure to see by such increase that tl.e evil is not li "lt tooted. 'This was not the only nation then which eased their own manufactories, for every nation was Kee taming its attention to them. This was pot a consideration of their Lordships, and if he did not mi nutely detail the sources from which these distresses were said to arise, it was because he felt confident that some Noble Lord, or he himself, would submit a motion to the House to resolve itself into a Committee, to inquire into the state of the nation. The speech does not allude to the causes of the present distress, and he should there fore move, that this House views with the deepest anxiety the cause of the distress that now exists in the country, and that it is necessary that a Committee be immediately formed to inquire into the same. lie should move the House that a resolution to this effect be inserted in the address to the throne. He was of opinion every means ought to be immediately instituted, and what would the country think if inquiry was refused'—(Hear, hear.)—lf the Noble Duke opposed it he woull be unworthy of the high office he filled.—(Hear, hear.) — He would not at the present time go into a ♦iew of all the causes of distress, but conclude by moving, that tqe resolution he had read be inserted in the address. The Amendment having been put from the Woolsack, Viscount GODERICH begged leave to assure their Lordships that no person felt more deeply than himself for the distress which he knew to prevail to so great an extent in the country, &offerings in which he, as an individual, along with many Noble Lords, to a certain extent, partici- ~_, . , 4 eA .••••• . • .; • 0 ‘,. _.lt • - A .- • • - ..„b a • . v ty 4 • ‘. L. • re: g 4 kto 4 Q I 2 I :o4tr a it& ~/ 4_l , ,dui 0,1 .4 - LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, FEBRUARY 5, 1830. pated, in common with other individuals, whom, he re gretted to say, were not so well able to bear against them as himseli; but, deeply commiserating, as he did, those distresses, he (the Noble Lord), before acquiescing in the Amendment which hail been proposed by the Noble Earl who had just sat down, felt that he should not be doing his duty were he not to call their Lordship's attention to the other relations of the country ; and he trusted that their Lordships would not think so lightly of those relations as altogether to shut their eyes to them. With respect to the termination of the war betwt ea Turkey and Russia, he certainly was not disappointed, but is his opinion it was every thing but satisfactory. The history of the last 130 years shows, that in all wars the Turk had come out of the contest with a loss of territory, and therefore he never could have advocated a policy that would have given a sanc tion to the late war. He was confident that the Porte must submit to unconditional submission. He (Lord Godsrich) did net wish to see the Sultan crushed ; per haps he might not be a friend to this country, but whe ther he might or might not, the time may come when it would be as well for the policy of the country to have him for an ally. He approved of the plan of forming Greece into a Monarchical Government; any form of Governmenment would be better this leaving that unhappy isle to the winds and wave". I❑ alluding to Portugal, the Noble Lori said be had no doubt this country would be called upon to recog nise Don Miguel as the Sovereign of that eJuntry— but he did hope, should suck an event take place, that Ministers would take especial care to protect the interests and welfare of those brave men who had sought refuge in England, and that a treaty should be en tered into, whereby they could with safety retur■ to their native country. The Noble Lord then, in allu sion to the free trade system, said, that in all the conver sations which he had ever had upon that topic, and that too with many what he conceived well-informed indivi duals, he had never been able to extract from them any information respecting what free trade really was; and he firmly believed that, when they same to discuss the subject in the House, they would he as much in the dark as ever. It had been said that we had departed from the wisdom of our ancestors by allowing the country to be inundated with foreign goods. But ke be lieved the fact was, that our ancestors, on all occasions when they had the opportunity, had nearly followed in the same track. The Noble Earl had asked bow we could raise the same money from taxes now when so few taxable com modities are consumed ; but the truth was, after all the reductions which had takes place iu many of the taxes from 1823 to 182'7, which amounted to nine millions, in comparison with the taxes levied in 1822 and 1823, the total loss of income to the revenue did not amount to above one million. Whence did this very trifling dif ference arise? Why, from the increased consumption of taxable commodities. It was quite clear, therefore, that the people consumed niece now than they ❑sed to do. The Noble Lord consequently trusted that when the House came to consider this and other matters that their time should not be occupied in mere declamation, and that from whatever causes the distresses of the country had originated it would be ascertained that they could not be attributed to the circumstance to which he had previously alluded. The Noble Lord, in conclusion, re peated that he, in common with every other individual, he believed, felt the present pressure, and that it was the duty of every man to do all he could do to alleviate it. For his part his sole object was to do the best he could to aid any set of men whom he conscientiously thought were capable of managing the affairs of the country. The Duke of RICHMOND said that he was sorry to intrude himself at the present mornen► on the attention of the House, but it might he in the recollection of some of the Noble Lords present who heard him on a former occa sion, that he had then stated that the Wool Trade in par ticular was not protected in the same ratio as other pro duce. He had then said, and he sow repeated it, that we had ruined the wool-grower. lhe Noble Lord who had just sat down could not be expected to recollect what he (the Noble Duke) had said en that occasion with re spect to this subject, because, in fact, he did not appear to recollect what he himself had then said with respect to that important branch of our commerce. The wool grower at the present moment had the proceeds of three years' produce on his hand, for which, under the existing state of things, he could find no market. But it was not the wool-grower alone, the farmer, the manufacturer, and the landholder, were all involved in the same destiny— a n, iu fact, in the verge of ruin. Let any man who pays any attention to the subject look around him, and what is the result with regard to the working classes ? Why, that almost the whole of that most industrious portion of the community del end, at the present moment, upon the miserable pittance of a parish overseer; and were the Noble Lords under these circumstances, to tell the yeomen of England that there was so remedy. It was owing t o these grounds that he, the Noble Duke, would support the amendment of the Noble Earl, and, he trusted, in doing that, he would not be conceived guilty of assaulting the administration, a tone which had been made use of by two Noble Lords who spoke last. The Earl of CARNARVON was astonished, whilst t h e whole nation, from one extremity to the other, rang with the distresses of the country, to hear such cold-blooded allusione as had this night been merle to those distree: es . It would appear that certain Noble Lords had come het e, not to consider what measures should be adopted to re medy those evils, but to amuse each other with the chi meras which existed in each other's brains. They Bey that they wish they could suggest any remedy, but they can suggest none; they hold out no hope ; they wish that the system should be adhered to which has been pursued for so many years, and which only has been attended by increasing difficulties and more general distress. Th at the country was is a moat unexampled state of suffering, no one would attempt to deny, and it appealed to him (the Noble Lord) that, without attempting to go further into the inquiry, one of the ruling causes of th it distress was the following of those counsels which inculcated pa tience and hope, but for which there appeared no other remedy, at least no other remedy had as yet been proposed. He (the Earl of Carnarvo❑) was disposed to give al due weight to the considerations which arose out of the state of the season. When he was sowing down to that House in the evening this important subject had forced it'elf upon hie consideration, and he should probably he obliged to attend to it on his way home after the conclusion of the present debate. But he could not sit in that House as an independent Member of the Legislature, and effect to believe, or hope to persuade others to believe, that the state of the past season had any thimg to do in the production of the distresses under which the country was labouring. The suonner had, it was true, been a little wet, but the rain af last summer was in quantity pretty much about the same as it had ever been upon such occasions at all corresponding time within his memory, and he did not think that its quality hail been such as to produce any of the calamities which at present oppressed every class of the community. It was not the wetness of the season in general, not the badness of the summer in particular, which produced any pert of these calamities; they were attributable to another and a very different cause. That this was so might be easily enough proved in other ways. But he should, for that purpose, content himself at present with stating a circumstance which would alone be sufficient to show how false and absurd was all the reasoning which attributed the pre sent distress of the country to the inclemency of the weather, and which would at once put un end to all that argument. Their Lordships doubtless would recol lect the years 1816 and 1817, which particularly to wards the ends of those years, were the most severe that lie had ever experie❑ced. If, therefore, the nature of grain had not been changed altogether, and that article had not acquired an extraordinary potency in the present season, it was quite clear that in 1818 we ought to have been in greater, or at least equal, distress to tb.rt which we were suffering at present. But this was to far from being the case that the year 1818 was one of those periods in which the prosperity of the country was considered as progres s;vely increasing. That year was, in fact, looked upon as one of those cases which marked and adorned the de scent of our agricultural, commercial, and manufacturing distress. Would any Noble Loid in that House rise up and say, that such a description as that which he had given of the year 1818 would suit the year 1830 ? Was there any Noble Lord to say that the state of the agricul tural, commercial, and manufacturing interests presented at present a bright or brightening prospect? No Noble Lord would, he believed, be found to makesuch an assertion, But the blouse may derive some instruction as to the cause of the very different states of the country in 1818 and 1830, by looking a little wore fully into the diff e r e nt eiry cumstanees of the two periods, and, as the rain had been about the same in both cases, they would probably seek for some more satisfactory cause of the present distress than the wetness of the last summer. Now, what were the circumstances of the year ISIS? The two seasons which preceded that year were so severe that the Govern ment became alarmed at the extent and consequences of its Own operations, and before the end of the year 1817 seven millions of Exchequer-bills were issued, for the ex press purpose of affording some relief to the public dis tress. Three millions of small notes were issued by the Bank of England at the same time and for the some pur pose, and a corresponding increase of the notes of private bankers accompanied the increased circulation which had proceeded from the two other sources which he mentioned. These issues, by increasing the quantity of the currency, served to counteract the effect of two bad seasons follow ing each other in immediate succession, and converted (if he might so express himself) the badness of the seasons from a cause of national calamity into a means of increas ing the public prosperity. This plain fact being beyond all doubt, he (the Earl of Carnarvon) should ask, was it not in itself a sufficient answer to all the arguments which had been derived by the framers of the speech from the wetness of the last season. He could not help expressing Iris astonishment that such an argument should have been at all resorted to, and that this great subject, whichaffected the happiness, the health, and the very existence of mil- Ilbna of the people of this country, should hare been dis cussed by the introduction of topics more fit to enter into a discussion about the breeding of pheasants.—(Laughter.) The Noble Viscount near him (Lord Goderich) said that he should vote against inquiry, because, as the Noble Viscount observed, all inquiry into the causes of the pre• sent distress must turn out in the end to have b en per fectly illusory. Illusory such inquiry most certainly would Ise if that House confessed that they participated in the incapacity which the King's Ministers had not been ashamed to avow..illusoly every inquiry would certainly be if that House should tell the country that the ravages which dis tress was making in every part of the nation were of so desperate a character that they could neither be cured nor alleviated—illusory must every inquiry be if their Lord ships united upon this occasion with a Ministry, who feared not, in the face of a suffering nation crying out fir relief, to tell them that their miseries could neither be re moved nor mitigated. The Ministers who made such a declaration were not the Ministers who could rescue the country from its present perils. But what must he the result of the conduct which Ministers adopted. That far the purpose of precut ing a certain facility in the opera tions of Government they will continue to inflict upon the nation the evils which were already almost insupportable, whilst many persons, for the settee cause, to prevent em berrassments to Government, hesitate to express openly the opinions which they entertain upon the state and pros pects of the country. He (the Earl of Carnarvon) did not, of course, mean to intimate that any Member of that House would conceal his opinions is the manner which he stated, and he only alluded to persons out of doors, who, from deference to one political leader or another, suppressed their discontent, in the hope that the hand of Govern ment would be held out to relieve the country from the intolerable pressure of the distresses under which it laboured at present. These distresses were attributed, falsely and improperly attributed, to temporary causes in the Speech which had proceeded from the Throne. He (the Earl of Carnarvon) contended that they proceeded front the altera tions which had been made in the currency of the coun try. That such effects tnay be expected to follow from this cause could he easily seen by a consideration of the consequences which had invariably followed any measures affecting the amount of the currency in every country of the world, and at all periods of time. The effects of the contraction of the circulation of this country were precisely of the same nature as those which had been invariably produced in other countries and times by measures of the same kind. The effect was in all cases the same, deep and general distress. If he should be asked how to reconcile with this position the fact that the amount of the pre cious metals had at some former period been diminished without leading to such disasters as the country was at present ailicted with, he should say that a substitute of another kind had been provided upon those occasions, and that the lesser quantity of circulating medium was ade quate to the limited extent of the commercial, agricultural, and manufactering operations, whilst lately the amount of the currency was diminished, whilst the commercial, agri cultural, and manufacturing operatives increased in a ten fold proportion beyond what had previously existed in any part of our history. It was even a fact that all the gold which we could now bring in the market of this country at any price at which it could circulate here, would not be sufficient to maintain the transactions which had been produced by the increased spirit of enterprise which per vaded every department of business at the present time.— But a few plain facts were upon such a case of more im portance than any subtleties of reasoning. Under a dif ferent circulation from tl e present the country had at tained and supported a high state of prosperity, and it was because the circulation was no longer adequate to the demands and necessities of the resew. state of the country that every order of society found their operations ember raised, and their transactions involved in confusion and distress. If that House and the Legislature were to wit until the difficulties of the country should reach a settled and quiescent point, that point of !settlement and quies cence would, as he thought, be one of comparative na tional poverty and depreciation. Many of their Lordships had already reduced their incomes front twenty to thirty per cent., and it was perhaps the intention of the Government to take no steps for the relief of the public distresses until the rents should have been made to un dergo another reduction to the same extent. But how, in the meantime, Were they to maintain a famishing popula tion, who incessantly amour for bread ?_-(Hear, hear, hear.) The currency of a country supplied the means by which its agricultural, commercial, and manufactur ing interests were to be supported. It was she great tmechine by which all the operations of society were to be effected, and it could not be constructed upon too large and extensive a plan if the commerce, the agriculture, and the manufacture of the country, be extended in the same degree, whilst every contraction of the currency must be followed by a contraction in every operation of society, and, consequently, by pressure affecting them all. He (the Earl of Carnarvon) never thought that a gold standard of currency could be maintained without depreciation. He knew not why Ministers had adopted such a standard, er why having adopted it, they continued to maintain it with such obstinacy. A book had been written in for mer times upon the subject of political economy by a great statesman, who flourished when this subject was sup posed not to be so well understood as it was at present.— T oedxfi li :a eicdtulyai, writer w to whom he had adverted had, hoever,stated, that where the transactions of a country were large its currency ought t o b e i n god, and that the standard of a country wh ose t ransact i ons were sma ll oug ht t o b e s il ver . Thus intimati ng a genera l pr i nc i p l e w hi c h was p er f ec tly sound, nam e l y , t h at t h e currency o f every coun t ry oug ht to becommensu re t e with its transactions. The truth of the principle admitt e d o f an eas y illustration front the business of common lif e . A man w h ose e xpenditure was trifling would, on go i ng front home, put a few shillings in his pocket in o r d er t o mee t th e s light necess iti e s whi c h m i g ht arise for th e use o f a c i rcu l a ting m e dium. If his de a li n gs were a little more ex t ens i ve he would put in his po c k e t a few sovereig e s. B u t if his transactions should be consi derable, h e wou ld b e o bli ge d t o h a v e r e c ourse t o a me dium more convenient than either silver or gold. It was the same case in regard to the general eh culation country, and in that case, as in that of a private in the gold and silver were only small change. It was true that they were considered as the standard of value, and it was true that in a sense they were so. But in re ference to the transactions of the country they were Only the small change with which the lesser business of life, and the inferior operations of commerce, agriculture, and manufactures were conducted. He could appeal upon this suh)ect t t the constant practice of their Lordships themselves. When any any of their Lordships remitted IN/. to his banker's in London, it was not in silver or gold that the remittance was made, but in paper, and in this form of a bill of exchange. Occasions might certainly occur, as a famine, or adverse exchanges, in which an in . - creased demand for silver coin may arise. But in all the great transactions o' life it was indispensable that the cur rency, by which such transactions were carried on, should be in such a shape as could be obtained with most ease and in the greatest quantity from every part of the world. He (Lord Carnarvon) believed that a metallic standard of value was peculiar to this country, and did not exist tO any other country in the world. Indeed, thc., very srarctmy of the precious metals, the a i nality of Which is partly the cbiise of their being adopted as a standard of value, makes them peculiarly liable to be acted upon by combina tion annotigst men who deal in money; and if the B sok of England had not to contend against the influence of !Mlle persons of extensive power who command the Stock-ex change, it would be in their power to throw great difficul ties in the way of bringing into this country the supply or gold which was necessary to carry on the every-d sy busi ness of life in its several departments. He should at pre sent go no further into the question of the standard of cur rency than to say, that be thought the standard a most unjust one at the time it was adopted, although it was per haps less unjust at present than it was at the time of its adoption. He should now pass on to another part of this question, in which measures bad been adopted, of the po licy of which he entertained great doubts. He alluded to the withdrawal of the small notes from circulation. It seemed that the leaders of all parties were equally pledged to support this measure. They had all gotten into the mud together, and, if they now floundered about in each other's company until they were sinking below the surface, they could blame nobody but themselves. But when they asked that House and the people of England to come in and wade along with them they trade a request which was unreasonable in itself, and with which the people of this country would not comply. And when the Speech which had been read that day to the House should inform the people of this country that his Majesty's Ministers had no thing to propose for the relief of the public distress, and that they would not even attempt any inquiry into the cause of the existing evils, it was time to try whether it might not be worth while to communicate the management of public affairs to other men who, possessing some docility and sonic common sense, were at the same time imptessed with a conviction that the people of this nation might be rendered happy by the enactment of a few wise laws, which there seemed no likelihood of obtaining front the obstinacy of the present government. He should now come to the speech of the Noble Viscount (Goderich). The Noble Viscount had said that the change which had taken place in the currency hail nothing to do with the distress under which the country was groaning. (Lord Goderich here rose and made an explanation which was inaudible below the bar.) Lord Carnarvon, in continua tion—Did the Noble Viscount mean to say that, after the reduction of thirty millions of taxes—after reducing the whole amount of taxes from eighty-four millions to fifty six, we still continued to pay as much as before ? Did the Noble Viscount mean to intimate that this was the re sult of the laws which had been enacted upon the subject of the currency ? Were they to be now told that, after 15 years of peace, they paid taxes equal to the amount which had been levied during the progress of a ante.t ex pensive war ? Were they to be told that they ought still to pay the property tax, a tax which had beeu expressly levied as a war tax, and which had been frequently de clared not to be a permanent imposition ? If thud con tinuing to pay the heaviest scale of the war tax were the consequences which the currency laws produced in a period of continued peace, then he (Lord Carnarvon) should say that men who entertain such views, and pro duced such effects, were not capable of judging of either the condition or the resources of the country. With re gard to the Noble Duke at the bead of the Adminis tration he (the Earl of Carnarvon) should say that no minister of this country had ever possessed greater powee to carry any measure which he might judge to be condu cive to the public interest, arid that no Minister ever enter tained stronger wishes fbr the public happiness, or more honesty of intention. No roan was more ready than Le (Lord Carnarvon) to admit the existence of these qualities in the Noble Duke. Bat he would ask the I 1 able Dake whether, by any degree of retrenchment which could be adopted with safely, or oven by such a degree of retrench. ment as should compromise the public security, it was possible to meet the difficulties of the country ? When the Noble Viscount (Goderich) considered the bearing of the currency laws upon taxation he (Lord Carnarvon) asked the Noire Viscount to consider their effects upon every contract debt and obligation which existed in society between man and man. If he was to be told that these evils were the result of a transition from war to peace, he should answer, that this cause which lied been invented loug ago was in operation for sixteen years, during which the state of the country was continually growing worse, and its capital incessantly dwindling away. With regard to the withdrawal of the small notes from circulation, even the pretence upon which that measure Was attempted to be justified could not be maintained for an instant. It had been contended that the withdrawal of small notes 'would prevent the evils of overtrading, but the overtrading, by which were meant the extensive speculations of lills, was not attributable to the existence of small notes, which, on the contrary, supplied the means of employing and paying the poor, whilst the withdrawal of them had put an end to all credit for any considerable amount. Let the House look a little snore particularly at the effects of the measure as it was in actual operation during the past season. If, in some cases, the crop was abundant, yet the wetness of the season rendered it necessary to keep the crop in hands for some time, in order to dispose of it to any tolerable advantage. The firmer would, in such a case, go to the banker, and say that be wanted an advance of 1001., which he would pay back with interest as soon as the dryness of the weather should enable him to dispose with profit of a crop, which he should, for want of money, be obliged to dispose of at present at a ruinous under price. The banker would, in this case, answer that he could net make the advance; that he could only advance the money in five-pound notes, and that he found that every five-pound note which lie issued frotn his bank was returned back within eight slays, in order to be exchanged for geld ; and that the so exchanging the note for gold was an operation en which he (the banker) made no profit, and, conse quently, that it was an operation which lie was little inclined to repeat. He would, therefore, decline giving I the assistance required, and the farmer would, for want of the advance, be obliged to dispose of his crop at a ruin ous under price. The only argument that he had ever heard in favour of the withdrawal of the small notes was, that the issue of them created a danger that the bankers would trade for a time on fictitious capital in the market, and would therefore most probably fail at some point or other of their dealings. That this was true to some extent he (Lord Carnarvon) was ready to admit ; but it was a fact beyond doubt, that of the persons who failed in the speculations of 1825 there was lint a very small part who did not pay twenty shillings in the pound, even after all the losses and exrences which were inevit • ably entailed by stoppage and bankruptcy. A great part of the rest paid large proportions upon their debts, and this at a time when the amount of bills in circulation exceed ed, by more than a hundred millions, the amount in cir culation at present. It was his (Lord Carnarvon's) opinion that of the whole system of the currency the small notes were that past which had the least connexion with the production of overtrading. He was astonished to see that Ministers could come to no other conclusion upon the sub ject than that of contracting the general circulation, and restraining the issue of small notes. But it WAS snore surprising that they should persevere its that system, see ing that since they had been adopted, the distress of the country had been continually into casing. It was said that the amount of gold in circulation was sufficient fur the general purposes of business But was the quantity of gold in circulation as cheap now as before ? And could dear circulation ever support and facilitate the transactions ofa great nation. lie (Lord Carnarvon) spoke out his sentiments warmly upon the subject, because lie felt them warmly ; but he regretted to observe, in reference to the question, a general fear to offend and embarrass the Go vernment. Ile, for himself, disci timed all notion of putting any unnecesaury difficulty in the way of his Majesty's Government, but lie thought that the suppression of the public sentiment would ulti mately lead to more dangerous consequences than any which could at present result from an opus and earnest investigation of the state of the country. It was for this reason that lie had refused on many Occasions to sign petitions, of which the object was to procure pattitl relief fur the distresses old the coontry. Not that ho did not think that einne partial and temporary reli e f might not he obtained, but heCause he thought that the having re course to such measures woulvl end in a real illusion, by w p e case. taking uld foe o i tero t i t i i4 , ne t o i leta t f - h a t,,,.si sr etsil ige: t ieve iu some d c e egree t i , o loi t etl i Tl ( f t. : 1 1 : 11 : : : ( i si i i‘si et; condition o r itif i3Oz, most :a: i tt7 i ye , n .o phi tio.t tT to on subject. And he . earnestly of the people ; but the tax so t:tketini: henrieuisit,i,:efforredela were utaxes,iu.cip most i a lm,: n s i l l ieu t ur h i. e :irmt a td : I n it t il s e t bil i i by lahr. (Lord Carnarvon) the l r e t e o l: l ;iy le labouredof lingland to consider this the b u t thattlwy /),;weeitt from deepc oe o vr t i n alsc i netelindneddin,e,rtad which PRICE 7D. by poor Lice!: COn" r, 05 , per.: )CCs? aided 111 by sow' is to sal rodaies -o former place at ,f the de; :In t 0 1 !II of the, Trsary or ),,, p o or !an: of a ned J study by made to not in xishea 01 as a boll- ,at tshile ling Pro' ion, such their re° em to t of t heir it indivi . !it y, whO ae of op- s of thi s. t-riffs for h— 30s. rth 33 9 33 6 40 0 4 0 a :;9 o si 6 42 0 11 6 40 0 42 0 6 41 0 I IS}i. WEEK• ----•-• 13 eani , —........ p. S. 4g d. to ( 1 ,7 4 4 a 5 a 5 6 8 0 0 0 ;5 0 6 0 14 0 )usand. ; all bif , i• the nil' rmers In' le partial hive been qualities, is more v advance :n. Bar' request ; weeed and 501. 5 " 21". 24.. . 2tis. 2 84 ' —s. 28s. 34$ _ S. .245. 2tfs. . 2CI. 2471* itrx D. Previo' 3 , 1 th—s y ear. Bags, &c . I,S5i 9t2 IS7 cottOil One on an Its trunk , see to 6 5 its white ul rover A n itself Severa l ild pine . On the arth, far: 141 find it ling then atural re tunde eX large and whence :It it COn two—one little in- i s a great rliom it IS he lady of .k-squareo of Mos. of J. A. Lay of VI. Julie, the o Lieut... arils, awl on. F. J. Charlotte Esq., of Iliken, of s, Esq. of ton, Eq. El., of [uare, the '. Grieve, WO, si Rion. /' ~ 1 --~~ laid aid pswerfal *mei ) ink rissirei siring, v..iprons, aid decisive remedies. So couch far this subject. Me should now pus to other parts of the Speech. tad las should, before lie went further, express the eL.4tsfactinit which he felt at hearing. that the reform of the Orarts of Law wail ?Iwo to be trarla a eerernrorett ruel4nre. course whisk bad been pre•iouely rirsued upon this important, tothinte , 112 , 1 led to •Pry little benefit, althougb much time bad been lest, and much expen s e incurred ha the iIIII. , IrY. It tilt prOpaiggi investigation ihould be conducted with wisdom, Tigoar, and impar tiality, and should be followed by tie effect of rendering justice cheap and expeditious. it world tender a most im portant terrine to the puling. But this would remedy nit a small part of the evils under which the counti y was labouring, and which, if they went on increasing, would in a short time, delta/ all the a.tachment which the peo ple er tertained fir dsose who ought to be their napural protectors. If the present evil' continued witt out initi i {,stion the lower clashes of society would cease to have any -iinfiderice either in the immediate superiors, or in the Legislature or the Government ; nor would the Gores n m•nt or the Legislature deserve that such confidence .hor.ld be placed in them if they refund to apply the only remedy which could in any consider - aisle degree alleviate the diatreeses under whirl, the people were labouring. With regard to that part of the King's Speech which treated of the foreign relations of this country, tome part of it was satisfactory enough, but there was no great room for ex ultation in other respects. The Arlie Lord here entered into a review of the transactions connect,sl with the send ing out of this country of the Portuguese refugees who had been for some time stationed at Portsmouth, and who set sail for Brazil in the sours* of the last year. His Lordship entered at some length into a tonsidtration of the inetruviona which had keen seat from the Ad miralty to Captain Walpole, wile killed several of the Portuguese in preventing. them frost landing in the island of Terceira, which was then in poseession of some pers. a who acknowledged the Queen Donna Maria. The extreme and sudden variations which took place in the Lord's voice at this time, together with the almost eminterrupted awl vehement cheering of Lord Holland, rendered this pat t of the Earl of Cernarvon's speech inandihle he:ow the bar. His Lordship observed that the conduct of Don Mignel since his secession to the throne of Portugal had been •uch as not to entitle hint to say partiality from the British government, if it would not even jnetify this Go vernment ire taking measures of direct hostility against The utmost that could be expected from nor Government in that este, was that they should observe a sty ict and impartial neutrality between the contending pertios ; in stead of which they issued a distinct military aid for Don Miguel from the ports of this country. Here the Nod-e Earl entered into a statement of thstoirenntst.toesi eornect ed with the debate which took place upou the subject of the transaction at Terceira in the last sessi.n of Par- liament, and of some other maw* whirk prevented himself from being present at the diseu.sion. Its cent phtined, that having waited in town Sevond the time wkich had been appointed for the close of the Seitaion, anti that the session having been prolonged far a rt sok letyond the appointed time, and for the purpose of peeling a private Bill, the subject of Captain Walpole's conduct at Terceira had been brought before the Hoare is that week so added to the Sesaio❑ for the passing of a private Bill through Parliament. Reverting to the subject of Tercei: a, his Lordship said that the order which had 61144 front the Admiralty was justified by the perfidy of the Portngnese emigrant:. lint he (Lord Carsarvon) titso:;ht that the conduct of the British Government was at.: fr.e flow blame. Whether these COO men ought to have beets or not been separated from each other, it was, uadoubtedly, a cruel measure to separate the mesa from their (lit:eta. Here the Noble Earl restated the facto sonvected with the attack at Teiceira, and lamented that the brave officer w! to commanded a portion of the British navy on that occasion, should have been plated, by the orders of the Admiralty, under the necessity of killing brave, patriotir, and virtvona men, who preferred to riposte themsclvers to itimediate death from British arms rather than espooe t%sinvelves to the pooei bility of being again placed under the moot rotidcait and savage tyranny that had ever oppressed and afflic,ed a:ss kind. The conduct of the Sritish Government, in thus lir lag upon men who were in the act of endeavouring bu lard in their own country, had Leen defended on the I;n:tend of the want of candour which Lad been shown by the Pot tucume themselves. But the facts of the cam did not wart aI,I Any such deft nee. The Viscount Ittabayana, Lavin( applied to the Government for leave to ship some muskets at Ports, mouth, was informer; that he 4101011 not ie sacred to do so, except upon his engaging not to attack any part of the kingdom of Portugal. Now, the Portuguese soldiers who embarked for Brazil, under the direction■ of Viscount Itabsynna, disclaimed any intention of attacking Portugal, and the Noble Duke opposite /ad oonstraed this into a pledge that they would not send the muskets he any place where the subjects of Portegal, acknew•iedgiug Donna Maria for tkeir Queen might he exposed to attack ky the troops of lion Miguel. He (Lord C.) wail ready to ►d rrrit that in the conduct of Itahayana there might have been something like a manoeuvre, but it tartly was net auffi eirnt to justify the Admiralty in oriel iag a rortion of the 13, itish navy to attack a leuly of me* who had nothing to de with the arrangeotents er engagements entoreil ;ato by Viscount Itabayana with the British Geverninent. It war asherted that these six hundred toes, unarm:oil, were wills with the intention of attacking Terceira, or sons* other island, hut the Government well knew that Terceira was only sought as a friendly statics to which they Delight reti, as to a shelter when no ether asylum cEtred.. It rsas tle fore a subte: fuge for Gover meet to my that s►ck was their intention ; for it was is the grit place ■ot i❑ their lower, nor had they ever entertained nay hostile views whatever. They only attempted to laid there, as a friendly station, which was not under the :sovereignty of Don Aligned, but of theirlawful Queen.—( Hear, hear, from Lord Holland,) We had not acknowledged Miguel as Sovereign of Portu gal, but only treated him as a King de facto, and ke Lisa no right to expect that we should interfere: to prevent a descent of the Queen's subjects on a spot whirl: utterly disclaimed his authority, alai was ander the tovei•eigaty of their legitimate Queen. They had a tight to land there, and we had no right to prevent theme net to make them prisoners under the pretence of giving them a convoy. 'I he Noole Duke was sufficiently conver►ant with attacks; but when did he ever see or hear of an attack on armed fortifications by a small hand of six kaosired men, with no other arms than these with which netute had furnished them ? They had made no attempt to at tack any of the other islands which remained mailer the dominion of Dna Miguel; and yet if they had gone to the Brnails they might leave beer pet on V 142.1,1 a vesed of war, a d sent to attack Lichen itself. We knew Miguel oil, as a King de pet° ; whereas the Queen of Penns) vv ,,', 3 Qaeen of Terceira, both tie facto tad de istre. He expected a distinct explanation ef the foliewrag sircurn stance from the First Lord ef the Treesury 1--Tt eir Lordships had, before them a espy of e € 7 ;.apatela from the Duke of Wellington to the Earl of Aboaeen. frem which it appeared that the Noble Duke teseesietosi the htleirae-ei of the Noble Earl's office for hloi a and said " Sae what I have been tieing for yoga this least week." The Neiii!et Duke, it appeared, ionic the whole busleose of the Foreign °flier, add pomilely ef the Admiralty, and other departments of Government, on Mr, me, adaum qui fed, in me coat:crate ferrunt. Tlta Noble Duke in this respect resembled what on tee stage they called an actor of all work. 11. e teak every thing on himself, and perhaps aietate...:' the Ad miralty Order for our inteeferenee; sail would have had no pretence to ineputv any blame V Gar Goerrnment, if we had sutured them to ge wherever they pica:ter'. It wee litteenteli)e to see the eacilleting poliey which the Mi. nieters had adopted on this sniajeut, ehowitee n diepoeition to interfere, and yet half afraid to do co—wilich pave oc casion to this unjest i eenguiaery, nisi illegal attack on the noble little hand who at %.4apte4 to laud at Tepee ira—( Hear, heir, front lorei Ilollund)—and thireloy supported by au armed force the cause of their friend W-guee We hed tie eight, by the law of nature er ef nations, to interptese.— Theee Was no necessity for lending tie British arretr to Miguel to support his usurpation. Had et net ken for this, the Queen's troops asecabled at ()pert. ritielit h ave dethroned the Usurper, and treed their ecentry. Ti key mire superior in force to tke erieray,, sad A:Intel:I *ily v., be h far on e t ed ite e nawit e otfiicers ! bat w 4 l,vltr a had b,thet n ni t nel d N y cwafideutly Ferrel ; but ce their .Lordiliipt, it fe t r u ootiml j d o t i li n i,net t h i bm e e m pk; papers laid h e n eport • ryas sensor or not. It heti been field that thuse of the uea,r who adhered to their Que.(); and their country were lukewarm in their ewer cause, But this Was not tie ; twee they ouly wasted a real neutrality bn the pert 0; this orautri, and ascribed their failure to the want at it. Eat owl. 11141 .sera were employed in makitat 'avr on the raeourcee of their even country, and cce.l,tA tent take a decilitre part in the etreira of Portugal, it teas high time to have recourse to the proper mean* restoring this country to eta former prosperity ; but if the Ministers petstrered in the team they had begun, the star of Britain would aink fast in the poli tire' galaxy. But the first atop to relief moat be a step in retreat. Ile had nn greet hope* freest a Parliamentery inquiry on tlis suWeet. The remedy, to le effretual, wrest come fr s em Govetrit:ewnr, and it.tst he prcuiptly rlll itd an] our c,nly hop:• v,.:4 ire baying, a Guvernuieut which would speedily adopt the tv-3rs of relief. W 5 had un hope from a Government which not only was out 63.p...ea to apply a remedy, bat did act feel tlat the o vL eitistede / / ,----