The Sun. — London, England, 1856-08-30 00:00:00

E NGINEERS' MASONIC and UNIVERSAL LIFE ASSURANCE SOCIETY. Notice is Hereby Given, That an held at ill EXTRAORDINARY GENERAL MEETING of Members of the Society w be the Office, No. 345, Strand, London, on TUESDAY, the 9th day of September, at One o'clock precisely, to confirm the resolution passed at the last general Meeting, as to the alteration of the deed, and to adopt the d eed as prepared by the Directors, ill conformity with such reso ution. By Order of the Directors. G. IL ROBERTSON, Secretary. ROYAL PRINCESEPS'THEATRE. This Theatre will Open for the Seasonon Monday next, September the Ist, when will be presented (first time under the present manage ment) Sheridan's tragic play of PIZARRO. • Rolla, by Mr. C. Kean ; Elvira, by Mrs. C. Kean. THEATRE ROYAL, HAYMARKET. tinder bhe Management of Mr. Buckstonik MIS EVENING, SECOND LOVE. Followed by The Spanish Dancers. After which, PRESENTED AT COURT. To conclude with THE SPANIiII SERJEINT. ROYAL THEATRE ADELPHI. !repeater and Manager, Mr. B. Webster. Directress, Madame Celesta. THIS EVENING, IRELAND AS IT 15. Followed by DOMESTIC ECONOMY. After which THE Iltriti TUTOR. To oonclude with OUR GAL. STR IND THEATRE. Manager, Mr. T. Payne. THIS EVENING, THE SPOILED CHILD. Little Pickle ......Misis Sanger. Followed by " THAT HOUSE IN BUGS STItZET." Colonel Maitland.... Mr. Stuart. The Sabot and Alliance Dances, by Mdles. Christine and Agnes. After which, TWO PRECIOUS SCOIINDRELS. Messrs. Sidney, Howard, and Herbert. Mons. Flllis and Family. To conclude with TYE STATUE LOVER. Commence at half-past 7. Eta*, 3s.—Boxes, 2s.—Pit, Is.—Gallery, 6d. ROYAL OLYMPIC THEATRE. Leers. and Manager, Mr. Alfred wigiut. THIS EVENING THE GREEN-EYED MONSTER. After which, MEDRA. To conclude with SHOCKING EVENTS. ASTLE:TS ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. Lessee and Manager, Mr. Win. Cooke. Shakspeare's Richard the Third illustrated. TIIIS EVENING, The highly successfUl production, Shakspeare's RICHARD THE THIRD, with equestrian effects unprecedented, imposing tableau of the " Death of White Surrey," Rattle of Bosworth Field, &c. After which, The ACTS of HORSEMANSHIP in the CIRCLE. To concludAr_ with a rouni of varied entertainments. Box-office open fr3m Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W. West. Equestrian Director, Mr. ►Y. Cooke, Jun. Hma WATER, AT LONDON BRIDGE. THIS DAY—Moin. 1 min. aft. 2 —Evening 19 min. aft. 2 TO.Moßßow—Morn.36 min. aft. 2 —Evening 52 min. aft. 2 THE WEATHER—SUN OFFICE, AUGUST 30. THERMOMETER, IN THR SHAM 59 —highest since noon yesterday. 57—lowest this morning and during the night. 71—this day at noon. BA AOMETZB, 30.20—rising. WIND, W.—Fine, clear, sunshiny weather. We are now entered on the first quarter of the new moon, with a prospect of good harvest weather. STAMPED EDITION OF " THE SUN." The Latest Edition of The Sun, Stamped, in time for Post, may always be had from half past 5 till 7 o'clock every evening. Subscribers in the Country will please to observe that the heading " THIRD EDITION" is always to be seen on the papers containing the latest newa. If any difficulty be experienced in obtaining that Edition, a communication to The Sun Office will remedy it. Sum Office, 112, Strand. gi s ‘ "' I J WA( 4 4 ". • '; LONDON, SATURDAY, AUGUST 30, 1858. What is the real position of Austria at the pre sent moment? What her views and objects ? It is nianifest that we must look to Italy for the solution of these interesting problems ! It is in that quarter that all her energies have been strained, that every preparation has been made ! When under the specious garb of neutrality she obtained permission to occupy the Danubian Principalities, she manifestly anticipated that during " the shuffling of the cards" something would have turned up from which political capital might have been extracted. She held the key of the position, ready to take advantage of any op portunity, and if Russia bad triumphed, to obtain her full share of the plunder ! But, notwith standing her yearnings after Moldaa:a and Wal lachia, she never for a moment lost sight of Italy. So far as the belligerent Powers were concerned, she was, according to the proverb of our Scottish brethren, "Neither fish, flesh, nor good red her ring." At one time she lent herself to Russia by liberating the army of the Pruth for service in the Crimea, and thus enabling Russia to test her force on the sanguicary fields of Balaklava and Inkerman. Faithful to her ancient traditions, she was ever " strong upon the strongest side," and would only act when she believed Fortune, g I her fickle ladyship, was by." When the ratification of the Precious Peace proved that she had comparatively little to ac quire on the Turkish frontiers she redoubled her efforts in the Italian Peninsula. As we have already stated, she never for a moment, during the height of the struggle, or even during the most stringent pressure of her financial dife cuulties, lost sight of her long-cherished policy of bringing the entire " boot," from knee to toe, under her own paramount influence. She bad obtained a steady footing, and she would not yield a single inch ! Her policy, although better concealed, was just as aggressive as that of Russia. She bad still visions of aggrandisement, of bringing all Italy under her control and management. The notion was not quite so chimerical as it may appear on a easual inspection. Lombardy was her own. The iron had already entered into the soul of its in habitants. No possible opportunity was afforded of casting off the intolerable yoke. Rome was con tented with the extension of her spiritual power, and with that anticipation readily conceded the prolonged occupation of " the Legations," and the virtual supremacy of Austria. Boami was made to play the Viennese game. His despotic tendencies, and the perverse obstinacy of his disposition, rendered indispemsable the support of a higher power. The Duchies were held by Austrian flunkeys of the Imperial blood, who would not venture to dis pute any orders from head-quarters. There was, therefore, only Sardinia to be dreaded. VICTOR EMIANI7EL stood forward in bright contrast to other potentates. He was the recognised cham pion of Italian Liberty—the hope of the oppressed and suffering peoples. By his magnanimous con duct respec ting the Eastern difiSculty he bad acquired an insuperable claim on the Western Powers. Ho could not be d e _ Sorted by France or England in any conker, forced on him by Austria. The Cabinet of Vienna well aware of this. They know that ; notwith. standing the combined influences of Germanism and Imperialism, Sardinia cannot, and will not, be abandoned. She therefore disguises her pro jects for the time being ; but the indications are too clear and unequivocal to permit auy dispas sionate Government or individual to doubt the real nature of her intentions. sent at different periods by different prisoners. In disproof of the first allegation in the official defence, Louis BLANC refers to a letter published nearly a year before the prisoners are said to have been removed to the Continent for attempts at escape, revolt, &c., in which it is positively said —" The proscribed in French Guiana are sub jected to forced labour side by side with the most vile criminals. The regulations of the galleys are applied to then in all their ped, of course, in some way, accessible to the scavengers at all hours of the night, and must be frequently emptied and carried off, mingled with the sweepings. Our coal cellars and underground rooms are supplied with coals and stores from the street ; there is nothing wanting but well-devised and well-placed receptacles to enable what now pol lutes the sewers to be removed by approaches from the street also. Scores of miles of costly sewers will never accomplish what a few horses and carts before business hours would do, provided our engineers could be humble-mindel enough to try to effect in detail what they now drive at in one grand and imposing scheme. Depend upon it, the man who devised an easy plan to cart the night soil a few miles out of London, and who thus made us receivers instead of payers of money, would enjoy a better reputation with his fellow-citizens than the best of the present sewer constructing engineers. Health, food, and mo ney in our pockets !—he who gave us these would not be forgotten. The fortification of Pola, on which already not less than 18,000,000 francs have been expended, alone establishes a prima facie case against the Government of Vienna. Under the pres sing pecuniary difficulties to which it is sub jected, and the debased state of its currency, seventy hundred and twenty thousand pounds sterling is a sum worth looking after. Austria has never hitherto set up as a maritime nation. She cannot hope to snatch the trident from Britannia, or render herself formidable at sea to auy of the great Powers. Why, then, is s he striving to construct a new Sebastopol com manding the Gulf of Venice, and threatening Italy, if not Europe. It is manifestly a shaft aimed against Sardinia, and even eighteen mil lions of francs will be but a small portion of the outlay if the views thus indicated are to be fully carried out. It is a new " standing menace" against Europe, that should not be tolerated or sanctioned by the Western Powers. Very different, indeed, is the fortress of Ales sandria, which is being fortified by the patriotic and voluntary efforts of the Piedmontese. That is for defence ; Bala, for aggres sion. In the position in which the latter is situated it cannot be raised for any legiti mate purpose, and it is therefore an impera tive duty on the Cabinets of France and Eng land that they should speedily interfere, so as to prevent the complications that may otherwise arise. Experience teaches U 3 that, however greatly Austria may bully, she will not fight in behalf of her notions. She may strive to obtain every possible advantage, but she will count the cost in the first instance, and do nothing that may render necessary an appeal to arms. Anything in uL uipiomatic swindling is within her scope ; but the exhibition of a stern and unrelenting purpose will make her the most obedient humble servant of those who have the power and the will to carry their reso lutions int 3 practical execution. rigour. . . . If one of them venture to remonstrate against the boundless insolence of these subaltern tyrants, woe to him ! He is im mediately put to the rack. Starvation being added to sorrow, and the influence of a deadly climate to ill treatment, 35 bodies out of 200 have been in a few months cast as prey to sharks ; for in the Isle of St. Joseph the prisoners have no other cemetery than the sea." These statements, he adds, were not contradicted at the time. As re gards the allegation that three of these prisoners are liberated galley-slaves, and four of them repris de justice, it but confirms the fact that in French Guiana political and criminal prisoners are herded together. But is the allegation made against these men true ? There is no proof of it ; on the contrary, there is a strong presumption it is not—for the allegation would appear to be preferred in order "to assist in an estimate of the characters of the men from whom the ranks of the Republican party are recruited," it being notorious that the transported victims of the coup d'etat in cluded men of all parties, Legitimist and Orleans, as well as others. The assertion that the prisoners in question were condemned by courts-martial or commissions, if true, affords the strongest pre sumptive proof that they were not fairly tried, as they allege ; and for the small mortality adduced, it only goes to show how human nature will some times bear up against a pestilential climate and the cruelty of the oppressor. Many facts and arguments could be adduced in addition to thcse furnished by Louis BLANo, but we fancy the reader is already satisfi ,, a 43-4. nas received its coup de grace, and he will not care much to know why previous statements of a like character were not contradicted ; why it is left to a foreign correspondent to gather up the de fence of the French Government ; and why offi cial documents were not laid open to him by way of verification. The damning allegations of the inhumanly oppressed exiles of French Guiana re main unimpeached, and their hear twrung denuncia tionshavesunk into every British heart. The impe rial monsters of fallen Rome cast their victims to the liens to be torn and mangled—redeeming at times imperial cruelty by giving the poor wretches a chance of escape if they overcome their brute enemies. It is now on record, and Europe be lieves it, that the EMPEROR of the French—the ally of the freest and most merciful country in the world—transports his elected victims to a pestilential island, where they must " gasp for breath," and, when the life is worked out of them, casts their bodies to the sharks ! Is it 1856 years since the redemlition of the world ? Is tyranny to live for ever ? So much for the first great farmers' want ; the food for his crops. Our towns could furnish it much nearer at hand than Peru. We only want some BESSEMER it) show us a plan which every one says at once—will do—and which we shall only wonder was not thought of before. The' other great want is not quite of so simple al character ; still as it has never been fairly looked in the face. We should not despair of its being met if it were. It is nothing less than to conquer, as we cannot get rid of it, our fickle cli mate. Having turned our town guano into our fields, we want to render the crops it produces in dependent of a wet harvest ! The readers of the Mark-lane Express will laugh at the very mention of such a thing. Just let them look at its adver tising columns, and think how they would have laughed half-a-century ago at the idea of the Reap ing Machines which they see pictured there, and still more at the thought of steam ploughs which have lately ilkastrated t its pages. They do not. how -•-us zaugh V these now; It begins to be seen that one-half the victory over climate is already gained by the reaping machine. To cut down a large field the very day it is ready for the sickle is the first thing ; the next is to render it imine 4Eately safe against a threatening sky. A bulky article to carry away, and to stow away under cover, it must be confessed. Then, too, the straw, and ears likewise, need drying in the air to get rid of the remaining vegetable juices, and the green weedsalso, if numerous, might endanger heating. But weeds are to be got rid of in modern farming. The Earl of CARLISLE has issued an edict against them in Ireland, and Aus tralia has passed an act of Parliament against thistles ; so no more of weeds in a few years. Then as to the partial greenness of corn, we mean to have but little of that when CROSSKILL or DRAY march into our fields when fully ripe and level them in a day. However, as corn will not al ways be dead ripe, and as it will often get wet before it could be carried, we ask for the univer sal plan, the mode which every one will say, must do, of drying a whole field under cover. A. mode by which sheaves or loose grain could be protected from descending showers, and exposed to hori zontal draughts of air, while not in such close contact as to cause decay or sprouting of the ears. Impossible ! Well, it may be dreaming just ye, but we believe it will be done one day. Who would have thought before the Crystal Palace was built of roofing in some score of acres with glass, and Mr. BESSEMEa is likely to bring iron much more nearly to the price of wood than hitherto. It may be found advisable to cut the stubble higher, to secure the best part of the crop, as in the bick settlements of America, and to gather up the straw afterwards. However, again we say we are not machinists or engineers. We leave the practical part to those who know all the practical points. We only say put the end to be attained fairly before our agriculturists, and their implement makers, and they will some time or other succeed in attaining it. The reaping machine will compel invention to complete its task. The agriculturist will not long be content after he has succeeded in cutting down his crop all at once, and just at the right time, if he do not find a way to carry it all at once also out of the roach of English rains. Perhaps this attempt will be Mr. MECIII'S next. If he succeed in it he will earn to himself an immortal name. He will be the agricultural ARKWRIGIIT or BESSEMEt. Audi alteram partem. The maxim is too Eng lish not to meet with acceptance from The Sun and its readers. So giving the -- his due, let us listen to the defence of Louis NAPOLEON against the allegations preferred against him in the letter of Lours BLANC, published in The Sun of Monday. Before we do so, however, it must be premised that the defence in question bears no stamp of authority upon it, and may without difficulty be repudiated, should such a course be deemed neces sary. Not that we would have it inferred it is not the defence of the French Government, nor the best the tools of Lours NAPOLEON have at present to offer. On the contrary, the presump tion is exceedingly strong that it is the defence of that Government, and the best it could impro vise. Nevertheless, we have it from an hadirect and somewhat shadowy source. It is from a nameless correspondent of the Times, who has obtained it from equally nameless French officials. The public are, therefore, entitled to attach what degree of credibility they please to whatever ex tenuating, we will not say exculpatory, allegations it contains, unless supported by reliable authority. In the first instance it is said—the political offenders condemned by courts-martial, or mixed commissions, were assembled on the Isle du Diable (it did not get the name, be assured, with out reaion), where they lived at liberty, subject to surveillance. Secondly, in consequence of attempts at escape and disturbance, and plans of revolt—(charges easily made)—which were discovered, their place of residence was changed to the continent, and . by a decree published in August, 1855, they were ordered to work, and subjected to military discipline, which was employed in its mildest form. Thirdly, The decree of amnesty on the birth of the Impe rial PRINCE reached French Guiana in M %rola last. The exiles were offered to make their sub mission to the EMPEROR, which a number of them did, and a great number of requests for pardon were forwarded to France. Until the replies could be received the work continued, and the regulations were enforced as before ; but 30 or 40 of the prisoners refused to work, and their names were transmitted to the Minister of Marine, and are identical with those appended to the letter of Louis &axe. Fourthly, All these men were arraigned before courts-martial, or mixed com missions, by which they were regularly tried and sentenced. Fifthly, As a means of estimating the characters of the men for whom Louis BLANC claims sympathy, it is stated seven of these indi viduals had previously undergone punishments to which they had been sentenced by ordinary criminal tribunals. PELLETIER, CAYET, and PADOUANI are liberated galley slaves ; DES SALLE, DOPE, PRIoL, and AILHAUD, are repris de justice, men who have been punished for offences against the laws, and not of a political nature. Sixthly, The cruelties alleged to have been practised on the prisoners ; the chains with a cannon-ball attached, which they were compelled to drag ; the floggings at the stake, &c., are de nied, the only punishments inflicted being im prisonment and stoppage of their wine, or some other portion of their rations. THE DARTER EXPEDITION. The reader is now in possession of this precious defence. Let him turn to another column, and he will find a reply by Louis BLANC. At the outset lie very justly remarks the alleged atroci ties "have taken place in a very remote country, whither no mau is likely to go for the express purpose of verifying them. The French Gc vernment is perfectly aware of the fact, and this is the reason why it screens so confidently behind a bold denial of some of the statements held forth the moral responsibility it has incurred." In the face of this denial, to what can he have recourse? "Fortunately, the question is one of common sense. Is it conceivable," he demands, "that 38 men, living at the mercy of their ene mies, in a plsue so far distant, with no pros pect of material assistance, shovld be ma enough to sign a letter falsely stating as practised upon them such cruelties as these— the chains with a cannon ba" attached, the floggings at the stake, the blows and brutal out rages ? Is it credible that, while their most obvious interest is to soothe the feelings of those on whom they so entirely d epen d , they should as much as run the risk of inflaming into frenzy by signed calumnies the anger of their gaolers ?" Not in vain does he add for to the British mind the conclusion is inevitable—that " the very fact of so many persons having, under such circumstances, appended their names to a letter expressly intended for publicity, is a decisive proof that their denunciations are not only true, but have been forced out of them by the agony of despair." The vraisemblance of these denunciations is fur ther enhanced, he proceeds to urge, by the fact that "there is no discrepancrtti be found concern= ing the cruelties is question ;A the various roports THE SUN, LONDON, SATURDAY EVENING S AUGUST 30, 1856. LATFST NEWS. TRIESTE, Aua. 28. Advices from Constantinople, dated Aug. 22, state that the Porte was preparing an expedition against Montenegro. The English fleet had lift Trebizond. Kupresli Pacha was on the point of starting for St. Petersburg. Intelligence from Athens of the 22d inst. gives reason to expect some modification of the Ministry. BERLIN, Aua. 28. The Princess of Sweden has arrived at Sans. Souci. Baron Budberg had yesterday an audience of his Majesty to take leave. The Times' Paris correspondent (Second Edition) says :—The French press continues mute on the subject of the accusations brought by Louis Blanc against the civil and military authorities of Cayenne, and I know that this silence is the consequence, in some instances, of strict injunctions to that effect, while other papers doubtless fear to enter upon the matter. It is sometimes difficult to under stand the tactics of the French Government with re gard to the press. The spirit of compression and re striction seems at times to be carried to an unwise length. If M. Louis Blanc's letter contains exag gerations and mis-statements, why should the French papers be prevented exposing them, and supplying proof in refutation ? The cockade ques tion, to which I yesterday alluded, is another case of the kind. Grave and influential partisans of a political party, which, if not numerically strong, is at least respectable and of some importance, des cend to the puerility of a squabble concerning the solour of a riband. To have let the satirists of the press loose upon them would have been quite as effectual, and a much more damaging way of die nnsinr of so silly a controversy than treating them serioithiy auu giving tuem importance ny a Aaicial warning. FRANCE. PARIS, FILID iLY EVENING. " The Emperor and Empress and their suites," says the Messager de Bayonne, " took another excursion at sea on Tuesday in the boats of the Newton and Pelican. On landing, their Majesties entered their carriage on the Place de l'Eglise, and followed by the persons of their suite in other car riages took a drive on the road leading to Gramont and towards Spain. The Empress is in excellent health and bathes in the sea every morning. M. Amilibia, the Governor of Guipuscoa, has been re ceived at the Villa Eugenie, having come, as well as the Captain-General of Navarre, to offer the congratulations of Queen Isabella. On Wed nesday their Majesties visited the establishment of the Refuge of the Abbe Cestac. The Prince Imperial is in excellent health. He is every day carried out into the Park of Gramont, where he can breathe in the shade the invigorating sea breeze. Marshal Serrano, the new Spanish am , bassador at the court of the Tuileries, has arrived at Bayonne, and has been received by the Empe ror. The marshal was accompanied ny Mme. Ser rano ; by an officer of artillery, his aide-de-camp, who served with distinction as a volunteer with the army in the Crimea ; and by M. Potestad, an attache to the embassy." The Moniteur nys :—" The evacuation of the army of the East is completely terminated. The vessel on board of which our last soldiers embarked left the Bosphorus on the 16th. Rear-Admiral Pellion, the superior officer of the navy at Con stantinople quitted the port on the 12th, leaving for a few days longer in the Bosphorus the Belle Puule and Orenoque frigates in order to definitively settle some administrative details." The Moniteur publishes a decree, founded on a report from the Minister of War, modifying pre vious decrees for the encouraging of colonisation in Algeria, and ordering that until the year 1859 the State shall purchase on its account the cotton grown by planters in Algeria at a price to be fixed on beforehand each year, according to the kind and quality of the article produced. BOURSE, Aug. 29.—The following were the last quotations : Cash. fr. s. End of tfonth. LL per Cents S4 C —f. —o. 3 per Conte 7O 35 70 20 N - ew Loan Bank Shares 4,150 Eto man Credit Mobilier 1,622 50 Instrian___ .8i 4 Belgian Fivas ...... Spanish Throes Piedmontos6(s)...... 92 50 Home Debt . ..... 391 RAILWATS-rOB C.A.SII. fr. C. fr. n Orleans ......,„ 1,385 Western 943 75 Yorthern .1,0:31 50 Strasbucg Lyons ..... —...,.... 1,362 50 New Ditto Rediterranoan 1,793 Grand Central Lyons Geneva 795 Teste Cette THE TWO WANTS OF AGRICULTURE. Just now we are all musing on the wondrous revolution to be wrought in the iron trade by the beautiful theory which Mr. BESSEMER has so per featly reduced to practice. Those marks of genius —simplicity and boundless applicability—in this case, compel the admiration even of commercial companies. No one could be found to sneer ex cept the Government officials ; and it is very pleasant to think how silly they must now feel, and how much they would give could they get rid of the provoking fact that their ignorance was so broadly displayed, and that in their own pro vince. Woolwich " authorities" confounded Mr. NASMYTU'S steam with Mr. BESSEMER'S atmo spheric blast ! Mr. NASMYTH was obliged to en lighten them amidst the laughter of the public ; he gives his unenvious and cordial admiration to the beauty of a process, which, like the egg of COLUMBUS, all might have thought of, but no one did ; and even should some practical difficulties yet occur, and should the invention not, as all expect, bo of unlimited application, ha cannot push aside as an " old thing " what will rank among posterity with the practical discoveries of our DA.VYS and WATTSES. When shall we have some equally efficient and revolutionising suggestion in regard to the two great wants of the English corn grower ? We always knew that "dirt" was manure ; every farmer could tell us that. It is, however, only since the time of LIEBIG'S discoveries that we have become fully aware of the extent and bear ings of this homely truth. We now know, as au indisputable fact, that were the entire excremen titious matter, and other refuse which pollutes our towns, capable of being preserved and con veyed to the adjacent fields, the increased pro duce would almost, perhaps quite, support the inhabitants. The Registrar-Generals tells us that here, in London, we are daily wasting 3,000 tons of guano ! We think it probable that he is not above the mark. Some million of tons of this pow erful manure are yearly thrown away, a quantity which would certainly, if mingled with our soil, render Loudon quite independent of supplies from foreign countries. Its two millions of inha bitants could never consume the produce of half a ton of manure each. The manure is now all thrown into the Thames ; we might quite as reasonably throw a million or two quar ters of wheat into the river. But here the grand question arises—how to get this manure away from the river and on to the land. Mr. THWAITEti and his engineers seem to propose to themselves nothing better than the first half of the problem. They will be content if they save the Thames from pollution. They will, however, have left a sub stratum of poisonous, fever-breeding filth slowly wending its deadly way along our sewers, killing us off by cholera and typhus as it goes along ; and they will have done nothing, positively nothing, towards converting this agent of death into the staff of life. It is here that we want our manure and sewage BESSEMER. We want, and we shall one day have, some simple arrangement by which all this manure, so fatal iu our towns, shall fertilise our fields. We shall have it perhaps after we have spent millions of money in wasting what we ought to save. It is enough to make us, sufferers under sewers rates, almost rise in insurrection to read that at Ant werp the corporation realises a handsome sum per annum for the very street sweepings and sewage which we pay so much in every way to get rid of. There they regularly cart it away from cesspools, instead of defiling the Scheldt. To this we, too, shall have to come. We are wasting our time and money for grand metropoli tan schemes, when we might do all in parishes and districts. Ech small locality could, under general supervision perhaps, manage its own sweepings and nightsoil, and, as at Antwerp, sell theta at a profit. We are not mechanics or engi neers, and it is not for us to devise the plan, but it must be based on one condition, the reverse of what was formerly the case. The cesspools, whe ther snrall and -adapted - to each house, or large and suited to several, must 1.10 in the otreet„ trap- TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Srrt,—l have carefully real in your impression of yesterday Dr. Cullea's Report on the Darien Expedition of 1854, in which he refers to me for the accuracy of the statements therein concerning the treatment he received in Caledonia Bay. Having been on board H.M.S. Espiegle during the whole time the expedition remained in Darien I was fully cognicnnt of all the circumstances he relates and can vouch for their stri ct accuracy. His account of the English and French explora• tion coincides exactly with that given to me by the officers who accompanied it. Iu every instance in which I had an opportunity of testing Dr. Cullen's original' statements, which led to the organisation of the expedition, I found them to be strictly true ; and in that point in which I was more particularly interested, viz., the healthi ness of the climate, I fully coincide with him—not a single case of sickness having occurred either amongst the men who formed the exploring parties, although they were constantly wading in rivers during the day and lying in damp ground at night, or amongst the crews of the ships in harbour. I shall publish my report on the climate at an early date. As to the levels and feasibility of the canal, I have, from the deck of the Espiegle, and different positions in the harbour, distinctly seen a valley across the Cordillera, and having oftenaccompanied Mr. Parsons, Master in command of H.M.S. Scorpion, whilst making his admirable survey of Caledonia Harbour and Port Escoces, I have heard him express his opinion that it was highly prob- able there was a line of country of low elevation, between Caledonia Bay and the Gulf of Sin Mi guel, which would offer every facility for a ship canal. I am confident that had Dr. Cullen been in com mand of the expedition, or had any authority in its guidance, it would have resulted successfully. —I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient servant, WILLIAM M'DERMOTT, Surgeon, R.N., M.D. 1, Barwick-terrace, Bolgrave-road, Aug. 30. HER ROYAL HIGHNESS THE DUCHESS OF GLOUCESTAR, —We are happy to learn that her Royal Highness the Duchess of Gloucester is somewhat better—a more fa vourable medical report being given yesterday. We are happy to say that the illness of her Royal Highness is not of a serious character. The inquiries both at Gloucester House and Richmond are very numerous. The Earl of Eglinton has, during the week, enter tained a select party at Eglinton Castle, Ayrshire. Lord and Lady Colville have, we regret to learn, sus tained a domestic bereavement by the death of their in fant daughter. Her ladyship, although feeling acutely the loss of her infant, is progressing satisfactorily. Lord and Lady Ossulston have been seeing company at Chißingham Castle, near Wooler. The Earl of Malmesbury has been among the visitors. MEDITERRANEAN PACKETS FOR EGYPT.—In conse quence of an alteration in the arrangements for despatch -tog from Marseilles the French mail packets en the Egyptian line, the mails fcr Alexandria, intended to be forwarded by those packets, will in future be made up in London on the morning and evening of every alternate Tuesday, calculating from _Tuesday the 19th inst.—By command of the Postmaster General, ROWLAND HILL, St ore tary, AUSTRIA . A letter from Vienna, in the Bcerscnhalle of Hamburg, says :—" Prince Kallimaki, the new Turkish Ambr -sador at Vienna, has had several conferences with Count Buol touching the question of the Principalities. It is stated that the views of the Porte regarding the union are identical with those of Austria, and that it has not allowed itself to be influenced in this respect by the policy of England and France." According to a Vienna letter of the 24th, in the New fYurtzburg Gazette, the negotiations for con voking a congrc-s to consider the state of Italy are still in their first stage, and it is not unlikely that they will lead to no result. It is asserted that Austria will not consent to a congress unless all the Italian States consent to it, a thory which is not adopted by the other powers. It appears, more over, that besides Sardinia, the Pope and the King of Naples object to a congress. The latter espe cially has pronounced himself against it with great energy, declaring that he would vigorously oppose any measure calculated to infringe his sovereign rights. i The Vienna Gazette publishes the speech de livered by Cardinal ViAle-Prela, the Papal Nuncio, and President of the Assembly of Austrian Bishops, at the last meeting of that body. The speech affords no inform .tion as to the result of the deli berations of the episcopal body, but makes a eulo gium on the Emperor Francis Joseph, ou the piety which distinguishes him, and on the eagerness he shows to fulfil the wishes expressed by' the episco pacy. THE QUEEN'S VISIT TO SCOTLAND. EDINBURGH, FRIDAY EVENING. Her Majesty, availing herself of the beautiful weather, this morning left Holyrood Palace at ten minutes after 11 o'clock, for a drive through this ancient city. The Queen, who was accompanied by her Royal Highness the Princess Royal, and attended by the Marchioness of Ely and the Hon. Mary Seymour, the Lady and Maid of Honour in Waiting, drove through Prince's-street and the Lothian-road, by Heriot's Hospital, down the Canon gate, and past the palace into the Queen's-park. Thence the Royal party made a circuit of Arthur's Seat by the new drive, known as the Queen's Ride. His Royal Highness Prince Albert, with Major-General the Hon. C. Grey and Col. the Hon. C. B. Phipps, accompanied her Majesty on horseback. The reception of her Ma jesty and illustrious party was at every point most cordial. At 4 o'clock the royal carriages were ordered to the palace, for the Queen and the Prince Consort and younger branches of the Royal family to visit some of the interesting localities in the neighbour. hood of the city. A few minutes after four her Majesty and his Royal Highness Prince Albert, the Princess Royal, and royal party, left the palace, and drove through the park by the Dalkeith road to inspect Craigmillar Castle, thence proceed by Liberton to Lass wade. There the royal cortege crossed the Esk to the re nowned Hawthornden. Her Majesty and party there alighted, and walked through the romantic glen to Ross lyn Chapel, one of the most beautiful architectural remains in Scotland. There the Queen and illus trious circle were met by the royal carriages, by which they returned to Holyrood Palace at half past seven o'clock. This time-honoured city is partially illuminated this evening in complement to the Sovereign, and a joyous excitement prevails amongst the loyal inhabitants. Her Majesty and Royal Family will leave, according to the arrangements made, at a quarter before nine to morrow (Saturday) morning for her "Highland home" at Balmoral. A letter from Odessa of the 10th, in the Bourse Ga zette, says :—" The Tartars of Simpheropol and the neighbourhood refuse to work for landowners, or exact such high wages that it is impossible to grant them. The crops are consequently perishing in the fields for want of reapers." The Dresden Gazette says that the Archduke Charles Louis of Austria will on the Gth of September make a formal demand for the hand of the Princess Margaret of Saxony, and that a grand fete will be afterwards given At Court. INDIA AND CHINA. By the arrival of the Overland Mail we have re ceived our private correspondence and files of papers from Calcutta to the 17th of July ; Bombay, July 29 ; and Hong Kong, July 10. " BOMBAY, JULY 29. " Since I last wrote no intelligence has reached us of the proceedings of the Persians and Heratees, if I except a short and summary statement that appears in the Lahore Ch , onicle. The information thus conveyed, which is, if it be correct-, of consi derable importance, is to the effect that Esa Khan, whose opposition to the Persians, both in the field and subsequently in the city, I have before re corded, has succeeded in expelling the enemy from Herat ; and further, that having thus rid himself of the incubus of a hostile army, he took thought of his situation, and, deeming the relief his party was experiencing to be in all likelihood but a tem porary respite, he despatched pressing messages to Dost Mahomed at Cardahar, offering to place the city in his hands if he would bring or send an armed force sufficient to occupy and defend it. This is not the first time I have been called on to mention rumours of the existence of negotiations between the native (as opposed to the Persian) party in Herat and the rulers in Affgbanistan ; and it is certainly not unreasonable to suppose that, with a powerful enemy pressing them on the west, Esa Khan and his friends would turn for assistance to their kindred Affghans, even though the price of that assistance were the establishment in their city of the power and influence of the Barukzye family. Unwilling to admit this demand, and at the same time unable, however desirous, to assist the Heratees, Post Mahomed has referred, it is said, the whole matter to the British authorities at Peshawur, requesting their advice in his extreme need and perplexity. Among the natives on the North-West Frontier the conflicting and often contradictory rumours of the events that are taking place beyond the stupendous heights and dark passes of the Suleiman Mountains have been improved upon and amplified by timidity, igno rance, and credulity. The wild and dreaded hill tribes are to rise in concert and pour down in over whelming force upon the garrison of Peshawur. In anticipation of the coming peril, the wives and daughters of the English are to b© sent across the Indus. The British are to make a general advance upon Cabul. Post Mahomed is to abdicate, and retire into private life at an English hill station, and so forth. We may smile at these silly fancies, and think them scarcely worthy of being recorded, but they, at any rate, prove the existence of a feverish interest in the affairs of Affghanistan, and - r of the childish, unreasoning character, of the native mind. "It is satisfactory to state that the cholera, which at the date of my last had attained to fear ful proportions in some of the cities of the North- West Provinces, is now rapidly disappearing under more favourable atmospherical conditions. " At Agra, as well as elsewhere, the account of sickness is decreasing. Among other deaths that of Lieutenant Chauncey, of the Madras army, is much regretted. This active young officer held the appointment of officiating superintenderit of elec tric telegraphs throughout India, and in this capa city was very generally known and esteemed, not merely in his own presidency but also in Bombay and Bengal. • " There is no news of much moment from Oude, but every letter or tale is suggestive of peace and progress. Cholera had been prevalent at Lueknow in the ranks of the 52d Lglit Infantry, but there, as in the north-west, it was disappearing as the rain fell more plentifully. The only symptoms of anything like a warlike charac ter that I observe in the coarse of a somewhat lengthy correspondence is a surmise that the troops may be called on in the cold weather to search the strongholds of the native nobles for a num ber of pieces of cannon missing from the Royal arsenal, and supposed to be in their posses. sion. No fewer than 170 guns are thus wanting. " Letters from Rangoon are mostly occupied with details and suggestions respecting a murder that has recently taken place there. The victim was a young man who was living quietly in the town with a writer in the Customs Department, but is said to have been a Shahzadah, or Prince. What Prince he was exactly does not seem clear, but that he belonged to the reigning family at Ava is undisputed. The latest story is that he was the solo survivor of a family destroyed by the present King's father on his usurpation, as being the right ful inheritors of the throne. The question is only of importance as affecting the suggestion that his murder was directed by th Court of Ava upon con siderations of State. At any rate the perpetrators of the crime appear not to have been common thieves. None of the little property in the house was stolen, the ruffians departing with empty hands as soon as they had slain the Prince and his hest. But mu the hither side of the Bay of Bengal, and in the heart of our own territory, a crime has been committed' before the recital of which the murder of the barbarian chief pales in interest. Another member of the Madrid Civil Service has fallen by the knife of the assassin —whether, like Mr. Conolly last year, out of revenge for activity displayed as a public officer, or merely in a struggle with an ordinary burglar, is not at present clear. All that is certainly known is that Mr. Horsley, first assistant to the collector to Bellary, in the Madras Presidency, described as an energetic and valuable officer, was stabbed to the heart on the night of the sth. One of his servants speaks to having been awoke by a call from his master, and to seeing three men run from the house. The fatal stroke was delivered in the back ; possibly Mr. Horsley had seized one of the men, and was then wounded by another. The knife passed through the lungs, and dividing a main artery in the immediate neiglabourhood of the heart, killed the unfortunate gentleman upon the spot. The only article of property abstracted was a box containing papers, but no money. In the course of the investigation that was immedi ately set on foot various opinions concerning the origin of the crime prevailed, and were supported with the more plausibility that little or no tangible evidence could be procured. The general impres sion, however, at last remained that. Mr. Horsley had fallen a victim to revenge in his public capa city. But beyond this all was conjecture, both as to the actual perpetrators of the crime and to their special incitement. There is mention, indeed, of a torture case that Mr. Horsley had lately been in vestigating, and had decided adversely to the ac cused, but everything else is vague generalisation, and at present there may be said to be no clue to the murderer. I should mention that Mr. Polley, the collector, takes the other view of the case, and thinks it ono of murder committed in hot blood by a baffled robber. This gentleman is actively en gaged as magistrate in sifting the matter, and the Government of Madras, immediately on receiving the report of the murder by telegra,ph , sent him an order through the same channel to offer a reward of 5,000 rupees for the discovery of the criminals. To aggravate this painful occurrence, a younger brother of Mr. Horsley, aged 19 (he himself was only 26), was staying in the house at the time of the murder, and is said to have received from the terrible spectacle such a shock to his nervous sys tem as to have remained, up to the last accounts, in a state bordering on insanity. " With the exception of this one deplorable event I have to relate no deed of violence marring the profound tranquillity that reigns from Peshawur to Cape Comorin. Here the monsoon is proceeding favourably, and we now register just about the average of 48 inches for the two months of June and July. In the Deccan, too, the rain has of late fallen most gratefully and in considerable quanti ties. Agricultural work has received a stimulus, and sickness decreases in amount and virulence. There had been, previous to this seasonable fall, many cases of cholera at Poonah, and, in particu lar, the death of the wife of an officer high in rank on the staff of the army was one of those sudden disappearances of well-known people that are of such painfully frequent occurrence in India. Per haps it is by reason of their very frequency that the community so soon forget them. "Lord Elphinstone remains here. Lord Can ning, we are sorry to hear from Calcutta, has been unwell, and is ordered to sea for a cruise. " Trade at this place is dull, as usual at this time of the year, but accounts of the weather from the interior aro encouraging. The money-market is easy." - BURMAH. Letters from Rangoon are to the 30th, and from Moulwein to the 24th of June. A correspondent of the Calcutta Englishman, writes under the for mer date : " It may be recollected that two or three years since a paragraph appeared in som e o f th e j ourna l s to the effect that when Tharawaddy, the present king's father, took possession of the throne, he ordered the then Seyka Meng (the heir apparent) and all his children to be put to death ; but a ser vant escaped with the youngest, and concealed him for some years. The young prince subsequently managed to escape to Moulmein, and thence came round to Rangoon, living in a very quiet way, and recently took up his residence with one of the prin cipal writers in the Customs department there. 4 , On Friday, the 27th, between two and three in the morning, a band of villains proceeded to the house, pounced upon him while asleep, dragged him off his bed, and with a single blow nearly se vered his head from his body, and otherwise fear fully cut him up. The writer, hearing the noise, came out of his room, and was at once cut down, stabbed to thQ heart, ana ilia right iQot cut Qfx ova his body dreadfully mangled. A third man in another house who came to his door and called out "Who's there ?" received a slash which took away a part of his cheek. The ruffians came with blazing torches, and said to each other on reaching the house, " Look well before you cut ;" and when the two victims were dead remarked " Our work is now done, let us be off, and let the bodies lie there till they stink." They did not carry away the value of a pin, which shows plunder was not their object. The bodies were publicly buried the next day, and one of the largest processions that has ever been seen in Rangoon, followed them to the grave. Thousands upon thousands of both sexes collected on the sad occasion. At the time this persons appearance in Rangoon was noticed by the papers, it was also remarked that had he turned up sooner, being the heir ap- parent to the throne, our government might have made something of him. These papers found their way to the capital, and it is known created a good deal of excitement among thole in power there, and there can be little buestion that this foul deed was concocted there, but from what is now known of the present King we may be sure he has been in utter ignorance of any such murderous intention. The Bengal Ilurkanci of July 17, says : "In British Burmah a rumour was abroad of a threatened attack upon a small British post ; but this, even if correct, i 3 to be regarded more as a banditti affair than a political movement." COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. BOMBAY, JULY 28. The overland mail of the 26th June was received in Bombay, per Peninsular and Oriental steamer Cadiz, on the 20th July. Our money market during the fort night has been easy, and no change has taken place in Bank rates of interest since our last report. For a time the rains held off, but within the last few days have resumed, and we have before us the promise of a very fair monsoon ; accounts from the interior are also most favourable. IMPORT MARKET,—A. fair amount of business has been transacted. There is good inquiry for grey shirt ings, for 40in. up to Bilb. ; those above are in slight re quest ; of 45in. there is a fair inquiry for those of middling quality, the demand for higher being moderate. For all descriptions of grey Madapollams there is a mo derate inquiry. In grey jaconets we have no change to note. Grey T cloths of less than 61b. have declined, for 71b. there is inquiry. Grey lotgcloths of all descriptions are little sought after, and can only be put off with diffi• culty. Grey domestics are in inquiry. There is a fair in qu'ry for low and middling bleached shirtings; the higher qua'ities, however, are in slight request. There is a fair inquiry both for mule and water cotton yarns, without, however, any material change in prices, with the exception of water No. 20, which has advanced. - P..; s tao. Tonneigo in abundant, and freights have declined. The rates to London and Liverpool rre now quoted at 21. - Exchange has ruled much the same as last mail, viz. : --2 s. Id. for Bank, and 23. Id. to 5-I6d. for local credits. We quote as th e ra t e o f th e d a y f or d ocumen t s , 2s. lal. to 2a. lA.d. On China, 60 days' sight, 227 per 100 dols. Calcutta court-hill, 60 days' sight, 994 rs. Madras, 30 days' sight, 99 rs. CALCUTTA, JULY 17. Our Money Market continues in the same state as re ported for last mail. Accommodations are obtainable in the bazar on very easy terms—about 1 to 11 per cent, below the bank rat-s. The Bank of Bengal, as noticed in our last, reduced its rates on 3d inst. 2 per cent. all round. There has been no alteration since. Exchange—Little has been doing since the last mail, and rates have an upward tendency. The present quo tations are : First-class credits at six months' sight, 2s. 11d. to 2s. lid. ; document bills, 2s. 12d, to 2 , , lid.; Lank post bills, 2s. lid. CHINA. The Overland Friend of China, in its summary, dated Hong Kong, July 10 says : " In all the surrounding country we hear of the existence of much anarchy—repeated defeats of the Imperialist fleets and armies; and it is not unlikely that with the next mail we shall have to tell of panics at Shanghai and Canton again. " Notwithstanding her internal troubles, China is still able to supply us with plenty of tea. The total export for the year ended the 19th ult. was nearly 6,000,000 pounds in excess of the export of the year previous, and 20,000,000 pounds (or an increase of nearly a fourth of the whole export), over that of the year ended June, 1853. " The first of the new season's teas have gone from Fuh-thou-fu, in the Chrysolite and two or three clippers. The clipper Cairngorm will be the first, on the 21st inst., with new teas from Canton. The new teas from th's quarter are nominally two and three taels lower in price than last year's crop. Exchange and quality considered, however, they are really a tael and upwards higher. Sales of 13 chops only are known of as yet—as many more re maining on the market." EGYPT. ALEXANDRIA, Aug. 21.—His Highness Said Pasha, the Viceroy, who has been moving from place to place between Cairo and Damietta, re turned to Alexandria yesterday, on the arrival of au envoy from Constantinople with special de spatches for him. It is said that Said Pasha contem plates a visit to Constantinople. This is not be lieved ; but El Hamee Pasha, son of the late Abbas Pasha, is to proceed thither shortly, to be married to the Sultan's daughter, Sultana Munireh, to whom ho was betrothed in 1854. The river Nile is rising rapidly, and its waters are beginning to cover the country ; last year's crops are being brought down to Alexandria in large quantities for shipment, while the prospects for next year's harvest are very encouraging. On the 11th the Pasha attended in State at the cere mony of the cutting of the canal which leads from the Nile into and through the t3wn. of Cairo, and which is generally done when the ri ver h as a tt a i n ed the 16th cubit of the Nilometer. Much import ance is attached to this ceremony, as it is taken as a proof that the river has risen sufficiently to in sure average crops, and there is an old law that the land-tax cannot be exacted unless the Nile rises to the height of 16 cubits of the Nilometer. The Pasha's steamer Faid Gehaad, after con veying Redschid. Pasha to Constantinople, brought back to Alexand r i a a b ou t 2,300 non w h o formed a portion of the Egyptian army which took part in the war with Russia. All these troops have landed with the Crimean medal, of which they are very proud, and when they left Constantinople they ze ceived the pay due to them up to the day of embar kation, so that they have returned to their homes comparatively Hob. The remainder of the Egyp tian troops—about 16,000 men—are shortly ex pected from Constantinople. Said Pasha gives them all a leave of two months, after which there will be an inspection, when some will be finally discharged, and the strong and healthy will be en rolled in new regiments. The fall in the prices of corn in England has had the effect of paralysing trade here, and just now nothing is doing. The ba , ..hour is full of vessels, most of which barely find employment, as holders do not like to effect shipments with the present prospects. Prices of wheat are nominally kept up, but they must fall in a few days. Freights are very dull, at 55. per quarter. Our exchanges keep up at 1001 piastres per £ sterling. The — surveying steam-sloop Tartarus, Captaia Maunsell, is to return to Pelusium oti the 23d, and will remain there about a month to complete the survey of that coast. On coming back to Alexan dria Captain Maunsell is to make a survey and chart of the port of Alexandria. A box containing 4,0001. worth of India postage stamps, lost last October by the transit adialinis tration, and found in May by an Englishman em ployed on the works of the electric telegraph, has, after much conversation and correspondence with regard to the responsibility of receiving and claim ing the box, been given up to the ag en t o f th e East India Company, and will be sent back to England. ASCENT OF TUE NILE. The Pacha of Egypt has ordered a new expedi tion to be organised to ascend the Nile under M. le Comte D'Escayrac de Lauture, an experienced African traveller, and the author of a recent work on Sudan, and of other treatises on African geography. The expedition will be accompanied by 12 Euro peans, eight of whom have been already engaged, including three Frenchmen and three Austrians, and the chief is desirous of procuring the assistance of English officers accustomed to astronomical and meteorological observations and the management of boats. The count has just left London, having been in communication with the secretary of the Royal Geographical Society on the subject of the expe dition, which is intended to start from Cairo in October. The expedition is undertaken entirely at the cost of the Viceroy of Egypt, and the members will receive, in addition to their rations, the payment of 101. to 141. per month, for a period computed at two years. The members are expected to start for Marseilles on the 18th of September. ROYAL TRAVELLING. — The train conveying her Ma jesty to Scotland from London, performed the distance, 399 miles, in less than nine hours and a halt. AroniEcAniEs'-HALL.—Tne following are the names of gentlemen who passed their examination in the science and practice of medicine, and received certificates to practise, on Thursday, the 28th of August :—Joseph Walter Davies, Blackwood, near Newport, Monmouth shire ; David Richards, Llandovery, South Wales ; William Hey, Borrowash, near Derby ; Hugh p e ngilly Olivcy, My ton, near Falmouth; and Alfred Meadows, Ipswich. I N , •• •‘. • ii, 4 ' 4 4 , -