The Sun. — London, England, 1827-07-27 00:00:00

1 THE HielltAk)S Oii.SNirrITtERLAND.I .The inconvenience from an excessive popula tion was early felt in the Canton of Berne. ! " The old regulations of Berne," says M. Kea thofer, ‘‘ as well as the last of 1807, rest on the same principles as the English, except that the last regn lation is more severe and more positive in all that concerns the poor called to participate in the benefit of the tax." He observes, that matters are noiv much woi , se than they were at the regulation Of 1690, which declares that individuals marrying with- In being assured of the mcans of existence, shall lie deprived of their rights to and from the parish ; and he asks" are the old provisions with regard to the Foor, sufficient, when the common land are almost all distributed, the number ofgoats is excessive, the c ultivation of. potatoes admits of no extension, and our commerce with the neighbouring. States is pa ralysed, and the • introduction of vaccination is so favourable to the rapid increase of p opu l at i on ? • I believe, every thing considered, we ought to exclude provisionally from the right of marriage extreme you th--th ose whose intellectual and physi cal faculties have not attained their full development, and who cannot secure either maintenance or educa tion to their offspring. And, besides, if the fortu nate individua', or he who owes his ease of circuni stances to his'industry,. to his labour, is to be sub jected to au annual tax for the benefit of indigen4 —has he not a right equally incontestible to demand that the sacrifices he is called on to make should not be expended so as to propagate a people of beggars ?" We have said that this description of the Highlands of Switzerland applies Oarly ro all the mountainous re g ions of Europe. HaCcip4, the naturalist, one ()ithe Emperor Joseph's Prd fessors, who travelled through most of the alpine regions of Europe, in his Account of his 'Travels through the Dacian and Sarmatian. Cal i pathians, was so much affected with the spec tacle- of suffering which every wh ere presented itself, the result of excessive population, that he declared that Turkey was a paradise in coM parison. " In large mountainous ranges (he says) the liabitants are compelled to emigrate, to obtain dn existence in othercountries. Well is it when SU emigrations are conducted peaceably, and .the emt ip - antb can 'and room for themselves ; but should We yesterday observed, that all the mom tainous regions :in Europe, with the exceptioi, perhaps, of Norway, were over-peopled, and thiit the inhabitants were, in. consequence, in a statr of great misery: In most •of the- countries in question, the evil of excessive population seen* to have been felt -at a very early period, and t have been met by certain restraints on the fre e. don of the lower orders. ' i A volume was lately published by Mr. Hotlg!•• kin, under the title of " Popular Political Ecot nomy," to many of the principles laid-down in which we are distinctly opposed, however much we may feel disposed to praise the ingenuity and spirit of the writer. Mr. Hodgkin seems to think, when The has disposed of the apparent ex ception in the case of Ireland, and has shown that " it is abundantly evident that the causes cf the ignorance and poverty of the Irish may all be expressed in the one comprehensive word mist government," he may lay it down " that the More labourers were multiplied, the more force would the spring rise with which overflows the land with fertility." , ! • "As the numbk of labourers," he observed, " increases, the productive power of society aug ments in the compound ratio of that increase, mul tiplied by the effects of the division of labour and the increase of knowledge. The labouring classep will, I am afraid, be slow to believe, when their po verty is in general attributed to their multiplying too fast- r iand perhaps justly attributed when that maltiplication is only compared with the want of the capitalist for their services—that this vast .iii crease in the productive power is the result of theft augenenting in number. Why they reap no benefit fit/mit—why, when nature seems to have provided for the perpetual prosperity of society, there should be among one class, indescribable and never-ceasing distress, and among another perpetual apprehension for theiropidence—how it happens that all the prq duce of increasing skill and knowledge falls into the pOwer of the rapacious capitalists, and the profli gate dependants on and profligate supporters of pr - f I igate Governments, swelling their wealth to . a , enormous amount, increasing the number of idler s in society, and checking its progress by checkin division of labour, and the progress of knowledge —must be explained, if at all, in a 'subs quent part of this work. I only advert to thch now, to shew the reader that the actual poverty of the labourer is no argument against the principle I have endeavoured . to establish. ' When so much has of late been written against the principle of population, it is consoling to find any circum - stances connected with it, like the division of labour mid increase of knowledge, which appear to relie4 the wise provisions of nature from the odium cast on them by the.short-sighted and corrupt theories of interested men; giving us reason to suppose that there is in these circumstances, at least, an adequate ' compensation for that increasing difficulty of pro curing the means of subsistence, which is said by most political economists to be the necessary conse quence of an increase in the numbers of mankind.'! Now, we wouri ask Mr. Hodgkin to turn to Switzerland, where he will see, under the paternal government of the Protestant Canton of Beast, a people not oppressed by lords or landlords-- not paying heavy taxes, yet suffering the extreile of poverty, and filling the Government w ith aii . prehension. " If the great mass of a population (says M. Kat thofer) follow a kind of industry which admits rio improvement, which occupies them every day; but so as not to take up their whole time, and whitili does' not permit them to join some other acces sary labour to an industry which merely sup ports them, without procuring them comfort or re• sources—and if that portion of the people, who only vegetate as it were, increase in proportion as the class of easy proprietors diminishes; this state hf things can only have a mischievous influence on the morality of the peciple, and bring about a crisis in their economical system which it is always prudent to anticipate. We were warranted in stating, fr indisputable facts, that this state of timings rea y exists in the great Bailiwick of Interlachen and Ob . ha4li, and more or less in the other valley Of the 4- per region of Berne. The ei,arnples which we sh4ll present may serve to give , weight to this assertion, in giving an idea of the cultivation of the common lands which have been distributed, and in making known the degree of prosperity of our Highlandetts. " The Commune of Aarmuhle (in the Great Bai liwick of Interlachen), of which the lands are fer tile, and which, with respect to opulence, is abote the average of the Communes of the Oberland, has 120 hearths. In this number are comprehended s -- " 31, composed of poor without cattle, living only on the cultivation of the common lands. * " 17, possessors of parcels of ground not equal to an arpent, and which keep but one or two goats. " 28, possessing an arpent of meadow, and feed ing one cow. " 16, who have two. . a 14,- with three cows. " 2, with four cows. " 1, alone with nine cows. " All the lands 'devoted to the eulture of grain make part of the common, and are composed only of parcels of from a tenth to a fourth of an arpent. At Brientz, the position of the inhabitants is hardly better; it is still worse in the valley of Lutscher and Lauterbrunnen; and it may be said, that there are scarcely, in all the Highlands of Berne, a dozen of peasants who possess twenty arpents in cul tivation." that not be the ease, alas for 04 neighbours to whom despair brings these inundations -of- people ! What joy is there not in the German Em pire, in the - - Alp,' and in other overpeopled countries, when " men emigrate ! Are we not on all sides oppressed by the numbers of our spe cies ? The countryman, who in former times could allow part of his possession to lie fallow, is now, in consequence of the splitting of possessions, so situ ated that he must exert his utmost strength to obtain from his small share a miserable subsistence. In ,Carinthia,. for instance, two crops are taken in one year from the same ground, and it is in consequence so exhausted 'that even in the best seasons they d 6 not obtain a return of three seeds, and famines are constant. The forests and meadows have been con verted into arable land to supply the necessities of the people, and every where there is a want of wood and cattle. Every where we are overstocked with people, and the poverty becomes • every day more alarming, sinee, in several countries; the old regu lations have. been departed from, and men have been allowed 'to marry, without any assurance of a subsistence." This writer, who wrote long before the ap pearance of Mr. Malthus's work, goes . even so far as to look with complacency on epidemics as restoratives of the equilibrium, and to observe, " that it seems to be a general principle in nature, that a destruction must take place in all classes of animals, for the sake of the preservtion of the whole." In mountainous regions, the principle of po pulation, when not checked by positive restraints, necessarily acts with all its force ; far the defec tive communication prevents the growth of towns, and the chief employment of the people must alwasys be agriculture and pasturage.' Dissipation and vice impair the stamina of the inhabitants of towns, increase their mortality, and constant sup plies of a more vigorous race from the country become necessary. But i►► mountainous coun tries the people lead a simple life ; and if not restrained, marry at an early age. Mr. Kastho fer tells us that the population of the Canton of Berne has increased no less than 15 per cent. be tween 1810 and 1819. In an ingenious pamphlet just published by Hr. Fletcher, under the title of " Reflections on the Causes which influence the Price of Corn," it is observed, that " in the prevalent thepry,of population it is insisted that in a society, if free dom from vice and misery were to prevail, a vo luntary restraint would alone prevent the excess of numbers over the means of subsistence. But as civilization rises, the surplus pioduce in creases, and with it the commercial, manufactur ing, and all unproductive pursuits extend. The objects of life, as improvement takes place,- re quire longer training ; residence in a larger por tion of mankind is less necessarily fixed 4; avoca tions are of a more absorbing and intense nature ; the moral restraint becomes involuntary ; and the ratio of increase, rapid in the early stages of society, must gradually diminish as it ad vances." The answer to this is, that there are ex tensive regions in which civilization cannot rise. The Highlands of Scotland and Switzerland, and other alpine' regions of Europe, must always be strangers to civilization and the arts which it calls into being. Mr. Kasthofer observes that " for two centuries the Highlands of Berne cannot boast of a single name worthy of figuring with eclat in the annals of a grateful country." The same observation may be applied to' the High lands of Scotland and all other Highlands. A single village of 1,500 inhabitants in the lowlands of Scotland has produced mere men of talents than all the Highlands, coinprehending five eighths of the country and one-fifth of the popula tion. Mountaineers must always be -strangers to civilization and the talents which it calls forth. Norway forms a singular exception to di; other mountainous regions of Europe. In ex tent, it is about equal to that of the Three- Kingdoms, or four times that of Scotland. The population is about 900,000, about twice that of the Highlands of Scotland. According to enumeration on the Ist- February,, 1801, it was 910,074. In 1815, according; to enumeration, the number was 886,000. The population living in its eighteen towns, amounted only to 74,605. We have seen that the Highlands of Switzerland are increasing rapidly in their popu lation. We possess a very minute topographical and statistical account for Norway, published. at Christiania in 1821, and from this we shall select, as a point for comparison, the baili wick of Guldbrandsdal, a district corresponding to the Oberland of Berne. It comprehends the great mountain range of,Dovrefieldt, some points of which rise to the height of eight thousand feet ; and the mountain pass in which Colonel Sinclair, with nine hundred Scotch proceeding through Norway to the relief of Gustavus Adol phus, were slaughtered by the Norwegian pea santry. In 1801 the population was 21,673 ; and in 1815 it was 21,690. How, it will be asked, does the population remain stationary in the one country, and increase rapidly in the other ? Norway, in old timer, was divided into a number of large farms, called gaards : Guld brandsdal, a large tract of 104 Norse square miles, is divided into 1,072 gaards : the oc cupiers amount to 1,400. b Of these 1,263 are proprietors, and 173 tenants. The num ber of occupiers of cottages with pieces of ground attached to them, and possessing one or more cows and a few sheep, is 2,033. Till one of these cottages becomes vacant for the reception of a labourer, he is not allowed to marry, but remain „single in the house of one of the large owners. In the course of a number of ages, the number of occupiers has only increased beyond the number of gaards, in the ratio of 1,400, to 1,072, though the V ckildren of all succeed equally. It is not among those possessed of property that an increase of population is to be dreaded. The lower orders in Norway, however, would increase as rapidly as elsewhere, but for the positive prohibition of marriage, except under the circumstances above alluded to. To give at) idea of the difference in point of comfort between the occupiers of the lands of Norway and those Of the Highlands of Switzer land, we shall copy the account given of the Guards in the parish of Froen. Forr, three Guards, No. 2,3, and 4, with four occupiers, and 13 house men. Each of these Gaards uses nearly 20 tons of seed corn, and keeps 10 horses and 50 cows.—Hundorp, two Gaards, No. 6 and 7. Each .of them uses 12 tons of corn, and keeps five horses and 30 cows. They have be tween them two house men.—Haave, No. 8 ; sows 12 tons corn, and feeds 5 horses, 30 cows, anti the same number of sheep,—Berge, • No. 9, w i t h two occupiers. The seed and animals the same as the foregoing. Those who have travelled through Norway, have always been struck with the fine appearance of the peasantry. From Dr. Clarke, Mr. Mal thus, M, Von Buch, down to M. de Capo Brook, there is but one voice on this subject. Now, in the Highlands of Scotland, where the gentry are tall and robust, the lower orders are short in stature, evidently from insufficiency 6f food. There is no question that restrints en mar. riage tend to increase the number of illegitimate children. But the number of children legitimate and il l egitimate, taken together, is kept down by the restraints. M. Kasthofer alludes to this subject. "It is objected' (he says), that in pre venting these sorts of marriages, we should in crease the number cf illegitimate children, with out diminishing the births. But this objection is of easy refutation, if we take -into: considera tion the nature, the state of the fair sex, and the constraint and modesty which is, more or less, impressed on them by their local position. It is certain that, in the capital, where marriage usually takes place later than in the country, the number of bastards is always much less in proportion than that of the fruits of the premature marriages of -the inhabitants of our valleys." It appears, from the Topographical and Statistical Account of Norway, that the number of illegitimate chil dren is very considerable. In several of the pa rishes of Guldbrandsdal, according to the List of Births for the five years preceding 1815, %every sixth child was illegitimate. In most cases, no doubt, when. circumstances proved favourable, the. parents would marry ; but the difficulty of maintaining children, in their single and separate state, would prevent the parents from begetting as many children as if they were living together, in the same house, as man and wife.—And of this we have a proof in the circumstance - of the population remaining stationary in a climate re markably healthy and favourable to longevity. It would appear, then, that the people of mountainous. regions being precluded from high civilization, can only escape the misery of exces sive poverty by the imposition of severe restraints on marriage, to which, from theirlaimple man— ners, they are very'grosgly inclined. In coim: tries, again, like England, where there seems no limit to civilization and the division of labour, " avocations (as Mr. Fletcher observes) are-of a more absorbing and intense nature, and the moral . restraint becomes involuntary." Besides, the congregatingmen together in large masses, creates a great mortality, and a consequent opening for a constant stream of emigration from the sur roundingdistricts. The births and deaths of Lon don, for instance, give us satisfactory data for com parison with a district in which the inhabitants are stationary. The number of deaths would he much greater than the births, but for the constant influx from all parts of the country of young people in the flower of 'life, possessed of much more robust constitutions than the natives. But the prevalence of moral. restraints, the effects of luxury and indulgence, the increased mortality from congregating masses together, and from the enfeebling effects on the species produced by the pursuits of towns, do not in the least militate against the principle of population, or prove that severe restraints are not necessary where the indirect checks resulting from civilization cannot exist. What we have said does not apply t o I r el an d which ought to be a civilized country, and which is only retained in a barbarous state by a system of misgovernment which is a disgrace to the British name—Morning Chronicle. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Stß,—Lord William Bentinck is to be sworn Governor General of Bengal. I had the honour of serving under his Lordship's orders, and several oc casions of admiring his high virtues and noble deeds; and as the only mark of respect and gratitude I can offer on ;his highly important event, I wrote the following lines. Should you, Sir, think them worthy of. your valuable paper, you will add to my former obligations by their insertion. I have the honour to be, Sir, your most obedient humble servant, F. ROMEO. INDIS JUSTITIA ET PAX; INDOQUE PFUESIDENTIBUS FATO LUSTRUM: BRITANNIE: INDORUMQUE EMULIS DEJECTIO ; ANGLORUM LIBERALI ADM I VSTRATIONI SUBLIME PR/EVID IIE .SPECIMEN; PR/ECLARO GEORGIO IV. REGI VIRTUTIS FIRMIQUE ANIMI MONUMENT UM IN LORD WILLIAM CAVENDISH BENTINCK BENGAL GUBERNATORIS INSTALLATIONE. TRANsLATioN. • TO INDIA JUSTICE AND PEACE TO ITS RULERS AN HONOUR; TO THE ENEMIES OF THE BRITISH EMPIRE AN HUMILIATING DISAPPOINTMENT ; TO THE LIBERAL ADMINISTRATION OF • -7 A HIGH DISPLAY OF WISDOM; TO THE ENLIGHTENED KING GEORGE IV, A MONUMENT OF FORTITUDE AND PUBLIC VIRTUE; IN THE INSTALLATION OF LORD WILLIAM CAVENDISH BENTINCK GOVERNOR-GENERAL OF BENGAL. IMPORTANT TO THE LOVERS OF CHANGE RINGINO.—On Monday last, Mr. John Whitehead, of Oldham, appeared before James Lees, Esq., of Clarksfield, to answer to a summons which had been issued, by his neighbour, a professional gentleman, complaining that the ringing of changes upon hand-bells, by amateurs of that science, on a Sunday evening, at his house, was a nuisance to the neighbourhood, and a breach of his 'recognizance. Mr. Whitehead produced a certificate, signed by all his principal neighbours, (except the individual in question), declaring that the ringing of changes upon hand-bells had been practised by Mr. Whitehead, and by persons resort ing to his house, fur a great number of years ; and that, so far from the music produced by them being a nuisance, they considered that such a practice was rather pleasing than otherwise. The worthy Magistrate dismissed the case. This decision has given universal satisfaction to the inha bitants of Oldham. as it is well known that there are few towns in England where the art of change-ringing has been brought to greater perfection.—Manchester Herald. THE SILK WF,AVERS.J.— We are sorry to find that a disagreement has lately arisen between these people and their employers, which is likely to produce a great deal of distress among the families of the workmen, unless their leaders can be induced to abandon their absurd and pernicious intentions. A few weeks ago, in con.:!. , quence of an advance in the price of weaving, a workman in the employ of Messrs. P. and S. W a lk er, who h a d taken out a warp a few days before the advance was made, complained of being unjustly dealt with, and demanded the additional wages. Messrs. W., demurring to the demand, till weaver took two other workmen to the warehouse of these gentlemen, who advocated his cause in so insolent a manner, that Messrs. W. were compelled to obtain the as sistance of a police-officer to remove them. A demand for an increase of wages was then made of Messrs. W. et the instigation of the weavers' union, on the ground that their work was not paid according to the rate by whi c h the other manufacturers were governed. Though Messrs. Walker did not acknowledge the justice of this c l a i m , they deemed it advisable to comply with it, and flattered , themselves thus no cause of . disagreement then remained between them and their workmen. In this they were dis appointed. Under the pretext of having incurred considej rable expense in settling these differerices with Messrs. Walker, the weavers' union had the assurance to demand from these gentlemen the sum of fifty pounds, towards the repayment of the outlay the dispute had occasioned. So impudent a claim was very properly met by Messrs. Wal ker with a fiat refusal, and the conseuuenee is, that the whole of Messrs. W.'s workmen have been compelled, by the heads of the union, to return their geers to their em ployers. We understand there is no prospect at present of the parties coming to an understanding ; but nearly all the principal manufacturers have come to a resolution to reduce the wages of weaving one-half, uptil the demand which has been made upon Messrs. Walker be withdrawn ; and as the weavers refuse to take out work on these terms, a great number are thrown out of employment every day.— The consequence of this state of things must soon be felt, and unless the industrious part of the weavers deteemine to free themselves from the thraldom of their leaders, their families will be visited with want end wretchedness. We understand that an industrious man may, in some branches of silk weaving, earn from twenty to thirty shillings a week..4lfanchester Herald. FOREIGN INTELLIGENCE, FRENCH PAPERS. (From the Gazette de France, July 25.) " ODESSA, JULY s.—The accounts from Con stantinople of the let of this month announce that the. Sultan is at length preparing for the most serious measures. " The firman which we spoke of for weeks, has been sent to the provinces, and the Pachas are or dered to arm also in defence of the .empire the, rayas who do not recognize Islamism. Every thing in dicates that the Sultan will no more hear any, pro posal concerning the Greeks. The armaments con tinue here and at Nicolaieff.—Gazette of Augsburgh. " PARIS, JULY 24.—The Moniteur of this morn ing has a long article in reply to the Journal du Commerce. ' The JoOnal du Commerce,' says the Moniteur, which we are happy to see engaged in discussions suitable ,twits title, has this morning some observations on the sugar trade. But it does not stop there, and hastens to attach to this question a more general disapprobation on the obstinacy of France in confining its consumption for the goods which contribute the greater part of its commercial transactions to the productions of two or three unknown parts of the globe, which we temporarily call our transmarine possessions.' " The ilioniteur observes, that the Journal 'du Commerce has here brought forward one of the most important questions which for the last 50 years have occupied the attention of statesmen and political economists, but that at present it will set aside poli tical,• military, and naval consideration, connected with the subject, and consult only the commercial results. . . " It appears that in 1826 the value of goods imported into France, ►vas " Exports " Excess of imports " But if France has imported more than it has exported, this disadvantage doe• not proceed from the trade with the colonies, for in 1826, 542 French ships exp.-,rted to the colonies to the amount of 52,954,413 franci _ " 443 ship imported 61,0'72,226 " The exports exceeded therefore by 1,882,087 francs. Nor is this all : we find that the direct commerce of France with those almost imperceptible parts of the globe' is equal to about a third of its direct commerce with foreign nations for the importations, and above a third for the exportations ; which may prove to the Journal du Commerce that the ques tion of the 'colonies is more important than it sus pected, in the question of the national commerce. (Front the Journal des Debate, July 24.) " TRIESTE, JULY I.—According to the latest news from Smyrna, Ibrahim Pac ha - projected a march from Tripolizza upon Napoli di Romania. Such, at least, was the news from Zante of the 25th of June: The Obgervateur Impartial pub lifhes the report of Major Corner, commander of an Austrian ship, to Admi ra l Dandolo, upon the capi tulation of the Acropolis and the e%:.acuation of the Phalerus. The same journal states, that the orga nization of new troops is going rapidly on at Adria nople, and encounters scarcely any obstacle. A re giment, 1,500 strong, disciplined according to the European system, has recently departed for Liva die. Barracks are constructed at Adrianople for 10,000 men. " WARSAW, JUNE 28.—The Emperor promul. gated on the Bth'of April the following_ decree:— We, Nicholas 1., sic., having consiae.hd the article 160 of the Constitutional Charter, and the articles 2, S, 11, of our regulations, of the date of the 6th (18th) of this month, relative to the organization of the High National Court, upon the report of• the Committee of Inquiry, esta blished in virtue of our order of the 7th (19th) of Fe bruary, 1826, and the proposition of the Council of Admi nistration of the kingdom of Poland, we have decreed and do decree : • " ' Art. 1. The High National Court convoked in vir tue of our order of that day; shall be seized with the cogni zance of the acct..: : Sevarin Krzyzanowski, Comte Sta nisles Soltyk, Francoi% Atajewski, L'Abbe Dembek, Sta- Zoblocki, Albert Grzymala,.Andrew Plichta, Roman Comte Zaluzki : and also with the affairs of others who shall have been discovered in the course pf the inquiry and the instruction-, whose crimes shallbe, according to the articles 81, 50, '76, of the regulations before cited, sub mitted to the cognisance of the High National Court now convoked.' " Five other articles follow, for the better regulation of the Court, and for the more impartial administration of its justice. _ _ _ (From the Constibitionnel.) "CONSTANTINOPLE, JULY 24.—T0 the strings of ears and heads sent from Athens by the Seraskier Reschid Pacha, has succeeded another sort of pas time. Thirty rich Turks, whose inheritance was coveted, have been hanged, without form of process, as factors and secret partisans of the Janissaries; and, at the end of three days, it was found neces sary to pay to obtain permission to bury them. The' Ulema is menaced anew. There is talk of reforming it, as the Janissaries have been reformed ; •and the Mufti, who has composed so many fine songs in honour of wine, has left off singing, finding that his time approaches. The . Sultan is on the point of making an appeal to all the Mus sulmans from China and Java to Morocco. This is the dire of the Divan, which pretends by this levee en masse to throw seven millions of troops, disciplined in the Austrian manner, into the arms of old Europe, flattering itself, that at the commencement of" 1828, there will not remain a town in the country of the Infidels where they will not date by the years of - the Hegira.. Mean time, we know certainly, that they are arming with activity at Sebastopol, and that considerable maga zines are collected at Odessa. But it is probable the Turks 'will give room for the first hostilities by some.aggression on the side of the Pruth. • " The Persian Ambassador who appeared last year, and was solemnly sent back, has been recently' discovered at Scutari, where he is accredited in cognito. It is he who gives the bulletins of this war, in which the Russians and Persians seem armed only to steal away, mutually, the cattl e goa t s , s h ee p, mules, and asses ; and to make prisoners, who are sold and treated like beasts of burden. Such, up to the present moment, has been the result of the cam paign which now occupies the environs of Erivan, Where the Muscovites have more need of quinine to curs their fever, than of cannon and fusils to defend themselves against the Kirgal Bashaws. • VIENNA, JULY 14.—Letters from Brody, and Lemberg (Gallicia), make mention of news, that orders of great importance, expedited from Peters burgh, have been received at Mohilow and at Tule zin,head-quarters of the armies of the south dud of 'the west. At the departure, however, of the last couriers; no extraordinary movement had been mani fested by the troops of the two armies, who were tranquil in their respective cantonments. The news that the Emperor Nicholas was about soon to visit the corps of the army of Bessarabia, commanded by Gen. Sabanieff, seems to acquire some consistency. " TRIEsTE, JULY 11.—Some days befoTe the de parture from Zimora (Morea) of a vessel which has arrived here after a passage of 22 days, they had learned, by the vessels arrived from Cerigo, that .the Egyptian fleet of 100 . sail had been descried from the heights of that Isle, and that on the 14th of June, there had been heard a strong cannonading. This news, however, wants more confirmation, since the letters from Alexandria - of the 12th of. May, fix' the departure of the fleet for the end of June." A beggar man, apparently very old, and in great distress, with a child in his arms, came into a public house in the Bridgegate on- Friday evening, and begged alms with great earnestness. A young man in the house at the time, suspecting that he was an impostor took hold of the child, when immediately the head came off, and dis covered it to be made of plaster of Paris. After shaking the old man a little, an old red wig fell off, and discovered him 'to be a young man about thirty. He begged very hard to get off without asking damages for the loss'of his child and wig, and was turned out of the house,..Glciegow Chronicle. e i br ti 1114 , LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, JULY 27, 1827. 'We received, last night, the Paris Papers of Tuesday, and the Gazette de France, dated Wednesday morning. They contain further accounts from Constan= tinople, which. fully..confirm the previous intelli gence of the determination of the SULTAN to resist any interference in the affairs of Greece. Private letters from Vienna, mention a report that orders of great importance had been sent from St. Petersburgh to the armies of the south and west. No movements amongst the troops had, however, taken place. Fnartcx FUNDS.—Rentes, Five per Cents. 103 f. sc. Three per Cents. 72f. 75c. 70e. ; Bank Actions, 2,012 f. 50c. \ FOREIGN FUND3.—Rentes Nap. Cert. Fal. 78f. 45e. Rentes Nap. Cert. Fran. 781. 75c. ; 'Spanish Rentes, 8; Royal Spanish Loan, 61 4 ; Interminable Spanish An nnifes, 46 454 ; Haytian Loan, 875 f. .• Brussels papers to the 25th inst. have been received. By an article from St. Petersburgh, it would appear that the Emperor of RUSSIA W4S sictirous of instant interposition in the affairs of Greece, in or(kt- A5 . .;1:213 t,l-4, brutalizing warfare lately carried on by thetiniiitiqt-ii.,,,10 Powers impeded his purpose. Whether the restraint was the effect of policy, or indifference to the cause of Greece, does not appear, but the impulse of humanity ought, we think, to have dictated a different line of con duct. Russia may, no doubt, have designs upon Turkey ; but will the extermination of the Greeks prevent the completion of her views of aggrandisement ? we think quite tha .reverse BRUSSELS, JULY 21.—ilia Royal Highness Prince Fre derick of the Netherlands arrived at Maestricht yesterday morning, at five o'clock, and immediately proceeded to inspect the military establishments of that fortress. It is supposed his Royal Highness will afterwards go to Berlin, to fetch back his Royal Consort, now on a visit in that capital. • We are informed from Terlement, that, on the lath of this month, the parish priest of Hoeleden killed his brother, Pierre Vau den Pert, tavern-keeper at Glabbeck, by beating him with a cudgel. " The account we have before -119, says, that the Priest was accompanied by his clerk, who is spoken of as an accom plice, and brutally kicked his unhappy brother when he was already yaltering in his blood. • A letter from St. Petersburgh of the 4t... e r'nre by the following passage, the. reproaches wht, , . excited by the delay of the great Powers in chewing any interest in favour of the unfortunate Greek nation :—." Our Sovereign was desirous of adopting more speedy measures to check the effusion of blood, but some other Powers ap pear to hive impeded his intentions.". AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, JULY 17.—The articles of the ma facture of the district of Aix-la-Chapelle, which are in tended for ;he exhibition at Berlin, have been first shown to the public in our Town-hall. Messrs. J. Freng., Via seur, and Co., in addition to what they sent before, have sent two specimens of cloth, called Circassian, which were manufactured on Wednesday night week, in presence of a Commission of three manufacturers of different towns. At midnight the raw wool was given them, and went through all the different processes, till the complete manufacture of the article, so that a piece an ell long, of a yellow colour, was finished in ten hours ; and a piece of six ells, of Hor tensia colour, in twelve hours forty-four minutes. This ' rapid manufacture, of which there is ni2 other instance, added to the beauty and solidity of the article, proves the great improvement in this manufacture, and the enterpris ing spirit which has distinguished our city for many ages. By the Florida, which arrived at Liverpool on Wednesday, we have received some further- American Papers, but their contents have been partly anticipated by arriials direct fiorn other quarters. It appears that Commodore PORTER is resolved in pushing on the war 'against LABORDE, and we may shortly expect to hear something decisive either way if the parties meet. The following is a more detailed account of the revolution in Peru than has yet appeared in print :--. Lima, FEB. I.—According to my custom, I rose early on the 26th ult. for the purpose of riding ; upon gaining the Placa, I observed some 600 or 600 Colombian troops placed in front of the Cathedral. It immediately occurred to me, that it was for the purpose of exercising, and think ing nothing more of it, I continued my ride; but upon my return, was surprised at finding them still there, and the Palace gates closed. The Plaqa w.As now cleared, and guards were placed at every outlet. Various rumours were circulated; despatches were seen going off in all directions ; not a store was open. By ten, the news became general, that the Constitution given by Gen. Bolivar, some six weeks since, was to be overturned; many of the officers who were left by him in important situations (most of them Colombians), were, early in the day, arrested by the officers of the Colombian troops ; among them, Generals Lara and Sans, and the greater part of the Colonels and Captains of the different regiments, who were all sent to Callao Castles for secu►ity ; for the revolutionary party had wisely taken measures to possess the Castles. General Bustamente took command of the troops, and assigned as his reason for arresting his superior officers that he, in common with his countrymen, had sworn to sup port the Colombian Constitution—that Bolivar wished to overturn it, and had therefore left such officers in Peru as were in his interest—that wishing to prevent evils to hie country, lie had arrested them, and should proceed im mediately to administer to all the officers and soldiers of Colombia, in the city, the oath to support the Constitu tion of Colombia. The citizens of Lima were at first in• constraint was put upon them, th e y wet in the Cabildo, timidated by the military show I;tttohservit4 that no and, among others, passed the following resolutions--viz : That the Constitution forced upon this Republic by the military power of Bolivar be null and void. That the late Ministers are not worthy of the people's confidence, and that new ones be appointed. That a General Congress be assembled on May 1, to elect a President', and to form a Constitution for Peru, That General Santa Crue remain President of the Re public. until Congress assemble. In place of the former Ministers, Santa Cruz, &c., be named Viduarre, Minister of State; Larrea, Minister of Hacienda; and Salazar, of War. Heres, the former Mi nister of War, escaped on board a French man-of-war in Callao Bay ; also the late Prefecto. This revolution has been brought about with the greatest secrecy and regularity; the Colombian officers were arrest ed in their houses, perfectly unconscious that it was plot ting. The military and the people appear to have similar ideas, and every thing proceeds quietly and orderly. What effect will this have upon Bolivar and his party in Colombia? Here he is looked upon as wishing to place a crown upon his head. VERA Cain, MAY 20.--Commodore Porter arrived here yesterday, on board of a sloop of 28 tons, from Key West, with the intention of sailing on board the brig of war Guerrero, in search of the Spanish privateer called the Conquistador, pledging hie life to bring in the priva teer in less than ten days. On consultation, however, it has bec4 agret4 that the brig ehall'Wail to-day or tO.mor raw, but without the Commodore, he having a more im portant object in viety.—The Commodore saw, on his passage, Commodore Laborde's squadron, and saw a priva teer take five vessels belonging to our Republic. Commodore Porter arrived at Key West, on the 16th June, from Vera Cruz. In the City of New York, there are 44 fire-engines in good order; five hook and holder trucks, and upwards of 11,000 feet of hose, and 1,348 firemen. There are 4000 weavers in Philadelphia. We refer our readers ,to an article from the Morning Post,. which will be found under the " Spirit of the Public Journals." We really have too much respect for Mr. PEEL not to regret seeing him insulted in so shameful a manner. It is aston4hing that our contemporary cannot detect the palpable attack of some bitter enemy of the Right Hon. Gentleman, which has been played off' on its unsuspecting credulity. We have received, this morning, German Papers 'of various dates, up to the 21st inst. They do not contain any fresh political news :-- AUGSBURG, JULY 19. r The Impartial Observer of Smyrna, of the 16th June, contains the whole of the circumstantial report of the sur render of the Acropolis, addressed by Major Corner, com mander of the Austrian brig Veneto, to Colonel Count'. Dandolo, commander of the Austrian naval force in the Mediterranean. This report, dated Salamis, June 7, con tains but little that was not already known through other channels. The garrison, after the evacuation of the Pha lerus, informed M. Corner that they were ordered by the General-in , Chief to capitulate, which they-wished to do under the mediation of Anstria, England, and Frew.... The Seraskier, however, .would hear only M ,z.eliet'al of Austria. Difficulties respecting the terms, hnrever, arose. and' the capitulation was at length concluded, by the inter vention of the French OfbcSrs on the sth of June. The citadel was evacuated the 'same day. Two thousand per sous of both sexes, and all ages, left it, exhausted with hunger - mid fatigue, having provisions for no more than five days remaining. The Seraskler behaved with great Kama-1• and honour on the occaeier No other nereon w I rk 1 -, , ee been able to 'Tetra; • o rl4e tee_chriace at . 3t. Spiridical. • The Impartial Observer adds, that Major Cornee, pre vious to his leaving the Turkish camp before Athens, had learnt that an Hungarian Philhellene was among Redschid Pacha's prisoners, who was to • be 'execeted because he was taken with arms in his hands. On the :Major's interven tion he was pardoned and set at liberty. _ _ STETTIN, JULY 18. Our city has received a new instance of the favour of the present Emperor of RUssia. His Majesty has been pleased to confirm the honourable promise:given by the Empress Catherine 11., in 1763, to the city, as her birth place, that a specimen of every medal struck in the Russian Empire should be sent us. In conformity with this promise, his Majesty the Emperof Nicholas has lately transmitted to us two large gold medals, one on the death of his late Ma jesty the Emperor Alexander, the other on the accession of the reigning Emperor himself. TIMM, JULY 17. On Sunday the 15th, in the afternoon, a furious hurri cane, accompanied by showers of hail, of extraordinary size, passe(' "ler this city and neighbourhood. The storm fell particularly on the pleasant hills round the,city, but was most terrible at Moncalieri, where it destroyed almost every hope of the vintage, beat down all the fruit from the trees; and tore up by the roots a great number of the very largest trees in the city. Very few windows escaped. We have not yet received the particulars of the damage done in, the neighbourhood; but the effects of the storm were probably extensive, as the wind changed three times in the apace of an hour. VIENNA, JULY 14. The Journals of Salzburg and Agram continue to giv e melancholy accounts of the devastation caused by the inun dations in consequence of the sudden overflowing of the mountain torrents. Letters• from Santa Martha of the 21st May, mention that an Aide-de-eamp of General Bolivar bad arrived the evening before, with orders to prepare the needful a cco nv inoilation for the reception of that personage, who, it seems to appear, is taking a general and peaonal inspection of the Custom-houses at the different ports in the Republic, for the purpose of putting an end .to the system of smuggling which has been carried on to an enormous degree, and to fix upon regulations that will put the revenue of the coun try iq this respect on a better footing ; from thence he pro ceeds to Carthagena, for the same salutary purpose. All was quiet at the time this letter was written. • We received the hollowing interesting commu nication from a Naval Officer of rank, employed on the Coast of Africa. It pourtrays in a feel ing manner the horrible barbarities of the traffic in Slaves. When will humanity cease to be shocked by such dreadful scenes ? Bight of Biafra, April 10, 1827. Yesterday afternoon,, after having sent some of my boats into the Calabar River, where I had reason to believe a slaver was on the point of sailing, with a • full cargo, a vessel was seen from the royal-yard, standing through be tween Fernando Po and the Main Land. Aware shecould be nothing but ;slaver, I made sail in chase, and tho Ugh then sunset, I shaped a course, so as to cut her off in the night. At oae in the morning; we got sight of her, under a press of sail—but to no effect ; for Old Nick himself will not escape this darling ship in light winds. It, however, fell calm, when we were about four or five miles from her, and I directed' the boats, well manned and armed,• to attack her. Thank God, no resistance was made, and at two o'clock, one of the boats returned, to acquaint me of the capture of the Creola, a Brazilian brig, with a cargo of three hundred and nine slaves. The purport of this letter, my good friend, is not to take up your time with a perusal of my captures, but to make your feeling heart (if possible) more alive than it is to the miseries I have experienced in this slaver, and the torture the unoffending creatures are put to, in cold blood. by these execrable villains the Portuguese. In the morn ing I went on board to see and be a witness to the state the slaves were in. Now, you will bear in mind this to n e asu f forenoon e tt n ihl o ao o st ne ne a rt chains o let on th eso e i pl inv r e4trteedd creatures am etno The women and girls were (horrid from the pain vesseltbt w o arek a r ree e t l im a : en i s t ) ciphi b oeean r oia a pinyi n lise d abl ed °slwfoltwh. with au iron, at least one inch in lengt with the letter B ; and several of these marks must have been done even since they were at sea (but two days), as t s h ev e e y ra s l ti o ll f was a melancholy witness to the marks, all of them being a sore, and most of them fester stshffesyredoun;gearndfaml ales were weeping fester ing, and this, too, not one inch above the breast. The men were marked with the same letter B, but on the arm. As you are ever on the move in the higher circles, de make this cruelty known, that, if possible, these monsters of ,p a ntos depravitythe immense snse Government, sums of may be punished. It is too bad, that re money given to that rascally Portuguesee to suppress the slave trade, that such enormitie s s h ou ld st ill be suffered. I frightened the beast of a master qut of his wits, by getting a red hot iron mad putting it c l ose to hi s c h ee k ; an d I ver il y .b e li eve i t after i will have a good effect. I would have given my ears, if I could have branded the villain on his forehead, or cheek. Do my good friend, speak of it to all and every body you think proper ; for 4 is heart-rending to see such cruelty, so barbarously inflicted, and by those dealers in the human flesh. This last capture, makes no less than two thousand four hundred and ninety seven slaves taken and emancipated by this ship alone. • The Calabar and Cameroens Rivers are now perfectly empty. In the former there is but one vessel, and she is French ; and in the latter, tione whatever. I hope, therefore, they have felt the last order of our Government, to seise them with Slave cargoes on board north of the Line, and that • the slave trade, if not stopped, has lately received a severe check. lam off for Sierra Leone in a day or two, in hopes of meeting -, as the thunder and lightning in the vicinity of these rivers, and the immense mountains, hap for the last week been terrific. The rainy season is also beginning, which alone is sufficient to drive one out of these sad Bights. In ad dition to the Creola, I have sent up for adjudication this last mouth no less than seven vessels, all laden with slave cargoes, and it has almost cleared the Bights. Sierra Leone, May 22, 1827. Here I am again in this pestilential hole, and which is (if pOssible) worse than ever. , By the Orestes transport, which came here on her way to Cape COast and Ascension there - ea - me out two supernumerary surgeons and two m oisten% for the squadron and in the Valllo vessel were two PRICES OF IRISH Bank Stock 242%1 Consols, 3 per cent. 85% Gov. Stock, 3% percent. 9214% Ditto, New 4 per Cent. 100%% Gov. Deb. 3% per cent Royal Canal Stock Grand Canal Stock l2 City Deb. 4 per cent Ballast Office Deb. 4p. ct sTocKs, JULY 24. . . St. Patrick Insur. (per sh.) ....; Royal Irish Ditto -... National Ditto Hi Patriotic Ditto Hibernian Bank 163; Provincial Ditto Royal Irish Mine Imperial Mine Mining Co. of Ireland Commercial Buildings