The Sun. — London, England, 1861-08-15 00:00:00

THE SOCIAL SCIENCE ASSOCIATION. DUBLIN, WEDNESDAY. Lord Brougham and the Duke of Wellington arrived at Kingstow n by the Telegraph steamer on Monday night. They came to Dublin by train and immediately drove to the Viceregal Lodge. The Earl and Countess of Bessborough, Lady Caroline and the Misses Lascelles, Viscount Amberley, and the Lady Georgina Russell, are among the dis tinguished visitors at present staying with the Lord- Lieutenant. Yesterday morning Lord Brougham drove into town early, and visited the Lord Mayor at the Mansion-house. He next proceeded to the Bank of Ireland, of the architectural beauty of which he expressed his admiration. He inspected carefully the several departments of the Bank. He remained a considerable time in the chamber once occupied by the House of Peers, which is still kept for show to remind the visitor that the building Was once the Parliament House. He then passed over the way to Trinity College, where he was re ceived by several distinguished Fellows of the Uni versity, who accompanied him through the library, museum, the examination hall, and the new building. He subsequently went to the Royal Irish Academy, Dawson-street, which had been placed at the service of the Social Science Congress for offices during the meetings. His lordship having been conducted through the building by the secretary of the insti tution, returned to the Viceregal Lodge. This evening he delivered his inaugural address as Pre sident of the Association for Promoting Social Science. It was as follows :—ln opening the fifth congress of the National Association I hardly need 'observe that it would ill deserve its name if it did not embrace the important part of the empire in which we have now the happiness to assemble. We are in the great capital of Ireland, renowned for having given to the world men illustrious in all the departments of science and art, as well as of arms. But it is to me individually a painful reflec tion that the most eminent of these, and whose friendship was my comfort and my honour, I cannot meet in this my first visit to the country adorne by their transcendant genius—Grattan, Plunkett,d Wellington, Wellesley—the great patriot, the con summate orator, the first of warriors, foremost too among statesmen, and the illustrious head of his house, the greatest of all who ever ruled over Ire land—all of these I have been doomed to outlive, and to the dispensations of Providence it is fit we should be resigned. But the loss of such men to their country is grievous, and more especially of one whom I have named. The others had accom plished the high work to which they were severally called and left their bright example to guide us, and their success to cheer; but of the great Duke, whether in peace or in war, whether we look abroad or at home while we cherish the immortal memory, we feel the loss not to be repaired. It now becomes my duty to note the progress which social science has made daring the last year, and its present state and prospects. We are met again by the complaint that few of the plans proposed by us have been accomplished, and that, of the measures ori ginating in our labours, many have failed to pass through the Legislature. But the progress of all the sciences and arts is slow, because their improve ment is necessarily gradual. Our limited faculties can never reach at once the utmost excellence of which they are capable, and their exercise can never complete suddenly any great work, but must pro ceed by steps towards its accomplishment. In the whole circle of science you find gradual progress to be the rule. Thus the vast changes which Newton made in the mathematics and in physical science were effected after others had made a near approach to the same point. The calculus, in itself so great an extension of analytical science, and in its conse quences producing such a revolution in all the ex acter sciences, had, above a quarter of a century before its invention, been nearly discovered by Cavalleri and Roberval, and still more nearly by Fermat, and some years later most nearly of all by Barrow ; while the doctrine of gravitation and its explanation of the heavenly motions had been ap proached—at any rate, had the way prepared for it —by Galileo, Kepler, linyghens, Borelli ; and even his optical .discoveries had been partially anticipated by Krontaud, of Prague, and Antonio, Bishop of Spelatro. The science of chemistry, from the dreams of the alchymists to the erroneous theory of Stahl, made slow progress, and by successive improvements was freed from those errors, and grew into the science which Black, Priestly, Lavoisier, and Davy brought to its present state. The great rule of gra dual progress governs the moral sciences as well as the natural. Before the foundations of political eco nomy were laid by Hume and Smith, the French economists had made a great step towards it, and Turgot had himself worked, and as a Minister had patronised the labours of others in the same direction. Again, in constitutional policy, see by what slow degrees the great discovery of represen tative government has been made from its first rude elements—the attendance of feudal tenants at their lord's court, and the summons of burghers to grant supplies of money. Far from being impatient at this slow progress, we ought rather to reflect that the sure advance of all the sciences depends in a great measure upon its being , gradual. But the common law of our nature, which forbids the sudden and rapid leaping forward, and decrees that each suc cessive step prepared by the last facilitates the next, is in an especial manner of importance and of value in the social sciences, which so nearly affect the highest interests of mankind. Here our course, to be safe, must be guided by the result of experience, and must always be of a tentative kind. We must even be prepared to change our direction and our pace, and to retrace our steps when we find we have gone too far in a wrong direction. The skilful navigator, when steering on an unknown coast, after taking all precautions to obtain information respecting it, having no chart, or none that can be relied on, proceed s with the lead ever in his hand, and the glass at his eye, lies to, when he can, at night or in a fog, a n d h as his sail and his helm always ready to change his course on the least indi cation of peril. The safety of his ship and crew depends on such precautions, and the safety of the community depends upon all proposed improve ments, which are changes, being first most maturely considered, and, when ado p ted, bein g carried into execution by such adva nces as shall give time f or correcting errors, or stopping short, or altering the course pursued, when actual experience proves it to be wrong. Take an example from the great chang e in our jurisprudence which I had the satisfaction o f bringiog about in 1851, by the act for the examina tion of parties in all civil suits. Above 20 years before I had strongly urged the change of the law of evidence in this and other respects. 'Various improvements had been effected rather by judicial decision than by state—by what Mr. Bentham used to call " judge-made law." Then, in 1843, Lord Denman carried a bill for removing the objection of interest to a witness's competency which I had in vain proposed fifteen years before. In 1842 the proposal was renewed that all objection of interest being proposed to be removed, the parties should themselves be made competent. But the bill passed, confined to witnesses not being made parties. It was foretold by the objectors that perjury would be increased. The Act passed, and there was no in crease of perjury. I then brought in the bill for the examination of parties, and it passed without much opposition, though the Chancellor of the day resisted it, and had it referred to a select committee. But I never should have carried it had not the first step been taken by the bill of 1843, and the expe rience under that Act shown how safely we might t r ferther. The Law Ame.adment Society, the pre exatZnand the ally of our National Association, Court s e Ad minutely the working of the County tin the examination'. of parties. It circu lated clueri their to all the j u d ges of those courts, and I had thus answersoP r roved wholly favourable to the plan. for the bill tho powerful support of actual experience for several years ; and I now have hopes of being able complete the great change by a further step , extendi ng i it to t a o criminal t cases, at least so far as giving the de s an option of being examined if he pleases, , n a of course submitting himself to the sifting of cross - examination. I con ceive that the history of th) Peat improvement in our jurisprudence throws a strong light upon the position that changes in meal urea of social improve ment generally are best effect( 41by degrees, and that the gradual progress of such improvement is not to be lamented, but rather in the bulk of instances to be deemed beneficial and safe. He is no friend to the advance of social science in any of its branches who hastens forward with heedless, unre fleeting speed, despising all that is gained because it is less than all that he desires, and looking down With contempt upon those whom he passes in his impatient course. This spirit, so inimical to real, solid improvement, sometimes is the fruit of zeal without knowledge, and not unfrequently arises from mere selfish desire of distinction, when a man, sacrificing a great cause to his personal ambition, becomes a public enemy— " Vainglorious, who through infamy seeks fame." For this is one of those occasions in which variety, from being, as it commonly is, a harmless folly, only ridiculous, rises into a crime, becoming selfish, un principled, pernicious, and disgraceful. It is, how ever, fit that vie now consider the progress which has been actually made since our last congress; and here I would first of all mark the very gratifying change that has taken place of late years, and to which our labours have materially contributed —the change in the economy and management of their estates by the owners of property. The improve ments in agriculture have obliged landlords to make a great outlay upon draining and farm buildings, te hielly beneficial, no doubt, to themselves, and there fore well bestowed ; but in most instances so diffi cult as to require the help of loans. Yet, at the same time, they have generally contributed in a de gree formerly unknown to what could afford no pe cuniary benefit, the building and support of schools, improving the dwellings of the poor, and the build ing and repair of churches, thus spending most upon these excellent objects when they had least to spare. As a learned an d reverend friend of mine,l‘l r. Elwyn, has observed :—" It i s one o f t h e happy effects of advancement in an y pa th th a t it begets a zeal for advancement in other directions, and he who begins by improving his estate ends in wishing to improve the people upon it and near it." Nothing can be more delightful than to contemplate this progress in classes, generally speaking, the most reluctant to approve changes, because the slowest to believe in their expediency, or even safety; and it affords the strongest reason for extending to the agricultural labourers and their children the benefit of those wholesome restraints of late years imposed upon the improper employment of labour in other branches. It is a most consolatory circumstance to all friends of such improvement, and of the sound and liberal principles which insure its progress, that the reign of these principles seems to be esta blished universally. We cannot, indeed, say with the great poet, when expressing his thanks for the Restoration,— " At home the hateful names of parties cease, And factious souls are wearied into peace." But at least they are tired of resisting the truth, and thus we find that upon the most important questions there is now little to distinguish conflict ing parties, all being alike the professors of opinions which but a few years ago formed the main ground, or, it might be, the chief pretext of their differences. Thus, the stoutest adversaries of secret voting (per haps well advised in their opposition) have lately insisted upon introducing it at one of our Univer sities, with an intimation that it ought to be gene rally applied ; for the voting by signed papers, though its proposed object be to save the voter's journey, of necessity insures his escape from obser vation. The most important of all our departments, unquestionably, is the first—that of Jurisprudence ; and here we have not to report a great number of measures recommended at our former meeting and adopted by the Legislature, but those which hap pily have been approved and passed are of very great moment. An elaborate report, with sugges tions on the Patent Law and the reports on Private Bill legislation, has as yet borne no fruit. But the important propositions respecting Charitable Trusts, made by our learned and distinguished colleague, Sir W. Page Wood, have to a great extent been adopted by the Education Commission, under the Duke of Newcastle ; and the amendments of the Bankruptcy and Insolvency Laws, which, after the fullest investigations, are so strongly recom mended, have almost all been introduced into the new act, the careful framing of which reflects the greatest credit upon the Lord Chancellor. It has not passed through the ordeal of the Lords without material changes; but it is an important amend ment of the law. Great complaints were made at the last congress of the manner in which the time of the Legislature was consumed, almost to waste, by endless and useless debate in . one of the houses ; and the worst consequences of this was felt and deplored in the loss of the bills for the Consolida tion of the Criminal Law. Although it cannot be with truth affirmed that the grounds of the corn plaint are removed, yet they have been somewhat lessened during the last session ; and certainly there has been the most satisfactory change in the manner of dealing with these important Consolida tion Bills—a change which may, in part at least, be ascribed to the effect of our remonstrances. The wise resolution which we strongly urged, supported by the high authority of my esteemed friend Lord Lyndhurst, has been adopted, of taking upon trust the project framed by learned and skilful persons, and examined by a committee of the Lords ; and thus five Acts have been passed containing a digest of the main body of the criminal statute law. That there is no other conceivable means of attaining this great object has long been the opinion of prac tical lawyers, and, after it had so long been rejected by the Legislature, it is gratifying to reflect that the labours of this association have contributed to its adoption. Nor can any gain to our jurispru dence be more important, both in itself and as lead ing to a digest of the law in all its branches, for nothing can more directly tend to its improvement in every way. But, furthermore, it is confessed on all hands that the subject has an indisputable right to protection in return for his allegiance ; nay, as the very condition of his allegiance. Yet, in volved in this is the right to be made acquainted with the laws under which he lives, and sub mission to which his allegiance implies. But the ancient tyrant who placed his laws at such a height that the people could not read them, hardly did a worse act than they who so wrap them up in vague language, and so mix and confound their provisions, that when read they are not understood. Happily, there is now an end to this grievous defect in our system— a certainty o f h av i ng a di ges t, w hi c h f or ma n y years w as b eyon d my most sanguine expectations, years ago I eo°milirnsit4t)efd when the l a b t t h h o e s e u ou t s o u l 1. w d s h t o i o m u , nearly g u 3O s most valuable reports, seemed doomed to disap pointment by the course pursued in the House of Commons, ; 13 or on thes and have continued ineff e ctual bu exertions and the influence of our hold m Na tional Association. Let us, how ever , • would grate ful remembrance the invaluable services of Messrs. B. Ker, Starkie, Greaves, and Lonsdale towards the success of this great work. We may now hope to see the expectations of our learned colleague, Sir F. Kelly, fulfilled, who, in his repeated at tempts at consolidation, and in presenting the ably framed bills which he successively brought in, cal culated upon the number of statutes which they embraced, and saw good reason to believe that he would reduce the 40 volumes now filled by the statute law to four. His services have not been confined to this branch of jurisprudence. In two succeeding sessions he introduced a most important bill for removing the defect of our law as to the wills of British subjects executed abroad, and it passed the Commons both times, but fell through in the Lords. Lord Kingsdown's Bill now passed with the same object, though less extensive than Sir Fitzroy's, removes a great part of the defect complained of. Finally, a most important Act has been happily passed, and with less difficulty than our excellent colleague, Mr. Villiers, its author, expected, reducing the time of gaining settlement from five to three years, extending the required re sidence over the whole union, and distributing the payment of rates more justly and equally. We may congratulate our colleague on a measure which will, in all probability, be followed by others to re move the whole defects of the settlement law: It is very unfortunate that the lamented death of his brother, the Bishop of Durham, deprives us of his attendance at the congress. In this department of THE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, AUGUST 15, 18610 jurisprudence we must record a very important statement and motion of our colleague, Lord Clan- ricarde, upon Irish judicature and judicial. proce dure in comparison with the English, and he has since extended it to proceedings at sessions. A com mission was appointed in consequence ; but, inde pendent of all inquiry, and whatever legislative measure may be its result, it was manifest that the department of Judicial Statistics, which was estab lished in England with so great advantage to the progress of our legislation, might be extended to Ireland ; and having offered this suggestion, which the noble marquis entirely approved, I have had the satisfaction of learning that the Government lost no time in acting upon it, to the great benefit of our judicial system. In coming to the next depart ment—Education —our attention is first of all arrested by the great event which has happened since our last meeting, and to which our unwearied exertions have most essentially contributed—the repeal of the paper duty, the heavy tax upon know- [edge in every one of its various branches. That gross and glaring anomaly in our legislative as well as administrative proceedings has now ceased. We can no longer be charged with, at one and the same time, paying for schools to teach and raising the price of the books taught—of encouraging the peo ple to read, of patronising authors and multiplying - -- readers, while we make it unprofitable for the for- mer to write and hard for the latter to read. The effect of this most salutary change has been imme diate, and it has been great. Over what an ample field its operation extends may be seen by this—that one daily penny paper has a circulation of 8),000, and a halfpenny weekly journal, with excellent cuts, has been established, and already issues above 8,000. My complaints made at the Liverpool meeting can therefore no longer be urged, and a prodigious benefit has been conferred upon all the departments of knowledge by the steady perseverance of Mr. Gladstone in carrying this great measure against the most formidable resistance both in Parliament and beyond its walls, Of that benefit we of the National Association have our full share, along with the gratifying reflection on the part we took in obtaining it. The good thus bestowed seems to be free from all admixture of evil; for the alarm felt by some, affected by more, at the cheap newspaper press is really groundless. The bulk of readers, always influenced by the more rational and better informed part of the community, will entirely dis countenance and prevent those outrages upon all taste as well as truth and decency which we have seen in the press of some countries—of one particu larly, so gross as almost to pass belief. But the character of the people must not be judged as if they could approve of such things. We might as well charge the French countrymen of Lavoisier and Lafayette with being robbers and murderers be cause the daily papers of Marat and Herbert preached wholesale pillage and assassination, as hold the countrymen of Washington and Franklin answerable for the sins of their press—a compound of slander, fraud, and bluster. So the incomparably lighter excesses with which our journals may be chargeable in the heat of factious controversy are never more than passing and temporary, giving way to the predominant good sense and good taste of the community. The solid benefit obtained by the multiplication of cheap papers, and works of all kinds, is real and permanent, and a subject of just congratulation, if it were for nothing more than their tendency to free the public from the monoply of the established papers, and the domination which that monoply has its wonted effect in producing. But our proceedings touching educa tion have been successful in other directions. At the Bradford meeting the vice-president over this de partment was Mr. Chadwick, so well known for his invaluable services on the Poor Law Commis sion 30 yearsago, and without whose aid and agency that great measure of practical social science, the New Poor Law, could never in all probability have been prepared. At Bradford he communicated to Mr. Senior, one of the Education Commissioners, who attended our congress, the result of the discus sions in the department over which he presided upon the important subjects of reducing the time con sumed in teaching at schools and of forming those schools and unions so as to lessen the cost and in crease the efficiency of instruction. The commis sioner requested him to examine these points in detail when the congress broke up. He did so, and collected a most valuable body of information, by visiting the schools in the manufactories of the West Riding, conferring also with school inspectors and with medical men. His report was, unfortunately, too late to be inserted in that of the commission ; but it has since been moved for in the House of Lords, and is presented, with his letter to Mr. Senior. It may be considered as an event in the history of education, and it is quite certain to occa sion extensive improvements, increasing the num ber of children taught, lessening their labour, and making it conducive to the health both of the body and mind. I certainly regard Mr. Chadwick as having rendered to education a service equal to that which the amendment of the Poor Law owes him. On the former occasion I gave him what I deemed his due commendation, speaking as a Minister of the Crown, in the assembly over which I presided. I knew him not personally, nor was I aware that he then belonged to the newspaper press. Pane gyric is never popular; and mine was not soon for given ; I don't know if the subject of it was as sailed; I well remember the author of it was pretty severely and pretty generally. " Satire is sure to find a willing ear, And they who blame the sneerer, love the sneer. But righteous tributes no emotion raise, And those that love the virtues, hate the praise." In this con;ress I hope that my motive may plead in extenuation of the fault, and I may be pardoned for being dull by the consideration that I have been just. A further and an important advantage has been gained by the last congress for the interests of education. The progress of popular instruction had been grievously obstructed by the separate and oftentimes conflicting proceedings of its promoters, attached, and conscientiously attached, to different sects of religion, acting in opposition to each other though if brought together, and to a clear under standing, they might from their honest zeal for a common object, have been led to co-operate, or, at least, not to conflict. This great step was made in the Congress at Glasgow. For the first time the leaders of the Established Church party, of the Free Church party, and of the United Presbyterians, met together and maintained their respective views before the members of the association. The result was the formation of a representative committee (of the chief denominations), whose labours there was every reason to expect will lead to a reduction of the points of difference, and a removal of the main obstacles to progress. Both at that meeting and at Bradford the important advantage was gained of bringing the ecclesiastical school-teachers in more full communication with the laity, and with the professors of sanitary science. It would be improper to leave the great subject of education in the coun try where we are now assembled, without mention ing a fact that has been reported to us on good authority, and even under the influence of preju dices which it rather thwarted. In Scotland it is found that thelrishmen educated at the larger na tional schools are, in consequence of their great steadiness, sobriety, and. general trustworthiness, preferred e t n o e d in theuc a t m e d a n S u c f o a t e c t h o m ri e e n s for ao the d our places Scotland of Irishhave a ofthe greater countrymen of number educatedsimil similar at complaintthe col leges being successful candidates for Indian civil service appointments. In our sanitary department considerable progress has been made. The quaran tine committee have brought their labours to a close, and presented an elaborate report. It has been communicated to the Board of Trade, which had formerly directed to be laid before Parliament the answers to our queries; and it has laid this report before Parliament, which has ordered it to be printed. The information collected, and the sug gestions made, are admitted t o have essentially im proved the sanitary condition o f our mercantile marine. The report will be read by the learned secretary of the committee, Dr. Milroy. The dif fusion of sanitary knowledge is a most important part of the duties of this department ; and as the association has from the first desired and accepted the co-operation of women, the council have no k doubt in affiliating the Lady's Sanitary Swab which acts under the highest patronage, and spreads among the poor a knowledge of the laws of health, it being now admitted that much of debility, disease, and premature mortality in this country re sults from ignorance and error, and might be pre vented. The society circulates many tracts upon the subject, has lectures delivered in the poorer districts of London, and engages in district visit ings, besides instructing the parochial clergy in the work, and in many cases holding meetings in their vestries, where poor women are familiarly instructed on matters connected with health. The Criminal and Reformatory Department presents very satisfac tory results ; and it may be fit at this meeting that we dwell more especially on the Irish branch of the sub- jest. The number of reformatory schools is but small, and it is devoutly to be wished that they were mul tiplied. But the diminution of crime in this island, of late years, is most satisfactory ; and, allowing that the great migration, since the famine years, has had much influence, enough of the improvement remains to reflect the greatest credit upon the in structors of youth and the ministers of religion. The decrease in the number of the people makes any comparison of the commitments for offences incon clusive, unless we regard the proportion of these to population. They were in 1856, as Ito 923 of the people ; in 1859, as 1 to 1,117 ; and in 1860, as 1 to 1,217. The number of juvenile offenders decreased in a still greater proportion. Pre-eminence among the subjects engaging our attention must, in some degree, be determined by local circumstances; and we this year assemble in a capital that affords the opportunity and imposes the duty of inspecting the operation of the Irish convict system, which has re- ceived the attentive consideration, not of Great Bri tain only, but of the Continent of Europe, and of the United States of America. In truth, it well deserves all the praise it receives wherever the public mind is awakened to the paramount duty of making such exertions as may render the punishment of the crimi nal the instrument of his reformation. Here the pro blem has been solved how tO deal with convicts, and send them forth cured, instead of subject to relapse, infecting others—criminals and the teachers of crime. Of this system, under the Board of Directors, with Captain Crofton at their head, and his able colleagues Messrs. Lentaigne and Whitty, the fundamental principle, simple and rational, long ago laid down by that experienced judge and steady patron of the system, Mr. Hill, is to make the convict the agent of his own reformation by annexing the condition of good conduct to every indulgence beyond the barest sustenance, :to removal from cellular to social labour, and to shortening the period of his confinement. His fate is placed in his own hands. But he is not merely superintended and watched he has constant intercourse with those in autho rity, as chaplain, teacher, director, whose treatment is considerate and kindly ; he is treated as an indi vidual, not as one of a mass ; and this " individuali sation," as it is termed, has great advantages over our English mode of dealing with the whole con victs in the bulk—the same advantage that a school of many teachers and few pupils has over one where a large number are under a single master. Another superiority is in the rigour with which the condi tions of liberation are enforced upon the " ticket of-leave" men—arrest being at once enforced on the least breach of the conditions. A third is the abso lute prohibition of all fermented liquors, even to those who for their good conduct have earned a small advance out of the fund set apart from their gains kept the time of their discharge. Mr. Clay, in the memoirs of his father (many years chaplain of the Preston gaol, whom I knew well, and, in common with all who knew him, held in the highest esteem for his virtuous life and most useful services), in comparing the English and Irish re turns, has remarked that the former take all ticket of-leave men as unconvicted against whom nothing appears, whereas the latter more accurately give the result of the information taken by tracing the party ever since his liberation. This diversity pre vents us from making any comparison between the numbers in the two cases ;but the different results of the two systems may be gathered from the fact that at Lusk we see numerous convicts set to work, and only retained by moral restraint, without any sentinels, while at Portland we see the convicts quarrying stones for the breakwater under the guard of sentinels with muskets and bayonets ; and on the breakwater itself, which is more diffi cult to guard, free labourers, and not convicts, are employed. Another test of the Irish system may be stated as decisive—the eonfidence of the public in the reality and the permanence of the reformation effected, inasmuch as discharged con victs at once find employers willing to receive them, experience proving that they may be relied upon as steady and trustworthy servants. The statement that has been put about, that the Irish plan is only adapted to the local circum stances of the country has been entirely refuted by a reference to the adoption and support of the system abroad. Baron Holtzendorff, professor in the University of Baden, has published an excellent work upon it, and intends to honour this congress with his presence. The celebrated jurist, Professor Mittermaiere, of Heidelberg, has given his ample and zealous testimony in Captain Crofton's favour; and Count Cavour, in the midst of all his labours and anxieties, during the last two years of his life, applied himse' f to master the principles of the sys tem, whieti he introduced, under Cavalier Peri, into the Tuscan territory. Truly we may reckon among the best friends of humanity those who effect the great work of making punishment conducive to the only purpose which we can with any certainty reckon upon its accomplishing. The tendency to prevent offences by deterring through the force of example is, in the opinion of all practical men, very much more feeble and uncertain than might be wished ; indeed, the number of offenders not pre pared by previous reformatory discipline, found guilty of new offences, is a sad proof that not only the example, but the actual experience of punish ment is ineffectual to deter. But of its influence, under well-devised arrangements,to reclaim offenders there can be no doubt. Of this influence we may with certainty be possessed, and hence the high im portance of the new system. In the great department of social economy much attention was at the last congress given to the important introduction into the manufacturing districts of the co-operative sys tem—the establishment of unions by the working classes, for the purposes of sharing in the profits on the goods consumed or used by them, as well as of preventing adulteration of those goods, and for the purpose of carrying on branches of manufacture. In both these kinds of union the progress has been very great since last year, and in the latter those doubts which seemed to exist of bac scheme's practicability have been almost altogether removed. Above 50 companies for manufacture have been established since last congress, besides many of mere stores. In these last a capital of £500,000 is invested ; but in the former the manufacturing concerns repre sent a capital of nearly £2,000,000, exclusive of the Manchester Cotton Company (limited), whose capital is £1,000,000. The returns of Mr. Tidd Pratt show the creation of above 250 co-operative societies within the last 12 months, enrolled under the Friendly Society Act. It is not wonderful that the members of such unions should be of an edu cated class, but that they should often exercise themselves in literary labours is remarkable. Be sides entering into competition for the prizes offered by the Dial newspaper and by Mr. John Cassell, whose volume of above 20 working men's essays I have just received, the working men of Manchester carry on a monthly journal of co-operative progress, without the help or interference of any other class. A number of this work now lies before me, from which it appears that in the second year of its exis tence the sale has reached 12,000; it is well con ducted, and a hope is expressed of improving it when what they term " the detestable duty on paper" is giv en u p . A s m i g ht be supposed, the savings a n d t h e prof i ts o f t h ese goo d men are in part applied to public purposes and to charity. Thus at Rochdale they have given to the town a drinking fountain and contributed £5O to the Indian Relief Fund, besides smaller yearly sums to the dispenstry and the deaf and dumb institution. The effect of co-operation in preventing those Strikes, so pernicious to the working classes and so danger ous to the peace of the community, has been every where felt. The late Strikes at Colne may be as cribed to the want of co-operative unions in that district ; but the mischiefs occasioned, and which left their deep traces behind, opened the people's eyes to their error, and the consequence has been ;he establishment in that district within the last ;hree weeks of a shed with 700 looms upon the co- operative plan. It is important to observe that, with another subject anxiously dwelt upon as well as Strikes, at all our former meetings, the great cause of temperance has been intimately and most naturally connected. Not only are such of the con tributors as had before been subject to intemper ance weaned from their habits, but it is mainly to temperate habits that the formation of these unions may be traced. Exceptions there may, no doubt, be ; but, as a rule, co-operative societies are composed of sober and indus trious men. It is equally consolatory to find that the improvement of health, the extirpation or miti gation of disease, everywhere keeps pace with the increased habits of temperance. But in no respect is it more gratifying than to observe the connexion of temperance with the diminution of crime. In France, it appears, from our colleague Mr. Quete let's statement, that no less than a fifth of all the murders, during the last four years, had their origin in tavern brawls. In six English counties having the fewest publichouses we find that, where they were as 1 to 109 of the population, the offences are as 1 to 591 ; but where the publichouses are as only Ito 235, the offences are as Ito 762. In Ireland the connection of intemperance with crime is even more marked. Between the years 1838 and 1841 the consumption of whisky had fallen off about one half, and we find in the latter year judges congra tulating the counties on the small number of pri soners to be tried, and ascribing this happy change to the growth of temperance. So, in 1839, there were in Richmond Bridewell 3,202 prisoners, in 1841 only 1,604. It is remarkable, though certainly not surprising, that the prudence which leads to economy kept pace with the prudence of sobriety. In the former year the Dublin Savings-bank had 7,264 contributors; in the latter 9,585. Source of disease, of poverty, of crime, how long shall that heavy curse be suffered to afflict us ? How long shall we submit to a conqueror more cruel than the armed invader—to a tyrant the most inexorable of all, which has subdued rational men, and avenged the world of unreasoning creatures for the wrongs received at his hands ? " Savior armig "Luxuria incubuit ; victumque ulciscitur orbem." The little we have done to shake his dominions has only been enough to let us know and feel how gall ing is the yoke, and how much the fault is ours who bear it. The people have but to will it and they at once are free. All honour to Father Mathew in Ire land, and to the grand Alliance in England, its learned secretary, and his able coadjutors ! Nor can I duly perform my office at the head of this association if I do not enjoin it as a duty incum bent on all its members and on every well-wisher to the progress of social science to patronise Mr. Steele's most ably conducted quarterly journal of all its branches. But why should I refer to other branches than this great and fundamental one of temperance ? Recollect the memorable words of our learned colleague, that great philanthropist, the Recorder Hill, who, in all his various efforts to serve the people, providing for their comforts, and reclaiming them from vice, declares—" Into what path soever I strike, in whatever direction I go, the drink Demon starts up before my face and stops the way." I have said that the community have but to will it, and their chains fall off. The progress of the grand Alliance since our last Congress has been my encouragement to say so. The permissive Bill, allowing every district, by a majority in number and value of rated inhabitants to prevent the open ing of new publichouses or to continue licences for old, has, on a careful canvass of many great towns —Manchester, Liverpool, Birmingham, Plymouth, Leeds, Sheffield—been accepted by very great ma jorities of the inhabitants, and by the greater num ber of the voters. Let us hope that the opinion generally improved upon the most important ques tion of social science which can occupy the country, may prepare the way for legislation, which, to be efficacious, must be cautiously introduced, and un der appropriate guards. Onr attention was engaged at the last congress to the employment of women, and papers were read by Miss B. Parkes and others upon this important subject. There has been no re laxation on the part of these ladies since that time, and the printing establishment opened by Miss Faithfull has gone on with increasing success. The volume of transactions for last year was printed at the Victoria Press, and Miss Faithfull is now en gaged in publishing a volume, under her Majesty's sanction, containing original contributions from the leading writers of the day. Besides these exertions, Miss Parkes originated a scheme for encouraging the emigration of educated women who cannot find employment in this country. But for the inferior cast of women the exertions now making to re claim the fallen and prevent the fall of others are above all praise. The loss of Lord Herbert's strenuous assistance is in this, as in other parts of his most useful services, deeply to be deplored. Who can move along the less frequented streets of London and not have his heart wrung by such accents, too often coming from female lips, " I have not had a morsel of food this day ?" An important plan has been devised by my friend Mr. Layard, with the as sistance of Mr. Jerrold and others, towards encou raging the humbler classes in acquiring books, it being always found that the step which a poor man makes to being the possessor of a little library, has a most salutary influence upon his habits. This gave rise to Book Unions, and though a bill to facilitate these, and supported by part of the Government, was afterwards thrown out by other members of the Government, upon a groundless alarm that it tended to encourage gambling, because the books were to be raffled for, there is reason to hope that it may be more successful another year; and its promoters are, in the meantime, actively engaged in the support of these unions, of which there are many in the ma nufacturing towns. They aro enabled to carry on their business by receiving a pound in yearly sums or weekly payments, giving at once a book of about half the price, and allowing contributors to have the chance of five pounds' worth of books at the end of the year in a raffle. The subjects already broached in the summary given are of a general description, embracing the interests of the whole community— jurisprudence, education, health, reformation of criminals, temperance, female employment. A head hardly less general occupied our attention at the Bradford congress, and it is of great importance, because , it refers to a benefit conferred upon the better portion of the working classes, direct and immediate, while other benefits are obtained indi rectly and gradually. I refer to the truly wise and benevolent plan of early closing daily, and allowing a Saturday half holiday. In this plan the em ployer must join with the dealers, and it has hap pily been greatly extended during the last two years. The addition of lectures to the libraries of some great establishments has been made ; and the health of the men and boys has been materially improved by employin g part of the time allowed in alternate cricket matches and drills. Leeds and other provincial towns have joined in the movement, and it is only to be lamented that certain branches of trade everywhere stand aloof. The happy effects which have attended these mea sures are so universally allowed that we may in dulge the hope of the exceptions gradually disap pearing. At our last congress the important step was taken of adding a sixth department, viz., for international subjects. This was the suggestion of the distinguished foreigners who attended at Glas gow, the chief of whom were M. Gamier Pages, of the Provisional Government, 1848, and M. Desma rest, of the French Bar. The same suggestion was likewise pressed upon us by Professor Kharkt chowski, of Kherson, in Russia, who had intended to be present, but was prevented by his professional duties. 'He however sent a most instructive letter. But we had been anticipated by the happy plan of the Prince Consort for an international statistical congress, which had held its meeting in London a few weeks before ours, and had been attended with complete success. His Royal Highness's able, learned, and comprehensive address in opening it deserves to be read with great attention, and is de serving of all praise. At Glasgow the subjects of general international averages and other kindred matters were discussed in a meeting attended by delegates from many parts of the continent ; and we have the confident expectation of others being pre- sent here. The new department is under the presi dency of no less eminent a political economist than M. Michael Chevalier, who also attended our Brad ford congress two years ago. This department de- rives a peculiar interest at the present time from the negotiations of Mr. Cobden and the measures of Mr. — Gladstone ; but it commands at all times our great respect, from its direct tendency to maintain good relations between different coun tries, and to promote the sacred cause of blessed peace. At the two last congresses we had the satisfaction of observing that Social Science was making considerable progress in other coun tries. This, indeed, was testified by the attendance of important persons from thence at our meetings ; but it was peculiarly gratifying to see the adoption of enlightened and liberal views by Governments which we should little have expected to find pur- suing this course. The last year affords further evidence of their happy improvements, and in quar ters we should least of all look for traces of it. The decease of the Sultan has brought upon the Ottoman throne a prince who begins his reign as a reformer both in his own practice and in the scheme of his administration—nay, even in the system which he is resolved to introduce. The dismissal of his predecessor's harem of scores of wives and hundreds of mistresses—the proclaiming his intention of being the husband of a single wife, and the avowed adoption of European principles to govern his policy and even to amend his laws, shows plainly the pro gress which the manners and the usages of civilised nations and of modern times have made in the realms of a barbaric Power. Let it be further noted that a Social Science Committee has been established at Constantinople, and many lectures have been de livered, among others very interesting discourses by Mr. A. Fry. In Russia the fixed determination of the Emperor to complete the great measure of serf emancipation met with powerful opposition, and even disturbed partially the peace of the country ; but the chief mischief has arisen less from the obstinacy of the landowners than from the ignorance of the serfs, to inform whom upon the exact amount of the change in their condition sufficient pains had not been taken ; and there is every reason to hope that the vast measure of bestowing independence upon the bulk of the community, the labouring classes, will be effected with little further obstruc tion. It must be confessed that, even if we lament some error in the mode of proceeding, the Emperor is entitled to the warmest sympathy in his great work, and to the highest admiration for the wisdom and the virtue of his conduct. If to such a Sove reign his own people may well be grateful, let us hope that his Polish dominions are destined to owe him equal thanks. It would be an act of magnani mity " beyond all Greek, all Roman fame," were he to re-establish a kingdom of Poland, with its ad mirable Constitution of 1793, under a prince of his own house. Even should he deem such constitu tional principles dangerous, because so much at variance with those of his own empire, and should give the kingdom a more absolute government than that of 1793, it may safely be predicted he would find in the grateful Poles the most trustworthy and devoted of all the nations under his widely-extended rule. The interest which, in common with all the friends of national independence, I take in the fortunes of the Poles is not of yesterday. Forty eight years ago, in common with my esteemed and now lamented friend the chief of the Polish patriots and counsellors, Prince Czartoryski, the man who made far greater sacrifices to his principles than any who ever lived,—in common with him, and urged with him, I addressed, through the press (being then out of Parliament) to my fellow coun trymen, and to the allied Sovereigns, " The Appeal of Poland," which cannot be said to have had no effect, though far less than was desired, for it brought the subject of her wrongs so much into dis cussion, especially in England, that it occupied in no small degree the attention of the Powers at the Congress of Vienna. If, from contemplating the very probable, though not immediate, prospect of Russian freedom, we turn to the Austrian empire, we have less reason to be surprised at the constitu tional course taken, because the elements of a con stitutional government have existed there in all times. They possess that especially which else where is wanting, even in France since 1790, and which is absolutely necessary to the permanent existence of a free Government, an aristocratic body independent of the Sovereign and of the mul titude,—a class of wealthy landowners, not like the Prussian proprietors, needy and looking to place and patronage. The agricultural class is also respec table an deserving. With elements of a really good Government, progress was making towards it, until the Emperor Francis checked it, perverting the traditions of the monarchy, centralizing all authority, and taking every thing into his own hands. At present the plan is pursued of leaving their internal con cerns to the Provincial Diets, but ruling the Mon archy from the capital, through the representatives of the Diets in the Reichsrath. In Hungary the ancient Constitution as it existed before 1848 is restored, and the establishment of that which was formed in a season of civil war is alone refused. It is most earnestly to be desired, for the sake of the general peace, so intimately connected with the in tegrity of the Austrian empire, that the discontent of Hungary may not be fermented by foreign in trigue and foreign agitators ; for as yet the power of Austria has really not been materially impaired by her losses in Italy. But the Sovereign, yielding all that he can, must continue to be, as he always was, entitled when opening the Diet as King of Hungary, " His Sacred Majesty the Hereditary Emperor of Austria." The condition of Italy has in one practical respect been greatly improved by the general acknowledgment of the new kingdom ; but the internal state of the southern portion is still most unsatisfactory, affording daily proofs of what all experience has proved in other countries, that there is no possibility, unless by main force, of esta blishing a Government for which the people are not prepared. The execrable tyranny of the Boar bon princes had reduced their subjects to a condition that rendered them incapable of being governed except by constant recourse to violent measures ; and those princes have, even in their exile, dons all in their power to keep the people in a state of law less anarchy, which may almost make them regret the loss of the worst of tyrants. In all other parts of the Italian kingdom great and solid progress has been made in popular improvement, and the bless ings of a free constitution are already felt in its influence upon the instructions, and generally in the circumstances of the community. That kingdom is now left free from all foreign interference to manage its own affairs. The original action of Pied mont and her ally to obtain her extension can never be too severely reprobated, although we are entitled to rejoice in the result. The maxim, feri non debuit, factuni valet," may here be applied; and assuredly, if the French and Sar dinian arms only interposed in helping the Italians, both in the north and elsewhere, to strike off a foreign y o ke, and unite themselves with Piedmont, th e interference is of a far less objec tionable kind than a mere ordinary aggression and conquest. But certainly the Government of a coun try, however bad, gives its neighbours not the very least right of interference ; and to attack and seize the territory, under the pretpxt that it is ill-governed, is to repeat the most atrocious crime ever committed in modern times, and by civilised States—the par tition of Poland. Take even the condition of Rome, under a priest, chosen by other priests, and so go verned as justly to merit the reprobation of its own people, and the sympathy of all others; this affords not the shadow of an excuse for any foreign State to seize upon the Roman territory, any more than the Polish Government, the very worst in Europe —an elective monarchy, the choice in the hands of a mob, afforded for its partition. If, however, the Poles had risen against their rulers, and called in the neighbouring Powers to assist them, the case would have been very different as regards Poland, and even if after the partition these Powers had given it a good Government of its own, their con duct would have escaped the universal reprobation which has attended it. And so, if the Romans themselves choose a good Government, even with the help of foreign Powers, and give their territory up to tnose Powers, they will themselves be great gainers, and their foreign allies be blameless. In no other event can we expect social improvement to make any progress in Rome, as it is steadily doing in the northern and central parts of the Italian king dom. France has not only persisted in the same course upon which she had entered before our late congress, with regard to commercial policy, but has carried the principles there adopted further in treaties with Bel gium, Holland, and Turkey. In Belgium the most entire support is always given to sound views of agri culture and trade. There is a still further step made in France by the Imperial policy, and in a direction little expected when we last met. An important re laxation has been given to the restraints imposed upon political discussion. An absolute freedom in this re spect is allowed to both Chambers of Legislature and to publishing the reports of their debates through the press. There really is no difference whatever in this particular between the French Parliament and our own. All political topics are fully and freely dis cussed, so that the country receives, a n d rece i ves i mme diately, whatever imp ress i on the Ministers, or the 0 ngi n pu public too opinionsno regular or party, P w P i ° sh sitw .toll' o mar men uponbelonging the make feelings on any subject whatever. The press, how ever, is still under the most absolute control of the except to report th e d e b a t es , it has n kind Government, 0 fanldib, erty , not even to make a remark ' upon any proceeding of the Government, or indeed any subject whatever. The administration of jus tice, too, is still in a most unhappy state , as re g ards political offences. The judges are, no doubt, irre movable, but they are not inzpromovable ; and any • one may receive the reward of his subserviency to the Government by advancement to a higher place. In England there is no law against such promo: tions, bat they are universally discountenanced, and very rarely take place. In 70 years that I have known our courts I only remember two instances of a puisne made a chief ; for the case of Sir V. Gibbs was that of an Attorney-General promoted after being, from accidental circumstances, a Puisl ie judge. Parliament would at once interpose were such advancements ever made except in very pecu liar circumstances. The interference of the Govern ment with elections is another great evil in the sys tem of our neighbours, and impairs incalculably the salutary tendency of discussion in the Chambers to check the action of the Executive power, or to correct its errors. The deputies who at all oppo se the Government are reduced to a very inconsidera ble number, and the great majorities which suP 9 e. rt ~s it in all contentions give such countenance to ally., acts that the influence of public opinion as tes tified by the representatives of the people is extremely' small. The state of the judicature, the control ore!' the press, and the interference of the prefects pith elections, render the Government nearly absolute in fact as well as in the theory of the constitution; But after the important concessions to freedom of discussion which have so recently been mad e, f p ' have reason to hope that further relaxation 's" follow. It is the unquestionable tendency of that Po!' tion of liberty which has been granted, both to Al' mulate the desire for a grant of more and to increase the difficulty of refusing it, Such must be th e earnest wish of all riends of the great caus e t • c i 'l which we are devoted, both out of the goody n that we heartily bear to our justly-celebrated ne i g h ; bours, and from the intimate conviction we 11111 ,,,, s all have, that the great inserests of peace cann ot "" more effectually served. The noble lord at the conclusion of his addres s L was loudly cheered. COUNTRY MARKETS. F SHEFFIELD—Atm. 13. There was a moderate attendance to-day, and the stiPigi , j , of wheat was abundant. Trade, however, ruled dull, nth an entire absence of speculative buying. Prices were li n : changed from last week for wheat ; oats a shade lowe r ' flour and other articles as before. Red wheat, per lead of 3 imperial bushels...24s Od to Os°,, ti a White 77 7) ...25s Od to 28e um New red , , ...17s Od to 260 ;;A" New white ~ 71 , ....22s Od to 261,;(i v Beans 16s Od to 13s Odv, 71 71 Peas, per qr Ms Od to 65s ‘),I Grinding barley, per qr 33s Od to 35s Malting ditto, „ 3 25 Oats It Millers' prices for flour-2s 2d, 2s 4d, and 5 . Ba Od 6 d 2 s t t 0°743d43 s s r 141b.m: NEWARK--AUG. 14. A fair show of wheat from the growers to-day . f purchased slowly, and sales took place at a reducti Bur ° on 0 . et , on former prices. Barley a meagre show, and trade T ll O . at recent rates. Oats were rather slow, at late quotatlo Beans were quiet, at fully late prices. to ale oo White wheat, new, 65s t o 70 s Barley, grinding. •-- s ss Red do. 6os to 65 s O a t s , o ld, .. 3os to Old white 658 to 70s New do Red do. 50s to 60s Beans.. Barley, malting.. .. 38s to 42s I Beans, new to Pea5,....40s to 50s. 45 2 84 4 sss HIILL—Au G. 13. Old Our market to-day was fairly attended by the trade , if we had a good supply of English wheat, w hi c h sold fre e a at Is to 2s decline on late currencies. Foreign ratW et v ' l ith in retail lots at a reduction of is p er qr . B ar l e y met s' , a well a slow demand, at last Tuesday's rates. Peas is de ell Beans in good steady demand. Oats ver y scar ce, but Iv supported. Wheat.... Old white.... per qr Old red 9) New white .. „ New red .... , „,i Dantzic, Konb , &c. old white 54s Od to 63s Od Dutch, Belgian, and French. 50s Od to 5 8 ° o c l Baltic and Hamburg, red s4s Od to I 0 , St. Petersburg and Riga, old 46s Od to 4 s A 4 5 0 4 : 0 ° d d t t o o 5 508 s s °I i i Barley.... English malting 328 Od to 36 9 v n " A Grinding 3os Od to 328 Od Saal and Oderbruck Holstein and Danish s2s Od to E4B Od Grinding Oats English, old ri Archangel and Riga, per at osl2id ~, Friesland and Dutch oBl3d to NI Beans ....ESwnegdliisshh, and old , Danish 42s Od to 44s New pigeon New tick. 4os Od to 425 Egyptian 3Bs Od to 40s Peas Foreign breakers Grinding Tares ....Spring —s Od to —' B o a Indian Corn Linseed, feeding . 52s Od to 56s 5 ... 48s Od toto6Oosslt, 40a Od to 62S vi) crushing , Linseed cakes (nun) £B 15 0 to £9 0 ; Foreign) BlO oto 9 0" 0 Rape cakes 5 0 oto 510 0 Bones 415 oto 5 0 COAL MARK (Prices of Coal per Ton at .ET—AuG. 14. the dose of the 'market Walls End. 6, 8. 0 SouthAcor 0 e e .... .............• l . 11: 0 0 ,, Byron . Sherif'', Hill .......... 6 i 6 6 K elloe ............ 1 / eassop •...... Hartlepool ..... .. ; Trimdon Hartlepool .• j 8 0 Hetton ....... 16 6 Trimdon Thornley. • • • is South Hetton ......... 1 / ° is F H ra ed t alewyellgale ... .. .. South Hartlepool.... •• 17 6 Eden ............. ..•16 v ...... . .... a. d. Lambert's West Hart ley 16 6 Eden Main 17 0 Carway and Duffryn Malting 24 0 _ . _ Do. Anthracite 21 6 Holywell 15 6 Tanfield Moor l2 9 Tanfield Moor Butes l2 9 North Pelton .. 13 0 West Hartley 16 9 91 sold, 48. Walls End. Peases West Stewart's.... lB 6 Whitworth 15 6 Durham l7 0 Ships at market THE MAILS. MAILS DUE. ------- -- IS' Australia, Ceylon, and Mauritius ('via South- Au g. 9. atepton) .. • • • • • • • . • ' ) Do. 'O-la Marseilles) 5e pt ,,.,,. . Brazil and Cape Verde .. .. _.„ .. ' 1 " Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, &c • • q • •• Aug' ~ , Cuba and Mexico .. . .. .. „ * Aug' 1. Canada, &c. (via L'derry) .. „ • • Sep t 'y is, Cape of Good• Hope, &c... .. .. • • . 1 9„ China, Penang., and Singapore (via S'ampton) l e , Do ( • Marseilles) Aug,rd ,via ° ye i s, Gibraltar (via Southampton) .. • • • ' 1 , ,1. India(Calcutta), Ceylon, &c. (via Southampton) Aug,,,,,, ~, Dos (via Marseilles) 21 7010 Au g ,l 9, India (Bombay), (via Southampton) .. • • ikuo , Do. (via. Marseilles) .. • • Aug' e• • erdu Lisbon • • • • • • • • • • 'Ov doe* Malta, Egypt, and Aden (via Southampton) • • r 21• Do. (via Marseilles) .. Au g'P Aar 0. Vigo, and Oporto .. .. • • • • • ' Aug• 104 United States, California, &c. .. .. • • g e pt.„ g , Western Coast of Atrica, Madeira, Teneriffe . • 'i s i ti g." West Indies and Pacific, Carthagena, Cuba, Bre• IMPRISONMENT FOR DEBT.—It is sOlnet i T e il h y ; ei t t posed that imprisonm en t f or d e b t h as b een a l mo st su a ° ". but the official retu rns s h ow th at i n the year ellfijollOsnAg°- Michaelmas last there were comm itt e d to the 11- England for debt and on civil process no less th an o gele men and 639 wome n , i n a ll 11,707 ; an d , l arge as °I 056: ber seems, it has n ever b een so sma ll i n any ye ar sin ' 9 341' In the five years, 1851-55, the annual average W aS in the five years, 1856-60, it has been 13,833. [ADVERTISEMENT.] —Holloway's Ointment - ' d e Disease prevented or cured.—Scorbutic humours tigor -r appear during childhood that it behoves everY 1:3° ,1 o ,vg s t is nurse to know how to eradicat e th em without d/ , delay. In whatever way th ese cons tit u tional taio' s tr ee . , themselves they may be surely met, and successfully tb e 1 1 0 by using Holloway's noble remedies according t° m ee t a structions folded round each packet Their ennallid,A y l attended by no risk. By their means thi s roVil disease may be arrested and extirpated in its early I? ~0 0 0 1 before it has reached the vital organs. When once tntetioes4 butic poison is overcome the soundest health may be and preserved by occasionally using the paying proper attention to diet and ventilation. y same antidote sis BIRTH S• .dtr 1 4, I • APPACIL—On the 13th inst. at at 7, Sussex - ter race, 0 , park, the wife of Francis ' Hobson Appach, Esq'' daughter. € Ifr a4 C MAW.—On the 14th inst., at R ichmond, the wife 0. Maw, Esq., of a daughter. ' O N Mounisorr.—On the 14 th inst., at BirkheadS iota° Reigate, the wife of Mr. G. Carter Morrison, o° ' of a son. MARRIAGES. orr,ref B AIL LIB—LATTER.-011 the 14th bag, at St. H a nover-square, the Rev. Joh n B a illi e , B e dford 4 bell t o Elizabeth Clara C. Latter, child onlof the ill te y ral Latter. n C o" v i ,"109 CONSTABLE—HELDER —0 the 13th inst., cfLo"., ,otoc', Church, Marylebone, Commander Charles a• A to of H.M.I.N. sou of the late Joh n Constable, 11 -iscl 4 roline Susanna, daughter of William Helder, Howley-place, Maida-hill. BYRONs—On the llthD2A, a T t 2 1 1 9 , clo Y tenham,o/ Sarah, relict of inst. Rear-Admiral Richard C. 8., aged 78. co r k 014 , GLANVILLE.—On the 12th inst., at 4, Hoe-P 3 , - ,, - ft. ' Imperial-square' 5.013' Plymouth, Captain William Fanshawe Glance 10 aged 53. o f 1. 0 KAYE.—On the 12th inst., John Kaye, Esq" 130 Grove, Fulmer, Bucks, J.P. and dep. -lieut. for aed °' Nov ELLO.—On the 9th inst., at Nice, Vincent NO 0 11 born in London, Sept. 6, 17 81 . A ro; e l WHEELWRIGHT.—On the 12th inst., at 2, Carrtdenii Thomas Wheelwright, Esq., 01 ' 76. 4's Kensington, E. WITHERBY.—On the 14th inst., George WitherbP of 10, Highbury-park. ____....!,_ 7al - - A p yoUnl d ' LONDON : Printed and Published by 111IIRPO - .„ str No. 112, Strand, Printer , at Tim SUN Ofr.ce, No. 1:, 1 40 , in the Precinct of the Savoy, In the County 0 1 Thursday, August 15 1 MI. n th a E:s Ht ini Th :11( na rec I a