The Sun. — London, England, 1861-03-30 00:00:00

THE ARMSTRONG GUN. On Thursday evening the London Gunmakers' Company entertained Sir W. Armstrong at dinner on the cccasion of his receiving the honorary free dom of the company, which was conferred upon him by a unanimous resolution, " for the important services he has rendered to the nation by his great improvements in the science of gunnery." The visitors present consisted chiefly of officers and gentlemen in the government department offi cially connected with fire-arms, and comprised, among others, Colonel the Hon. Sir A. Gordon, K.C.B. ; Col. Wire Fox, Mr. Howell, Director- General of Contracts ; Col. Lefroy, R.A. ; Captain Jervis, M.P. • Major Baddel e y, R.A. ; Mr. Ander son, Royal dun Factory, &c. Mr. HEPTINSTALL presided as Master of the Com pany on this interesting occasion, and after the usual loyal toasts had been drunk, proposed the health of the guest in very eloquent and laudatory terms. Sir W. ARMSTRONG, after returning thanks to the Gunmakers' Company and those present for the personal honour done to him, proceeded to say-- Many of you have been fellow-labourers with me in the improvement of fire-arms ; and I feel assured that our labours will have the gratifying effect of shortening wars and diminishing their frequency. Much as appearances may be against us , I am satis fied we are genuine preservers of the peace, for there is nothing so likely to discourage aggressive designs as our possession of superior the weapons. The recent operations in China have to shorten illustrated tendency of improvement in fire-arms war, and they have also furnished a valuable oppor tunity of trying our new artillery. The success which has attended that trial is rendered the more satisfactory from the circumstance of its having been accomplished under all the disadvantages of novelty and inexperience. The guns sent to China were the very first that had been issued for service, and were not of the present service pattern. They were shorter and lighter than the present field gun, and were originally intended for horse artillery guns ; but upon trying these guns it was found that no advantage was gained by the reduction of weight, while the same projectile was used, because it became necessary to add to the weight of the carriage to enable it to resist the greater force of recoil. These guns were used in China with a much lower charge than has been found necessary to pro duce the best results, and their range and accuracy were in consequence much below the present stan dard. Notwithstanding all drawbacks, however, it is a matter of notoriety that the performance was highly satisfactory. If any testimony on this point could be desired, it is furnished by a letter which I received as I was leaving to join this party. That letter is from Major Hay, who you are aware acted as brigade-major in China under General Crofton, commanding officer of the Royal Artillery there. Major Hay is now in Scotland, and having noticed the unwarrantable use that has lately been made of his name, has sent me the letter which I shall take the liberty of reading to you:— " Edinburgh, March 2.5, 1861. " The Armstrong guns in China rendered the most va luable service, being always in the most efficient and ser viceable condition, although put to very severe tests. They were never withdrawn from action, and their places sup plied by others ; on the contrary, the Armstrong guns were invariably the first to be ordered up when artillery was re quired. At Tongchow on the 14th of August, and again on the 21st at the capture of the Upper North Taku Fort, the Armstronr , batteries were firin g ove r th e h ea ds of o u r in fantry in advance, and the guns never ceased firing in con sequence of any casualty to our men ; quite the reverse, the guns continued firing, whilst the infantry advanced to storni the enemy's works. It would have been more surprising if slight alterations had not suggested themselves in both guns and ammunition, considering that they were being tried for the first time, and that they were most jealously watched by all. In fact, from the instructions I received before leaving England, it was my duty to point out the slightest defect. This I did, and was glad to observe in a recent visit to the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, that those defects had all been remedied in a manner which experi ments had proved to be most successful; and I now feel confident that the British artillery have the first gun, with the most perfect ammunition in the world."l This letter leaves no room for further comment from me, and I shall therefore merely observe that the success which has attended the first trial of these guns, while it reflects the greatest credit upon the officers and men who had so many difficulties and disadvantages to contend with, affords the most comfortable assurance that whenever the guns are again called into the field with all the improve ments suggested by recent experience their success will be still more decisive. With regard to the mode of manufacturing these guns, this is a subject that cannot fail to be interesting to practical gun makers, more especially as the manufacture of can non has now become so much more assimilated than • formerly to that of small arms. I may therefore state that all my experience leads me to: the convic tion that the principle of constructing cannon by the superposition of successive layers of iron coils welded into cylinders is the best, and to that prin ciple I propose to adhere in the construction of guns of the largest dimensions. Layer after layer may be indefinitely applied, and I can scarcely see any limit to the size of the gun which may by this process be constructed. The difficulties which had to be encountered in carrying this method into practice induced me to some extent to deviate from it. But now that those difficulties have been almost entirely surmounted, I feel satisfied it ought to be adopted in all its integrity. I see no other mode of construction which affords so much strength, and what is of still more importance, is so little liable to hidden and treacherous flaw. Publicity has lately been given in Parliament to the trials to which one of my 12-pounder guns had been subjected. That gun sustained 100 rounds fired with service charges of powder, and bolts progressively increased in length until they projected beyond the muzzle. It afterwards went through a repetition of the same ordeal, not with a single but a double charge of powder, and ultimately remained a serviceable gun. On the other hand, it has been announced that one of my 12-pounder guns had succumbed to what I must call very unmerciful usage. You have heard how it was fired at from a distance of only 20 yards and broken with round shot. But you have not heard that the gun which was so treated was a defective one from the first, and one which the Ord nance Select Committee had been for weeks before vainly trying to burst. Although it had not been burst by these efforts it had been cracked near the middle in a manner which greatly weakened it against an external blow. Now one might have expected that after so gallant a resistance the poor thing might have been spared. Its wound was cur able, and it might have lived to do good service to its country. But no, the committee ruthlessly sen tenced it to be pounded to death by round shot. For this purpose a brass 9-pounder field gun, nearly twice as heavy as the poor victim, was used against it, and with a refinement of cruelty the committee deliberately aimed at the wounded place and suc ceeded in breaking the gun in two at the crack. I state all this in the presence of my friend, Col. Le froy, who I grieve to say is deeply implicated in the murder. But a fate almost as bad awaited the brass gun, which in its turn was fired at from ano ther brass gun at the same distance of 20 yards ; and _the very fir s t s t ro k e i t rece i ved so crushed in the bore as to prevent the insertion of its shot. Each succeeding blow inflicted similar injury; and altho ug h t h e gun, from its greater weight and mass, was not broken in pieces, it was so c r a c k e d internally, as w e ll as bulged, as' to be fit only for the melting pot. I d are say t h e committee were right in what they did —severity is sometimes the wisest course ; but whatever had been the result of the experiment no sensible person would have urged, and I am sure the committee would not, that we ought to sacrifice the advantages of lightness and mobility for the sake of rendering the gun proof against such exceptional treatment. It must he recollected that the carriage presents a far larger surface to be struck than the gun, and little would be gained by making the gun invulnerable to round shot, while the carriage must necessarily remain so much liable to be disabled. The 40- pounder guns were made almost on the exact model of the 12-pounder, but when they were brought forward for proof I was disappointed to find that several of them gave way at the breech. It there. fore became necessary to remove the external coil over the breech, an d a pply a s t r onger one. Since this has been done there has been no further indi cation of weakness, and, indeed, one of these guns has lately been tested in the same manner as the 12-pounder, and has endured 100 rounds, fired with projectiles progressively increasing in length until the entire bore was filled from the charge to the muzzle. The next step in advance was from 40- pounders to 100-pounders, a large number of which have now been proved without in anv instance exhibiting any' deficiency of strength. I have also recently constructed • a muzzle-loading gun, de signed to throw a projectile of 120 lhs. This gun Is riled upon a Flan which I have called the shunt Plan, and which enables the shot to go in easy and come out tight. For I need hardly tell you that there is nothinF, more essential to accuracy than to deliver nothing while it he necessary, shot without vibration from the gun, rn pr u e r s z e l rv e in the case of a B u t it facility of loading should be of my must not be supposed from this circumstance •loader, thTtyl a muzzle made this gun 1 1 0 1 1 Cl a ve if iTany degree given up the principle of breech. guns. On the contrary,tding, as applied to large of the great advantages more than ever per suadedmore especially for the navy, g: n s ,of_breech-loading, way to the removal of eve ry ob u i . ee l.F o learl see my with any degree of reason beg e d n which . can heavy ordnance. At the same time, against it in however, I be lieve that muzzle-loading guns, from theirgreater simplicity, will for some purposes be preferable to breech-loaders, and that both forms of guns will have to be provided. - A,nd now, a 4 to the all -' Irapor. - tant question of rifled artillery against iron-cased ships ; it is impossible to say whether the offen sive power of the gun or the defensive power of the ar mour will ultimately prevail, although kincline to think the gun will in the end prove the victor. The strong point in favour of the iron plates is, that no hollow projectile will bear the impact against them without breaking in pieces, and they are therefore an effectual protection against all explosive and in cendiary missiles. Iron-clad ships must consequently be attacked with solid shot alone , and it is . not by merely punching a few small clean holes In their sides that we can hope to mak e an y serious impres sion upon them. If they can be destroyed by artil lery, it must be done by hurling against them such ponderous masses as will crush in their sides ; and Ito effect this will require much larger guns than are yet in the service. It will be my duty to endeavour to produce such guns, and I leave it to others to act for the defence as best they can. As for timber ships, I believe they will utterly collapse under the fire of modern artillery. I can conceive nothing so calcu lated to gratify the organ of destructiveness as firing 100-pounder percussion shells at a three-decker crowded with men. If we must have timber ships for distant service, at all events let them be as unlike three-deckers as possible. Nothing can be worse adapted to resist modern projectiles than those float ing castles of wood. It remains for me to say a few words respecting the cost of the Armstrong gun, because, although you may not all be practical gun makers you are at any rate taxpayers, and the subject will therefore be interesting to every one. You are probably already aware that the contract price for the different natures of these guns—that is, the price at which they are delivered from the Elswick Ord nance Works, is £l2O for the 12-pounder, £195 for the 25-pounder, and £285 for the 40-pounder. The price of the 100-pounder, I believe, has not yet been definitively settled. It has been said that if we take the entire sum voted by Parliament and divide it by the number of guns produced, the result will show a cost enormously larger, and it may therefore be worth while to show how this matter stands. The total sum voted by Parliament last session for the supply of every species of warlike stores during the financial year now on the point of expiring was £2,300.000, and the portion of this amount which was allotted to the Armstrong armament was £867,785. Of this sum only £405,000 was appro priated to the manufacture of guns alone, the re mainder being required for providing, first, the shot, shell, and fuses ; second, the carriages, ammunition waggons, and all the articles of battery equipment; and third, the cartridges and powder. Now, we have made about 780 guns during the year, and if we divide this sum of £405,000 by this number of guns, and take into account the value of the very large number of guns now in a state of progress and partially paid for, the result shows an average cost of about £350 per gun. This covers the expense of all experiments and alterations unavoidable in the commencement of a new and difficult species of ma nufacture, and I think you will admit that it is not an unfavourable result, and that it presents no in consistency with the contract prices. I have seldom an opportunity of communicating information re lating to my guns, and I will therefore, at the risk of being tedious, briefly advert to some misconcep tions respecting them. It has become a common idea that one of the great difficulties incident to the lead covered form of projectile is to give sufficient adhesion to the lead. I may therefore state that no such difficulty exists. Any amount of adhesion may be given ; but there is a risk of giving too much, because if the lead were to stick too firmly to the iron it would not separate from it and break into distinct pieces on the bursting of the shell. At present the premature separation of the lead is a matter of rare occurrence, and I do not think it would be expedient to guard more effectu ally against it at the risk of lessening the efficiency of the shell. With regard to the 100-pounder guns, the experiments with them and with the shells and fuses I have provided for them are proceeding satis factorily. The destructive power of these large shells, which contain from 81b to 91b of powder, is very great, and such as ought, I think to settle the question of timber ships. I may mention that the copper ring, which in all the previous guns had been applied at the breech to resist the erosive action of the gas, was at first dispensed with in the 100-pounders, as I had reason to expect that by using expanding cups to prevent the escape of the gas, the copper rings would not be required. I found, however, on trying one of these guns at Shoeburyness, that it would be necessary to resume the use of the copper for the preservation of the gun at the breech, and it was consequently returned to Woolwich to have the ring inserted. This has given rise to the foolish story that the gun was a complete failure. I fear the wish was in:this case father to the thought ; but such misrepresentations are not worthy notice, except in this casual manner. I rest in quiet confidence that, with the valuable aid I receive both from civilians and military men, I shall be enabled to complete the work I have begun, and I am content to be judged by the ultimate re sult. Colonel LEFROY said he felt it right to justify the Ordnance Select Committee in the coarse they had adopted. They deemed it necessary to ascertain what would be the effect produced in the case of an Armstrong gun being struck by a round shot, as such an occurrence might be ex pected to happen even under the best regulated arrangements. For convenience, they had fired at a distance of only 20 yards, but by way of compen sation they had used a reduced charge. The brass gun fired at was certainly quite shut up, and there fore there was no disparagement to the Armstrong; but the result had shown that neither form of gun would bear the direct impact of a solid shot on its side without becoming disabled. A variety of other toasts were proposed and replied to; and after a pleasant and instructive evening, and a magnificent banquet, the company separated, delighted with the brilliant hospitality of the ancient and useful Company of Gunmakers. THE LATE WAR WITH CHINA. (From the _London Gazette.) INDIA -OFFICE, March 27. The Secretary of State for India has received a general order by his Excellency the Governor- General of India, and a despatch accompanying it, from Lieutenant-General Sir J. Hope:Grant, G.C.8., commanding her Majesty's forces in China, of which the following are copies : GENERAL ORDER BY HIS EXCELLENCY THE GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF INDIA. Camp, Jubbulpore, Jan. 17, 1861. His Excellency the Viceroy and Governor-Ge neral of India has much satisfaction in publishing, for general information, tbe subjoined letter, dated the 21st of November, 1860, from Lieut.-General Sir J. Hope Grant, G.C.8., commander of the forees in China, bringing to notice the services, during the campaign in that country, of the native troops of all arms which proceeded to China from Bengal, Madras, and Bombay. The Governor-General congratulates the troops on the high testimony which they have earned for themselves from their distinguished commander, by their exemplary conduct in camp and garrison, and by their valour in the field. And it is an additional source of gratification to the Governor-General, and a matter of which the troops may justly be proud, that their brilliant conduct in the field excited the admiration not only of their British comrades, but also of the French troops which served in the same campaign. It will be the grateful task of the Governor- General to make known to her Majesty's Govern ment the report of Lieut.-General Sir Hope Grant, and to bring particularly to notice the officers spe cially mentioned by him. TO THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL CANNING, G.C.8., &C. _ad ( e 4.u e a e rt h er a s v , in T g ien h t e s e i n n, Nov ein 2 d l e , d lB w 6o it . h My Lord! pa a many being be the native a concluded about op i t n h i t s h c e ou ex n p tr e y d , and y itiOn rforce t ro s serving to eu r r et E urn India, it becomes my d u t y to bring o lency's notice the servi ces o f the regiments and xc t e h -- corps of her Majesty's I n di an army which have e been serving during the campaign. The Ist Sikh Irregular Cavalry, under Major Probyn, and Fane's Horse, under Capt. Fanc, have performed their duty admirably. On more than ono occasion these regiments have been opposed to and have successfully charged a vastly superior force of the enemy's cavalry, and their conduct in the field has excited the admiration of the French a 3 well as of the English troops. It is not only on the field of battle that their services have been so important during the recent campaign, but in performing the numerous other duties re- quired of them, of an infinitely more harassing na ture, patrols, escorts, and reconnoissances, as well as the task of carrying letters almost daily between Tientsin and Pekin (a distance of 75 miles) for up wards of a month, during which they were fre quently fired upon ; their services have been of the utmost value to the expedition. I beg to recommend Major Probyn and Captain Fane to your Excellency's most favourable notice. The two companies of Madras Artillery, under Capt. Hicks, and two companies of Madras Sappers, under Capt. Shaw Stewart, rendered good and use ful services in the operations which preceded and led to the fall of the Taku forts. The latter corps was most energetic in working without relief at the construction of the batteries, and have always shown themselves to be cheerful and willing work men. A detachment of the former corps, under Capt. Maclntyre, was summoned from its station at Chusan to the assistance of Shanghai, and was fortunate enough to reach that city on the day lc THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING, MARCH 30, 1861. was attacked by the rebels, and to assist in repelling their attacks. The Regiment of Loodianah was stationed at Shanghai during the attack of the rebels on that city, and, under the command of Lieut.-Col.Walsh, contributed to their repulse, The Bth and 15th Regiments of Punjab Infantry have accompanied the army in all the active opera tions in the field, and although, owing to the nature of the operations, they have not come into collision with the enemy so frequently as they have perhaps wished, their services have not been of the less value to the expedition. The 15th Punjab Infantry, however, was particularly forward during the action of the 18th of September, and on the 21st of September a detachment under Lieut. Harris dis tinguished itself by crossing the river and captur ing a gun which had opened on our lines. The Bth Punjab Infantry had been ably com manded throughout the campaign by Capt, Brown low. Capt. Shebbeare, an excellent officer, the commandant of the 15th Punjab Infantry, was un fortunately compelled by ill health to leave just when active operations were commencing ; but the regiment has been efficiently commanded by Lieut. Randall. _ _ _ _ _ The 11th and 19th Punjab Infantry have been employed in garrisoning the depots, &c., whilst the 3d and sth Bombay Native Infantry and the 21st Madras Native Infantry have formed portions of the garrisons of Hong Kong and Canton. I have much pleasure in informing your Excel lency that the behaviour of the Indian troops, both in camp and in garrison, has been everything that I could wish, and it has given me much satisfaction that the course of events has enabled me to send a considerable portion of them back to their homes in India before the end of the present year. I have, &c., ' (Signed) T. HOPE GRANT, Lieutenant-General, Commander of the Forces. THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. (From the Gazette of last Eveniug.) Her Majesty's Commissioners—The Earl Gran ville, K.G, ' Lord President of the Council ; the Marquis of Chandos ; Thomas Baring, Esq., M.P. ; C. Wentworth Dilke, Esq. ; Thomas Fairburn, Esq. ; F. R. Sandford, Secretary. Decisions of her Majesty's Commissioners on Points relating to the Exhibition. March, 1861— Her Majesty's Commissioners have fixed upon Thursday, May 1, 1862, for opening the Exhibition. The Exhibition building will be erected on a site adjoining the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Society, and in the immediate neighbourhood of the ground occupied in 1851 on the occasion of the first International Exhibition. The portion of the building to be devoted to the exhibition of pictures will be erected in brick, and will occupy the entire front towards Cromwell road ; the portion in which machinery will be ex hibited will extend along Prince Albert's road, on the west side of the gardens. All works of industry to be exhibited should have been produced since 1850. Subject to the necessary limitation of space, all persons, whether designers , inventors, manufac turers, or producers of articles, will be allowed to exhibit ; but they must state the character in which they do so. Her Majesty's Commissioners will communicate with foreign and colonial exhibitors only through the Commission sshich the Government of each foreign country or colony may appoint for that purpose; and no article will be admitted from any foreign country or colony without the sanction of such Commission. No rent will be charged to exhibitors. Prizes, or rewards for merit, in the form of medals, will be given to the Industrial Department of the Exhibition. Prices may be fixed to the articles exhibited. Every article produced or obtained by human industry, whether of raw materials, machinery, manufactures, or fine arts, will be admitted to the Exhibition, with the exception of 1. Living animals and plants. 2. Fresh vegetable and animal substances, liable to spoil by keeping. 3. Detonating or dangerous substances. , Spirits or alcohols, oils, acids, corrosive salts, and substances of a highly inflammable nature will not be admitted, unless sent in well secured glass vessels. The articles exhibited will be divided into the following classes SECTION 1: 1. Mining, quarrying, metallurgy, and mineral products. 2. Chemical substances and products, and phar maceutical processes. 3. Substances used for food, including wines. 4. Animal and vegetable substances used in manufactures. SECTION 2. 5. Railway plant, including Locomotive Engines and Carriages. 6. Carriages not connected with Rail or Tram Rnads. 7. Manufacturing Machines and Tools. 8. Machinery in general. 9. Agricultural and Horticultural Machines and Implements. 10. Civil Engineering, Architectural, and Build ing Contrivances. 11. Military Engineering,Armour and Accoutre ments, Ordnance, and Small Arms. 12. Naval Architecture, Ship's Tackle. 13. Philosophical Instruments and Processes de pending upon their use. 14. Photographic Apparatus, and Photography. 15. Homological Instruments. 16. Musical Instruments. 17. Surgical Instruments and Appliances. SECTION 3. 18. Cotton. 19. Flax and Hemp. 20. Silk and Velvet. 21. Woollen and Worsted, including Mixcd Fabrics generally. 22. Carpets. 23. Woven, Spun, Felted, and Laid Fabrics, when shown as specimens of Printing or Dyeing. 24. Tapestry, Lace, and Embroidery. 25. Skins, Fur, Feathers, and Hair. 26. Leather, including Saddlery and Harness. 27. Articles of Clothing. 28. Paper, Stationery,Printing,and Bookbinding. 29. Educational Works and Appliances. 30. Furniture and Upholstery, including Paper hangings and Papier-mache, 31. Iron and General Hardware. 32. Steel and Cutlery. 33. Works in precious Metals, and their Imita tations, and Jewellery. 34. Glass. 35. Pottery. 36. Manufactures not included in previous clasises. SECTION 4. ' 37. Architecture. 38. Paintings in Oil and Water Colours, and Drawings. 39. Sculpture, Models, Die-sinking, and Intaglios. 40. Etchings and Engravings. Her Majesty's Commissioners will be prepared to receive all articles which may be sent to them on or after Wednesday, the 12th of February, and will continue to receive goods until Monday the 31st of March, 1862, inclusive. Articles of great size and weight, the placing of which will require considerable labour, must be sent before Saturday, the Ist of March, 1862 ; and manufacturers wishing to exhibit machinery or other objects that will require foundations or special constructions, must make a declaration to that effect on their demands for space. Any exhibitor whose goods can properly be placed together, will be at liberty to arrange such goods in his own way, provided his arrangement is compatible with the general scheme of the Exhibi tion and the convenience of other exhibitors. When it is desired to exhibit processes of manu facture, a sufficient number of articles, however dissimilar, will be admitted for the purpose of illustrating the process; but they must not exceed the number actually required. Exhibitors will be required to deliver their goods at,their own charge and risk; and all articles must be delivered with the freight, carriage, porterage, and all charges and dues upon them paid. Packing eases must be removed at the cost of the exhibitor or his agent, as soon as the goods are examined and deposited in charge of the Commis sioners. Exhibitors will be permitted, subject only to the necessary general regulations, to erect, according to their own taste, all the counters, stands, glass frames, brackets, awnings, hangings, or similar contrivances which they may consider best calculated for the display of their goods. Exhibitors mu3t he at the charge of insuring their own goods, should they desire this security. Every precaution will be taken to prevent fire, theft, or other losses, and her Majesty's Commis sioners will give all the aid in their power for the legal prosecution of any persons guilty of robbery or wilful injury in the Exhibition, but they will not be responsible for losses or damage of any kind which may be occasioned by fire or theft, or in any other manner. Exhibitors may employ assistants to keep in order the articles they exhibit, or to explain them to visi tors, after obtaining written permission from her Majesty's Commissioners ; but such assistants will be forbidden to invite visitors to purchase the goods of their employers. Her Majesty's Commissioners will provide shaft ing, steam (not exceeding 301bs. per inch), and water, at high pressure, for machines in motion. Intending exhibitors, in the Unite d li.ingdom, are requested to apply without delay to the Secretary of her Majesty's Commissioners, at the offices, 454, West Strand, London, WC., for a form of demand for space, stating in which of the four sections they wish to exhibit. Foreign and Colonial exhibitors should apply to the Commission, or other central authority, appointed by the Foreign or Colonial Government, as soon as notice has been given of its appointment. Her Majesty's Commissioners having consulted a committee as to the organisation of the Fine Art Department of the Exhibition, will publish the rules relating thereto at a future date. By order, F. R. SANDFORD, Secretary. Offices of her Majesty's Commissioners, 451, West Strand, London, W.C. INNS OF COURT, The following is a prospectus of the lectures to be delivered during the ensuing Educational Term by the several Readers appointed by the Inns of Court. CONSTITUTIONAL LAW AND LEGAL HI3TORY. The Reader will peruse the History of our Con stitution from the accession of Elizabeth to the ac cession of George 111. He will trace tie progress and varieties of judicial opinion as it affected the Interpretation of Law, the Law of Real Property, the Law of Evidence, e Law of Libel. the Crimi nal Law, and the Doctrines of Equity ; and he will point out the changes and growth of he Statute Law during the same period. In his private classes he will continuo to explain the History of our Constitution, and to )oint out its gradual progress during the reigns of the Tudors and Stuarts. The books to which he will rfer are : Blackstone's Commentaries, by Ker —Reeves's History of the English Law—Mllar's His tory—Lord Brougham's Politica Philoso phy, volume 3—Plowden's Report--Hallam's Constitutional History—Rapin's Hisory of the period—Appendices to Hume's HiFtory— State Trials of the period—Butler's Notes to - joke Little ton—Statute Books of the period—Fortscue (Amos) —Parliamentary History—Hayes's Hitory of Con veyancing—Clarendon's Life and Hisory—May's History—Starkie's Law of Libel—(reenleaf on Evidence—Ralph's History and Memoirs—Coke's Institutes—Foster's Crown Law—Camden's Annals —Brodie's History—Memoirs of Strype, Ludlow, Hutchinson, Whitelocke, and Burnet—Bacon's Tracts. EQUITY. The Reader on Equity proposes to deliver during the ensuing educational term a course of 10 lectures on the following subjects :—I. The Jurisdiction of the Court of Chancery in Matters of Account ; 11. On Equitable Set-off and the Appropriation of Pay ments ; 111. The Law of Partnership, as Modified by Courts of Equity; IV. On the Relief Afforded in Cases of Mistake and Accident; V. On Relief Against Fraud, The Reader will continue with his senior and junior classes the general courses of Equity already commenced. He will also continte in both classes to explain the leading rules of Pleading in Equity, from the work of Lord Redesdale, THE LAW OF REAL PROPERTY. The Reader on the Law of Red Property pro• poses to deliver in the ensuing Educational Term a series of 10 public lectures on the following sub jects :—I. The Law of Domicil ; R. Fixtures ; 111. Life Assurance ; IV. Conditions of Sale. In his private classes the Reader on the law of Real Pro perty will refer more particularly to the cases cited in the public lectures. He will also continue his course of Real Property Law, us,ng the work of Mr. Joshua Williams as a text-book. JURISPRUDENCE AND THE CIVIL LAW. The Reader on Jurisprudence and the Civil Law proposes in the course of the ensuing Educational Term to deliver 10 public lectures on the following subjects :—L The Rights of Harried Women over Property under Roman Jurisdiction and Systems of Law derived from it ; 11. Ownership and Prescription under Roman Law ; 111. The Roman Theory of Obligation and the Ronan Law of Contract and Delict. The Reader will endeavour during the ;term to go through a complete course of the Modern Civil Law with his private class, noting particularly its influence on the French Civil Ccde and on other systems of modern Continental law. He will use as his text-book the " Systema Juris Romani Hadie Usitati" of Mackeldey. On certaindays the Reader proposes to take the titles of the Digest "De Ver borum Significatione" and "De Rcgulis Juris." CO3IMON LAW. The Reader on Common Law pr poses to deliver during the ensuing Educational '2erna ten public lectures, as under :—Prior to the mess the Reader will lecture on the Law of Torts, ;ontrasting Tort with Contract, inquiring as to—l. The nature of a Right of Action ex delicto ; 11. Dtties the Breach of which may be Actionable; Actons appropriate to Specific Injuries; and IV. The Grounds of De fence available in such Actions. After the recess the Reader puposes to lecture upon Criminal Law, including—l. The various Modes of Criminal and quasi Criminal Procedure ; 11. Proceedings before Justices o the Peace ; 111. Offences of ordinary Occurrence, whether triable at the Assizes or at the Sessions ; andlV. the Remedy by Habeas Corpus, in connection with which some important cases will be reviewed. With his private class the Reader will, so far as time may allow, pursue in detail the course of in struction above generally indicated, using as text books " Broom's Commentaries" (2d edit.) Black stone's or Stephen's " Commentaries on the Laws of England," " Archbold's Criminal Pleading" (by Welsby), and "Paley on Convictions." The Reader on Constitutional licw and Legal History will hold his first public lecture on Wed nesday, April 17, at 2 p.m., at Lincaln's-inn Hall, the classes meeting in the Benchers' Reading-room; and his private lectures on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at 10 a.m. The Reader on Equity will hold his first public lecture on Thursday, April 18, at 2 p.m., at Lin coln's-inn Hall, the classes meeting it the Benchers' Reading-room ; and his private lectures on Mon days, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at 3 15 and 4 15. The Reader on the Law of Real Property, &c., will hold his first public lecture on Friday, April 19, at 2 p.m., at Gray's-inn Hall, the classes meet ing in the North Library ; and his private lectures on Mondays, Wednesdays, and Fridays, at 11 45 and 1 45. The Reader on Jurisprudence aid the Civil Law will hold 11is first public lecture 01 Tuesday, April 16, at 2 p.m., at the Middle Temple Hall, the classes meeting at No. 3, Gardeu-court, Temple ; and his private lectures on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Sa turdays, at 3 45. The Reader on the Common Law will hold his first public lecture on Monday, April 15, at 2 p.m., at the Inner Temple Hall, the classes meeting at the Inner Temple Hall; and hi 3 private lectures on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, at 11 45 and 1 15. The public lectures and private classes will be suspended after Wednesday, May 8 next, and will be resumed at the appointed days and hours, on and after Monday, May 27. The Educational Term commerces on April 15, and ends on July 31, subject to a deduction of the days above enumerated. THE MAILS. MAILS DUE. Australia, Ceylon, and Mauritius (via South ampton) .• .. April 18. Do. (via Marseilles) April 12. Brazil and Cape Verds .. April G. Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, &c. Cuba and Mexico April 1. Canada, &c. (via L'derry) .. March 27. Cape of Good Hope, &c. .. April 3. China, Penang, and Singapore (via S'arspton) April 4. Do (via Marseilles) Mar. 29. Gibraltar (via Southampton) .. • .. Mar. 28. India (Calcutta), Ceylon, &c. (via Southalupton) April 4. 1)o. (via Marseilles) Mar. 29. India (Bombay), (via Southampton) .. Mar. 28. Do. (via Marseilles) .. April 4, Lisbon •• •• •• .. April 1. Malta, Egypt, and Aden (via Southampton) Mar. 28. Do. (via Marseilles) .. Mar. 29. Vigo, and Oporto .. .. April 1. United States, California, &c. .. Mar. 28. Western Coast of Africa, Madeira, Teneriire .. April 10. West Indies and Pacific, Carthagena, Cuba, &c. April 1. TAE DUKE OF NEWCASTLE.—We (Nottingham Journal) believe we may announce that his Grace the Duke of Newcastle has been appointed Governor- G eneral of India, as successor to Viscount Canning, whose term of office is expired. The probabilities are that - the noble duke will leave England during the month of May. Wo have also hoard that the office of lord-lieutenant and cusios rotulnrum of the county of Nottingham will be held pro. te»z. by the Right Hon. the Speaker. Arrangements have also been made that the family seat of Clutnber shall be occupied by the Earl and Countess of Lincoln ; during, the probable five years absence of the noble duke. [ADVERTISEMENT. —Holloway's Ointment and Pills. — Constant Success.--\o diseases are more trying to the temper and more exhausting to the constitution than the pains in muscles and joints caused by exposure to wet or cold. Wherever the seat of suf ering. it will only be neces sary to foment the affected part with warm water, dry thoroughly, and immediately.rub in Holloway's inestim able Ointment to obtain ease. Gout, rheumatism, neu ralgia, and tic-doloreux, are soon relieved, and ultimately cured by the use of this unequalled unguent, aided by Holloway's purifying and aperitive Pills, tinder this judicious treatment the afflicted parts soon cease to ache, and shortly regain their natural feelings and appearance. These remedies are invaluable for curing spinal affections and nelTov.s diseases, MARRIAGE WITH A DECE SED WIFE' S SISTER. Much misapprehension prevails respecting the moral and social estimation in which the thousands of marriages with a deceased wife's sister existing among us, ought to be held. Many persons, with out due consideration, confound an honourable mar riage, from which legal sanction is wrongfully with held, with the case of a man and woman who might at any moment be lawfully married, but who evince the immorality of their motives by living in illicit intercourse without marriage. The two cases have no resemblance whatever. The one has all the essentials of holy matrimony as divinely instituted, the other has none. An invalid marriage is not necessarily a dishonourable one. Owing to the confusion and uncertainty introduced into our mar riage law by ecclesiastical interference, circum stances have often occurred to deprive pure and blameless matrimonial unions of the sanction of law. in the reign of Henry VIM it was a capital felony for a priest to marry ; yet priests did marry, and Parliament afterwards made their marriages good. Tho validity of the marriages of Quakers and Jews in England before 1837 was so doubtful, that an act was passed in 1818 to declare them valid. Yet persons so married were not therefore held in any the less esteem. And recent English history, in the case of the late Duke of Sussex, affords a still more notable example to the same effect, showing that marriage may even be contrary to the express words of an English statute, and therefore indisputably null and void, and the issue illegitimate by English law; it may be that all who were present at the ceremony incurred the severe penalties of aprcemunire, by which they were liable to imprisonment, and the loss of all they pa sessed ; and yet, such marriage, no: being contrary to the divine law, may, under the circumstances, be allowable I it may be innocently and honourably contracted"; sacredly binding on the parties; re ligiously observed; productive of domestic happi ness ; recognised as morally pure by virtuous so ciety ; esteemed worthy of the highest rank of nobility by the Sovereign, the fountain of honour ; and sanctioned without reserve by the most un blemished court in the world. The Duke's case was this. By the 'Royal Mar riage Act (12 Geo. 111., c. 11), any marriage of a member of the Royal Family, contracted without the consent of the Sovereign, signified under the great seal, and declared in council, is pronounced null and void to all intents and purposes whatso ever, and all who may be present, or aiding and abetting, are exposed to the severest penalties. Under these circumstances, his Royal Highness Augustus Frederick, the late Duke of Sussex, Earl of Inverness, &c., without the required consent of the then reigning Sovereign, married the Right Hon. Lady Cecilia Letitia Underwood, eldest sur viving daughter of the second Earl of Arran, such marriage being legally null and void. This marriage, notwithstanding its manifest ille gality, was not condemned by the people of Eng land as immoral. It is unnecessary to say that his Royal Highness, in an eminent degree, retained the esteem and admiration of all classes, to the close of a long life, and the following extracts from the Court Circular will show the social estimation in which this legally void marriage has been held : March 30, 1840.—The Queen has been pleased to direct letters patent to be passed under the great seal, granting the dignity of a Duchess of the United Kingdom to the Right Honourable Lady Cecilia Underwood (eldest surviving daughter of Arthur Saunders, second Earl of Arran, by Elizabeth, his third wife, daughter of Richard Underwood, Esq., late of Dublin), by the title of Duehess of Inverness. Thursday, April 9th, 1840.—Her Majesty held a Drawing-room. Among the company were : Duchesses : Inverness, Buccleuch, Somerset, Northumber land, Roxburghe, Dowager Roxburghe. Monday s April 13th 1840.—Lord and Lady Dinorben entertained at dinner his Royal Highness the Duke:of Sussex and her Grace the Duchess of Inverness. The parties invited to them were their Royal Highnesses the Prince and Princess of Capua, and many of the elite of the nobility. Monday, August 10th, 1840.—Her Majesty gave a dinner party in the even ing. The company consisted of their Majesties the King and Queen of the Belgians, their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Kent, the Duchess of Gloucester, the Duke of Sussex, the Duke of Cambridge, and the Duchess of In verness. Wednesday, March 6th, 1861.—The Duchess of Inverness entertained their Royal Highnesses the Duchess of Cambridge and the Princess Mary at dinner, at Ken sington Palace. A select party were invited to meet ther royal highnesses." It is, therefore, matter of historical record, that a union legally void may have the character of honourable matrimony, and such is the verdict which English society pronounces on the marriages with a deceased wife's sister which are every day taking place. The representatives of the nation have thirty times voted them lawful, and prelates and clergy hold them no disqualification for the communion of the church. THE WESTERN BANK. (From the ecotsman.) There is now, we learn, a probability that f litigations between the shareholders and the di ; tors of the late Western Bank will be settled b 1. compromise. It may at least be taken as certss that matters have reached a position in which it rests with the shareholders to say whether they shall accept a certain sum now, or go on with the litigations in the hope of obtaining a larger sum hereafter. The question is at present before the courts in two shapes, or at least in two dis tinct actions—one by the liquidators on behalf of the whole body of shareholders, against the whole directors of the Bank in office at any time from 1847 down to the stoppage ; and the other Messrs. Inglis and Landale, and others of the shareholders who purchased subsequent to the issue of the directors' report of May, 1857, against the directors in office at that date. On the part of the directors of 1857—aimed at by the special action of the purchasers in that year, as well as by the geheral action of the liquidators—an offer of a certain sum for an entire release was made a few days ago. That offer was declined. Subsequently, however, a suggestion came from a quarter assumed to be authorised by those parties, that the liquidators should name a sum which they could recommend the shareholders to accept. It is understood that the liquidators thereupon stated that if the directors of 1857, and all the directors from 1847, with the exception of Messrs. William and James Baird (who do not join in any present proposals), should together offer to pay the sum of £200,000 in full of all claims against them, both by individual share holders and by the general body, the liquidators would recommend such offer to be accepted. We do not know in what proportions this sum has been proposed to be assessed on the different directors who held office at periods of various date and dura tion ; but we assume that that was left for settle ment among themselves—and that it has been settled. Reasons have been given to the liquidators and the committee of shareholders to believe that the proposed terms will be accepted by the direc tors. The success of the proposed compromise depends very much upon the parties represented in the actions carried on in names of Messrs. Inglis and Landale assenting to the terms suggested by the liquidators. The case of these parties is in some respects different, and somewhat more simple than those of the shareholders who purchased at various earlier periods ; and in consideration of that and of other circumstances, the liquidators recommend that this class should have a certain prefer ence. The recommendation, we learn, is to the effect that the purchasers after the issue of the report of 1857 should receive £2O per share, in addition to the dividend common to all the shareholders. The recommendation includes those purchasers of 1857 who are not parties in the actions carried on in names of Messrs. Inglis and Landale ; but it is in tended that these litigants shall also have their expenses paid, and an enhanced preference in re spect of the diligence in the two cases. If the ar rangement be adopted, every ordinary shareholder e., every shareholder who purchased pievious to the report of 1857) will probably receive at least £5O per share, of which £25 will be available im mediately. In addition to this, there is, of course, the chance or certainty of whatever sum may be obtained from Messrs. William and James Baird ; and we believe that opinions have been obtained from the highest counsel of the English as well as of the Scotch bar, that a compromise made with any one or more of the directors in no way bars or prejudices the claim against any of the others. The loss of the shareholders—reckoning the premium at which most of the purchases were made, as well as the par price, and the calls since the stoppage — is estimated, we believe, to average about £2OO per share. The following composed the board of directors in 1857 :—Messrs. T. D. Douglas, T. Dunlop, G. Burns, T. M'Call, T. D. Graham. T. G. Buchanan. The other directors from 1847 (including the two Messrs. Baird) are Messrs. J. Burns, J. Bogle (ju dicial factor for), J. Douglas (deceased, trustees of), A. Glasgow and A. Smith. These, of course, are gentlemen who offer to pay £200,000. It is under stood that they have already lost £150,000 in their capacity of shareholders. These proposals, if entertained by the individual litigants whose case is ready for trial, we presu me, will be taken into consideration by the shareholders at an early meeting ; and tho result, we shou:d suppose, could not be confidently predicted. On the one hand the shareholders will be actuated by the very just conviction that they are entitled in the circumstances to all they can possibly obtain, heightened, it may be, by some not unnatural feeling of resentment ; and on the other hand, they will have to consider that "money down" is very attractive, that law is proverbially uncer tain, and above all, that, while litigations are sure to be protracted, no man with such responsibilities hanging over him is likely to accumulate riches against the evil day, but, besides the chance of growing poorer actually, is pretty certain to grow poorer ostensibly and for_all purposes available to creditors. F.ROII TEE GAZETTE OF LAST NIGBT. WAR-OFFICE, PALL-MALL, MARCH 29. 19th Foot—Major-General Sir Abraham Josias Cloete, C. 8., to be Colonel, vice Lieutenant-General Sir W. Rowan, K.C.8., transferred to the 52d Regiment. 52d Foot—Lieutenant-General Sir 'William Rowan, K.C.8., from the 19th Foot, to be Colonel, vice General Sir Archi bald Maclaine, K.C.8., deceased. 2d Regiment of Life Guards—Frederick Stephens, Gent., to be Cornet and Sub-Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Stewart, promoted. 2d Dragoons—Lieutenant John Stansfeld, from the Ist Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice Samuel Seggie, who ex changes. 4th Light Dragoons—Captain Henry Benjamin Pedder, from the Tipperary Artillery Militia, to be Cornet, without purchase, vice Cave-Browne. Cave, appointed to the 9th Light Dragoons ; Staff Assistant- gurgeon Edwin W ilson to be Assistant-Surgeon, vice Campbell, appointed to the 42d Foot. _ _ 18th Light Dragoons—Walter Yeldharn, Gent., to be Cor net, by purchase, vice Tisdall, promoted. Military Train—Ensign Christian Fred. Gardner to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Alexander M'Donald, who retires. let Regiment of Foot—Lieutenant Samuel Seggie, from the 2d Dragoons, to be Lieutenant, vice John Stansfeld, who exchanges. sth Foot—William Assheton Eardley Wilmot, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice James Fergussoß, appointed to the 73d Foot; Henry Robert William Miles, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Legge, promoted. 9th Foot—Edward John Algernon Smith, Gent., to be Ensign, by, purchase, vice Arthur Piercy Cosens, ap pointed to the Ist West India Regiment. 12th Foot—Ensign Arthur Leroux Whipple to be Lieute nant, by purchase, vice Christopher Hodgson, who re tires; James Inge Duncan, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Latouche, promoted. 15th Foot—William ineas Bury, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Grier, promoted. 17th Foot—Captain Arthur Charles Elliot, from the 94th Foot, to be Captain, vice Thomas George Brutton Atkin son, who exchanges. 21st Foot—Lieutenant Thomas Bunbury Eames, from the Ist West India Regiment, to be Lieutenant, vice John Blaksley, who exchanges. 22d Foot—Ensign George Robert Henry Daubeney to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Ernest Theodore Evans, who retires. 24th Foot—First Lieutenant Thomas Carroll Dempster, from the Tipperary Artillery Militia ' to be Ensign, with out purchase, vice Francis Arthur Holmes Yonge, who resigns. 25th Foot—Richard Thomas Higgins, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Praed Praed, promoted. 33d Foot—Lieutenant Hon. R. H. de Montmorency to be Captain, by purchase, vice John McKay Mck..enzie, who retires ; Ensign Frederick Easton to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Hon. R. H. de Montmorency. 42d Foot—Assistant-Surgeon John Charles Campbell, M.D., from the 4th Light Dragoons, to be Assistant- Surgeon, vice Maclean, appointed to the Royal Artil lery. 43d Foot—Coll McLeod, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Gerald Henry Baird Young, who retires. 49th Foot—Edward Foot Gilbert, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Roberts, promoted in the Ist West India Regiment. 50th Foot—Lieutenant Robert H. Patrick Doran to be Captain, by purchase, vice Tillbroa, promoted, by pur chase, to au Unattached Majority. 54th Foot—Farrand Haig, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Lombard, promoted. 63d Foot—Henry Christopher Beadnell, Gent., to be En sign, by purchase, vice Smyth, promoted. 67th Foot—Robert Patch, Gent., to be Ensign, by pur chase, vice Fraser, promoted. 75th Foot—Lieut. Godfrey Goodman Mosley, from half pay, 7th Foot, to be Lieutenant, vice James Streets, who retires upon half-pay; Ensign F. Bullen Morris to be Lieutenant, by purchase, vice Mosley, who retires. 81st Foot—Ensign George Buchanan Bevan to be Lieu tenant, by purchase, vice Tristram Charles S. Speedy, who retires; Ensign Rowland Purdon, from the Kerry Militia, to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Bevan. 83d Foot—John Olphert Gage, Gent., to be Ensign, by purchase, vice Edward Meyricke, who retires. 90th Foot—The second Christian name of Lieut. Murray is Paterson, and not Patterson, as hitherto stated. 92d Foot—Captain and Brevet-Major Edward Eldridge Haines, to be Major, without purchase, vice Mackenzie, promoted to an Unattached Lieut.-Colonelcy, without purchase. 94th Foot—Capt. Thomas George Brutton Atkinson, from the 17th Foot, to be Captain, vice Arthur Chas. Elliot, who exchanges. Ist West India Regiment — Lieutenant John Blaksley, from the 21st Foot, to bo Lieutenant, vice Thomas Bun- bury Eames, who exchanges. Gold Coast Artillery Corps—Francis Charles Gavegan, Gent:, to be Ensign, without purchase, vice George Kerr Ross, deceased. STAFF.—Captain George Bernard Morgan, from Town Ad jutant at Gibraltar, to be Town Major of that Garrison. UNATTACHED.—Captain Philip Limborch Tilibrook, from the 50th Foot, to be Major, by purchase ; Captain and Brevet-Colonel Archibald Campbell, half-pay, 2d Ceylon Regiment, Staff Officer of the Pensioners, to be Major, without purchase. BREVET. Lieutenant-Colonel Edmund Augustus Whitmore, upon half-pay (Military Secretary to the General Commanding in Ireland), having, on Feb. 15, 1861, completed five years' continuous service as Lieutenant-Colonel, to have the rank of Colonel under the Bth clause of the Royal Warrant. Captain Richard William Wake, half-pay Royal African Corps, to be Major in the Army. Captain and Brevet Major Richard William Wake, half pay Royal African Corps, to be Lieutenant-Colonel in the Arm. Captain Francis Pitts, half-pay Unattached, to be Major in the Army. Captain and Brevet-Major Francis Pitts, half-pay, Un attached, to be Lieutenant-Colonel in the Army. Paymaster Duncan Cameron M'Naughten, 13th Foot, to have the honorary rank of Captain under the Royal War rant of 27th January. The undermentioned promotions to take place conse quent on the death of General Henry James Riddell, Colonel of the 6th Foot, on the Bth March, 1861 Lieutenant-General Peter Augustus Lat Our, Colo nel of the 3d Light Dragoons, to be General. Major-General William Cowper Coles, Lieutenant• Co. lonel, on half-pay Unattached, to have the rank of Lieu tenant .General. Major-General John Eden, C. 8,, Colonel of the 34th Foot, to be Lieutenant-General. Brevet-Colonel John Crofton, from Lieutenant-Colonel, half-pay Unattached, Assistant Military Superintendent of Pensioners, to be Major-General. Brevet-Lieutenant-Colonel Edward W. C. Wright, Major of a Depot Battalion, to be Colonel. Brevet-Major James William Graves, Captain, half-pay Unattached Staff Officer of Pensioners, to be Lieutenant- Colonel. Captain George Dean Pitt, 80th Foot, District Inspector of Musketry, to be Major. The undermentioned promotions to take place consequent on the death of General Sir Archibald Maclaine, K.C.8., Colonel of the 52d Foot, on the 9th March, 1861: Lieutenant-General Sir De Lacy Evans, G.C.8., Colonel of the 21st Foot, to be General. Major-General the Hon. Charles Grey, Colonel of the 3d Foot, to be Lieutenant-General. Brevet-Colonel John Grattan, C. 8., from Lieutenant- Colonel, half-pay, 18th Foo , to be Major-General. Lieutenant-Colonel Lord Alexander George Russell, Rifle Brigade, to be Colonel. Major Demetrius Wyndham Grevis James, 2d Foot, to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Captain John Vizo O'Donnell, 27th Regiment, to be Major. The undormentioned promotions to take place consequent on the death 9f Lieut.. General Sir Lovell Benjamin Lovell, K.C.8.. Colonel of the 12th Light Dragoons, on the 11th March, - 1861: Major General William Lennox Lascelles Fitz Gerald Lord de Ros, Deputy Lieutenant of the Tower, to be Lieu ten ant- General. Brevet-Colonel the Hon. James Lindsay, from Lieut.- Colonel of the Ist or Grenadier Regiment of Foot Guards, to be Major-General. Brevet-Lieut.-Colonel George Anthony Leaton Blenkin sopp, Captain 45th Foot, to be Colonel. Major John James Grant, Royal Newfoundland Com panies, to be Lieutenant-Colonel. Captain Edward Bowen, 69th Foot, to be Major. The following promotions to take place in her Majesty's Indian Military Forces consequent on the deaths of— General James Welsh, Madras Infantry, on the 24th January, 1861; General Alexander Fair, C. 8., Madras Infantry, on the 29th January, 1861; Major• General William John Gairdner, C. 8., Bengal Infantry, on the 3d February, 1861; General Peter Delamotte, C. 8., Bombay Cavalry, on the sth February, 1861; and General Jerry Francis Dyson, Bombay Infantry, on the 20th February, 1861 ' Commissions, under the conditions of the Horse Guards, Circular Memorandum of February the 15th, 1861: — Captain and Brevet-Major 1, enry J. Coote, half-pay, 18th Foot. _ . Captain Richard Wm. Wake, half-pay, Royal African Corps. Captain Francis Pitts, half-pay, Unattached. BANKRUPTS. Christopher Walker, smallware manufacturer, blanches - ter, to surrender April 17 and May 1, at twelve, at the Manchester District Court. Samuel Dei:: hton, draper, Preston, April 11 and May 2, at twelve, at the Manchester District Court. James Hayden Gates, builder, Manor-street, Clapham, April 5, at eleven, and May 9, at two, at the Court of Bank ruptcy. William Craft, baker, Maidstone, April 11, at half-past twelve, and May 10 at eleven, at the Court of Bankruptcy. William James Dalton, builder, Balham Hill, Surrey, April 8 and ‘' ay 13, at twelve, at the Cou , tof Bankruptcy. Philemon Rolfe, chemist, ravesend, April 8, at eleven, and May 6, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Benjamin Carman and Robert Bailey, cabinetmakers , Harwich, April 10, at half past two, and May 14, at half past twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. William Probert, hop dealer, Worcester, April 11 and May 2, at eleven, at the Birmingham District Court. James Cowton, fruiterer, Birmingham, April 11 and May 2, at eleven, at the Birmingham District Court. Thomas Retaken, grocer, Swansea, April 8 and May 7, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court. William Thomas, innkeeper, Llantarnum, Monmouth shire, April 9 and May 7, at eleven, at the Bristol District Court. Benjamin Garfit Bottomley, ironmonger, Devonport, April 8 and May 6, at half-past twelve, at the District Court, Plymouth. George Griffin, grocer, 'Walsall, April 4 and 25, at eleven, at the Birmingham District Court. Joseph William Adlington, iron master, Oldbury, Wor cestershire, April 11 and May 2, at eleven, at the Birming ham District Court. George Drake, leather dresser, Saint Thomas's, Devon shire, April 10, at one, and May 8, at twelve, at the Exeter District Court. William Skinner, innkeeper, Redcar, Yorkshire, April 16, and May 6, at eleven, at the Leeds District Court. Anthony Burton, grocer, Sheffield, April 13 and May 4, at ten, at the Council-hall, Sheffield. John Davis, manufacturer, Manchester, April 10 and 30, at twelve, at the Manchester District Court. John Fowler, sharebroker, Whitehaven, April 9, at twelve, and May 14, at one, at the Newcastle-upon-TyLe District Court. SCOTCH BANKRUPTS. • George Husband Baird Brock, miller, Muiravonside, Stirling. . _ _ Henry Antlett, wine merchant, Dundee. William. Davidson, grocer, Leith. Charles M'Laren, zinc and glass merchant, Glasgow. James Penny, grocer, Dundee. James Mullin, auctioneer and valuator, Glasgow. James Tait, plasterer, Edinburgh. TO BE GENERALS. Lient.• Gen. Peter Lodwick, Bombay Infantry. Lieut.-Gen Suetorius Henry Todd, Bengal Infantry. Lieut -Gen. John Briggs, Madras Infantry. Lieut.-Gen. Harry Thomson, Bengal Cavalry. TO BE LIEUTENANT-GENERALS. Major-Gen. David Capon, C. 8., Bombay Infantry. Major-Gen. Wm. Donald Robertson, Bombay Infantry. Major-Gen. Duncan Sim, Madras Engineers. Major-Gen. George Sandys, Madras Cavalry. TO BE MAJOR. GENERALS. Col. George Farquharson, Bengal Infantry. Col. William Robert Corfield, Bengal Infantry. Col. Robert St. John, Bombay Infantry. Col. Richard Horsford, Bengal Artillery. Col. John Christie, Bengal Cavalry. 'l he undermentioned Officers retired upon full pay, to have a step of honorary rank, as follows : TO BE MAJOR-OENERALG. Col. Josiah Wobbe Goldsworthy, Madras Infantry. Col. Herbert Jacob, Bombay Infantry. Col. Richard Rodney Ricketts, Madras Infantry. Col. Edward Hume Hart, Bombay Infantry. TO BE COLONELS. Lieutenant -Colonel John Powell, Bengal Infantry. Lieutenant -Colonel William Augustus Cooke, Bengal Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel Frederick Burgoyne, Madras Artil lery. Lieutenant-Colonel Andrew Henry Duncan, Bengal In fantry. Lieutenant-Colonel Lionel Percy Denham Eld, Bengal Infantry. Lieutenant-Colonel John Edward Mawdsley, Madras Artillery. TO BE LIEUTENANT COLONELS. Major William liayieidedfrey, Bombay Infantry. Major Hugh Hioginson Bell, Madras Artillery. Major James G. b Gaitskell, Bengal Infantry. Major Arthur Walton Onslow, Bengal Infantry. 10 BE MAJORS. Captain Archibald Montgomery Campbell, Madras In fantry. Captain Trevor Henry Shum, Bengal Infantry. Captain James Dams, Bombay Infantry. MEMORANDA. Major John Edward Riley, half•pay Unattached, has been permitted to retire from the service by the sale of his Commission, he being about to become a settler in North America. The undermentioned Officers, upon half-pay, have been permitted to retire from the §eryive by the eale of tlacir BANK OF ENGLAND. An Account, pursuant to the Act 7th and Bth Victoria. cap. 32, for the week ending on Wednesday, the 27th day of March, 1861: • ISSUE DEPARTMENT. Notes issued ......£26,377,0651 Government Debt £11,015,10 0 Other Securities .. 3,459,90 0 Gold Coin & Bullion 11,053,7 03 Silver Bullion .... 848,362 £26,377, 065 X 26,377,0651 BANKING n : Proprietors' Capi tal £14.553,000 Rest Public Deposits (in cluding Exche quer, Savings' Banks, Commis missioners of Na tional Debt, and Dividend Ac- )EPARTMINT. Government Secu rities (including Dead Weig,htAn nuity) £10,599, 072 Other Securities 19,167, 523 Notes Gold and Silver Coin 953,391 counts) 8,415,844 Other Deposits 11,104,930 Seven Day and other Bills 573,232 £38,487,9 81 ;HALL, Chief Cashier• £38,487,9 , 1 M. ] Dated March 28, 1861. AVERAGE PRICE OF SUGAR. The Average Price of Brown or Muscovado Sugar, eom• puted from Returns made in the week ending the 26th day of March, 1861, exclusive of the duties of Customs paid or payable thereon on the importation thereof into Great Britain : Muscovado, the produce of the British pos- PER CWT• sessions in America Muscovado, the produce of the Mauritius Muscovado, the produce of the East Indies 2Bs 4d Average price of the foregoing .. 24s 4id RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. TRAFFIC RETURNS FOR THE WEEK. Miles Opened. Receipts. Railways. ~.___.... ~..--......----‘ 1861. 1860. 1861. 1 86 1 4 Ballymena and Port Rush - - - Belfast and N, Counties 100 100 1,502 1, 50 Belfast and County Down 39 39 564 507 Birkd., Lanc., & Ches. June. - - - 1,44 8 Blyth and Tyne 22 22 1,303 ~,5 8 Bristol and Exeter 125 125 6,004 ".`" Caledonian 2191 219} 13,891 ' 2 05 Cockermouth &Workington 81 8 245 291 Cork and Bandon 2O 20 307 - Cork, Blackrock, & Passage 6} 6} - - Cork and Youghal .. 26 - 246 1,010 Cornwall 532 531 1,211 25 9 Deeside l7 17 27 8 12 b0 Dublin & Belfast Junction .+ 63 63 1,30 1 .9, 3 Dublin and Drogheda 63 63 1,720 1 9" 6 Dub. & Wicklow (in. Kin g -st ) 401 401 1,282 1,25. Dundalk and Enniskillen Dundee and Arbroath l7l 171 657 623 Dundee, Perth, & Aber. Jun 3l 31 1,123 1,060 East Anglian 671 675 930 965 E.Counties,Nrik.,&E.union 499 499 24,078 23,44 0 Edinburgh and Glasgow Edinburgh, Perth,& Dundee 78 7 8 3,344 3,244 Forth & Clyde Junction Fur ness Glasgow & South-Western 183 1 1831 7,392 6,9. 7 Great Northern 283 283 25,133 24,461 Great North of' Scotland 'lt Soutlin. & Westn.(lrind ) 329 2491 7,790 7, 0 1%; Great Western , 5831 6781 37,694 33, 1,1 Inverness & Aberdeen Jftn . c . . 55 65 766 "'" 342 Irish South-Eastern 251 25} 215 Lancashire & Yorkshire 3951 395} 33,678 32, 5 ,. 6 9, Leominster and Kington Limerick and Ennis. Limerick and Foynes 26 26 112 ;1 Llanelly 46' 46 448 r, - London & North-Western London and Blackwall 5/ 51 1,400 1, 3 % London & South-Western Lond. Brighton, &S. Coast 2244 2231 14,103 1 2,0 ?! London, Chatham, & Dover 5434 191 943 '' 901 Loud., Tilbury, & Southend 421 40 932 Han.,Sheffield, &Lincolnsh 173 174 11,501 10,8° 6 Manch. S.Jun.&Altrincham 9 984 e i ; Maryport and Carlisle Midland (incl. N.-Western) 6141 6141 38,287 36, 0 ; Midland Gt.Wcstn. of'lrind. 177 177 4.222 4,2 c f"" Monkland 56 56 Monmouthsh. Rail. & Canal 44 44 2 2 2 , Newcastle and Carlisle 7B 1 , 568 41 1, 4 1 78 3,590 3,469 North British (incl. Selkirk and Galashiels) North Devon 35 35 451 li t N-Eastern(Bedale&Leybrn) 764 764 37,005 3,c''' 9 2 450 2 North London 9 ,397 , North Staffordshire 246 233 7,687 7, 08 Oswestry and Newton 2O - ' 339 Rhymney l9l 191 St. Helen's Canal & Railway 30 30 1,765 0 9, 4 6 Scottish Central Scottish North-Eastern ll5 115 3,863 3, 8-- Shrewsbury & Birmingham - - - Shrewsbury and Chester - Shrewsbury & Hereford Shropshire Union 291 291 970 95". 660 1 5 9,..: 6 .: South Devon South-Eastern 306 306 16,726 16,w*; South Wales l7ll 171 f 6,180 6,5 0 7 S. Yorkshire and River Dun 118 118 3,624 2,9 99 Stockton and Darlington Taff 5 Vale 5l 4,016 4, 58 6 Ulster Ulverstone and Lancaster Vale of Clwyd. 35 10 - 158 19 ; Vale of Neath 35 1,6.0 1, 4° Waterford and Kilkenny 3l 31 273 36! Waterford and Limerick 77 77 1,073 1 " 1, 1 9.12 West Cornwall 271 271 721 ' 3 88° W.HartlepoolHarbr.&ltaiL 39 39 4,546 . West Midland W'haven,Cleator,&Egrmnt 7 7 413 4 Whitehaven Junction l2 12 762 633 Whitehaven & Furness Jun 35 35 Ns 589 FOREIGN AND COLONIAL 921 738 Antwerp and Rotterdam 52 52 35,122 30,486 Austrian B2B 673 239 278 Belgian Eastern Junction 26/ 201 1 459 1 258 Buffalo and Lake Huron 10 1 44 °8 32 1 Demerara (fortnight) - - i Detroit and Milwaukie lB5 1 85 1,821 1,6 89 Dutch Rhenish Eastarn of France Grand Trunk of Canada 970 _ 9 . , 70 , „ 1 . 3 9.,° ° ! 1 1'636 Great Indian Peninsula 2975 zi. ) t ~„'"&" " . .11 Great Luxembourg 1 2 ,8 128 2,e5z 2, ,, ,,„ Great Western of Canada 345 345 9,410 8,7;;;; Lyons and Geneva 142 142 5,007 3,9 r/ Madrid, Saragossa &Alicant 301 284 14,901 ii,92 075 Northern of Canada - Northern of France 620 602 - 55, 6 Norwegian Trunk s49. Paris, Lyons, & Mediterrn 879 840 86,186 6 0, „ - ,,s Paris and Orleans 922 922 53,917 46,vv" Paris and Strasburg - - 69 _ 1006144°81 52,63234322 422:8301 69 _,... Royal Danish Sambre and Meuse 6B 68 1,451 ~, ' ....., South Austrian ...... .... • Southern of France We11and.... West Flanders ... : 4 7 7) 2 ! 7 7 37 7- 05 3 3 2 7 0 : 18 -1 57 0 66 5 1 3 7 7 :; 0 5 425 W. and N.W. of Franoe..„ ---- ____---- BIRTHS. Dowrinco.—On the 28th inst., the wife of H. B. o f Dow . Esq., of N o . 48, G u ildf or d- s t ree t, Russell-square, SOH. JOHNSTONE —On the 25th inst., at Raehills ' shire, N. 8., Mrs. R. G. Hope Johnstone, of a son. ife WOOD.—On the 27th inst., at Richmond, Surrey, th e : c of Thomas L. Wood, barrister-at-law, of a daughtc' t erabi td ' MARRIAGES. FABER—FOOKES.—On the 18th ult., at Secunde- d to Harvey Rhodes Faber, Esq., Madras Engine„,,lles, Maria Georgina, daughter of the Rev. Thos. B. l us " D.0.L., of Thame, Omfordshire. 1) BATH S. vial , - BALL.—On the 20th inst., at Greenford, Charl es Esq., aged 71. t BRocAs.—On the 22d inst Bernrad Broca., Est r e eio -d i e re s t son of the late Bernard Brocas, Esq., of 43 0314 ' Hants, aged 34. Dlvis.—On the 23d inst., accidentally and suddenly, )3e 7 jarnin, second son of Mr. Lewis Davis, of Plum Kent, and Sussex-gardens, Hyde-park, aged 27. tree' PEEL —On the 27th inst., t.t 2, Great Stanhope's the La Je Peel. PARKER d .— y O an n the 28th inst., C a pt a i n George H. Par V Y e 9' r 9 while on a visit to Wm. Crmbrook, Esq., of Elton 111 Walham• green, aged 69. S.PERRY.—On the 26th inst., at Clarence Villa, Chelten ham, James Sperry, Esq , aged 78. s WILLIAMS.—On the 24th inst., at Blackheath,Thema Williams, M.D., aged 73. LONDON : Printed and Published by DIVED() YOUNG' , . 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