The Sun. — London, England, 1863-08-12 00:00:00

THE TELEGRAPH TO INDIA, If mechanical appliances are to be depended upon, and if the most careful and experienced supervision of all relating to the scientific perfection of a sub marine cable is of any avail, the whole of England before next March will have at command a means of daily, if not hourly, communication with Madras, Calcutta, and Bombay. The activity of grey shirt ings or the dullness of mule twist ought to be known here to the fraction of an anna every morning; and the news from China and Australia anticipated by exactly the difference of time between an overland passage and an overland telegraph, which means the difference between 30 days and five hours. So care fully have the plans been matured, so quietly has the cable itself been manufactured, that the an nouncement that the expedition will in a few days begin to leave these shores to accomplish such great results comes upon us with asuddenness that is almost startling, and the notion of being in instantaneous communication with all India soon after Christmas seems almost too good and too astounding to be ca pable of such immediate realisation. Such, how ever, is at least the object with which the expedi tion will start, and such, we have not the slightest doubt is the object which it will accomplish with triumphant success. The Indian Government in making their cable have proceeded so quietly that, except to a few electricians and scientific men, the announcement that a cable to connect this country with Calcutta is nearly made will, we fancy, be quite a surprise to our readers. The political necessity which renders it essential for her Majesty's Government to be in frequent communication with the great Indian Empire it is needless here to describe. The Government of such distant possessions as India and Australia can scarcely be carried on in the bureaus of Downing street without some readier means of conveying instructions than that afforded by the Post. Minis ters have long been conscious of this fact, and the failure of the attempt to establish electric commu nication with India via the Red Sea must be fresh in the memory of all. Profiting by the bitter expe. riences of that unfortunate undertaking, the Govern ment have wisely determined to take the construc tion and completion of the present line to India into their own hands. The India Board have placed the general superintendence and control of the line under Lieut.-Col. Patrick Stewart, R.E., an officer as well known for his gallantry during the Indian mutiny as for the great services he rendered the Government by the construction and maintenance of the telegraph lines through the wildest districts of Central and East India. For the immediate elec trical and engineering superintendence of the line, and also for the arduous task of submerging it, the Indian Government have selected Sir Chas. Bright and Mr. Latimer Clarke, and under such auspices and supervision its manufacture is now approach ing completion at Mr. Henley's telegraph works, North Woolwich. Whatever may be its ultimate fate, it was quite certain that there never yet has been a cable manufactured with such care, or one which, in point of " conductivity" and insulation, comes so nearly up to the standard of absolute elec trical perfection. The design and construction of the cable differ very materially from any line hitherto laid. Every operation in submarine telegraphy— even the great Atlantic lino has contributed its quota of valuable experience; for, though success fully laid by Sir C. Bright and his assistant en gineers, in spite of the imperfect construction, it was destroyed by the injudicious electrical treatment it received after submersion. This fact is now so well established that the cause of the failure of the Atlantic cable may be consi dered as set at rest for ever. The insulation of that line was not very perfect, as may be imagined from the infancy of the science at that time, bat yet the electrical power used was such as would infallibly break down even the most perfect cables manufac tured at the present day. Of this our readers may judge when it is stated that the large induction coils first used in signalling between England and America were probably equal in electrical power to 3,0(Y) battery cells, while now it is found inexpedi ent to use more than two or three cells in working the longest submarine lines in existence, Some of this great power was no doubt used in the vain hope o f f o rcing signals through the line at a greater speed than the very slow and unremunerative rate at which it has alone been found possible to communi cate through an unbroken length of 3,000 miles. The result was disastrous, but the experience, though dearly bought, has proved of great value. It has taught electricians the value of moderating the power used in working lines, and above all has pointed out the imperative necessity of having no single section of a submarine line of more than 600 miles in length. To lay long submarine cables in a continuous length without intermediate stations has been found to answer no other purpose than that of greatly diminishing the speed of working and multi plying every imaginable risk both of manufacture and submersion. The Indian Government, acting under the judicious counsel of their scientific ad visers, have wisely determined to divide the Persian Gulf cable into three sections, though its total length will not exceed 1,500 statute miles. The faults which led to the destruction of the Red Sea line were of another character. Though it was manufactured and tested with a care greatly superior to that taken with the Atlantic cable, it was submerged in a way which rendered its ceasing to work a question of a few weeks more or less. Sheathed in a covering of small wires, quite unprotected from corrosion, it was laid without any allowance for "slack" cable to fall into the irregu larity of the bottom of the sea. It consequently lay strained across the points of the inequalities, with a tension of several thousand pounds. As the unprotected wires rusted away, and the suspended portions of the line became loaded with coral and barnacles, the whole line crumbled into hundreds of pieces by its own weight. This is no mere hypo thetical opinion, but a fact, which was amply proved by the expedition to the Red Sea in 1861, under Mr. Latimer Clark. There can be little doubt that the same cause led to the temporary failure of the Malta and Alexandria line, as well as that laid for the French Government between Toulon and Algiers. To obviate this cause of danger, which in the ab eve-mentioned lines has probably occasioned a loss o t i he ll e Per . ty to the value of over a million sterling bard.drr"an Gulf line is cased in 12 No. 7 gauge effecula a li wn iron wires, thickly galvanised, so as of the t r to seetireYrato prevent their corrosion. But, in order with two effectually the permanent stability .e : 1 whole finished cable is thickly coated with t wo coat 7 i i z ngs of tarred hemp yarn, overlaid by Sir Ch arles °f a patent composition invented composition conariTht and Mr. Latimer Clark. The Stockholm t ar , andt4 of mineral pitch or asphalt, tam proportion s , an l: l "vdered silica, mixed in cer- While yet warm it is pegged en in a melted state between circular rol lers, which give it a round smooth massiv e surface. When xibuittve covering of great quite cold this forms a strength and .perfect fie adestroyed by the abundance in to water, and incapable of b e l n ' to tally impervious :minute animalcul ea which exist hi! warm latitudes, and which, such ig not protected against their attthe cable every atom of the hemp, as in the eat of the cable laid between Toulon and j a i ease Galvanising the wire is in itself an almost perfect protection from rust —certainly for m any years, a s the good condition of the cable picked up ofr the iKooria Moria Islands, a part of which was galvan ised, showed, as far as the galvanising was can. w ith the filial protection both from cernnd. But , rust and animalcules which Bright and Clark's com pound affords, there appears to be no reason why this cable, when once laid in shallow or deep waters, should not remain for 100 years to come. The wpper conducting wire is composed of four segments, drawn into a hollow tube in such a manner as to appear like a solid wire. By this means all the ad -vantages of a strand wire are combined with the condensed bulk and small surface of a solid one. The copper from which the wire is drawn is espe cially selected by the engineers for its high capacity for conducting electricity. It is, perhaps, not gene rally known that different samples of copper vary as much as 50 or 60 per cent. in this respect,—that is, some specimens of copper•wire will conduct elec tricity with greater facility than other specimens 01 double the thickness, though physically there may pew monri= not be the slightest difference by which you can die tinguish one from the other. This wire, which is nearly -} of an inch in diameter, is then covered by the Gutta Percha Company with four distinct coats of gutta percha, and four coats of Chatterton's com pound laid on alternately. This " core," as it is termed, is then tested in cold water, at a tempera ture of 90 deg., and then under a pressure of 600 lb. to the square inch. After passing through all these ordeals, the loss of leakage through the gutta percha covering does not exceed 100-millionth part of the current of electricity passing through the conduct ing wire in every nautical mile. To such minute perfection has the system of testing adopted by the engineers been carried, that the loss of one thou sand-millionth part of the current by leakage could be detected and estimated on the instruments. In the present state of the insulation of the cable the loss by leakage in working each section of the line will not exceed one four hundreth part of the elec tric current sent through the conductor—a condi tion of insulation which we believe has never been equalled by any cable hitherto manufactured. Before being sheathed at Mr. Henley's works the coils of gutta percha core, whi c h are in three mile lengths, are again t es t e d un d er wa ter for insulation and for resistance of conductor, therefore if any percha covering of the wire duri n g in jury should have occurr ed t o the its fr t a r g a i e le sit g f u re tt m a the Wharf-road to North Woolwichhe then t t he is p detected reeeee before the cable is made up, and c r ; m h d or e c t o h v e e g ri e n t g ta is p m o f e s e h e e e a d t . h i n T g h them firstem o u t s t e i g is 12 thick strands of wet hemp , and over these again comes 12 s olid No. 7 gauge wires, whi c h have been most carefully galvanised by Mr. Hen ley. The outer covering of iron wire is generally the last which a cable receives, but in this instance, as the line is to be laid in comparatively shallow water, the wires themselves, though galvanised, are to be still farther protected from their most formidable enemy, rust, which is done by the coverings of Bright and Clark's composition already described. During the whole time the cable is at Mr. Hen ley's the current is kept always through it, so that the slightest possible defect in the wire can be detected. In addition to this, the very able electrical staff test every portion regularly twice a day for insulation and resistance of con ductor. When everything has been done which the most jealous care and the most fastidious scientific skill can suggest it is passed out on the river side of Mr. Henley's factory and coiled away in tanks filled with water ; and even here perpetually watched and tested. There are upwards of 900 nautical miles of it thus manufactured lying at Mr. Henley's works—huge coils of thick black-looking rope, nearly lain. in diameter, weighing nearly four tons to the mile, and 2f tons in water, and costing as nearly as possible £2OO per mile—the cheapest, strongest, and, electrically speaking, the most perfect cable that has ever yet been made. Three hundred and fifty miles more of the same kind have yet to be manufactured—to which, however, the great resources of Mr. Henley's factory are quite equal— in the time that yet intervenes before the last ship which composes the expedition will leave this country in September. We have hitherto spoken of this cable as the Indian wire, but, strictly speaking, it ought to be called the Persian Gulf line, and it is down that route it is to be laid to connect Kurrachee with the present land line to Constanti nople. Colonel Stewart has himself during two years travelled through and examined the various overland routes which have been from time to time suggested for a part of this line across the Turkish portions of Asia Minor. One of these has been selected from the greater ease with which land lines are erected and kept in repair as compared with submarine wires, and also be cause along at least three-fourths of the entire route the Turkish Government have already esta lished and keep in admirable working order a tele graph from Constantinople to Bagdad. This land lino runs from Scutari on the Bosphorus across Asia Minor to Diarbekir, thence to Mosul (the ancient Nineveh), and thence to Bagdad. It hap pens, however, that over the broad tract of country which intervenes between Bagdad and the head of the Persian Gulf, along which this submarine cable to India is to be laid, various predatory tribes of Arabs claim a sovereignty, and fight for it with more or less succ ess , an d over these lawless vaga bonds of the desert the Porte has no manner of control. Always quarrelling among themselves, they agree only on the one point of disobeying and defying their nominal lord the Sultan, which they always do with impunity at least, if not success. These people will require skilful handling, and the land line from Bagdad Will probably be taken along the frontiers of Arabia, through the territories of the most powerful of thu tribes, who are able to protect it against all comers, and whom a subsidy of £l,OOO a year will at once render most zealous. By this route, for a length of some 300 miles, it will pass to the head of the Persian Gulf at the estuary which marks the junction of the Tigris and Euphrates —a miserable Eastern township, called Shat-el-Arab. It is not intended, however, to rely solely upon this land route; Another land line will very pro bably be taken from Bagdad over the frontier of Persia to Teheran, thence to Ispahan, and so on by Shiraz down to the shore of the Persian Gulf at Bushire. Thus, even in case of the Arabs proving refractory, there will always be the land line through Persia to Bagdad, and so on to Constan tinople and. England. From the estuary at Shat el-Arab the submarine portion of the line is to be laid in three sections ; for, though the length of the whole is only 1,250 nautical miles, yet the Govern ment have most wisely determined to avoid the fatal dangers which always beset telegraphy through long deep-sea routes by making no less than three breaks at the stations at which the cable will be landed. The first length will be from the head of the Persian Gulf at Shat-el-Arab to Bushire, a dis tance of 170 miles, along which the cable will be submerged iu from 20 to 25 fathoms of water. The next length will be from Bushire to Mussendom, a bold, desolate, stony headland on the coast of Arabia. This section will be 440 miles long, and -,ubmerged in from 30 to 35 fathoms of water. The third length will be from Mussendom to Guaddel, a small city on the Mekran coast, o n the frontier of the Kelat territory. This portion will be 400 miles long, and laid in from 40 to 50 fathoms of water. From Gaaddel, a short length of land line is now almost complete along the coast, giving direct com munication with Kurrachee, and thence all over India to the very frontiers of Burnaah, At all these breaks or stations in the Persian Gulf the extreme shore ends will be very massive coated with galvanised iron wire of almost tenfold strength, and weighing as much as eight tons a mil ( In certain portions of the route near Bussorah, . . _ where there is any danger to be apprehended from small coasters anchoring, the weight of the line will also be increased by the extra thickness of its wires to nearly nine tons a mile—enough to shield it from any risk from the little anchors of the native boats which are likely to come there. In short, as far as depends on minute care and a wide scientific expe- rience, the whole cable is likely to be as perfect as skill or ingenuity can make it. The vessels which are to take this line will probably leave England about the end of next month, arriving on the scene r)f their operations in the Persian Gulf in January o i r February —the best time of the year in which to than rine sectiontall or B°. s :Y cli th . e cable. The process of submerging it and including the expense'sr a grnthe shore ends is not likely to occupy more he total . cost . of the subma of the line will be less than £360,000, of laying it.-Itmes. ---------7----- Health-imparting he ° I n s ______ ---________________. own hot summers, the greatest [ADVERTI sEmENT:I—UoII wa upon mankind by the diacove tions, the excelleLce of Which is i f i i : e " stand unrivalled, and may safely of all degrees when suffering from ovee:4..htue ordered stomach, or biliousness. They aperients and most reliable alteratives, andpillsclimates,and b enefit valuable prepara testified. They ended to people act tated blood, die- as the gentlest have for th e last 30 years been noted for these virtues whi c h they healthily exer cise over either sex. For heat -spots, freckles, rough skin, and similar disfigurements, Holloway's Ointment has long been successfully used. His medicaments brace, in vigorate, purify, and give the heart cheerfulness and the frame vigour. -- THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVUNING, AUGUST 12, 1863. SPORTING INTELLIGENCE. WOLVERHAMPION RACES.--TingsDAY. The Ladies' Purse of 50 sovs for horses that have never won a race value 50 sovs at any one time; two-yr-olds, 6st 7lb ; three, 7st 91b; four and upwards, Bst 71b; m. and g. allowed 31b ; entrance 2 sovs, to go to the fund. Three quarters of a mile. Mr. Rich's East Lancashire (h.b,) 3 yrs, 7st 91b (Challoner) 1 Lord Wilton's Herdsman, 3 yrs, 7st 61b (H. Grimshaw) 2 Mr. W. Saunders's The Queen of Trumps, 2 yrs, Est 41b (J. Grimshaw) 3 Mr. Davies ns. London, 2 yrs, 7st 71b (Thomas) 4 Also ran Illusion, Helen, and Sorceress. Betting—Even on East Lancashire, 9 to 4 agst Herds man, 10 to 1 agst any other. Won by a short head ; a bad third ; Helen did not pass the post. The Cleveland Cup (in specie), by subscription of 10 sovs h 3 ft (to go to the fund), with 100 a dd e d ; three-yr olds,eac 7st 71b ; four. Bst 121 b; five, 9st 51b; six and aged, 9st 81b ; mares and geldings allowed 31b ; certain penal ties and allowances. Twice round, starting from the Stand. 9 subs. Mr. W. S. Cartwright's Fairwater, 5 yrs, 9st 21b Mr. T. Hunt's T rue H eart (Custance) 1 , 3 yrs, 6st 91b (X 200) (Thomas) 2 Betting-10 to lon Fairwater, who won by two lengths. The Staffordshire Nursery Handicap of 100 sovs, added to a Sweepstakes of 10 sovs each, 3 ft (to the fund), for two-yr-olds ; winners extra. Straight half-mile. 34 subs. Mr. T. Allen's Geduld (h. b), 6st (carried Est 11b) Lord Stamford's Hypatia (S Adams) 1 , 7st 71b (Loa tes) 2 Mr. Knight' s Acceptance 6st 41b Mr. T. Cliff's Wildman, int (Williamson) 4 Mr. Dark's King of Clubs, bat 101 b (car. Est 11Ib) idment) Lord Bate man ' s F a i r Sophia, 6st (J. Gri (Mamshaw) 5 6 Betting opened at 6 to 4 and closed at 100 to 30 agst Hypatia, 7 to 4 agst Geduld, 7 to 2 agst Fair Sophia. Won by a length and a half ; three lengths between se cond and third; a neck between third and fourth. The Holyoake Stakes (Handicap) of 10 sots each, 5 ft, with 100 added ; winners extra ; second to save his stake. One mile and a half. 16 subs. Mr. T. Hunt's Misfortune, 4 yrs, Est 131 .. (T. French) 1 Mr. W. Hart's Middlewatch, 3 yrs, Sat 121 b (J. Grimshaw) Mr. R. Ten B roec k' s L or d o f Linne, 4 yrs, Ist 131 b (inc. 2 71b ex.) Mr. Reldiff's Jack o' Newbury, 3 yrs, Est .... (Loates) 4 Betting-2 to 1 agat Lord of Linne, 9to 4 agst Jack o' Newbury, 4 to 1 each agst the other two. Won in a canter by a length ; five lengths between se cond and third ; a length between third and fourth. The Patshull Stakes of 5 soya each, 2 ft (to the fund), with 100 added ; two-yr-olds, 6st 101 b ; three, Bst 71b ; four, 9st 51b; five and upwards, 9st 71b; selling and other allowances. Three-quarters of a mile. 18 subs. Captain Christie's Lady Cli , den, 5 yrs, 9st 111 b (not to be sold) (Fordham) 1 Lord Stamford's Livingstone, 3 yrs, 9st (not to be sold) (A. Edwards) 2 Betting-4 to lon Lady Clifden, who won by a length. The Stewards' Plato (Handicap) of 40 sovs, added to a Sweepstakes of 5 sovs each, 2ft (to the fund), for all ages; winners extra; selling allowances. Straight half _ _ . mile. 19 subs. Lord Stamford's Chicquot the Jester, 2 yrs, Gst slb (Loates) 1 Mr. Mellon's Southport, 5 yrs, Bst 121 b (Reeves) 2 Mr. Devereux's Highland Mary, 2 yrs, sst 71b (Kenyon) 3 Lord Bateraan's Fair Sophia, 2 yrs, Sat 71b (J. Grirusht;w) 4 Mr. T. Stevens's Pinkepoe, 4 yrs, 7st 91b (H. Grimshaw) 5 Betting—Even on Chicquot the Jester, 7 to 2 agst South port, 4 to 1 agst Highland Mary, 5 to 1 agst Pinkepoe. Won by a neck , two lengths between second and third. The winner was bought by Mr. Sampson for 92 guineas. First Year of the Fifth Stamford Biennial Stakes of 10 sous each, h ft, with 50 added, for two-yr-olds ; colts, Bst 91b; fillies and geldings, Bst 6lb ; certain penalties and allowances. T.Y.C; Half a mile. 60 subs. Lord Stamford's Prosella, Bst 61b (A. Edwards) 1 Captain Christie's The Gordian Knot, Bst 61b (Fordham) 2 Mr. J. Ambery's Lady de Trafford, Bst 61b (H. Grimshaw) 3 Mr. C. Peck, jun.'s, John Gully, Bst 61b (E. Harrison) 4 Mr. G, W. Fitzhugh's Fisherman's Daughter, Bst 81b (Custance) 5 Mr. Naylor's Audacietu3e, Bst 61b (Challoner) 6 Lord Stamford' s Acolyte, Bst 91b.. (Loates) 7 Betting-6 to 4 agst Procella-5 to 1 each agst Gordian Knot, Lady de Trafford, and Fisherman's Daughter-7 to 1 agst Audacieuse, Won by two lengths; three lengths between second and third ; a head between third and fourth. Lord Stamford declared to win with Procella. THE PUBLIC HEALTH. (From the Regtstrar- General' Quarterly Return.) General Register •office, Somerset-house, July 31. This return comprises the births and deaths registered by 2,201 registrars in all the districts of England during the quarter that ended June 30, and the marriages in 12,630 churches or chapels, about 4,808 registered places of wor • ship unconnected with the Established Church, and 640 superintendent registrars' offices in the quarter that ended March 31. In the last quarterly report it was stated that in the period to which it referred the birth-rate had been unusu ally well maintained. That rate was still higher last quarter, and in all the quarters of the last ten years, 1853.62, only two Instances occurred in which it was as high or higher. This fact may be remarked in connexion with the generally healthy state of the population during last year. The mar riages in the first quarter of the year were more numerous than in the two corresponding quarters, a result which the metropolis appears to have mainly helped to produce. But, in taking a general survey of the returns, that which chiefly claims notice is the fact that the mortality, which was high in the first quarter of the year, continued high in the quar ter that ended June 30. MARRIAGES. The marriage -rate in the first quarter of the year was 1.404 per cent., or, as it may be said, if the same rate were in operation for a year, 1,404 persons would be married in that time out of every 100,000 of the population. The ave rage rate per cent. in the same quarter in ten years is 3.394. Following the Christmas quarter, in which the greatest number of marriages are celebrated, the period to which the present returns relate is that in which they are always found to be fewest. The number of marriages reported is 35,454, against 33,274 and 33,976 in two previous March quarters. In London marriages were 5,305 and 5,752 in 1861-2 ; in the present year they rose to 6,226. There was also an increase on both the previous corresponding quarters in the south- Eastern counties, the South-Western, and the West Mid land counties, in Yorkshire, and the Northern counties. Lancashire exhibits a revival in its marriages as compared• with those in the first quarter of 1862, for in three periods taken in the order of time they were in that county 5,431, 4,887, and (this year) 5,245. The increase is very consi derable in Liverpool and West Derby, which have been comparatively unharmed by the prevailing distress. The following districts of the cotton manufacture exhibit an increase in the marriages over those of one or both pre vious quarters : March Quarter. 1861. 1862. 1863. Prescot Ormskirk Chorlton Salford .. 155 Manchester .. 1,1,06 Clitheroe .. 42 Blackburn 259 .. 216 .. 237 The following are examples of decrease : March Quarter, 1861. 1862. 1863. Warrington • • Bolton 305 .. 314 .. 230 Bury Barton-upon-Irwell 81 .. 81 .. 59 In some of the above instances, as in many others through out the country, fluctuations of the marriages in particular districts are probably caused by movements of the population. BIRTHS. The annual birth-rate in the June quarter was 3'705 per cent., against the average 3'587. It never happens that as many as 36 children are born to a thousand of the population in a year; and in the 24 years 1838'61 there occurred only one year (1859) in which there were 35; and it is also a rare occurrence that children are born in a quarter at the rate of 37 to 1,000 of the population per annum. The number of births in the quarter was 189,611, that in the same period of 1852 having been 185,638. Nearly 26,000 children were born in London in 13 weeks. More than 25,000 wero born in Lancashire. There was an increase in the births over thoce of the corresponding quarter of 1862 in all the 11 divisions, except the North-Western, which comprises Cheshire and Lancashire, where a decrease would arise from a reduction of the marriages in last year, and pro bably from a cause of greater moment, the emigration of heads of families from those counties in quest of employment. , 83,290 emigrants, 56,436 (of whom at least 40,000 were Irish) chose the United States as their dcatination. The English people contributed about a fourth part of the emigration to all parts. PRICES, THE WEATHER, AND PAUPERISM. The lowest and highest prices of beef at Leadenhall and Newgate were 4id and 64d per lb, sold by the carcase. In the same period of last year they were 4d and 6d. During the last 12 months the average price of the best quality has not varied. The price of mutton fell. In the June quarter of 1862 the worst and best qualities were 5d and 7d per lb; and they were near those prices in the succeeding nine months, till last quarter, when they were 4id and 6td. The average price of wheat fell to 46s 2d per qr ; that of the best potatoes to 120 e per ton, against 1908 in the same quarter of last year. Beef furnishes the only exception to the com parative cheapness of the principal articles of food. Mr. Glaisher writes that the period of five months that began with December and ended on April 30 was as warm as any corresponding period in meteorological annals. The first half of the last quarter—viz., from the beginning of April to the middle of May, with the exception of a few days, had a mean temperature which was on an average two degrees in excess daily. After May 17, for a period of nine days, it was no less than six degrees under the average. Again the temperature rose, and was 3.25 in excess till June 5, from which date till the end of the quarter the air was cold. The mean temperature of the air in April was 49 deg.; that of May 52 deg. ; and that of June 58 deg. The mean tem perature of April was higher than that of the same month in any year since 1844. Days and nights in April were warm; nights in May and days in June were cold. Rain fell to the amount of 5 . 6 in, of which 3.9 in fell in June. In the preceding two months of the quarter the rain fall was scanty. This account of the weather is derived from the observa tions at Greenwich. The pauperism of the June quarter declined, as is usual, on that of the March quarter; but as regards the recipients of out-door relief it was much greater than in the June quarter of 1862. The average numbers of poor persons relieved on the last day of each week, in three correspond ing quarters, were as follows In-door. Out-door, June quarter, 1861 .... 117,802 .... 713,785 ff 1862 .... 127,863 .... 781,858 1863 .... 1 2 7, 85 2 .... 8 7 9 , 241 /7 DEATHS, AND THE STATE OP THE PUBLIC HEALTH. After a period of two years, in which the public health was better than usual, the mortality rose in the last three months of 1862, was high in the first three months (the winter quarter) of the current year, and continued above the average in the quarter for which the returns are now made. In this last period the death-rate was 2.313 per cent. per annum, while the average was 2.191. With the present exception, a spring quarter has not occurred since the year 1853, in which the rate of mortality was as high as 2.3. Both town and country testify to an increase of deaths in their respective populations; for the rate in the chief towns was 2'478 (against an average of 2.336), and that which prevailed in small towns and the country parts was 2'103 (against 2031). Summer-like weather in the early year, and cold days or nights striking a sudden chill into the heart of it, produce effects from which neither city nor hamlet is exempt. That vast town population that resides within " the bills of mortality" suffered in common with the provincial popu lations, and in its due proportion; for though those com plaints that are more directly traceable to meteorological causes, namely, bronchitis and pneumonia—were little, if in any degree, more fatal in the metropolis than usual, both smallpox and scarlatina were very prevalent, and caused numerous deaths. Smallpox carried off 788 persons in Lon don, or nearly nine daily; scarlatina and diphtheria 1,230. Though the former disease destroyed fewer lives than the latter, it was more powerful in inspiring the public mind with a salutary dread, It should not be overlooked that prophylactic measures are available against scarlatina as well as smallpox, and both maladies are subject to modifi- cation. Smallpox was not confined to London ; its presence, which assumed in some instances a character of virulence, is an nouncef by registrars in many and distant parts of the Co untry. The following are the chief districts, parishes, or t,..wnships where the attack was of sufficient importance to procure a not i ce in the repor ts of the local officers :---In Surrey, Croyd on an d 00dt:40110 ; in Kent, Maidstone and Rochest er; i n B erkshire, R e ading and Kintbury ; in Bedford s hi re , Ham, O rse tt, R ochford, M ann ingtree, Colchester and Sible Wing (Leighton Bu.zz ard) ; in Essex, West Hedingham ; in Suffolk, Cavendish; in Cornwall, Bodmin, Truro, Red ru th, an d Penzan ce ; in Warwickshire, Kilsby ; in Lincolnshire, Grantham, Market, Rasen, and Misterton; in Derbyshire, Derby and Glossop; in Cheshire, Stockport in Lancashire, West Derby, Wigan, Didsbary, Chorlton upon-Medlock. Manchester (where it was very prevalent), and Oldham • in Yorkshire, Barnoldswick Ripon, Harrogate, Wetherby, Yeadon, Elland (Halifax), Shipley (Bradford) Brainley, Leeds, Dewsbury, Barnsley, Ecclesall Bieriow, Sheffield, Bramham (Tadcaster), York, Sculcoate, Hull, Whitby, and Northallerton. In thenorthern counties, Stockton, Yaom, Bishop Auckland, and Chesterle-street. Fear of the disease, minatory notices issued . by guardians, or the infecti on o f exam ple have given a useful stimulus to vaccination in many places where it had been opposed by prejudice or had sunk into neglect. Not only smallpox but also measles and scarlatina at tacked the industrial population both in Lancashire and Yorkshire. Of 287 deaths in the St. Helen's sub-district of Prescot 63 were from measles, and out of 376 in Wagne r 72 wero from the same disease. In West Leigh a fourth part of the total number of deaths was from measles, which was also very fatal in Bolton. In the sub-district of Oldham-bel ow - Town i out of 312 deat hs 15 were from small p ox, and 57 from scarlatina. In the no rth sub-district of Sheffield 23 c ases of smallpox and 20 of scarla tina were fatal ; and in B rightside (Sheffield) 27 cases of small p ox, 25 of scarlatina, and 20 of measles were attende d with the same result. The mortality of L ondon in the q uarter w as 2.403 per cent., that of the v N is o io r n th ; -w an e d ste t rn he Division 2 . 569, . n 569 the, that latter of Yorkshire 2.589. Cheshire and Lancashire constitute the Division; North-western )i county, apart from t he former, was 2.592. Liverpool, Man chester, and other lar g e towns have lo ng invested this county with an unf avourable distinction, which it is h o p e d the important measu re now p ass e d by Parliament, for en abling the distresse d Unions to borrow money for works of public utility, will be successfully employed to remove. In the present day the rate of mortality in Lancashire furnishes a striking contrast to that of the south-eastern counties ' which was 1 . 96 8 last quarter . To reduc e if not to annihilate the difference is not an impracticable task. The deaths in London rose from 15,230 and 15,695 in the June quarter of 1861-2 to 17,417 l as t quarter. Those in the north-western counties rose from 17,576 and 18,017 t o 19,467; those in Yorkshire from 11,600 an d 11,916 to 13,339. The increase in Lancashire and Cheshire in last quarter on the mean mortality of the two previous seasons was 9 per cent., and less than in London and Yorkshire, where it was 13 per cent. Taking particular districts of the cotton manufacture, there was an i ncrease i n Oldh am ; i n M anc h es ter and Warrington of 20 per cent. ; in Chorlton and Wigan of 25 and 34 per cent. Measles and other epi demics, as has been shown above, were spreading through those parts. On the other hand, there was a decrease in Ashton, Preston, and Chorley, amounting in the last twe districts to 20 per cent. or m ore. I t i s pro b a bl e t h at f ewer deaths have been registered in many districts in consequence of the emigration or r emoval of the inhabitants, for doubt less many villages besides Belmont, which the Registrar writes is "almost uninhabited, owing to the badness of trade," complain of empty houses ; but, reviewing the whole facts of the present return, they will be found to support the conclusion which former reports tended to establish, that sickness has not been aggravated nor the mortality in creased oy the distress which has prevailed, and which hap pily to a certain extent has now been subdued. It must be regarded as a providential interposition in favour of the under •fed and half• clad workmen and their families that the pet iod embracing December and four succeeding months was, in the words of the Meteorological Report, distin guishedby a temperature higher than in any corresponding Period since 1771. The leading facts in the financial history of the distress may be stated in a few words :—The number of persons de pendent on the parochial rates and relief funds was 530,000 before Christmas, 1862, when the maximum was attained; at the end of June it was reduced to 256,230. Nearly half the burden is at the pre , ent time removed. The expendi ture from both sources in December was 1289,225. It was reduced in June to £102,241. The loss of factory wages per week at the end of Jan., 1863, was £172,018 ; at the end of June, £132,553. The decrease in weekly expenditure from the rates and relief funds (the last week in December, 1862, being compared with the last week in June, 1863)has been in 6 months £20,000. The total expenditure in 12 months, from the 30th June, 1862, to the same period in 1863, was about £1,676,413, of which amount £1,054,413 was derived from relief funds, and £622,000, expended on he out-door indigent only, from parochial rates. The improvement in the cotton districts, by which 47 [ocal committees have been enabled to suspend operations, has arisen from various causes—the emigration or removal of operatives, the increase of outdoor work, the partial re vival of industry. The Public Works Act, if adopted and carried into execution with earnestness and goodwill, is ex- petted to provide the wages of labour to a fifth or sixth part of the population, who without its aid would he in want, But,notwithstanding the present encouragement,the Central Executive Committee takes a desponding view of the coming winter. The external conditions of the cotton trade from which the ruin of the manufacture sprung remain unchanged and there is little prospect of that cheapness of material on which former prosperity was based. Present alleviations of the distress %till, some of them, cease when summer and autumn have passed. Private savings are spent, credit ex- hausted, relief funds diminished. Therefore, it is not un- reasonable to anticipate that though the distress of the ap proaching. winter may visit fewer hearths, its severity where it falls may be greater, because the means of reliev. ing it may be less. eponding weeks (viz., the 32d week in each of the years 1853-62), with the omission of deaths from cholera in 1854, and with a correction for increase of population, is 1,252. The actual number in last week therefore exceeds the esti mated number by 150. The deaths from smallpox in the last three weeks were successively 34, 43, and 49. Of these 49 cases 13 are stated to have occurred to persons on whom vaccination had been performed. The Registrar of Haggerston East returned 5 deaths from smallpox in the week, which is more than was returned by any other sub-district of London, except Isling ton West, in waich the Smallpox Hospital is situate. Scarlatina was fatal in 115 cases, and diptheria in 15. From the former disease there were 5 deaths in the St. John. Westminster, sub-district, 14 in the district of Pancras, 9 in Islington, 5 in the sub-district of Hackney-road, 4 in that of Artillery, Whitechapel ; 4 in Limehouse, 7 in Mile-end Old-town, 8 in Bow. The most fatal of all the epidemics was diarrhoea, which always predominates at this season, and which last week caused 184 deaths, From the mortality of this complaint in Islington it appears to prevail much in that district. But the deaths from diarrhoea in London have not increased within the last fortnight. In the last three weeks the numbers were 233, 201, and 184, There were 15 deaths from cholera, chiefly among infants. The wife of a labourer is reported to have died, on the 3d of August, at 1, High-street, Bromley, of Asiatic cholera. A boy aged three years died of coup-de-soleil ; and the wife of a butcher of " malignant pustules," after seven days' illness. A Greenwich pensioner died at the advanced age of 99 years. Last week the births of 919 * boys and 853 girls, in all 1,772 children, were registered in London. In the corre sponding weeks of the years 1853-62 the average number (corrected) was 1,797. At the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, the mean height of the barometer in the week was 29.837 in. The reading decreased to 29.71 in. on Wednesday, and it rose to 29.98 in. on Saturday. The mean temperature of the air in the week was 65 deg., which is 2.9 deg. above the average of the same week in 43 years (as determined by Mr. Glaisher). The mean daily temperature was above the average throughout the week, though the excess was small during the greater part of it. The lowest night reading of the thermometer was 54.1 deg., and occurred on Sunday. The highest day reading was 82 . 9 deg., and occurred on the following flay. The range of the thermometer in the week was, therefore, 28.8 deg. The mean daily range was 20.6 deg. The differ ence between the mean dew point temperature and air tem perature was 6.2 deg. The mean degree of humidity of the air was 81 (complete saturation being represented by 100). The wind was daily in the south-west. Nearly 2-10ths of an inch of rain fell, chiefly on Thursday. There was thun der on the morning of Sunday. INCREASE OP POPULATION. The births exceeded the deaths by 71,236. Therefore each day in the three months gave on an average a natural increase of 783 to the population. Immigration and emigration modify the result. It was stated in last report that the emigration of the March quarter, consisting of 37,806 persons of,the English, Scotch, Irish, and other nations, was greater than it had been in the same season since 1854. The return* of the Commissioners for last quarter shows that emigration had attained a magnitude that can hardly fail to surprise when the circumstances of the Western World, by which it appears to have been chiefly evoked, are taken into consideration. The number of emigrants rose to 83,290, which is more than in any June quarter since that of 1857. In the same period of 1861 it was about 38,A0 ; in that of last year 47,000. The Australian colonies supply an increasing attraction; British North America also draws a growing number; but of the pa, of 4, * Return with which the Registrar-General has been favoured by the Emigration Commissioners. The number returned as of English origin was 8,773, while the birth -881 emigrants was not distinguished. In the above :latement a proportional number of these last have has been added to those returned as of English origin. (From the Registrar-General's Weekly Return.) The deaths in London, which were 1,514 in the last week of July, declined to 1,402 last week. Those of persons under 20 years of age decreased from 870 to 827, and those which occurre4 at 60 years of age and upwards fell from 246 to 218. The average number of deaths derived from ten corre- SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS, TIMES.—When the unexpected news of Sir Cress well Cresswell's sudden death burst upon the town every man asked his neighbour, in a tone of hopeless speculation, " Whom can they appoint to succeed him p" Sir Cresswell had made his own Court ; he had arranged his own practice; he had disciplined his own Bar; he had acquired an abso lute dominion over his own suitors. No one had ever thought of any other Judge of the Divorce Court than the man who filled the place with such all-sufficiency. He was so strong in mind and so unfailing in body that we had not considered that he was treading upon the verge of the working existence of ordinary men. He had made no men tion of retiring. He was altogether unconscious of the disease which had so fatally sapped his life. However well he had earned a right to pass his latter years in a learned leisure, the public would perhaps hive murmured a little if he had left a post where he was so indispensable. The sudden summons, however, came, and he died in harness. We had nct been prepared for so quick a necessity to answer the question —Who among our judges is fit to he the successor to eir Cresswell Cresswell p It is now announced that Sir James Wilde, one of the barons of the Ex chequer, is to be removed to the Probate and Divorce Court. We cannot say that either the profession or the public have received this intelligence with un qualified content. We will not inquire whe ther Mr. Baron Wilde combines in himself all the qualities necessary to the highest point of efficiency in the Judge of Matrimonial Causes; and Mr. Baron Wilde !s so fully entitled to our respect that we would not willingly put any question which might seem to imply a slight. It is, however, no disparagement to him to say that, whatever may be his qualities as a lawyer and a man of the world, ho is not physically a strong man capable of hard work. As an amiable lawyer of respectable abilities, he will no doubt do all that can be reasonably expected of a judge who to this intellectual calibre adds the misfortune of a delicate physique, and it certainly will not be his fault if the profession shall see a difference between the Divorce Court as it was and as it will be. The Di vorce Court, however, is not in its nature a sanato rium; it is much more of a gymnasium. We want strength, and power, and sinew there, both physical and intellectual, and there is at least a very general impression that by this appointment we are not likely to gain all these. We admit the great diffi culty of the choice. When the public looked around they could not recollect among their eligibles Chief Justice Erle or Sir Roundell Palmer, because unfor tunately the place to be filled is not one of the great prizes of the profession, end when these names have been spoken it would be difficult to name another of lower rank which would carry with it universal conviction that every condition had been fulfilled. It is not therefore in any spirit of captious criticism that we remark upon this appointment; but simply to point out the necessity that when you appoint an ailing man to a place of great importance you must make his labour light. It is physically im possible that Sir James Wilde can do the work that Sir Cresswell Cresswell did, and it will not be fair either to him or to the public to put him to do it. Even Sir Cresswell was pumping in a well with the water always up to his lips. We cannot afford to have this court discredited by delays and choked by arrears. It has a number of natural enemies through out the country, and any shortcomings in its work will be made use of for superstitious and sectarian objections to the system of law it administers. It would be a great pity to deprive it of all the it. The advan tage which a full judicial staff might at nexation of the Probate jurisdiction to give e he Matri monial jurisdiction was at first a ideas ridiculous homage to an absurd association of ; if Sir James Court, Wilde is to go to the Divorc e it will, we fear soon become necessary to hand over the Pro bate business to another judge. POST.—To-day is the day with which, in the esti mation of a very considerable and in reality begins. Not the autumn a and influential section of her Majesty's subjects, autumn the people which is associated with falling leaves, reddening woodlands, chilly n ights and mornings, and roast goose at Michaelmas, but the autumn of patrician and opulent sportsmen, the autumn of sultry days upon the hills, an autumn which is still summer ere a single hectic hue is per ceptible in the deep green copses. It is the 12th o August— Ipsi votes ad sidera jactant, Intonsi montes. Ere these lines can greet the reader's eye a thousand keen marksmen will be awakening the echoes of the Highlands, and as many head of grouse have flut tered bleeding into the heather. Shooting in all its branches is by far the most exclusive of field sports. It is only a rich man who can preserve game, and it is only those who find it worth while to pay three guineas for the privilege who are allowed to shoot it. The preservation of foxes costs, on the other hand, a mere trifle, and any man who has only a donkey to bestride may join in the pursuit if he chooses. Angling, too, has always been to some extent a sport open to the poor. No license is required for it, and the expense of preservation, though often consider able, is as nothing compared to hares and pheasants. With grouse of course the great expense is the hire of the moor; but even on the moor a considerable staff of keepers and watchers has to be kept up. And the sport itself being conducted on a larger scale, and the game more remote and inaccessible, becomes of necessity the privilege of still fewer than partridge or even pheasants. Yet grouse shooting, though more exc l usive and aristocratic, is, for obvious reasons, less unpopular than shooting of any other kind. In the first place, people who cannot shoot grouse do not as a rule see grouse. And thus one source of irritation is removed. In the second place, as they cannot be preserved in more exactly the sa me s t y l e as domestic game, they do not invol vo t h ose desperate conflicts with the poachers which bring so much odium on preservers. Thirdly, they do comparatively little injury to the farmers' crops, and hence another topic of invective familiar to a certain class of malcontents is not suggested by " The Twelfth." For all these rea sons a peculiar superiority attaches to this noble sport, independently of those attractions which are almost universally acknowledged. The change of scenery, the beauty of the bird himself, the com plete freedom of the hillside, and the bracing air which is inhaled, delight and exhilarate the shooter more than it is possible that the finest southern shooting ground should do. But over and above all this there must, in the minds of many great men at least, be the agreeable consciousness that, in turning oat this morning, they leave behind all grumbling jealousies and heartburnings. Of course, among the very great magnates of the land the his• content produced by game-preserving is hardly, it at all, felt ; and in a great many districts we must remember it does not exist. By proper manage ment and liberality the most populous preserves may be kept up without creating a spark of ill-feel ing in the neighbourhood. But it is notorious that they often do create it ; and then, unless the estate is very large and the tenantry particularly cautious, complaints will reach the owner's ears, or oftener we should say his eyes, which must detract more or less from the pleasure of knocking down his birds. To see a farmer look on unsympathisingly at a neat "right and left," and then walk moodily away, evidently occupied in calculatieg the damage which he undergoes that another may enjoy the fun, is disturbing to the best balanced minds. The farmer may be quite in the wrong. His com pensation may be ample. But still clearly he is out of humour. Now, from all this kind of petty annoy ance grouse shooting is quite free. That is a great point. It is also, as far as regular shooting goes, like the first plunge into the sea to the overworked barrister or doctor—and the difference between that plunge and what you get on the Ist of September is as great, if experts are to be trusted, as the diffe rence between bathers from a machine and jumping out of a boat into clear water a good mile or two from land. These may be but travellers' tales, and we do not believe in the whole of this alleged supe riority. But some of it is evidently true. One of the great and growing advantages of all field sports at the present day is in the healthy tone which they impart to the members of fashionable society. There has been a time in England when fox-hunting and partridge shooting were looked on as the amuse ments of boors. The consequence was that the sportsman was deficient in refinement, and the fine gentleman in manliness. The two were seldom found united. The season was in those days in the winter, and when that was over, instead of the healthy alternations of rural life, the exquisite of the period sought only to make a mimic London of Bath or Tunbridge Wells. A fine gentleman, as we learn j from the Spectator, paid a flying visit to his estate once in three years, "to raise his rents and de bauch a milkmaid," and this was all his tenants ever saw of him. Nothing but evil could spring from such a system as this; and the modern method of passing the opening or early summer in town, and the autumn and winter in the country, is the only possible way of averting it. Some of the most polished gentleman in England constitute the Melton Club. Some of the most manly and athletic congregate at White's and Brookes's. If Chesterfield had lived in the the present day he would have been " a first flyer," in Leicestershire, as well as the first wit at St. James's; and it is in the union of theee characters, scarcely, we think, to be met with out of this country, that the peculiar excellence of the Englig 4 l gentleman consists. Long life, therefore, to the 12ti t : of August, and let us add, by anticipation, to the 14 . 't of September also. Both are red-letter days in the calendar of English sports; and in the calendar of Eng,2iah sports we shall not seek in vain for the elements . 41 f En g lis h greatness. HERALD.—The American war has already 1 4 ,:` 8 t much of its interest to many persons. They assume, somewhat hastily, that the North from henceforth is to have it all its own way, and the conquest of the Southern republic is now only a question of time. The South, they say, is now on its last legs; it has earned a title to the admiration of the world by having fought so long, and with such success, against a nation of vastly superior resources and of similar pertinacity. And so, men who look on upon such things as a sort of drama played for their edi fication, but in which they feel no very particular interest, go on to speculate on the probable results of it all, to calculate the combinations that will en sue, the regime that may be looked for when the spirit of the Southern people is finally crushed, their aspirations for freedom are trodden out. The men and women of England are not so sentimental as they were. Time was when a hundred bards would have wailed in a hundred dirges, a hundred orators thundered from a hundred platforms, at the mere suggestion that such a catastrophe was impending. Time was when Hope . was repre sented by the poet as raising her pinions and taking her leave of a miserable world, because the promise of a resuscitated Poland turned out to be a dream, when the Goddess of Liberty shrieked at the tailure of the adventurer who was the fore. most to espouse her cause. Is it possible that we cannot spare for men of our own race and blood one tithe of the sympathy which we accord to Poles and Hungarians, to Greeks and Italians, to men of alien race and foreign creed ? In what respect was Kos suth superior to Davis, or why should Kosciusko take precedence of Lee and Jackson ? To enlist our sympathy in his cause a man must speak an out landish tongue, be dressed in a picturesque costume. The heart does not beat quicker at the heroism of a man with a common English name; his death is no occasion for tears, but much a question of interest to the Stock Exchange, because it may cause cer tain shares or funds to fall in value. The possible subjugation of the dauntless Southern people, their ruin, extermination, or slavery, are matters that are calmly debated and reckoned up as so much profit and loss by a considerable portion of the reading and writing public. But the fervid anticipations of their enemies in North America, and the conclu sions of their lukewarm friends in this country seem to us to be equally unwarrantable. Threatened men, we are told, live long. The South is able to maintain the struggle for twenty years to come. It is not impossible that before this campaign is con cluded some battle may be fought which will turn the tide of victory, and again plunge the North into the depths of despair. It is but a short time since we were told from New York that the return of Lee's army to Fredericksburg or Richmond was rendered impossible by the attitude of Gen. Meade. Lee had crossed the Potomac with the plunder of Pennsylvania, and lay in the Shenandoah Valley. It was said that the passes of the Blue Ridge were guarded ; but it appears that be crossed those mountains without opposition. We next hear of him in the plain of Virginia, assuming a defensive attitude, between Culpepper and Gor donsville. After that he massed his forces at ,the former place, ready to give battle, the front of his army extending from Fredericksburg to the Rapidan. One account represents General Meade as taking up the old Federal position at Falmouth, north of the Rappahannock. Another asserts th a t he is prepared to dispute with Lee the position of Fredericksburg, and has even attempted to occupy the heights to the rear of that i mportant place. If this be true, there will probably be another battle ere the close i of the campaign ; an d t hi s time General Lee, fighting n the South ern country, and secure of his communications, will t a k e care that he is not r t a e p k e e a n t a t t h a e t d e i r e v l e a n t a lessong f A Ch a defeat oeell o w r s h v i e w w o e o u ld d shrivel up in a day the mushroom reputation of the general whom fortune has so singularly favoured that his fri en d s proclaim him the superior of such soldiers as Lee and Longstreet, Ewell and Hill, men accustomed to victory and unwilling to accept a reverse. In comparison with the chance of a battle on the Rappahannock the movements of the other armies possess but little interest. It is curious that Johnstone and Bragg, whose armies were re presented but the other day as utterly crushed and dispersed, seem able still to present a bold front to the enemy on the line of the Mobile and Ohio Rail road. The war in Kentucky is going on with alter nate advantage to each of the combatants. The siege of Charleston is still v i gorous l y prosecuted ; but since their repulse from Fort Wagner and re treat from James Island, the Federals have gained nothing in this quarter. Th e C on f e d erates may meet with aid in more than one quarter. We do not at present attach much importance to the rumours of a coming alliance between France and the South ; and, though the Northerners are pleased to con sider it an encroachment on their rights, we suppose that their Governme n t w ill b e f orced by its neces sities to swallow the bitter pill of the Austro- French empire in Mexico, which should be a subject for congratulation everywhere, as promising the restoration of order in that distracted country. The mob of the North, and the negroes of the South —very antagonistic agencies as they may seem— may yet work together for the confusion of the Washington Government. On the third of this month the conscription was to be carried out under the protection of the army at New York. The people, as far as we can learn, were determined to resist it, and the next riot, better organised than the last, may end in the subversion of the Government of Mr. Lincoln. Meanwhile we understand that it has been urgently represented t o t h at Government that if it perseveres in arming n egro troops for the war, the South, on its part, will arm its negro slaves, and send them out to fight under the masters whom they are accustomed to o b ey, and for whom they feel an affection and rev erence far different from the feeling which they hav e f or those would-be frien d s , who, in their clues, beat and persecute them, and in the battle-field drive them on like cattle, to be slaughtered in the front. In a very short time the South can send into the war a disciplined army of 750,000 black s . T o the civil struggle between the whitts we shall then have added a civil war between the negroes. The massacres of St. Domingo will be repeated, the savage achievements of Dahoman warriors outdone. It' the North should persevere in its inhuman policy of arming runaway . servants against th e i r late masters, the South, in its . indig nation and despair, will retaliate by hurling against them its myriads of yet faithful slaves, and th e darkest pi cture yet pa i n t e d in this hideous war will be outdone by a deeper horror. DAILY NEWS.—If heroism and martyrdom were suffici en t titl e -d ee ds to national existence, P, l and would not now be fighting .for the righttee C li o v n e . . Tried in the furnace of affliction, sharpe ne d b y de spair, and strengthened by endurance,cqnire El finer th stancy of that noble people seems to acquire and firmer temper from day to day, Wearing out the weight of an immense army by d esu l tory contests over an ever expanding area of revolt, and carryiug their resolve unshaken through loss an d s l aug h ter. Borne down at one point by ov erw h elming force, the insurgents risein another, like a mountain tor rent that, fed by subterranean streams, swells un seen into an abounding river, While the diplomacy of the great Powers is fumbling at its eternal Pe' nelope's web, and playing at " points" which have the double merit of being unacceptable and im practicable on both sides, testifying neither comba tant, and settling nothing, General Mouravieff is supplying the fulleA and completest interpretation of Prince G or t sc h a k o ff' s po li te despatches by a suc cession of edicts, of which the deliberate and calca'' lating ferocity would search in vain for a parallel in all the records of barbarous warfare. Th e Scourgers of Mankind,iwbo have in old times laid waste the finest portion::: of the earth, swept nations into outer da r k ness , an d put w h o l e peo ples to death, were h umane and merc if u l conquerors com pared with this p r a c ti ca l mo d ern commen t a tor upon the good intenti on o f a R uss i an E mperor, w h o con fiscates the estate s o f a ll P o li sh patr i ots w h o will not, present thems e l ves to b e hange d , an d mu rders the resident, proprietors as " suspects " i n batches, on the testimony of loyal informers, who are paid in kind. The attention of civilised Europe will do well to fix itself up on G enera l M ourav i eff ' s method of pacifying Poland and preparing it for an am" nesty. The day on which the latest collective but not joint, and similar but not identical notes are communicated by the respective ambassadors to the Vice-Chancellor of the Empire, and the reception accorded to each, with the rejoinders to follow, is an interesting topic for the serious conversation of Foreign-office clerks in their vacation rambles. But for the great public of France and England, who know nothing of diplomacy but its impotent results, the question is becoming one of mere humanity, like the " customs" of Dahomey. No one beyond official circles and probably no one within them, can ever have imagined that any help for Poland was to come from the joint or collective or separate action of France, Austria, and England —three Powers be tween whom there is nothing in common save the conviction that nothing can be done, and the desire to appear to be doing something for Poland. The radical incompatibilities of the three Powers the moment they quit the safe ground of generalities are only too obvious. One of them alone, and that is England, can be perfectly disinterested in the desire of peace, as it is only England who could go to war on such a question without a motive of ambi tion or a fear of loss. England means peace, because she knows that no good for Polish or any nationality can come out of a French war; and because she knows that the Poles themselves or at least the most intelligent of their leaders desire no armed intervention of the Powers. What Poland demands of free England, and what free England should be the first to demand on behalf of Poland of the Powers that signed the Treaty of Vienna is a formal and emphatic repudiation of the treaty rights which the Russian Government had so flagrantlY: bu ken ; so that n o t a s h a d ow o f fact i t i ous " law may tinue to mask th e hid eous wrong wh i ch t he r c e o:, gibbet, the word, the bay onet , an d t h e axe arernaia" taining in PolaZl'd. What Poland has a right to look for from England is the most solemn national expression"of disapproval of the proceedings of Gee' Moaravieff. The form which such an expression of disapproval, or such an act of sympathy, s h o uld take would be nothing more or less than the recog nition by the British Government of the Poles 0 0 belligerents, Let the other Powers join with Eng land in this recognition, and the consequence would not be a diplomatic settlement of the Polish ques tion, but something more immediate and urgent- - a restraint upon the infamous of executing prisoners of war. COUNTRY MARKETS. .... LIVERPOOL—TUESDAY. f At our ma r k e t t o -d ay t h ere was a good attendanc e of country millers, and wheat experienced a moderate sale 6t at a reductio n of ld to 2d pe r cental on the week. DO Wn corn was in better request. Oats dull. Barley and bean' at Friday's prices. Oatmeal very slow. American fic' llt less saleable and Gd per brl down, LEEDS —TUESDAY.' To-day the demand for old wheat was slow, but net was inquired for. Fi ne re d qualities sold up to Ms Per qr; white, 565. MARKET HARBOROUGH—TUESDAY. White wheat,:44s to 49s ; red, 42s to 46s per 36 storte; 4 Malting barley at —a to — a p er qr.; grinding, 30s t o 364 per 30 at. Oats, old, 22s t o 25 8; new, 19s to 2 2 s pe r 4 , at. ; beans, 37s to 41s per qr. NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME—MoYDAy. A model ate supply of wheat for the time of the year. Business was quiet, at the prices of last week for fresh samples, and other kinds the turn easier. Barley sweep with a moderate demand, and commanded late rates. Patti and beans also in moderate supply. Old white wheat..s4s to 60s Old red wheat, s3s to 569 New do. ..48s to 54a New do. 4 48 to 499 Malting barley....37s to 42s Oats. 23a to OS Grinding d0.....27s to 29s Beans 36s to 450 SHEFFIELD—TUESDAY. The weather has been splendid during the last few days, and harvest work has commenced here, and the crops look beautiful. Red wheat, per load of 3 imperial bushels...lBs Od to 20s Od White , New red ~ 9 , New white ~ » Beans ~.. .....:. 2 1: 87 0 6 sfi s s 00 0 0 dd d d tt t t 000 0 1 2 1 998 1 ssg s , p lc : . ~ 1, Peas, per qr 458 Od to 568 00! Grinding barley, per qr, 3OB Od to 32s 01 Malting ditto, ~ ......... 3480 d to 3 8 s 91 Oats ~ 22s Od to 28s Od Flour, is 7d to 28 Od per stone. MELTON MOWBRAY—TUESDAY. The following were the currencies :—New white wheat, 45s Od to 51 s Od ; new red, 42s Od, to 48s per 36 atone ; beans, 36s to 43s for old ; new sorts, 36s to 38 sper 38 for barley, —s to —s for malting, and 28s to 30s per gr• grinding; new oats, 23s to 26s Od per 24 stone. Foreign Mail Packet List. MAILS DUE. Australia and M aur i t i us, via Southampton ' Aug. 1 -8. via Marseilles Aug. q . &nil and C a p e Verds, by British packet. SePt• "" Cape o f G oo d Hope, As ' cension, and St. Helena Aug. 29* China, Penang, an d Singapore, via Southampten Aug. 1 3 : via Marseilles Aug Falkland Islands 18. Gibraltar, via South amp t on Aug. lndia (Calc u tt a ) , and Ceylon, via Southampton.,Aug. via Marseilles Aug. 1...... ~1 India (Bombay), via Southampton .. Aug' Portugal... 2 : . 0. M via Marseilles Aug. ;' ...... alta, Egt and - yp, Aden, via Southampton Aug. 1 3. Newfoundland via Mar Marseill es Aug. ' es Aug. 9, Oporto and Vigo U. S. and B r iti s h N. A merica, by Brit. packet.... Aug. 19 ' by U.S. packet.... 14. by Canadian packet. Au g, , 0. W.C. of Af r ic a , Madeira, and Teneriffe Aug. ' Bahamas, vi a N ew Y ork , Aug.. , 27s Mexico...... Aug. ' All parts of West Indies, including Chili, Peru, 1 'i li g. 13 ' Californi a . and British Columbi a .. .......... 1 [ADVE ---= • ißTlSEMENT.]—Consumption, all nervous, bil ioo .aver, and stomach complaints, in every stage, are only but gravated and acceler a t e d b y drugs of every description, buts perfectly curable by Du Barry's health restoring Rev al td Arabica Food, as pr ove d b y thousands of cases whic h been considered hop e l ess. We quote a few.—Cure No. 62, " 14. Miss Lange, 18 year s o f age, cured after the medical men h ad abandoned all hopes of her recovery from the last stage or , pulmonary consumption, with fearful cough, exhaustion, spitting of blood, perspirations, hollow chee ks. emaciated to a skeleton. She is now, thank God, a perfectly ._,. healthy, blooming, fleshy girl.—N. Lange, Commis F salre ".. ler Police. Cure, No. 46,270. Mr. James Roberts, of fblood,liver Surrey, of thirty years' diseased lungs, spitting* N, - 3: 3 47,121. Miss derangement, and partial deafness.—Cure , No. indigestion, Elizabeth Jacobs, of extreme nervousness, indigestion, so. gatherings, low spirits, and nervous Fakenham, Norfolk, 54,816. The Rev. James T. Campbell, liver, which had resisted of indigestion and torpidity expectorati?n Kingdom. In n ßarry do Barry and Co., No. 77, lls ; 121 b, 225; 241 b, 40. also Fortnum and Mason ; and all all medical treatment.stions, 11b, 28 9d ; 21b, 48 6d ; 51b Regent-street, Lond on; every town of the 'United grocers and chemists Births. BURY.—On the 10th inst Ed tit Low Hall, Brompton, near Scarborough, the wife of wsrd Bury, E s ,„ „_. 4., Lincoln e n h d e n wife h e 9 o t f h L i ;l aze n a o t e inn, of a sou. cumnErtuATcg.-0!1 the 10th inst., at Q ueen ' s H o use, S nHenry b r C o oukm, Cumber r b s a . t c 01 1: Kingsford, of a daughter. SELBY.—On the sth inst., at Plum t wife KlELsysagns.d;hooufErDsat._,a some of Lieut.-Colonel Selby, of a am! ead-eommon, the Marriages. BATInuq—MAYNARD.—On the 11th inst., at St. Mark% Hamilton-terrace, Arthur, second son of Wm. Bateman , Esq., of Ha m il ton-terrace, and Old Broad-street, c''; Ma to Alice C onsett, second daughter of the late Herber Buy ks nard, E sq., of the Bengal Army, an d E m bertont CHILD--WILLIAIts.—On th e Bth inst., 2 at St. Matthevec: Oakley-s quare, John, the only son of J. Child, Esq./ Harrington- square, to Amelia, youngest daughter of 0 , Wil liams, Esq. BOT FIELD.—On th e 7th D in e st a , thS at his residence, Grosvenor' 56 s quare, Beriah Esq., ' M.P. for Ludlow, ag ed BUTLER. —On the 9th inst., Mr. Charles Butler, of Lower Sussex , place, Old Kent-road, and Horselydown, age d 48, FI Joshua Field, E onthelsci., 11th inst., at Balham-hill House, Surre:79 C.E., F. R.S., aged 77. FRASER.—On the 21st May, at Theyat-Myo, Burnaby Major James Fraser, 60th Rifles, only son of the late Colonel Hugh Fraser, R.A., aged 40. HILLyAn.—On the 10th inst.. at Plymouth, Henry Rich& Vansittart, eldest son of Captain H. Hillyar, R,N,, C. 8., aged seven years. London Printed and Published by WILLIAM ANDREWS of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE Simi Office No. 112; Strand, in the Precinct of the bavoy, In the County of Middlesex.—Wednesday, August 12, 1863.