The Sun. — London, England, 1863-10-10 00:00:00

THE - POLISH INSURRECTION. (1) om the Correspondent of the Times.) WARSAW, Oct. 3. A :Polish friend of mine who thinks, with reason, that Warsaw is not a nice place to stay in just now, beg gl3d me when I was leaving Cracow, to take up my quarters at some distance from the city, and to cunt de me to do so agreeably gave me a letter to one of his relatives living near Piaseczno, at about 14 miles distance from the capital. But there is no pla ce in Russian Poland where you may not be mu rdered at a moment's notice, and I could not help ind .alging in some reflections on the peculiar uncer tainty of human life under a barbarous government on hearing yesterday that my supposed place of safety had, been the scene of one of those infamous outrages so common in Poland that a correspondent ce uses at last to mention them, as a eorrespondent in Dahomey would no doubt cease at last to speak of the "customs" of Dahomey's "well-intentioned" Xing. I was vaunting, at second hand, the tran quillity of Piaseczno, and meditating au excursion there, when I was informed that two days before a proprietor of the neighbourhood, Baron Dangiel, had been cut to pieces by the Russian dragoons as be was standing in one of his own fields, quietly superintending some farming operations. There is no reason why I should mention this most ordinary incident, except that, with the egotism for which Englishmen are so notorious abroad, I and cannot still, h e l p congratulating cou ld not, m yself on not Laving been p resent when i t occ urred. A slight skirmish between Russian dragoons and Polish gen darmes had taken place close to Piaseczno, and when it was et an end the former committed nume rous acts of v i o l ence on unarmed and perfectly in offensive parsons. The dragoons cut at the head and arms, o f B a ron Daagiel , and, as I said before, chopped, bim in pieces. 111-informed journals are full of explanations, and better informed ones of speculations as to the mean ing of Mieroslawski's recent appointment. The Czas must know as much about the of Cracow, which m itte r as any of the French or German newpapers, has n of a word to say on the subject. The Inclepen dance, the recognised organ of the National Govern mewt, has not appeared since the Bth of last month. The last proclamation of the National Government, printed as a handbill, and now circulating in War saw, is dated the 26th of Septamber, and says no thing about Mieroslawski. It shows, however, that there has been some change in the Government, for it speaks of " the Government of to day," and an nour,ces that this Government will follow in the steps of the preceding one. It declares that it repre sents no party, and that its object is to " unite all parties in one revolutionary movement." How anti rev,Autionists are to be brought into a revolution ary movement is not explained ; but it must be re membered that the same words have not the same signification in Poland as in England, and if you ask a Pole who calls himself a revolutionist what le means by the name, he will, for the most part, reply that he does not think of social revolution, but simply wishes that the insurrection against Russia shall be carried on with the energy that has characterised successful political revolutions every where. A Polish democrat is often an aristocrat who thinks it a fine and novel thing to demand that all r ien shall be equal before the law—which I have fret' uently been assured in Poland is a peculiarly French idea, dating from the revolution of 1789. He does not dream of applying French democratic principles generally—for the sufficient reason that the first effect of such a step would be to sanction the existing state of things in Poland, whieh does not afflict the Polish peasants any more than it ciffiLls the Polish horses and cows. As the Polish democrats are a tone higher than the democrats of the west of Europe, so also are the Polish revolu tionists ; and the curious notion of " uniting all parties in one revolutionary movement , ' is not ne cessarily a revolutionary notion in oar sense of the 'word. Nevertheless, as I had occasion to remark a month ago, when Mieroslawski had just been offered the appointment which he has now publicly accepted, the moment of despair for Poland—if it arrives—is likely to be a moment of great danger. Terrorism has been threatened, and in connection with terrorism Mieroslawski's name is always men tionod. go hao bcvu th, busbvor of tho National party for some time past. If anything has gone wrong, the discontented people (who in times of national trouble naturally form no small class) have " Why, any one, even Mieroslawski, could do better than that." "If this sort of thing lasts much longer we had better get Mieroslawski, and finish it one way or the other," and so on. He has been so much attacked that people have got to look upon him as a sort of recognised " opposition," and to take it foe granted that on the first change of Go vernment the said " opposition' must naturally come into power. It seemed to me that as soon as Russia refused in a direct manner the proposition of an armistice and a conference, and as soon as it became evident that the Western Powers would take no steps to force its acceptance upon her—then that the Poles, finding themselves abandoned to their own re sources, would have recourse to the most desperate measures, and that these measures would naturally be carried out by the only men who really in their hearts approve them. But the extreme party, the "red" party, the revolutionary party, in the generally accepted sense of the term, is less numerous than it reckoned itself to be, and I believe it understands that if, after getting into power, it goes too far, the supplies will be suddenly stopped. The worst of it is that not a month nor a - week is necessary for playing the great coup that has long bean meditated. Another danger is that the extreme party has nearly all its adherents in the towns, so that whatever its forces may be they nre at least not dispersed, and may easily be called into action. I know nothing more about the new nominations of the National Government and the changes that have taken place, and are composition o f the National.U. taking place, in th e Government itself, ex cept that a new chief of .su gendarmerie has been ap pointed, whose first act was to acc epting the respon s ibility of thee a proclamation attack on Gen. Berg; that Mieroslawski is named not organiser of the detachments of the National army in Poland, but " organiser cf the detachments of the National army abroad," and that the five Ministers (of War ' of the Int erior, of Justice, of Finance, an d of Public Instru ction) are reported not to have been changed at au. It cannot be said positively that the extreme party has as yet come into power, nor that it will come into power at all to such an extent as to have the general direction of affairs ; but if an attempt is being made to mix the " red" (or violent revolu tionary) party wit h the " white" (or moderate, and above all .1!-Tatienal) p arty, the colour of the mixture mast at least be reddish. As to the very " red" pro clamation of the new chief of the gendarmerie, I may mention that that functionary did not enter u P° ll his office until after the attack on Gen. Berg, and that there is good indirect evidence in a pro clamation issued by his predecessor on the 18th,the day before the then m editated—that is to say, not by . the Govern- NAtionai clo ort, it appears from papers issued by the as publicly :eminent, and distributed it Warsaw the attack 0 8 can well be, that within a week after changed, that t O h eneral Berg the Government was power coincided evadvent of the new Government to ski of a place vhi l e t i l i i the acceptance by Mieroslave was offered to him b he had not accepted when it before ; and that the Y now old Government a month one officer who wishes ciew Government has at least National held responsible for an act of which the composed on Sept. 19, of e:fernment is not may be said that the National fruitless. It wag entirely eat , as it was bound by the proclamations officers ; that appointed toilloctiani.se detach- Micreslawski, being c t:11/71a retiazru to organise, detach ments abroad, when there are organise, is in the position of a bishop it may even be said that it is a fortunate thin g a coalition should have been formed, and that Whi te „ and Reds should now be working together. i see ms to ma all the same t ha t the new Govern ment t has a decidedly ruddy complexion. Oa the other hand I may mention on behalf of the new Government that it has suggested to the gendarmes the propriety of not exposing the inha• bitants of AirarsaW to the penalties to which per- sons witnessing an act of homicide without de nouncing its author become liable, and that a cer tain number of gendarmes have sworn that if called upon to execute a spy or other person condemned by the National Government they will at once take the consequences of their act and remain by the body until they are arrested. The chief Police-master of Warsaw has, on his side, communicated an order to his agents by which each of them is bound to arrest ten Poles a-week, so that in a given time, if the insurrection lasts long enough, all Poland will be in prison. This appears incredible, but a friend of mind has in his possession the lithographed circular in which the order is con tained. SOCIAL SCIENCE CONGRESS. EDINBURGH, Thursday. the re n P c e ubl i Nightingale Health D idan e p d a r r e t a m d e b n y t was c o n T t h r e b u fi t r e st by ria Mies 11 F l o S. Jackson. The paper in the outset referred to the report of the R o y a l Commission on the sa nitar y state of th e army in India, which showed that unless the health of British troops in India could be improved, and the enormous death -rate reduced, this country would never be able to hold India with a British army. The time had not yet arrived for the pres sure of the death-rate which that report disclosed to be fully experienced, because the present large army was compara tively new to the country. But unless active measures be taken by the Indian Government to give effect to the re commendations of the commission, it was unhappily certain that the mortality would increase with the length of service, and then will be felt the difficulty started by Sir Alexander Tulloch—viz., of filling up the ranks of those prematurely slain by preventible diseases from the recruiting depots at home. In former times, when the Company's troops bore but a small proportion to the resources (in men) of this country, the death-rate was not so much felt. The small army was swept away, and its place supplied, as often as necessary, from the recruiting offices at home. But now that a large proportion of the whole British army was sta tioned in India, the question whether we should hold or lose India would depend very much on the steps taken by the Indian Government. The paper then went on to notice the death-rate of the troops serving in the country, which was stated on undoubted authority to be not less than 69 per 1,000 per annum. We had been endeavouring to explain away the obvious result of these figures by showing that the average was not constant, that in certain years or groups of years the death-rate was much greater than in others, that the mortality in the years of excess was due to wars and other causes, that peace, and not sanitary measures, was therefore the remedy, and in short that the statement of a death-rate averaging 69 per 1,000 per annum was not a fair representation of the case. To this there was the simple reply that during the present century there had been an average loss from death atone of 69 men out of every 1,000 per annum ; and, while it matters not how the mor tality had been distributed, there was every reason to be lieve that if things go on as they have done in the present century we shall go on losing our troops at the rate of 30, 50, 70, 90, or 100 and upwards per 1,000. The death-rate above indicated was, in fact, understated, for it says nothing of the invalids sent home from India who die at sea, or within a short time of their arrival at home, nor of the loss to the service by destroyed health, nor of the mutiny years. Assuming the strength of the Indian army at 73,000 Bri tish troops, and taking the death-rate at present alone, without the sickness and invaliding, such an army would lose on an average of years an entire brigade of 5,037 men per annum, It might lose some years half that number, but in other years it would lose two such brigades. It was said that the death-rate of the war years being the highest (not from wounds), peace, and not the sanitary measures, was the remedy. As well might it be said that the British army having nearly perished before Sebastopol, not from wounds, but from the want of every supply of civilised life, peace, and not the supply of the wants of civilised life, was the remedy. The Royal commissioners had shown that if the death-rate were reduced to even 20 per 1,000 per annum, i.e., double that of home stations, since these stations were improved, to India would be saved a tax equal to £l,OOO per diem ; and this represents the cost of replacing the men cut off by excess of premature and preventible mortality. In speaking of the cause of this high death-rate, Miss Nightingale referred to the want of attention to climate on the part of Britons, and to the ordinary system of diet ing British soldiers in India, which, she stated, was more adapted to a cold climate than that of out-doer farm ser vants doing work in England. More than that, the occasional dram at home was commuted by regulation in India into a permission to drink two drams, i.e., six ounces of raw spirits each day ; and be it remembered that, at the same time the men had little or no work to do. The craving for spirits induced by this regulation habit of tip pling leads to increase of drunkenness, so that with over eating, over-drinking, and total idleness, and vice springing directly from these, the British soldier in India had small chance indeed of coping with the climate so called. The re gulation allowance of raw spirits which a man might obtain at the canteen was no less than 18} gallons per annum, which, etas I,oliovod, %taw three timo■ tho rtyrintine per iadi vidual which had raised Scotland, in the estimation of eco nomists, to the rank of being the most spirit-consuming na tion in Europe. Of late years malt liquor had been partly substituted for spirits ; but up to the present time every man if he thought fit, might draw his 181 gallons a year of spirits besides what he got surreptitiously at the bazaar. The diseases, however, from which soldiers mainly suffered were miasmatic, such as foul-air and foul-water diseases, fevers, dysenteries, &c. The writer then noticed the total want of drainage and pure water in the Indian stations, and mentioned, as regards the latter, that there was certainly not a single barrack in India which was supplied, in our sense of the term, at all. Water was to be had either from tanks, into which all the filth on the neighbouring surface was washed by the rains, or from shallow wells dug in un wholesome or doubtful soil. So simple a piece of mechanism as a pump was unknown. The quantity of water was utterly Insufficient for health, and as to quality the less said about that the better. There was no reason to hope 1 hat any sta tion had what in this country would be called a pure water supply; and at some, it was to be feared, that when men drank water they drank cholera with it. The overcrowding in barracks was next referred to, and the principle of build ing detached barracks ingood situations and well-ventilated recommended. As to the climate, there was, the winter con sidered, not a shadow of proof that India was created to be the grave of the British:race ; the evidence on the contrary, was quite in the other direction, and showed that all the cli mate required was that men should adapt their social habits and customs to it, as indeed they must do to the require ments of every other climate under heaven. That was a duty which devolved on men themselves ; the construction of drains and the finding of a supply of pure water pertained to the Government. If these improvements, along with improved apiculture, and agricultural drainage, were effected, ,the normal death-rate of the British soldier would be (say the commissioners) not 69 per 1,000, but 10 per 1,000. After alluding to the necessity of bringing Euro pean civilisation and appliances to bear upon the natives of India, at the same time that the condition of the natives was improved, Miss Nightingale concluded by remarking that the whole question resolved itself into this—how to create a Public Health Department for India ; how to bring a higher civilization into India. What a work—what a noble task for an Indian Government 1 That would, she said, be creating India anew, For God places His own power, His own life-giving laws, in the hands of man. He permits man to create mankind by those laws, even as He permits man to destroy mankind by neglect of those laws. Dr. JACKSON next read a paper by the Rev, Dawson Burns " On the influence of Alcoholic Liquors upon Health, as illustrated by the experience of the British Army in India." Mr. EDWIN CHADWICK, C. 8., remarked that in one in stance it had been ascertained that whereas the death-rate among the troops in the one station was 41 in 1,000, the death•rate of the troops in the same place who had been put upon temperance conditions was reduced to 14 in 1,000. (Hear, hear.) There was no doubt that by similar ap pliances, combined with habits of prudence and sanitary appliances, the reduction which Miss Nightingale had alluded to of 10 in 1,000, or 15 in 1,000, might be expected to prevail throughout the whole of India. Dr. Nnusox HANCOCK. showed that the system of com pelling the men not to marry was one of the most prolific sources of mortality. Mr. 11.1wLirisoN- ' . ry C E said that if care were taken t o uhinch to.ain erect barrack s , an d t o h ave t o h b e t m ain the pian best edun sites n derbe ioterv:if they go t th e so ldi ers better accommodation, andabolished the spirit r a ti ons , th e y P I ndia, n now nearly 80,000 strong, p i l n ac s e u t c h h e a ß p r o i s ti i sh army in in place mortality show ing about 60 or 70 per 1,000 it should of its dnotexceed 20. rin, M.P . The remaining papers, by Mr, Le , and Mr. GANGEE, referred to the subject a d i s pection of markets. muse in cattl e an d i n- Mr. RAWLINSON quite agreed that this dis eased meat had assumed a national importance, question of to be taken up by Government. It had fallenle under and ought duty to inspect many slaughterhouses in differentn his E ng land, and he found that the extent of the trad e parts of in dis eased cattle was most appalling. In the Sixth (Trade and International Law) Department the first paper was contributed by the Liverpool Financ ial ßeform As sociation, advocating an . increase of dir ec t taxa. tion and the rep eal of Customs and Excise duties. A p a p er by Mr. George Smith was also read, condemni ng i n di rect totation as "uneq ual, impolitic, extravagant, and si n f u ll y immoral, and extrem el y demoralising." The following letter from Mr. Cobden was then read on behalf of the Liverpool Association, which had requested that gentleman's attend • ance at this congress : " Midhurst, Oct. 3. "Dear Sir,---shall not be in Edinburgh at the ap proaching meeting of the Social ques tion as not be in ray power to take As I thg the comparative demerits of directpart in your discussion . respect- I sa and indirect taxation. demerits, because it is really little more than a ques evil ; but, a d taittin 'expenses of avernment, in" ssit •lof raising a given sum of t° th e form which we shall tolerate a necessary money for th e e no argument in the abstract why it should not be raised in there can really be that form which is the least costly and inconvenient to the public. I say in the abstract, because I know all the Nobodyad vantage can deny that Customs s g ve na other direct indi rect i v n an b t r a in ge gi w ng hic y h on th r eparadevtotcealyzfwae to n abs a t u ra hi c e t et p i r o i n n . ci y E i x : c s e o 1 d l e u c t t i i e o s n an th da taxes are more and os t 1 levy of taxation, and nobody who has examined the subject can doubt that they obstruct commerce, impede manu f ac t ur ers, and check the production o f wea l t h . If a C proof of this be required, compare the progress of a free port like Hamburg with a Custom-bound place like Havre. As to the difficulty of instituting direct for indirect taxation, that is a tax for statesmen to accomplish. Once convince the public of the soundness of your principles, and you will soon have a Huskisson, Peel, and Gladstone ready to put them into practice. The local legislation of our town councils has already shown the way. The municipal go vernments of our cities contrive to raise their funds by a direct tax, instead of an octroi, which is considered an im possible achievement by the towns of the Continent. Now, what are the taxes on tea, sugar, coffee, &c., levied at our Custom-houses but so many octroi dues on a large scale? How impossible it would be to put up barriers at the entrance to Edinburgh or Manchester to collect the municipal rates in the clumsy form of a duty on the daily supplies of those cities; and lam as firmly convinced as of my existence that if we could have for a few years that experience of all the advantages which an abolition of import duties into this kingdom would give us, it would be as impossible to replace the Custom-houses, as a substitute for the collector of direct taxes, as it would now be to levy octroi dues at the suburbs of our large towns instead of the direct rates which are collected from house to house for municipal purposes. Of course you will be met by politicians of all parties with the assertion that your plan is impracticable, which means only that it cannot at present be adopted with advantage by either of the existing political parties ; but I repeat, if you can beat your opponents in the field of abstract argument, you will, sooner or later, find statesmen who will be proud to give a legislative triumph to your principles. It is only a question of time.—Believe me to be yours faithfully, " C. E. Macqueen, Esq." " R.. COBDEN. Mr. HAUOMON contended that it was not the mode of raising the taxes that injured the working men, but the badness of trade, that prevented him paying the taxes. Mr. BARRACKSON, of Liverpool, though not opposed to direct taxation, thought those who proposed the abolition of indirect taxation should inform them how the £12,000,000 thus obtained was to be raised in the other way. Mr. H. FAWCETT spoke at considerable length in favour of indirect taxation, and criticized the principles and opera tions of the Liverpool Financial Reform Association. In justice, he fully admitted, was connected, and necessarily connected, with indirect taxation ; but he could also show that injustice was connected, and necessarily connected, with direct taxation, and no one had ever succeeded in point ing out how a large revenue could be raised without pro ducing great injustice and being accompanied with a great number of evils to the community. Protection was, he considered, abolished, but he believed that they could ha ve perfect free trade with indirect taxation, and when th e y brought forward arguments against protection, they must not suppose that they were bringing forward arguments against indirect taxation. It was well known that direct taxes could not be raised from certain classes with certainty and precision, and he believed, that if any system of taxa tion tended to make a nation immoral it was the Income tax—for it was known that incorrect returns were often given in, so that parties might be relieved from some Por • tion of the burden. (Hear, hear.) In such a temptation to dishonesty as this there was a constant inducement to sap the morality of the country. (Hear, hear.) Then,the incomd-tax system was a most unfair cne— and if all the revenue was to be raised in this way, then the inequality would be increased immensely—but with indirect taxation the inequality was spread over different classes of the community, an d there was some chance that inequality in one direction might be compensated by inequality in another. (H ear , hear.) He ce rtainly could not understand the a rgumen t s o f the mem bers of the Liverpool Association, who sa id that the g reat objection to indirect taxation was that th e wor king man was too heavily taxed. Did they m e a n t o p ro p o se that the working classes should escap e a lt oge . h er un d er direct taxa tion ? He did not think th a t suc h a t hi ng wou ld be fair. He knew that that was a favourite doctrine to propaga te from election hustin gs , b ut h e t h oug ht i t was a most 'tu moral one (loud applause), and people who hsd studied the question ought not to come forward and pander to the pre- j udice of the poorer classes in that way. He thought there was a class more h eav ily t axe d th an th e wor king man,n' and that was the clerks who had their salary of £lOO or £lOO a-year. (Hear, hear.) He complained that neither the re presentatives of the association nor Mr. Cobden in his letter had suggested any practical mode of raising the r evenue of the country in the manner of which they seemed to approve; and if they were not able to do so, then the 'fle eting, as practical men, ought not in the least degree to b elieve in the practicability or the feasibility of the scheme- (Hear hear.) He considered that the present mode of raising the revenue was as just and equitable as any mode b e had ever seen propounded. (Hear, hear.) Mr. NOBLE replied to Mr. Fawcett, and deni ed that the Liverpool Association pandered to the poorer classes. The SOLICITOR-GENERAL for IRELAND ga ve it as his opinion Unit tno queotivn woo enti re ly one of a choice be tween two evils, and that a judicious proportionment of both modes was the fairest arrangement that could be made. Mr. DUNCAN M'LAREN thought the argument of the Liverpool Association that the working classes were unduly burdened by indirect taxation was capable of proof, and he proceeded to show that the taxes on tea, sugar, and other necessaries of life were paid in a very much larger pro portion by the poor classes than by those who were in receipt of largo incomes. - Mr. C. lIARRISON proposed as a resolution, --"That the present mode of raising the revenue of the Etitish empire is as just as any that h as ye t b een d ev i s ed ;" but after a considerable amount t,f general discussion, the motion was withdrawn. epithets The CHAIRMAN said h e h ope d , if this subject again came up for consider a ti on , it wou ld b e treated in a more readt em p e t r h a a t e t manner H e than had a d i t never r been a r i d n one of a the papers n against an o pp os it e sys t em as he had hear d in that paper. so omy Mr. D. W. HENDERSON, Leith, read a statistical paper on the effects of free trade in corn and navigation in cheap ening the food of the people ; after which Mr. DELAHANTY read a paper on the currency laws of the United Kingdom, in which he advocated an assimilation of the laws of Ireland and Scotland to those of England. wileve the ralprgesenentltesmyesntem f paperha o vinges cyperuersrseendtheir satisfaction in Scotland, the department adjourned. THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 10, 1863. Statistics of Cremorne. The garden s o f C remorne are twenty-two acres in extent, are p re ttil y l a id out , are filled with brilliant flowers, a n d are k ept w i t h as muc h care as those of the Horti cu lt ura l Society. Indeed, of the quiet daylight frequenters of the place, were they not properly attended to, there would be a serious fall ing off. During the season, the services of fifteen gardeners are constantly required; in rolling paths, mowing law ns , an d atten di ng t o the beds. Pre vious t o opening, t wen t y ca rpenters, six scene painters, twelve gasmen , t wo women to sew canvas, four men t o repa i r the roof, an d fi v e house-painters, take possession of the outside of Cremorne and its a pp u rtenances, while two upholsterers, fifteen wardrobe_ makers, and ten property-men, look up old material, an d prepare f or internal decoratio n . Then the literary gentleman attached to the estab lishment sits down in his cabinet to compose the announcement of approaching festivities, and eight bill-posters convey the result of his cogitations to an admiring public. In this past season of 1863 the Gardens opened in the early spring with a dog show ; and the estimate for the preparation, for gardeners, painters, roofers, carpenters, smiths, labourers, and gravel diggers, amounted to £3,500, independent of the cost of material, galvanised iron, timber, ironmongery, wire work, &c., about £2,000 more. While the Exhibition was open, the ex penses of keepers, police, attendants, and music, were about £3OO a week, and a very large sum was expended in advertisements and prizes. This dog show, however, was an extraneous affair, not calcu lated in the regular round of expense. In the same category was the tournament, to produce which the services of three hundred "supers," six armourers, thirty-two horses, and ten grooms, were specially engaged. When the Gardens are open for the sea son the regular staff is very large and very costly. It comprises sixteen moneytakers, seven gasmen, two scene painters, three house painters, one resident master carpenter, and seventeen wardrobe men and women. The stage department requires the services of twenty-five carpenters to work the scenes, a prompter, a hundred members of the corps de ballet, two principal dancers, three principal pantomimists, several vocalists, and a turncock—without whose a t eier the Octagon master, aid the fai ry f ounta i ns would not flow. Add to this a fi rework manufacturer with seven assistants, fiftn t r w i d e u e r t s , anel and monkeys , s a eve ra l hors h e w i th t th e their circus master,; set of ydogs in Theatre; a set of m ari one tt es and he in another twenty-five part who ee delivers l grounds; ivers a lecture on the Austra lian members of the explorers, p regular inrers o t r h c r h e e e s tr regular aa nd two peripateti c b ands, a gentl eman policemen, and, on extra nights, Six ' others, and you have some notion o f what the mana ge ment of Cremorne Gardens h as t o meet o nSaturday morn ings, as the cost of the amusement it provides.— Dickens's " All the Year Bound." The Extraordinary Mail-bag Robbery. HULL, Friday. The examination of Maria Cooke was continued on Wed nesday, yesterday, and to-day at the Hull Police court, be fore Mr. Travers, the stipendiary magistrate. Mr. F. F. Ayre appeared, as before, to conduct the pro secution, instructed by Mr. Forrest, the Post-office superin tendent for the Derby district. Mr. F. Summers watched the case for the prisoner. The following evidence was given on Wednesday :--. William Anson stated that he was a grocer at South Cave, and kept the post-office. The letter produced, bearing the address, Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, was stamped with the South Cave post-mark, and put into the mail-bag, to the best of his knowledge and belief. The mail-bag, after it had been made up, was placed by witness himself on the counter of the shop. There was not any par ticular place for the mail-bag to be put after it had been made up and was waiting the arrival of the mail-cart. The bag was not very often left on the shop counter without some person in charge of it. After witness had taken the bag and put it on the counter, he went into the sitting room, leav ing his wife in the shop. Tho mail-cart did not arrive for, perhaps, ten minutes or a quarter of an hour after the bag had been placed on the counter as he had stated, and he had gone into the sitting room at the back of the shop. The bag was only missing about two or from that to three minutes before the arrival of the mail -cart. He (witness) had gone from the sitting room at the back of the shop into the kitchen, and while he was there his wife came to him and said the bag was missing and could not be found anywhere. The robbery must have been effected in the two or three minutes that his wife had left the shop. Immediate search was made for:the bag in all directions, but it could not be found. Witness sent for Mr. Bedford, the schoolmaster, who assisted in making up the bag, and he went various ways, but no trace of the missing bag was discovered. Mrs. Anson, wife of the last witness, deposed that she knew the prisoner at the bar, Mrs, Maria Cooke. She had often seen her at South Cave, for she had stopped at wit ness's house. The prisoner had never, to witness's know ledge, seen the mail-bags made up. On the evening of the 24th September her husband (the last witness) placed the mail bag on the counter, after it had been made up, to await the arrival of the mail -cart. Her husband went out of the shop into the sitting-room, and left her (witness) in the shop. No one came into the shop while witness was there, but she did go out for a few minutes. Witness did not see any one looking in at the window during the time witness was out of the shop. There was time enough for a person to have gone in and got clear off with the mail. bag before she (witness) returned. The following evidence was taken yesterday : James Anson, recalled and examined by Mr. Ayro, de posed that on the evening in question he placed the mail bag upon the counter himself. He could not say why the bag was placed upon the counter, but his wife was in the shop, and she was looking after the bag. He only saw a little girl in the shop after the bag was made up. Witness was induced to go upstairs by his wife saying " It has just come into my mind that there is a bag in the back chamber." He immediately went upstairs to fetch the bag and found it covered up with some mats. He brought it down and took it into the shop and placed it beside a butter basket on the floor, loaning against the counter. He (witness) then went into the back kitchen. An alarm was given a short time after that the mail-bag was gone. His wife said, "Oh Anson, the mail-bag has gone." Witness then went into the shop and searched for it without success. Ho left the shop and told the neighbours what had occurred, and a further search was made with no other result. Bedford instituted a search on the Beverley road and afterwards returned and told witness he had found nothing. The mail cart arrived soon after and the news that the bag was missing was sent to Brough and other places by the mail cart. By the Magistrate—Witness was only upstairs a few minutes looking for the bread bag. Mrs. Anson, recalled, stated that she saw her husband place the mail bag on the counter, and he then went into the kitchen. In a minute or two ho called out, and she went into the passage. That was perhaps about five minutes after the bag had been placed upon the counter. He was sitting in the kitchen by the fireside, opposite the door. He spoke about a bread bag, and then took a candle with him to look for it upstairs, where she (witness) had told him there was a bag that would do. She returned to the shop, and almost directly afterwards found that the mail bag was gone. She called out to her husband, who came dew n, and they searched together, looking about the shop and the shop floor. She did not recollect tolling Mr. James, when he called, that her husband was in the kitchen when she gave him the alarm that the bag was lost. The Magistrate--But remember, Mrs. Anson, that the witness is prepared to say that you did. Witness--Well, it may be so. The Magistrate—How do you account for the way in which the bag was stolen ? What is your own notion ? Witness —Well, Sir, I fully believe that the bag was stolen from the street door, as the passage door has a bell, which must have rung had any one come iu that way. Examination continued—Witness thought that any one 'night have entered by the passage door and stolen the bag without her seeing them, or any one in the room hearing them, if they did so gently. She had convinced herself of that by a practical experiment since made. She knew the prisoner, who had been in witness's house, at Cave Fair, which was hold in June, 1863. Witness had not received any letter from the accused w ithin the last two months. Witness had no p a rticular reason for thinking that the mail bag had been misplaced by any one in mischief. Philip James, the postmaster at Brough, deposed that letter s from South Cave were sent to Brough and stamped there. The Beverley letters were sent in another bag. On the evening of the 24th ult, ho made up the bag for Hull at Brough, in which bag the Beverley letters went. On the evening of the following day he received 34 letters, bearing the South Cave post mark of the 24th. In the ordinary course, letters posted at Cave were enclosed in a sealed bag and sent to Brough. The letter addressed to the Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, did not pass through the Brough office. By Mr. Summers—Witness always stamped the letters that passed through his hands. By the Magistrate—The mail-cart arrived at Brough on the 24th ult. at 10 minutes to 3, and the driver said he had been delayed 20 minutes at South Cave. It ought to have arrived there at 7 18, and to have left a very few minutes after. The Cave postmaster ought to have the bag in readiness when the cart arrived there. John Wil son , the driver of t h e ma il-cart, said that on arriving at South Cave on the evening of the 24th ult., at his proper time, Mrs. Anson met him at the door of the post-office and told him that the bag had been stolen. By Mr. Summers—Witness was told by Mrs. Anson that the bag had been taken from the shop about three minutes before he drove up. William Oxtoby said he resided at South Cave, and was clerk to Messrs. Borland and Sons. He gave the letter pro duced to Mrs. Anson at the post-office between 5 and half past 5. Christopher Wood, a gardener at South Cave, deposed that he found the letter-bag produced in a piece of ground called " the Sand Hole," next to Mr. M‘Turk's garden. This was on the 25th ult. The bag was open, and con tained some papers. Thomas Ward, the superintendent of police, produced the envelope addressed to the Yorkshire Banking Company, Beverley, which he received from Mr. Boyes, one of the bank clerks, on the Tith of September. George Martin, a farm -servant at South Cave, stated that he was taking his master's horses to a field on the Brough-road, about half-past 7 o'clock in the evenin g , on Thursday, the 24th of September, whea he met a person resembling the prisoner. She was running when he first saw her, and when she got up to him she beg an to walk. Robert Barrett, cattle dealer, of Swanland, said that on Thursday, the 24th September, he was returning from Mar ket Weighton, when he saw a woman on the road, and he asked her if she would have a ride. That woman he believed to be the prisoner. She was dressed in a similar manner. She accepted his offer of a ride, and got into the cart. She told him she was going to Hull, and witness gave her a ride as far as Ferriby. She got down, and ho left her there talking to a man named Jonkinson. At this stage of the inquiry the Court again adjourned, it being nearly 9 o'clock. This morning the following evidence was taken : • Thos. Jenkinson , of North Ferri b y , said that on Thurs day evening, the 2lth S e ptember, a w oman came u p to him a nd asked where th e p os t- o ffice was, and he told her. She re sembled the pris oner, an d he had no doubt she was t he s ame person. Sh e wen; a way, and he followed her to the en d of the lane leadin g t o t h e station. He saw her go to th e post-office and put somet hi n g in at the window. She had a postmaster at North Ferriby, letter in her h an d w h en s h e c ame up to him , and was carry ing something bulk y un d er her shawl. Fanny Jenkinson, s i s t e r of the l ast witness, de p osed t hat she was the dau g ht er of t h e ostmaster and on the ev e ni ng of the 24th September she closed the box about 6 o'clock. Sh e c l ear ed it next eveni ng , when there were 70 letters in it . Sh e had not clea re d i t from 6 o'clock on the Thursd a y unt i l t h e s ame hour on t he Friday. She noticed that many of the letters had the South Cave post mark, and seeing there was something particular about that fact she made a separate bundle of them. Letters with the South Cave post mark were never posted at Ferriby in the ordinary course. She noticed more particularly because the stamps were not obliterated. John Whitelam, detective police officer at Hull, stated that on Friday morning, the 25th ult., about a q uarter p ast 10 o'clock, he was standing at the corner of Parliament street,and look ys when he saw two perso ns co me out from wa both the offices as if o the Yorkshire Banking Compa n y , in search of something. Th e y walked sharply through Whiteiriar-gate towards the Land of Green Ginger. Wit ness followed them, and saw one go up to the prisoner,who was standing there. The oth er person said to witness that the bank had received information that a Post-office bag had been stolen, 'with cheques to the value of .£7OO from one of the letters, and that there was reason to believe that the woman had caused one of the ch e q ues to be presented. Wit ness took her to th e b a nk, and h avin g been asked so me questions by the managers she was searched, and some other cheques were found upon her. She accounted for their possession by sa ying that on the previous night she was travelling from Hessle in a second-class carriage,when a man who was sitting opposite to her threw the cheques to her and said she might get 001110 cash for them. The wit ness asked her what sort of a man he was, and ehe replied that he was a very tall man. The witness then inquired whether she knew him. She answered in the negative,and added, "I should not know him again, as I had never seen him before." The witness asked if she gave anything for the cheques, and she said " No." He then took her to the police station, and charged her. She said, "lam as inno cent of the robbery as you are". Mr. Taylor, being recalled, said that the prisoner had on the same dress when she travelled from Ferriby to Hull, on the night of the 24th of September, as she was wearing at the bar. _ ___ _ Some minor details of evidence having been filled up by other witnesses, the prisoner, who by the advice of ➢Sr. F. Summers, her solicitor, reserved her defence, was fully committed to take her trial at the ensuing assizes. SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. TIMES.—The Democratic party on the Continent has always asserted that the French Revelation was not a mere historical event bounded by definite epochs in time, but a movement which has never ceased in its operation up to the present hour. The French Revolution is still going on, they say. As it may be said to have been in action for years—no one can tell how many—before 1789, since, of course, the outbreak of that period was only the manifesta tion of forces that had been in existence for a gene ration past, so the French Liberals hold that it is at work still, undermining all the political fabrics which are built on the oppression of man by man or nation by nation. Of course, we see that they merely make the Revolution synonymous with the advance of the principles of private and public right, and, using the word in this sense, no candid observer will differ from them. But it remains to be ex plained how so large a body of acute and earnest thinkers should look upon a bloody phase in human history, a period which began with anarchy and the guillotine to end with military despotism and desolating wars, as identified with the triumphs of civil and national liberty. The chief reason is, we think, to be found in the existence of that body of monarchical compacts whieh are known as the Treaties of 1815. Doubtless the philosopher may say that 1789 consecrated the principles of liberty, equality, brotherly love, and so forth, and that wherever these advance 1789 has the glory. But this vague doctrine, founded upon French self esteem, would never have influenced men of every continental nation ; and yet, certainly, the re newed activity of the French democracy has been looked for with hope by Italians and Poles struggling against foreign usurpation, as well as by German Liberals worn out by the tyranny and folly of their Sovereigns. The reason has been that the French were the conquered of 1815. The Sovereigns who banded for the most just and holy of causes—that of asserting national independence —overthrew the intolerable despotism of Napoleon, of which no better proofs can be found than those extracts from the new volumes of the Correspon dence which may be read in our Paris letter this morning; but they no sooner found themselves all powerful than they used their power to secure their own imagined rights against their subjects, as well as the real rights of their respective nations against French aggression. The consequence has been that,. by a strange perversion, the military disasters et Napoleon have been associated with the wrongs of liberty; the highhanded usurper and his circle of weak and unprincipled vassals have been re gretted by those who fancy that their's was a golden age in comparison with the leaden oppression of later days, and that however much they might tyrannise in fact their theoretical principles were those of democratic liberty. Nearly half a century has passed since those famous Treaties were signed. The proud and elated poten tates of that day probably thought that they were immortal. A final settlement of the great European questions then took place. Hardly a subject of dis pute, small or groat, which had ever engaged the attention of the Sovereigns failed then to be brought for ward. On the whole, they were in excellent temper with each other. There had been a serious difference the year before on the subject of Poland, which had exhibited the flee Powers in the same combinations as at the present day, but after the return from Elba and th e cam p a i gn o f W a t er loo all irritation was suppressed through the strong desire to make a firm and lasting disposition of Europe. They were all so much of one mind that they did the work too completely. The Eoglish Ministers did not, indeed, forget the t ra ditional princi ples of their country, and some of the redeeming clauses of this compact are due to them—notably the stipulations in favour of Poland which have been the ground of the latest appeal to the Vienna Treaties. But on the whole the Kings and statesmen of Eu rope were of one mind. They saw nothing but a dread vision of anarchy and irreligion—the making opportunities for unscrupulous usurpers to torment the world. The belief that mankind was by nature doomed to perpetual tutelage, and must bo led either by a legitimate ruler or by an adventurer—a Crom well, or Robespierre, or Bonaparte, was general not only among hereditary Princes but among statesmen and writers. Even men like Talleyrand and Can ning to the last believed that the desire for a more popular Government in England would lead to events like those of the French Revolution. Napo leon in his exile thought that the Duke of Wellington would assuredly make himself King, If these were the ideas of master minds, can we wonder that the narrow and half-educated con querors, who had been bred in German, Russian, and Italian Courts, should resolve to take good security against what they considered as popular madness. They acted, on the whole, generously to each other. There was not much desire on the part of the great potentates to rob their weaker brothers. They mediatized sparingly, and only in obedience to the plain interests of Europe. Germany was left with too many Courts, and Italy was given up again to the Papacy and the minor Sovereigns. But no precaution was neglected by which the nations could be united against France, by which the Sovereigns could be interested in opposing that aggressive Power and the spirit of popular discontent by which it had been made so formidable. The Treaties of 1815 were not the work of tyrants hostile to humanity, as is believed by Continental Republicans; they were approved by the public opinion of the time, and held by not illiberal statesmen to be masterpieces of policy and foresight ; and yet they had hardly been in exist-% ence five years before their weight was felt to be grievous, and the history of Europe since then has been little but a struggle to escape from the condi tions they imposed. Attention is now more particu larly directed to them by the alleged assertion of Lord Russell that they are abrogated %et the act of Russia refusingin to fulfil the stipul a ti ons made i n favour o f the Kingdom of Poland. L or d R ussell did no t, indeed, go so . far, and . the interpretation of the French . press is more in accordance with its own wishes and traditions . than with the actual wo rds of the British Minister. But it may be allowed that these treaties . • have been so habitually violated by the chief parties to them, and have received at last so fatal a . blow thro ug h t h e repudiat i on o f the great Conservative Power of the Continent, that any i fur ther appeal to th em would be idle. E ng l a nd s, in fact, almost the on l y P ower which h as ca red to ad just its proceedings by the literal terms of these agreements. In ceding the lonian Islands to Greece our Go vernment has b een ca reful to recog nise the right s o f those who comm itt e d the Repute. tic toits protectorate. Th e as sent of France, Austria Russia, and the other Powers has been formally asked, and th e cess i on will b e ma d e with as much diplomatic seriousness as if the Treaties were only six months old. But with the Continental Powers the course h as b een w id e ly different. The Vienna treaties they have always been ready to cite against their opponents, never against themselve s. We do not complain of the result. The treaties made an injudici ous di s t r ib u tion of European territory, and indirectly by the confidence they gave to the Continental Sovereigns, tended to retard the pro gress of civil liberty. Most of what has been done in spite of them has been well done ; and, though it will be rather strange if their death-wound shall be owing to one of the few just and humane stipulations that they contain, yet we must be content. The good and the evil have been alike contemned, and, as each of the greater Po Powers for its own convenience has violated them, it is now beyond the rights of any to oppose them to claims that may be founded upon reason and humanity. Russia and Austria, with the assent of Prussia, have destroyed the freedom of the city of Cracow ; France has incorporated Savoy and Ni ce , and broken up the Italian system as it was founded anew in 1815. Numberless othe r c h anges have taken place, th© most important b e i ng t h e sup pression of the Cunstitation and ind e p en d en t Go vernment of Poland thirty years ag o . Although we have had no part in breaking up the Vienna sys tem, yet we have no reason to fear accepting the work of others. The indep en d ence o f the E uro pean nations will be better secured by domestic content and harmony between rulers and subjects than by the text of Treaties which have, rightly or wrongly, become odious. DAILY NEWS. --Another death under the wheels of an omnibus has taken place, and the coroner's Jury. though they have absolved the drivers and the owners from bl ame i n t hi s par ticular instance , ha ve thought it right to append to their verdict a strong_ remon strance against the pr actice of " nursing," which they declare on their personal knowledge to be still in full force in frequented thoroughfares. So it would seem that the horrible spectacle of last August, when in one o f our chief streets a heap of bl oody sawdust marked the spot where a victim had been slaughtered, has, ere September was out, ceased to act as a warning. The death of one female Blondin sufficed to stop the sacrifice of more lives in that particular form of sensational effect, but the death of an omnibus conductor is too trivial an item to prevent persistence in the sensation race of the omnibus, where the immediate prize is a few extra coppers, and the ultimate ambition the forcing a rival off the road. So be it. We must adapt our remedies to the evil, and as it would seem that om nibus owners are not to be restrained by sentiments of decency or of regard for the public safety, we must try to find out some other means of reaching their feelings. We know not whether in the scattered and voluminous police regulations of the metropolis there is any power to prohibit a practice which is the most dangerous that can be carried on in its crowded streets, and the great case of the Saloon Company against the General Omnibus Company, a few years ago, served only to show that if an indictment for conspiracy would lie, it was scarcely capable of proof. But if the law in this respect is inefficient, it must be altered. We cannot continue to allow the greedy competition of those who pro fess to serve us to make our streets as perilous as a battle field. Racing and " nursing" are amuse ments for which there can never be apology. They are not fair competition. Neither a new candidate, nor an old servant, has a right to damage his rival in that way. The public cannot gain by it, for its only object is to put an end to that fair competition by which alone cheapness and convenience are to be attained. Thus there is neither reason nor sympathy on the side of those who choose to indulge in so peril ous and iniquitous a means of raising themselves by crushing a competitor. It is, therefore, a fitting case, if any can be conceived, for intervention of the police to put the practice down. Let them, if they have not the power, be armed with the power of summoning every driver who is seen racing, and the owners of every omnibus which is seen " nurs ing," and let sharp personal penalties in both cases put an end to a system which make s the traversin g of our streets as dangerous as the walking in a fog along a railway line. In the matter of racing both parties are equally guilty ; in the matter of" nurs ing" there can be seldom any difficulty in discover ing the real culprit ; and if in the former case it may be only the drivers who are to blame, it must in the latter be almost always the owners. The i apportionment of the penalty which we have ndi catad is, therefore, the fittest to reach the root of the evil, and there can be no doubt it ought to be strictly exacted. The liberty of the subject is carried a little too far when it is made to include the liberty of slaughtering, and the name of free trade is abused when it is applied to proceedings whose object is at any hazard to maintain a mono poly. It would, indeed, be well if the immediate penalties of the police court could in other instances be substituted for the cumbrous and haphazard operation of a civil action for driving in the streets. At present there is no interference with the cab or the heavy van which turns the corner at speed, un less an unlucky foot passenger is killed or seriously damaged, and so clever is the driving, and so preter naturally acute are the senses of the Londoner, that these accidents happen in an infinitely small propor tion of the occasions on which they might reasonably be expected to result. The consequence of this com parative infrequency is carelessness,and the accidents which do occur are generally traceable to the care lessness which is bred by the rarity of the penalty. But the accidents would become very much fewer than they are if power were given to the police to take note of those who are acting in such a way as to make them probable. This would be a constant and steady check; the fear of an indictment for manslaughter, or an action for damages, is too re mote to be practically effective. The rule by which police cautions, or summonses, would be guided, need not be different from that which regulates civil liability. It is laid down by the judges that on approaching a crossing it is the duty of the drivers of carriages to look out for the foot-passengers, but at every other place it is the duty of foot-passengers when crossing the street to take care of themselves. There is reason and good sense in the distinction, and it points out a way of securing safety without inconveniently diminishing the speed of vehicles. To require that every driver should slacken his pace on approaching a corner or a crossing, so as to be able to pull up instantly on the appearance of any one in front of him, will not materially diminish the rate of our progress through the streets, aid this is a rule which the police might very well be charged with enforcing. We must, indeed, consent to a cer tain amount of police regulation when we cease to be wanderers in the desert or herdsmen on the hills, and crowd together three millions of souls in one huge city. Acts harmless enough elsewhere become full of peril when done amongst a multitude. But prevention is better than punishment, and a few slight fines or admonitions inflicted every week for dangerous practices would be tenfold more con ducive to our safety and comfort than a trial for manslaughter once a year, or the verdict of a jury for twenty pounds and costs, occurring perhaps four times as often, as the penalty for a broken leg or fractured ribs. POST.—It will be in the recollection of the public that one of the first consequences of the introduction by the Federal Financial Minister of au inconver tible paper currency was to drive out of circulation the specie which was then in use. Money dealers, like other merchants, sought the best market in which to dispose of their precious commodity, and ship load atter ship load of bullion was exported from America to Europe. The effects of the drain thus created soon manifested themselves. Gold first, and silver afterwards, rapidly disappeared, and the citizens of the Northern towns found themselves obliged to conduct even the most trifling business transactions on credit. The man who rode in a cats, or dined at a tavern, or purchased a pair of gloves at a hosier's, was obliged to take, in lieu of his change, to which he might happen to be entitled, a certificate of indebtedness for that amount. After a time certificates for various sums were kept in readiness, and each person became, so far as re garded the issuing of bank notes, a private banker. In the meantime the premium on gold rapidly rose. Unfortunately, too, it rose and fell in such a spas modic manner, and the quotations of our day dif fered so much from those of the days immediately preceding and following it, that, in the ea ery-day transactions of business, shopkeepers were driven to despair in their attempts to estimate at its market worth the Federal Treasury notes, the only circu lating medium which was left in use, Th e w an t o f d o llars, and after a time me of cents, created a d eman d for their representatives in the new currency ; and to meet this demand the Federal Government were obliged to issue notes of the smallest denomination. " Green-backs," as the Americans learned to call the Government notes, supplied the immediate wants of the community, and rendered unneces sary the devices to which the mercantile classes had been driven to compensate for the deficiency of "change." Still, however, notwithstanding every effort on the-part of the Government to pre vent it, the specie continued to flow eastward across the Atlantic, and in the same proportion what may be termed the metallic currency disappeared from circulation. Congress, which at the time was in ses sion, conferred on the Secretary' of the Treasury powers to issue bank notes ad ; and this, combined with the unsatisfactory progress of the war, :tended to increase the value of gold, and necessarily to depreciate the paper currency which had to so great an extent displaced it. Such was the general condition of financial affairs in the Northern States at the commencement of the pre sent year. It is, however, not a little singular that, although during the past six months the successes of the Federal armies have not been such as to in spire sanguine hopes of the speedy and victorious termination of the war, the financial aspect of affairs has apparently improved. We are far from denying that the results of the summer camp a i gn o n the Mississippi were not such as should have raised in the money market the value of Federal securities ; but, regard being had to oth er c i rcumstances, i t st ill remains to most men in this country a marvel that the paper currency of the United States should have stood as high as it did in the middle of the past month, namely, before the defeat of General Rosencranz. At one period last year the premium on gold exceeded 65 per cent. Within the past two months it has been as low as 26. A citizen of the Northern States would doubtless refer this singular variation to the military successes of the, past sum mer, and to the conviction, shared by so many in the Moth, that the " back bone" of the rebellion may now fairly be considered as . broken. That the Northern population are sincere in this conviction is, we suppose, proved: by the willingness . with . which they exchange specie for one-third more . its representative value in paper. But . that which shakes the confidence of Europeans is . the worth of Federal paper is a circumstance of which the Ameri cans appear to take no account. We are a tax-paying people in this country, and are accustomed y ear by year to see the debts, or the interests on the debts, created in past times paid by the revenues which are thus raised. We know from experience that there is but one way by which the financial credit of a State can be supported, namely, by providing with regularity for the payment of the Government creditor. Now, the circumstance to which we have alluded, and which amid the blaze of Federal vic tories has not attracted the attention of the Ameri can nation, is that during the two years and a half which the war has lasted not a single dollar has been raised in the way of taxation, If the success of the campaign on the Mississippi raised the value of Mr. Chase's Treasury notes, surely the fact that during the past twelve months he has increased the Federal debt by abo'it one hundred and fifty millions sterling ought to have tended to depreciate the in convertible currency, which rests alone on the cre dit of the state. Add to this that, whilst increasing his liabilities, the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted in any manner to provide for them, and'one may well express astonishment that in the third year of the American war the premium on gold should be less than half of what it was in the second. The currency which no Qv constitutes almost the sole circulating medium in the United States belongs to the class of what are termed on the Stock Exchange "speculative securities." The note with which a citizen of New York or Washington pur chases what is necessary for his daily wants changes materially in value from day to day, according as the fortunes of armies fighting in distant regions vary, or as stock-jobbers speculate for a " rise" or "fall." Gold which to-day is quoted at 35 premium may, from a variety of circumstances, be quoted at 25 or at 46 a week subsequently. This is the pre sent condition of a Republic which three years since was esteemed the most prosperous in the world. Singular as this condition is, it entirely fails to rivet the notice of those to whom seemingly the changes which have been wrought should be most apparent. The Americans no doubt think it a nuisance that a difference should exist between the apparent and the real value of a banknote; but they reconcile themselves to it as being one of the hard conditions of war. Their armies are now, as they consider, on the high road to victory, and as each success will diminish the premium on specie, the paper cur rency will be at par simultaneously with the extinction of the rebellion. It is purely a matter of time, and to all appearances a very short time, when the Union, refreshed rather than exhausted by its recent struggles, will once more stand forth the envy and the admiration of all other States. With such prospects, who, then, ought to be sur prised that the premium on gold has fallen instead of risen during the past year ? Nay, rather, who should not express his astonishment that capitalists do not eagerly convert their gold and silver on such. profitable terms into the Treasury notes of the United States of America ? It is idle to argue with those who hold this language ; and, as it is useless to dilate on the pleasures of vision to one who is born blind, it is equally in vain to endeavour to con vey to the hitherto untaxed people of America a notion of the weight of the burdens which are occasioned by a gigantic national debt. Mr. Glad stone on one occasion spoke in Parliament of what he termed "an ignorant impatience of taxation." At present it may be said that the American nation are simply ignorant of this mode of providing for the satisfaction of State liabilities. When the war has terminated, it will be seen whether they wilt also deserve to be characterised as impatient of taxation. COUNTRY MARKETS. LIVERPOOL-FRIDIY. All this morning we have had continued heavy rain, and at this day's market there was a small attendance, but the demand for wheat was generally more firm. Oats Id per bushel cheaper. Barley, beans, and peas unaltered. Indian corn at the prices current on Tuesday. Flour very dull. WAKEFIELD-FRIDAY. A fair quantity of wheat came to hand to-day, and fine dry sorts met a slow demand at nearly last Friday's rates ; other sorts difficult to quit at is decline. Barley, fine, was unaltered, but secondary sorts neglected. Other articles rather cheaper. Averages for the week : Wheat 2,8 - 69 qrs., at 42s 91 , 1 Rye Oats _771 —s ocl Beans Peas ".. 8ar1ey......... 800 - 38 s 41d —s Ou 32s 1014 STAMFORD-FRIDAY. White wheat, 41s to 455; red, 39s to 43s per 36 stone. Barley, malting, 36s to 40s ; grinding, 30s to 32s per qr. Oats, 22s to 26stper 24 stone. Beans, old, 42s to per qr. ; new, 39s_to —s. EXETER-FRIDAY. Wheat, white.. 6s 3d to 6s 4d I Barley. 38 Gd to 4 s 3 d Ditto red. .Gs Od to 6s 3d Oats .........2s 9d to 3s Od Flour, fine, 35s to 36s ; seconds,l34s to —s per sack. CATTLE. _ _ Fat beef, p sc., 10s0d to 11s6d Ewes, per lb ....5/d to 64i Pork carcases, 7s Od to 8s Od Wethers, 7d to Lamb, p to —d Fat calves, d0...61d told. Rough fat, Sid per lb. BRISTOL SUGAR-FRIDAY. The market this week has been doing, a steady busi ness for most descriptions of sugar, and the prices must be quoted fully is higher than last week. Refined goods in better demand, at is to is 6d advance on late rates. DUBLIN-TUESDAY. s. d. s. d. s. d. s. d. Wheat, white.. 23 oto 25 6 Beans.. Do., red 2O oto 23 6 Bere ll oto 13 0 Do., new .... oto 0 Rapeseed Barley Oats . ... 10 otol2 6 Bakers' flour .. 14 oto 20 0 Do., black.... —oto U Indian. corn .. 27 oto 28 1 COAL MARKET. "'noes of Coal per 'Von at the close of the market. a. d. Byass's Bebside West - Hartley ... 17 6 Carway and Duffryn Malting . 21 0 Lambert's West Hart- Walls End. ~. d. ley l7 3 Walker Primrose 13 0 Cowpen Hartley 17 6 rantield Moor 14 6 tantield Moor Butee 14 West Hartley 17 6 Wylam 17 3 Ships at market Russell's Byron .. l9 6 K elloe Wharncliffe 18 9 Braddyll's Hetton 20 3 Hetton 2l 0 Trlindon Hartlepool 20 6 Thorpe 19 0 Fratnwellgate.. 19 3 eassop 20 0 It, 33 ; sold, 27. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and Mauritius, via Southampton ..Oct. 19. via Marseilles ' .. Oct. 13. Brazil and Cape Verds, by British packet. Nov. 4. Cape of Good Hope, Ascension, and St. Helena.. Oct. 29. China, Penang, and Singapore, via Southampton. Oct. 19. via Marseilles ...Oct. 13. Falkland Islands Gibraltar, via Southampton Oct. 8. India (Calcutta), and Ceylon, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 13. India (Bombay), via Southampton Oct. 11. via Marseilles Oct. 21. Portugal.... Malta, Egypt, and Aden, via Southampton Oct. 10. via Marseilles Oct. 11. Newfoundland Oporto and Vigo .. U. S. and British N. America, by Brit. packet.... Oct. 8, , ,_ . _ _ by U.S. packet.... by Canadian packet. Oct. 9. W.C. of Africa, Madeira, and Teneriffe ..Oct. 10. Bahamas, via New York Mexico.. All parts of West Indies, including Chili, California. and British Columbia.. Peru, J Oct. 14. Full benefit of reduced duty obtained by pur chasing Horniman's pure Tea ; very choice at 3s. 4d. and 4s. "High Standard" at 4s. 4d. (formerly 4s. Bd.), is the strongest and most delicious imported. Agents in every town supply it in packets. ADVERTISEMENT.]—Avoid medicines: they always aggra vate chronic complaints, but Du Barry's Delicious Health Restoring Revalenta Arabica Food, which saves fifty times its cost in other remedies, invariably cures them, restoring perfect digestion, strong nerves, sound lungs, healthy liver, pure blood, refreshing sleep, functional regularity, and energy to the most disordered or enfeebled. We extract a few out of 60,000 Cures :—Cure No. 58,216 of the Marchioness de Brdhan, Paris, of a liver complaint, wasting away for seven years, debility, with a nervous palpitation all over, bad digestion, constant sleepl essness, the most intolerable nervous agitation, and dreadfully l ow spirited.—Cure No. 1,771. L or d Stuart de Decies, Lord Li eut. of Waterford, of many years ' dyspepsia.—No. 49,832. "Fifty years' indescribable agony from dyspepsia, nervousness, asthma, cough, constipation, flatulency, spasms, sickness, and vomiting.—Maria Jolly." —Cure No. 96,270. Mr. James Roberts, of Frimley, Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting of blood , liver derange . went, and partial de afness.—Cure No. 47,121. Miss Elizab e th Jacobs, of extreme nervo u s ness, indig estion, gatheri ngs, low spirits, and nervous fancies.—Cure No. 54,816. Th e Rev. Jas T. Fakenham, Norfolk, "of indig es ti on and torpi dity or In tins, 1 lb. , 2 s. 9d. ; 21b., 4 s. 6 d ; 5 1 b., lls. ; 1.21 b., 225. ; 241b' li Campthb:ver, which had resiste all medical treatment." 40s. —Barry Du Barry and Co., No. 77, Regent-street, London; also Fortnum and Mason ; and all Grocers and Chemists in every town of the United Kingdom. Births. HENDREY.—On the Bth i ns t ., at 78, Pimlico, the wife of Ja mes Hendrey, Esq., of a son. SAVERY.—On Warwick square, the Bth inst., at Chepstow, the wife of A. B. Savery, Esq , of a daughter. WARREN.--On the Bth inst., at Jeffry's-road. Clapham, the wife of Thomas Warren, Esq., Scinde Railway, of son. Marriages. LuAR D --- CITAIIIIERLIN.—On the Bth inst., at Hale Church, near Farnham, Surrey, Lieut.-Colonel Richard G. A. Luard, Assistant-Inspector of Volunteers, to Hannah, daughter of the late Henry Chamberlin, Esq., of Nar borough, Norfolk. WARREN—RIDSDALE.—On the Bth inst., at Clapham, the Rev. William Warren, of Trowbridge,Wilts, to Frances, second daughter of Francis J. Ridsdale, Esq., of Gray's inn. Deaths. BONHAM.—On the Bth inst., at Paddington, Sir SI. George Bonham, Bart., K.O 8., aged 60. CUNNINGHAM.—On the Bth inst., at The Glebe, Grove hill, S., Robert Cunningham, Esq., aged 61. DAMES.—On the 6th inst., at Kingstown, Ireland, Francis Longworth Dames, aged 74. Esq., o f G reen hill, King's C ounty GRIPPER.—On the Bth inst Joseph Gripper, Esq., ag e d 78. .) PALMER..— On the 7th inst., at Great Yarmouth, Ambrose 51 Reeve Palmer, E sq., of Haddiscoe H a ll, N orfolk, aged SMITH,—On the Bth inst., at Lewisham, Mr. Benjamin Smith, aged 74. London: Pr;riZed and ruh.lished by WILLIARANDREWS, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE SUN Office No. 112, Strand, 3 avoY, in the county o t ldleain Precinct tuaayoct o o t hebetrlop_ito.