The Sun. — London, England, 1856-09-03 00:00:00

THE INSTINCTS OF ANIMALS. (From the Friends' Review.) To whatever part of the creation which surrounds is we direct our attention, whether to its physical or to its intellectual order and.organisation, we still find ourselves overwhelmed with wonders, all in dicating the wisdom and benevolence of their Au thor ; all tending to promote the happiness of the various races of animated nature. Among these wonders, the instincts with which these different races are, in various relations and degrees, imbued are not the least. Jacob Taylor, a Chester county almanac-maker, near the beginning of the 18th century, the county being then nearly a frontier settlement, tells a story of a flock of deer which occupied an island not otherwise inhabited. A herd of our domestic cattle were introduced into the island, but their presence gave no alarm to the deer. The bellowing of the bulls, however formidable it might seem to ears unaccustomed to the sound, did not in any degree disturb the tranquillity of the previous occupants of the soil. But at length a dog found its way to the island, on which the deer immediately took the alarm, and fled with precipitation. Why, then, in quires the almanac-maker, of a supposed philoso phical friend, who is represented as present, were the deer so intimidated by the sight of a dog, al though they remained undisturbed by the presence of animals apparently so much more formidable The philosopher answers that there is a sympathy between all ruminating animalsto prevent hostility or the fear of hostility from each other. The almanac-maker, while seemingly assenting to the correctness of the explanation, shrewdly suggests a a wonder, in which, no doubt, some of our readers may partake, how the deer could discover that the dog did not chew the cud as well as themselves. The sober truth seems to be—and here the wisdom and benevolence of the Creator are manifested — that those animals, whether ruminating or not, which live exclusively on vegetable food, manifest, while in their native state, no sign of hostility or fear of hostility towards each other. The deer manifests no more fear of a horse than of an ox. At the same . time, these herbivorous animals ap pear, independently of experience or education, to entertain an instinctive perception that an enemy lurks in the carnivorous races. They, therefore, naturally flee from them. The poet Cowper, in his account of the treat ment of his tame hares, informs us that he intro duced to the acquaintance of each other a hare and a spaniel, with a view of ascertaining wiaether there was any natural hostility between the races to which they respectively belonged. The experiment was made with great caution ; and as the hare manifested no sign of fear, and the spaniel no symptoms of hostility, he concluded that the appa rent antipathy between the dog and the hare is artificial, not natural. The dog, he says, pursues because he is taught so to do, and the hare flees because he is pursued. If Cowper had been as shrewd a philosopher as he was interesting as a poet, he would probably have discerned that his experiment was made under circumstances highly artificial, and could, there• fore, lead to no reliable conclusion with regard to the result of such an acquaintance, if formed in the forest, beyond the influence of man. The hare, nursed and protected as it had been by Cowper, had unquestionably lost much of its vigilant in stinctive dread, and consequently was not likely to be alarmed when no hostility appeared. The dog, educated altogether as a domestic animal, had, no doubt, been always accustomed to look to his master fur his daily food, and had probably never been subjected to the necessity of acting as his own butcher. It was, therefore, highly unna tural and improbable that he should commence a new trade till impelled by hunger. The dog and the hare were therefore partially educated for peaceful acquaintand before they saw each other. That the dog, in his natural state, is exclusively a carnivorous animal will probably not be denied. The dog and the wolf are so similar in their nature that the latter, while running in his native forest, may be justly regarded as the type of the former, with similar propensities, and depending for sup port on similar means. Gedlnan, in his Natti,v/ History, has produced evidence, which can hardly be disputed, that the dog and the wolf are, properly speaking, varieties of the same spec:A, not animals of different races. Their mutual progeny difiers in one essential characteristic from all by brid animals that are known—it is not marked with sterility. The'innocent sheep appears the especial victim of the wolf, and the depredations sometime:; made on the sheep.-fold by domestic dogs furnish evidence that it is education, not nature, which prevents the. dog from more frequently glutting his appetite with the flesh and blood of the lamb. IndeA, of all the domestic animals, the dog stands con: picu ous, and comparatively alone, for the change effected by education in his h Cutts and propen ,;tied. Though, from his affinity to the wolf, the Limb would appear to be his epecial fool, yet wo often find him transformed by education to be the 'nest efficient assistant to the shepherd in the protection of his flock. The shepherd's dog, in particular, furnishes a - moet reliable protector, either by day or by night, of the flock entrusted to his charge. A strange dog that may venture within his d nuaie is pretty sure to pay for his temeri.y by the loss of his life. So susceptible, indeed, is the dog of change of habit fromeducation, that he isactually transformed from a carnivorous animal to one dependent en' irely upon vegetable food. In tire Highlands of Scot land tire dog and his master live alike upon oat meal, prepared in the same manner, and eaten out of the same vessel. Among all the races that are susceptible to domestication, as well as among those that are never subjected to the dominion of man, it is curious anal interesting to observe how their instincts are blended in some degree a ith a species of ratiocination. The herbiverous animals appear, as already observed, independently of ex perience, to discover enemies in the carnivorous races ; and the latter do not seem to require educa. tion or instruction in the selection of their prey. But we often find, strangely mingled with these instinctive perceptions, means resorted to for escape from danger, or expedients for securing their prey, which can scarcely be accounted for otherwise than by the employment of the reasoning faculty. Why does the hound, when he falls on the scent of his prey, if he happens to make a retrograde move ment, immediately abandon it and pursue the proper course, but because the scent, if followed in a backward direction, grows fainter at every jump, thus indicating to a reasoning animal a greater lapse of time since the scent was impressed on the ground. The dog is only one among a countless number that may be justly reckoned, in some measure rea soning animals. The elephant, in particular, so frequently exhibits evidence of the combining and comparing power that even Pope, with all his pro pensity to draw a strong line between reason and instinct, assigns to the elephant the character of a half-reasoning animal. The following anecdote which I have read, though I cannot recal my authority, seems to prove that this interesting animal is not only capable of ratiocination, but also of ingenious contrivance. An elephant, whose chain did not allow him the full range of his prison-house, was thrown a piece of money, which happened to rest at some distance within the wall of his prison, but beyond the reach of his chain. The sagacious animal directing his trunk to a part of the wall immediately beyond where the piece of money lay, blew a strong blast, which by its recoil, poured a current of air directly over the part of the floor where the money lay, and this current immediately drove the coin within the reach of his chain. The following anecdote, from Instinct Displayed plainly indicates the exercise of th e reasoning fa culty by an animal not usually suppo se d to superior sagacity : Two goats, grazing about the ramparts of Ply mouth citadel, got drawn upon the narrow ledge of the rock, and ono of them, advancing before the other till it came to an angle, was enabled to retur n but on its way back, met its companion, eehid: produced a perplexing dilemma, as it was impossibl e for them to get past each other. Many persons saw them without being able to lend any assist. ance. After a considerable time, one of the goats was observed to kneel down with great caution, and crouch as close as it could lie, which was no sooner done than the other with great dexterity, walked over it, and they both returned to the way they came in perfect safety. And at Ardinglass, in Ireland, two goats moving towards each other, over a precipice one thousand feet high, on a narrow ledge of the rock, - wore seen to extricate them selves from danger by a similar expedient. some of the instincts and propensities of the animal races are curiously moulded and improved by the education bestowed by man, it is inn rest ing to observe how other instincts or the inferences drawn from them b y the exercise of a reasoning some faculty, are, in domestication. From others almost annihilated by innocent been, regarded as the type of unresisting and patients suffering. ee. So destitute,' indeed, does th e domestic condition, appear rla ca,capacity its inclination to resist, by any combined efforts, i the or assaults of the carnivorous racep, that it h as b een assumed by Buffon that the whole race must long ago have perished from the earth if it had not been taken under the protection of man. A little a c . quaintance with the subject, however, must con vince us that this conclusion has been too hastily drawn. Dr. Haneock, in his " Essay on Instinct," informs us that a .sheep in a wild state manifests a strong propensity to associate for mutual defence. THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, SEPTEMBER 3, 1856. As in this condition the rams constitute about half I the flock, they furnish, of course, a much larger proportion of warriors than in the domestic state. If the flock is threatened with an attack, the rams immediately form a line, placing themselves in front, somewhat in advance of the weaker members of the flock, and thus constitute a phalanx which even the larger animals of prey find it no easy matter to penetrate. Among the wonders presented by the varied in stincts of animals, it is particularly interesting to observe how large a share of these instincts and propensities may be rendered subservient to human purposes. When the Almighty bestowed upon man dominion over all the inferior races of ani mated nature, the means to establish this power as well as the authority were conferred. These means are found in the varied powers of the reasoning faculty. It is said that the bunched oxen of the Hottentots are taught to perform, in some mea sure, the duties of a shepherd's dog : " they are instructed to guard the flocks ; which service they perform with dexterity, and ,defend them from the attacks of strangers and of rapacious animals." That most useful of domestic animals, the horse, notwithstanding the almost endless variety of ser vices which, under the direction of human reason, he is taught to perform, does, in reality, little more than exercise the power which he instinctively pos sesses almost from the instant of his birth. The colt equires no instruction, either from man or its parents, how to walk. He begins, when only a few hours old, to use his limbs, rather awkwardly, indeed, but in a manner essentially the same as that he is to practise through life. In his wildest and most playful gambols, he is only exercising and improving the powers of locomotion which, without instruction, he received from the hand of nature. And what does he ever accomplish, in the varied services in which he is employed, but exercise the instinctive power, moulded and modi fied, it is true, by human education, which he pos sessed from the day of his birth. He moves as he is commanded, either swiftly or slowly, carries a burden or presses against an opposing obstacle ; yet he is only exercising the instinctive faculty of loco motion. Still, a little reflection may convince us that if the amount of intellect possessed by the horse was much greater or much less than it is, he would answer the purpose of his owner less per fectly than he :does. [To bring these desultory remarks to a close, it may be observed that as the instincts conferred upon the various animal races are evidently designed to promote the happiness of the whole, the dominion conferred upon man was certainly never designed to counteract this purpose, but, as far as human influence can extend, to pro mote it. It is, therefore, an evident part of the duty of man, as the delegated governor over the liferior races of animated nature, to render his government conducive to the great purpose of the promotion,not the destruction, of happiness among the subjects of his authority. HEALTH OP LONDON DURING THE WEEK. ( From the Report of the Registrar•Reneral.) The present return shows a continned iaiprovernent in the public hea'th. In the three previous wk eki the deaths registered in Londoa were 1,232, 1,250, and 1,122 ; bet week they were 1,081. The present rate of mortality is very near the average rate of corresponding weeks in ten previous years, if the excess of deaths pro duced by epidemic cholera in 1349 and 1854 is not ad mitted into the c)mparison. The deaths caused by diarrhoea, which in three pre cedir„. weeks were 211, 253, and 214, declined !as':, week to 190. This disease was fatal last week to 141 children who ere less tban a year 011 The cases referred to cholera, and whic!i previously numbered more than 20, were last week only 11, and 8 of these occurred to chil- . • dren. Tne re_nainin3 3, which proved fatal to adult .., are as follows : —At 7, Edward•street, in the sub-di strict of Mile-end o.d Town Lower, 25th August, a woman, aged 41 Tsar,, diarrhea t 3 dap), Asiatic cholera (16 noun); in 13arbic tu-court, Alder: gate, on 20th Augu , t, a female servw t, aged 3t3 years, " choleraic diarrbce t (7 day-) col lapse ;" and at Aylilk-street, Newington, on the 25th August, a sailor's widow, aged 7d years, diarrhma, cho ;era, cinseetr.ive fever. With regard to other dheases in the epidemic clam the return exhibits satisfactory re sults ; the nursib.rs ara either less than or do no' exceed the ordinary amount. Tifere were only S deaths from small-pia, 2l from measles, • 31 -frcin Scarlatina; and typhus, whch rose to 48 and 50 in previous rettaw, was not fatal in more than 27 cases ; 11 of the 27 oc,mrred in the east districts There were no less than 8 fatal cases of carbuncle. Fourteen children are registered as hav ing died from want of breast-milk or inanHon, 42 from atrophy, 36 from debility, 31 froth convulsion. Mr. Wilson, a registrar in Marylebone, makes some oh.erva ,ions, which are subjoined. on this waste of infant life, which his experience leads him to a.ttrihute, to a con.:l - extent, is the practice which prevail-a ain3ngst domestic servants and others putting out their children to 11 Uroe,. Three women died last week at the respective ages of 90, 90, and 93 yelrs. Last ankk the 'oirt'as of 90d boys and 809 gYs, in all 1,773 children, svt.re r.•;gistered in London. In the ten c,,rrespnding of the years 1310 55 tha average nuaiber wag 1,431. At the Royal Ooservatory, Greenwich, the mean h&gbt of the barometer in the week was 29.821 in. On two days the instrument rose above 30 in. The mean tempoattire of the week wai 81 deg., which is 1 4 deg. above the ave rave of the same week (as determined by Mr. G•Asher). The highest temperature in the week was 75.5 deg., on Wednesday ; the lowest 45.8 deg. on Saturday. The mean dew-point temperature was 53.9 deg., and the dif ference between this and the mean temperature of the air wai 7.1 deg. Tile mean temperature of the water of the Thames was 62.8 deg. The wind blew generally from the south-west. The rain which fell was eight-hundredths of an inch. There was rain on three days, though smell in amount, Mr. Wilson, the registrar of the sub-district of St. John, Marylebone, writes as follows :—"Four of the cases in my present return are deaths of infants, not more than four months old, from want of br.-a4t-milk, inarasinus, and diarrhcea ; and I have frequently met with case; of a similar nature in the course of my duty as registrar. They relate to children who have been put out to nurse at a very early age, and have died shortly afterwards. In all the instances of this week, and ino.it previous ones, the parents are represented to • be dem, - s'ic servants ; in one case, though married, they live I with different faniiiies, and passed for unmarried. Sometimes the child is put away that the mother may go as wet nurse ; at others that she may return to service. There are in most neighbourhoods (particularly suburban one) poor people who make it an occupation to take charge of such children, their object of course being to derive a profit from the small weekly allowances given with them. These payments, as may be supposed, are often made irregularly; the infant, in some cases which I have known, is entirely abandoned, and, after much suffer ing, is taken to the workhouse ; in others, being de prived of natural nourishment, and ill supplied with any substitute, it becomes the victim of some infantile dis ease which is assigned in the medical certificate as the primacy, when in reality it is the secondary, cause of death. I believe that this fatal termination in some cases which I have noticed was the result anticipated, and even desired, by the parent ; but iu others I am certain -it could be avoided if some means existed by which such children could be provided for, with proper care and at a moderate expense. My opinion on this matter is shared by the other registrars of this district ; and a case which has appeared in the newspapers for this week, and which I beg to enclos3, convinces me that fati-1 results from such causes are not uncommon elsewhere." Naval and Military Intelligence. Major-General Sir George Buller, 5.C.8., who corn. mended a brigade of the Light Division in the Crimea, and had previously been very actively engaged at the Cape, has been appointed to command the troops in the lonian Islands, in succession to Sir H. W. Barnard, 5.C.8., nominated to the command at Shorncliffe. Major-General J. Bloomfield Gough, C. 8., lately in command of the Belfast district, has been appointed to command a brigade at the Curragh. General Gough served on the staff under his distinguished namesake in most of the Indian campaigns of late years. The following officers have just been placed on the list of those receiving rewards for distinguished services— viz. :—Major-General Dupuis, C. 8., of the Royal Artil lery ; Colonel Collingwood Dickson, C. 8., and Lieut.- Colonel Adye, of the same corps; Colonel 11. D. Towns hend, commanding the depot battalion at Templemore ; Col. J. N. Jackson, of the 90th Regiment; Col. Win. Parlby, of the 11th Hussars ; and Col. F. G. Shewell, of the Bth Hussars. Her Majesty's troop and store-ship Resistance, Com mander Russell, arrived at Spithead from the Crimea on Monday evening. She cleared Sebastopol harbour of the remaining ordnance and dockyard stores, of which she brought about 280 tons home, guns, shot, shell, and an chors ; she brought also 23 officers and 121 men of the Land Transport and Medical Staff Corps. She had a long passage from the Crimea, which she left on the 4th of July, touching at Constantinople, Malta, and Gib raltar. The Empire steam-transport, Capt. Savage, arrived at Spithead on the night of Monday from the Crimea, bringing Dr. Linton, C.B. ; Major Cooper, 44th ; Cap• tains Moore and Blake, 47th ; Lieutenant Grier, 83th ; Lieutenant and Adjutant Hamilton, Land Transport Corps ; Dr. Rose, ditto ; Messrs. Moss, Victor, Field, Peeke, and Mowbray, clerks, Land Transport Corps ; Mr. Marriott, War Department ; 278 rank and file, Land Transport Corps, and four horses. By the arrival of her Majesty's steam-sloop Devasta tion at Spithead yesterday morning we have advices from the Cape of Good Hope to the 13th of July, on which day she left Simon's Bay; arrived at Ascension, July 31, left on the 2d of August ; arrived at St. 'Vincent on the 12th, left on the 13th ; arrived at Teneriffe on the 19th, left on the 20th ; arrived at Lisbon on the 27th, and left on the 28th at 6 p.m. She left in Simon's Bay her Majesty's ship Castor, 36, Commodore Trotter ; the Penelope steam-frigate, 18, Capt, Sir W. Wiseman ; the Seringapatam depot ship, and the Dart tender. The Frolic, 16, Commander Agnew, had sailed a fortnight previously for the Mauritius, and the Castor expected to leave for that island at about the end of July, and to visit the various ports in the Mortmbique Channel. No slavery w: - .8 going on on any part of the Cape Station. The Kafiri; were quite tranquil in outward appearance, and it is said that the news of the emigration to the frontier of 10,000 of the British German Legion has been received by them with considerable dismay, Moshesh, the great chief, having declared that if they came he should at once go further • afield. Tne City of London steam-transport left Malta on the 27th for Liverpool, conveying 22 officers, 321 non-corn missioned officers and privates of the Anglo-Italian Le gion. The Nil French postal steamer arrived a': Malta from Constantinople, Smyrna, and Syra on the 27th, bringing for Genoa 90 Sardinian labourers, and for Marseilles Lieutenants Fellowes, Stataews, and Wawieski, 2 Polish soldiers, 2 French officers, 4 soldiers, and 17 civil employes, and left for Marseilles on the same day. The Lords of the Admiralty resumed their inspection at Portsmouth yesterday. At 10.20 a.m. Sir C. Wood and Rear-Admiral Eden proceeded to the Royal Naval College, where the First Lord held his levee, and gave audiences to officers who had not had an interview with him during the past 12 months. At 11 the dockyard labourers passed in muster before the other members of ' the Board at the Admiral-Stiperintendent's office, and afterwards were dismissed to the usual half-holiday. At 1 the Board left the dockyard, and proceeded on board the Excellent to witness gun drill and shot and shell practice, after which they inspected the training ship Illustrious and her tender the Sealark, and also the ordi nary on board the St. Vincent. Tue day's labours ter inieated in the usual hospitable manner by tire First Lori entertaining the heals of the various departments at the George in the evening. On Monday their Lord ships proceeded to the office of the Admiral-Superinten dent, and there inspected some plans 1- r very extensive alterations in the dockyard. Amongst other things pro jected, we understand that it is proposed to continue the first dock opening into the harbour across the ad joining dock and to some distance beyond, so as to double its length and enable it to admit the largest vessel or two ordinary liue-of battle ships. Tire stay at this office was very lengthened. The following non-commissioned officers and men be loNiog to depots at the provisional battalion, Chatham, were yesterday selected by Colonel H. Jervis, the com mandant, and placed under the directions of Captain W. Slott, 331 Regiment, and Lieutenant A. A/Piaci - id, 78th 1-lighlaucler e the instructors in musketry to Chat'Aam garrisoz, for the purpose of acquiring a knowledge of the - Enfield rifle previously to their ernha k dime to join the bead criart€ rA of their respective corps in India and the colonies :-27th E•lniskilices, 1 sergeant and 6 moo ; 32d Regiment, 9 men; 35th (Royal Sussex) Regiment, 1 sergeant and 4 men ; 523 Light Infantry, 4 men ; 533 rtogisuent, 1 ocr4oant and 3 men ; 78. h Highlanders, 2 • :sergeants and 6 mon ; the whole of whom will be re lieved from th, - :ir ordinary garrison duty while und•a going their course of instruction. Tne board of engineer officers forming the court of ire. qu:iy ordered to re-assemble at Becmpton barracks for the purpose of re-investigating the circumstances attend ing the recent accident at Cnatharn to several of the troops belonging to the provisional bat'alion terminated their sittings on Monday evening, but the nature of their deliberations will not be made known until approved by his Repel Highness the Commander-in-Chief. In pursuance of directions received from the Secretary of State for the War Department, Mr. Francis's fl oat iag metallic pontoon waggon, which was tested in sun dry ways a short time back in the oneer basin of Wool - wich Dockyard, was yesterday submitted to some additional trials on the canal in the Royal Arsenal. These experiments were watched on the part of Govern ment by Colonel Beinbrid, e, RE., Inspector of Fortifi cations; Captain Coffin, C. 8., Director-General of Naval Artillery ; Captain Boxer, R.A , Superintendent of the Laboratory in Woolwich Arsenal ; Captain T. A. Camp bell, assistanteecretary to the Select Committe i; Ceptein Clark,R.A.,acting mi itarysuper 7 ntenderit of the carriage factory ; and Mr. Abel, superintendent of the chemical department of the Laboratory. Mr. French', tl e pa tentee, was present to direct the experiments. The first experiment consisted in thrusting the waggon, with the whole of its appurtenances, feeding trough and geer at tached, into the water. Seven men then entered the waggon, and rolled and rocked about, and endeavoured to capsize it, but they could not succeed in bringing the 4unwale to the water's edge. Boxes of iron, weighing 12 cwt., were then added, making the aggregate weight amount to 211 c et. The waggon was then rowed across the water to prove its floating capabilities, and also to show the advantage which an army would possese in cross ing unfordaksle river=, if supplied with these pontoon waggocs, which are driven through the stream without the necessity of detaching the horses. Some very powerful efforts were again made to upset it, but without success. It was then hoisted out of the water by means of a crane, without removing any of the load, and cleared out, the body being taken off and again thrown into the water. Seven men were ordered into the boat, and the boxes of iron were increased to 22 cwt. It was then rowed about, rolled and rocked as before, and struck with a sledge-hammer some 20 or 30 blows en one spot without any visible effect on the rivets or joints. Alter being carefully examined it was mounted on its carriage, and dragged up to the practising butt. An artilleryman standing at a range of 101 yards then fired a couple of Minie rifle balls through the sides. In each case the ball traversed without splintering clean through the body, carrying with it a portion of the metal. The suc cess of this experiment was considered of great import ance, as considerable injury re ults in many cases from the scattered splhiters of the carriages in present use. Mr. Francis then got into the waggon and closed the perforations with a few blows of a hammer, leaving only the spots which had been carried away by the balls. This, he explained, could be repaired in the most simple manner by any one " with any bit of metal and two or three old nails." A couple of the feeding troughs serve as a canoe to convey one man with a paddle across a 4rearn, and four of the bodies connected form an excel lent raft, capable of supporting any- heavy ordnance of the service. By keeping the running gear attached they can be run in and out of the water with great facility ; and, by making some alterations in the construction, it could be packed up in a small csmapa.s for the conve nience of transport. The Corriere Italiano of Vienna contains the following extract of a letter from Warsaw :—" Before leaving Warsaw for Moscow, Prince Gortachakoff expressed to the Polish nobility his gratitude for the readiness they had displayed in departing for the coronation fetes ; and he gave them assurance that such a manifestation cannot fail to be followed with the best results for Poland. The prince takes with him to Moscow several projects relat ing to a reform of the various branches of the adminis trative and of public economy." [ADVERTISEMENT.] —Du Barry's delicious Revalenta Arabica Food cures indigestion (dyspepsia), constipation, and War rhcea, dysentery, nervousness, biliousness, and liver cont. plaints, flatulency, distension, acidity, heartburn, palpitation of the heart, nervous headaches, hysteria, neuralgia, deafness, noises in the head and ears, pains at the pit of the stomach and between the shoulders, erysipelas, eruptions of the skin, impurities and poverty of the blood, scrofula, cough, asthma, consumption, dropsy, rheumatism, gout, nausea and sickness during pregnancy, after eating, or at sea, low spirits, spa , nis, cramps, epileptic fits, spleen, general debility, inquietude, sleeplessness, involuntary blushing, paralysis, tremors, dis like to society, unfitness for study, loss of memory, delu sions, vertigo, blood to the head, exhaustion, melancholy, groundless fear, indecision, wretchedness. It is, more over, the best food for infants and invalids generally, as it never turns acid on the weakest stomach, nur in terferes with a good liberal diet, but imparts a healthy relish for lunch and dinner, and restores the faculty of diges tion, and nervous and muscular energy to the most enfeebled. Supported by testimonials from the celebrated Professors of Chemistry Dr. Andrew Ifre ; Dr. Shorland ; Dr. Harvey ; Dr. Campbell ; Dr. Gattiker ; Dr. Wurzer ; Dr. Ingram ; Lord Stuart de Decies; the Dowager Countess of Castle atuart ; Major-Gen. Thomas King, and many other respectable persons, whose health has been restored by it, after all othei means of cure had failed. Suitably packed for all climates, with full instructions. In canisters, 51bs., Ils. ; 121b5., 225.; super-refined, 11b., 6s. ; 21bs., Hs.; Subs., 225. ; 101bs., 335. The 101bs. and 121bs. carriage free, on receipt of post-office order. Barry du Barry and Co., 77, Legent-street, London ; Fortnum, Mason i and Co., Purveyors to her Majesty, Picca dilly ; also at 60, Graceehurch-street ; 3)J and 45 1 , Strand; 4 , Cheapside ; 68, Cornhill ; 49, Bishops,gate-street ; 55, Char. , iti-cr°811; 54, Upper Baker-street; 13 and 157, (Mal. i street. upwards, is manufactured with such unerring precision that it will fit with surprising exactitude the place de stined for it, not a single musket alone, but in every other constructed on the establishment. For instance, from in discriminate heaps of each of the several finished parts of a lock, consisting of the plate, the sear and its springs, the bridle, tumbler, mainspring, and screws, an artisan can put up a lock in a few minutes. It is the same with every other part of the weapon ; all the respective materials are exact counterparts of each other ; every barrel adapts it self to every stock, every bayonet to every barrel, and so on. By this complete system of interchange of parts, when any portion of the arm wears oat in service before the rest, or gets into disorder, it can easily be replaced, and thus the whole weapon is not disabled by a casualty of that kind. Touching the quality of the materials at work, at every single stage of its progress it undergoes a rigid examination, by which any defect is at once detected, and every minute article is made exactly to correspond with an unchangeable gauge. The very tools used are manufac tured on the premises, and also by machinery in many instances. Although, however, all the rolling stock used at Enfield was imported from the United States, a very considerable portion of the fine tools, with their fixings, employed in the machines were made in this country by highly-skilled artisans. The machinery for making gunstocks is an ex- ception, for it was specially and wholly fabricated in the manufactory of Mr. Ames, of Chicopee, Massachusetts, and is of the most ingenious and efficient description. This department of the factory, which is under the direction of Mr. 0. Clark, an American, skilled in its management, is singularly interesting. It contains 23 machines, which per form 16 distinct operations on the stock, and are similar in principle and construction to those in use in the two Go vernment armoury establishments in the United States, at Springfield, Massachusetts, and Harper's-ferry, Tirginia. A. piece of walnut•wood, roughly sawn into the shape of a gun-stock, is submitted to those manifold processes, which round it, scoop outthe bedfor the barrel, do all the intricate manipulations required fur the reception of the mechanism of the lock and its appendages, and, indeed, every other imaginable thing towards its completion, with the most eonstimmate neatness and accuracy. Several of these ma chines embody a beautiful automatic action for reversing the motion of the tool when it has penetrated the wood_deep enough, by which it disengages itself from the stock on which it is operating, and literally " backs out." Perhaps the most interesting and ingenious of the whole machines in this department is that by which the entire lock is let into the stock—a work involving much time and labour when performed by hand. This beautiful instrument is pro vided with five vertical spindles and appropriate cutters, mounted upon a kind of revolving reel, which aro brought round in succession, and trace the figure of a guide or copy which lies alongside the stock beneath the cutters and guide-pins. A small fan-blower is attached, by which the chips from the tools are blown away as fast as they are made► The machine is also furnished with a clever auto matic action for throwing the driving belt on and off the pulleys of the spindles as they are brought round in succes sion to perform a new part of the process. By this machine a lock can be completely lot into the stock in about three minute& Indeed, the whole process of making and per fecting the stock does not occupy more than half-an-hour, and the only hand labour employed upon it is that which causes the friction of a little sandpaper along its surface after its removal from the last machine. Colonel Dickson and Mr. Burton say that they are able to make in this way 200 stocks a-day, at a cost of little more than is a piece, whereas an expert workman, single-haude], would cot be able to make more titan eight or niuo in a week, at a cost of 12s. 61, a-piece. In estimating the price of mak ing a stock at Enfield at is., no allowance is made for the original cost of plant and tools, or their subsequent deterioration by wear and tear ; but, at the seine time, there can be no doubt that the saviug effected by machinery such as this will, in a short time, repay its whole cost, if, indeed, it has not already done so long ere this. The interest inspired by this large accumulation of machinery, and its results, is enhanced by the reflection that the whole of its complex operations aro performed simultaneously, and derive their motion from a common source; that the machines which give shape and finish to the bayonet and the stock are propelled by the same engine that communicates motion to the IneAlanism which makes the lock, and so on through the whole series of results. Into the question of an interference with an important branch of the domestic industry of the country which this establishnibnt at Enfield involves it is not now our pro vince to enter. Looking at the whole thing simply as an exkillition—interesting for it own sake and its affects—of mechanical power and invention applied to the fabrication of a pail of the national manufactures, it seems question able whether mechanism has ever achieved greater triumphs, and no thoughtful man who witnesses its opera tions and their results in this instance can fail to perceive that there ale scarcely any units to its application in the whole range of human labour. From the London Gazette of Last Night. FOREIGN OFFICE, A UG. 30. The Queen has been pleased to approve of Don &retina Bat bail. as Consul at Gibraltar for her Majesty the Queen of Spain. Queen has also boon pleased to approve of Mr. John Barker as Consul at Sunderland for his Majesty the King of the Belgians. the London Gazette, of the date proposed for the com mencement of distribution ; and, at the same time, the amount of an individual's share in the respective asses will be announced. NOTICE OF INTENDED DISTRIBUTION OF NAVAL PRIZE MONEY. Department of the Accountant-General of the Navy, Admiralty, Somerset-house, Sept. 1. Notice is hereby given to the Officers, Seamen, and Marines, and to all persons interested therein, that the distribution of proceeds arising from the Russian vessel Victoria, captured Sept. 20, 1855, by her Majesty's ship Nile and her tender the Redwing gun-boat; the Magpie gun-boat, tender to her Majesty's ship Orion ; and the Ruby gun-boat, tender to her Majesty's ship Majestic, will commence on Monday, the 15th Sept., 1856, in the Prize Branch of the Department of the " Accountant-Ge neral of the Navy, Adminltty, Somerset-house." Agents and other persons holding powers of attorney, prize orders, assignments, or other instruments, by virtue of which they may be legally entitled to claim the share of any captor, serving in the above-named ships, are re quested to present the same at this office. Any officer, seaman, marine, or other person, who may desire to receive his share from the collector of customs or inland revenue within the United Kingdom, is required to intimate the same by letter, to be addressed, " On Prize Business, to the Secretary of the Admiralty, London," in which letter his own place of residence is to be precisely , stated, as well as the place of the nearest collector of cus toms or of inland revenue, from whom it would be con venient to receive such share of prize money. The following are the shares due to an individual in the several classes : _ £ s. d. Flag share Captain , 43 16 0I Commander Third class Fourth class 2 0 10 1 Fifth class £ i. d. Sizth class Seventh class Eighth class 0 6 9 Ninth class 0 4 7 'Tenth class 0 2 3 Department of the Accountant-General of the Navy, Admirafti Somerset-house, Sept. 1. Notice is hereby given to the officers, seamen, and marines, and to all persons interested therein, that the distribution of proceeds arising from the Russian vessel Ottawa, captured on the 20th September, 1855, by ner Majesty's ship Nile and her tender the Redwing gun boat ; the Magpie gun-boat, tender to her Majesty's ship Orion ; and the Ruby gun-boat, tender to her Majesty's ship Ma jestic, will commence on Monday the 15th Sept., 1856, in the Prize Branch of the Department of the " Account ant-General of the Navy, Admiralty, Somerset-house." Agents and other persons holding powers of•attorney, prise orders, assignments, or other instruments, by virtue of which they may be legally entitled to claim the share of any captor, serving in the above-named ships, are re quested to present the same at this office. Any officer, seaman, marine, or other person, who may desire to receive his share from the Collector of Customs or of Inland Revenue within the United Kingdom, is re quired to intimate the same by letter to be addressed " On Prize Business, to the Secretary of the Admiralty, Lon don," in which letter his own place of residence is to be precisely stated, as well as the Oleo of the nearest Collec tor of Customs, or of Inland Revenue, from whom it would be convenient to receive such share of prize money. The following are the shares due to an individual in the several classes : Flag share k £33 15 5 Captain Commander Third class 3 17 6 Fourth class Fifth class 1 7 9 Sixth class 5 0 Seventh class Eighth class Ninth class 0 5 7 Tenth class 0 2 9 BANKRUPTCY ANNULLED. Job Broadhurst, earthenware manufacturer, Longton, Stolie-upon-Trent, Staff olshire. BANKRUPTS. William Bainbridge and Joseph James Dale, otherwise Joseph James Delo, otherwise Joseph James Dell, shoo manufacturers, Southwark Bridge-road, to surrender Sept. 11, at ono, and Oct. 15, at twelve, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Bell, official asignee, Coleman-street•build ings; Sole, Turner, and Turner, Aldermanbnry. Eccles, Nuttal, and Co., cotton spinners, Bottoms Hall Mill, Lancashire, Sept. 18 and Oct. 8, at twelve, at the Manchester District Court. Hernaman, official assignee, Manchester ; Crossland, Bury ; Higson and Robinson, Manchester. John Carpenter, grocer, Hythe, county of Hants, Sept. 11, at two, and Oct. 17, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Canaan, official assignee, Aldermanbury ; Bircham, Dal rymple, and Drake, Parliament-street. Edmund Roberts, jeweller, Derby, Sept. 16, and Oet. 7, at half-past ten, at the Shire-hall, Nottingham. Barris, official assignee, Nottingham ; Reece, Birmingham. John Corbett, licensed victualler, Birmingham, S. pt. 15 and Oct. G, at ton, at Birmingham. Bittleston, official assignee, Birmingham ; Rawlins and Rowley, Birming ham. Allen Searell, miller, Devonshire, Sept. ii, and Oct. 23, at one, at the Exeter District Court. liirtzel, official assignee, Exeter ; Stogdon, or Messrs. Gears, Mountford, and Goare, Exeter. Benjamin Greening, wire worker, Manchester, Sept. 26 Oct. 14, at twelve, at the Manchester District Court. Fraser, official assignee, Manchester ; Taylor, Manchester. John Ross, ship owner, Brunswick-terrace, Commercial road East, ept. 15, at one, and Oct. 21, at two, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Pennell, official assignee, Guild hall-chambers ; Young and Plows, Mark-lane. George Benton, licensed victualler, Chapel-place, Gros venor-square, Sept. 1,, and Oct. 17, at one, at the Court of Bankruptcy. Whitmore, official assignee, Basinghall street ; Roberts, Bucklersbury. Jane Eliza Norton and Geor,,cre Zachariah White, atone merchants, Harrow-road, Paddington. Sept. 15, at two, Oc'. 21, at half past ono, at the Court of Banktuptcy. Nichels.m, official assignee, Basinghall-stre,t ; Ksyo and Son, Symond's-inn, Chancery-lane. PARTNERS HIPS DISSOLVED. H. C. Bunkell and G. Beckett, Holloway, builders—M. S. Cox, King Fd ward's-road, Hackney, and G. Stevens, jun., Lower Norwood, Surrey—J. Mason, W. Baxter, and T. Mason, Liverpool, saw and file manufacturers, and dealers in Sheffield goods—T. J. Lough and W. J. Adams, America-square, City, merchants and general agents—J. IL Wilson and J. Welsh, Liverpool and Mobile, commis sion merchants -W. Williams, jail., and J. Williams, Bedminster, masons and builders—J. Britten and J. Brit ten, jun., Basinghall-street, clothworkers and packers—G. F. Murphy and W. N. Croyton, Manchester, manufac turers of fancy goods J. Hayward and R. Seward, Liver pool, coffee dealers—D. and IL Edwards and F. King, Douglas, Isle of Man, and London, manufacturers of pa tent preserved potatoes—W. C. Worthington and D. Mea dows, Lowestoft, surgeons and apothecaries—J. Bailey and S. Ferule, Nottinzhatn, manufacturing chemists—W. E. Evans and T. E. Saunders, Sheffield, music sellers—A. Dixon and A. M. Bell, Smethwick, engineers —J. Scudder and J. Hughes, Queen-street, Ratcliff, plumbers, painters and gasfitters —J. Harkness and G. Irving, Bolton-10. Moors, general drapers—R and It. J. Philps,and J. Smith, High-street, Poplar, linen drapers, as far as regards J. Smith—H. Parnell and T. B. T. Willaume, New Broad street, City, solicitors—B. Gilpin and T. Dixon, Church bridge Works and Wedges Mills, Staffordshire, pdgo-tool manufacturers—S. Briggs, R. Bobley, and E. W. Briggs, Nottingham, lace manufacturers, as far as regards S. Briggs. MORTALITY IN THE METROPOLIS NUMBER OF DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES REGISTERED IN THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, AUG. O Zyruotic Diseases Diseases of Uncertain Seat Tubercular Diseases Diseases of the Brain, Nerves and Senses Diseases of the Heart and Mood-vessels 2B Diseases of the Lungs and other Organs of Respiration 9O Diseases of the Stomach, Liver, and other Organs of Digestion Diseases of the Kidneys, &c. Childbirth, Diseases of the Utems ' &e. Diseases of the Joints, Bones, and Muscles . 342 . 57 202 , Diseases of the Skin. &c. Malformations ... 6 Premature Birth and Debility 36 Atrophy Old Age Vudden S Violence, Privation, Cold, and Intemperance 4O Causes not specified DEATHS FROM ALL CAUSES 1,031 Population Deaths In corre- Deati s Enumerated. sponding week in the West Di s t r i cts 1851. of 1855. Week. North Districts .... 376,427 .. 490396 Central Districts ..... 393,256 East Districts,,.. 485,522 South Districts ...... 616,635 - - Totals ......... 2,362,238 1,031 1,081 Ma1e5........ ...................... . ........ 546 Fema1e5.......... .......................... 535 BIRTHS IN THE WEEK. Females ...................... Males ....................................... 909 ............. 869 T0ta1..................... —.— .......... 1,778 REMARKABLE DEATH IN A POLICE -OFFICE.-0 o Satur day night last, at about half.past 11 o'clock, a sudden and remarkable death occurred at the Sheffield Police. office. A compositor, named Charles Alex. Shand, had been walking through the fruit market, and observed a female pick a gentleman's pocket. He proceeded to the Town-hall to give evidence against the woman, and whilst he was stating the charge a number of Irishmen were brought in in a state of intoxication. They . created a great disturbance in the office, which greatly frighuened Shand, and en the prisoners setting up a loud yell he fell down and instantly expired. It is undergtood that he has suffered from disease of the heart for sometime: An i nquest was held yesterday, and a verdict in accordrince with the evidence was returned. —Manchester ,Excciatner, TUE .NEW SMALL-ARMS FACTORY AT ENFIELD. The manufacture of small-arms, recently established by she Government at Enfield-lock, by means never before used in this country, and in no other except the United States, and to a limited extent in Russia, has begun to assume a character of considerable interest, regarded not so much in its bearing on the long-pending quarrel between the Government and the gunmakars at Birmingham in re ference to the supply of a military weapon of prime necas city, as affording the daily exhibition on a large scale of the application of machinery to processes of the most deli cate kind, until now manipulated only by skilled artisans of a high class, and as foreshadowing the extent to which eventually it may be made subservient to other industrial purposes now dependent on hand labour in every country .n the world. Though the scheme is as yet only partially developed it has already attracted the attention of several of the continental governments. It has been visited three imes in the course of the present summer by Baron Smola, holding a high position in the Austrian artillery service ; again, by General Barreiro, by direction of the King of Portugal, who, it is said, contemplates its reproduction in his own dominions ; also by Prince Oscar of Sweden. In Franca it is regarded with interest by distinguished mili tary men; and there are some who believe that the visit at this time of an American citizen, conspicuously identi. fled in the United States and in this country with the manufacture of small-arms, to St. Petersburg has some reference to the commencement of a similar enterprise in Russia, where the practical application of machinery to the construction of some parts of military weapons is not wholly unknown. To some it may be necessary to premise that the manu factory at Enfield on its present footing—for there has been for upwards of 40 years the nucleus of a government establishment for the fabrication of small arms—originated in the dissatisfaction for some time felt by the Board of Ordnance at being almost wholly dependent on private manufacturers for so important a part of the materiel of war, and in the recommendation, based on the, feeling, of the Committee of the House of Commons on small arms which sat in the session of 1854. Before 1804, when the manufactory in its original form was established at Enfield, the Government depended on the private trade for their small arms, and when that failed to provide a sufficient supply recourse was had to the foreign market. At one time, indeed, the art of making muskets became extinct in this country. This occurred in 1802, and Lord Chatham, then Master-General, stated the circumstances publicly. Mr. John Colgate, who held an appointment in the Ordnance Department, was sent to Liege in 1779 to superintend the setting up of 40,000 stand of arms for the service of the British Government. Major-General Miller was despatched to Liege on a simi• lar service in 1791, to Hamburg in 1795, and again to Hamburg in 1800, the store of arms in the Tower being at that time entirely expended. Again, in 1823, the names of not less than 20 English artificers had been ascertained who were - in full employment in the national armoury establishments of Russia and the United State; and no doubt very many more might have boon disco vered. This was attributable to the encouragement and inducements to emigrate held out to our skilled artificers in that branch of trade by foreign nations, backed by the want of employment in their vocation at home ; and it was apprehended at that time by men convex• sant with the subject that unless the fostering care of the Government was continued in support of its armoury institutions the art. must again be lost, or so far reduced that the country would a second time be left to depend on the casual supplies furnished by individual manufac turers. It has always been contended by men who have advocated the formation of Government armouries that the views of tradesmen were confined to individual pro fit ; when they entered upon a contract their only object was to bring their workmanship to such a state as to pass the official examination ; they had no motive, it was said, to improve, or inducement to perpetuate the art; when the call for arms by the Government ceased with a war they turned their industry to other occupations, and their workmen were driven to seek employment in foreign countries or left to neglect the art at home. It was also alleged that a national establishment offered the most perfect means of making experiments for the im provement of the service, and caused the saving of money in time of war as well as of peace by operating as a check upon the prices of ptivato manufacturers. But its prin cipal object was to keep up among us the art of making military guns. It was considerations such as these and others that in• duced the Government, upon the recommendation of the committee of 1851, to establish a manufactory of small arms to a limited extent, under the direction of the Board of Ordnance; and the experiment is now on its trial at Enfield. This manufactory, the committee conceived, would servo as an experiment of the advantages to be de rived from the more extensive application of machinery as s check upon the prices of contractors, and as a resource in times of emergency. They also recommended that it should be arranged with a view to its continual working. While the committee was sitting, a deputation of practical men, previously sent out by the Board of Ordnance to make inquiries in the Unitol States of America as to thr mode of manufacturing small arms there, and having ex talsive powers to purchase machinery to be applied to their fabrication in this country, was pursuing its mission; and, on the report of the committee, the House of Com mons voted a sum not exceeding 1:10,000/. towards the experiment. Since that time extensive building opera• tions have been and are still going on at Enfield-lock, and an immense quantity of valuable machinery has been im ported from America, and is now in constant operation there in various processes connected with the military gun manufacture. The whole establishment is under the im mediate control and supervision of Colonel Dickson, of the Royal Artillery, assisted by Mr. Gunner, inspector of small arms; and the first engineer is Mr. Burton, an intelligent American gentleman, formerly Master Armourer of the Government small arms factory of the United States at Harper's Ferry, whose services have been permanently se cured by the Government to superintend the setting up and working of the machinery. At present about 430 men and boas are employed on the different operations, but when the works are complete, the numbers will probably be doubled, of whom three-fourths will be comparatively un• skilled labourers, it being one of the chief characteristics of the machinery in use at Enfield that it performs all the delicate operations which in the art of manufacturing mili tary guns, as previously pursued iu this country, have been executed by skilled artisans trained to their voca tion. The whole of the plant when fully laid down acid brought into operation, it is contemplated, will turn out iu a perfect state, rea:ly for use, some 50,00) rifles a-year, or about 1,000 a week ; but this is probably a too sanguine view of its capabilities. The advantages of producing muskets by machinery are described by those thoroughly conversant with the system in the United States as ladug cheapness in the manufacture; an exact similarity in the several parts, so that they may be readily interchanged and replaced ; and, above all, the facility of rapidly pro ducing this important military arm, and of increasing or reducing the supply according to the requirements of tho time. The establishment at Enfield is divided into departments, of which the principal are the smithery, where there are daily 45 forges at work with their attendant machinery, and that in which all the various minute processes con nect with the manufacture of locks, bayonets, and stocks, replete with interest, are carried on. It is in this latter building—an extremely largo one, and well lighted from the roof—that the greater part of the machinery in use is in operation; and the whole of the mechanism, as well there as in the smithery, is driven simultaneously by a magnificent double engine of 80-horse power. The opera tions for rolling and perfecting gun-barrels are performed in an adjacent building, which is being enlarged and fitted up with an engine of 25-horse power, for conducting that department on a scale commensurate with the other parts of the factory. The barrel-rolling machinery at present in use, which is not of American in vention or manufacture, has been in operation since 1852. In the smithery the bayonets and all the several parts of the lock apparatus, including oven the small screws used in its construction, are first forged from bars of steel, with the greatest rapidity, and with all the aids of a per fect system of machinery. Thence they are transferred to the general building, where they are submitted to an al most endless succession of processes of the nicest descrip tion, performed again by machinery specially adapted to each operation, until they attain the requisite degree of accuracy, finish, and perfection. Into all the various de tails of the manufacture we cannot, of course, enter here, however wonderful and interesting they are as exemplifi cations of the amount of mind employed in devising and practically applying machinery to operations so diversified and delicate; but, besides the rapidity with which they aro performed, far exceeding the capacity of any amount of hand labour, two other results have been attained of the greatest importance in a trade so peculiar as this, where a great national emergency might at anytime create on a sudden an immense demand for the article manu factured. The one is, that this machinery, guided by young men and boys taken from the plough tail, or any other of the humbler occupations of life, is capable of exe cuting work until now performed by skilled operatives specially trained to it, and by necessity with far more marvellous accuracy than was ever achieved by hand labour, however superior. The comphsint has almost inva riably been that whenever a crisis arose necessitating the manufacture of a great quantity of small-arms within a brief period of time, the process Wll3 delayed to the detri ment of the public service, by the want of a sufficient num ber of skilled mechanics in the private trade to execute certain parts of the work in time to meet the demand. But under this new state of things that inconvenience can never accrue, unless there was a positive paucity of labour power in the country—for common unskilled labourers, not bred to the worlc, and with little or no previous training, can always be made available for its per formance, with the aid of machinery. Little boys, not more than 14 years of age, for example, are to be seen charged with the management of two, and sometimes three, different machines performing simul taneously the same operation. Another result on which much stress is laid is, that every conceivable part of a musket, from all the small component portions of the lock WHITEHALL, AUG. 23. The Queen has been graciously pleaSed, on the nomina tion of his Grace the Earl 111Arshal, to appoint Edward Stephen Dendy, Esq., Rouge Dragon Pursuivant of Arms, to be Surrey Herald of Arms Extraordinary. CCMLIISSIONS SIGNED BY LORDS LIEUTENANT. sth Regiment of Royal Lancashire Militia—Gilbert Pickering Rudkin Jones, Gent., to be Ensign. Royal Carnarvonshiro Militia—Lieut. Flank Mackie stone Allen to be Captain, vice Charles Griffith Wynne, resigned ; George Shalt° Douglas Pennant, Gent., to be Lieutenant, vice _kJlen, promoted; Ensign John Bailey Williams to be Lieutenant, vice Arthur Wyatt, rtsigned ; Ensign Owen Massey Jones to he Lieutenant, vice Wm. Wynne, appointed to the Coldstream Guards.] NOTICE TO MARINERS. 7.! SCOTLAND —WEST COAST. Portp,trick Harbour Light. The Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty having di rected that the inner lighthouse at Portpatrick be re lighted, notice is hereby given, that on and after the even ing of the 15th day of October next ( 1 856) a fixed light of the natural colour will bo exhibited from the inner light house i❑ Poitpatrick harbour, iu the same position as for merly, namely, in lat. 54 deg. 50 min. 23 sec. N., long. 5 deg. 7 miu. 0 sec. West of Greenwich, nearly. The light will be of the sixth order, it will stand at a height of 44 feet above tho moan level of the sea, And will 113 visible from the deck of a ship at a distance of eight miles in clear weather, through en arc of 180 deg. of the horizon, Open to the westward or to seaward. The ioN;er is of stone, 30 feet high, and p tinted white ; it stan,ls at the southeast z4!!;:;lo of the harbour, and at 130 yards within the outer lighthouse at the pier head which is not lighted. - By command of their Lordships, John Washington, Hydrographer. Hydrographic-office, Admiralty, London, fin August, 1856. This notice affects the following Admiralty Charts : Irish Sea, 1,824 ; West Coast of Scotland, sheet 1, 1,971; Ireland, East Coast, sheet 2, 45; Portpatrick, 2,026; also Bzitish Lighthouse List, 216. NOTICE TO MARINERS. ELAND —NORTH COAST. Rathiin Island Lighthouse. The Port of Dublin Corporation Ins given notice that a lighthouse has been erected on Rathlin Island, co. An trim, from which lights will bo exhibited on the night of the Ist of November next, 1856, and thereafter will be lighted during every night from sunset to sunrise. Tho lighthouse tower is built on the north-east point of Rathlin Island, situate in lat. 55 deg. 18 min. 10 sec. N, and long. 6 deg. 10 min. 45 sec. W, bearing From Rhins of Islay Light, 8, distant 25i nantic miles. From Mull of Cantire Light, NWN N, distant 13 nautic miles. From Corsewall Point Light, NW N, distant 39 nan tic miles. From Maiden Rock South Light, N a W, distant 27 nautic As an additional moans of marking this position, a lower light will be shown, a which the lantern is placed at the base of the tower, on its eastern side. The upper light, in tho lantern of the tower, will be re volving, giving a bright light during 50 seconds, and being eclipsed during 10 seconds—the periods of light and dark ness followinc , in regular succession. It will be visible from seaward between the bearings of SE 5, round by the eastward to NE b N, also in passing through the chan nel westward of Rathlin Island from ENE Nto E N, and will be coloured red on the lino of the Carickavanan Rock. The light is 213 feat over the level of the sea at high water, and in clear weather may be seen within the distance of 21 miles. The lower light will be fixed, of the natural appearance ; and being placed 61 feet below the level of the upper, will be seen as a separate light withi❑ the distance of 10 miles, and from seaward between the heariuge of S.E. b S. and E., and will not be visible to vessels in the chan nel westward of Rathlin Island. The tower is circular, 88 feet in height from its base to the ball over dome. A red belt will be painted under the projecting gallery. (Bearings stated are magnetic. V a r. 23 deg. W.) By command of their Lordships, John Washington, Hydrographer. llydrographic Office, Admiralty, Landon, August 20, 1855, This notice affects the following Admiralty charts : Ireland, Sheet, 3, N.E. Coast ; L. Larne to L. Foyle, No. 46 ; Irish Channel, No. 1,824 ; and Directions for the N.E., N., and N.W. Coasts of Ireland, p. 50. NAVAL PRIZE MONEY. Dezartmont of the Accountant-General of the Navy, Admiralty, Somerset-house, Aug. 23. Notice is hereby given to all persons interested therein, that preparations are now making for the intended distri bution of tonnage bounties awarded for the two slave fe luccas, names unknown, captured Aug. 25 and 27, 1854. by her Majesty's ship Philomel. Agents or other persons having any just and legal de mand, unliquidatod, against the said proceeds, are re quired to transmit the particulars of any such demand to the Registrar of the High Court of Admiralty, in order that the same may be examined, taxed, and allowed by that Officer, and paid under the sanction of the Judge of the said Court. Agents and all other persons holding powers of attorney, prize orders, assignments, or other instruments, by virtue of which they may be legally entitled to claim the share belonging to any captor, arc, , rrquesUl, with as little delay as possible, to transmit the same, accompanied by the usual documents, to the Prizo Branch of the Department of the " Accountant-General of tho Navy, Admiralty, Somer. Pet -house." . . Duo notice will be given, by future advertisements in DIVIDENDS. Sept. 23, J. Starkey, Old-street, St. Luke's, builder—J. Elsdon, Church-row, Limehouse, shipowner—L. A. lure, Albany-street, Regent's-park, confectioner and dealer in preserved meats—Sept. 24, J. Hughes, Manchester, fustian manufacturer—W. and T. Edmond, Liverpool and Boui b.iyf merchants—Oct. 2, S. S. Phillips, Cardiff, provision and bonded store merchant—Sept. 25, E. W. Knight, late of Cardiff, deader in china, glass, and earthenware—Oct. 9, R. Webb, Newport, Monmouthshire, ironmonger. SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS. G. Doughs, watchmaker, Airdree. J. Mitchell currier, Glasgow. Thos;•Ewing, nurseryman, Falkirk. RAILWAY INTELLIGENCE. CALEDONIAN AND DUKBARTONSIIIRE JUNCTION. The half.yearly meeting of this company was held in Glasgow, ou Friday ; Mr. James Baird, M.P., in the chair. The report, which was adopted, stated that 6,8201. had been received, and 2,778/. expended in working the line, and 985/. paid as interest on loans, leaving a net profit on the half-year of 3,0571. ; out of this sum the directors recommended payment of the usual dividend at the rate of 4 per cent. per annum, which would absorb 3,0111., and lease a balance of 461., which, added to the surplus accumulated since dividends were paid, and prior there to, would make a total surplus revenue to be carried forward of 12,0441. LIVERPOOL, MANCEIESTER, & NEWCASTLE JUNCTION: The final meeting of the shareholders in this under taking, which was one of the companies formed during the railway mania of 1345, was held at York, on Satur day—Mr. George Leeman in the chair. The report tf the directors stated that the long-pending Chancery pro ceedings instituted against the company by Mr. Cooper Preston had been terminated by the House of Lords confirming the decision of the Master of the Rolls, and condemning Mr. Preston in the costs of this appeal. As this decision not only disposed of Mr. Preston's demand of 5,0001,, but put an end to any similar ch inz a on 1k part of other landowners, the directors were desk( us practically to dissolve the company. The net balance in hand was 2811., a sum not quite equal to ld. per share on the 70,000 shares in the company ; but, inaa much as unforeseen contingencies might arise to occasion further slight expenditure, the directors recommended that this amount be retained, and that they should be authorised to suspend any further business on the past of the company, and to make all arrangements they m a; deem necessary for effecting virtually the dis mint of the company. A resolution that the report be re ceived, and that the company be forthwith dissolv e d, was proposed and carried non. con.; and th e proceed ings closed with a vote of thanks to the chairman and directors for the energy they had display e d i n resisting the claim of Mr. Cooper Preston sod other landow ners. It appeared that about 150,000/: had b een received and expended iu respect of this scheme, LIDDESDALE. It is proposed to construct A rail way f rom Carlisle, pas-ing on the east side of Long town and Netherby, up the mineral Valley of the Liddell, to the Hawick station of the North British Railway. One of the branches is intended to connect the proposed railway with the Border Counties Railway at Bolling. The whole of the lines and branches will be about 70 miles in length, and the estimated cost is 10,0001. per mile. The length of main line from Carlisle to Hawick will be 41 miles. It is stated that the country which the line and branches will pass through abounds in coal and in almost every variety of mineral wealth, which the want of a rail- way alone has prevented from being developed. Canobie and Nicol Forest, in their mineral resources of coal, iron stone, and limestone, contain 7 seams of excellent coals, averaging 54 feet thick each scam. The branch to the Border Ommties line is intended to open a communica tion with the Plashett and other coal fields, which cover an area of about 20 square miles. The 'traffic is esti mated at 30/, per mile per week to pay 8 per cent. on; tho out:ay. Couutry Marlets. LIVERPOOL-SEPT. 2. At to-day's market there was a fair attendance of local and country buyers, but only a moderate business done in wheat —the best descriptions selling at ld to 2d, ordinary at 4d to 6d, and new Irish, generally damp, at 6cl to 9d per bushel below last week's rates. Prime flour scarce, at full prices, but Spanish and ordinary American declined is per sack and barrel. Old oats in good request, and firm. New tawny, ld lower. Oatmeal dull, but unaltered in value. Egyptian beams in small supply, and 2s dearer, the prices being 33s 6d to 36s per qr. Barley still scarce, and very firm. Indian corn, 33s 6d to 34s for mixed and yel low, and 34s to na for white. HIILL—Sapp. 2. At to-day's market we had a fair show of new English wheat, the quality very good, and condition better than expected; it met free sale at 3s to 4s decline upon the last week's prices. Old, either English or foieign, unaltered. A good consumptive demand for all kinds of spring corn. Linseed unaltered. Cakes rather easier. s s 8. 0 Wheat, English, red TO to 76,Peas, grey and black to Ditto white 74 to 80Linseed, Black Sea... 54 to 57 Dantzic and Konigs- {Ditto Petersburgh ... 45 to 52 berg 7O to 80 Ditto Rigaand Arch- Pomeranian au d Ham- angel burgh Danish, Holstein, and Memel 4O to 46 Friesland 6O to 65 Per Ton. Russian and Odessa 55 to 63,Lins:c. ?lull 91 59 to 0/ Os Od Oats, English Ditto Danish Ditto Friesland Ditto Russian 27'to 29 Rape cakes —s Od to 130 a Od Barley, malting Ditto grinding 36 to 401 Ditto foreign Beans Ditto foreign Peas, white and yel. 40 to 42T1our, per brl. 3ss. 38s :ANGE.-YESTARDAT. Gibraltar •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Leghorn ...• •• . 29 67% Genoa .. . ....... 80' Milan •• •• •• •• •• •• •• •• Venice • • • • •• • • •• •• •• •• Naples 44!4 Palermo .... IMessina 133 Lisbon Oporto ................ 52% - Rio Janeiro ...... •• .... Buenos Ayres.... • • .... New York,6o days' sight Philadelphia • PRICES OF BULLICN, PER OZ. Foreign Gold in Bars £3 17 9 Portugal Gold Coin •• 0 0 0 Mexican Dollars .... 0 5 1% New Dollars ...... 0 0 0 Silver in bars 0 5 1% COURSE OF EXC. A.mstercldm ••••.• • • . • • • 11 7 Ditto, threo months .. 11 19% Rotterdam ............ 11 19IA g Antwerp 25 50 Dm-33eIs 25 45 Uamburgh •••• •• •• ~.. 13 IN Paris. ..........••.... 25 35 Ditto, three months .. 25 67% arseilles ..... 25 70 Bourdeaux • • •• •• Frankfort-on-`,Zaino •... 120 Berlin •• •• •• •• •• .• •• •• Vienna.. .• •• .... 10 23 Trieste.. ••••e. •• •• .... 10 24 Petersburg ............ 37% Madrid •••••.• •• •• 49% Cadiz ......... 50% Barcelona •• •• •• • • •• •• Soville •• •• •• • • LOCAL SHARE MARKETS. LIVERPOOL, SEn. 2. STOCK EXOFIANGE.—The market continues quiet to• day, and prices are generally lower than yesterday. Cdedonian, 258 Eastern Counties, 9i—Midlands, 81 —Lancashire and Yorkshire, 98 7$ i—London and North- Westerns, 1013 a—North British, 101. 3s. 9d. ;—South Eastern, 224—Great Western of Canada, new, p. 21., 1/.„183. Vd., 21. MANCHESTER, SEPT. 2. STOCK EXCHANGE.—The market has been very quiet, and prices are rather easier. Leeds, 98 i—Lancashire In surance, 1-16 p.—Londons, 101, 1 ,—Dovers, 22 7-16—Great Western of Canada, 25—do. (new), 2} p.—Nortk British, Nit—Groat Western, 641—Midlands, 811. BIRMINGHAM, SEPT. 2. STOCK EXOHANGE.—This market was steady to-day, and you little doing. Manchester and Sheffields closed at 34 ; London and North-Westerns at 105—North Staffords at dis.—Great Westerns, 62—Dudley and West Bromwich Bank, 9i. DUBLIN-SEPT. 1. STOCK EXCHANGE.—Throe per Cent. Consols, 941-- -Ditto for Account, 12th of Sept., 95 4l—New Three per Cent. Stock, 95 95 - Ditto, for Account, 12th Sept., 0 —Dublin and Wicklow, 6,l—Mining Company of Ire land, 141—Irish South Eastern, 71—Waterford and Limerick, 25 Killarney Junction, 10i—Cork and Ban don, 11—City Dubs., 4 per cent. of 921. 6s. 2d., 82i. 11.3 A BORNE AIA 1. (5 eignf flea that the mai(r, aro sent from the General Post-offlo by the night—end IA by the morning—Aespatch.) lay - win-1s F. - , a FrOin wha W • COUNT in General Post- Port due k °Moe, London.* Disputeiso . . kniorica(byilrit.nack)N Ivory Friday Liverpool ... Weeklf kby United Sic packet) ........ „N Every Tuesday .onthampton Weekly kaierlea (by U. Stater pack,it) • Liverpool •.• 4 nstralla (via Liver pool) ,4th and 19th Liverpool; .. Twice mel Ditto (via Marseilles) N Dover Ditto (via Cape of Gceo' Mope) toe so •• •• •• ••14 ••• Uncertain. /Uric,* (West Coast) .. N of the anenth _ Plymouth .• nth of en-. ..N 10th St 26th of n 0. Dover ...... 1d Sc 19th k1emandria..........7.1 at:, & 20th of TIM. Southrunptor. 4 $621 ol De Daharnas 17th of the month Seuthamptor 10th aelgiuni ,„ Dover •• • • • • Diu y Brasil •....... —ll 9thofthani nth Sut ohamploi :it th. iluenott byres ..Mlith of 1 14.‘ month 3 4.0h:11110o; 16th Cape of Good Hope ..N Uncertain Cape of Good Hope Caro de Verde ofil of f rionil Southampton Dith of Ceylon (see India) 10th and Mb—. 15 z 09th Ceylon—. 4th and 20th ch , .anol I . 4res.,&rit, Southampton cu.Th .1- at. __lv 3l t 17th of moat], louthamp on 1 and 16 China Constantinople ......ls oth and 26th.... Dover ...... 3 and 19 atirans ptor, and 2* Dover rwice del Ceustantlnople 4th ill 20th c 1 mon. Cont. of Europe M 7. UsViea daily Egypt (see India) France ...„ N Iwlce „ , Dover rwicsdailf Gibraltar M 1,7, 17, 20, 27 Ifni. ieuthumplco , U, 7, .14,20 Greece (s.;e India) 3 1 - cr , nwil •• •• •• •• M '2 , 5 , 1 a; 17th of men Soutnempttri 1 and 16 llaraburgh G.,:vanuah I Ind of the in,,nt! 8 ),Iths.inpt, n let Of MO 71c11,,nd Dover Daily aonduraa of the month : . iNuilampi(l, 16th 'lndia (viaSouthampt.)lli 14th 20th of anon Plymouth .. • and 21 to Wk. , (via Marseilicis)l4lllOth&26th of mot' D0ver,...., 1 5 % 9 lonian Isles (see India) •• • • •• • • Ireland & NI Twice daily slyhesd Lisbon.... •......... 20 of o Oladeira ........ ~..1,1 9th of month So Ithamplos, ci and IS Madeira ...... •• N 231 of month Liverpool Malta (see India) Malta 4, 10, 20, and 26„ Dover 4. 13, 21, 2 Mauritius (see Indio) Mauritius 20. h of the mouil, 4th and'', 1 Lfoxiee 3o l3o a v t a h r am..p ... ten . ist Naples New Granada 2d &Z 7 th . of mo. tb anuthampto Ist and 1 1 1 New Zea1and....,...,, Twin a month irarious porl Papal States .• Daily •• .. l o th !weekly Peninsula NT •loothampt( Peru ld & 27th of mon. loutbamptt let 16tk Port Natal ,ly private ship.. Various port. Ttlaer•rly ••• •• • • •. [WI) , ••. • • .. • • Doveri .• • • &eilY •• •• ..11 Every Saturday.. Dover A r eekl.9 Veneznel: 2d 17th uftnot iauthain . ptoi l et 16 Van Dienaen's Likud (se( ... 4th of mon. %Veit Indies ........r in& iltsiol 010, titlouthanaptol It and 16 When any of these dates fall on a tinday, the mail will be de. spatched on tho following day, with the exception of the India (w i g' .I Guthamptori), and the Isi*tita, both o;• which will be despatched the p .•eeeding day. A CLOUD OF GNATS.—Galignani records a singult r phenomenon which occurred on Saturday at Saint Pons (Allier). At about six o'clock in the evening, after a very fine day, the sky became suddenly obscured and a cloud of gnats alighted on the town. The walls and roofs of the houses, and the pavements of the streets, were, it is said, covered with the insects as with a thick black dust. The inhabitants, too, were attacked by the gnats and suffered a good deal from their bites. Not a few of • the insects, it is alleged, not content with attacking people in the hands and feet, penetrated through their clothes and bit them severely. COUNTY OF MIDDLESEX ,REGISTRATION. —The bar risters appointed to revise the list of voters for the county of Middlesex intend holding their courts at the following times and places :—Thursday, Sept. 25, the White Horse, Uxbridge ; Saturday, Sept. 27, the Black Dog, I3edfont ; Monday, Sept. 29, Sussex Hotel, Bon verie-street, Fleet -street ; Sept. 30, th e L or d s J us ti ce s Court, Lincoln' s -i nn ; Oct. 1, Belvidere Tavern, New r. ad ; Oct. 3, New Globe Tavern, Mile-end-road ; Oct. 4, Green Man, Bethnal-green ; Oct. 6, Windsor Castle, Broadway, Hammersmith ; Oct. 8, Cantle Inn, Brent ford ; Oct. 9, Enfield Arms, Enfield ; Oct. 10, Chandos Arms, Elg,ware ; Oct. 11, Jack St raw ' s C astle, Hamp' stead-heath. ,BIRTIIS. OP A lON. On the Ist inst., at Winchester, the wife of Lieut.-Col. Reginald Shipley, Royal FUsiliers. On the 21 inst., in Dover-street, Piccadilly, the wife 0 f B. Travers, jun., Esq. OF A DAUGHTER, On. the Ist inst., at tho Villa, Notting-hill, the wife of C. A. Hulbert, Eeq. On the 31th ult., at Kirtlingtou-park, Oxfordshire, the Wife of Charles G. Cholmondeloy, Esq. MARRIELD. On the 2d inst., at St. George's, Hanover-square, Win. James Farrer, Esq., of 3, Glocester-teriace, Regent's-park, and 66, Lincoln's-inn-fields, to Anne Maria, second daugh ter of Henry Shaw Lefevre, Esq., of 29, Green-street, Gros venor : sq uare. On the 30th ult., at All Souls, Langbam-place, Alfred. Fowler Patton, Esq., of 21, Queen's-road west, Regent's park, to Maria, the only daughter of the late Paulo Nappi, Esq., of Rome. DIED. On the Ist inst., at South Audley-street, Sir Richard Westmacott, R.A., aged 82. On the 2d inst., at Walworth, Richard Roffey, Esq., aged 79. On the 31st ult., at 2, Grafton-street, Sophia, Lady Rendlesham, aged 59. On the 30th ult. ' at Gillingham-street, Pimlic o , R ear - Admiral Sir J o h n Ross, 0.11., aged 79. On the 31st ult., at Horton-place, John Trotter, Esq., late M.P. for the county of Surrey, aged 71. On the let inst., Mr. Mark Patrick, of Westminster• road, aged 58. the 29th alt., at Brecon, Hugh Price, Esq., of Castle Madoc, Breconshire, a Magistrate and Dep.-Lieut. of that county, aged 71. On the 29th ult., at Ryde, Commander R.N., aged 70. Geo. Edward Marshall, LONDON : Printed and Published by MURDO YOUNG, of No. 112, Strand, Printer, at Tire Sum Office, NO• 112, Strand, in the Precinct of the 3.voy, in the,o9untY of Middlesex, Wednesday, September 4, 1856. 1 R. for the Yatore, Lavign Views brillian I. C( have t I this evi days, .......... , G E The s Tesolutic until fur Pally, 27 28th. / ZnOIVIIe "ATEF re ndered %nu, S, AIDE: ai ZVery LSA itz clan 13 4,1 c1 by it Perfectly The da hard to radon, a ' and Sons c hants, I N•RPER TM L 4 li/la rrelai th e 9th i n ous a<.kYard o ns. 70 of fo— *lll b e re notic e d ',tied in :Very —l,l *vp, , ar b.. T i a ny 14 lette t 1 4 Na/ice wi 1 1 1 ( with Lir Sir E z A. Chart ( ?hilip Capta F. B . F. .1. P. Solicitor s C 1, kre-ers Conlnaercia Si r JOH CLAut R l4le as A ° hen 13 mo 4 Wo n ,. Crk use A • , 3tew a atne Gi 19 4ai :11 1 .1 1 1 1 Solicitors_ ling "Iturs—] F„ — , or in L th e ti (4 4 ., rc ea el „ 4 tini ta ili ' e tn th e 4 00114 i l o ae r raerc 1411eitts 5 of engag of a • street Room Propr resort Great Past ei only) 1 and pr health 2, and highly by Dr. —____