The Sun. — London, England, 1863-09-05 00:00:00

THE BRITISH ASSOCIATION. ISTEWCA.STLE, Friday. The last supplementary day of the British Asso ciation meeting was celebrated yesterday by two great excursions, one to the iron district of Cleve land or Middlesborough, and one 'co the lead mines of Mr. Beaumont, at Allenhead. Both trips neces sitated early rising on the part of the intending visitors, for the train for Allenhead left Newcastle as early as a quarter to 7, and even that for the nearer and more accessible Yorkshire district started punctually at 8 o'clock. But, notwithstand ing the comparative earliness of the start and the miserable cold raw drizzle, which announced that the day was most likely to prove unspeakably bad and wretched as far as atmospheric influences were concerned, there was a very large muster of - visitors for both trips. What the number would have been in the face of such an inclement day had not all the excursionists taken their tickets a week beforehand, is not difficult to conjecture; but, the tickets having been purchased, there was no option but to start or lose the money—an alternative which naturally seemed to all unpleasant, especially as there was plenty of company in distress. With this for their consolation—and it is no slight one under such cir cumstances—a large party left Newcastle for Cleve land, determined to be merry in spite of the weather. The Cleveland iron district is one which will exercise a most important influence on the manu facturing industry and wealth of this country. The fact of the existence of the ironstone there bad been known for centuries—it was only its value as a metal yielding ore that been denied. The heaps of scoria found in the district show that the stone was at one time worked, and it is stated that at Gros mon t oaks are now standing, the growth of centuries, upon the heaps of refuse belonging to an ancient work there. But, whatever its virtue or value in former days, it was agreed on all hands that none was to be found in the Cleveland ironstone of the present degenerate day, not that the evident wealth of the matrix did not attract attention or was not essayed to be worked. Since 1829 there have been almost innumerable attempts to get the iron compa nies to take the stone. A few did so, but did not encourage its being brought to them again. The great majority, however, refused to have anything to do with it, geologists differed as to its merits, and the iron trade was against it altogether. Some pronounced it " limestone, not ironstone ;" another called it " freestone stuff." Even the most friendly advised speculators not to be at any expense about the ore, while others threw off all disguise, and declared that they were ashamed to see it lying on their quays. Even as late as 1840 a scientific in quirer made an authorised examination of the atone, and condemned it in the pithy words, " quality hard, harsh, and very unlike good ironstone—coarse." All this, too, was done in the face of an open quarry in the district displaying the naked seam which has since been the source of so much wonder and so much wealth, in the face, too, of all good geologists and mining experts. But coal and iron prophets are dangerous people to listen to in this district, and fortunes had been lost before in the now great Cleveland mines. A mere district then it would have remained till this day had not a Mr. Vaughan in 1850 stumbled over a boulder of pure iron, which led him to look for the ironstone, and then it was found to be everywhere. Since that time the iron has been sent to every known part of the world, and it is now admitted that this hitherto much despised bed of ironstone is fine in quality and boundless in quantity. The bed, in fact, extends from the Tees to the Humber, and is 50 or 60 miles broad. This discovery of the stone and the completion of the railway into Middlesborough have made the Cleve land ironstone district one of the most important in the kingdom, and there is no seeing the end to the prosperity of Newcastle with its shrewd, energetic, hard-working population, its boundless supplies of coal, and now boundless masses of fine iron ore. Before the party yesterday reached Port Clarence the weather cleared up fine and mild, and so re mained throughout the rest of the trip—the excur sionists in this respect possessing inestimable ad. vantages over their unhappy friends who had gone to Allenhead, and who were exposed on the hills to the full fury of the downpour from morn till night. On arriving at Port Clarence, the ironworks of Messrs. Bell Brothers were first visited. No less than five smelting furnaces were here at work, all of which were tapped at once, and poured their great streams of fiery ,metal out before the visitors. From this time forth the whole party were never for a moment out of sight of a furnace or even out of its glare and smoke. Middlesborough, on the south side of the Tees, to which the party were taken in steamers, was a mass of flame and smoke. The total number of blast furnaces erected in the north of England in the first 45 years of the present century is only 37, but since the iron of Cleveland was worked 36 blast furnaces have been built in and around Middlesborough alone. From this great manufacturing centre, the very air of which is a mere dilution of soot, and soot not much diluted either, the party were taken, on the Stockton and Darlington Railway, to Saltburn, passing en route through such a succession of iron works and iron factories as no other spot of the same size probably in all the world can show the equal of. At the Zetland Hotel, at Saltburn, a handsome lunch was provided for the visitors. After this repast the company started for the mines of Upleatham. The immense field of iron stone here is worked by Messrs. J. and J. W.Pease. 400 miners are employed, 2,000 tons of ironstone are wrought out daily, and a ton and a half of gunpow der per week is used in blasting operations. The Messrs. Pease pay royalty fees to the amount of £12,000 per annum to the Earl of Zetland. The principal entrance to the mine being at the head of the incline the train stopped at the foot, and the excursionists were conveyed thither in small wag gons. These novel means of conveyance were of new construction, were quite clean, furnished with seats, and were about 4ft. square. The engine was of a size suited to the narrow tramway. The journey to the mouth of the mine was fortunately not a long °U . e, for the jolting of the waggons was by no means slight. Arrived at the terminus, a platform on the sl ule small scale as the other appliances of the rail way had been constructed for the comfort of the e Passengers in alighting. A triumphal arch in foliage and flowers was erected in front of the entrance to on their the mine, but before the party started Ye their briseeploration of the interior Mr. J. W. Imp nn a l u a y r :ointed out the formation of the work arch a brilliant a plan. Passing under the triumphal eno present e d it se lf. On each side of a passage l ea d ing of the interior workings rows hundredsae l of small candles, suspended in lines, composed on e l n f g vista of starry illumi nation. The road itself by no means so roma ntic, but was fortunately leve l . A distance cf half a eIY dry and tolerably peatmile brought the party to the working s, wh ere the operation s are a th re ic r k e , g a u n la d rl i y s con d u cted. The stratum her e iSli7 ft t e r w a d t s h e o n f a r n a p h i o d u l y r worked by m eans of blastin g. was spent in these mines. The freight to Middlesboro co nvoyed its ugh, where the c ompany impeded the immense ir onworks of the Messrs. Bolchow and Vaughan.On entering th premises the visit ors first viewed the apparatuse em ployed in raising the rock and brine from a new salt bed into which the excavators struck i re sink _ ing a well for supplying the works with water. The salt is found at a depth of 1,3 ?Oft. below the sur face, and the vein, as far as at present worked, is 11211. in thickness. It hes not ye t been wrought as a source of profit, but may Pvent" li Y r ruve valuable addition to the mineral wealth of this rich district. It was not a little remarkatie that in he very midst of a vast workshop of this kind, with red hot metal dragged and wheeled in all directions, wheels revolving' in all parts with astonishing rapidity, no accident occurred to any of the " 1 / gentlemen and ladies who thronged the works and witnessed all the labours of the operatives. After an hour spent i n the works a general movement was made into the Market-place, where, in the new buildings recently erected there, the dinner was to ba. given to the com pany- At the banquet Mr. Brente.ll, the mayor, took the chair, and at the con clusion of the repast the usual loyal and patriotic toasts were given, and then the healths of the vari ous chief members of the British Associatio n were proposed sad drunk with ail the honours. It wee past nine before the pE&rty started on their return home, and nearly mid night before. Newcastle was reached, after a very fatiguing but exceedingly pleasant and interesting dory. More than 200 ladies and gentlemen accepted Mr. Beaumont's invitation to visit his extensive lead mines at Allenhead, and as the district Lies in a remote corner of the county of Northum- berland 16 miles from a. railway station, it was ne- cessary to muster at an, unusually early hour. The train carried the party as far as Hayd on-bridge, a station a little to tb.e west of Hexham, on the Lan- caster and Carlisle Railway, and here were waiting a heterogeneous collection of omnibuses, wag gonettes, and drags, by the aid of which the rest of the journey was to be performed. The first eight miles ran through a pleasant country of a mixed agricultural and mining character, once part of the estates of the unfortunate Earl of Derwentwater, and now administered by the trustees of Greenwich llospital, and it was not till the party arrived at Allendale that the black barren moorlands were reached which contain some of the richest and most extensive veins of lead ore in the county. The southern agriculturists accustomed to the smiling crops of the Vale of Aylesbury or the pasture lands of Lincolnshire, would turn up their noses at the wide expanse of bracken and heather ; but under neath lie riches far exceeding any which the pro digal farming even of Mr. Mechi could extract from an equal tract of the most fertile soils. From Mr. Beaumont's mines in this and the adjoining valley of Weardale are extracted a full sixth of the lead which the United Kingdom produces. At Allen-town, after discussing a s ubstantial and most welcome breakfast, provid ed by Mr. Beaumont, the excursionists separated into two parties. Some went to visit tho works to which all the lead ore is brought to be smelted. Few miners smelt their own ore, for the uncertainty of lead mining is such that unless the proprietor has the command of several veins the works might be idle for want of material. Mr. Beaumont and the London Lead Company are the principal exception to the rule. It is said that in 801110 years ore has been raised trona these mines sufficient to furnish 10,000 tons of metal._ Mr. Sopwith, the director of all the mining operations here, explained with great clearness the various processes through which the ore passes before it reaches the market, but the greatest at traction was the extraction of a large cake of silver by Mr. Pattison'a well-known desilvering process. In this process the chief feature is that the lead crystallizing first the silver is left behind, squeezed out as it were from the less valuable metal during congelation. The crystals, still containing some silver, are melted again a second and a third time. In a paper which Mr. Pattison read before the British Association some years ago he calculated that by his process at least 50,000 ounces of silver were annually added to the produce of the country. The rest of the party went down to visit the open ing of the level edit, perhaps one of the greatest mining engineering works in the county, which is to be.driven from this point to Allenhead, a dis tance of rather more than seven miles. The rest of the journey was made in one of the persistent driv ing showers which Mr. Sopwith assured the dripping savans was the normal state of the weather in the district. The usual rainfall here is about 70 inches—more than twice the average of the Eastern half of the kingdom. A halt was made midway at one of the shafts which have been driven down to assist in the excavation of the level, and here Sir W. Armstrong, who accompanied the party, explained the the powerful hydraulic machinery by which the whole operations of the mine are conducted. Everybody agreed, and the appearance of the party was abundant proof, that no neighbourhood could be better suited for the employment of hydraulic power. When Allenhead was reached the ladies of the party were so thoroughly drenched that they gladly accepted Lady Margaret Beaumont's offer of fires to dry them selves, and leave the gentlemen to explore alone the workings of the mine, the crushing machinery, and the other numerous objects of interest. At 3 o'clock an amplarepast, which was called a luncheon, but which in its amplitude and liberality deserved a more ambitious name, consoled the party for the shortcomings of the weather, and when Newcastle was reached at half-past Bat night, everybodyagreed that the last was the most enjoyable day of the British Association. There was an excursion steamer also to South Shields and the Marsden, but the rain spoilt all the pleasure which the geologists anticipated from the day. In crossing the bar of the Tyne—where there is generally a heavy swell—Mr. Clifford illustrated his admirable system of boat -lowering while the steamer was going at full speed. LAW INTELLIGENCE—Sept, 4, LORD MAYOR'S COURT. (Before the Recorder and a Common Jury.) MILLEN AND ANOTHER V. FORSTER-AN INFANT MEW CILANT-SINGULAR CASE AND SPECIAL VERDICT. This was an action to recover moneys paid for defendant as premiums for insurances upon certain ships. Defendant pleaded infancy. Mr. Day, instructed by Messrs. Ashley and Tee, appeared for the plaintiff, and Mr. Joyce instructed by Mr. Davies, for defendant. Mr, Joyce said that the simple issue to be tried was the question whether defendant was an infant at the time this debt was cmtracted, If he were, then it was clear that de fendant was entitled to a verdict, though the debt was ad mitted, Mr. Forster, sen., said—l was present at the birth of my son, the defe n d an t. I ma d e an entry in th 3 family Bible. Defendant was born on the 4th February, 1842. Cross -examined—I live at Evesham. My son came up to London four or five years ago. He came up as a clerk, but soon became a merchant. I lent him £3OO to start as a merchant about four years ago. It may have been in 15.58, but I do not think it was. He became a merchant on his own account about four years ago. He did not tell me that the plaintiffs had laid out £7lO premiums for in surances on his ships. He may have done business to the extent of thousands when an infant, but he did not tell me. He now lives in lodgings in Kendell-street. He was to repay me the £3OO out of his profits. I had no interest in the business. Mr. Day said this was a most disreputable plea, and de fendant yhrecovered ashamed defendant of it. H ere ecevfant owed £3OO in waaan and his asewher father eplaintiff h n a tto b had antu e aITI r e . this Court under an attachment. them £7OO, money actually paid for his business, he sought by this miserable plea to deprive elar'rn and n ow P e t £3OO they had already got. The plaintiffs w s pectable ship and in s u r ance brokers of this city,andthey had dealt with defendant u p on the fait h of his beinglffs highly of the He himself sta ted so, and it was a scan dalous thing that of age. merc hants in the city of London sho uld be so deceived bya person in this manner , Mr. Thos. Boden said—l known defendant, and have known him four or five years. I have had business dealings with him on his own account since I have known him. He had au office in Cross-street, and traded as T. Forster and Co. One day we had a conversation in th e autumn of 1860, and he said " I have just turned 22. My transactions with him were largo. He was a merchant. lam a cornfactor. lam 28. I began business in 1858. Cross-examined—He was debtor when he said he was 22, and I dealt with him afterwards, but I should not have done so had I known he was under age. Mr. Day then quoted a case recently decided by Mr. Commissioner Kerr as to the privilege and liabilities of an infant trader in the city of London, but his lordship said he was not aware of any custom or law by which an infant trader could be made liable in this City. Mr. Day admitted that he had no authority but the report in the City Press, and, after Mr. Joyce had replied, His Lordship summed up, and said that the father was bound orth to tell the truth, and could not be blamed. It was f Familyo jury to say which side was most to be believed, the Ilia Lordship —Ail by Plaintiffs. The jury t and Mr. Forster, sen., or the witness called vthvery great regret." eßnibalnee on sul tetl , and the foreman said, " We find for honest men must feel in that way. Mgr. DarboT, Archbishop of Paris, is at present on a visit t o Bl o i s. 3ha F ,in ul g. l Hbcoorneituoefs reduced Tea; duty obt a i ne d by pur r d d e " 1 iat ' t . o4u:sa 'ci ' imported.. A gen t s i n every very choice at 3a. 4d. and (formerly 4 s . Bd.), i s th e s4ts;ong"etistigahndStmanodsat town supply it in packets. [ADVERTISF.NIENT. - I — Holloway' s Pill s Health. --The complex composition and ;I:Management of func ti o ns of the human body are ever tendingto delicacy of the d i sease unless the bloo d be maintained in a pure sta " produce mos t desirable obje ct can be accom p lis hed by a j u di ciou s ' This use of these pu rif y in g p ills, which have the power als o i regulating thest oroach, liver, and bowels. These pills actas. alteratives, tonics, an d gentle uperieuts ; they overcome flatulence, loss of appetite, biliousness, constipation, and many other inconveniences which should never be neglected for fear of worse results, THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 5, 1863. The Destruction of Small Birds. The eminent ornithologist, Edward Wilson, has recently addressed the following admirable corn- munication to our leading contemporary In a retired corner of the French department of the In ternational Exhibition there lay a long row of mysterious and rather dingy specimens, which, in spite of their unat tractive appearance, well deserved a study, even in the midst of the bright and beautiful objects by which they were sur- rounded. They consisted of a very numerous collection of the stomachs of bird, with their contents spread out on sheets of paper, with a written description of their contents, the time of the year in which the bird was taken, and other par ticulars. They were the work of M. Florent-Prevost, the celebrated French naturalist, who for 30 years has been prosecuting his inquiries of this kind, and endeavouring to convince his countrymen of the suicidal folly of which they are guilty in the persistent and indiscriminate slaughter of these beautiful little creatures. In taking steps to impress particularly upon our younger people in Australia the mistake they commit in destroying these birds which we are taking such trouble to introduce among them, I have put myself in communication with this kind-hearted and enlightened philosopher, and by his aid I have prepared a tolerably complete list of what is eaten during each month of the year by the more common of our birds. And, I think, that this list is worth study at home, w hen the destruction of small :birds by poison and oth er means is attracting Parliamentary notice, and the undenied facts are brought before the public of whole tracts of forest land laid waste, and whole countries reduced to famine by the thoughtless removal of the only effective check upon the ravages of the insect tribe, we really ought to dwell upon that point. The little bird is our only safeguard against a pest, which but for it would soon become over whelming. As Michelet very well says—" The bird can live without the man, but the man cannot live without the bird." Wero we all to resolve ourselves into one great sparrow club we should all in a few years perish from famine. I trust, then, that this list would be found useful, and I would suggest to parents and teachers particularly that it might advantageously be cut out and preserved for future use, that the minds of young people might be properly im pressed with the ideas of the usefulness as well as beauty of the pretty little things that enliven our hedge rows and hop across our paths. _ _ Long-eared owl—January, February, and March, mice— April, cockchafers —May, rats, squirrels, aud cockchafers— June, meal worm, beetles, and shrew mice—July, :mice, ground and other beetles--August, shrew and other mice— September, October, and November, mice. Short-eared Owl—January, mice—February, harvest mice—March, mice—April, crickets and harvest mice— May,ahrew mice and cockchafers --Stine, beetles—July,field mice and birds—August, field and shrew mice—September and October, field mice and beetles—November, common and field mice—December, mice, spiders, and wood lice. Barn Owl—January and February, mice —March, April, May, and June, field mice—July and August, mice—Sep tember and October, field and shrew mice —November, mice and the black rat—December, mice. _ _ _ Rook—January, field mice and larvae or grub of cock chafer—February, field mice, grub of cockchafer, and red worms—March, grubs and chrysolids—April, slugs, worms, and chrysolids—May, beetles, grubs, prawns, and wire worms—June, cockchafers, eggs of birds, and wood-boring beetles—July, young birds, beetles, &c.—August, birds, field mice, weevils, crickets, and grasshoppers—September, grubs and worms—October, grasshoppers, ground beetles, and young animals—November, young rabbits and different insects and grubs—December, different animals and decay ing substances. Magpie.—January, grubs of cockchafers, young beetles, and cern and seeds—February, the same, and berries— March, the same—April, crickets, water rats, and mice— May, cockchafers, glowworms, and fruits—June, the same, and weevils—July, beetles and field mice—August, birds' eggs and weevils—September, beetles, worms, barley, and grasshoppers—October, grosshoppers, carrion beetles, and green locusts —November,grasshoppers and kernels of fruits —D e cember, grubs of cockchafers, young rabbits, and berries. Jay—January, grubs of cockchafers, acorns, and berries — February, chrysolids, and different grains and seeds—March, grubs, insects, wheat, and barley—April, grubs of beetles, and snails—May, cockchafers and locusts—June, eggs of birds, cockchafers, and beetles—July, young birds, flies, and beetles—August, the same, acorns, grubs, and dragon flies —September, the same and fruits— October and November, beetles, slugs, snails, and grain—December, the same, haws, hips, &c. Starling.—January, worms, grubs of cockchafers, and the dung of animals—February, grubs, snails, and slugs —March and April, grubs of cockchafers and snails—May, the same, and grasshoppers and fruits—June, flies, and grubs of various flies and fruits—July, grubs, fresh water shell fish, and fruits—August, flies, glow worms, and various beetles and fruits—September, green locusts, grubs of car rion, beetles, and worms—October, worms and beetles— November, snails, slugs, and grubs—December, hips, haws, and buds of trees. Gulden Oriole—January, various chrysolids. February, chrysolids and worms. March, grubs, and beetles. April, ground beetles and weevils. May, betties, moths, butter flies, and grubs. June, grubs, grasshoppers, bees, and cherries. July, cheeries and beetles. August, weevils, chrysolids, fruits, and worms. September, beetles, grubs, worms, and fruits. October, grubs, herbs, chrysolids, berries, and barley. November, ants and worms. Creste March, Crested Hoopoe—January, andApri i , the wo same and worms, and snails— February,birds—May, flies, dragon flies, and grubs of May-fly—June, water and land snails, flies, &c.—July, August, September, the same and wood-lice—October and November, snails, flies, and spiders—December, the same and worms. Green Woodpecker—January, ants—February, worms and grubs of ants—M arch, slugs, beetles, and grubs of ants April, ants and worms—May, red ants and grubs of wasps —June, bees and ants—July, red ants—August, red ants and worms—September, ants and worms—Otober, grubs of ants—November, grubs of ants and bees—and December, ants. Reed Thrush—March, grubs and insects—April, aquatic grubs—May, grubs of house and dragon flies—June, worms, grubs, flies, and May flies—July, beetles and dragon flies—August, worms, eggs of insects, and beetles —and September, aquatic insects. Great Titmouse—January, beetles and eggs of insects— February, grubs—March, winter snails, beetles, and grubs —April, cockchafers, beetles, and bees—June, cockchafers, flies, and other insects—July, the same—August, insects and fruits—September, seeds, grasshoppers, and crickets— October, berries—and November, seeds. Blackbird—January and February, seeds, spiders, and chrysolids—March, worms, grubs, and buds of trees— April, insects, worms, and grubss—May, the same and cockchafers—June, the same and fruit—July, August, Sep tember, all sorts of R orms and fruit—October, grubs of butterflies and worms—November, and December, seeds and chrysolids. Skylark—January, seeds of wild plants—February,seeds and corn—March, various insects, worms, seeds, and corn —April, insects, beetles, and corn—May, flies and various in sects—J une,grasshoPPers,worms and corn—July, crickets and grasshoppers—August, insects, corn, and seeds of weeds—September, seeds, worms, and barley—October, November, seeds, corn, and berries—December, seeds of wild plants. Redbreasts—January, insects, worms, and chrysolids— February, insects, worms, and wood lice—March, chryso lids, and worms—April, moths, eggs of insects, and cock chafers—May, grubs and beetles—June, flies, moths, spi ders, and worms—July, moths, butterflies, and wood lice— August and September, the same and worms—October, eggs of insects and aquatic insects—November, worms and chrysolids--Dec., chrysolids, grub, and eggs of moth. Nightingale—February, grubs and worms—March, the same and chrysolids, and ground beetles—April, flies, meal worms, beetles, and red worms—May, butterflies, cockcha fers, weevils, and grubs—June, spiders, wood-boring beetles, and worms—July, worms, grubs, eggs of locusts, grasshoppers, moths and flies—August, locusts, glow worms, weevils, and grubs—September, locusts, beetles, worms, and dragon flies—October, grubs, worms, and beetles—November, flies and worms. Linnet —January, February, March, and April, seeds and berries—May, June, July, August, and September, the same and insects—October, November, and December, berries, seeds, buds of trees, and fruit. Chaffinch —January, seeds, berries, and kernels of fruit— February, the same and corn—March, the same and in sects—April, moths, flies, and insects of various kinds— May, cockchafers, grubs, and eggs of insects—June, the same and wild fruit—July, the same and grubs of beetles— August, moths and butterflies —September, eggs of insects, worms, and seeds—October, wood-boring beetles and in sects—November, seeds—December, seeds and We. Greenfinch—January, February, and March, seeds, berries, wild fruit, worms, &c. —April, May, June, July, and August, the same and insects—September, October, NOVOID;Jer, and December, seeds, berries, worms, wild fruit, &c. The sparrow only lives near the habitations of roan. It varies its food according to circumstances. In a wood it lives on insects and seeds ; in a village it feeds on seeds, grain, and !siva> of butterflies, ;* in a city it lives o n a l kinds of debris. But it prefers cockchafers and some other insects to all other food. In looking over this list critically our sparrow killers will probably think that M. Florent Prevost has hare and there allowed the advocate rather to interfere with the philosopher, and they e articles of food which it is notorious that birdwS3cYonlnsi3usmse°.lllAnd in his zeal to show the amazing quantity of insects destroye d ,also consumed by his little proteges, the proportion of fruit, grain, ac. perhaps scarcely accords with our less accurate observation. Still these results are obtained by actual inspection, and we may be sure that everything enumerated has been found. And wo must remember that these experiments were made in France and that the food:of birds will always be largely inMuenced by local peculiarities. It is worth mentioning that a study of M.Florent Prevost's specimens showed another important fact ranging beyond the above list; that many birds, namely, living a good deal upon grain, feed their young entirely on insects, so that they are serving us admirably in this way at a season when insects are most rife, even when the examination of their own stomachs would lead as to denounce them as little better than mere plunderers. . _ And here I would draw attention to the value of another set of experiments recently reported in the papers, as sug gestive of the incredible quantity of insects destroyed by such agencies. A gentleman took some young robins and fed them himself, weighing them and their food accurately day by day, to discover what quantity a young bird required to keep it in a growing and healthy condition. As he went on he became more and more astounded at the result, and he found that taking the commonearthworm, as a representative of the food, the daily supply required to keep a young robin in its highest health, laid end to end would reach the almost incredible length of 14 feet. This seems amazing, but those will not hesitate to believe it who have watched the incessant activity during the long hours of a summer's day of a pair of birds with a nest of young. But let us put this and that together lama we wish pro perly to estimate the services of this invaluable little thief catcher, and with a true conception of the part he has to play among us, let us do what we can to save him from the wanton shot and cowardly poison. —I am, Sir, your obedient servant, EDWARD WILSON. Reform Club. resolutions on the following subjects :-1. On alterations in the Act of Confederation and its supplements. 2. On the Budget of the Band. 3. For the establishment of " gene ral features for the legislation of the separate States," in regard to matters connected with the press, the right of association, the right of domicile, and of all matters of com mon interest which may at some future time be brought under the direct influence of the Bund.* Bills relative to an alteration of the constitution of the Bund, to a supplement to the same, or to the matters which have hitherto been settled by the legislative bodies in the separate Scates. can only be passed by a majority of at least three-fourths of the members of the Federal As sembly. [Originally it was four-fifths, but several mem bers of the Congress spoke in favour of a majority of three fourths.] The Federal Assembly, like the Directory, has a right to bring in bills, but if a bill contains propositions for an alteration of the constitution of the Band, or of a supple ment to the same, it must, before it can be brought in, have the approval of at least three-fourths of the members of the Assembly.'t Art. 21. In all matters which concern the separate States rather than the Bund, the Federal Assembly has only a right to deliberate and mediate. Art. 22. In all Federal matters the Chamber of Dele gates has a right to make representations and complaints. Or THE ASSEMBLY OF PRINCES. Art. 23. As a rule the Assembly of Princes will meet after the close of the ordinary and extraordinary sittings of the Chamber of Delegates. The Emperor of Austria and the King of Prussia will together invite the Princes to assemble. The Princes may be represented by members of their respective families. [lt was proposed to let the mediatised German Princes have two representatives in the Assembly, but the motion was set aside.] Art. 24. The Princes to deliberate as independent Sove reigns, who are on an equality with each other. Art. 25. The Assembly of Princes takes into considers- tion the results of the deliberations of the Chamber of De puties, and finally disposes of the propositions made by the same.l. It orders the promulgation, by the Directory and by the separate State, of the acts it has sanctioned. It exa mines into the representations and complaints of the Cham ber of Delegates. It can take into consideration proposi tions for tho reception of new members in the Confede ration, and for a change in the right of voting of its present members. * This paragraph led to several animated and even angry discussions. _ _ t The passage quoted is said to have been introduced at the express request of the King of Hanover. It was privately agreed that no Bill should receive the sanction of the Assembly of Princes unless with., the full consent and approval of all its members. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS TIMES.—If our readers would like to contemplate a pleasant picture of happiness and prosperity, we recommend them to the speeches of Sir Charles Wood and Mr. Roebuck at the Sheffield Cutlers' Feast. It was certainly a happy regulation which prevented the speakers from referring to party poli tics, and led them to reflections on the general state of the country. Drawn off by this means from par ticular grievances, and compelled to contemplate the general features of our condition, every one was carried away into expressions of enthusiastic con tentment. The dullness, if not inactivity, of the [ate Session of Parliament seemed only an argumen that there was very little to do; that the interests and institutions of the country had been placed by the exertions of the last few years in such a healthy and natural condition that they merely required to be left free to their unfettered development; and that Ministers of both parties were now so equally able and energetic that it did not much matter which party was in power. And when Sir Charles Wood was led on to reflect that this comparative Equality in successive Administrations arose from their being all more or less controlled by the supe rior power of public opinion, "aided and enlight ened," and—we must add—expressed by the press, he found it impossible, in the face of the prosperity he was witnessing, to view the new power with any jealousy. It was in itself a subject for congratula tion that the Secretary of State tor India should be able to speak in terms of satisfaction and hope of the prospects of that hitherto unmanageable, or un managed, dependency. The gloom which had fallen on " the sister country" was the only piece of shadow in the picture. Wherever else our eyes wore directed, at home or in our vast dependency, nothing but prosperity and contentment met the view of the speaker. Nor• can it be said that there was anything exaggerated in the brightness of the picture. The Master Cutler, we are sure, gave his guests a very good dinner, and they were, no doubt, the more disposed to take a bright view of things in general by t heir own sense of internal satisfaction. But the dinner did not disturb their mental digestion, and their reflections were perfectly sober. It is as true, as it is gratifying, chat the trade of the country as tt . whole was never more prosperous ; that we have solved the most d'ffieult problems of government at home, and are fast solving them in India. To illustrate and demonstrate the argument it was only necessary for Mr. Roebuck to compare our condition with that of almost any other country in the world. Mr. Roebuck's admiration for the Emperor Napoleon did not prevent his pointing out the absence of freedom in France. The Germans are still struggling to effect a unity in their Father land which we have long ago attained. Austria "is in the very throes of establishing a Constitu tion," while we have enjoyed an equable and a strong one for more than a century and a half. Prussia is still suffering from the caprices and ob stinacy of Divine right, a malady which we passed through safely a hundred and fifty years age. Rus sia, bleeding with a great revolution, and America, torn to pieces with civil war, and breaking up in anarchy, despotism, and blood, completed the dark background, and left the eye resting in relieved contentment on the quiet and brightness of the immediate and present foreground. We live, indeed, it sometimes seems, in a sort of "happy isle," far from the confusion, the clamour, and the darkness of the Old and New Worlds. But, though it is wise and useful occasionally to encourage our exertions and enhance our contentment by these pleasant re flections, they ought to be balanced by a caution. It will not do to talk or think as if the happiness of this country had come by fate or chance, or as if prosperity were tied to our chariot-wheels. We are blessed, indeed, with almost every physical as with every moral and intellectual advantage whieh can give the means of wealth and insure the attainment of happiness. But, though we are less liable to the dangers which threaten other people's pros perity, we are not secure from them. We cannot depend on our commerce being always self-support ing, our manufactures always vigorous, or our lands always productive, We do not refer to any prospect of failure in our trade or of blight in the produc tions of the earth. The operations of nature are uniform on the whole. There is the same balance in the productio ns of the earth which philosophers are constantly trac ing in the amount of force a lways in play, in the fall of rain, the change of seasons, and the apparent confusion of the atmos phere. Now that our trade is free to adapt itself to the varying operations of nature, we need have no fear but that a deficiency in one direction will always be balanced sooner or later by a correspond ing increase in another. If no artificial disturbances interfered with the ordinary play of natural causes we might give ourselves up to the healthy work and the enthusiastic enjoyment of the present, care— less of the future and unconcerned for our own or our children's safety. lIERALD.—Mr. Seward has attempted to enlist the sympathies of Europe on the side of the Northern States in the American civil war. lie undertakes to convince our statesmen that the North has gained such great advantages over its ene my during the past year that it will be impos sible for the South to continue the strife much longer. We may therefore look forward at some distant period to a reconstruction of the Union and a settled state of things. Peace in America is understood to be the wish of Europe, which ha suffered much, and may suffer much yet, from this s d e plorable war. If we wish to hasten this peace we have only to refuse our sympathy and withdraw o ur support from the South. If we leave the two sections of the late Union alone , they will speedily c ontrive, says Mr. Seward, to " arrange their domestic controversies," Now we need not pause to argue that this presumption all able to subdue events on tbeSoutft is founded on false pre mises, or a tinsufficient data. We need not point out what must bo obvious to every one, that supposing such a conquest possible, the recon struction of the Union on its old base does not necessarily fall , o v l e V li . w. A 11 this has been so often reiterated th a t say no more about it just at Present. What we would ask is this—What right bus this Secretary to assume that the Governments of E aro __, et are si) drat to every claim of justice and morality as to ms:asure all national quarrels by the rule of their private interests, or to give their countenance only to the successful side ? If we believe the South to be in the right ; if, from the commencemen t of the struggle, we have sympathised with the South, can our jodgrnent be altered by the issue of a hundred battles, or our sympathy be sup posed to wane with the declining fortunes of the cause ? We wish for peace it is true ; but we loathe the very thought of the peace which Mr. Seward anticipates. To exterminate the Southern men, to ruin the southern commerce, to make a desert of the Southern land, this would be doubt less to make an end of the war. Kira words do but little tor a people in such extremity, but irony sym pathy of ours could avert such a catastrophe, it is not to be supposed that we should refuse it. We wish all success to the South, and confusion to Us enemies—the triumph of a people that is doing battle for, the rights which it inherits from its THE FRANKFORT CONFERENCE. The following is a complete analysis of the Reform Act which has been signed by the members of the Confederation : REFORM OF THE GERMAN BUND, AS PROPOSED BY THE CONGRESS OF PRINCES HELD AT FRANKFORT. Art. 1. The objects of the German Confederation are : The maintenance of the security and power of Germany in regard to foreign countries; tha maintenance of public order at home, the furtherance of the interests of the German na- ion, &c. Art. 2. A Directory to be formed for the management of the affairs of the Confederation. A Federal Council to be "voices"—sesli s E es formed of the pl en ipotentiaries of the Government. An as• sembly of Pri nces to meet at stated periods. A Federa' Court of Ju s ti ce to b e es t a blished. Art. 3. Th e Di rector y o f th e Bu n d to consist of six of the Ki ng o f Bavaria, of t h e Ki ngs o f S axon y, Hanover,urtember, and W peror of Austria, of the King of Prussia , g, who shall alternately be in the Directory for the period of one year; of a representative of the Grand Duke of Baden, of the Elector of Hesse, of the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt, of the King of Denmark (for Holstein and Lauenburg), of the King of the Netherlands (tor Lux emburg), of the Duke of Brunswick, of the Grand Dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin and Mecklenburg-Strelitz, and o f the Duke of N assau; and of a representat i ve o f th e G r and Ab a the flaemt 5 family, ande yt Duke of Saxe-W e i mar, of the Duke of Olden b urg , o f the s Dukes of Saxe.Meiningen, Saxe. Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg - Gotha, and Anh a lt ; o f the Princes of SchwarzburgeSon derhausen, Sch warz b urg-Rudolstadt, Liechtenste i n, Wal deck, Reuss of th e e ld er line, Renee of the younger b ranc h 0f r a Se6c members u e t hs rm the Directory u uDf r t trhe theyti Directory reservet obe e willtl elected e D tte e hbd t ee ls ofmoroi represented one ees o se f yne t ttah h e rd y a Members Plenipotentiary, u the right of appea r i ng . Hargrave of g - L eo PPel L , ylDe Hesse -Homburg, and of the four free cities. in person on extraordinary occasions. Art. 4. The Federal Council to be composed of the 17 "voices" of th e E ngerer Rath (Smaller Council). But as Austria and Prussia are now to have three votes each, the number of voices in the Federal Council will be 21. Art. 5. A ustr i a to preside i n the Directory and in t h e ctodivided, b ion e unabl e t o appear Prussia is to take the chair. No other prerivilege is attached t o th e Presid e n c y th an th e formal affairs.di t All th partye resolutionswth which otfhtehree representative Directory t v to e be taken of by a s i mp l e majority of votes. Should the votes be equally The mentioned below, the Dukes, P r i nces, and free cities votes will be understood to have th e ma j ority, are majority of votes, except in certain cases w hich The r esolutions of the F e deral Council will be taken by a simple s in the Directory are bound to obey the instructions received from their respective Governments. The relations between the Directory and the separate Go vernments will be maintained by their Plenipotentiaries in the Federal Council. The Military Commission of the Bund is subject to the Directory. The seat of the Directory and Federal Council is Frankfort-on-the - Maine. Art. 6. The executive power of the Band to be in the hands of the Directory. In some cases, which will be speci fied, the Directory is bound to consult the Federal Council, and to follow its opinions. Art. 7. In as f ar as F ore i gn P o wers are concerned the Directory is the r e p resentat i ve o f the Bund. The Directory to appoint the dipl omat i c agen t s o f the Confederation. Art. 8. The Directory has to care for the external secu rity of Germany. Sh ou ld t h ere b e any danger of an attack on the Confederati on , or on an y part of the Federal terri tory, the Directory t o t a k e th e ne cessary steps for the de fence of the same. No formal declaration of war can be made without the consent of two-thirds cf the voices of the Federal Council. Should there be danger of a war be tween a Foreign Power and a Federal State which has pos sessions not belonging to the German Bund, the Directory must leave it to the Federal Council to decide whether the Bund will take part in the war. There must be a majority of two-thirds of the voices in the Federal Council before war can be declared.* If the territory of the Bund is attacked by hostile forces, Germany, as a mat ter of course, is at war. The Director y has a right to take s te p s for restorin g p eace, but the condi tions mud be made by the Federal Council, and no peace can be concluded unless with the consent of two-thirds of the voices of the said Council. The Directory will have to uphold the neutra lit y of the Bund, in accordance with Art. 45 of the Act of Confederation. Should there be q uarrels between Federal States and foreign Powers, the Directory has to act in accordance with the instructions contained in Arts. 36 and 37 of the Act of Confederation. Art. 9. The Fe deral Governments have to take care t hat peace and order are m aintained in their States, b ut the di rectory has to see t hat the internal p eace of Germa ny is not imperilled. [The offensive passage in the draught o f th e siTtlulhbeetii r ectorY has to see that pea ce an d con cord,::-sen the different members of th e B un d . le )ins 'es,,to‘pbreeecn struck autiona out.] A ry measures against oss bp Reform Bill bn l r e e l v o d . Serious disputes to be referred to the Bundes-Gericht, the new Federal Court of Justice. Art, 11. In virtue of resolutions taken by the Federal Council the Directory to have the right to make proposi tions in legislative matters. No propositions for an altera tion of the constitution of the Bund, or for a supplement (Zusatz) to the same, can be made " unless unanimity prevail in tho Federal Council." [ln the original project it was "unless there be a majority of 17 voices in the Federal Council," and the foregoing change was made at the express request of the smaller potentates, who are terribly afraid of being " mediatised."] No resolution can be taken in regard to religious matters unless with the unanimous consent of the members of the Confederation. Art. 12. The directory has to see that the resolutions of the Bund are properly carried out, and if necessary by means of an adequate number of troops. Art. 13. The Directory to have the management of all the military matters of the Confederation. Art, 14. The Directory to have the management of the financial matters of the Directory. Every three years it will, with the approval of the Federal Council, lay before the House of Deputies the estimates of the ordinary and extraordinary expenditure of the Bund. Should the Direc tory not be able to come to an understanding with the Chamber of Deputies in reap ct to the estimates, the sum expended during the preceding period to be disturbelt In order to recover an unexpected outlay the Directory may, without the consent of the Federal Counciland the Chamber of Deputies, levy the sums required. If the Directory cannot come to an understanding with the National Assem bly, it has to give to that body a satisfactory explanation as to the cause of the extraordinary expenditure. Every three years the Directory has to lay before the Chamber of Depu ties its account of ways and means. Art. 15. The Directory to convoke, open, prorogue, close, and dissolve the Assembly of Federal Delegates. The Directory to represent the Federal Governments vis-a-vis the Assembly of Deputies. OF THE ASSEMBLY OF DELEGATES. Art. 16. The Federal Assembly to be formed of dele gates from the representative bodies of the several Gorman States. Austria to send 75 delegates from the members of the Reichsrath, who were elected in the States belonging to the German Confederation, or from the members of the Diets of provinces belonging to the same. Prussia to send 75 delegates from the representatives of the German provinces in the Prussian Diet. Bavaria to send 27 delegates; Saxony, Hanover, and Wurcemberg, 15 each; Baden, 12; Hesse'- Cassel, 9 ; Hesse-Darmstadt, 9 ; Holstein and Lauenburg, 5 ; Luxemburg and Limburg, 4 ; Brunswick, 3 ; the two Mecklenburgs, 6 ; Nassau, 4 ; Saxe-Weimar, 3 ; Saxe' Meiningin, Saxe-Altenburg, and Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 2 each; Oldenburg, 3; and the other States 1 each. The Mar gravate of Hesse-Homburg is also to have a representative in the Federal Diet. The four free cities will have two re presentatives instead of one, as was originally proposed. In States in which aro two Chambers the Upper House will elect one-third and the Lower House two-thirds of the dele gates. The Federal Assembly will consist of 302 persons. Art. 17. The delegates to be elected in accordance with the laws which are iu force in the countries they are to re present. The Aesembly of Delegates to meet once iu three years,t and in the month of May. The Assembly can be prorogued by the Directory for a period not exceeding two months, and it is at liberty to adjourn for eight days. Should the Assembly be dissolved, the Directory has imme diately to issue orders for new elections. Art. 19. The Chamber of Delegates to elect its Presi dents, Vice-Presidents, and Secretaries; its sittings to be public. A House is formed when two-thirds of the dele gates are present. As a rule a bill may be passed by a simple majority of votes. Art. 20. The Chamber of Delegates has a right to pass * Tho original wording was " a majority of the voices in the Federal Council will decide whether the Bund shall interfere," and it was stongly objected to by the French and Italian Governments. 1- This stipulation renders the right givAn to the National Assembly to vote the supplies perfectly illusory. The King of Saxony tried to persuade his fellow Sove reigns to allow the Federal Assembly to ratet once a year, but he was outvoted, brave ancestors, the overthrow of a reckless fac- neither applied nor applicable, as to materiall y I tion that would trample on those right s and abro- 1 lessen the confidence which might be placed in this gate the liberties of America. This is the only preventive; that finally, sentiment apart, mere issue of the war that honest and generous men in considerations of health regarded, known lorms of France and England can anticipate without alarm. food in which these germs aboundshould be shunned Mr. Seward will never persuade them to desire any as being so much poison. Here at this point we other. The apologist of Mr. Lincoln would reply might expatiate on the grouse disease, always to all that is said about the rights of the case by accompanied as it is, most probably caused, by affirming that the Southern movement was a rebel- parasatic entozoa—tape-worms, in point of fact. lion against constituted authority which it behoved We have stated enough, however, for the occasion. the Government of the United States to rep ress b y E very one concerned—and who is not ?—may apply all the means in its power. Disdaining, however, the facts mentioned to his own particular case. to discuss this question, as being irrevalent just - now, he makes an appeal to the interests of Fra nce and England, which he thinks should induce them to look for the success of the North as the only 1 prospect of peace. On this ground, too, we are 1 ready to meet him. It is curious that a pamph let i has appeared in Paris almost at the moment of the 1 publication of his letter, which gives the coup de grace to his argument as far as France is concerne d. ; l'he brochure on " France, Mexico, and the Confe derate States," although it bears no name, is be- is lieved to express the views of the French Court. it The title of the pamphlet points out the line which a it takes. France has made a great conquest in hi Mexico, and wishes to establish a durable empire in r the lately distracted southern part of the North 1] American Continent. Had there never been any s civil war in the States this conquest would, in all iii probability, not have been completed without an .n armed interference on the part of the American Government. The reconstruction of the Union, could it ever take place, would leave the Northern , A Government at liberty to carry out its views in IT Mexico, and those views are notoriously opposed to •• the domination of any European Power. The silly boast of a former American President is actually f 1 held to be a state maxim at Washington. The so er called " Monroe doctrine" denies the right of any al , European Government to acquire territory in r I America, and is of course opposed to a French or Austrian empire in a country which Americans lA' have long regarded as their peculiar prey. The bt Northerners, as might have been expected, have fulminated a variety of useless anathe mas against the French conquerors and the pro clamation '•• of the Mexican Empire. So long as ea the South forms a barrier between them and Mexico eel they have no more power to interfere in the politics I ' c of that country than in those of New Zealand. Meanwhile the South, for reasons which it is not Fi difficult to understand, is dispcsed to hail the French conquest, and to give a warm welcome to the sol - rat a: diers with whom it would willingly establish b , Li still closer relations. Their position in Mexico, .ss and their common feeling of antagonism towards the ice North as far as regards affairs in America, give the French an additional motive for sympathising with the South. Even before the Mexican conquest a seemed probable the French Government had been - strongly disposed to recugnition and even to an alliance with the South. This disposition is now T so far strengthened that the civil war between the )en, States seems likely ere long to enter into a new 186 phase, and to receive a solution somewhat different 13, from that so confidently predicted by Mr. Lincoln's 41 Secretary of State. The writer of the pamphlet to 21 which we have alluded urges the immediate recog- 12: s.e. nition of the Confederate States by France. An i active alliance with the South is more than hinted 2( ( at. The other European States will follow the ex- 27 ample of France. The American question must 52 then be " thoroughly settled." " The Northern 17 63 States will no longer persevere in a hopeless 63 _ struggle, and the war navy of France is an argu ment which, if need be, would effectually support ' l s, 48 169 the work of her diplomacy." The Great Powers ro,. 30 of Europe have too lone. been the listless spectators t:,y a ri s( 5, ° 198 of this deplorable civil contest. We be'ieve, and Gt. eat, 614 we think most men in France and England agree Greats 3 58 51 with us, that the time has now come when they tst.Northi 66 have a right to make their voice heard in the settle- rit.eSout thn. 1018! 329 ment of American affairs. It will do much credit I r ve a rn l e V s e s s tA 86; to the sagacity of the Emperor of the French if it Irish North-VS , 145 should appear that he is alive to the advantage of Limerick and 3951 being the first to do the right thing—the first to Limerick and Foy, 24124 claim the friendship and alliance of a peop l e that ten, L i o a n e e i n lY & North-We 11 4 65 4 1 will have abundant opportunity to prove its grat i t ude London and Blackwal. 5 We shall regret that our own country was not th e London & South-West, 441 2411 foremost in the expression of a generous regard for a IfonnedLonE,riCglllattri;mS, S. Co o ‘ v. 724 people that far more than its Northern foe is allied Do. 3letropolitan EXICIIBI 41 to us in blood and feeling. It cannot be denied that Lund., Tilbury, & Southend . 42i our interests pointed all in that direction. In the Naanne.,glgffield T . & & A L I t i n r i c r)t 8 ". 239; 94 South is a supply of what we want—a market for Maryport and Carlisle 2B what we sell. The South would pour its cotton into Metropolitan Midland (incl. N.- Western) 641 6141 our ports, and receive our manufactures without 6lidland Gt.Westn. of hind 2591 192 prot ibitary tariffs. England and the South are Monkland 7ll Moumouthsh. Rail. & Canal 44 made to be mutually assistant, mutually dependent. North British, Dim., Perth There is nothing but jealousy and ill-blood between and. Dundee us and the North, while the South, for all our cold N-Eastern and Stock. & Darl 1095 10651 9 T treatment, looks upon us as friends and brethren.North North kt o a n tl d o o r i cishire 254 We have thrown away a magnificent opportunity, Oswestry and Newton...... - and spurned an alliance which would have been so r is r e te n Y, scams , - great a gain on both sides. If the Emperor Napo- Scottish ce,“ - leon should step in to accept this alliance , and avail ~c , ... 0tti., - 1 39434 himself of all the privileges to which the first comer eouoi Lee— ___ 751 has the best claim, we cannot possibly find fault South-Eastern dun 306 all' Vale 55 P' with him, as we have only ourselves to blame for it. Tlster POA',—Of reports presented by order to either of P a l l e e oof Neath w • so 32' the departments of Government, and circulated in Waterford and Kilkenny the form of blue books, or other State printed papers, La s te t rjo o r r d anc l l l Limerick few have been impressed with features of so m uch W.HartlenpwooalllarbrAtltai" general interest as those affecting the conditions of W'bwren,Cleator,& Egr public health. This is a matter that touches the self- Whitehaven Junction Whnehaven & Pure , interest of everybody. It is one in respect of which F wa r p AND Cr the statement may be confidently made that the Austrianandea' more we study it the more do we become enthralled. B e lgian Eap' Fear and hope, the two most powerful human influ- l? ti t il ita o y , r ences, become awakened; fear of violating conditions u proclaimed by experience as ne c essar y in the ma- Rpeute. * r jority of cases to health preservation, and hope that 1 by heeding admonitions, and, acting in accordance with their promptings, we may escape the evils which adoption of the opposite course might have probably induced. Apart from the intrinsic popu larity of this class of subjects, however, much of the public appreciation they have secured is due to the well-reasoned and concise manner in which the health officer, Mr. Simon, has year after year drawn up his sanitary bulletins. The last of these documents, just issued for the use of the Privy Council, possesses even more interest than most of those antecedent, because of the prominence it gives to the result of eating diseased animal food. The facts stated are not new ; in which, indeed, consists cognisant of sa e t t h e e f i r t value.them ; indeed, n Physiologistsdeed , th e r ere h e a a v i e e n l a o l n g b been revela tions made relative to th a t sec tion i of them which concerns the development and dissemination of entozoa, or internal parasites, must be numbered amongst the most interesting, as well as the best attested, in the entire range of comparative anatomy and physiology. The public interest of Mr. Simon's attestation consists in this : Quitting domains strictly professional, he brings the topic of entozoic development practically home to each and every one of us. To epitomise the subject in a few words, the case stands thus ; Life and death are not condi tions so obviously distinct as people are wont to imagine. The Abyssinian, as Bruce, the traveller, recorded long ago, procures a rump-steak in a dis gusting and—humanity considered—a most repre hensible fashion. With a sharp knife he cuts out a steak from the living animal, and eats it raw. As to the sentiment of the thing there can be only one opinion—the custom is horribly repulsive. But —sentiment apart and the objection of cruelty dis posed of—is there any other objection to the Abys sinian custom ? Yes ; nature revolted vindicates her decencies. The Abyssinian steak, dead so to speak quoad bovine life, holds nevertheless, if not always, yet in many cases, living germs so exceed ingly small that not even tho microscope could reveal them. Ingested, however, they reveal their presence soon enough—tapeworm being the conse quence. No known people on the face of the earth are so affected as the Abyssinians with this deadly parasite, so that were it not for thecireumstance that Livery efficient remedy, koufsoo, grows in Abyssinia, and is plentifully used, it seems as though the whole race of Abyssinians would be swept away. Pursuing the topic, it is well known to physiolo gists that animated germs of size inconceivably small may be present in thousands of t c h a e s i e r s w w a hen ie vi tc ; little suspect them. They may find y the system through water drunk and fruit anof d salads eaten rase ; but animal food is the vehicle n o ingestion in which they are chiefly to be appre hended. It is a peculiarity of certain of these ani mated germs that in some cases they assume one form of entozoic development, in others another ; the result partly depending on the species of animal that has ingested them, and partly on the specific organism in which they may have fo und their final lodgment. Thus a microscopic thread worm, known as the trichina spiralis, infests the muscular or fleshy parts of animal s ; and , according to the authority of Mr. Garngee, quoted by Mr. Simon, it has been discovered quite recently that the presence of this worm may bring the muscular flesh of swine into such a state that a small portion eaten raw will suffice to destroy life. The same authority—Mr. Gamgee—expresses his belief that there are between forty and fifty thousand measly pigs in Ireland, most of which come to Great Britain for consump tion ; and his impression is, that for every measly p being afflicted with tape-worm. The general facts to which the specific observations jst noticed refer are, we repeat, not new ; hence their greater signi ficance. They admonish each and every one of us to aid in whatever way may be possible the giving effect to the supervision of officers of public health. To sum up the main facts known as the laws o f entezoic presence and development, it seems, firstly, that be anywhere, every where; a nimalsmarkedly afflicted with the butn ox thatious i g n er rus may certain characteristic diseases they attain their maximum ; that sufficient application of culinary heat will certainly destroy them ; but so many in stances occur in which the sufficiency of heat is COUNTRY MARKE TS. LIVERPOOL—FRIDAY. At this day's market there was a quick sale for good red American wheat, which closed fully 2d to 3d per cental dearer than the extreme rates of Tuesday. White wheat unaltered in value. New oa arrive slowly; ; old were more saleable. Barley, beans, and peas all brought full prices. Indian corn in pod request. Flour quiet. WAKEFIELD—FRIDAY. A fair quantity of new wheat came to hand to-day, the full prices of last week being realised. An improved de mand for old sorts, but prices no higher. Beans in steady demand, and oats and shelling rather cheaper. ~'--- -~` STAMFORD—Fmnny. White wheat, 42s to 46s ; red, 40s ito 44s per 36 stone. Barley, malting, 36s to 40s; grinding,; 27s to 30s per qr. Oats, 20s to 2.s6tper 24 stone. Beans, old, 42s to ---s per sr. ; new, 39s to —s. EXETER—FRIDAY. Wheat, white 6s 3d to 6s 4d I Barley. .. 3s Gd to 4s 3 d Ditto red .6s Od to 6s 3d Oats .. Flour, fine, 35s to 3Gs ; scconds,.34s to —s per sack. CATTLE. Fat beef, p sc., 10s0d to 11s6d Ewes, per 11 , ....SVI to 60 Pork carcases, 7s Od to 8s Od Wethers, d 0..... 7d to —d Lamb, p 1b.......—d to —d Fat calves, d0...61d to Rough fat, 31d per lb. DUBLIN- A fair supply of new wheal —FRIDAY. ~ oats, bere, and rapo to-day, at Tuesday's rides. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Wheat, white 21 0 to 26 0 Beans.. ..... Do , red 22 oto 23 0 Bere Do., new .... oto 0 I Rapeseed Barley Oats Do., black — oto 0 Indian corn .. 27 oto 23 0 BRISTOL SUGAR-FRIDAY. The market this week has been rather dull, and sales have been confined to one cargo Cubas, at 215., to arrive ; and about 300 hhds West Indian, OR the spot, at from 31a to 3•3 s per cwt. Refiners' produce is less active, and in some cases rather easier prices have been accepted. Rum in lair demand at late rates. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. TRAFFIC RECEIPTS FOR THE WEEK. Miles Opened. Receipts. 1863. Ism. £ £ Belfast and N. Counties 136 136 2,376 2,129 Belfast and County Down 49 49 678 721 Blyth and Tyne 2B 28 1,609 2,023 Bristol and Exeter 12 14 1212 7,283 7,7 03 Caledonian 2342 21i 17,980 17,437 Cockermouth & Workington B2 82 287 284 Cork and Bandon 2O 20 346 310 Cork, Blackrock, & Passage 62 al 251 3 91 Cork and Youghal 322 27 522 4 11 Cornwall 531 531 1,832 1,57 1 Deeside l7 17 421 371 Dublin & Belfast Junction 63 63 1,523 1,485 Dublin and Drogheda 75 63 1,814 1,703 Dublin and Meath - 199 - Dub. & Wicklow and Wextd 512 482 2,772 2,45 5 Edinburgh and cflasgow 16 92 169 2 9,101 8.205 Forth & Clyde Junction Furness, &c 5O 51 3,051 2 , 689 Glasgow & South-Western Gt. Eastern,Nrik.,&E. Union Great Northern 351 351 31,891 3t,553 Great North of Scotland 5B 58 2,201 2.11 4 tit. Northn. & Westn. (Irel.) 712 562 417 424 'it Southn. & Westn.(lrind.) 3512 329 0,752 7,55 1 Great Western 10561 10182 68,185 68,69 0 Inverness & Aberdeen June- 882 863 1,815 1,483 Irish North-Western 145 145 1,747 1,77+ Lancashire & Yorkshire 3952 3952 39,036 37,73 1 Limerick and Ennis... 242 242 152 170 Limerick and Foynes 2 6 .1 26 2 140 136 Llaneliy 462 462 838 7i2 Londen & North-Western London and Blaekwall 5l 2,064 2,162 London & South-Western Lond. Brighton, &S. Coast 2Bll 211, 21,000 21,27 3 London, Chatham, & Dover 72 72t 6.613 6,9; 0 Do. Metropolitan Extension 102 41 1,410 60 Lund., Tilbury, & Southend alan.,Sheflield, & Lincolnsh Manch. S. J un.& A ltrincham 92 92 1,313 1,241 Maryport and Carlisle 2B 28 1,181 1,1 0 Metrop o lit an - 1,548 -; Midland (incl. N.-Western) 641 46,553 47,95,,,, Midland Gt.Westn. of hind 2W '7' 2 1,612 1 2 4,338 4 3 v" M on kl an d 712 , ;',/ M ou mouthsh. Rail. & Canal 44 2,733 2, 7 w North British, Edin., Perth and Dundee N-Eastern and Stock. & Darl 1095 60,675 57 ,3, North London 9 3,352 3,413 North Stailordshire 254 8,339 8,8 4 , Oswestry and Newton... 5O 1,305 1,2 0 ' Illiymney 192 St. Helen's Canal & Railway 52 Scottish Central Scottish North-Eastern l3B Somerset and Dorset 394 South Devon 4 0 2 1 1 0 09 ,2 8 5 60 2 2 ' : :1 2°; 0 5; 2 1 4.449 4,329 South-Eastern 306 27,500 30,341 Taff Yale 55 5,638 5,81'2 Ulster Vale of Clwyd. Vale of Neath 324 2,334 2.0 87 Waterford and Kilkenny 3l 670 371 Waterford and Limerick 77 1,396 1, 25 5 West Cornwall 272 902 B b,,' W.Hartlepoolllarbr.StßaiL 4B 4, 799 4 . b2,, W'haTen,Cleator,& Egrmnt 7 585 495 Whitehaven Junction l2 745 721 Whitehaven & Furness Jun 35 775 713 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL. Antwerp and Rotterdam 52 Austrian B2B Belgian Eastern Junction 2 Bombay, Baroda, & Cen. India 185 Buffalo and Lake Huron l6l Detroit and Milwaukie lB9 Dutch Rhenish lOBl Eastern of France lO7B East Indian Grand Trunk of Canada lO9O Great Indian Peninsula 5382 Great Luxembourg 134 Great Southern onndia ... Great Western of Canada 345 Madrid, Saragossa &Alicant 499 Northern of Canada ......... Northern of France 697 Norwegian Trunk Ottoman Paris, Lyons, & Mediterrn 1491 Paris and Orleans l34 o¢Pernambuco 77 Royal Danish 69 Sambre and Meuse 6 6 88 S ou th Austrian Southern of France .. . 777 Victorian 196 Welland ....... 25 West Flanders 75 W. and N.W. of France Itailways. 1863. 1862. 33 1, , g3 4 1 0 : 1 1 r , , 291 F,Z, 2,712 3,333 3, 356 3,365 3 ,8 6,'103 5,9 0 3 ,.,Z 63,121 5 7 ,v , !, 38,734 11,65? 14,266 11, 674 5,703 4, 911 4,810 4,71 9 552 3 68 8,057 7857 16,985 19,28 1 1,141 1,963 59,857 C 0, 64 7, 1,208 1,32 4 36s 271 133,014 132,31 7 65,943 65,256 1354 1201 452 8,8 826 3 5 613 1 11 26 98 9 95233 4! 1827 7 77 : 5 : 53 1 ; 4 ' 73 1315 777 151 Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DITE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton. Sept. 18. via Marseilles Sept. 1 4 ' Brazil and Cape Verds, by British packet Oct. 5 Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena Sept. 2' China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton Sept. 1,,' via Marseilles Sept. 14" Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton Sept. 10. India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Sept. 1 8 ' via Marseilles Sept. 1-„, ' India (Bombay), via Southampton S ep t. 10• via Marseilles dept. 4. Portugal.... Oct. 6 ; n Malta, Egypt, and Men, via Southampton Sept. Iv' via Marseilles Sept. 4 „.• Newfoundland Oporto and Vigo .. U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... Sept. 11 ' .... _ by U.S. 'packet - A by Canadian packet Sept. W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Tencriffo Sept. Bahamas, via New York - Sept. 2 "L' Mexico All parts of West Indies, including Chili, I'eru, j Sept. 14. California. and British Columbia. The Italian Opera at St. Petersburg opens oti the 15th of September. The chief singers are Mme. Barbet, Signora Fioretti, who ran away from Covent-garden, be. cause she was cast for the Princess in " Robert le Diable,' Mme. Didi 62, and Mme. Bernardi. The tenors are Tani' berlik, Calzolari, and Giu g lini ; the bari tones and ba sseo are Graziani, Everard i, Fortuna 1160 ) , Angelini, an d Fioraravanti. Births. BARNES.—On the 2d inst., at Lichfield, the wife of Arthu r Barnes, solicitor, of a son. DRAGE.—On the 2d inst., at Hatfield, the wife of Lieut. and Adjt. Drage, 85th Regt., of a daughter. FIG GINS.—On the 4th inst., at 29, Brunswick-square, t ile wife of James Figgins, jun., Esq., of a daughter. . 0 HUNT.—On th e 3d inst., at The Grove, Balham, the VI of Joseph Hunt, of a son. Marriages. BEARD—CoorEL—On the 3d inst., at St. Paul's, 118113 ,.j: rnersmith, Willi am Elli ot, eldest son of William 1 3 e 4- 6 Esq., of Old-B road-street, and the Old Frances,Kent-road, fourth daughter of John Cooper, Esq of rvir . tonville. EVRINGTON—LONG.— On the 3d inst. at East Derehatni: Norfolk, Devas Evrington, ' Esq , of Dilling t° ,o Hall, to Launi Isabella, the younger daughter of the is David Long, Esq., of the sums place. Deaths. o, DUITIELL—On the 3d inst., at Ascot, William Thi A, " -p „(1. Esq , of 4, Upper Philliraore-gardens, Kensington, "- 46. of GILLEspIE —On the 3d inst., Robert Gillespie. 33, York-place. Portman-square, and of Sprint; Lanarkshire, aged 79. f 5 0 0 GROVER. —On the 3d inst., James Grover, Esq., 0 ' Denbigh-street, Pimlico, aged 63. HODGES,—On the 30th ult., at 38, Argyle-street, Mr• Hodges, late of Judd-street, aged 64. .1 111% NACKENZIE,—On the 31st ult., at Hastings, Captain o Mackay Mackenzie, late 33d Regt., aged 36. of WILLIAMS.—On the 3d inst., Mr. William Williatu Cale de l'Europe, Haymarket, 54. London : I'rinted and Pulqlshed by WILT LAM ANDO'"" of 'No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE SUN (Mice o f Strand, in the Precinct of the ''svoy, in the COW' Saturlay, September 5, 1.6C4 a 1,