The Sun. — London, England, 1830-02-03 00:00:00

• TII`E MARKETS.--(THIS DAY). CORN EXCHANGE. We have a large supply of Eaglish Barley this wee, with a moderate arrival of Flour, but not much of other Cr ain• Our lightermen cannot work on the river, con sequently there is nothing doing here in ship Corn, the nominal prices of which remain as last reported. ARRIVALS. Barley. H,850 qrs. Wheat. lrleh , h ..... 1,200 qrs foreign.: ... . .... 750 Oats. I Flour. 900 qrs. s,4oosacks. 1,950 - HAY MARK ETS.—( At per Load of 36 Truues.) SMITHFIELD. .oarse heavy Lowland M ea do w Hay .£2 0 to £2 13 Aaw Meadow Hay 0 0 0 0 Useful Old Ditto • 3 3 3 10 n n e 14!land Meado w a nd Ry e - grass Hay 315 415 4.luver Hay (extra t1ne)....£5 5 _Generally 04 Straw ...... ...1 12 to .£1 16 I Wheat Straw IIS 2 2 The beet Meadow Hay, in a few instanyei, ss. per load higher than Yesterday ; prices of other Hay and Straw stationary. Sup- Ply short, and trade dull. CHARACTER OF COLUMBUS. Columbus was a man of great and inventive genius. The operations of his mind were ener getic, but irregular ; bursting forth at times with that irresistible force which characterises in tellects of such an order. His mind had grasped all kinds of knowledge connected with his pur suits; and, though his information may appear limited at the present day, and some of his errors Palpable, it is because that knowledge, in his Peculiar department of science, was but scantily developed in his time. His own discoveries enlightened the ignorant of that age ; guided conjecture to certainty ; and dispelled numerous errors with which he himself had been obliged to struggle. His ambition was lofty and noble. He was full of high thoughts, and anxious to distinguish himself by great achievements. It has been said that a mercenary feeling mingled with his views, and that his stipulations with the Spanish Court were selfish and avaricious. The charge is in considerate and unjust. He aimed at dignity and wealth in the same lofty spirit in whish he sought renown ; but they were to arise from the 'territories he should discover, and be commen surate in importance. No condition could be More just. He asked nothing of the sovereigns but a command of the countries he hoped to give them, and a share of the profits to support the dignity of his command. If there should be no country discovered, his stipulated viceroyalty would be of no avail ; and if no revenues should be produced, his labour and peril would produce no gain. If his com mand and revenues ultimately proved magnifi cent, it was from the magnificence of the re glons he had attached to the Castilian crown.— What Monarch would not rejoice to gain em- Pire on such conditions ? But he did not merely risk a loss of 'labour, and a disappointment of ambition, in the enterprise ; on his motives be lug questioned, he voluntarily undertook, and, with the assistance of his coadjutors, actually defrayed one-eighth of the whole charge of the first expedition. The gains that promised to arise from his discoveries he intended to appropriate in , the same princely and pious spirit in which they were demanded. He contemplated works and achieve ments of benevolence and religion ; vast contri butions for the relief of the poor of his native city ; the foundations of churches, where masses should be.said for the souls of the departed ; and armies for the recovery of the holy sepulchre in Palestine. In the discharge of his office he maintained the state .and ceremonial of a Viceroy, and was tenacious of his rank and privileges, not from a mere vulgar love of titles, but because be prized them as testimonials and trophies of his achieve ments; these he jealously cherished as his great rewards, In his repeated applications to the King, he insisted merely on the restitution of hie dignities. As to his pecuniary dues, he *OW leave them to arbitration, or even to the disposition of the King; " but these things," said be, nobly, affect my honour." In his testa ment, he enjoined on his son Diego, and who ever - after him should inherit his estates, what ever dignities and titles might afterwards be granted by the King, always to sign himself simply-," the Admiral," by way of perpetuating in. the family its real source of greatness. His t•onduct was characterised by the gran deur.of his views, and the magnanimity of his spirit. Instead o f traversing ° the newly found countries, like a grasping adventurer eager only for i mme di ate ga i n, as was too generally the case with contemporary discoverers, he sought to as certain their soil and productions, their rivers and harbours ; he was desirous of colonising and cultivating them; of concili a ti ng an d civilising the ,natives ; of buildin g cities, introducing the useful arts,. subjecting every thing to the con troul of l a w, order, and religion ; and thus of foundi ng regular and prosperous empires. In this glorious lan he was constantly defeated by the dissolute rabble - which it was his misfortune a co mm and ; w i th whom all law was tyranny, tiseful dallorder restraint. They interrupted all Peaceful works by their seditions ; provoked th e Indian s to hostility ; and, after they had thieltazsd.heaped misery and warfare upon their own , z s uid overw helmed Columbus with the ruin s With b d ' s : Q ' die edifice lie was building, they n charged ein the of the confusio. g 1:11e wing extract '° ofa letter from a correspon- d • "ggests a useful change in the management of the Tea Y be ' ad the East India Company, which will probably rntidi nPted 411001 any r enewa l o f th e c h ar t e r, however • th t a take pl ace . Th ere seems to b e no reason w h y 411,efie }purchaser of tea at the salts of the East India Company of 4 " 14 . not be placed in the same situation as the importer Allwhich are bonded u n til th e payment o f th e d u ty. sh e t °4 t is required is perfect security that Government 4 t r; ,feeeive the amount payable as duty ; in which case '` 4 l delay can signify little, while to the purchaser it e , t 3 ;be of th e utmost consequence. The following is the 4, 4 ,t referred to:—" Teas are all imported by the East th e 4 ,,Caialpany, and are sold by them at four sales during :I,i u t e : ;l P , , ret t , he price they then bring regulating the duty , lat e i t op per cent. on the cost; they are put up in six, and pine chests, according to the &scrip sZ a nd *Cron after sale ligt Company issue a note or in trh.e for: every Pct l it e t il A are di lot (there are about 15,000 in each sale), distributed to the buyers ; these notes state the pri Ml' net in the lot, which are calculated at the selling wi 4° a ' and likewise the amount of duty ; when the buyer e to Clea r p ar t o f a l o t, h e mus t fi rs t pay the Com fy t heir amo un t, with the duty for the whole ; the er cannot be complained of, but the ;atter is extremely uth t e r in n . ahle, as it p u t s t ea o n a different footing to any article o f i mport l o d ge d i n a b on d e d ware h ouse , on R e You are only requ i re d t o p a y th e duty as you have 11 k 'ion to t a k e t h e goo d s f rom un d er t h e K ING ' S l oc k. ,-, Where the system r res,es most heavily on the trade is, the.°Nigation they are under of paying up the duties on ier purchases when the Company's prompt day arrives, 4t,be:thrke months after the s al e , although the teas may Or "(jolted fee months,—some perhaps not for a year th e e "et and asthere is pot any drawback on theartmi.e, awli}c„nance, of disposi ng of th e m f or exportation . done he I,, i 'Tl4' tbui lockin g up a very I trge ca pit a l th a t might rettlyr:,.T-;;Itlly employed, and that, ton, when the goods dutia % 'n a place of perfect security, and on which th! ...._77:4111 not to be paid until tak e n f u r consumption.' es, CURRENCY QUESTION. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. SIR,—Mr. Western% Letters, the Birmingham meeting, and many other "signs of the times," seem to make it probable that some further discussion will take place in the ensuing session of Parliament, on the subject of the currency. Will you allow me, then, to avail myself of your circulation, to bring before the public certain views, which appear to me important, on this topic ?_ It seems proper to begin with observing, that dis tresses, arising from fluctuation in the amount of circulating medium in the country—now tempting to rash speculations from its abundance, and now aggravating the consequences of these by its sudden diminution—are no novelties in our history; on the contrary, they have been in all ages constantly re curring, as vacillations in the course of the foreign exchange, or in the confidence of bankers, or in the interests or opinions of individuals sufficiently power ful to be able to operate on these, have dictated. They are thus coeval with our existence as a com mercial state; and would at first sight appear even inseparable portions of that existence, although, if it were possible to cast them off, the relief would obviously be like casting off an ague, of which the hot and cold fits are almost equally prejudicial to the constitution. The inquiry then, which it would be really interesting to see taken up by the Legisla ture is this—Can a separation from these accidents be effected or not ? Can the country be not only relieved now from the pressure of a restricted cir culation, but guaranteed against its recurrence at any future time ? And to this question the follow ing observations apply : It appears to me then, as an individual reasoner on the subject, that the distress usually ascribed ex clusively to fluctuations in the supply of money, may be equally imputed to its fixed value; That as it would not occur at all, if wages, prices, taxes, and. all other money payments fell at all times in the precise proportion that the amount of currency in circulation was diminished—this being impossible, it would, ;n like manner, not occur, if the value of the currency (whether paper or gold), was allowed to rise or fall, as it was scarceor abundant, and was thus made to maintain one constant relation to the busi ness which it was required to transact, instead of al ways varying according to circumstances. That this could be effected by repealing the laws which make a pound sterling. of pecuniary obligation pay able only by 20 shillings of currency, and by allow ing it to be pail by so many more or fewer, accord ing to the actual value of money in the market at the time : That this arrangement, instead of unset tling money transactions, would, in fact, fix them, because it would make them always represent the substance of the accommodation obtained when they were entered into, and not the name only : That inasmuch as the real value of money fluctuates in the market, according to the supplies of bullion and credit at different times, it is obviously more rational that its nominal value should fluc tuate with this, than, by keeping it fixed, to make it almost certain that they can never coincide; That a system of money payments in cur rency subject to a calculation founded on its in trinsic value in the market, when the payments were made, once introduced, would soon work of itself, without the possibility of iudividual fraud or • evasion, by a course of domestic exchange (pre cisely similar to the foreign exchanges) which would readily accomodate itself to every fluctuation, and only require the sanction of a law making the current exchange of any place, and neither more nor less, a legal tender at that place ; And that thus established, it would prove beneficial in a great many other ways, besides compassing its direct object; in particular, as whatever adjustment might be thus at any time made in money connects, would be to a considerable extent amicable, because the exchange contemplated would be just the expression of the sense entertained by all the most intelligent debtors and creditors as to what they ought respectively to give and re ceive ; as by relieving debtors of the embarrass ments in which they art frequently placed by mere changes in the value of currency, it would prevent many bankruptcies, and much of the loss and discredit, alike ruinous to debtor and creditor, which result from their multiplication ; as it would enable any amount of domestic business to be trans acted with any quantity, however small, of specie, without assistance from paper, unless in so far as convenience may dictate, and would ;hus deliver the inland trade from all those vacillations to which it is at present subject, caused by the mere changes in the issue of Bank Notes ; as it would, in like manner relieve it from all interference arising from the course of the foreign exchanges; and as it would -keep public taxes and salaries constantly in the relation to other interests, which the Legislature intended when it fixed them, instead of allowing them to rise and fall without controul. It will be impossible to illustrate all these points in a short letter; many of them, indeed, seem to require no development; and the remainder may be gathered from the following remarks. It can scarcely be necessary to prove that what ever the degree in which the amount of currency in circulation may at any time be contracted, eo incon. venience would ensue if all motley payments were at the same moment reduced in the same degree, nor that this can only be effected by allowing the currency to rise in nominal, as thus in real value, as it diminishes in amount. The fact is, that, ob viously, on sound theory, these two should never separate; to call that fixed which is intrinsically mutable being mere deception, where not success ful, (as, in the case of exchanging money against goods, the change in the real value of the money being here merely transferred to the goods,) white, where it is successful (as in the exchange of money against a specific obligation,) it bestows an undue advantage, and entails an undue loss on one or the other party, and introduces uncertainty and confu sion where they would not otherwise exist. The point, however, which it seems most desirable to consider here is the degree in which the anomalies thus introduced are injurious to the community, the degree, in a word, in which the system of fixing the nominal amount of payments, which are to be made in money necessarily changeable in its real value, may be fairly charged with the suffering ar hich the country now endures. The relative supply of currency in a country, de pends partly on itt absolute supply, partly on the supply of credit which furnishes a substitute for it, and partly on the absolute supply of commodities and labour. Under existing circumstances, should a change occur in any one of these, and they are each dependent on a thousand contingencies, the whole frame is affected by it; and as there are no assignable limits to the rise and fall of commercial confidence in particular, so neither are there any limits to the changes which may thus take place in the proportion between the supply of currency and credit on the one hand, and that of labour and com modities on the other, nor any guarding against in conveniences which may reach us by so many avenues. Supposing then a sudden relative de ficiency of currency takes place; Ist, if rents are not reduced instantly, universally, and proportion ally with the relative scarcity and high price of money (for all these conditions seem necessary), the price of land produce is not sufficiently reduced —rents rise in value—farmers are less able and less willing to make a suitable reduction of price—con sumers are less able to purchase land produce,—the demand for it is suddenly lessened,—the supply being nearly the same becomes relatively greater; and these are exactly the facts in the present agri cultural distress. 2. Whatever keeps up the price of land produce or prevents it from falling sufficiently in relation to the supply of currency in the market, tends to keep up the nominal wages of labour, which must always be influenced in some degree by tile price of sub sistence; rind the high nominal wages lessen the employment for labour, and thereby lower the real wages in the same way that the high prices lessen thq consumption of land produce, and lower the profits of agricultural capital. The relative excess oflabour israscribed to imprudent marriages, and the relative excess of produce to impro,ident specu lation; the blame is thus tranf, , rred to the labourers and capitalists. "Le ?nalhear a toVours tort." 3. Whutcver keeps up the price of land pr o d uce , and the wages of labour, supports ;11r:early th e same degree the prices of all cornmodiues, for in; tellectual, equally with manual labour, being sup ported by the produce of the soil, whatever keeps up its price, operates on the price of commodities produced by machinery in the same way, and nearly in the same degree as on that of commodities pro duced by labour. The consumption of all commo dities, and the demand for all kinds of labour, ar e thus lessened—a universal glut ensues both of pro duce and productive power; and a sudden failure the demand for them, not unlikely to be followed by a proportional failure in the supply, if by s ome weans Ur other rite balance is not soon restored. 4. If debts and taxes are not also reduced in amount, when the currency is contracted, they rise in relative value; and the costs of production in all commodities affected by debt and taxation, (ansl in this country what are not ?) are thus raised. Under the influence of strong competition prices fall, to the destruction of profits and multiplicatio❑ of bankruptcies ;—but still, they do not fall enough, they do not fall as they would do without injury, were money pay. ments variable in amount, and fixed in relative value. The greater the actual amount of these money pay ments, the greater is the distress. The more diffi cult their re-adjustment, the longer will that dis tress continue. Commercial speculations increase it, whether they be honest or dishonest, wise or foolish, because they encourage borrowing and lending, and increase the amount of fixed payments. Agricul tural improvements increase it, for the same reason. Upon the mere theory the distress should be thus found greatest in the most Wealthy nation, and in the most enterprizing age,—greater in this nation than in any other,—greater in this than in any former age. And is not this theory lamentably verified by all we now see around us ? To conclude, then—lf these views are correct, or if there is even the slightest chance that they may mey, if examined, be found correct, the question which they table respecting the currency is by far the most important and most urgent that can by any possibility, be now brought before the Legisla ture. Under the influence of certain others, the pe cuniary engagements of the country, public and private, have all been nearly doubled in real value; and the most extreme (listless prevails, of which, whatever the other causes, this cannot but be one most powerful. On the other hand, occasional le gislation on such a subject would be gross injustice; and it is difficult to say which would be worst, the authoritative issue of an uncertain or depreciated currency, or the authoritative reduction of public claims, without bringing every shoulder, in propor tion to its strength, alike to the wheel. There seems, then, only to remain the endeavour to strike out some general principle which shall apply not merely to the present, but to every future exigency, and with the least possible exertion of authority, and the greatest possible impartiality at the same time. And such a one is that which has just been considered. We are all now dragging a lengthening chain, the ‘veight of which we feel only the more severely every step we advance. Each return of commercial prosperity is a snare in our path; and when it disappears, all our embarrassments are aa g, avieel We thus go on from bad to worse, with intervals which were once considerable, but which have of late years almost entirely disappeared ; and, by attempting to fix that which is in itself mutable, and of which all the relations arc mutable, we have introduced confusion where there would otherwise have been harmony—" we have sown the wind, and reap the whirlwind." The only way in which we can permanently unravel the confusion, is by at ouce frankly changing our object; and since we cannot command the relative supply, nor conse quently the relative value, of money and credit in the market, ceasing to determine the precise amount of them which shall be requisite to discharge specific obligations, limiting the effect of our stamps and coinages to the mere expression of the quantity of each exhibited, and leaving that quantity in all transactions, as already in the purchase of goods, to find its own value in the market. This at least appears, at first sight, a feasible ;node of effecting the object, and as such would seem deserving of attentive consideration. It is objected, indeed, by some, that there is no evil of the kind here specified, and that conse quently to consider a remedy is absurd. Whether there is, or is not, such an evil, however, may safely be left to the common sense observation of the public; but there is one proof adduced of its nonexistence, by a Morning Paper, which assumes a peculiarly decided tone on the subject, too curious not to be noticed. It is said that a larger amount of balances is now left at the Bank than at any former period, and that unemployed capital is therefore overflowing. And to besure it is, and is not this the very complaint ? The goods are too dear, and they are left on the merchant's hands. Skill and industry will not employ money, because they cannot pay its price, and the fixed burthens on its use, and make their own of it. And it is well for the cases in which the choice is yet to make; but there are others in which the money is already in vested, and its heightened price is urging to bank ruptcy those who embarked it under the most favour able auspices. It is their relief which should be first contemplated ; and afterwards the assistance of those also who, if money were a little cheaper, or if its price and the burthens on it were made to rise and fall with the means of profitably inve,ting it, would be very glad to borrow some of these dead balances, now accumulated and useless, and by giving them life and circulation, give thousands bread, and the country renewed prosperity, by their means. M. FRY AND CHAPMAN'S BANKRUPTCY. Yesterday a numerous assemblage of the credi tors and 'others concerned in the late failure of Messrs. Fry and Chapman, bankers, were attracted to the Auction-mart, to witness the sale of three valuable policies in the Equitable Office, effected on the lives of Messrs. William and Joseph Fry, and which were submitted to public competition by Mr. W. W. Simpson, by order of the assignees, pre paratory, it was understood, to the winding up of the concern. The first lot consisted of a policy of 15,0001., effected in April, 1800, on the life of Mr. W. Fey, aged 62 years in June next, with the ac cumulations thereon, amounting to 4,5004, subject to the premium of 1391. 9s. a year. The auctioneer stated t hat the office p; ice of this policy was 5,100/., at which price it was put up, and eventually knocked down to a gentleman for 5,160/. Tke second lot comprised a policy for the same sum, effected in July, 1804, with 3,000/. accumulations, on the life of Mr. Joseph Fry, aged 53 years, and subject to the premium of 127/. 15s. per annum. This lot produced 4,060/. The third policy was one belong ing to :he same firm for 1,000/., effected in March, 1809, on the Ile of Mr. J. W. Round, aged 56, with an accumulation of 6301.; annual premium 29/. 18s. 6d,, sold for 720/., making a total of 9,940/. for the three policies. At the same time Mr. Simpson offered for sale, by order of the assignees, the life-interest of a gentleman (Mr. Chapman) aged 35 years, on the interest and pro duce of 4,0001., standing in the names of very respectable trustees, contingent on his surviving his wife, aged 29 years. Added to this was the con tingent interest of the said gent l eman i n t h e princi pal sum of 2,000/.in the event of his dying %%ithout issue by his present wife, he now having six children. This lot was put up at 104, and after a slight com petition fetched 100/. Exertions i in a ve r y high and in fluentialt a r i t ' o e obtain the vacant bishopric for Dr. PEARSON, the Dean of Salisbury, which, we understand, is resisted by an important and powerf u l personage., in forour of another, who, he conceives, has u prior claim.— Morning Pager, DA Y). Exelgeq uir I the foot nt upon a d come to hiefJuati ge Writ bad L'llancello r) d in favou r d. HICK9OX' rtiorari C o urt of the Lars .?n Buxton uilty, and .ster gaol' in indict ty against 'sing her d the Act sally bean Leer, wish nilication• sr this is' Learnei 4 oung lad/ teed eon' make the Its of law ieard in 1 Ps tie. pplicatiatt ie alloye d He wade It it w , " otthg lady rery (Lib 'Jon, in a securitir, pplicatio n 'on of do ament for t was 3 161 le variol., t to bring loueester lagistrates it was al- The hat there of coal • :le U.ttUrt, icatioa of w, as the it him a, repindedr- ivdi for a seers and compel nade and .her two, d to affil lc leg ally. efuctd to ny Lord, be parish lilted the n Friday ved, and dr. Bro grante4l. t to-dity. si pries. &nu Ilo with the Nlr. Jus- to who- ;et aside, at Joneo tpon two ought lission of he goes whether dence far on prin missible. once, be ict going :overed a ision, by P Rospv fight that ited, but ited. rrinas. itnie'why London' eloor for !e. The ion were Rropciso 04, Ile h state 4, be calm, question vere b&- Idertako partieu it might ad been Learned retherhy e parties r moved W .01.409 v cause, 'rim the t the de money, objection the said ge, but. ft was it. COURT CIRCULAR. Hi s MAJEsTy he•l,d a Curt yesterday afternoon, at hi. Palace, at Wiudsor, which 4-,s attended by the Lori ChancAior, the Pre,i'leur of the Council, the Lord Prim Seal, the Fhst Lord of the Treasury, the Secretaries of State fur the Fume, Foreign, and Colonial Departmet:ts, the Fist Lord of the Admiralty, the Chandler of the Exchequer. the Blaster of the Mint, the Lord Steward of the Hou , ehold, the Treasurer r f the Household, the Lord Chief Justice of Enqland, Mr. Baron BOLLAND, 'lr. Justice BOSANQUET, the Recorder of London, &e. J. B. BosANQuET, Esq., 'Ate one of the King's Ser jeants, was introduced to his MAJESTY by the LORD CHANCELLOR, and kissed bands, upon his being app,dtite,) one of the Judges of the Court of Cornm,n Plc is, upon which occasion he re,eive•l the honour of knighthood. Mr. Baron Bor,LAND was introduced to the KING, by the LORD CHANCELLOR, and kissed hands upon his ap p.,inttnent, upon which occasion he received the honour of knighthood. Ili; MAJESTY' }LAI a Privy Council, at which Mr. BULLER attended as Clerk. The KING'S Speech for the opening of the rrsuing Ses sion of Parliament was taken into considaation, and finally agreed upon. The list of gentlemen nominated in the Court of Exche quer to serve the office of High Sheriff in the different counties in England, was submitted to his MAJESTY, when the KING pricked one name (out of the three sub mitted) for each county. The Sheriffs will come into office previous to the ensuing- Assizes. The Rght lion. JOHN CHARLES HERRIES was de clared by his MAJESTY in Council to be President of the Committee of Council, appointed for consideration of ail matters relating to trade and plantation, in the room of the Right Hon. VISET FITZGERALD. The Recorder of London was introduced to the KING in Council, and made his report of the convicts capitally crnvicted at Justice-hall, in the Old Bailey, at the last January Sessions, with the exception of William Meal lag, whose case was postponed, when the law was ordered to take its course on James Boiler, on the 9th instant : the remaining 13 . were respited during his MArEsTv's pleasure. The KING gave audiences to the LORD CHANCELLOR, the Duke of WELLINGTON, Earls BATHURST and ABER DEEN, and Mr. Secretary PEEL. Lord STRATHAIEN was the Lord in Waiting, Sir ANnarm BARNARD the Equerry in Waiting, and Sir EDMUND NAGLE the Groom in Waiting. After the breaking up of the Court his 'MAJESTY enter tained the Loan CHANCELLOR, the Duke of WELLING TON, Earl BATHURST, Mr. Secretary PEEL, Sir GEORGE MURRAY, and others of the Ministers, to dinner in the evening. The KING'S private band were in attendan , e at the Palace in their new uniform, and played several pieces from the works of HANDEL and other composers. The Duchess of GLOUCESTER visited his MAJESTY on Monday at his Palace at Windsor, Her Royal Highness partook of a dejeunj, and remained s considerable time at the Palace, and afterwards returned to her residence iu Ragsbot Park. Lord WIIARNCLIFFE and Mr. STUART WORTLEY visited the Duke of WELLINGTON on Saturday at the Treasury. FASHIONABLE INTELLIGENCE. ARRIVALS. The Duke of Devonshire, at Devonshire !louse, this morning, from Chatsworth; the Right lion. James Abercrombie, at De ♦onshire House, from the seat of Lord George Cavendish, in Lancashire; Lady Jane Peel, in Devonshire-place; Admiral Sir Charles Pole, Bart. in Upiser Harley-street; Dowager Lady Knatchbull, in Welbec's -street ; Major Jourdan, in Devonshire street ; his Excellency the American Minister (Louis Dil.Lane), in Chandos-street, Cavendish-square ; Viscount Althorp, at the Albany, from Northamptonshire; the Hon. George Agar and Lady Georgians Ellis, at their house in Spring-gardens, from Lord Clifton's Feat, at Roeliampton; Thomas Alcock, Esq. in Curzon-street, Mayfair, from the Continent; Henry Seymour, Esq at his house in Abingdon-street, from hi:; seat, in Bedford shire; Mr. and Mrs. Cook and family, at,Symmons's Hotel, St. James's-street, from their scat in :Hertfordshire; Sir Gabriel Wood, at the Burlington Hotel, from 'Brighton'; Captain Bur gess, at ditto, from Ireland; - Arkwright, Esq. at ditto, from Derbyshire; - Osborne, Esq. at ditto, from a tour; -Orde, Esq. at ditto, from ditto; Samuel Crawley, Esq. at ditto, from Yorkshire; Mr. cud Mrs. Ilibbert, in Montagu square, from Hastings; Viscount Maynard, in Grosvenor square, from his seat, Easton, Essex; Lieutenant-General and the Misses Buller, in Gloucester.place, from Brighton. DEPARTURES. Captain and Mrs. Higgins, from Hanover square, for Brigh ton; Mr. and Mrs. Lumley, from Brook-street, for their seat in Hampshire; Messrs. Myers and Laceton, from the Isurlington Hotel, for Liverpool; Henry Lloyd, Esq. from the British Hotel, Jermyn.street, for Eton; J. Moody, Esq. from ditto, for Oxford. ARRIVALS AT OATH. The Maiquis of Cholmondeley, Dowager Lady Bellew, Dowager Lady Moreton, Lady Mary Cole, Lady C. Massey, Major Glover, Major lioss, Captain Garland, Captain Haynes, R.N. Captain Young, Captain Winter, Captain Williams,; Rev. Messrs. R. G. Bedford, Curtis, Bland, Edgar, Richards, Holland, and Young. Yesterday the despatches were closed at the East India► House, and delivered to the pursers of the fol lowing ships, viz. Reliance, Captain CHARLES S. TIMINS; General Harris, Captain JOSEPH STANfON, for Ben2al and China. DEATH OF LORD ELLENBOROUGII'S SON. —On Friday morning, at two o'clock, the infant son of Lord ELLENBOROUGH departed this lire, at his retreat, at Montague-cottage, Worthing, after only two hours' illness. The sudden cause of his death is not yet ascertained. This child was the darling of his father, and the admiration of the visitors at Worthing. He was particularly noticed by the Princess AUGUSTA on Tuesday last, when running on the Esplanade, for his beautiful symmetry, and robust and fresh appearance. The grief of his Lordship will be severe, as the anxious solicitude and devoted attention to his child was so marked that it hecame the theme of con versation with every visitor and resident at Worthing. The child was removed to Worthing from Brighton about three mouths since, and during his residence here was re stored to such. good health that the sudden transition has excited no small surprise. THE SERPENTINE.—Never at any period of the frosts, since ISM has there been known so thick and solid a body of ice as the Serpentine exhibited yesterday. Put this state of affairs brings no delight to the skaiter, the surface being covered to a great depth with snow, while the ruggedness of the ice beneath is such as to defy the most persevering attempts to make progress. The most practised skaiter finds himself baffled, for a gravelled walk would not present more distressing obstaties. With the exception, therefore of a few circles, in which some very excellent performers exhibited, the ice was perfectly clear of stinkers, but the promenaelers were numerous, attracted by the gleams of sunshine which cheered the scene from twelve till three o'clock, It was intensely cold ; the ther mometer was at no period of the day higher than 19. RANDOM RECORDS.-This work, by the Celebrated GEORGE COLMAN, so long and impatiently expected by the public, has at length made its appearance. Of the convivial disposition of this gentleman, Lord BY RON, in one of his letters, gives the following pointed illustration I have met GEORGE COLMAN occasion, ally, and thought him extremely pleasant and convivial. SHERIDAN's lonnolle, or rather wit, was always saturnine, and sometimes savage; he never laughed (at least that I saw, and I watched him); but COLMAN did. If I had to choose, and could nut have both at a time, I should sa y, let me h:gin the evening with SHERIDAN, and fini,h it with COLMAN ;' SHERIDAN for dinner, COLMAN for supper; SIIEOIuAN for claret or port, but COLMAN for every thing, from the Madeira and champaigne at dinner—the claret with a layer of port between the glasses—up to th e p unc h o f t h e n i g h t , or d own to t h e grog, 07 gin and water, of day break. SHERIDAN was a grenadier company of Life Guards, but COLMAN a whole regiment—of Light Infantty, to be sure, but still a regiment." FOSSIL REMAINS.—The late easterly gales have laid bare, by washing away the sand, the roots and other remains of what appears to have been formerly a fo rest of considerabl e , extent, a little to the north of Roker House, and about midway between Monkwearmouth and Whitburn. It is said that some clusters of hazel nuts have been gathered in fine pre.et vation ; but the truth of this we have not been able to ascettain. We have seen several portions of the w, 01, which appears to have been only of moderate bulk, and is as black as ebony.—Durham Citron. THE FOG.—On Friday morning this town was visited by (me of the densest fogs which we ever re member expimiencing in Liverpool. The " darkness might almost have been felt." At the distance of six yards objects were almost invisible ; and the features of the people one met in the streets were indistinct at the die. tance of a yard. Early in the morning people actually lost their way, awl, the gas-lights being all ey.inguislied, were empelled to grope their road along the streets. The mail and stage coaches with difficulty pursued their journey along the roads, and did net reach town until some time after their usual hour of arrival The London fogs, of which we have read such v/oomy descriptions, can scarcely exceed in density the fog of Friday Albion. worning-.—Ziropool MR. OWEN. TO THE LITERARY MEMBERS OF THE BRI- TISU POPULATION. The great ohjec of your a;n'ntion is to acquire how ledge ; buy, while you are ignorant of the laws of your nature, what knostledge can yon be sup posed to attain, capable of being applied to any use ful or important purposes ? It has been said that knowledge is power ; and it may be added with equal truth, that knowledge is happiness. You wish for both ; but possess neither, excepting to a very limited extent. The reason is obvious : the knowledge you have obtained has been that of meless or inferior objects ; your acquaintance with these has been limited, aid the facts you have discovered have been united with errors of such magnitude, as to depreciate, and to render useless or injurious, much of the knowledge which has been acquired, and upon which, tin re fore, you set a most erroneous estimate. Ilow little real benefit or happiness do the public derive from all your literary pursuits, and from all the establishments for the acquisition of learning, when compared with the time therein consumed, and with the expenditure, national and individual, which they involve ! It is sufficient, however, that the inutility of such pursuits has, at length, become obvious ; and that a different direction is about to be given to mental investigation, by means of which man will obtain a knowledge of his own nature ; and thns be enabled to make a right, and therefore beneficent use, of all the less useful or unimportant knowledge now in his possession, or which he may hereafter acquire. For the errors of tl►e past, no one, who has, by acquiring a knowledge of the laws of human nature, been rendered rational, will ever consider you as blameable. These errors have been the necessary, the unavoidable result ofthe unfavourableand vicious circumstances in which all have been trained, and under which you have hitherto been compelled to live. Ia giving a new direction to the pursuits of many of your number ; and thus rendering efficient for the prosecution of future important designs, the greater proportion of your establishments, your best interests would be consulted ; for by this proceeding the greatest amount of real happine , s would be al forthd and permanently secured to all. If it be a truth (and such all known facts prove it to be) that man never possessed the power of feeling arid of thinking as he pleases, but that he feels and thinks in obedience to the laws of his nature, then do your theological studies, your law investigations, your moral systems, and your theories of government rest upon an error which is indefensible, and which can no longer be upheld in opposition to public opinion. By this single, simple, and now almost the best ascertained and most obvious of all abstract truths, it being in the power of every one to demonstrate it for himself, your learned treatises on divinity, law, morals, and government are rendered, not only of no avail, but are proved to be a positive evil to the world, in consequence of their filling the mind with confused and fanciful images and no'ions, which perplex, confound, and ultimately destroy- all the rational faculties which belong to human nature. The training which man has thus received through past ages, has made him a weak, imbecile, and mi serable animal, instead of a superior, intelligent, and rational tieing; a character which each individual is destined to acquire, as soon as society shall obtain a knowledge of human nature, and shall live under circumstances in unison with its laws. In the promotion of t his great change, all the powers of your mind may, most advantageously for yourselves and others, now be e.lled into re quisition. A new religion, a new code of laws, a new moral system, a new theory of government, and a new science of education, will shortly be found indispensable. Rational - books of instruction for the rising generation, and a complete collection of the most useful real objects, or the best representations of these, kith correct explanations of each, will also be immediately required. The history of pest ages, too, in order to answer any useful purpose, must be entirely re-written. But in assisting to render perfect the science of the formation of human character, by a full de velopement of the influence of circumstances in producing vice or virtue, misery or happiness, among the human race, your services will be found the most important. The change, then, which, in consequence of a knowledge of the laws of human nature being ob tained, is now about to become general, will be highly favourable to the advancement of your future views and proceedings. Every thing must of necessity, assume a new character; but the whole arrangement of circum stances proposed being in strict accordance with nature, the change must unavoidably produce uni versal satisfaction and happiness. ROBERT OWEN. 49, Bedford-square, Feb. 1, 1830. NEWSPAPER PRESS, AND PERIODICAL LITERATURE OF THE UNITED STATES. The Travellerand Monthly Gazetteer for January , published at Philadelphia, in the United States of America, contains, among many other literary or tides, a list of all the Newspapers and various Periodicals printed in the New World, from their commencemen•-, in 1775, with the gradual increase up to the present time States. No. in 1773. No. in 1310. No. in 1330. Maine 0 Massachussetts 7 32 New Hampshire ... 1 Vermont 0 Rhode Island Connecticut N,rw York New Jersey 0 Pennsylvania ....... 9 Delaware 0 .. 2 Maryland District of Colombia 0 Virginia _ _ North Carolina South Carolina 3 Georgia Florida ........ 0 0 0 . . . Louisiatu 0 Tenne,sce ........... 0 Kentucky .... 0 Ohio Indiana 0 1%1 ichian 0 Illinois 0 'Missouri 0 A t liansas 0 Cherokee Nation ... 0 827 Mademoiselle FIENRIETTE SONTAG left Paris on the 26th of January. She will reach Aix- la- Chapelle on the Ist of February, and sing at the theatre of that town on the 31, in the character of the Princess of Navarre, in Jean de Paris.—Journal des Deb ats. It will be remembered that last year the French drama at the English Opera-pause was enlivened by the beauty and talents of a clever young actress, caked JENNY COLON. Whril she came to this country, she was calla(' Miss JENNY COLO:: ; she afterwards took the name of Madame CoLoN-Larotsz, end last of all was designated Aladaate LA FONT, from a marriage which she was eat:: Gu have contracted with the actor LAFoNT, who performed here along with her, and with whom we believe she had previously colialtited. f.`,in their return to Pat is ; it would ap, that these loving parties did net live in that liaro . ,(lv pear„ them a de: Tee oullk y h ( a ) s un a g pp la iL ly ,; th e aml obtained fir which was t t i o ter l e i: or e e :p u e: s t u et i l t, fl; o n t,a t t h:r a n ie el o 7:::l o : nt i iit : union, and that they resolved to break or U ? unloose those ties which had been bound in London. The mother of the of marriage, en the groUnkt of the minovity of her (laugh ter, and of her own want of consent to the match at tll* time it was centraeted. The husband, LAroNT, made no oppositioO, so. 1; 1 '4 ...- I.4 ularne JENNY COLON-LA FONT is, by th‘s authority of the tribunals, Mademoiselle JENNY COLON once more. LITERATURL GREENWOOD'S COUNTY ATLAS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. LOXDON. 1830. We have much pleasure in noticing this wcrlc It is the largest County Atlas taken from 3eual survey, published some time since by Messrs. Greenwood and Co., reduced to the scale of a third of an inch to a mile. The first part has appeared, but the whole Atlas, containing forty six will be published in four parts. Each map is ornamented by an engraving of one of the principal buildings in each county, in a very superior style. The whole four parts may, we !earn, be had for twelve guineas coloured. We can only hope that a sufficient number of pur chaiers may be found to prevent the publishers losing, considering the smallness of the price, on reference to the manner in which the work is produced. LORD PORCHESTER. A small volume has just been published by Lord Porchester, entitled The Last Days of' the Portuguese Constitution. Though it pro flsses to be only a fragment of a larger work which his Lordship is preparing on the state of Portugzd, it is complete as to its account of re. cent political events. Lord Porehester passed the greatest part of the year 1827 and a portion of 1828 in that country ; and, from the respect entertained of his rank, and the confidence reposed in his personal character, found .a ready disposition among all classes to afford him those means of information of which his good sense, talents, and previous acquirements, have enabled him to make so judicious an use. In the correctness of the able analysis lehich his Lordship gives to the various interests, aristo cratical, ecclesiastical, and judicial, arrayed against the late Charter, we cordially concur. 'Though all the admitted rights and privileges of each class were formally guaranteed, and some advantages, before dependent on the pleasure of the Court, were placed under the safeguard of law, the necessary limitations offended some,while sufficient uncertainty remained to alarm all with the fear of a future and more sweeping innova tion. Thus, though the higher nobility, consist ing of those with titles above the rank of Baron, might be satisfied that the honours of an here ditary Peerage and the influence °fa branch ache Legislature were secured to them, the provin cial fdakos, who were necessarily passed over, felt themselves comparatively degraded. Theugh the dignity and power of the secular prelacy were consulted, by promoting the Archbishops and Bishops to seats in the Upper Chamber, the heads of the monastic orders and the great body of the regular clergy became neturally ap prehensive that the utility of their instittni'en might not be so manifest, while their .revenues might become more tempting, under the new order of things. The hierarchy of the judicial order being generally corrupt, apprehended, iii public discussion and anticipated reforM, the termination of their lucrative abuses. Thus the provincial nobility, the regular clergy, and th.e members of the judicial order, fit that theie pride, their interests, or their power were at. tacked, by the direct provisions or the remote ten dency of the new Charter. Even the. Peers, whose hereditary coronets had been placed beyond the reach of Royal caprice, in the Upper House, had not been freed from alarm at the resumption of those stars, ribands, and commendaries, with out which the dignity of their rank could net have long been maintained. Many of the higher Nobility of Portugal derive half their income from the commendas which they hold in the or der of Christ, and the other three military orders; and though these grants have seldom in practice been resumed, they have hitherto been legally revocable on the death of the party to whom they were originally given, or on whom they - have descended in reversion. To show that under some forms of political innovation the resumption of these grants and their appropria tion to the uses of the State were not visionary anticipations, we have only to recollect that the Cortes ire 1821 had ordered an inventory to iv taken of their amount as a species of available state property. We therefore quite agree with Lord Porchester in the opinion that the Cha:ter would have had a better chance of duratioe„ had it contained some provisions for the settl ement of the permanent right to those croeen tithes which the nobility have so long enjoyed. " The reserve of the Charter," says lie, " on these points was ill-judged. The question involved so many delicate points with regard to the Crown and the nobles,--it was so peculiarly calculated to create distrust and excite irritation between the Chambers, that it should have been deter mined by the royal framer of the code, and not left to their subsequent decision." We have not room to allude to his Lordship's remarks on the other parties arrayed, by theire interests or their prejudices, against the Charter, including the monopolies of the Wine Com pany of Oporto, and the Professors of the University of Coimbra. Suffice it to say, that all his observations on this topic evince diligent research, and display the fruits of much good sense and reflection. The second and last chapter of the present fragment details the political events and diplo matic transactions which immediately preceded and followed the arrival of Don Miguel at Lit. bon till the final overthrow of the Constity.tion: The questions here introduced are mort debate able, and have besides already so often occupied our pages, that we shall not now enter on the discussion. We can safely, however, say, that whatever be the conclusions to which the Noble Lord has arrived, they are announced with the utmost appearance of eandour.—Times. CURE FOR CHILBLAINS.—EquaI parts of olive oil and spirits of turpentine. To be applied in thu usual manner, where the pkin is not broken. B i provinc es , it appears letters while Europe wit.; plunged in all the Severities of wit;frl., the sea son t h ere hal peen unusually mild. It is s: so wort h y of remark, that ese thatr s fromup t o t our he 2 N d o a rt j i i i n tm r 7i. can our last very wet summer WAS nonnterbaltneed in the same quarter by a stunror.l- to remarkably dry, that water was in many places . .lir/Inuit to be obtained, sad the woods parched and brunt up by heat and spontaneous fire. Literary 19azette. The driver of the chaise in which Mr. Lips , COIIBE, of Teignmouth, and his nephew perished os Friday se'unight, as recorthd in our last, well found on Tueslay ' afternoon, about two o'clock, near the root where the ::liaise was discovered. His nem: was Was. HAWKINS, a young and unmarried man. The left eye is nearly re.. moved from the socket, as well as the surrounding; aria being cnatts.ed, supposed to have been from a kick ut one of the horses, which must hive had the (fleet e.f depriving the unfortunate man of his senses instantly.-- , &iteray'red. • During the last year, there hr,ve been-a bun tired and sixty-one deaths in Forfnr, and twenty-nine cue ing the past mouth. Typiine fever is at _present very pre. vaunt, and in many instances it proves uwet a l„ }lo o pi ng . I..mgh has, ulna had its share of victinns......lVain'oniests ' Affreirey,