The Sun. — London, England, 1830-02-11 00:00:00

I i PARLIAMENT.* TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. This o pinion Bu t stiffs At 'chaser► mother a were Welke-. ed that durioK ourt of - - lutes 11. )yed iv out for n who► ,rth the nd who ith the ild OEI I 9 highest the de lity, be e d bil" by bit' were , age , of vial re n their hinion, e plain' be re kat sun' of any lie eXt" ow in gf parties , wishe d eral in would )e will' i on the t to the fendant le costs led to G divi- y's-inn rtn, and by th , mists 0( super' we Wl' body o', ON THE APPROACHING SESSION OF Stn,—The approaching Session of Parliament is expected by the country with intense anxiety. Its proceedings will be watched with jealousy, if not suspicion. It is unnecessary to confirm this by an appeal to the public meetings which have been so generally held. Every man, be he a fundholder, landholder, or manufacturer, feels that great interests are at hazard, and still looks to Parliament as the place where they are to be discussed and decided ilPon. I say, still looks to Parliament, because if in this perilous crisis of our fortunes Parliament should ileglect its duty, mistake or refuse to listen to the Public voice, and disappoint reasonable hopes, the conntry, impatient under its difficulties, will, I fear, turn from that body with disgust, and attempt to work out its relief by other and less regular means. As this extreme result is one which all rational men must deprecate, it is most desirable to lose no time In attempting to ascertain the nature and extent of our difficulties, and how far the cure of them is within the reach of Parliament. That the distress Is very general will be admitted by all who have not an interest in denying it. Complaints so universal cannot he the fictions of fancy, or a party : it is true that one great interest seems to be more de pressed than others, but admitting this melancholy superiority, the others follow at no distant interval. In substance then, the landlord gets little rent ; the farmer sees his small capital waste from under him ; the manufacturer scarcely realizes a profit ; and the labourer, whether husbandman or mechanic, if he is so fortunate as to obtain employment, is re- munerated by wages which do not al ways rescue his wife and children from famine. If this happened now for the first time, it might be looked upon as some accidental calamity which would soon pass away ; if it happened under the pressure of great national reverses, to those reverses it might be attributed, and we might submit to the inevitable chastisement and wait in humble patience for better times. But instead of all this we have now been 15 years at peace, tied during that space of time we have been afflicted by periodical visitations of distress, depressing sometimes one interest, some times another, and occasionally, as nose, striking with an iron hand at the whole community. What , ever may have been the cause of so much suffering, it is still more important to the patient to ascertain th e character of the malady, and to point out the means by which his health may be restored. Now, in One word the disease is clearly this, that the pub lic income is scarcely equal to the public expendi ture, and that this inadequate income can only be raised by taxes, which blast the industry of the country, and are inconsistent with any permanent national prosperity. The remedy obviously is to be found in a reduction of taxes, and it is proposed to accomplish this in one of two ways; either by a change in the value of money, to leave the nominal amount of the burthens where it is ; or, by a large reduction of expence, to remit taxes to an ex tent that will give the necessary relief. Now, such an alteration in the currency as is here adverted to, being in fact a bankruptcy, and nothing else, it is not more honest in a nation than in a merchant to come to this pass, until all other resources have been tried and failed. Economy then is the only honest alternative —severe, rigid, unflinching, parsimonious economy—economy such as the apathy of men in office has never yet dreamt of, and such as the cri minal negligence of Parliament has never yet forced upon any Ministers—economy in great things, and • in small things—economy in armies, in navies, in colonies (the favourite abode of extravagance), in palaces, in diplomacy, in all departments, and in eve ry species of establishment. The sacred pre cincts of the Civil List must be invaded; all pen sions must be reconsidered, and all salaries reduced. The principle on which our expenditure, since the termination of the war, has been formed is vicious, and has breught us to the brink of ruin; men in dilce have determined what it would be convenient for them to receive, and to spend in their several departments, and a credulous Parliament has ac quiesced in their demand, and levied the taxes almost without inquiry. The establishments, too, the military ones especially, have been excessive in amount, and of the most expensive description ; our Colonies have been garrisoned as if in momentary danger of attack ; and instead of husbanding our resources, so as to allow the wealth of the country to accumulate by the exertions of individual indus try, we have swept away every man's savings, and inflicted upon the nation a large measure of the burthens of war without necessity as an excuse, or glory as a compensation. Without entering at this moment into long de tails, observe a few specimens of this spirit of extra vagance. Look at the palaces in London and at 'Windsor; the canals and fortifications in Canada; the ridiculous expence of the household troops; the needless number of cavalry regiments; the Lord Lieutenancy of Ireland, at best a question able pageant, raised ten thousand a year to meet the then depreciation of the currency. The Lieu tenant -General of the Ordnance sent to Portugal 4 the very men who last year made Parliament vete that his constant attendance was necessary in Pall-mall. The whole train of Colonial establish ments, civil and military, while some of the Go vernors reside and receive their salaries in England, and some of the Colonies themselves, had much better be relinquished. The diplomatic missions, all on a scale unknown to any other country, and ' 431.1, e utterly useless, except to dine English ab sentees, e such as tnose to the smaller states of Italy and Germany; and, to descend to smaller things, the salaries of the inferior officers of Government, such as the Secretaries of the Treasury, beyond all just proportion with the importance of the office ; and at this moment (should the report be true) as if 1 , 1 :1 outrage of public distress, and in defiance of pub ic °Pinion, the sinecure of the Mint given to the - ° roughs of a young Nobleman, otherwise entirely Msignificant. lii short, Sir, one of two things must happen, T i ller thes e ma tt ers mus t b e men d e d, or t h e p u bli c Do ; I °se whatever share of confidence it still re * N e T a in Parliament. uch indeed will yet remain to be done ; the Z; e at and indispensable thing is economy, but it ° aid be idl e t o d en y th a t man y o f our institutions re quire revision. The old antipathy to reform must rve way to the progress of t ru th ; the machinery 11 0 longer suited to the necessities of the times, ,or to t h e a d vance d state of public opinion; the - Clos of corporations must be opened to the burgesses La me tewns ; a nd grea t commun iti e s, like Birming lo and Manchester, must not be insulted any t'ger w i t h t h e v i s i ons of v i rtua l representat i on , Which failed to satisfy America, and will not long d o as an art i c l e o f f a i t h i n E ng l an d. Th e Church to and the Law must submit to important changes; accmplis within the province e of s Parliament. tem , can conceive no more enviable situation than necessity of these things before it is too late, t il,d th e courage to carry t h em i nto execu tion. i s reward would be the regeneration of his country. I . s ay nothing of its gratitude, for that may be tran sitory; but the improved condition of society, the restored relationship between Parliament and the P eo ple, the invigorated resources, and the adjusted Proportions of the State, would form for him a mo -I:arnent of imp er i s h a bl e g l or y. Let us hope that ar ll ° l a ma n w ill b e f oun d, b u t if no t, l e t us not erefore despair. The demands of a whole country imperative, and a consenting Minister would , ver Y hasten an d di rect th e i r accom pli s h me nt; not men by a reluctant P ar li a ment c an they 4 be ulti telY defeated. Your obedient servant, AN ENGLISH FREEHOLDER. ar., •; --.ary 30. for * J!'iN letter was in type sore days, but was omitted k it Oa room. COURT CIRCULAR. Prince LEoroLD came to town yesterday from his seat at Claremont. His Royill Highness left Marlborough house in the afternoon, on his return to Claremont. The Spanish and American Ministers transacted busi ness with the Earl of A EERDEEN yesterday, at the Foreign office. The Marquis CAMDEN, the Earl of ASHBURNHAM, the Earl of CLARE, the Chevalier DE NEUMANN (of the Aus trian Embassy), the Earl of ABERDEEN, and Lord WEN FORD, had interviews with the Duke of WELLINGTON at the Treasury yesterday. A deputation from a copper mining company in Corn wall, accompanied by Sir RICHARD VEVYAN, Bart., one of the Members for the county, attended yesterday at the office of the Board of Trade, and had a conference with Mr. HERRIES. Viscount MELvxLLE held a levee yesterday at the Ad miralt3-, which was numerously attended by naval officers. The Bavarian Minister transacted business yesterday at the office of the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs. The Duke of GORDON, Lord LEVRSON GOWER, and Mr. HERRIES, visited the CHANCELLOR of the EXCHE QUER yesterday, at the Treasury. The Right lion. JAMES ABERCROMBY,. the new Chief Baron of Scotland, visited Sir GEORGE MURRAY yester day, at the Colonial Office. Earl BATHURST entertained the Cabinet Ministers to dinner yesterday, at his residence in Downing-street. It is understood that Dr. Ca HE - v, the Bishop of Exeter, will be translated to the See of St. Asaph, vacant by the decease of Dr. LUXMORE. E LO° mistak e siren to ,hick be eased te practice b e fore eu, or be tak e it orl that ad t beflit. o tebiddi Ile P o ' t caug ° interest d, long; ye Atli, !MEP , °I lorniop a s till purpO e d cal/14 in lien ' tiff div the de' d there' Lb sots, s intend Y in the 'maid be for the ent wag r public RoLts* THE AIUIY. A General Court Martial has been sitting this week in Belfast garrison, at which Colonel Rowan, of the 58th regiment, presided, and sixteen other officers attended, for the trial of John Hartnall, private of the 9th, accused with having his musket charged with the diabolical inten tion to assassinate the Adjutant. The result of the trial will not be made known until the subject is laid - before the Commander-in-Chief.—Belfust Chronicle. LIMERICK, FEB. 6.—The first divison of the 99th Regiment, under Colonel Johnstone, arrived here on Thursday fxons Cork, and yesterday proceeded for Clare Castle. I❑ the afternoon of yesterday the second divi sion, under Captain Cooper, arrived on route to the same quarters. _ _ This morning a division of the reserve of the 98th marched for Cork ; and this afternoon the division of the same corps, which will proceed on Monday for the same destination, arrived from Clare Castle. The 4Sth Regiment was well at Bellary on the 10th of September, en which day Colonel Taylor died, after a lingering illness, much regretted. Major-General Pilkington, late second in command in the garrison of Gibraltar, is daily expected in Dublin, to assume the command of the Royal Engineers in Ireland, vice the late General Eyers. Lieutenant Clerke, 77th, is appointed Superintendent of the Recruiting Department at Dumfries, vice Lieut. Pickering, 40th, transferred to the Coventry Recruiting District. Major Hartley is appointed Barrack-Master at Algoa Bay. Captain Hamilton, 81st Regiment, is appointed As sistant Military Secretary to the Commander-in-Chief at Canada. The contemplated reduction in the army is not to ex tend either to companies or to officers. BRIGHTON, FEB. 8. (PROM A CORRESPONDENT.) The Concerts here this season have been unproductive, with the exception of one given at the New Steyne Booms on Saturday evening, which was fashionably attended, under the patronage of the Hon. Mrs. TENANT, Mrs. MoliTaat: BURGOYNE, and Colonel THACEWELL of the Hussars, for the benefit of Miss CORRIE, a native of this place, and a deserving young lady. The principal attrac tion of the vocalists was Miss LLOYD. She sang the scena Softly Sighs, from Der Freisckutz, to the delight of all present. The tender pathos which she infused into the ballad Alice Gray, won the enthusiastic plaudits of the audience ; and she was not less successful in the aria of RossiNt, Di placer. Her voice is of a magnificent de scription ; it is clear, full-toned, and remarkably melli fluous. Her taste too is excellent. In executio❑ she is not so finished ; great improvement in that particular has, however, taken place since she visited Brighton last year; by practice she may make herself thoroughly mistress of that essential to complete the finished singer. Mr. GUT TER/13GL performed a difficult rondo on the pianoforte, which gave much satisfaction. The band of the Hussars assisted the instrumental performers. We are enabled to announce the following as the new ecclesiastical appointments :—The Bishop of EXETER goes to St. Asa ph ; the Bishop of GLOUCESTER tO Exeter; the Dean of Peterborough, Dr. MONK, is to be the Bishop of GLOUCESTER; Dr. CHANDLER is to be the Dun of CHICHESTER ; the Rey. Mr. JELF, tutor to Prince GEORGE of Cumberland, and Dr. BULL, are to be the Canons of Christ Church.—Brighton Gazette. COVENT-GARDEN.---011 Monday evening MuILPHY'S tragedy of the Grecian Daughter was repeated at this house, and introduced Miss FANNY KEMBLE, for the fourth time, in the character of Euphrasia. Rather a ludicrous incident occurred in the fourth act, that some what disturbed the gravity of the scene, and provoked the risibility of a great portion of the people. Mr. ABBOTT (Phocion), the husband of Euphrasia, in the act of rush ing from the entrance of the temple with proffered suc cour, and with all the fervency that might be expected from so noble a husband to so amiable a partner as his royal wife, in her anguish, and just as he had ardently seized her agitated hand, by an accidental slip of the foot Mr. ABBOTT was overbalanced and fell prostrated on his hack, and in his fall pulled with him the fair Euphra sia. As the incident was not studied, the group was not the most graceful ; but the mistake was excused by re peated rounds of applause until the actors recovered their confusion. MR. BOOTH.—We are happy to have it in our power to state that this gentleman is not so ill as was feared by some of his friends yesterday. He is now at his private lodgings, under the care of his attending physician, Dr. Rusm, and the most sanguine hopes are entertained of his speedy recovery. The statement made yesterday, that he had been taken to the hospital, was erroneous.— Philadelphia Journal. It appears that the new President of the Royal Academy is not only a Poet and a Painter, but also a Novelist, and one who, although hitherto anonymously, has taken a high rank among that class of writers. The production we allude to is a navel called Oldcourt ; which has excited much attention for the last few months in lite rary circles. TIFLIS, DEC. 24.—Baron RosA, second Commander of the 44th division, set out on the Bth for Gcorgewsk ; of the six regiments composing that division four are to go to the line of the Caucasus, and the other two to remain at Akhalzik. By order of the Government a Committee has been established, of which Major-Gen. SCHAKOWUXI is President, to consider of means to extir pate the diseases peculiar to the provinces of the Caucasus, and with this view accurately to investigate the causes of those that originate in the climate or local circumstances. ST. PETER3BURGH, JAN. 23.—0 n the 16th instant, the Council of Commerce, which has been sanc tioned by his Imperial MAJESTY, was opened by the Mi nister of Finance, with a speech, in which he gave a view of the present state of our commerce, and of the means of improving it. Speaking of the importance of our trade with Asia, especially with regard to the sale of our manu factures, and of the measures taken by the Government to promote the maritime trade by the establishment of a School of Navigation, the Count expressed his confidence that the Council of Commerce would contribute to the col lection of various information and the union of private interest with the general good. Two resolutions of the Minister of Finance were then read, inviting the Council to examine " a Plan for the establishment of a Tribunal of Commerce at St. Petersburgh ;" and also to consider " with what articles of national manufacture the Russian manufacturers are able to supply Georgia and the coun tries beyond the Caucasus, and what privileges are neces sary to increase that trade ?" CURIOUS OCCURRENCES.--On Wednesday the 3d instant, a hare ran into the parlour of Major BROOKS'S house in Montpellier-parade, which the do mestics succeeded in taking alive. A few days since as the driver of one of the Worcester coaches was proceeding between this town and Tewkesbury, he observed a hare in a field by the road side, when he alighted from the coach and pursued it across the fields, and actually caught it after running a short distance.— Cheltenham Chronicle. lIADDINGTON Ml `R DER S. HIGH COURT OF TRIAL OF ROBERT EMOND. (Abridged from the Edinburgh Advertiser of Tuesday.) Yesterday having been appointed for the trial of Robert Emo*d, for the murder of Mrs. Franks and Madelina Franks, her daughter, the doors of the Court were be sieged at an early hour, the anxiety to get admission being only equalled by that evinced oa occasion of the trial of the notorious Burke. About ten minutes before ten the prisoner was brought into Court. He is of a light figure, remarkably puny looking, and appeared perfectly composed and tranquil, his countenance by no means betraying any degree of fe rocity. He is said to be only 35 or 36 years of age, but looks much older than his years. About a quarter after ten their Lordships took their seats on the Bench, the Loan JUSTICE CLERK, Lord GILLIES, Lord MACKENZIE, and Lord MoNcaxir being present. The usual question being put to the prisoner by the LORD JUSTICE CLERK, " Are you Guilty Or Not Guilty?" the prisoner answered in a firm voice, " Not Guilty." Marion Inglis, or Monfriese, or Moncrieff, resides at Abbey of Haddington ; knew the late Mrs. Franks ; she was a widow ; her daughter lived in the house with her, and no one else. Remembered Mrs. Franks beiug found dead ; it was on a Wednesday morning. Witness had seen her o❑ the Sunday night before, wben both her and her daughter were in witness's house; they were in the habit of getting milk from witness's house every night. Witness has a girl seven years old, who on Monday morn ing went down as usual to see Madelina Franks ; the girl returned and said she had rapped long at the garden door, but neither Mrs. Franks nor her daughter had answered. Witness went out herself, and observed the shutters closed inside, which was unusual, and there was no smoke from the chimney. These circumstances made the witness suppose that Mrs. Franks and her daughter bad been taken ill, but on a neighbour suggesting that they might be gone to Mrs. Emond's, at North Berwicx, who is a sister of Mrs. Franks', she made no further inquiry. The win dows were closed on Tuesday also, and about breakfast time on Wednesday an alarm being given, witness went to the house, and saw Mrs. Anderson and her daughter taking the dead body of Mrs. Franks out of the pig stye, which is near the garden door. There was a blue striped wrapper and a white flannel petticoat on the body. Alexander Dudgeon and James Storrie went into the house before witness. When she went in, the body of Madelina was lying on the floor of the west room, quite dead. She had en a black frock like the one she wore on the Sunday night ; she had one stocking on, and the other half drawn up. The carpet was drawn over the girl's face, and a good deal of blood was on the floor below the body. There were two bedsteads in the room, only one of which was used ; the other had the appearance of some persons having been lying in it. The mother and daughter usually slept together. Observed bloody marks on the floor. Mrs. Franks was a good-na tured cheerful woman, and her daughter was quite a mild gentle girl; had observed no marks of depression about Mrs. Franks, nor any thing about her to induce witness to suppose her likely to commit suicide. Mrs. Franks was a middle-aged woman, and her daughter about 15 or 16. About a week, or some time before, witness had had a conversation with Mrs. Franks, when she told her she had sent some boxes to Emond's house, at North Ber wick, which she found opened, and accused him of hav ing opened them. He said perhaps her own sister bad done it, but denied having opened them himself. Upon this Mrs. Franks said she had a very sore contention with Emond, as she would not believe her sister had opened the boxes. On the Monday following that altercation Mrs. Franks said very hot words had passed between her and Emond, she having heard him accusing her to his own wife, and was very angry on that account. Mrs. Franks told witness she had used hot language towards Emond on this last occasion, at which witness expressed her surprise, and said was she not afraid, after the con tention they had had before, to speak to him so ? Mrs. Franks answered HO j she could not bear their reflections. Witness could not recollect the precise words used by Emond, but they were very frightful words, and of threatening import. Mr. T. Howden, surgeon, examined the bodies of Mrs. Franks and her daughter, and described the various wounds that had been inflicted both by cutting and heavy instruments. The hair of the daughter bad been cut off. It was impossible the wounds could have been inflicted by the parties themselves. Cross-examined—lf hard wood is stained with blood it will remain ; but, if soft wood is stained, it will alter, as streaks of blood will shoot into the porous parts. James Paterson, teacher in North Berwick, lived under the same roof with the prisoner. Both their houses communicate with Emond's garden. On the Sunday evening witness shut the garden-door, and bolted it inside. On the following morning he was called by Mrs. Cron, and went up to the door of the room where they supposed Emond slept; but they could not get in as something heavy was placed at the back of the door inside. Witness then got up by a ladder to the window, about 10q feet high, and got into the room. He found the bed had not been slept in. Saw the prisoner afterwards, about one o'clock on Monday, in his own shop, and was struck with his confused and tired-liked appearance. Prisoner said, " This is a most horrible business; I am so confused, I do not know what I am doing." He then said Mrs. Franks was the cause of every disagreement betwixt him and his wife. He told witness he had gone over the window at five is the morning, and had wandered the fields, and was obliged to turn back to North Berwick. He did not say how far he had gone. John Dunbar, barber in North Berwick, knew the prisoner, and had heard of Mrs. Franks's death. Saw Emond on the Tuesday after the murders, in his own shop. He seemed very much affected. Witness asked what was the matter, but he gave no answer, only waved his hand, and witness followed him into the kitchen. When there, Emond said the devil had been very busy with him. He said he wished to God that was the last day of his life. Robert Tait deponed that be was with Inglis and Brown, silk mercers in Glasgow, by whom he was em ployed as their salesman. He was brought to Edinburgh on the 21st of November, a question of law in his case having been certified to the High Court of Justiciary. A person named Murray was confined with him in the gaol. The prisoner Emond was put into the same cell with them. Witness understood that this was done in consequence of an application to the Governor of the gaol by Emond, who said he did not like the meta he slept with before. In his sleep Emond frequently started, and exclaimed—" Oh, tkat wretched passion !" He ap peared much disturbed in his mind. He slept only two nights in the same cell with witness. They had frequent conversations, and Esnond entered into some history of his life. At ose time he told witness that he had been always very strict to his religious duties. That he had been some time a soldier, but even then was equally strict. He had lived a very comfortable life for a long time ; but, latterly, he and his wife had got into quar rels, and he could not get any peace in his mind- That his wife had been stirred up against him by false reports, but he did not say by whom, and witness did not ask. It seemed to relieve Emond's mind to talk over these things. Lie stated that on the Sunday he intended to have gone to the Sacrament ; hut his wife had begun upon him in the usual way, and that he had struck her severely. That he afterwards left the house, and wan dered about he did not know where till Monday, when he found himself within a short distance of home. He said he could not account for where he had been ; but that on the Monday morning he went home and prayed, which relieved his mind. Witness saw Emond after wards in the ward, after he had left the cell. It was on a Tuesday. He came to Murray and witness, after he bad been shaved by the turnkey, and said the blood on his clothes was occasioned by a tenderness of his face in shav ing. He said he would let his agent know of this. On Tuesday morning witness had a conversation with Emond about Adams's conviction. Witness told him Adams was to suffer death ; and Emond said theft did not deserve death. He then added, " It will be surely worse with me, if my charge is made out." Witness then asked him Did you really do it, then ?" He replied, " 0, yes ! but don't speak of it to me—for it goes like a knife to my heart whenever I think of it."—(This nar rative excited a great sensation in the Court, and the prisoner, who had till then maintained the greatest compo tries t theeer -nil house,nblrae‘d v compo sure was observed to q ua il d rea df u ll y. ) — H e then told wit ness entrance g that u all m id- s ibehind(s s e ) o r Thath froth t e h e h a g d a garden gut in nfr behind om the house, witness did not remember which; and went in by a window that looked into the garden. Said it was a private way. Said he remembered speaking to Mrs. Franks and coming out of the house again. That when be heard the girl was gone also, he was quite surprised, as he did not remember having seen her. Emond's words were —" That he spoke some words to his guid-sister, and then it was done !" He said he came out of the house by the same way he had entered it. He stated that if his guid-sister had not stirred up strife between him and his wife, he might have lived in peace and comfort ; but he was driven to despair, and did not know what he did. He neglected his duty to God; and he saw that something must be done—that either himself or some other person must go. Witness deposed that Emond made these state ments spontaneously, and of his own accord. Other evidence was odduced, which clearly brought home the crime to the prisoner, after which the Jury, at half-past three returned an unanimous verdict against the prisoner, who heard it unmoved, although it was received with a cheer by the auditory. Sentence of death was pro posed by Lord MACKENZIE, and concurred in by Lord MoticßEir, who, in expressing their opinions, strongly condemned the atrocious barbarity of the murder, perpe trated against such close connexions of the criminal. The Lord Justice CLEIpC addressed him in equally strong terms, but neither did the wretched man on hearing the verdict, nor the pronouncing of the sentence of death, which was ordered to be carried into effect at Edinburgh on Wednes day the 17th day of March, and his body to be given over to Dr. Monro, Professor of Anatomy, to be publicly dis sected and anatomized. —The Court was excessively crowded to the last. LITERATURE. ASTRONOMIA. LONDON, 1830. Mr. Moon deserves credit for this very novel and ingenious publication, by means of which the sublime study of astronomy is—so far at least as its elementary principles are concerned— made familiar to the capacity of youth. It is a game played with cards, marked with the signs of the Zodiac and the different planetary sys tems ; and is so simple and intelligible in its plan, that it may be comprehended almost at a glance. It is a happy improvement on the dull old system of card-playing, and constitutes a rational amusement for a family during a long winter evening. ii - .micvledge gathered up in this attractive manneris likely to make a lasting impression. FRENCH LICENSES. (TRO3I OUR PARIS CORRESPONDENT.) " On former occasions I have drawn your at tention to one of the heaviest drags on the pros perity of a great variety of branches of industry in this country in the form of licenses, privileges, and exclusive monopolies to a number of the most ordinary employments. lam now enabled to lay before your readers a list or catalogue raisonnee of a few of these favoured appoint ments in the single department of the Seine, in all of which the sale of the privilege is permitted by the existing law ;—a mode of transference which it must be acknowledged is not the best calculated to secure the aspirant's possession of the qualities and talents which may be necessary to the discharge of his duties ; since it is not by a comparative trial of skill, or on the evidence of personal integrity, but by a mere pecuniary competition, that his fitness and capability are decided. " The number of public notaries in the depart ment amounts to 114, the marketable price of each of whose privileges is on an average, at least, 500,000 francs. In favoured situations, I have occasion to know that the amount is even greater than that indicated ; but, adopting this rate as a medium, the value of the notarial ap pointments alone amounts to the rather startling sum of £2,280,000 There are sixty Advocates, who practise before the King's Council, and their appointments are worth 6,000/. Sixty avoues before the Royal Court, at 8,000/ each One hundred and fifty avoues before the Tribunal of First Instance, at 12,0001. each ..1,800,000 Fifteen avoues in the Tribunal of Commerce, at 9,6001. each 144,000 Eighty Auctioneers, at 5,0001 400,000 One hundred and twenty-eight Bailiffs, at 2,8001. Te❑ Supervisors of Commercial Transactions 24,000 One Clerk of the Royal Court, at 20,000 One Clerk of the Tribunal of First Instance 36,000 One Clerk of the Tribunal of Commerce 24,000 Twelve Justice of Peace Clerks, at 5,000/ 60,000 Thirty Notaries, in country districts, at 9,6001 288,000 Four Bailiffs in country districts, at 1,2001 4,800 Two Justice of Peace, Clerks in the country, at _ 2,4001. Sixty Exchange Brokers, at 30,000/. ...1,800,000 Sixty Officers in the Commercial Department, at 6,0001 360,000 Eight Ditto in the Insurance Department, at 2,0001. Fifty Liquor Tasters, at 800/.... 40,000 Fourteen Corn Factors, at 6,0001.. 8,400 Twelve Flour Factors, at 10,0001. Thirty Factors in other markets, at 2,4001 76,000 Eighty Licensed Printers, at 1,0001. Four hundred and twenty-five Licensed Book- sellers, at 801 34,000 Twelve Licenses for Theatres, at 6,000/ 72,000 Twenty-three Pawnbrokers or Commissioners of the Mont de Piete, at 1,600/ 40,000 One hundred and thirty-two Lottery-office Keepers, at 1,0001 132,000 Four hundred and thirty Tobacconists, at 1201 51,600 Forty-three Venders of Stamps, at 801 .... 3,440 Four hundred Butchers, at 1,2001 480,000 Five hundred and sixty Bakers, at 2401 33,600 One thousand one hundred Hackney Coachmen, _ at 1201 132,000 One thousand Cabriolets, at 50/. £9,813,040 " The general accuracy of the figures I have thus set down, I have reason to believe is be youd all question. The purchaser of one of these patent offices is seldom of course in a situation to advance the sum required of him to his pre decessor. He must therefore borrow it at every disadvantage in regard to the rate of interest, since the lender must rely for his reimbursement on the life of the new incumbent. Even if life insinance were practically speaking at all known in this country, the annual premium would still be to pay ; but it is a well known fact that the unspeakable advantages arising from this mode of forming a provision for future contingencies, are very little understood in France, or as com pared with England, indeed, in any part of the continent. Even at the regular rate of interest, including the sum necessary, at the average du ration of human life, to accumulate by annual savings what is necessary for the redemption of the capital, it is distinctly ascertained that not less than 800,0001. would be necessary, per annum, with reference to these patent offices in the single department of the Seine. It is equally clear that this annual amount must in some way or other be raised out of the profits of the in cumbent, and that the public must thus pay for these absurd privileges. Such, however, is the effect of habit and prejudice, that it would be difficult to disabuse the public mind of France on this subject. Conversing even with well in formed individuals, they do not hesitate to affirm that it would be most inexpedient and unsafe to throw such offices of trust and confidence indis criminately open to public competition. If such were the case, they will gravely tell you that all the world would become notaries and other of ficial functionaries ; and if you press them closely with argument they will even follow you through t he list, and assign some reason, not indeed so sound as it is plausible, for restricting the num ber of butchers and bakers and hackney-coach men, to a number so limited as to create a de mand for the succession to vacancies as they arise, and thus leave them at these exorbitant premiums." MR. OWEN. TO THE ARISTOCRACY OF GREAT BRITAIN. MY LORDS AND GENTLEMEN,—Circumstances of former times, existing without your knowledge, have placed you, in the present day, in a situation in society most injurious to yourselves and to the po pulation of the empire. In consequence of your artificial condition from birth, you acquire feelings and sentiments which force you to become most irrational; and to believe, that the world was formed solely to administer to your gratification. Habits of luxury and of self importance, destructive of your health and real en joyment, are thus formed : and these involve a most useless and unreasonable waste of human labour; and absorb the means by which, if rightly directed, the general happiness of the community might be permanently secured. In consequence of this combination of unnatural and vicious circumstances, you are encouraged to think, that the mass of the people exists only, that you may employ them to promote your own views, and to provide for your real, or for your still more numerous imaginary wants. By these means, an artificial state of society has been created, which gives you an apparent interest, in direct opposition to that of the remainder of the British population, of which you form but a very small portion. I say an apparent interest ; for such it is not in reality ; there is but one true interest among the whole human race ; which is, that every individual shall possess the means of obtaining the best of every thing for his nature, be trained to know what these things are, and to enjoy them rationally. Your class is a formidable obstacle to the attain ment of these objects; and it is now requisite that this obstacle should be removed : but, you have rights of happiness, which require attention, as much as those of any other portion of the community. Your habits of thinking and of acting have been formed for you ; and your happiness depends, upon being free to retain these habits or not, according to your pleasure ; but arrangements may be made, by which, without inconvenience or disadvantage to either party, your interest and happiness, as well as that of the public, would be permanently secured. It is possilde for you to retain such habits, as custom may have rendered necessary to your enjoy ment of life, and yet, essentially to aid in the pro motion of a change, in which the happiness of your own posterity, and of all your fellow-beings is equally involved. You have hitherto made the laws, and generally controlled the Government of the British Empire. You have formed the one, and directed the other, to give and to secure peculiar privileges to your order, in opposition to the superior interests of at least nine-tenths of the whole population. Experience has fully proved what effects these privileges have produced, upon the members of your order, and upon the public ; and it must now be evident to yourselves, that, under those privileges, you cannot possess, individually or collectively, one in a hundred of the superior advantages, which another state of society will afford you. Modern discoveries in physical science, and of the real nature of man, have produced a new era in the history of our race. The discoveries in physical science may now be made to aid in the creation of more wealth than the population of the world will desire to consume; and the discoveries which have been made of the laws of human nature have de veloped the means by which, without awarding par ticular privileges to any class, the permanent happi ness of all may be effectually secured. The discoveries in physical science have already placed at the disposal of the British Government a power far the production of wealth greater than could be created without them, by three times the present number of the producing classes throughout the world; and this power, enormous as it may ap pear, is but in its infancy—it is advancing in a con tinually iucrcasing ratio, and to its further progress there can be no assignable limit. Wealth and power, therefore, the chief objects of desire to your order, will, with the exception of a dominion over your fellow beings, which hereafter will belong to no party whatever, be fully secured to you as individuals, under the changes about to arise in society. The knowledge that has been acquired of the laws of human nature, not only developes the cause of all the evil that has ever existed in the world, and the means of removing the cause of that evil ; but it discovers a new mode for the government of the human race, which will render contest and com petition unnecessary, and will effectually destroy in man all desire to domineer over his fellows. For he will clearly perceive that the path of happiness is to be found in another, and a very different course ; and the real object of all being to secure happiness, that course alone would be invariably followed. Were it possible for you to mistake your interest so far, as to attempt to oppose this change, you would discover that no efforts of yours can arrest its progress ; but you may, on the other hand, es sentially promote it, by employing some of your surplus funds, for which you would obtain an ad vantageuus return, to assist in the creation of a new arrangement of circumstances, in conformity to the laws of our nature, by means of which a superior character, and an independence, would be insured to all who shall hereafter be born. You are even under the existing notions of so ciety, too enlightened not to perceive that the old system of the world is worn out ; that it is now producing among the labouring class, the miseries arising from poverty or the fear of poverty; among the middle classes, the miseries arising from compe tition and contest; and, among the upper classes, as well as among the two furmer, the miseries aris ing from universal hypocrisy, the practice of which the very nature of the system necessarily engenders. I therefore recommend to your most serious at tention, the study of the principles on which it is proposed to effect a change in the moral, political, and commercial policy of the British empire, and to create a new arrangement of circumstances, in ac cordance with the new moral and scientific know ledge which every where pervades the population of the British dominions; in order that Great Britain may now take the lead in saving the world from the most overwhelming evils, moral and physical, with which it has ever yet been threatened. That you may assist in effecting this change, in proportion to the influence which you possess in the empire, is the earnest desire of Your faithful servant, ROBERT OWEN. 49, Bedford-square, Feb. 4, 1830. THE FAMILY CLASSICAL LIBRARY.- The second volume of this valuable publication, consisting of Translations of the most celebrated Greek and Roman Historians, Poets, Orators, &c., will be ready with the Magazines on the Ist of February. It will comprise the conclusion of the Orations of DEMOSTHENES and the whole of SALLUST, with two portraits. In this important undertaking it is proposed to adopt those translations which have obtained the most general credit, and occa sionally (where it may seem requisite) to present an en tirely new version of an author from some pen of acknow ledged excellence; a plan which cannot fail to be generally approved, and which will doubtless procure, ere long, for " the wisdom of the ancients" that advantage which it ought to possess—a prominent place in modern popular literature. ADVENTURES OF AN IRISH GENTLEMAN, written by himself.--In an article on the literature of the week which appears in a late number of the John Bull, the editor, after disclaiming all knowledge of the anti of of the work, says, " Of this we are sure, that five pages of it contain inure vigorous talent and literary power than any three volumes which have recently become fashionable. It is pathetic, characteristic, ludicrous, p oet i ca l , histori cal, &c. The part descriptive of the hero's residence in Portugal is more like SMOLLETT than any body else; and the narrative of the occurrence of the French revolution, in which the hero himself is made to be a principal actor, is the very p erfection of literary painting. Indeed, it seems impossible that the writer should not have partici pated in the scenes he so vividly describes." SPIRIT OF THE PUBLIC JOURNALS. We insert this day, as we are in candour bound a letter from Mr. Gel!, the coroner, on the late la mentable occasion. Nothing, we still persevere in saying, can excuse the brevity of so important an inquest as eiiat upon the body of Lord Graves ; and we cannot help suspecting that the chief cause of this impolitic despatch was the apprehension (un founded, we now believe) of finding that which it might give pain to persons of eminent rank to have brought before the public. A proper inquiry would have made it manifest to the whole world, whether the mental torture of the noble deceased were pro duced by false and scandalous imputations, which it was beyond his power to suppress, or by the know ledge of a fact which injured his honour. Had this inquiry been gone into at due length, in how very different a situation would the surviving members of the family have now stood ! And now, with respect to the rumours and caricatures by which so much mischief has been produced. We were, of course, very well aware of the scandal in circulation, and perhaps not wholly indisposed, from various weighty antecedent causes which it is unnecessary here to specify, to give it some credit. But be it observed that inasmuch as we are unacquainted with the circumstances from which it sprung,—we never once admitted its entrance into this journal ! While all the other papers are teeming with insinuations about " an illustrious Duke and a noble Lady," &c. &c., we never once mentioned or alluded to the supposed inter course till last Monday morning,—that is, after the death of Lord Graves; and then only by copying a paragraph from the Observer, calculated to show the innocence of the parties, or at least the convic tion of Lord Graves that his wife was innocent. No one but those concerned in the conducting of journals, and particularly such a journal as this, can conceive to what a persecution this conduct sub jected us. Every post, twopenny and general, brought us letters, charging us with venality— knavery—desertion of the public cause. Still we were silent, because we could find no facts to tix upon. But when the coroner's inquest, which should have elicited the truth, was " curtailed of its fair proportions," then we thundered out that article in Tuesday's paper which created so great a sensation. And what did we do in that article? What we do now — reprehended the coroner and his inquest. We made no charge against the parties respecting whom so much had been said ; but we saw very clearly that there was enough in the manner in which that inquest had been conducted to give a fatal colour and con firmation to the rumours, whether they were true or false. We saw very clearly that Lord Graves could not be conveyed to his tomb after such an inquiry, without leaving behind him an imputation on his wife, and therefore we called for further evidence and a fresh investigation : and for these, also, the friends of the lady, being convinced of her inno cence, are now, and have been from the time when our article appeared, most anxious. With respect to the fact itself, we have given our opinion : and we have seen documents which prove the undiminished affection of Lord Graves to his Lady, expressing to her, in letters of conjugal privacy, the publication of which he could not have contemplated, his hor ror of the " scandalous falsehood," and his determi nation that they should show the world, by their ex ternal bearing towards each other, that no suspicion invaded their domestic peace. It is known that though frequently together, the attendance of his Lordship at Windsor, and a system of economy im posed by their large family, have prevented them from having any other establishment than the gra tuitous one in the Royal Palace of Hampton, which her Ladyship enjoyed with many other ladies of similar rank. Sir Hussey Vivian, we believe, hear ing of the inquest, attended spontaneously, with the view and in the hope of being called as a witness, and many others whose evidence would have been of the utmost consequence expected to be sum moned. It is proper to state, that the jury did not assemble till a quarter before ten o'clock, and that the investigation, however imperfect, lasted nearly two hours.— Times. It is now nearly two hundred years since Wil liam Prynne, in the reign of the Royal Martyr, was, as every one knows, sentenced by the Star Chamber to be put from the Bar, to stand in the pillory in Westminster and Cheapside, to lose both his ears—one in each place—to pay five thousand pounds' fine, and to be imprisoned during life, for saying of plays and players, and those who frequent playhouses, no more than what almost every lather of the Church has said, and what is constantly said in the pulpits of many Clergymen, as well of the Established Church as Dissenters. Yesterday, Mr. Alexander, of the Morning Journal, for a libel, imputing corruption to the Lord Chancellor ; another libel, charging the House of Commons with insensibility to the distressed state of the country, and Mr. Peel with smiling at it, and accusing his Majesty of suffering himself to be bullied by his servants, and of being apprehensive of appearing in public, and of ignorance of the ditties of a just and constitutional King—in short, a libel calculated to bring Mr. Peel, the House of Commons, and his Majesty into contempt; and a third libel, charging the Duke of Wellington with designs of various kinds; was sentenced by the Court of King's Bench—the legitimate successor to the jurispru dence of the Court of Star Chamber—not to lose both, or either of his ears,-nor to be imprisoned fur life, nor to pay a fine of .5,000/., but to be im prisoned for one year, to pay a fine of 3001., and to give security for three years, himself in the sum of 500/., and two sureties in the sum of 2.50/. each. That the notions of men respecting libelling have experienced a great change in these too hun dred years, is pretty evident from the above compa rison. The Attorney-General, Noy, endeavoured to make it appear that poor Prynne, for writing against stage plays, had committed such a heinous offence that the punishment of the Court of Star Chamber was not enough. " Finding (says he) the Church so deeply wounded by Mr. Prynne, I do leave her to avenge herself of him, and to inflict such punishment on him as he deserves. I shall be an humble suitor to the Court, that they would be pleased to command the prosecution of those things that concern the Church to the High Commission." The Lord Chief Justice Richardson, not to be out done by Mr. Attorney, declared that " eye never saw, nor ear ever heard of such a scandalous and se ditious thing as this misshapen monster is, . . . I beseech your Lordships to give ►nt, :cave : " Stage plays, B.:c. (saith he), none are rainers and honoured by them, but the Devil and hell ; and when they have taken their wills in lust here, the;.- souls go to eternal torment hereafter. And this must be the end of this monster's horrible sentence." There is certainly a wider interval between the langu.. re of the Lord Chief Justice Richardson and Mr. Justice Bayley, than between the language of Attorney•. General Noy and Attorney-General Scarlett; so that the latter would not have been so much out of his element in the Star Chamber. But is it not mortifying that we should, at this time of day be doomed to bear such language as that uttered by Sir James on Thursday last, on moving the judgment of the Court ? "Mr. Alexander (observed Sir James) said that he was selected for prosecution, and asked why the Quar terly Review, Blackwood's Magazine, and other such publications, were not prosecuted ? He would assure him, that if he met with publications of which libelling formed the system, and not the ex ception, he would prosecute them as well as Mr. Alexander. Whatever the Press might say of him, he was resolved that he should not be deterred from doing his duty by their animadversions. The Press had lately taken upon itself to animadvert upon the conduct of the Judges, and to question their deci sions, and had also taken the same liberties with Jurors; but he hoped that neither Judges nor Jurors would be deterred by such animadversions, nor allow themselves, by any dread of the censures of the Press, to give such judgments or verdicts as might suit the taste of the conductors. Such animad versions were often indecent and scandalous; but .t ought to be recollected that the Press was not