The Sun. — London, England, 1861-09-10 00:00:00

ALFRED MELLON'S PROMENADE CONCERTS. • THEATRE ROYAL, COVENT-GARDEN. GRAND ORCHESTRA. Mdlle. FLORENCE LANCIA, Mine. LA RA BAXTER, and Herr FORMES, every Evening. On Thursday next, the ITALIAN NIGHT, on which oc casion Mdlle. VASCHRTTI (from La Scala, Milan, and other Continental Theatres), will make her first appearance. On Friday next, the WE dER ,NIG HT. On Saturday next, a VOLUNTEER NIGHT, when will be performed BEET HOVEN'S BATTLE SYMPHONY. Commence at 8. Promenade, is. ; Amphitheatre Stalls, Is. 6d. ; Boxes, 2s. 6d. ; Private Boxes, LI ls., and lOs. 6d. Con duc tor, Mr. ALFRED MELLON. it EA TRE-ROY AL, HAYMARKET. Lesmee. Ur. J. B. Buckstone. THIS EVENING, the nertorraanoes will oommenan with THE SUN AND THE WIND. Miss Fanny Wright, the Leelercqs, &c. After which, a new Comedy, entitled THE SOFT SEX. Mr. C. Mathews, Mr. Buckstone, Mr. Compton, Mr. E.Villiers, ?Ars. Charles Mathews, Mrs. Wilkins, &c. To conclude with PAUL PRY. Mr. C. Mathews. Commence a 7 R OYAL LYCEUM THEATRE. Manager—Mr. Edmund Falconer. EVERY EVENING, at Eight o'clock, the new and suc cessful comedy, WOMAN ; or, Love against the World. Characters by Messrs. Walter Lacy . , Addison, Herman Vezin, J. Robins, Mrs. Charles Young, Mrs. Weston, Miss Murray, and Miss Lydia Thomson. or, The Onconvanience of Single Preceded by, evening., the new and original farce entitled THE FWCIIES ; Life. Tim O'Reilly, Mr. Edmund Falconer; Mary O'Brady, Miss Lydia Thompwen. Prices as us ual. Doors open at half-past 6, to commence at 7 Box-office open daily from 11 till 5. NEW THEATRE-ROYAL, ADELPHI.- Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster. This Theatre will RE-OPEN on MONDAY, September 23, when Mr. and Mrs. Dion Boucicanit will re-appear in TgE COLLEEN BAWN. This Drama will be played for a limited number of nights during the preparation of. the new American Drama, by Mr. D. Boncicault, entitled THE OCTOROON; or, LIFE IN LOUISIANA. Box-office open on Thursday, Sept. 19. CANTERBURY HALL CONCERTS, AND FINE ARTS GALLERY. Mr. SAM COWELL every Evening at Nine and a quarter to Eleven.—Also, Grand Selections from TROVATORE, TRAVIATA, NORMA, MARTHA, &c., by Miss Russell, Miss Ernst, Mr. Herbert, Signor Tivoli, Mr. Morley, and a yowerful Chorus. The Comio department comorisea Messrs. Harvey and French, " The Nerves " Mr. Marshall—Mr. Wood and his talented Son - and Miss Harriet Coveney. Musical Director, Mr. Jonghmans. Admission—Hall, 6d. ; Stalls and Balcony, Is. T " FORD, D, 6, OXFORD-STREET. EVERY EVENING. A Grand Selection from Verdi's new opera, " Simon Boc canegra" (now produced for the first time in this country), by 1111s1 Russell, Messrs. C. Greville, Tivoli, Greene, Morley, and Herbert ; also from Verdi's " Macbeth " by Madame Enderssohn and the entire Company. Full band and chorus. Conductor, Mr. F. Jonghmans. Varied Comic entertain ments by Messrs. M. P. Foster, Sam Collins, Harvey and French (the Nerves), E. Marshall, and W. Randall. Hall, sixpence ; Balcony and Stalls, one shilling. Private Boxes, 10s. 6d. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tale DlON—Morning, sh. 20m.—Afternoon, sh. 43m. TO-NOBAo4l,3lollling, 6h. sm.—Afternoon, 6h. 30m. THE WEATHER.-Strx OFFICE, SEPTEMBER 10, 1861. THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE, 67—highest since noon yesterday, 51—lowest this morning and during the night. 63—this day at noon. . BAROMETER-29.98. WlND—North-Westerly—lisht ; with cloudy weather. t tlryt rrf: CA rE4: ‘ A `;it i /P • „ •-,1 6 't • I'lo A - • b1:01T` ; TRE SUN. LONDON, TUESDAY, SEPT. 10, 1861. We direct public attention to a letter from Mr. HAMER STANSFELD on the Bank Act of 1844, on his joining the Currency Reform Committee for the abolition of that most pernicious piece of legis lation. Had PEEL but lived a little longer he would have abrogated that act, and conferred more benefit on the nation than he did by the abolition of the Corn Laws, great as was the bounty given by that splendid measure. Though PEEL was firm in what he considered right, yet he was no bigot. Reason and reflection swayed his intellect, and when he detected his error no prejudice could stand in his way in confessing his mistake, nor make him hesitate in doing all the justice in his power to remedy the evil. Witness Catholic Emancipation and many other. concessions to the freedom of thought. What the Corn Laws were to the Landlords so is the Bank Act to the Bullionists. The ope robbed the people of their . bread and the other of their money. And the "wisdom" of Parliament sanc tioned the infaMy ! Posterity may not believe it, but if it does, it will blush at the conduct of its Progeni tors in the path of legislation. Human nature is as liable to error as to accident, but as knowledge ex pands the intellect, common honesty ought not to be ashamed to confess and disavow the prejudice. The Millennium will never come while self-interest acts in antagonism to justice. People may profess, but that is vain until practice confirm the deed. Mr. STANSFELD very' manfully confesses that he was wrong in supposing at one time " that the issue of £14,000,000 of Bank notes, all payable in gold on demand, against a Government debt which is practically not convertible into gold, is not a sound or natural foundation for the national currency." But he g.dds that further reflection led him to enter tain the very contrary; for says he—" When I considered that the payment of the interest of the debt whs guaranteed by the entire property of the nation f(valued at £6,000,000,000) and that repudia tion was impossible, I came to the following con clusion, that the £14,000,000 of notes were really based on the property of the nation." Now this has all along been our own opinion, for what safer security can there be than that of the nation at large on which to found a sound currency? The nat ion will not run away from itself—and if its credit be good for £800,000,000 of a national debt, surely it is more than good for a driblet like fourteen millions : the wonder with all thinking men has teen how the Government has suffered so paltry a sum to remain unpaid, seeing and feeling that all its financial operations were hampered and harassed by this debt to a body assuming the pre rogative of making money, and thereby robbing the nation of its own proper reward. In the Russian war we spent about one hundred millions in two years, and yet we boggle about paying off about a seventh of that amount ! There must surely be some secret motive for all this, else Government would never submit to have its hands tied by a set of jobbing bullionists for their private advantage at the national expense. We had hoped better of Mr. GLADSTONE, who, with all his crot chets, ,we yet believe to be sincere in his de sire to benefit his country. Let him seize the mantle which fell, unhappily, too soon from his prototype, and remove the shackles from cur- Telley as he has from commerce. He will meet with strong opposition, no doubt, as all men who endeavour to do good are sure to meet, from hostile and selfish interests. But opposition to a patriot mind, earnest for the good of his fellow -111211, will only serve to stimulate instead of re- And the present Chancellor tarding his purpose. of the Exchequer, if we mistake not, is just the Mem to carry his convictions to a successful issue. We have no-wish to damage the proprietors of 13, La Stock, nor to infringe on the privileges of tin - ) Directors; but we cannot see any reasonable objection on their Ftrts to a reform of the cur ter, cy. They have managed matters " unto' well" on their own account, and would no doubt prove the mselves excellent auxiliaries to the Government, for a fair consideration, " in working out a Nat Tonal Currency by means of a National Bank Not e. "V re have five pound notes in England, and one pound notes in Scotland and in Ireland. Why not in England ? What is good for two cannot be bad 1 for one. Scotland has been transformed froth bar renness to a fruitful garden by means of her one pound note currency, and so has Ireland. Why deprive England of the boon which has enriched her neighbours P . Is it done to please or benefit the Bullionists—those Mammonites . , 6 Who, dead to glory, only burn for gold ?" If freedom of action be necessary for health, it is doubly so for commerce and its life-blood currency. Why not, then, liberate the labour of man by giv ing him free scope and facilitate his endeavours in business and commerce both on land and sea, by a generosity which shall redound to individual as to national advantage ? Mr. STANSFELD is of opinion that notes issued with the liability and ability to pay them in gold on demand would constitute a sound national cur rency, and that one third of bullion would give ample security as the Bank has found by experience for the issue of notes to the full amount. Now why should we hesitate in having a national Bank for universal circulation at home founded upon the credit of the nation and receivable for taxes ? This would save the wear and tear of gold which is now a na tional loss. It would besides enable us to avoid panics—that source of dismay to many and of ruin to more. It would liberate commerce from the shackles of the Bullionists who work double tides with the rise and fall of discounts, and profit by the general calamity. Fluctuation is their harvest. Then as to the price of gold—let it find its level by its value in the market—supply and demand will test its virtue. If the foreigner had to pay our price, not his, there would be less runs for gold when wars were preparing to break out, and mankind might be saved the havoc and the spoils of conquest. Public credit is founded on public confidence ; and as the circulation of a national Bank Note of all denominations became generally diffused, a mutual brotherhood of good feeling would pervade society and render panics a matter of memory like the wonders of other days. The people would improve, the nation become richer, and, if danger threat ened, be all the stronger to meet and to repel it. Besides, the nation instead of working for the money-profit of others would pocket the profit itself and so far lessen taxation. The news just arrived from America by the Canadian steamer Bohemian, confirms the report of the defeat of Colonel TYLER in Western Vir ginia; This is the part of Virginia which first elected fresh representatives and a governor, and afterwards voted to form a separate State from the eastern part. They will have to arm for the liberty they demand. A letter from Gauley bridge, near Summerville, the place where the battle took place, gives the number of the killed and wounded, which seems to show that the battle was a small one in regard to numbers. It may have been a fierce one, however, or a repetition of Bull's Run, for we are told that an entire Ohio regiment were scattered during the fight. From Missouri the tidings are not good for the North, The Confederates, who had already gained possession of the important station at Springfield, were bringing up their baggage, and the Fede ralists advancing to meet them. Martial law has at last been proclaimed in Missouri, and the slaves of insurrectionists declared free ; the rest, we hope, will soon follow. General M'CuLLocH, who soon came to life again, is marching on St. Louis, but the Unionists are said not to fear him. On the Potomac there seems to be no impor tant change. The Unionists are said to be re tiring from Harper's Ferry, but it is probably merely a strategical movement. A battle is be lieved to be imminent; but, notwithstanding the bankers' deputation, it may be hoped M'CLELLAN will not be induced to fight before he is quite ready. The mysterious naval expedition is said to be destined for Cape Hatteras, in North Caro lina. What they are to do on the long strip of Island we are not told. When two such men as Sid WILLIAM Arri• STRONG and Mr. FAIRBAIRN differ on a subject with which both are so well and practically acquainted, as that of the Patent Laws, the pre sumption is that there is truth on both sides—that is, that each of them looks at what is really a side of the same subject, and that each generalizes from those facts which have struck him most forcibly. There is involved in the subject the great question of public advantage—should we have more useful inventions completed with or without patent laws ? But there is also involved in it the question of justice—shall we do right and justice in refusing to secure to an individual the full advantage of his own invention ? The sentiment of justice is we believe so strong in this country, that even were it demonstrated that the progress of invention suffers by making its devices property, we should still hesitate to benefit the country at the cost of wrong to the inventor. But the truth must lie somewhere mid way between the two. For instance, there may be invention-sharking as well land-sharking ; and when a schemer only hits upon an idea like that of the solid railway wheels mentioned by Sir Wm. ARMSTRONG, or the wire constructed cannon, an idea sure to occur to fifty persons in the state of the manufacturing process, it is quite unreasonable that mere priority in a guess of which he makes no kind of use should give him a monopoly of the process, and, what is worse, of all the modifications and im provements which might arise out of it. What a violation of all common sense was the grant of the gutta percha patent—of a patent to use a raw article of commerce in the way in which every one knew it could be used, and in which it was actually used, if we remember rightly, in the British p ssession of Singapore. Yet in the existing state of the patent laws the company had as good a right as any one else to be the first comer. It strikes us that there must be room for improvement just here. Mere priority of an idea, to the working out of which some only apparently practical scheme can be added ; or, of some idea which, like that of soft ening gutta percha by heat, is but an essential quality of the material, the application ^ of which could hardly escape a child, cannot be a fit subject of patent protection. As civilised aovern ments now protect the public against the unlimited acquisition of land in their colonies, and require that a suitable proportion of it should be cul tivated; so it should protect the public against the unlimited acquisition of mental terri tory, and limit the inventor to that portion of, what we might term the public mental domain, which he could turn to actual accoant. In looking at the representations of both sides, we certainly incline to the belief that repeal of the patent laws would in all probability be no bar whatever to the progress of invention. The in ventor is essentially an inventor, and cannot forego his nature. In numberless ways he would bring out his schemes, and would have the stimulus to bring them out, of know ing that unless he did a mere scheme could bring him no profit. It would always be in his power by private contract to protect himself during his negotiations with some practical man, THE SUN LONDO TUESDAY and the result would be that their joint labours would produce his invention in such a perfect form that he would by priority in manufacture have that advantage of which every tradesman knows the value. The confidence of the trade always goes with the first respectable house which starts a new article, even if it be not, or cannot be patented. People like to make sure. Hence the value of trade marks. The trade mark of the first house which brought out any invention, now patented, would, we cannot doubt, be ample pro tection. All who want Armstrong guns would be certain, patent or no patent, to get them from Sir WILLIAM if they could. If others manufactured them, he could still get all the orders he could execute, and get a higher price too. If other guns were really as good as his, every Government in the world, every artillery officer certainly, would rather pay a handsome percentage to secure his. The subject is eminently one for discussion in all its bearings. We do not profess to have considered them all yet. We are glad the question has been mooted, and hope it will not be carelessly dropped. At present we confess to a strong impression that the natural laws of commerce would guarantee a full and fair profit to every man entitled to be considered an inventor. It may not, however, be so, and if not we should be the last to sanction robbing mental labour of its rights. Some of the proposals of the Association take a step in the right direction, since the real difficulty is to decide whether the alleged invention has a fair title to be considered private property. If it undeniably has such a title, even then if the inventor cannot within a very limited period get some one to aid him in reducing it to a commercial form, he ought to forfeit all right to hinder others from rendering useful what was use less in his hands. The form of the proposed Court is objected to ; but it is surely preferable to the present obscure and unsatisfactory system ; nor can we think it would be difficult, if patent pro tection is to be retained, to place the decision of what deserves it, and what does not, on a better footing. A deluge of American correspondence is not, un. fortunately, a deluge of facts so much as of opinions, and we have certainly been surprised to find how much better we can frequently estimate the real value of facts on this side the water, than our friends who live in the midst of them. The truth is, they all colour them by their wishes, and by those of their party, while we in Europe have little interest beyond the inquiry—how things really stand? The rumours of the Southern advance on Washington, for instance, we suspected to be but rumours from the almost impossibility of their col lecting the means of safe transport across a river more like an arm of the sea than a river, and across which at least their present artillery could not carry. And it now turns out that no trace of boats or ships, any more than of batteries, which are more easily concealed, could be found on the southern shores of the Potomac. Some of the most interest ing correspondence, however, will give our readers the views of an honest, clear-headed, and well in formed observer on the spot. Mr. STANSFORD has just given us an excellent map of the seat of war (one, indeed, which includes the whole of Canada west of Montreal, which we hope, notwithstanding the three regiments to go there, will not become a part of the seat of war). By the help of such a map our readers might see at once that if the Secessionists have not actually advanced they have so posted their forces as to make it difficult for the North to advance again. While each army keeps to its own 'positions, though nothing is gained, nothing is lost. It seems almost certain that the works on the Virginia side of Washington lare so complete, that if attacked the assailants would be, perhaps, worse off than the assailants at Bull's Run ; and Washington may be considered quite safe. But if M'CLELLAN moves forward, he again meets the old difficulties. If we look at Mr. STANSFORD'S map, and notice the railways, we shall see that three may be said to converge at Alexandria, a few miles below Washington. One runs westward, along the river to Leesburg—a strong confederate force is stationed there, only a few miles on the Washington side of Harper's Ferry, This force could at once be brought down to harass the rear of an army advancing direct from Washington on the main position of the Confederates. Then there is the railway direct from Alexandria to Bull's Run, which runs further on in all directions into Virginia, making sup plies available from every part. But closer to Bull's Run there branches off, westward, the the Manassas Railway, and at Strasburg, on this line, lies a considerable rebel force, ready, at an hour's warning, to come, as JOHNSTON'S men did before, fresh into the midst of the battle. Besides these at Winchester, which a short line connects with Harper's Ferry, a strong body is stationed which holds BANKS in check at the Ferry, but which could easily march to the Manassas Railway and join, if wanted, in any battle, at or near the old serene of action. The Confederate forces seem to be exceedingly well disposed for combined action if requisite, while they are divided enough to distract some what the attention of the Federalists. The latter have no similar system of railways by which they could bring up fresh troops from any distance, and when, therefore, they advance, it must be in sufficient strength, and with sufficient reserves to provide against the possibility of successive attacks from three distinct, yet closely co-operating, bodies. In Missouri the retreat of General SIEGEL, after the death of General LYON, has rendered the Confederates one essential service. It has placed at their command some of the largest lead mines in the world. It may be remembered by our readers that, to prevent the enemy getting possession of these, was the object of LYON'S advance with a force very small for his object. Had Mr. LINCOLN properly supported him, he would have succeeded in his object; but deserted, although victorious, his little army was compelled to fall back after its leader's death. The conse quence is, that the Southerns will now have an ample supply of what they were most in need of. The Springfield mines would furnish bullets almost for all the world. Col. FREMONT, chief in command in Missouri, hopes soon to have a large army, recruited from the Western States at his command, but it is the )1d story of locking the stable door a little too late. Mr. LINCOLN is already experiencin,s , the troubles of dictatorship. As he violates all laws against suspected persons and newspapers which comment too freely on his doings, so a whole section of Vir ginia has driven him to his wits' end by taking its own course on the northern side. At first Eastern Virginia, the free labour part of it, met and elected their own State members and Givernor, and the Government at Washington acknowledged them as the legal Virginia. But lately these Eastern Vir ginians thought they should act more wisely to cut all connection with the Western or slave• half of the State, and to set up as an independent State. By so doing they will avoid all the responsi bilities which the war will leave on the old slave State, and as they have long been 'ING, SEPTEIVIBER 10 1861. as diverse from the rest of Virginia as any of the old Free States, they will, however the war may go, cast in their lot with theirs. Yet that strangely technical man, Mr. LINCOLN, ignores all the facts, and writes to them regretting their proceedings, be cause, like some of his own, it is not in accordance with the Constitution The territory thus sepa rated is about a third of Virginia, and includes that singular part call9cl " the Panhandle"—a narrow strip of land running up between Ohio and Penn sylvania towards Lake Erie, and leaving the Free States of the East and West little better connection than that of an isthmus. One would have supposed that LINCOLN would have been thankful enough to , make sure of such an accession to the Free States. In one respect matters look more doubtful than ever. Parties are forming both in the North and in the South. Maine, in the former, is publicly agita ting for peace, and the numbers of individuals who do so is becoming annoyingly great. Probably the seizure of the journals has much to do with this. On the other hand, the South has similar difficulties. DAvis intended to have had a strongly united secession; but it is evident enough that the seces sion principle is being worked against him more than he likes, and he finds Georgia and North Carolina asserting the doctrine of State Rights, and prepared to secede from the Leader of Secession. L Al S Li L. AMERICA. LONDONDERRY, SEPT. 10. The Canadian steamer Bohemian, which arrived here this morning, passed the John Bell on the Ist, and the North American on the sth inst. The Bohemian has brought £21,500 in specie. NEW YORK, Aud. 30. The defeat of Colonel Tyler, at Summersville, in Western Virginia, is confirmed. Governor Denison has received the following tele gram from General Cox, dated Gauley Bridge, Aug. 29th :—" Authentic reports show that fifteen of our men were killed and about forty wounded in the recent fight at Summersville. A large number of the 7th Ohio Regiment were scattered during the fight, and are missing, but it is hoped that most of them will escape." Despatches from Washington of the 29th inst. state that the enemy are in full possession of Bailly cross roads, and are bringing up their baggage from Springfield Station. The four New York Regiments composing Franklin's brigade were ordered to advance, and marched to within two-and-a-half miles of the cross roads. Several picket skirmishes are reported, in which several were killed on both sides. A rumour from St. Louis states positively that General M'Culloch is marching on Jefferson City with 10,000 men. It is believed that the Union forces are well disposed to repel such an attack as this is represented to be. Information is received that the Unionists are leaving Harper's Ferry in great numbers. Advices from Texas state that Fort Staunton has been abandoned and fired by the Union forces. The Post-office, in consequence of a violation of the mails, have discontinued the postal service to offices in Kentucky West and Tennessee river. ThJ Secretary of War has ordered the stoppage of telegraphic despatches to points south of Ken tucky. (LATEST BY TELEGRAPH TO FATHER POINT.) NEW YORK, AUG. 31. Martial law has been proclaimed in Missouri. The slaves of Insurrectionists in that State are to be freed. A battle on the Potomac is believed to be im• minent. The naval expedition from Fortress Monroe is undoubtedly destined for Cape Hatteras. The steamers North Briton, Teutonia, and Asia have arrived out. The Arago passed Cape Race on the 30th. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, AUG. 31. The stock market is dull. Illinois, 64 ; Erie, 241 ; New York Central, 721-. Cotton advancing. Middling upland, 20c. Provisions dull. TURIN, SEPT. 10. The Italia of to-day says : " The King will leave on the 14th instant for Florence, and will open the Exhibition in that city on Sunday next. " The Ambassador of Portugal has been invited to follow the King. "It is rumoured that the Minister of the United States at Brussels, in passing through Turin, ad dressed a proposal to Garibaldi to take an im portant command in the Federal Army. " According to the same rumour, Garibaldi has accepted the offer under certain reservations." The Opinione of to-day says : "The Emperor of Brazil hag r.nnanispfl the Kingdom of-Italy. " General Moltke is expected here to-morrow on an extraordinary mission from the King of Denmark." ROME, SEPT. 9. The Petrie of this evening says :—" We are authorised to declare that all the Powers, without exception, have acknowledged the truth of the alle gations made by the Roman Government in pro testing against the assertions contained in the last ci!•cular note of Baron Ricasoli." The Constztutionnel, in an article signed by its secretary, M. Boniface, explains the mission as sumed by the French authorities in the Papal States, which, it says, is to make respected the integrity of the territory of the Holy See, and to maintain the neutrality of that territory by barring the frontier to the passage of any armed band. MESSINA, SEPT. 8. The meeting of theologians at Palermo has ter minated. It has adopted a resolution declaring the temporal power of the Pope to be incompatible with and contrary to the mission of the Catholic Church. TURIN, SEPT. 9. The National Guard of Naples has been reviewed by General Cialdini at Piedigrotta. General Cialdini was enthusiastically cheered. The anniversary of Garibaldi's entry into Naples has been celebrated at Milan, Genoa, and Naples, without disorder. 'At Naples the troops were greeted with enthusiastic cheers. RAGUSA, SEPT. 9. According to rumours current here, Dervisch Pasha and Mehemet Pasha, with the troops under their command, marched yesterday against Zubzi and Trebinge, two places in the Herzegovina. The Montenegrins aro forwarding cannons to Grahowo. A meeting of all the Montenegrin chiefs was held yesterday at Cettigue, the capital of Monte egro. An attack by the Montenegrins on the Turkish troops is expected. CONSTANTINOPLE, SEPT. 9. Kiprisli Pasha has been named Governor of Adrianople. The provincial loan is coming in. A million sterling is expected. The project of giving a new uniform to the army has been abandoned. The Imperial Guard only, numbering 1,500 men, is to receive a new uni for m. Sir Henry Balwer had an audience to day of the Sultan, and presented his new credentials. Exchange is quoted 207. WARSAW, SEPT. 7 (Evening). To-day being the anniversary of the coronation of the EmparoF Alexander, a Te Deum was sung in the Catholic cathedral. Tile suffeaga.o. bishop Offi ciated. Order prevailed in all the churches. KALISCH, SEPT• 8. No general illumination took place here yester day in celebration of the anniversary of the Empe ror's coronation. The people smashed the windows of the few houses that were illuminated, and hissed the troops sent to disperse them. The military acted with great violence, beating and even robbing the people. Many persons were arrested, among whom aro several of the principal citizens. Some have since been set at liberty, but forty are still in prison. A deputation of citizens has left for Warsaw. THE OUTWARD BOMBAY MAIL. TUESDAY MORNING, SEPT. 10. The Euxine, from Southampton, on the 27th August, arrived at Malta on the 6th Sept., at 2 p.m., and left at 7 p.m. for Alexandria. The Vectis, from Marseilles on the sth, reached Malta on the 7th, at 6 p.m., and sailed at 10 p.m. for Alexandria. FRANCE. PARIS, SEPT. 9. Count de Persigny (says a Paris letter in the lndependance ) will return to Paris on the 14th inst. It was rumoured that the hon. Minister would go to Biarritz before coming back to Paris, but there now seems little probability of his o oing so." BOURSE.—The market has been rather quiet, with prices maintained at the closing rates of Saturday. Threes, for the Account, are now at 69f 10c. Railways also inanimate. The following are the last quotations :- 4t per per Cents ... 96 85 Credit F Fonder l2OO Do. end month.... 96 95, Belgian 41 — 3 per Cents Do. end month 69 10 Roman Bank Shares 2930 Austrian Credit Mobilier.... 760 Spanish Threes 49 25 Do. Account 761 25 ! Home Debt .. FIRE AND LIFE ASSURANCE. Fatalities come in groups. This has never been more strikingly illustrated than by the recent grave sequence of fires, headed by the almost un- precedented conflagration in Southwark. The locale and time of advent of these groups are alike uncertain, but there is nought of uncertainty in their results. These the prudent citizen nullifies to the best of his ability by the provident intervention of insurance. This, to equal the import of its name, must possess the one grand faculty of being able to meet any and every emergency, no matter how ex ceptional or tremendous. Amongst the companies that have proved themselves equal to the almost unexampled trial and test of stability alluded to in the awful fire of Tooley-street, we have noted the admirable promptitude of the "THE ROYAL." In three days after the outbreak, Mr. Johnston, the secretary, was in position to pay all claims, as presented prior, and that this was no light achievement is demonstrated by the figures of the amounts already paid—L7s,ooo, The re serve fund secured from the judicious savings of past years is, we are informed, so ample, that had the Royal's quota of the damage been thrice the sum it could have been liquidated on the instant, and without drawing on the company's capital. No better or more satisfying evidence could be given of the prudence and stability of the Royal Insurance Company, and its ability to fulfil its mis sion as an institution of its class in giving speedy and liberal indemnity for loss by fire, even under the most exceptional circumstances. That a vast pub lic appreciate the first-class position of the office is demonstrated in the confidence that endows it with an annual and increasing revenue of above £262,000. Two years only have seen an increase in Fire business to the extent of £66,000, or a rise of 34 per cent. on the then income—the ratio of expan sion of which is a type and guarantee of the corn pany's vitality and success. The Life business, too, keeps in parallel advance with the Fire, a circumstance gratifying, not only as a commercial fact, 'but as an exponent of rapidly extending healthy habits of prudence and resulting civilisation among the masses. In 1860, although , ,an augmentation of £15,000 new business came -ell the totals of the bonus year, the first six :b,i34l,hs of 1861 have surpassed by 50 per ce :`its of any like previous period. This :05:4-9iiomentum is to be as cribed to the fed{"''" effect a brochure on life curves and avers ; . ; ,lished by Mr. Dove, the manager, last year, has had in waking attention to the duty and advantages of life assurance. This pamphlet, :oloured diagrams, and couched in .e simplest kind, makes comprehen had previo' study of I congratulx have desor un`p`rofessional what subject-matter for the e writer may well be eward his explanations d on the humanising influence thi assurance growth mus. have on the lendenee of the people, To all intending insurants, the report of the Royal Insurance Company bears its own commen dation, not only in its satisfactory totals and large bonus of £2 per sent. per annum, the largest ever continuously declared by any company, but in the candour with which its affairs are unreservedly and lucidly disclosed to the investigation of the public. The Prince Boris Galitzin and the Princess \Vladimir Galitzin have arrived at Long's Hotel from Paris. His Excellency the Italian Minister has arrived at the residence of the Italian legation, in Park-lane, from Germany. The Duke of Rutland is shortly expected in England. His grace is now at Emms, in Germany, and has not been yachting, as erroneously stated. The Earl and Countess Delawarr, who are paying visits in Scotland, are expected at Bourne Hall, the noble earl's seat in Cambridgeshire, early in October. The Earl and Countess of Craven arrived at Asbdowne Park yesterday from Scarborough, where his lordship has been staying for the benefit of his health. The Countess of Glengall has arrived in Gros venor-street from her seat in Ireland. Viscount and Viscountess Palmerston arrived at Cambridge House on Saturday from Walmer Castle, and will leave town in a few days for Bi oadlands. Viscountess Jocelyn has left Tallymore Park on a visit to the Marquis and Marchioness of Londonderry at Mount Stewart, C o unty Down. A fearful explosion occurred on Saturday after• noon at Mr. Kirby's fireworks manufactory, Sandymount, Dublin, by which two of the workmen Were seriously in jured. It appears that whilst filling a rocket the rod struck fire, the ignition extending to the explosives around, blow ing up the workmen, and destroying the building. The two poor Mlows were at once removed to the City of Dub lin Hospital, where, up to the latest accounts, they were both progressing favouraWy. TIIE HEALTH OF SIR EDWARD BITLWER LYTTON. —An unfounded 'statement has appeared in some of the daily papers, alleging that Sir E. Bulwer Lytton has been seriously indisposed and confitted to his bed. We are autho rised to announce that there is not the slightest ground for these rumours, the right hon. bart. enjoying better health than he has done for years past. Lord Clyde has arrived at Frankfort. THE DaAWBACK UPON PRINTERS' STOCKS OF PAPER.—The printers and stationers of Liverpool, who are taking up this subject with much activity and earnestness, held another meeting yesterday, at which a memorial to the Commissioners of Inland Revenue was agreed to, pointing out the injustice of withholding from printers the drawback upon stocks of paper while it 'is allowed to stationers, strictly so called, as persons who do not print upon the premises where the paper is held. It was also resolved to seek the co-operation of the Liverpool Chamber of Com merce, and to recommend the trade in other towns to inte rest their local chambers of commerce in laying the question before the Government in a proper light. POLISH PIETY. — In removing to a new farm it is always customary in Poland to have it solemnly blessed by a priest: In fact, God's blessing is invoked upon every undertaking and trivial domestic arrangement and duty. No cook will as much as put a batch of bread into the oven without having first made the sign of the cross over it, to ensure a satisfactory result. One of the national charac teristics is strong religious feeling, and an ever-present conviction of a watchful Providence; and, although in the poor, untaught or ill-taught, superstitious observances aro substituted for spiritual worship, yet " God's holy will be done" is invariably the conciut3ing phrase in the recital of an afflicted creature's misfortune, as " God repay you" is the expression of thanks for any benefit; received.—Dublin trniveißity Magazine. ABOLITION OF OATHS IN CRIMINAL CASES. —On the Ist of next month an important Act of Parliament, passed in.the late session, will come into operation, under which persons who may refuse or be unwilling, from alleged conscientious motives, to be sworn in criminal proceedings, may make declarations or affirmations. On a person de clining to be sworn to an affidavit or as a witness in court, the party may make a declaration alleging that he solemnly, sincerely, and truly affirmed and declared "that the taking of any oath is, according to his religious belief, unlawful ;" and the declaration to speak the truth is to be of the same force and effect as if the person had taken an oath ; and for a false declaration ation he is to be liable to the same penalties es illustrated by cc n lang •• of the isible t,k 4 iusly ed th ter id re •ved an hat so e e habits a # indep RAILWAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans 1421 25 .. 1422 50 Northern .... New ditto 915 .. 916 25 Lyons and Mediterranean 1021 25 1022 50 Geneva — Southern 652 50 .. 655 Western Eastern Sordinian .. .. Austrian Lombard TfIE BANK ACT AND CURRENCY REFORM COMMITTEE. Mr. Stansfeld will be obliged by the Editor of The Sun inserting the following letter, as explana tory of his views in joining the Committee. Highfield, Windermere, Sept. 6, 1861. H. BROOKES, ESQ., SECRETARY TO THE BANK ACT AND CURRENCY REFORM COMMITTEE. Dear Sir,—l duly received the packet of circulars and petitions, and will distribute them with plea sure. They are both excellent, embodying many views which I have long entertained and published. There are some, however, from which I differ ; but, nevertheless, as a deadly foe of the Act of 1844, .I should wish my name to be added to the Com mittee. In compliance with your wish, I will state the principal points of difference. The circular asserts " that the issue of £14,000,000 of Bank notes, all payable in gold on demand, against a Government debt which is prac tically not convertible into gold, is not a sound or natural foundation for the national cuirency." I once held the same opinion, but further reflec tion led me to entertain the very contrary. When I considered that the payment of the interest of the debt was guaranteed by the entire property of the nation (valued at £6,000,000,000), and that repudiation was impossible, I came to the follow ing conclusion that the £14,000,000 of notes were really based on the property of the nation. That the national property was the` best staple out of which a national currency could be manu factured. That if the notes were issued with the liability and ability to pay them in gold on demand they would constitute a sound national currency, and that the ability would be insured if one-third of the amount were issued against bullion, and two thirds against Government securities. We have the evidence of the Bank directors that they always considered from experience that a reserve of one-third of bullion to their liabilities was perfectly safe, and our highest authority on economy, J. S. Mill, Esq., says " that the substitu tion of paper for the precious metals should always be carried as far as is consistent with safety ; no greater amount of metallic currency being retained than is necessary to maintain both in fact and in public belief the convertibility of the paper." The trading community know little, and care less, about the convertibility of Bank of England notes ; it is the monied interest only who, through the machinery of the Act of 1844, make it a bugbear for their own benefit. Wt-e- •-en ever did or would serer:. Le °ell LIS 8 .0tt9 tot Bans. ea notes from a fear of their not being convertible -In the panics of 1847 and 1857 the cry was, " Give us notes;" these very notes issued only against Govern ment Securities, and the moment permission was given by orders in Council to issue an unlimited quantity, the panic ceased. Nevertheless, the principle of convertibility should be maintained as being necessary to keep up the notes to our standard of value. Let us now con sider the consequences of depositing £14,000,000 of gold in lieu of the Government Securities, against which that amount of notes is issued under the act of 1844. Undoubtedly it would remove all fear of Bank of England notes not being convertible, for in that case gold would be deposited for every note issued ; but it would restrict our legal tender money to metal and to one metal only, making the rate of discount dependent solely on the supply of gold ; and as the Bank of England would remain restricted to an issue of £lOO in notes to a deposit of £lOO in gold, whilst the Bank of France could issue £3OO or more against £lOO of gold, the Bank of France could outbid the Bank of England for gold, and afford money at a lower rate of discount to our rival manufacturers and merchants. Again, to procure the £14,000,000 of gold the country would have to export that value of productive capital (commodities used in production) in exchange for unproductive gold, to be locked up in the coffers of the Bank, diminishing pro tanto the fund for the employment of labour. And, again, taking the loanable value of the £14,000,000 of gold deposited at 3 per cent. only, the annual cost to the country would be £420,000; and this we should have to bear without procuring any increase to the supply of money, the one thing needful for our ever increasing commerce. Could it, however, be used as a National Reserve Fund of Gold (as suggested in my Plan for a National Bank of Issue), to counteract the evils of drain, it would be cheap even at that cost. Re garding the essential character of money to be that of a security for the transfer of equivalent values of property (in order to supersede the inconvenience of barter), I consider paper money, based on national property, and payable in gold on demand, to be an adequate security, constituting a per fectly sound national currency. The property of the nation is a guarantee that the holders of the notes will get 20s. in the round, and the liability to convertibility ensures the pound being kept up to our gold standard, con stituting as steady a measure of value as is prac ticable. In the petitipn (paragraph 9) it is stated that prices rise because the circulation has been unduly in flated with bank notes. This, I b e li eve , t o be a very common fallacy, contrary to fact (see N. 8.), and opposed to the opinions of our highest scien tific and practical authorities. Mr. Y. S. Mill says, "I apprehend that bank notes, bills, and cheques, as such, do not act upon prices at all. What does act upon prices is credit, in what ever shape given, and whether it gives rise to any transferable instrument capable of passing into cir culation or not," and Mr. Thomas Tooke, after the closest investigation, arrives at the conclusion " that the prices of commodities do not depend upon the quantity of money indicated by the quantity of bank notes, or upon the atimunt of the whole circulating medium, but that, on the contrary, the amount of circulating medium is the consequence of prices." And this view is cor roborated by Mr. Newmarch, who says that " whatever effects have been produced in raising wages:and prices, and in extending and increasing trade, have been accomplished by means of reduc tion in the rate of interest and discount and by advances of capital, and net in any way by the medium of circulation." It is inflated credit, and not inflated currency, which causes speculation and raises prices. I send by this post a copy for each of the committee of a plan for a National Bank of Issue, containing suggestions for remedying the evils of our monetary system, and should the com mittee think them worthy of being submitted to the consideration of the press and of Chambers of Commerce, I will print another edition, and send them as many copies as they may require for that perpose. For a further explanation of my viewi I would refer them. to a pamphlet entitled "Money anti the Money Market Explained," to be had of Simpkin and Marshall, as I have no copies by me. I remain, sir, yours sincerely, S 3 T , sB N s6u S le. N r F d E a L D H N.B.—The t:1 dhe amount , Windermere, of il a lE Aug.A i k notes 2 credit only (country bank notes) has actually been diminished about a milli on and a half s passing of the Act of 184 4, and consequentlynegeain the against the panics and fluctuations in prices since then can not be attributed to any inflation of the currency. VERICAN PRESS UNDER DIF- I'ICUL 21ES. The following is a list of the newspaper offices in the Northern States which have been attacked by mobs, or against which the Federal Government has taken measures of suppression, between the Bth and 24;h August : August B.—Democratic Standard, Concord, N. H., destroyed by mob ; contents of office burned in the street. August 12.—Democrat, Bangor, Maine, mobbed and contents of office destroyed. August 16.—Journal of Oomnzerce, Daily News, Day Book, and Freeman's Journal of New York, end the .Eagle, of Brooklyn, presented by the grand jury of the United States Circuit Court. Sentinel, Easton, Pennsylvania, destroyed by mob. The editor of the Easton Argus warned. August 19 . —Democrat, Haverhill, Massachusetts The editor, Ambrose L. Kimball, tarred and fea thered and ridden upon a rail, afterwards recanted, promising to publish no more articles in favour of Secession. Jeffersonian, Westchester, Pennsylvania, destroyed by mob. August 22.—Stark County Democrat, Canton, Ohio, destroyed by mob. August 22. Christian Observer, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, suppressed by the United States. Marshal. August 22.—Order from the Post-office depart ment forbidaing mail transportation of .New York Journal of Commerce, Daily News, Day Book, and Freeman's Journal, and Brooklyn Eagle., August 24.—Farmer, Bridgeport, Conneetieu4 destroyed by mob. August 4.—. True American, Trenton, New Jersey, suspends publication " until such time (should it ever occur) when we can, under the guarantees of the constitution and law, publish it without the fear of mob law or of governmental! dictation." The Evening Post of August 17 says :—" Messrs.. Murray and Kennedy yesterday morning visited the office of the Daily News, and caused an impres sion to be taken from the forms, to ascertain whether the Monday edition contained treasonable matter.. Having satisfied their curiosity in thiti respect,, 5,000 copies of the edition were seized, as stated in the Evening i'ost of yesterday." The Postmaster in New York has received in structions from Washington not to permit the transmission through the Post-office of the following newspapers published in New York :—The Daily News, the Journal of Commerce, the Day Book, and the Freeman's Journal. A reserve force of police is kept at the office of the Daily Netos at New York, fears being entertained of an attack by a mob on the office. THIS DAY'S &LIPPING. -4-- LONDON, Sept. 10.—Wind this day at noon—North- Westerly ; light breeze and fine weather. PORSTMOUTH, Sept. 9.—Wind N.W.—Arrived—Mary Falconer, from London for Madras, with anchor stock. broken. PLYMOUTH, Sept. 9.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Margaret Jane, from Pomeron ; Her Majesty's steamer Renown, from Gibraltar. OFF LOUGH FOYLE, Sept. 10.—Arrived—Bohemian, from Quebec. OFF CAPE RACE, Sept, 10.—Arrived—Arago, steamer, from Havre. LIVERPOOL, Sept. 9.-.-Wind N.W.—Arrived—Cham pion, from. Singapore; American, screw steamer, from Africa. GLOUCESTER, Sept. 9.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Har riet Carter and Elector; from New York; Errickset, from: Montreal. NEWPORT, Sept. 7.—Wind S.W.—Sailed—Equity, for Grenada. LLANELLY, Sept. 9.—Wind S. W. — Sailed—Atlantic, for Dalhousie. HULL, Sept. 9.—Wind S.W.—Arrived—Enchantress,. and Sea Gull, screw steamers, from Rotterdam; La Plata, screw steamer, from Dantzic. (BY ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH.) SOUTHAMPTON, Tuesday Morning. Arrived.—Saxonia, steamer, from Hamburg ; Ocean Lady, from Cork ; Mary Louisa, from Langston ; Havre, steamer, from Havre; Leanor, from Sunderland. I. , „Sailed—Black-Eyed Susan, for Newport. (BY SUBMARINE AND MAGNETIC TELEGRAPH.) GRAVESEND, Tuesday Morning,. Arrived, Sept. 9—Wear, steamer, from Gothenburg. Arrived, Sept. 10.—Emma Eden, from Guernsey; Caro line Brown, from Luci - Catherine, from C o l om b o ; A nne Porter, from Buenos Zyres ; Sunbeam, from Coekenada ; Start, from Brussels ; Gertrude, from Patras. DEAL, Tuesday Morning. Passed.—Collingwood, steamer, from Shields, for Cal cutta. • Sailed.—All the outward bound. DEATH OF BEN CAUNT, THE EX-CHAMPION.— This morning Mr. Benjamin Caunt, of the Coach and Horses, St. Martin's-lane, was found dead in his bed under svhi c h will ~,a Ninn a coroner's inquisition. The dec'easswi. better known as "Ben Gaunt_"" for years an active member of the Prize Ring, and had fought many pitched battles, and ultimately obtained the belt as champion, which he was afterwards ce , mpelled to resign, being beaten by the "Tipton Slasher." He took great in terest in the great fight - between Sayers and Heenan ; but he had for some time been much distressed in his mind, and taken to drinking rather freely, having a few years since lost two of his children at the fire which took place at hip house. Since then he lost his wife by death, and to com plete all he lost the license to his house, and, although he appealed to the quarter sessions, he 'could not obtain a re vision of the judgment. The deceased attended to his busi ness the whole of yesterday, and appeared in his usual health, but at night complained of slight indisposition, and retired at his usual hour to rest. This morning early, on one of the domestics going to his bedroom he was alarmed at ',finding him dead. Medical attendance was obtained, but it was of no avail, as he appeared to have been dead two or three hours. The deceased was between 45 and 50 years of age. THE COMMERCIAL TREATY WITH FRANCE.— The treaty of commerce between Great Britain and France, though not yet fully carried into effect, is said to be work ing more favourably than even some of its warmest admirers anticipated. The proprietors of wholesale houses in the hardware trade in Paris have expressed their astonishment at the superiority of finish and the moderate price of the patterns presented to them by the agent of one of the first manufacturers in England. Many articles of domestic nse hitherto almost unknown in this country are now becom ing necessities not only in Paris, but throughout France. The demand for these articles is so great in the provincial towns since the first patterns were exhibited, that it has con siderably exceeded the expectation of the wholesale mer chant who first ventured to order a small stock of English ironmongery as an experiment. There is one disadvantage, however, under which the British manufacturer labours, which must be remedied before he can compete on equal terms with the French manufacturer ; that is, the very heavy charges for freight and carriage which are attached to British produce by the time it arrives in Paris. For in stance, a wholesale merchant observed a few da% s since to an English agent, " Your prices are wonderfully low, but you perceive the extra charges amount to 40 per cent. on your small invoice. Under such conditions I may as well purchase from the manufacturer at home who has hitherto supplied me." This, no doubt, is one of the inconveniences which attend the opening of a new trade, and - which will be gradually remedied. THE QUEEN IN THE HIGHLANDS. --It is a sin gular and cheering sight, in these mode, .n days, to see Queen Victoria treading the heather, and wandering among the mountains and streams, where the pe'ipla once rose en Inesse to resist that dynasty of which Ole is so illustrious an ornament. With highland chief and lowland laird she is still as popular as she is revered ; and were her throne endangered, the shattered remains of once powerful clans would melt into one in order to crush those that would touch her crown with a rude, a hostile, or impious hand. Those white cottages that send the sun-rays across the Dee from their bright walls are the creations of the Queen. What is more, she personally visits her tenants, takes a lively interest in their comfort and well-being, and thus finds time to be a model laird's wife as well as a model Britishsovereign. Sunday y church in the littleOu she app ear s, wet day and dry day, in the midst of her highland tenantry and su b jects, and joins in the simple service of the sanctuary as devoutly as if it had been the accustomed worship of her childhood. The minis ter of the parish of Crathie is not the very choicest or most gifted of the clergy of the Church of Scotland, but he has the good sense to let others more able than him self occupy his pulpit during her Majesty's residence. The Arrangement that now prevails is a very simple one. Mr. Anderson selects half a dozen from among his clerical friends, whose names he sends up to the Secretary of State for ap proval. If no objection be made, as is never done, these clergymen occupy the pulpit every second Sunday. This was not the former arrangement, but it is the least liable to mi sapprehension, though it gives the parish minister the power of selection—a power, however, which he has exercised with great wisdom and discretion for several years. — London Review. The receipts in the Havre Custom-house for the month of August last show an improvement in foreign trade. They amount to 1,755,288 f., being an increase of 15,399 f., as compared with the corresponding month of last year. The tonnage due s levied in the poi tof Havre be tween the Ist of January last and the Ist of the present month amounted to 1,430,486 f. ACCIDENT IN THE CIRCUS. --At a circus, at Leices ter, on Monday, a youth who was enacting the part of a man -monkey, accidentally set himself on fire, and was muck injured before the flames were extinguished. It seems that one of his tricks was to climb a rope by the side of the pole in the centre of the circus, and, going too close to the lights at the top of the pole, his dress caught fire. The lad dropped into the ring as soon as he discovered he was on fire, and was rolled about amongst the sawdust until the flames were extinguished. The circus was crowded with specta t ors, and much excitement Was manifested.