The Sun. — London, England, 1863-10-10 00:00:00

ERE POLISH INSURRECTION. (From the Correspondent of the Times.) WARSAW, Oct. 3. A Polish friend of mine who thinks, with reason, that Warsaw is not a nice place to stay in just now, begged me when I was leaving Cracow, to take up my quarters at some distance from the city, and to enable me to do so agreeably gave me a letter t o one of his relatives living near Piaseczno, at about 14 m=ales distance from the capital. But tLere is no place in Russian Poland where you :nay not be mradered at a moment's notice, and I could not help indulging in some reflections on th e pecu li ar uncer tainty of human life under a barbarous government on hearing yesterday that my supposed place of -safety had been the scene of one of those infamous outrages so common in Poland that a correspondent ceases at last to mention them, as a eorrespondent in Dahomey would no doubt cease at last to speak of the "customs" of Dahomey's "well-intentioned" Bing. I was vaunting, at second hand, the tran quillity of Piaseczno, and meditating au excursion there, when I was informed that two days before a proprietor of the neighbourhood, Baron Dangiel, had been cut to pieces by the Russian dragoons as he was standing in one of his own fields, quietly superintending some farming operations. There is no reason why I should mention this most ordinary incident, except that, with the egotism for which Englishmen are so notorious abroad, I could not, no t having cann o t st ill , help congratulating m yself on having b een present when it occurre d. A slight skirmish between Russian dragoons and Polish gen darmes h a d ta k en place c l ose to Piaseczno, and when it was at an end the former committed nume rous acts of violence on unarmed and perfectly in offensive persons. The dragoons cut at the head D ang iel, and arms of Baron and, as I said before, chopp e d hi m i n pieces. ill-informed journals are full of explanations, and better informed ones o f speculations as to the mean ing of Mieroslawsk t s r ecent appointment. The C :as must know as much about th e matter as any o of Cracow, whic hf the French or German newpapers, has not a word to s a y on the subject. The Indepen dance, tho recognised g . or an of the Nation a l Govern eat, has not appeared since the Bth of la s t mont h . The last proclamation of the National Government, printed as a handbill, and now circulating in War " W , is dated the 26th of September, and says no thing about Mieroslawski. It shows, however, that there has been some change in the Government, for it speaks of " the Government of today," and an nounces that this Government will follow in the steps of the preceding one. It declares that it repre sents no party, and that its object is to " unite all parties in one revolutionary movement." How anti revolutionists are to be brought into a revolution ary movement is not explained ; but it must be re membered that the same words have not the same signafication in Poland as in England, and if you ask t. Pole who calls himself a revolutionist what he means by the name, he will, for the most part, rep i ly that he does not think of social revolution, but; simply wishes that the insurrection against Russia shall be carried on with the energy that has characterised successful political revolutions every where. A Polish democrat is often an aristocrat 'who thinks it a fine and novel thing to demand that all men shall be equal before the law—which I have frequently been assured in Poland is a peculiarly l"rench idea, dating from the revolution of 1789. Ho does not dream of applying French democratic principles generally—for the sufficient reason that the first effect of such a step would be to sanction the existing state of things in Poland, whieh does not afflict the Polish peasants any more than it afflicts the Polish horses and cows. As the Polish democrats are a tone higher than the democrats of the west of Europe, so also are the Polish revolu tionists ; and the curious notion of " uniting all parties in. one revolutionary movement , ' is not ne cessarily a revolutionary notion in oar sense of the word. Nevertheless, as I had occasion to remark a month ago, when Mieroslawski had just been offered the appointment which he has now publicly accepted, the moment of despair for Poland—if it arrives—is likely to be a moment of great danger. Ter:orism has been threatened, and in connection with terrorism Mieroslawski's name is always men tion.ed. He has been the bugbear of the National party for some time past. If anything bus gone wrong, the discontented people (who in times of national trouble naturally form no small class) have s , dd , " Why, any one, even Mieroslawski, could do better than that." " It' this sort of thing lasts much Jongor we had better get Mieroslawski, and finish it one way or the other," and so on. Ho has been so much attacked that people have got to look upon him as a sort of recognised " opposition," and to take it foe granted that on the first change of Go vernment the said " opposition" must naturally come into power. It seemed to me that as soon as Russia refused in a direct manner the proposition of en armistice and a conference, and as soon as it became evident that the Western Powers would take no steps to forefa its acceptance upon her—then that the Poles, finding themselves abandoned to their own re beaurces, would have recourse to the most desperate maeasures, and that these measures would naturally be carried out by the only men who really in their hearts approve them. But the extreme pasty, the "red" party, the revolutionary party, ir k the generally accepted sense of the term, is less numerous than it reckoned itself to be, and I believe it understands that if, after getting into Power, it goes too far, the supplies will be suddenly stopped. The worst of it is that not a month nor a week is necessary for playing the great coup that has long bean meditated. Another danger is that the extreme party has nearly all its adherents in the towns, so that whatever its forces may be they are at least not dispersed, and may easily be called into action. I know nothing more about th e new nom i nat i ons of the Nation a l Government gave taken plac e , an d are stillan d the changes that composition of the National Government dtakinmerie place, in the itself, ex. gar has been ap pointed, that a new chi e f o f g t pointed, whose first act was to issue a ac cepting the responsibility attack on Gen. proclamation of h Berg; that Mieroslawski is named not organise r o f the detachments of the National a but " organiser of the detachments OflYthell Poland, National army abroad," and that the five Mini • sters (of wa r , of the Interior, of Justice, of Finance, and of Public chan ged at are re p orted not to have been at all. It ca nnot be said positively that the extreme par ty has as yet come into power, nor that it will come into power at all to such an extent as to have 1 the general direction of affairs ; but if an attempt is being made to m ix the " red" (or violent revolu tionary) party w i t h the " white" ( or moderate, and above all National) party, th© colour of the mixt ure must at least be reddish. As to the very " red" pro clamation of the new chief of the gendarmerie, I may mention that that functionary did not enter u pon his office until after the attack on Gen. Berg, and that th ere i s good indirec t evidence in a pro clamation issued b his pre decessor on the ISth,the daY b efore the attack that noth i ng thee o f the kind was ' l editated—that is to say, not by the meat. In short " Govern- National ,it appears from papers issued by the as publicly Governmentas can and distributed iD Warsave the attack onec.cl,l well be, that within a week after p owered, that th en chan e 1 ero.l Ber the Government was power coincide, with oft he new Government to place u whi t e t h h the acceptance by Mieroslaw ski of a 'was offered to himb he t had not accepted when it old Government a month before ; and that the Y new National held it tv tGoverument has at least one officer who wishes an act of which the responsible for composed on Sept. 19, was Government, as it was of o.ver fruitless. It may be said that the Nationa e i nt u irelY bound by the proclamations nment is not ganiee detach- Mteroslawski, being appointed tol,tasr officers ; that relents abroad, when there are no organise, is in the position of e bishop"hpraents to and that Whites a it may even be said that it is a fortunat e thing trtzbus tor.,,etherhitels coalition should have been formed, end Beds should now be working seems to me all the same that the new Governmentt has a decidedly ruddy complexion. On the other hand I may mention on behalf of the new Government that it has suggested to the gendarmes the propriety of not exposing the inha bitants of Warsaw to the peualtirs to which per- sons witnessing an act of homicide without de nouncing its author become liable, and that a cer tain number of gendarmes have sworn that if called upon to execute a spy or other person condemned by the National Government they will at once take the consequences of their act and re.r, ain by the 1 1 body until they are arrested. r The chief Police-master of Warsaw has, on his side, communicated an order to his agents by which each of them is bound to arrest ten Poles a-week, so that in a given time, if the insurrection lasts long enough, all Poland will be in prison. This appears incredible, but a friend of mine has in his possession the lithographed circular in which the order is con tained, SOCIAL SCIENCE CONGRESS. ED IN BU 'wit, Thursday. b p y ap m er is i s " n F t lo h r e en P c u e b x li i c gh il tin ea g lt a h le an d Department readby was c o n T t h r u fi t r e s d t S. Jackson. The paper in the outset referred to the report of the Royal Commission on the sanitary state of the army in India, which showed that unless the health of British troops in India could be improved, and the enormous death -rate reduced, this country would never be able to hold India with a British army. The time had not yet arrived for the pres sure of the death-rate which that report disclosed to be fully experienced, because the present large army was compara tively new to the country. But unless active measures be taken by the Indian Government to give effect to the re. commendations of the commission, it was unhappily certain that the mortality would increase with the length of service, and then will be felt the difficulty started by Sir Alexander Tulloch—viz., of filling up the ranks of those prematurely slain by preventible diseases from the recruiting depots at home. In former times, when the Company's troops bore but a small proportion to the resources (in men) of this country, the death-rate was not so much felt. The small army was swept away, and its place supplied, as often as necessary, from the recruiting offices at home, But now that a large proportion of the whole British army was sta tioned in India, the question whether we should hold or lose India would depend very much on the steps taken by the Indian Government. The paper then went on to notice the death-rate of the troops serving in the country, which was stated on undoubted authority to be not less than 69 per 1,000 per annum. Wo had been endeavouring to explain away the obvious result of these figures by showing that the average was not constant, that in certain years or groups of years the death -rate was much greater than in others, that the mortality in the years of excess was due to wars and other causes, that peace, and not sanitary measures, was therefore the remedy, and in short that the statement of a death-rate averaging 69 per 1,000 per annum was not a fair representation of the case. To this there was the simple reply that during the present century there had been an average loss from death alone of 69men out of every 1,000 per annum ; and, while it matters not how the mor tality had been distributed, there was every reason to be lieve that if things go on as they have done in the present century we shall go on losing our troops at the rate of 30, 50, 70, 90, or 100 and upwards per 1,000. The death-rate above indicated was, in fact, understated, for it says nothing of the invalids sent home from India who die at sea, or within a short time of their arrival at home, nor of the loss to the service by destroyed health, nor of the mutiny years. Assuming the strength of the Indian army at 73,000 Bri tish troops, and taking the death-rate at present alone, without the sickness and invaliding, such an army would lose on an average of years an entire brigade of 5,037 men per annum. It might lose some years half that number, but in other years it would lose two such brigades. It was said that the death-rate of the war years being the highest (not from wounds), peace, and not the sanitary measures, was the remedy. As well might it be said that the British army having nearly perished before Sebastopol, not from wounds, but from the want of every supply of civilised life, peace, and not the supply of the wants of civilised life, was the remedy. The Royal commissioners had shown that if the death-rate were reduced to even 20 per 1,000 per annum, i.e., double that of home stations, since these stations were improved, to India would be saved a tax equal to £l,OOO per diem ; and this represents the coat of replacing the men cut off by excess of premature and preventible mortality. In speaking of the cause of this high death-rate, Miss Nightingale referred to the want of attention to climate on the part of Britons, and to the ordinary system of diet ing British soldiers in India, which, she stated, was more adapted to a cold climate than that of out-doer farm ser vants doing work in England. More than that, the occasional dram at home was commuted by regulation in India into a permission to drink two drams, i.e., six ounces of raw spirits each day ; and be it remembered that, at the same time the men had little or no work to do. The craving for spirits induced by this regulation habit of tip pling leads to increase of drunkenness, so that with over eating, over-drinking, and total id.enese, and vice springing directly from these, the British soldier in India had small chance indeed of coping with the climate so called. The re gulation allowance of raw spirits which a man might obtain at the canteen was no less than 181 gallons per annum, which, she believed, was three times the amount per indi vidual which had raised Scotland, in the estimation of eco nomists, to the rank of being the most spirit-consuming na tion in Europe. Of late years malt liquor had been partly substituted for spirits; but up to the present time every man if he thought fit, might draw his 1S gallons a year of spirits besides what he got surreptitiously at the bazaar. The diseases, however, from which soldiers mainly suffered were miasmatic, such as foul-air and foul-water diseases, fevers, dysenteries, &c. The writer then noticed the total want of drainage and pure water in the Indian stations, and mentioned, as regards the latter, that there was certainly not a single barrack in India which was supplied, in our sense of the term, at all. Water was to be had either from tanks, into which all the filth on the neighbouring surface was washed by the rains, or from shallow wells dug in un wholesome or doubtful soil. So simple a piece of mechanism as a pump was unknown. The quantity of water was utterly insufficient for health, and as to quality the less said about that the better. There was no reason to hope that any sta tion had what in this country would be called a pure water supply; and at some, it was to be feared, that when men drank water they drank cholera with it, The overcrowding in barracks was next referred to, and the principle of build ing detached barracks in good situations and well-ventilated recommended. As to the climate, there was, the winter con sidered, not a shadow of proof that India was created to be the grave of the British:race ; the evidence on the contrary, was quite in the other direction, and showed that all the cli mate required was that men should adapt their social habits and customs to it, as indeed they must do to the require ments of every other climate under heaven. That was a duty which devolved on men themselves ; the construction of drains and the finding of a supply of pure water pertained to the Government. If these improvements, along with improved agriculture, and agricultural drainage, were effected, !the normal death-rate of the British soldier would be (say the commissioners) not 69 per 1,000, but 10 per 1,000. After alluding to the necessity of bringing Euro pean civilisation and appliances to bear upon the natives of India, at the same time that the condition of the natives was improved, Miss Nightingale concluded by remarking that the whole question resolved itself into this—how to create a Public Health Department for India; how to bring a higher civilization into India. What a work—what a noble task for an Indian Government I That would, she said, be creating India anew, For God places His own power, His own life-giving laws, in the hands of man. He permits man to create mankind by those laws, even as He permits man to destroy mankind by neglect of those laws. Dr. JACKSON next read a paper by the Rev, Dawson Burns " On the influence of Alcoholic Liquors upon Health, as illustrated by the experience of the British Army in India." it had b een ascerta i ne d t h at whereas the Mr. EDWIN C HADWICK, C . 8., remar k e d t h at in stancedineaotbne-rateut p among the t roops i n the one station was 44 in 1 , 000, b the death -rate of th e t roops in the same place who had been upon temperance condition s was reduced to 14 in 1,000. (Hear, hear.) Th ere was no doubt that by similar ap pliances, combined w i t h habits of prudence and sanitary appliances, the re d uction which Miss Nightingale had alluded to of 10 in 1,000, or 15 in 1,000, might be expected to prevail throughout the whole of India. Dr. NEILsox 11.txcoex. showed that the system of com pelling the men not to marry was one of the most prolific sources of mortality. Mr. Itawiaxsort, C.E., said that if care were taken to obtain the beat sites on which to erect barracks, and to have them placedunder bettersupervisiou—if they got the soldiers better accommodation, and abolished the spirit rations, they might place the British army in India, now nearly SO,OOO strong, in such a position that in place of its mortality show ing about GO or 70 per 1,000 it should not exceed 20. The remaining papers, by Mr. lIoLLANI), M.P., and Mr. GANGED, referred to the subject of diseas e in cattle and in spection of markets. Mr. RAWLINSON quite agr ee d th at this question of dis eased meat had assumed a na ti onal importance, and tabetaken up by Governm en t. I t had fallen under hi oughts inspect many slaughterhouse s in different parts of duty dhe found that the extent of the trade in dig- Eng l3ll- ' n most ailing was apP • eased cattle j i (Trade and International Law) Department In the Sixt a s contributed by the Liverpool Financial to ra the first paper ‘B.tion, advocating an increase of direct taxa- Reform Association, tion and the repeal o f Customs and Excise duti es . A paper . ~,,,i t h was also read, condemning indirect George "-' -- , impolitic, extravagant, and sinfully by Mr. i cc imequai, • r a utoralising." The following letter on as tlxat e i ril, and extremely -e read on behalf of the Liverpool from mm Mr. Cobden was then uested that gentleman's attend- Association, which had req once at this congress : " Midhuret, Oct. 3. "Dear Sir,--As I shall not be i lion E co di A nh ss u o r e g i h at a io t n t , h i e t ap proaching Preaching meeting of the Social i.ez he my power e tode demerits t p s a o r f t l e be in t and indirect taxation. for t evil direct and discussion respect_ ttisoanYad:l:till,, because it is really little more than a ques tion oitrtminginthwohnicehceswsiety;sohf ; but, a d given sum o money no argument in the abstract arlalistionl;aate a neceosary f elPEnses of Government, there can really be 4' Why it should not be raised in THE StrN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1863. that form which is the least costly and inconvenient to the public. whichl say thed vin the abstract,advocacy °yof abstract I k know all principle the givesad vantage v Excise sto duties andsubjection. other indi rect taxes are more costly in collection than a di rec t levy of taxation, and nobody who has examined th e practical and subject can doubt that they obstruct commerce, impede manufacturers, and check the production of wealth. If a proof of this be required, compare the progress of a free port like Hamburg with a Custom-bound place like Havre. As to the difficulty of instituting direct for indirect taxation, that is a tax for statesmen to accomplish. Once convince the public of the soundness of your principles, and you will soon have a Huskisson, Peel, and Gladstone ready to put them into practice. The local legislation of our town councils has already shown the way. The municipal go vernments of our cities contrive to raise their funds by a direct tax, instead of an octroi, which is considered an im possible achievement by the towns of the Continent. Now, what are the taxes on tea, sugar, coffee, &c., levied at our Custom-houses but so many octroi dues on a large scale ? How impossible it would be to put up barriers at the entrance to Edinburgh or Manchester to collect the municipal rates in the clumsy form of a duty on the daily supplies of those cities ; and lam as firmly convinced as of my existence that if we could have for a few years that experience of all the advantages which an abolition of import duties into this kingdom would give us, it would be as impossible to replace the Custom-houses, as a substitute for the collector of direct taxes, as it would now be to levy octroi dues at the suburbs of our large towns instead of the direct rates which are collected from house to house for municipal purposes. Of course you will be met by politicians of all parties with the assertion that your plan is impracticable, which means only that it cannot at present be adopted with advantage by either of the existing political parties; but I repeat, if you can beat your opponents in the field of abstract argument, you will, sooner or later, find statesmen who will be proud to give a legislative triumph to your principles. It is only a question of time.—Believe me to be yours faithfully, "C. E. Macqueen, Esq." " R. COBDEN. Mr. HAUGHTON contended that it was not the mode of raising the taxes that injured the working men, but the badness of trade, that prevented him paying the taxes. Mr. BARRACKSON, of Liverpool, though not opposed to direct taxation, thought those who proposed the abolition of indirect taxation should inform them how the £12,000,0 0 0 thus obtained was to be raised in the other way. Mr. H. FAWCETT spoke at considerable length in favour of indirect taxation, and criticized the principles and opera tions of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association. In justice, he fully admitted, was connected, and necessarily connected, with indirect taxation ; but he could also show that injustice was connected, and necessarily connected, with direct taxation, and no one had ever succeeded in point ing out how a large revenue could be raised without pro ducing great injustice and being accompanied with a great number of evils to the community. Protection was, be considered, abolished, but he believed that they could have perfect free trade with indirect taxation, and when they brought forward arguments against protection, they ran" not suppose that they were bringing forward argument s against indirect taxation. It was well known that direct taxes could not be raised from certain classes with certainty and precision, and he believed, that if any system of taxa tion tended to make a nation immoral it was the Income tax—for it Was known that incorrect returns were often be given in, so that parties might be r e li eve d f rom so me por • Lion of the burden. (Hear, hear.) In suc h a tem ptation to dishonesty as this there was a con s t ant i n d ucement to sap the morality of the country. (Hear, he ar .) Th en,t h e i nco me-tax was a most unfair one— and if a ll th e revenu e was to be raised in this way, then the inequality wou ld b e increased immensely—but with indirect tax a ti on th e i nequa litY was spread over different classes of the c ommun it y , a nd there was some chance that inequality in o ne di rect i on might compensated by inequality in another. (Hear, hear.) Ile certainly could not understand the arguments of the mem bers of the Liverpool Association, who said that the great objection to indirect taxation was that the working man was too heavily taxed. Did they mean to propose that the working classes should escape altogether under direct taxa tion ? Ho did nut think that such a thing would be fair* He knew that that was a favourite doctrine to propag ate from election hustings, bu t h e th ought i t was a most im moral one (loud applause), an d people who ha d s tudied the question ought not to co me f orward and pander to the pre judice of the poorer classes i n t h at way. He thou ght there was a class more heavily tax e d th an t h e work i ng man, and that was the clerks who had their salary of £lOO or £lOO a-year. (Hear, hear.) He complained that neither the re presentatives of the association nor Mr. Cobden i n his letter had suggested any practical mo d e o f ra i s i ng t h e revenue of the country in the manner of whi c h t h ey seeme d to approve; and if they were not able to do so, then the meeting, as practical men, ought not in the least degree to belie ve in the practicability or the feasibili t y o f th e scheme. (Hear hear.) He considered that the present mode of raising the revenue was as just and equitable as any mode he had ever seen propounded. (Hear, h ear .) Mr. NOBLE replied to Mr. Fawcett, and denied that the Liverpool Association pandered to the poorer classes. The SOLICITOR-GENERAL fo r I RELAND gave it as his opiuion that the question was entirely one of a choice be tiveen two evils, and that a j u di c i ous pro portionment of both modes was the fairest arrangement that could be made. Mr. DUNCAN M'LAREN thought the argum e nt of the Liverpool Association that the working classes were unduly burdened by indirect taxation was capable of proof, and he proceeded to show that the taxes on tea, sugar, and other necessaries of life were paid in a very muc h larger pro portion by th e p oor c l asses t h an b y t h ose who were in receipt of large incomes. Mr. C. H ARRISON p ropose d as a reso l a ti o n,—" That the present mode of raising the revenue of the British empire is as just as an y th a t h as yet b een d ev i se d ;" but after a considerable amount a general discussion, the motion was withdrawn. epithets The CHAIRMAN said h e h o p e d, if this subjett again r t e e m a d p e t i h a a t t e m d ;nu . e r Ho t h a had a d i t n h e a v d e r b e h e e n a r i d n came up for con s ider a ti on , i t wou ld b o treated in a more socr m o a f ny the papers against an (opposite system as he had heard in that paper. Mr. D. W. HENDERSON, Leith, read a statistical paper on the effects of free trade in corn and navigation in cheap ening the food of the people ; after which Mr. DELAHANTY read a paper on the currency laws of the U n it e d Ki ng d om, i n which he advoca t e d an assimilation of the la ws o f I re l an d an d Scotland to t h os e of England. Several gentlemen system ha o v f in p g aper expressed eurr nathin Scotland, the department a dj ourne d. currency satisfaction with the present The Extraordinary Mail-bag Robbery. iIuLL, Friday. The examination of Maria Cooke was continued on Wed nesday, yesterday, and to-day at the Hull Police•court, be fore Mr. Travers, the stipendiary magistrate. Mr. F. F. Ayre appeared, as before, to conduct the pro secution, instructed by Mr. Forrest, the Post-office superin tendent for the Derby district. Mr. F. Summers watched the case for the prisoner. ness asked her what sort of a man ho was, and she replied that he was a very tall man. The witness then inquired whether she knew him. She answered in the negative,and added, "I should not know him again, as I had never seen him before." The witness asked if she gave anything for the cheques, and she said " No." He then took her to the police station, and charged her. She said, "lam as inno cent of the robbery as you are". _ . _ vV : - Mr. Taylor, being recalled, said that the prisoner had on the same dress when sho travelled from Ferriby to Hull, on the night of the 24th of September, as sho was wearing at the bar. Some minor details of evidence having been filled up by other witnesses, the prisoner, who by the advice of Mr. F. Summers, her solicitor, reserved her defence, was fully committed to take her trial at the ensuing assizes. Statistics of Cremorne. The garden s o f C remorne are twenty-two acres in extent, are pr e ttily l a id ou t, are flu led with brilliant flowers, and are kept with as much care as those of the H ort i cultural Society. Indee d, of th e qu i et daylight frequenter s o f th e place, were they n o t prop er l y attended to, there would b o a ser i ous f all.. ing off During the season, the s ervices of fift een gardeners are constantly required, in rolling paths, mowing l awns, an d atten di ng to the beds. Pre vious to op en i ng, twenty carpenters, six scene_ painters, twelve gasm en , t wo women to sew canvas, four men to repair the roof, and five house-painters, take pos sess i on of the outside of C remorne and its appurtenanc es , while two upholsterers, fifteen wardrobe-makers, and ten property-men, look up old material, and prepare for internal decoration. Then the literary gentleman attached to the estab lishment sits down in his cabinet to compose the announcement of approaching festivities, and eight bill-posters convey the result of his cogitations to an admiring Public. I n thi s pas t season o f 1863 th e Gardens opened in the early spring with a dog show ; and the estimate for the preparation, for gardeners, painters, roofers, carpenters, smiths, labourers, and gravel diggers, amounted to £3,500, independent of the cost of material, galvanised iron, timber, ironmongery, wire work, &c., about £2,000 more. While the Exhibition was open, the ex penses of keepers, police, attendants, and music, were about £3OO a week, and a very large sum was expended in advertisements and prizes. This dog s how, however, was an extraneous affair, not calcu lated in the regular round of expense. In the same category was the tournament, to produce which the services of three hundred " supers," six armourers, thirty-two horses, and ten grooms, were specially engaged. When the Gardens are open for the sea son the regular staff is very large and very costly. It comprises sixteen moneytakers, seven gasmen, two scene painters, three house painters, one resident master carpenter, and seventeen wardrobe men and women. The stage department requires the services aid the fairy of twenty-fi ve carpen t ers t o wor k t h e scenes, a prompt er , a h un d re d mem b ers of the corps de ballet, ento two princip a l d ancers, three principal pantotnimists, sever a l vocalists,f fountains u n t and a in a a wouldt u r n e o n c k o •- t ••• w flowi th . o u t Ad whose d t o this a fi rework manufacturer with seven assistants, fifteens e t o f twenriders,tyseveralwith dg and a and monkeys, oo Th e an a t t r i e i ; a set of mari one tt es an d their m as t er, in twenty five members of"thpart of the g ro u n d s ; two peripatetic b ands, a eetiregular orchestra and gentle who deliver s a lecture on the Australian ex policemen, and, o n extra nights srore.rs, three regular have some notion o f what the O thers, and you nia haPement of Cremorne Gardens ha s t o meet on se,t, arday morn ings, as the cost of the amusem e • nt n ' Provides.— , DickWg's " Ale the Year Zooid." The following evidence was given on 'W ednesday : William Anson stated that he was a grocer at South Cave, and kept the post-office. The letter produced, bearing the address, Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, was stamped with the South Cave post-mark, and put into the mail-bag, to the best of his knowledge and belief. The mail-bag, after it had been made up, was placed by witness himself on the counter of the shop. There was not any par ticular place for the mail-bag to be put after it had been made up and was waiting the arrival of the mail-cart. The bag was not very often left on the shop counter without some person in charge of it. After witness had taken the bag and put it on the counter, he went into the sitting room, leav ing his wife in the shop. The mail-cart did not,arrive for, perhaps, ten minutes or a quarter of an hour after the bag had been placed on the counter as he had stated, and he bad gone into the sitting room at the back of the shop. The bag was only missing about two or from that to three minutes before the arrival of the mail-cart. He (witness) had gone from the sitting room at the back of the shop into the kitchen, and while he was there his wife came to him and said the bag was missing and could not be found anywhere. The robbery must have been effected in the two or three minutes that his wife had left the shop. Immediate search was made for:the bag in all directions, but it could not be found. Witness sent for Mr. Bedford, the schoolmaster, who assisted in making up the bag, and he went various ways, but no trace of the missing bag was discovered. Mrs. Anson, wife of the last witness, deposed that she knew the prisoner at the bar, Mrs, Maria Cooke. She had often seen her at South Cave, for she had stopped at wit ness's house. The prisoner had never, to witness's know ledge, seen the mail-bags made up. On the evening of the 24th September her husband (the last witness) placed the mail bag on the counter, after it had been made up, to await the arrival of the mail -cart. Her husband went out of the shop into the sitting-room, and left her (witness) in the chap. No one came into the shop while witness was there, but ehe did go out for a few minutes. Witness did not see any one looking in at the window during the time witness was out of the shop. There was time enough for a person to have gone in and got clear off with the mail. bag before she (witness) returned. The following evidence was taken yesterday : James Anson, recalled and examined by Mr. Ayre, de posed that on the evening in question he placed the mail bag upon the counter himself. He could not say why the bag was placed upon the counter, but his wife was in the shop, and she was looking after the bag. He only saw a little girl in the shop after the bag was made up. Witness was induced to go upstairs by his wife saying " It has just come into my mind that there is a bag in the back chamber." He immediately went upstairs to fetch the bag and found it covered up with some mats. He brought it down and took it into the shop and placed it beside a butter basket on the floor, leaning against the counter. He (witness) then went into the back kitchen. An alarm was given a short time after that the mail-bag was gone. His wife said, "Oh 1 Anson, the mail-bag has gone." Witness then went into the shop and searched for it without success. Ho left the shop and told the neighbours what had occurred, and a further search was made with no other result. Bedford instituted a search on the Beverley road and afterwards returned and told witness he had found nothing. The mail cart arrived soon after and the news that the bag was missing was sent to Brough and other places by the mail cart. By the Magistrate —Witness was only upstairs a few minutes looking for the bread bag. Mrs. Anson, recalled, stated that she saw her husband place the mail bag on the counter, and he then went into the kitchen. In a minute or two he called out, and she went into the passage. That was perhaps about five minutes after the bag had been placed upon the counter. He was sitting in the kitchen by the fireside, opposite the door, Ile tsopolko look for ru it pabreadibrsa,g, where and she then (witness) took a candle with hi m had told him there was a bag that would do. She returned to the shop, and almost directly afterwards found that the mail bag was gone, She called out to her husband, who came down, and they searched together, looking about the shop and the shop floor. She did not recollect telling Mr. James, when he called, that her husband was in the kitchen when she gave him the alarm that the bag was lost. The Magistrate—But remember, Mrs. Anson, that the witness is prepared to say that you did, Witness--Well, it may be so. The Magistrate—How do you account fur the way in which the bag was stolen ? What is your own notion ? Witness—Well, Sir, I fully believe that the bag was stolen from the street door, as the passage door has a bell, which must have rung had any one come in that way. Examination continued—Witness thought that any one might have entered by the passage door and stolen the bag without her seeing them, or any ono in the room hearing them, if they did so gently. Sho had convinced herself of tb.at by a practical experiment since made. She knew the prisoner, who had been in witness's house, at Cave Fair, which was held in June, 1863. Witness had not received any letter from the accused within the last two months. Witness had no particular reason for thinking that the mail bag had been misplaced by any one in mischief. Philip James, the postmaster at Brough, deposed that letters from South Cave were sent to Brough and stamped there. The Beverley letters were sent in another bag. On the evening of the '..4th ult. he made up the bag for Hull at Brough, in which bag the Beverley letters went. On the evening of the following day he received 34 letters, bearing the South Cave post mark of the 24th. In the ordinary course, letters posted at Cave were enclosed in a sealed bag and sent to Brough. The letter addressed to the Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, did not pass through the Brough office. By Mr. Summers—Witness always stamped the letters that passed th ro u g h his hands. By the Ma g i s t ra te —The mail- car t arrived at Brough on the 24th u l t. at 10 m i nu t es t o 8 , and the driver sa id h e h a d been delayed 20 minutes at South C ave . It o ught to have arrived th ere a t 7 18, and to have left a very few minutes after. The Cave postmaster ought to have the bag in readiness when the cart arrived there. John Wilson, the driver of the mail-cart, said that on arriving at South Cave on the evening of the 24th ult., at his proper time, Mrs. Anson met him at the door of the post-office and told him that the bag had been. stolen. By Mr. Summers—Witness was told by Mrs. Anson that the bag had been taken from the shop about three minutes before he drove up. William Oxtoby said he resided at South Cave, and was clerk to Messrs. Burland and Sons. He gave the letter pro duced to Mrs. Anson at the post-office between 5 and half past 5. Christopher Wood, a gardener at South Cave, deposed that he found the letter-hag produced in a piece of ground called " the Sand Hole," next to Mr. M'Turk's garden. 6,. This was on the 25th ult. The h„ was open , and con tained some papers. police, Thomas Ward, the superintendent of produced the envelope addressed to the Yorkshire Banking CornPanY, Beverley, which he received from Mr. Boyce, one of the bank clerks, on the 2''th of Sept em b er. George Martin, a farm -servant a t South Cave, stated that he was taking his master's h or ses to a field on the Brough-road, about half-past 7 o ' c l oc k in the evening , on Thursday, the 24th of Septemb e r, when he met a per son resembling the prisoner. She w a s running when he first saw her, and when she got up to him she began to walk. Robert Barrett, cattle deal er , o f Swanland, said that o n Thursday, the 24th September, h e was returning from Mar ket Weighton, when he saw a woma n on the road, an d he asked her if she would have a r id e . That ‘ woman he be lieved to be the prisoner. She was dressed in a similar manner. She accepted his offer of a ride, and got into the cart. She got down, and he left her there told him she was going to Hull, an d witness gave her a ride as far as Ferriby , She talking to a man named Jenkinson. At this stage of the inquiry the Court again adjourned, it being nearly 9 o'clock. This morning the following evidence was taken : Thos. Jenkinson, of North Ferriby , said that on Thurs day evening, the 24th S eptem ber, a woman came up to him a nd asked wher e th e post-ofileo was , and he told her. She resembled the p r i soner, and he h a d no doubt she was the same person. She went away, and he followed her to the end bulky un d er her shawl. of the lane le a di ng to the sta ti o n, He saw her go to th e post-office and put someth i ng in at the window. She had a letter in her h an d when she came up to him, and was carry ing something ulky Fanny J en ki nson, sister o f th e last witness, depo se d th at she was th e d aughter of the pos tmaster at North F err ib y, and on the even i ng of the 24t h S e ptember she clos e d th e b ox about 6 o'clo c k. S he cleare d it next evening, when there were 70 letters in it, She had not cleared it from 6 o'clock on the Thursday un til t h e same hour on the Friday, She noticed that many of the le tt e rs had the South C ave post mark, and seeing there was something particular about that fact she made a separate bundle of them. Letters with the South Cave post mark were never posted at Ferriby in the at the corner o f Parliament 25th ~ about a quarter past ordinary course. Sh e no ti c ed more particularly because th e stamps were not o blit era t e d. John Whitelam, d e t ec tive polico officer at Hull, s t a t e d that ; n clock,Fridayho morning,t% standing thei I 1 g ult stitlreeeyt,orwkhsehnirheeßsdanwkitawg company, and look both w a y s a 8 if perso ns come out f rom t h e offices o in search of something. They walked sharply through Whitefriar-gate towards the Land of Green Ginger. Wit ness followed them, and saw ono go up to the prisoner,who was standing there. The other person said to witness that the bank had received information that a Post , office bag had been stolen, with cheques to the value of X7OO from one of the letters, and that there was reason to believe that the woman had caused one of the cheques to be presented. Wit ness took her to the bank, and having been asked some questions by the managers she was searched, and some other cheques were found upon her. She accounted for their possession by saying that on the previous night she was travelling freer Ilesale in a second-class carriage,when a man who was sitting o pposite to her threw the cheques to her and said she might get tme cola for thew, Ike wit- SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. TIMES.—The Democratic party on the Continent has always asserted that the French Revolution was not a mere historical event bounded by definite epochs in time, but a movement which has never ceased in its operation up to the present hour. The French Revolution is still going on, they say. As it may be said to have been in action for years—no one can tell how many—before 1789, since, of course, the outbreak of that period was only the manifesta tion of forces that had been in existence for a gene ration past, so the French Liberals hold that it is at work still, undermining all the political fabrics which are built on the oppression of man by man or nation by nation. Of course, we see that they merely make the Revolution synonymous with the advance of the principles of private and public right, and, using the word in this sense, no candid observer will differ from them. But it remains to be ex plained how so large a body of acute and earnest thinkers should look upon a bloody phase in human history, a period which began with anarchy and the guillotine to end with military despotism and desolating wars, as identified with the triumphs of civil and national liberty. The chief reason is, we think, to be found in the existence of that body of monarchical compacts which are known as the Treaties of 1815. Doubtless the 'philosopher may say that 1789 consecrated the principles of liberty, equality, brotherly love, and so forth, and that wherever these advance 1789 has the glory. But this vague doctrine, founded upon French self esteem, would never have influenced men of every continental nation ; and yet, certainly, the re newed activity of the French democracy has been looked for with hope by Italians and Poles struggling against foreign usurpation, as well as by German Liberals worn out by the tyranny and folly of their Sovereigns. The reason has been that the French were the conquered of 1815. The Sovereigns who banded for the most just and holy of causes—that of asserting national independence —overthrew the intolerable despotism of Napoleon, of which no better proofs can be found than those extracts from the new volumes of the Correspon dence which may be read in our Paris letter this morning; but they no sooner found themselves all powerful than they used their power to secure their own imagined rights against their subjects, as well as the real rights of their respective nations against French aggression. The consequence has been that, by a strange perversion, the military disasters of Napoleon have been associated with the wrongs of liberty; the highhanded usurper and his circle of weak and unprincipled vassals have been re gretted by those who fancy that their's was a golden age in comparison with the leaden oppression of later days, and that however much they might tyrannise in fact their theoretical principles were those of democratic liberty. Nearly half a century has passed since those famous Treaties were signed. The proud and elated poten tates of that day probably thought that they were immortal. A final settlement of the great European questions then took place. Hardly a subject of dis pute, small or great, which had ever engaged the attention of the Sovereigns failed then to be brought for ward. On the whole, they were in excellent temper with each other. There had been a serious difference the year before on the subject of Poland, which had exhibited the five Powers in the same combinations as at the present day, but after the return from Elba and the campaign of Waterloo all irritation was suppressed through the strong desire to make a firm and lasting disposition of Europe. They were all so much of one mind that they did the work too completely. The English Ministers did not, indeed, forget the traditional princi ples of their country, and some of the redeeming clauses of this compact are due to them —notably the stipulations in favour of Poland which have been the ground of the latest appeal to the Vienna Treaties. But on the whole the Kings and statesmen of Eu rope were of one mind. They saw nothing but a dread vision of anarchy and irreligion—the making opportunities for unscrupulous usurpers to torment the world. The belief that mankind was by nature doomed to perpetual tutelage, and must be led either by a legitimate ruler or by an adventurer—a Crom well, or Robespierre, or Bonaparte, was general not only among hereditary Princes but among statesmen and writers. Even men like Talleyrand and Can ning to the last believed that the desire for a more popular Government in England would lead to events like those of the French Revolution. Napo leon in his exile thought that the Duke of Wellington would assuredly make himself King, If these were the ideas of master minds, can we wonder that the narrow and half-educated con querors, who had been bred in German, Russian, and Italian Courts, should resolve to take good security against what they considered as popular madness. They acted, on the whole, generously to each other. There was not much desire on the part of the great potentates to rob their weaker brothers. They mediatized sparingly, and only in obedience to the plain interests of Europe. Germany was left with too many Courts, and Italy was given up again to the Papacy and the minor Sovereigns. But no precaution was neglected by which the nations could be united against France, by which the Sovereigns could be interested in opposing that aggressive Power and the spirit of popular discontent by which it had been made so formidable. Tho Treaties of 1815 were not the work of tyrants hostile to humanity, as is believed by Continental Republicans; they wore approved by the public opinion of the time, and held by not illiberal statesmen to bo masterpieces of policy and I foresight ; and yet they had hardly been in exist ence five years before their weight was felt to be grievous, and the history of Europe since then has been little but a struggle to escape from the condi tions they imposed. Attention is now more particu larly directed to them by the alleged assertion of Lord Russell that they are abrogated by the act of Russia iu refusing to fulfil the stipulations made in favour of the Kingdom of Poland. Lord Russell did not, indeed, go so far, and the interpretation of the French press is more in accordance with its own wishes and traditions than with the actual words of the British Minister. But it may be allowed that these treaties have been so habitually violated by the chief parties to them, and have received at last so fatal a blow through the repudiation of the great Conservative Power of the Continent, that any fur ther appeal to them would be idle. England is, in fact, almost the only Power which has cared to ad just its proceedings by the literal terms of these agreements. In ceding the lonian Islands to Greece our Government has been careful to recog nise the rights of those who committed the Repub lic to its protectorate. The assent of France, Austria Russia, and the other Powers has been formally asked, and the cession will be made with as much diplomatic seriousness as if the Treaties were only ilia months old. But with the Continental Powers the course has been widely different. The Vienna treaties they have always been ready to cite against their opponents, never against themselves. We do not complain of the result. The treaties made an injudicious distribution of European territory, and indirectly by the confidence they gave to the Continental Sovereigns, tended to retard the pro gress of civil lib erty . Most of what has been done in spite of them has been well done ; and, though it will be rather strange if their death-wound shall be owing to one of the few just and humane stipulations that they con t a i n , ye t we must be content. The good and the evil have been alike contemned, and, as each of the greater Powers for its own convenience has violated them, it is now beyond the rights of any to oppose theta to claims that may be founded upon reason and humanity. Russia and Austria, with the assent of Prussia, have destroyed the freedom of the city of Cracow ; ' France has incorporated Savoy and Nice, and broken up the Italian system as it was founded anew in 1815. Numberless other changes have taken place, the most important being the sup pression of the Constitution and independent Go vernment of Poland thirty years ago. Although we have had no part in breaking up the Vienna sys tem, yet we have no reason to fear accepting the work of others. The independence of the European nations will be better secured by domestic content and harmony between rulers and subjects than by the text of Treaties which have, rightly or wron g ly, become odious. DAILY NEWS.—Another death under the wheels of an omnibus has taken place , and t he coroner's juila though they have absola eel particular instance, have the drivers and the owners from blame in this parthiceir thought it right to append for actic° of " nursing,' verdict a strong remonstrance against the which they declare on theirrkonuogwillfeadr g e s e . t o So o e still in full force in frequente personal P ct h o chief streets a heap it would seem that the horrible spectacle of last August, when k a tho spot where a victim of bloody in one of our sawdust tuar i e e ere September was out, had been slaughtered, has, The death of one female ceased to act as buy the Blondin bufficedatntrour the sacrifice of more lives in that particular form of Sentiatiouttl eireCt) death of an omnibus conductor is too trivial an item to prevent persistence in the sensation race of the omnibus, where the immediate prize is a few extra coppers, and the ultimate ambition the forcing a rival off the road. So be it. We must adapt our remedies to the evil, and as it would seem that om nibus owners are not to be restrained by sentiments of decency or of regard for the public safety, we must try to find out some other means of reaching their feelings. We know not whether in the scattered and voluminous police regulations of the metropolis there is any power to prohibit a practice which is the most dangerous that can be carried on in its crowded streets, and the great case of the Saloon Company against the General Omnibus Company, a fewyears ago, served only to show that if an indictment for conspiracy would lie, it was scarcely capable of proof. But if the law in this respect is inefficient, it must be altered. We cannot continue to allow the greedy competition of those who pro fees to serve us to mike our streets as perilous as a battle field. Racing and "nursing" are amuse ments for which there can never be apology. They are not fair competition. Neither a new candidate, nor an old servant, has a right to damage his rival in that way. The public cannot gain by it, for its only object is to put an end to that fair competition by which alone cheapness and convenience are to be attained. Thus there is neither reason nor sympathy on the side of those who choose to indulge in so peril ous and iniquitous a means of raising themselves by crushing a competitor. It is, therefore, a fitting case, if any can be conceived, for intervention of the police to put the practice down. Let them, if they have not the power, be armed with the power of summoning every driver who is seen racing, and the owners of every omnibus which is seen " nurs ing," and let sharp personal penalties in both cases put an end to a system which makes the traversing of our streets as dangerous as the walking in a fog along a railway line. In the matter of racing both parties are equally guilty; in the matter of " nurs ing" there can be seldom any difficulty in discover ing the real culprit; and if in the former case it may be only the drivers who are to blame, it must in the latter be almost always the owners. The apportionment of the penalty which we have indi cated is, therefore, the fittest to reach the root of the evil, and there ban be no doubt it ought to be strictly exacted. The liberty of the subject is carried a little too far when it is made to include the liberty of slaughtering, and the name of free trade is abused when it is applied to proceedings whose object is at any hazard to maintain a mono poly. It would, indeed, be well if the immediate penalties of the police court could in other instances be substituted for the cumbrous and haphazard operation of a civil action for driving in the streets. At present there is no interference with the cab or the heavy van which turns the corner at speed, un less an unlucky foot passenger is killed or seriously damaged, and so clever is the driving, and so preter naturally acute are the senses of the Londoner, that these accidents happen in an infinitely small propor tion of the occasions on which they might reasonably be expected to result. The consequence of this com parative infrequency is carelessness,and the accidents which do occur are generally traceable to the care lessness which is bred by the rarity of the penalty. Bat the accidents would become very much fewer than they are if power were given to the police to take note of those who are acting in such a way as to make them probable. This would be a constant and steady check ; the fear of an indictment for manslaughter, or an action for damages, is too re mote to be practically effective. The rule by which police cautions, or summonses, would be guided, need not be different from that which regulates civil liability. It is laid down by the judges that on approaching a crossing it is the duty of the drivers of carriages to look out for the foot-passengers, but at every other place it is the duty of foot-passengers when crossing the street to take care of themselves. There is reason and good sense iu the distinction, and it points out a way of securing safety without inconveniently diminishing the speed of vehicles. To require that every driver should slacken his pace on approaching a corner or a crossing, so as to be able to pull up instantly on the appearance of any one in front of him, will not materially diminish the rate of our progress through the streets, acid this is a rule which the police might very well be charged with enforcing. We must, indeed, consent to a cer tain amount of police regulation when we cease to be wanderers in the desert or herdsmen on the hills, and crowd together three millions of souls in one huge city. Acts harmless enough elsewhere become full of peril when done amongst a multitude. But prevention is better than punishment, and a few slight fines or admonitions inflicted every week for dangerous practices would be tenfold more con ducive to our safety and comfort than a trial for manslaughter once a year, or the verdict of a jury for twenty pounds and costs, occurring perhaps four times as often, as the penalty for a broken leg or fractured ribs. POST.—It will be in the recollection of the public that one of the first consequences of the introduction by the Federal Financial Minister of an inconver tible paper currency was to drive out of circulation the specie which was then in use. Money dealers, like other merchants, sought the best market in which to dispose of their precious commodity, and ship load atter ship load of bullion was exported from America to Europe. The effects of the drain thus created soon manifested themselves. Gold first, and silver afterwards, rapidly disappeared, and the citizens of the Northern towns found themselves obliged to conduct even the most trifling business transactions on credit. The man who rode in a cab, or dined at a tavern, or purchased a pair of gloves at a hosier's, was obliged to take, in lieu of his change, to which he might happen to be entitled, a certificate of indebtedness for that amount. After a time certificates for various sums were kept in readiness, and each person became, so far as re garded the issuing of bank notes, a, private banker. In the meantime the premium on gold rapidly rose. Unfortunately, too, it rose and fell in such a spas modic manner, and the quotations of our day dif fered so much from those of the days immediately preceding and following it, that, in the every-day transactions of business, shopkeepers were driven to despair in their attempts to estimate at its market worth the Federal Treasury notes, the only circu lating medium which was left in use, The want of dollars, and after a time of cents, created a demand for their representatives in the new currency ; and to meet this demand the Federal Government were obliged to issue notes of the smallest denomination. g , Green-backs," as the Americans learned to call the Government notes, supplied the immediate wants of the community, and rendered unneces sary the devices to which the mercantile classes had been driven to compensate for the deficiency of "change." Still, however, notwithstanding every effort on the part of the Government to pre vent it, the specie continued to flow eastward across the Atlantic, and in the same proportion what may be termed the metallic currency disappeared from circulation. Congress, which at the time was in ses sion, conferred on the Secretary of the Treasury powers to issue bank notes ad libitum ; and this, combined with the u nsatisfactory progress of the war, ,tended to increase the value of gold, and necessarily to depreciate the paper currency which had to so great an extent displaced it. Such was the general condition of financial affairs in the Northern States at the commencement of the pre sent year. It is, however, not a little singular that, although during the past six months the successes of the Federal armies have not been such as to in spire sanguine hopes of the speedy and victorious termination of the war, the financial aspect of affairs has apparently improveid. We are far from denying that the results of the eummer campaign on the Mississippi were not such as should have raised in the money market the value ofl'ederal securities ; but, regard being had to other eircuenstances, it still remains to most men in this country a marvel that the paper currency of the United states should have stood as high as it did in the middle of the past month, namely, before the defeat of General Rosencranz. At one period last year the premium oe gold exceeded 65 per cent. Within the Fast two months it has been as low as 26. A citizen of the Northeen States would doubtless refer this singniar variation to the military successes of the past sum . mar, and toconviction,shared by so many en "of the rebellion the North, the: the " backbone T the Northern population ae e smear may now fairly be considered a e s ilenroktheine. conviction t t t io h n e which they exchange spemei or is, we suppose, proved ; by f theze e i . l t ii h n i g rd ne m ss er w e i i t t h e But that which PaPe:. in the worth of shakes representative the confidence value oifnEuropeae s .h. _ Federal paper is a circumstance of eerar.:l;cahttehxe-Apemyeierig in this country, and are ac cans appear to take no account. W people accustomed year by year to see the debts, or the interests on the debts, created in past times paid by the revenues which arc thus raised. We know from experience that there is but one way by which the financial credit of a State con bo supported, namely, by providing with regularity for the payment of the Government creditor. Now, the circumstance to which we have alluded, and which amid the blaze of Federal vic tories has not attracted the attention of the Ameri can nation, is that during the two years and a half which the war has lasted not a single dollar has been raised in the way of taxation. If the success of the campaign on the Mississippi raised the value of Mr. Chase's Treasury notes, surely the fact that during the past twelve months he has increased the Federal debt by about one hundred and fifty millions sterling ought to have tended to depreciate the in convertible currency, which rests alone on the cre dit of the state. Add to this that, whilst increasing his liabilities, the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted in any manner to provide, for them, andione may well express astonishment that in the third year of the American war, the premium on pia Aidiarriowp t he should be less than half of what it was in second. The currency which now constitutes aim mat the sole circulating medium in the United. Stat es belongs to the class of what are termed on th. a Stot !lc Exchange "speculative securities." The nave wit h which a citizen of New York or Washingto pui chases what is necessary for his daily wants ch tinges materially in value from day to day, accordie 'g as the fortunes of armies fighting in distant reg ions vary, or as stock-jobbers speculate for a " rise' or " fall." Gold which to-day is quoted at 35 premi may, from a variety of circumstances, be quoted ..at 25 or at 45 a week subsequently. This is the' ire.- sent condition of a Republic which three years si nee was esteemed the most prosperous in the wo rid. Singular as this condition is, it entirely fails to r iVet• the notice of those to whom seemingly the char iges which have been wrought should be most appa nent. The Americans no doubt think it a nuisance tt LE a difference should exist between the apparent and. the real value of a bank note ; but they Iwo, icile themselves to it as being one of the hard condi, cions of war. Their armies are now, as they consider, on the high road to victory, and as each s ucceto will diminish the premium on specie, the paper cur rency will be at par simultaneously with the extinction of the rebellion. It is purely a r aatter of time, and to all appearances a very sh, time, when the Union, refreshed rather than exA, misted by its recent struggles, will once more shin forth the envy and the admiration of all other S tates. With such prospects, who, then, ought to be sur prised that the premium on gold has fallen in stead A of risen during the past year ? Nay , rather, who should not express his astonishment that capit4 .lists do not eagerly convert their gold and silver o n ' such profitable terms into the Treasury notes of the United States of America ? It is idle to argue ' ith those who hold this language ; and, as it is use 1 ess to dilate on the pleasures of vision to one wh o is born blind, it is equally in vain to endeavour to cin I vey to the hitherto untaxed people of America a notion of the weight of the burdens which are occasioned by a gigantic national debt, Mr. Glad- , stone on one occasion spoke in Parliament of what he termed "an ignorant impatience of taxation.' At present it may be said that the American nation are simply ignorant of this mode of providing for the satisfaction of State liabilities. When the war:. has terminated, it will be seen whether they wil .1 also deserve to be characterised as impatient c taxation. COUNTRY MARKETS. LIVERPOOL-FRIDAY. All this morning we have had continued heavy rain, a nd at this day's market there was a small attendance, font the demand for wheat was generally more &in. Oats: ld per bushel cheaper. Barley, beans, and peas unalter ed. Indian corn at the prices current on Tuesday. Flour -;.ry dull. WAKEFIELD-FRIDAY. A fair quantity of wheat came to hand to-day, and: fine dry sorts met a slow demand at nearly last Friday's rat , 9s ; other aorta difficult to quit at is decline. Barley, fine, N las unaltered, but secondary sorts neglected. Other ar do les rather cheaper. Averages for the week : Wheat 2,869 qrs., at 42s 91d. Rye 317 .. 2os 74,1. Oats Beans ]27 - 38 s 4td Peas 800 -- STAMFORD-FRIDAY. White wheat, 41s to 45s ; red, 39s to 43s per 36 stet Barley, malting, 36s to 40s; grinding, 30s to 328 per Oats, 22s to 26stper 24 stone. Beans, old, 42s to —s 1 icr qr. ; new, 395 to —s. EXETER-FRIDAY. Wheat, white 6s 3d to 68 4d 1 Barley. 3s 6d to 4s 3 d Ditto red .6s Od to 6 s 3d 1 Oats .. . ..2s 9d to 36 od. Flour, fine, 35s to 36s ; seconds,;34s to —s per sack. CATTLE. Fat beef, p sc., 10s0d to 1166 d Ewes, per lb ....sid to 61(1 Pork carcases, 7s Od to 8s Od Wethers, d 0.....„ 7d to —.4.. Lamb, p 1b.......—d to —d Fat calves, d0...61d to 7d. Rough fat, 3id per lb. BRISTOL SUGAR-FRIDAY. Tho market this week has been doing a steady busi ness for most descriptions of sugar, and the prices must be quoted fully is higher than last week. Refined goods in. better demand, at is to is 6d advance on late rates. -T UE S DAY. s. d. s. d. Beans.. 0 to 0 Bore Rapeseed Oatmeal l2 0 to 14 6 Bakers' flour Indian corn tne Mose of the market. 8. d. Walls End. Itussell's lB 9 Byron .. l9 6 K elloe Wharncliffe 18 9 Braddyll's Hetton 20 3 Hetton 2l 0 Trimdon Hartlepool 20 6 Thorpe 19 0 Framwellgate.. l9 3 Cassop 2O 0 3t, 33 ; sold, 27. Foreign ►,il Packet List. MAILO DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via k'outhampton .. Oct. 19. via Marseilles ..Oct. 13. Brazil and Cape Verds, by British packet Nov. 4. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, And St. Helena Oct. 29. China, Penang, and Singapore, v,;ft Southampton Oct. 19. vi 3 Marseilles Oct. 13. Falkland Islands • • Gibraltar, via Southampton India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 10. via bisrseilles Oct. 13. India (Bombay), via Southampton ~ .• Oct. 11. via Marseilles .. . Oct. 21. Portuga1.... Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles .. Oct. 11. Newfoundland ........0ct. 10. Oporto and Vigo U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet..... Oct. 8, by U.S. packet.. • . by Canadian pack et. Oct. 9. W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Teneriffe .. .. Oct. 10. Bahamas, via New York „Oat. 22. Mexico All parts of West Indies, including Chili, Peru, I Oct. 14. California. and British Columbia. Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by pur chasing Horniman's pure Tea ; very choice at 3s. 4d. and 4s. " High Standard" at 48. 4d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. ADVERTISEMENT.]—Avoid medicines: they always aggra vate chronic complaints, but Du Barry's Delicious Health Restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, which saves fifty times its cost in other remedies, invariably cures them, restoring perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, healthy liver, pure blood, refreshing sleep, functional regularity, and energy to the most disordered or enfeebled. We extract a few out of 60,000 Cures :—Cure No. 58,216 of the Marchioness de Brehan, Paris, of a liver complaint, wasting away for seven years, debility, with a nervous palpitation all over, bad digestion, constant sleeplessness, the most intolerable nervous agitation, and dreadfully low spirited.—Cure No. 1,771. Lord Stuart de Decies, Lord Lieut. of Waterford, of many years' dyspepsia.—No. 49,832. "Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness, and vomiting.—Maria Jolly." —Cure No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Frimley, Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood, liver derang e ment, and partial deafness.—Cure No. 47,121. Miss Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, indigestion, gatherings, low spirits, and nervous Kingdom. rg on l e 6 s . ti The a ß nd ev t . o j rp a i: T. Campbell, ekenh f e fancies.—Cure Jae. T. s. Norfolk,C N o f o .5 1 n dity or the liver , which h ad resisted all medical treatment." 2s. 9d. ; 21b., 48. 6d ; 51b., F lls. ; 121 b., 225. ; 241b1 llonst._ings.arl b r l" yDu Barry and Co. , N ck. 7 • 7 , E ege a and Chem is ts t -stree t,on London n i n ; every also townFortnum o f theandUnited Mason Births. HENDREL—On the Bth inst., at 78, Warwick-square, Pimlico, the wife of James Hendrey, Esq., of a eon. SAVERY.—On the Bth inst., at Chepstow, the wife of A. B. Savory, Esq , of a daughter. WARREN.—On the Bth inst., at Jeffry's-road, Clapham, the wife of Thomas Warren, Esq., 6cinde Railway, of Marriages. LTIAR D — CHAMBERLIN.—On the Bth inst., at Hale Church, near Faroham, Surrey, Lieut.-Colonel Richard G. A. Luard, Assistant-Inspector of Volunteers, to Hannah, daughter of the late Henry Chamberlin, Esq., of Nar borough, Norfolk. WARREN—RIDSDA.LE.-0a the Bth inst., at Clapham, the Rev. William Warren, of Trowbridge,Wilts, to Frances, second daughter of Francis J. Ridsdale, Esq., of Gray's inn. Deaths. Born;Am.—On the Bth inst., at Paddington, Sir SI. George Bonham, Bart., K.O 8., aged 60. CUNNINGIIAM.—On the Bth inst., at The Glebe, Grove. , hill, S., Robert Cunningham, Esq.. aged 61. DAMES.—On the 6th inst., at Kingstown, Ireland, Francis aged 74. Longworth Dames, E sq ., of Greenh i l l, Ki ng ' s C ounty GRIPPER.—On the Bth inst., Joseph Gripper, Esq., aged 78. PALMER.--On the 7th inst., at Great Yarmouth, Ambrose Reeve Palmer, Esq., of Haddiscoe Hall, Norfolk, aged 61. SMITH,--On the Bth inst., at Lewisham, Mr. Benjamin Smith, aged 74. London: Prin,,d and Published by WILLIAM ANDRETire, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at TnE Surf Office No. 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the 9avoy, in the county of ktiddletiscx. —Saturday, October 10, Au DUBLIN• s. d. s. d. Wheat, white.. 23 0 to 25 6 Do., red .. 20 0 to 23 6 Do., new .... 0 to 0 Barley Oats Do., black — 0 to 0 COAL A Frloes of Coal per Ton at d. Byass's Bebside West Hartley . ...17 6 Carway and I)uffryn Malting , 21 0 Lambert's West irart- ley 17 3 walker Primrose .- 13 0 Cowpen Hartley 17 6 Tantield Moor 14 6 'fanfield Moor 13utes,„„14 6 West Hartley ,17 6 Wylatu l7 3 Ships at tuarke Of Sol Ba G. Coi Olt byi and Am in I and A.IIE Of I nec hea En ma' mel curl nag Fin the him whi the min the the req deli Au , Arai the h mu Eur Cap in c in c tial Go , nor tha