The Sun. — London, England, 1861-01-07 00:00:00

ROYAL ENGLI SH OPERA, COVENT-GARDEN. Under the Management of Miss Louisa Pyne and Mr. W. Harrison, Sole Lessees. THIS EVENING, Mellon's Opera of VICTORINE. Miss 7.,nui ; iB. Fyne, ;Wise Thirlwall, .H. Corrie, Mr. H. Haigh, Mr. A. St. Albyn, and Mr. G. H Mr orncastle. With the Grand Pantomime, BLUE BEARD ; or, Harle 4uin and Freedom in her Island Home. Clowns, Messrs. H. Zoleno, H. Payne, Hildyard, and Lilliputians. Harlequins, essr s. Milano and F. Payne. Pan taloons, Messrs. Barnes "tad Tanner. Columbines, Mdme. Boleno and Clara Morgan. 'Sprites, the Zelinski Family. Mr. W. H. Payne, Mlle. X.amoureux, arc. Conductor—Mr. Alfred Mellon. Commence at Seven. THEATR I ?..-ROYAL, HAYMARKET. Lessee, Mr. J. B. Baekstone. r TUTS EVENING the performances will commomee with 'DOES HE LOVE ME ? Miss Vandelenr, Miss Fanny Stir ,ling ; Bubble, Mr. Buckstone. After which, a new Pantomime, QUEEN LADYBIRD AND HER CHILDREN. The Pantomimists by the un rivalled Leclercqs, Herr Cole, and Fanny Wright. Commence at 7. ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.-- Lessee and Manager, Mr. A. Harris. THIS EVENING, the performances will commence with THE CORSIC 1N BROTHERS. Messrs. Eechter, Harris, Meadows, Mrs. Weston, and Miss Murray. After which. a new Christmas comical pantomime, entitled ROBINSON CRUSOE ; or, Harlequin Friday, and the Kim. , of the Caribbe Islands : in which Monsieur Espinosa and Mdlle, Marie Dumilatre, of the principal can ti ne ntal theatres, will appear. Clown, Mr. A. F. Forrest. A DELPHI. NEW THEATRE-ROYAL. .?" , 1 Sole Proprietor and Manager. Mr. Bent Webster. THIS EVENING, AN UGLY CUSTOMER. Messrs. J. L. Toole, C. Selby, and Warde ; Miss K. Kelly, and Miss E. Thorne.. THE COLLEEN BAWN. D. Boucicaul t, D. A ft e r which, Billing,ton, Falconer, Stephenson, C. J. Smith , Romer. Fisher, I t itsg Agnes Robertson, Miss Woolgar, Mrs. Billington, and Mrs. Chatterley. To conclude with a new Burlesque Extravaganza, entitled BLUE BEARD F ROM A NEW POINT OF HUE. Messrs. J. L. Toole, P. Bedford, C. J. Smith ; Miss Woolgar, K. Kelly, I.aidlaw, and F. Thorne. Doors oßox-offic e pen at halfope past B—Comn from 10 till s. mence at 7. No charge for booking. Private boxes, £2 2s. ; Family Boxes, £l. Orehestra Stalls, ss. ' • Balcony, 45. ; Front Circle Stalls, Ss • Pit Stalls, 2a.; Pit, 15. 6d. ; Amphitheatre, 15 ; Gallery, id: Acting Manager—Mr. Wm. Smith. THEATRE -ROYAL LYCEUM.I So:. Lessee and Directress, Madame CELESTE. TTIV EVENING, a new Drama, entitled THE IRISIT EMIGRANT. Messrs. G. Vining. J. Johnstone, Lyon. Forrester, and john Drew; Miss Kate Sayille, Miss Stuart. and Mrs. .T. Rouse. After which, the Lyceum Christmas Comic Extravaganza, CRYSTA BELLE : or, The Rose withou t a Thorn, showing AND THE MAY-BL OM OF THE WIL D BRIAR. To conclude with THE OMNIBUS. Pat Rooney, M. John Drew. A STLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE.- Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Wm. BATTY. By particular desire, a Grand Juvenile Fete on Friday, the 11th, commencing at 2 o'clock with the Pantomime. This Evening, a new Spectacle, entitled THE LION CONQUEROR ; or, The Death Jungle, expressly for the introduction of the Wonders of the World,Groue o f Performing Lions." The Lion Conqueror, Mr. J. Crockett. To be succeeded by Scenes in the Arena, supported by talented Parisian and British Artistes. Concluding with Batty's Prize Equestian Comic Panto mime- for Good Little Boys and Girls, by T. L. Greenwood, entitled HARLEQUIN AND THE WONDERFUL HORSE ; or. Percinet and Grociosa, the Ugly . Duchess and the Greedy King, produced with Gorgeous Scenery. by Mr. Cuthbert, new Costumes and Appointments, and introducing in the comic scenes Batty's Prize Equestrian Harlequinade, and the celebrated Old Bob Ridley, and Brandon Ledger. Doors open at half-Fast 6, performance commence at 7. Box-oflice open daily from 11 till 4 St a ge Manager —Mr. W. Wze'r. Director of the Arena—Mr. Pearson. CANTERBURY HAL L. Open Every Evening at seven. GRAND SELECTIONS from LA EMMA DF.L REGI MENT° (Donizetti), NORMA, SONNAMBULA and MARTHA. Principal Artistes Miss RUSSELL, Madame MARIA, Misi TYRRELL. Miss WILLIAMS, Mr. HENRY HERBERT, C. W BERNARD, and Signor TIVOLI Musical Director Mr. F. JONGHMANS. The Comic Department comprit , ee Messrs. J. BLANCHARD, A. B. HOLLINGSWORTH, Master BARRY, and E. MARSHALL. The Fine Arts Gallery has been enriched by the addition of the late John Martin's three Grand Pictures—viz., "THE GREAT DAY of HIS WRATH." "THE PLAINS of HEAVEN," and " THE LAST JUDGMENT," on view until 12 o'clock at Night. - - • --- CH RI ST ill AS HOLIDAYS. OPERA, DRAMA. BU RY EVEN RLE SQUEING and PANTOMIME, EVE. Clown Mr. E. MARSHALL. Columbine Mr. E. MARSHALL. Harlequin Mr. F. BELL. Pantaloon. SPRITES, by the celebrated BROTHERS CONRAD. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. will, therefore, be perplexed by many considera tions. There is the determination of the North- West, to which Mr. LINCOLN belongs, not to allow the Mississippi, their highway to the ocean, to flow through a foreign country. There will be the mortgagee interest of wealthy Northern men, in the responsibility and heavy indebtedness of the South to the North. There will be the planting States, mad for negroes from Africa, to lower the price of their labour. There will be the breeding States dead against it, and agreeing on this point with the Federal Government. And there will soon be, we suspect, certain unpleasant consequences which will make all sober men bethink themselves. Already we are told that in Carolina the slaves have—as we expressed from the beginning our fear must be the case—heard from the lips of their own masters, that a northern movement in their favour is going on. White men have to use every precaution, to sleep, as it were, or indeed literally, on their arms, from fear of a midnight insurrection and murder at any unknown hour ; and the value of slaves themselves, who is becoming an article which people think the less they have of it the better, has gone down fifty per cent. 1 Verily, to the Seceders secession may be no joke ! As to the Northern States we cannot think it will ma terially injure them. They may, if they like, calmly look on. Commerce will certainly not alter her channels at the bidding of South Caro- If credence is to be attributed to the intelligence from China, coming to Western Europe, via St. Petersburg, the Muscovite Ambassador to the Court of Pekin took no trivial part in those negotiations between the Tartar and the Anglo-French bellige rents, which resulted in the important Treaty of Peace'signed but a month or two since (at Pekin) by the respective Plenipotentiaries. Gen. IGNATIEFF, the diplomatist in question, appears to have acted promptly, most judiciously, and most effectively as a mediator between the Allied Envoys and Com manders-in-Chief on the one side, and upon the other the half furious and half frightened remnants of the scattered Chinese Government. At the head of this residue of the scared and vanquished Court and Cabinet of HEIN FUNii, being that potentate's uterine brother, the Prince of I— solemnly and formally nominated some little time previously the principal Imperial commissioner. So suddenly had the tables been turned between the belligerents, between the comparatively slight and numerically insignificant force led onwards by Generals GRANT and MONTAUBAN, and the almost countless legions of Tartar horsemen, marshalled under the Prince Generalissimo SAN -Ko-LIN-BIN---that immediately prior to the ignominious flight of the Chinese EM PEROR to Mantchouria, his Celestial MAJESTY had issued an exceedingly Diabolical proclamation, offering a reward of &fty-lan (a sum equivalent, in Russian currency, to two roubles and thirty copecks) for the head of every black barbarian—i.e., every Frenchman—[might it not more probably mean — every Sower l']—and double that sum (a grim but notable compliment, this, to us " Britishers !") namely, 100 lan for the head of every " white bar barian"—i.e., every Englishman ! Like one of those extremely ridiculous potentates, the despots of a Christmas pantomime, or of an Easter bur lesque, the high and mighty HIEN FUNG, Emperor of the Chinese, had sworn in his wrath that he would punish the insolence of the outer-barbarians —inflicting upon them to that end no less a penalty than that of positive extermination. Yet imme diately afterwards, as though that delightful mime, Mr. BLAND, were acting the tyrant's part upon that immense stage at the opposite extremity of this hemisphere amid the shouts of laughter from European boxes, gallery, and pit—this swaggering, blustering, awash-buckler of an EMPEROR had turned tail after a fashion the most ludicrous ima ginable, and was " off " into the wilds of Tartaryl There has certainly been no such ridiculous anti climax seen anywhere since the winter of 1847-48, when the late King of the FRENCH, only a few hours after bragging that he felt firm in the saddle, was thrown all of a sudden by that skittish jade, Gallia, had to pitch himself out of the mud as he best might, shaved his whiskers off, changed his wig, put on an old pea-jacket, and having changed not only his wig but his name for greater safety, taking that of Mr. SMITH, scrambled somehow on board a fishing smack, and crossing the Channel in this melan choly plight, lauded (as Mr. SMITH) at Newhaven. His Imperial Majesty of CHINA has more recently had to eat humble pie in his turn under circum stances of hardly less ludicrous humiliation. Scarcely had he put the price of 50 lan upon the head of every Frenchman [or we will again sup pose—of every Sewal], and of 100 lan upon the head of every Englishman in the manner already here related, when he himself had to disappear from Pekin at the mere terror of the approach of the Allied Expedition. And it was at this juncture, it seems, that the Russian Ambassador, General IGNATIEFF, interposed between the belligerents —entering Pekin with a little escort of fourteen Cossacks imme diately prior to the arrival there of the Anglo-French Plenipotentiaries, bent upon smoothing the way so far for the settlement of all difficulties by driving a timely " sense of their situation" into the heads of the Chinese Chiefs of the Departments. The manner in which the Muscovite Envoy did this was certainly characteristic. His Excellency answered the deputation that appears to have waited upon him immediately upon his reaching the Russian Embassy at Pekin—a deputation that hastened thither, in point of fact, to implore General IGNATIEFF [in the name, observe, of the friendship subsisting for two hundred years between the Russians and the Chinese ! ] imploring him to save Pekin from destruction—his Excellency answered this suppli cative deputation—How ? It is really worth noticing the manner in which his Muscovite Excel lence acceded to the request of the petitioners, the request, namely, that he would use his best efforts as a mediator to mitigate, se far at least as it could in any way have a chance of being mitigated, the wrath of the advancing French and English. As the first, and indeed the all-essential preliminary, the still surviving prisoners, he told them plainly, would have to be given up! The Russian General captured and Ambassa dor ex p laining to the Chinese officials that r tthosehe pprisoners n having a fi a g b been truce, n apeetu,r wered whilethe victims of an act of indignity so monstrous, of a violation of all the principles of international law so heinous and nearly unparalleled, that the inci dent, unless thus tardily and partially expiated would necessitate an avenging movement against China on the part of all Europe, including Hassle herself, in spite of her two hundred years' triend• ship and good understanding ! An acceptance of all the conditions required from the Chinese Go- Engl an d General vernment by France and lino. THIS DAY.—Morning, 10h. 15m.—Afternoon, 10h. 64m. To-m onno w.- Morning.. 11h. 34m .—A ft ernoon. Oh. Om THE WEATHER.--SvWoFincz, JAN. 6, 1661. THERMOMETER, IN THE SHAM 33—highest since noon yesterday. 21—lowest this morning and during the night. 28 —this day at noon. BAROMETER-30.09. WIND - North -Westerly—fresh ; with fine sunshiny weather, and bitterly sharp frost. JAN. 7. THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADS. 29—highest since noon yesterday. 22—lowest this morning and during the night. 30—this day at noon. BAROMETER-30.08. WlND—W.N.W.—moderate; with hazy weather. There seems to be a change impending. A .4) , •-•t . t - r- .1 , • • • U-- ^M ; ' r ? t • • t- THE SUN. .V.• LONDON, MONDAY, JAN. 7, 1861. The consequences of Mr. BUCHANAN'S vacillation are now apparent. South Carolina, so far as the unanimous vote of her representatives can effect it, has seceded from the great confederation termed the United States. She has done boldly and openly, but in a worse cause, what she attempted more covertly in 1833, in a better cause, under the presidency of the vigorous General JACKSON. Then the unrighteous protectionist tariff of the North, under which English manufacturers and Carolina consumers alike suffer, was the object of "nullifica tion." Now resentment of the determination of the North to prevent the extension of Slavery, is the ground of open secession. Then a Federal ship of war in the port of Charleston soon compelled the Carolinians to accept, patiently, a substantial wrong at the hands of the manufacturing States. Now a double-tongued PRESIDENT'S message encourages the South to rebel in support of the iniquitous pur pose of making the whole Union a thoroughly Slave Republic. The subject of the present quarrel should be clearly kept in mind. It is not that the Northern States wish to interfere with Slavery as an insti tution in any State which desires its continuance; it is not that a PRESIDENT has been elected by any 'unconstitutional tampering with the freedom of election; it is not that the new PRESIDENT is an abolitionist, whose personal opinions are in favour of the interference of Congress with the " domestic institution" in the Slave States themselves —it is simply that the North is hostile to the extension of Slave territory, and has elected a PRESIDENT, by a large majority, in accordance with its views. For nearly half a century the slaveholders have had it all their own way, they have gone on extending their demands, offering compromises, repealing again their part of the compromise, enacting laws which converted the Northern States into slave hunting grounds, proclaiming all the territories open to Slavery, electing Presidents, and nomi nating pro-slavery judges to the highest court of appeal in the United States—but at last they encounter one important defeat—a PRESIDENT is elecred whose distinznishing profession is hostility to the extension of slavery, end, in their wrath, a secession is commenced by South Carolina. We pointed out a few days ago, that the seces sion movement in South Carolina is not prompted by zeal for slavery alone, The Carolinians desire to regain the commerce which they have lost to the Northern States, and to see Charleston the New York of the South. They also desire, with the planting States, the revival of the African slave tra,de; while Virginia and the slave-breeding States are of course opposed to a traffic Which would depreciate the value of their la uman chattels. The secession 4povenaent IGNATIEFF assured the deputation, v r . as a f ter this imperatively requisite ; intimating that, for his own part, he would alone consent to use his good offices with the chiefs of the adyncing expedition upon the consent of the Chinese to and very simple stipulation—namely, the concession by the Chinese immediately, and unconditionally, of all the demands made by the Russian Govern= rnt ! is amusing to note how Russia has t hus contrived, withont firing a shot, without sent lin forth a solitary battalion, without expending Zone single rouble, how she has thus contrived to edge her way in between the late belligerents at Pekin, and thus to obtain the concession of all her d emands under the shadow of the terror of the Anolo-French expeditioß! As if we were never to know the worst of game preserving, we have at last a . renewal of the practice of seducing to crime, and then: taking the award of apprehension. It was bad enough, in all conscience, that the squirearchy around Derby should get their friends in the Corporation to bolt poachers for them at the cost of the borough ; but the case of Lord BATHURST'S game prosecution at the Ciren cester Petty Sessions surpasses anything we have seen in the modern annals of crime. The nearest case of late is that of the murderer MIILLINS, who endeavoured to enrich himself by conv:;cting the innocent men DIMS. He had not, however, tempted EMMa to crime. Lord BATHURST'S witness was fetched from a distant part of the country for the express purpose of making poachers of such persons, we presume, as Mr. Gamekeeper thought to have whole affair under the notice of the Secretary of State, with a view to obtain HALL'S liberation. The dumbfounded Reverences now refused to con vict in this second case, and doubtless wish heartily that they had not convicted in the first. The rascal to whom their Reverences had so willingly listened was glad to escape under protection of the police, by a side door, to avoid the results of popular indignation. But how long are such scenes as these to be pos sible in the interest of rural sports—rather abuse of sports—for squires and lords ? Here are Lord BATHURST, a head-gamekeeper, a rev. chairman, and other administrators of justice, all mixed up with one of the vilest transactions we have re corded for a long time. Lord BATHURST may, of course, be able to clear himself. If he dismiss with a severe reprimand the head-gamekeeper, who could be guilty of such foul play, we shall be bound to believe that he did not wish to entrap men whom he suspected, into the commission of what he, and the law of game preservers, makes a crime. Nothing but some severe and public step like this can save his reputation. What to say for the rev. chairman and the other magistrates we know not. We cannot think that they deserve to remain in commission of the peace. Who, henceforth, can rely on their fairness. They can justify what they did, by the letter of the law, no doubt ; so can every LEGREE in the cotton planting States of America. But can they substantiate their discretion and their equity. They are obviously unfitted to be entrusted with summary powers. What, moreover, will they say in defence of their clerk, and, if we understand the case aright, the magistrates themselves, com bining to aid the informer in defrauding her MA JESTY'S revenue of the penalties which he had incurred, and which, as they would fall most heavily on his wealthier employers, were never more justly due P It seems to us that, for ward as they were to demand six months' securities from the hardly offending THOMAS HALL, they ought not to have allowed the witness, whose name they conspired to conceal, to quit the Court without giving full security that he would respond to Mr. BOODLE'S informations. This case, however, and the Derby one, will soon, we trust, be heard of in the House of Commons. some taste that way, and then turning King's evidence against them. Lord BATHURST can, we should think, have Tittle pleasure in his preserves when he sees the accounts of the disgraceful mode adopted to protect them. The victim of his Head Gamekeeper's seduction and accusation is described as a poor simple-look ing countryman, in rags, and bordering on starva tion. His very appearance was enough to move any hearts but those of a bench of game-preservers or their friends. But even this poor starving man was tempted to shoot at a pheasant—not to shoot it, for so inexpert a poacher was he, that he tried several times to shoot it in vain—was tempted to commit this awful crime by the solicitations of a man who professed to be more hungry than himself. This man was admitted by the bench as witness against the prisoner HALL, and, it seems, he actually called up poor HALL, to whom he was a stranger, at mid night, and under pretence of "being hard up," begged him to shoot a pheasant for him ; the man brought the gun with him, for HALL had none, and loaded the gun several times for HALL, when he vainly tried to shoot the pheasant for his seducer. The poor simple man stated all this, without contradiction, in his own defence, and therefore the fact of his shooting at the pheasant was admitted. But there are degrees in crime, and if our readers did not read the case in Satur day's Sun, what will they suppose was the penalty inflicted on a poor starved man for shooting at a pheasant to relieve the wants of a man who had pleaded poverty greater than his own, and obviously, now, for the villanous purpose of seduc tion P We suppose all would reply—Oh, some perfectly nominal punishment; a warning, per haps, from the Reverend Chairman (for Reverends are generally on the bench on these occasions), and a severe, a threatening, lecture to the wretch of an informer, with an unmistakeable hint or two to the game preservers who employed him to entrap others. The sentence, for being seduced to shoot at a pheasant by a hired informer, to relieve that informer's alleged necessities—was imprisonment for three months and to /Ind sureties for six months afterwards, It was said he had been convicted for poaching two years ago. We should like to know all the facts of that conviction. Its connection with We case certainly did not increase poor HALL'S guilt, for there was in the latter cases none to increase. But the most remarkable fact of Justices' justice is yet to come. It might have been supposed that the Reverend conservators of rural morality had dispensed enough of their magisterial Gospel; but they actually heard another case against HALL, supported by the testimony of the same choice wit ness, who was again an accomplice, of course a tempter also, and the provider of HALL, who again had none, with a gun. This time, instead of listen ing to the sermons of the reverend imprisoners of seduced men, HALL was engaged with the seducer and witness in shooting rabbits on a Sunday after noon! This witness pointed out the rabbit, HALL shot it, and the witness walked off with the booty in his pocket ! We have little doubt their Reverences would have found this another aggravated case of poaching, and an additional three months' imprisonment and six months' securities would have been inflicted. But there was a justice in the court, not indeed hon oured with her MAJESTY'S commission, and not quite blind to everything but vengeance, by fair means or foul, on every one who touches the sacred pheasant or rabbit. Mr. WILLIAM BOODLE, an attorney, let his name be known throughout Eng land, startled the magistrates, " who were consult ing on the ease"—as if it needed consultation for any other object than that of punishing the real criminal—by asking permission to address the Court, not as an attorney, but as an Englishman, " and he thought any man with English feeling must feel indignant at the manner in which this poor starving wretch had been THE PRINCE OF WALES AND FREEMASONRY.—It is rumoured that his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales will be initiated this year in freemasonry. Owing to the death of the Marquis of Dalhousie, the titles of the deceased nobleman (except the marquisate) are now borne by Lord Panmure, Deputy Grand Master of England. Dover Chronicle. trapped into crime. This witness had been brought from a distant part of the country to tempt this poor man ; he had basely lent himself to the pur pose; he had called the poor fellow out of bed, begged as a favour that he would go with him, had himself produced the gun and ammunition, and was in fact the prime instigator of the offence with which the prisoner was charged. He (Mr. BOODLE) had hoped that the system pursued by JONATHAN WILD, of first making men thieves and then taking blood-money for their apprehension, had been extinct in this country since that worthy was executed. Buthe was sorry to find it was not so. Mr. BOODLE then asked the witness if he had a license, and witness said" No." He then asked him for his address ; but Mr. Bevir, the magistrates' clerk, told him not to answer the question ! ! THE PRINCE OF WALES.—The name of his Royal Highness the Prince of Wales has been entered on the boards of Trinity College, Cambridge, and he will come into residence in statu pupillari on the 18th instant. The Prince, in edition to Madingley Hall, which has been pre pared for him, and which was inspected in the course of last week by the Prince Consort, will occupy the royal apart ments at his college. The Prince is expected to arrive on the 15th at Madingley Hall, which is now occupied by his servants, Lady King having given up possession. A quantity of furniture arrived from Oxford on Thursday. The Right Hon. Sydney Herbert, M.P. (says the Observer), is about to be summoned to the Upper House by the name, style, and title of Lord Herbert of Lea, in tie , county of Wilts, in the peerage of the United Kingdom. The Canada Clu,b entertained the Governor- General of Canada, on Wednesday last, at the Albion Tavern. A numerous and distinguished party assembled to meet his excellency. Lord Brougham bas passed through Paris en route for his seat at Cannes, where his lordship intends re maining until just before the meeting of parliament. THE EARL OF YARBOROUGH.—The tenantry and numberless friends of the Lord Lieutenant will be exceed. ingly gladdened by the intelligence contained in the follow ing letter addressed to a contemporary :—" 17, Arlington street, London, Dec. 22, 18 60.—Sir,--Noticing in your paper on the 21st an account of my health which is likely to convey an erroneous impression to my friends in Lin colnshire, I shall feel greatly obliged by your stating in your next number that my medical advisers consider my state of health greatly improved. lam thankful to say my weakness exists only in the imagination of your correspon dent.—l remain, sir, yours faithfully, YARBOROIIGH."— Hull Packet. ACCIDENT TO LORD RAGLAN.--We regret to state that Lord Raglan met with a serious accident on Thursday last, by which he broke an arm. His lordship was sleighing on the road between Madresfield Court, the seat of Earl Beauchamp (where he was visiting) and Worcester, and on arriving at a hill where the ice and snow were thick, he alighted, with her ladyship and page, and proceeded to walk down the hill. His lordship was leading the horse, when he slipped and fell with such violence on his side that he broke his arm. He was conveyed as speedily as pos.. sible, back to Madresfield Court, where the limb was set, and he is going on favourably. ACCIDENT TO THE RIGHT HON. A. BREWSTER.— We regret to hear that a serious accident has befallen this eminent lawyer while on a visit to Mr. B. Osborne, M.P., Newtownanner, Clonmel. Our informant states that while shooting a few days ago the contents of the gun passed through the palm of one of his hands, while the ramrod seriously injured the fore-arm. It was stated that an emi nent surgeon left town on Friday for Newtownanner. We trust the accident is not of the serious nature that has been represented to us, and that the hon. gentleman will soon be in a position to resume his duties at the bar.—Freeman's Journal. MR. LOCH AND THE DOVER TOWN COUNCIL.— At a meeting of the Dover town council on Tuesday last, the mayor requested the attention of the council to a letter which he had received from Mr. Loch, who had landed at Dover the preceding Thursday :—" Fenton's Hotel, St. James's-street, Dec. 28, 1860. My dear Sir,—You will be adding a great favour to the honour you and so many gen tlemen in Dover have already conferred, if you will receive yourself, and convey to those who gave rue such a cordial welcome yesterday, my most sincere and grateful thanks, which at the time I was unable fully to express. I feel that the kindness I have personally received arises from the pleasure felt at the escape of two Englishmen from a bar barous enemy. I wish all my companions in captivity had been spared to meet with similar kindness and sympathy. It will be cheering to Mr. Parkes, who is still working in China, to learn with what interest our fate has beenwatched in this country. Allow me once more to thank you, and to assure you that the recollection of yesterday will never be forgotten.—Believe me to be, my dear sir, yoqrs faithfully obliged, HENRY B. LOCH.—J. Birmingham, Esq., mayor of Dover."—Dover Chronicle. Rear-Admiral R. S. Robinson is reported to be the likely successor to Sir Baldwin Walker as Comptroller of the Navy, but the matter is not definitively settled. CAPTAIN'S FULL PAY.—We understand that in the new arrangements respecting the pay of captains, R.N., the third class will be reduced from £450 to £4OO ; and that the command money will only be granted to sea-going ships. Flag captains are not to be allowed any command money whatever, although on the home station and in harbour ships they are obliged to keep a separate table.—. United Service Gazette. COMMITTEE ON IRON-PLATED SHIPS.—A War office committee has been appointed to investigate into the results of experiments upon iron plates. Captain Dal rymple Hay, R.N., and two military officers have been named. The magistrates' clerk, like their Reverences, might of course be expected to protect seducers to poaching, but what are we to think of a bench of English magistrates who did not themselves de mand the name and address of this vile tool of Lord BATHURST'S Head gamekeeper, before they gave credit to his evidence. Mr. BOODLE, how ever, had the game in his own hands. He told the court that the man had himself admitted shoot ing a hare ; he was present when the hare and the rabbit were shot, and for each of the acts he was THE EASTERN QUESTION " SETTLED" ON THE STAGE.—The great topic of conversation to-day is an in cident 'which took place last night at the Theatre du Cirque Imperial, during the first performance of the ,t Massacres de la Syrie," a melodrama, which, though produced under another author's name, is well known to be the work of M. Mocquard, the Emperor's Secretary and Chef du Cabinet. You may easily form an idea of the plot—the Druses are represented in the blackest colours, and the Maronites are the very embodiment of persecuted innocence; the French army are heroes, avengers, liberators, &c. There is much expenditure of gunpowder, but the "glory," " greatness," and " disinterestedness" of France settle everything satisfactorily by the end of the fifth act. The authorship of the piece being well known, and the Emperor having intimated his inten tion to " assist" at the first performance, a great number of diplomatists had taken boxes, and the remainder of the audience were made up of senators, functionaries, journal ists, police spies, and gamins. The Emperor arrived about 8 o'clock, when the first act was over, and was loudly ap plauded on his entrance. The four last acts are literally crammed with allusions to the " beneficent" influence of France, which invariably brought down the house, all turn ing their eyes able to a penalty of £2O. He then applied for an information against the informer " for shooting game withoat a license." The scamp, advised by the clerk, who never proffered advice to poor HALL, refused to give his address, but admitted that he had been brought up from a distant part of the country for the express purpose of catching men as ke had caught the prisoner. . An officer of the Inland Revenue present, backed Mr. BOODLE'S ap plication, promising to bring the reatter under the notice of the Commissioners. Mr. BOODLE declared again his determination to press for the penalties, which might either go entirely to Go vernment or be given to objects of charity, or laid Out for the benefit of the victim of the villain's se alletion. He also pledged himself to bring the WRECK OF A SWEDISH BARQUE,---PORTHCAWL, GLAMORGANSIIIITE, Jan. 3.—Durino .. ; a gale of wind and heavy surf on the morning of the .et inst., a Swedish barque, from Cardiff to St. Kitts-, with coals, went ashore on the Carflg Sands, off Porttcawl. The lifeboat of the National Lifeboat Institution at this station immediately proceeded off to the wreck, ?Ala took from her five men. The cost of the lifebor,t v.Fas the munificent gift of a Staffordshire lady to the National Lifeboat Institution, It was brought to Vorthcawl some months ago. rflE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, JANUARY 1, 1861. L. T I Fs ✓ . NJ NA (IREUTER'S TELEGRAMS.) PARIS, JAN. 6, NOON. Negotiations concerning Gaeta have been opened between France and Sardinia. NAPLES, JAN. 5. Several Neapolitan officers have been arrested. The bombardment of Gaeta continues. NAPLES, JAN. 4, 6 P.M. A conspiracy formed by the Bourbon party, but without any importance, has been discovered here. Four Royalist generals have been arrested, with some agents of King Francis 11., who bad come from Gaeta. Prince Carignan is expected here on the 15th instant. TURIN, JAN, 5. The Turin journals publish a letter from Gari baldi, in which he renounces any intention of offering himself as a candidate for the post of deputy to the Italian Parliament, and advises con cord in order to arrive at the deliverance of Venice, PARIS, JAN. 6. To-day the rumour is renewed, in a more serious manner than ever, that the French fleet is shortly to be withdrawn from Gaeta. This time, I believe, the rumour is well founded. The replacement of M. Farini, by the Prince de Carignano, at Naples, is confirmed. VIENNA, JAN. 6. The official Wiener Zeitung publishes an ordi nance of the Minister of State, which is to be valid for all the Crown lands, with the exception of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Venetia. The ordinance specifies the conditions of eligi bility, both for the elections and those elected as deputies to the diets in the cities and rural com munes. The cities which, according to the statutes of their province, have the right of sending their own representatives to the diet, will appoint them by direct elections, at which all inhabitants of the communes who, by the special communal law of 1849, are entitled to elect the municipal authorities, will take part. The election of deputies from the rural communes will be effected by electors who are to be themselves elected by the inhabitants of the communes. Those persons are eligible as deputies to the diet, who are Austrian citizens, who are at least 30 years of age, in the full enjoyment of civil rights, and who belong to one of the classes privileged to vote. PESTH, JAN. G. Yesterday disturbances took place at Kerskemet, which necessitated the intervention of the garrison. The soldiers were compelled to make use of their firearms, and five persons were severely wounded in consequence. FRANCE. PARIS, JAN. 6. A pamphlet, entitled Rome et les .Eveques, has been published here. The Moniteur publishes a decree modifying the duties on the importation of raw and dry hides and skins, of all kinds of horse hair, oleaginous fruits, oleaginous seeds, hemp, flax, and other filamentous vegetables, also of copper, pewter, lead, &c., &c. The llfoniteur also contains a decree raising the interest on Treasury Bills to 3,3 i, and 4 per cent. respectively. The Alloniteur announces that on account of the death of the King of Prussia the ball at the Tuilieries has been postponed. BOURSE, Jan. s.—There has been only a limited amount of business doing, but prices have been well maintained. For the Account, Threes are now at 67f 60c ; Mobilier, 723 f 75c ; Orleans, 1,362 f 50c ; Northern, 981 f 25c; Mediterranean, 897 f 50c; Austrian, 473 f 75c ; Lombard, 466 f 25e. The following were the last quotations :- 41 per per Cents ... 96 90 Credit F oacier 945 Do end month.... 96 851 Belgian 4k.. 9B 50 3 per Cents . 67 50 j Piedmontese Fives. 79 Do. end month.... 67 601 Roman Bank Shares 2897 50 I Austrian Credit Mobilior.... 718 Spanish Threes 5O Do. Account 725 —lHome Debt RAILWAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans 1365 .. 1365 Northern New ditto BB5 885 Lyons and Mediterranean 897 50 .. 897 50 Geneva 36.5 Southern 617 50 517 60 - Western Eastern Sardinian Austrian Loirbard RUSSIAN AD VICES FROM CHINA. ST. PETERSBURG, Dec. 28.—According to official despatches from Pekin, the Russian Ambassador at that court, Gen. Ignatieff, greatly assisted the allied diplomatists in acting as mediator between them and the Chinese Governments. It appears that the Emperor, before his flight to Manschuria, had pub lished a proclamation, in which he swore to punish the barbarians for their insolence, and offered a reward of 50 lan (2 roubles 30 copecks) for the head of every " black barbarian," meaning the French, and 100 lan for each " white barbarian," meaning the British. Previous to the entry of the allies into Pekin, General Ignatieff, with an escort of fourteen Cossacks, repaired to the hotel of the Russian Embassy, where the Chinese heads of departments waited on him, imploring him by their friendship with Russia of two hun dred years' standing to save the city from destruc tion, and to undertake to be their mediator. To this the general acceded, after first stipulating the concession of all the demands made by Russia, which were immediately granted. He then de manded, as a preliminary step, that the Chinese should at once return the rest of the prisoners taken when under the protection of a flag of truce, explaining to them the indignity of the act, which was a violation of all the principles of international law, and would call forth the revenge of all Europe, as well as of Russia, in spite of their two hundred years of peace and good understanding, and that the only thing left for the Chinese to do was to accept the conditions imposed by France and Eng land. This advice was followed out; the prisoners that were still alive were delivered up, as well as the bodies of those who had succumbed to the bar barous tortures inflicted on them by their captors, after which the treaty of peace was signed and ratified. After the ceremony was concluded, Gen. Igna tieff entertained the allied ambassadors and a large number of their officers to dinner. During the banquet a courier arrived from Irkutzsk, with despatches from Count Murawieff-Amoorsky, the Governor-General of East Siberia, which made a great sensation, especially when it transpired that the courier had ridden all the way through the heart of Mongolia in less than 14 days. RUMOURED DESTRUCTION OF ENGLISH AND FRENCH GUNBOATS IN THE CHINA WATERS.—The follow• ing statement has been received at Lloyd's, but great doubts are expressed as to its correctness :—" Antwerp, Jan. 3. Advices from Paris of yesterday's date state that secret information had been received by the Government, to the effect that the allied fleets had experienced a terrible hurricane at the mouth of the Peiho, and eleven English and seven French gunboats had been destroyed. Crews saved.—Shipping Gazette. A letter from Turin states that a caricature is stuck up in many parts of that city representing Venetia offering Francis Joseph a bagful of crowns. This is headed "January." Side by side is another headed "December," in which Venetia, with an expressive gesture, is saying to the Emperor, "Accept this good hand, or be kicked out of the Window." AMERICA. THE ,S I ECESSION OF SOUTH CAROLINA. LONDONDERRY, SUNDAY. The Canadian screw steamer North Briton, Cap tain Borland, from Portland, Maine, out the 22d of December, has arrived here. South Carolina seceded from the Union on the 19th of December by an unanimous vote of 169 members. The news created great excitement in the House of Representatives. It was stated that two condemned war steamers sold at Havannah had been bought by South Carolina. The news of the secession had been received with rejoicing in several Southern cities. The Pacific Railroad Bill passed the House of Representatives on the 20th, after considerable debate, by a vote of 95 to 74. During the course of the debate Mr. Garnett, of Virginia, announced his belief that Virginia would not hold herself responsible for the debt to be incurred in the issue of the necessary bonds for the construction of the road. The Washington correspondent of the New York imes stated that the President had instructed Major Anderson to surrender Fort Moultrie if attacked. The Springfield Chronicle, Mr. Lincoln's organ, in speaking of secession, says : " The laws of the United States must be exe cuted. The President has no discretionary power on the subject. His duty is pronounced in the Constitution, and Mr. Lincoln will perform that duty. - Disunion with armed force is treason, and must and will be put down at all hazards." QUEENSTOWN, SUNDAY. The Royal Mail steamship Europa, Captain Moodie, from Boston on the 26th of December and Halifax on the night of the 27th, arrived here at 2.40 p.m. to-day. At Washington, on the 24th of December, a letter was read in the House of Representatives, signed by the South Carolina members, announcing the secession of their State from the Union, and their consequent withdrawal from Congress. The Speaker did not recognise this act of seces sion. The leading secessionists were endeavouring to precipitate all the Slave States into secession. The Senate and House Committee had not reported on the subject. Great excitement prevailed consequent on the discovery of a defalcation of nearly 1,000,000 dols. in the Treasury departments. One of the Treasury clerks has been committed for trial. Congress had appointed an investigation into the robbery. Several arrests had been made. (LATEST BY TELEGRAPH via HALIFAX). NEW YORK, DEC. 27. The secession ordinance has been adopted by the South Carolina Legislature, and an address has been sent to the slaveholding States calling upon them to join with South Carolina and form a Southern Con federacy. Secessionists are to be elected to the Alabama Convention. Fort Moultrie has been abandoned by the troops, who, expecting an attack, have intrenched them selves in Fort Lampher, in Charleston Harbour. Great excitement prevails in Charleston. A deputation has arrived from South Carolina at Washington to treat with the general Government. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, DEC. 27. Money very irregular. Stocks are quoted : Erie, 35; New York Central, 75 ; Illinois Central, 68. The cotton market is firm. Flour has advanced. Wheat is tending upwards. Corn rising. Pro visions steady. FURTHER PARTICULARS. Nothing of special moment occurred in the Senate except the delivery of a speech by Mr. Pugh on the absorbing topic of the day. The SpriHgfield journal, Mr. Lincoln's organ of the 20th ult., has a startling leader on secession, which, from the peculiar relations of the paper to the President pipet, Ix,— great significance. It says that South Carolina cannot dissolve the Union by the simple passage of resolutions or other passive demonstrations. Her federal officers may resign, and she may close her courts and post offices, but she cannot get out of this Union until she conquers this Government. While this Go vernment endures there can be no disunion. If South Carolina does not obstruct the collection of revenues at her ports, nor violate any other federal law, there will be no trouble, and she will not be out of the Union. If she violates the law then comes the trg of war. The President of the United States in such an emergency has a plain duty to perform. Mr. Buchanan may shirk, it, or Me emergency may not exist during his administration. If not then the Unson will last through his term of office. If the overt act on the part of South Carolina takes place on or after the Ist March, 1861, then the duty of executing the laws will devolve upon Mr. Lincoln. The laws of the United States must be executed. The President has no discretionary power on the subject. His duty is emphatically pronounced in the constitution. Mr. Lincoln will perform that duty. Disunion by armed force is treason, and treason must and will be put down at all hazards. L The New York Times of the 21st Dec. says:-- , •' South Carolina by solemn ordinance declared the connection with the confederacy of the United States dissolved. The instrument by which this , desperate act was consummated declares that the ordinance adopted by the State, in convention on the 23d May, 1788, whereby the Constitution of the United States was ratified, and all acts and parts of acts passed by the Legislature of the State ratifying amendments to the Constitution are repealed, and that Vnion subsisting between South Carolina and the other States, under the name of the United States of America, is at an end. The ordinance was engrossed on parchment, and the members of the Convention signed it at half-past six o'clock last evening ; considerable discussion took place as to the imme diate effect of this action on business and other relations, on the collection of revenues at Charles ton by the Federal authorities, on the distribution of mail matter, &,7.., but no definite idea seemed to be entertained by any one as to what was neces sary to be done. Some were in favour of continu ing certain relations with the " foreign" Govern ment of the United States, while others were opposed to any such arrangement, and for striking out at once into the labyrinths of separate sove• reignty. These matters will probably be discussed by the Convention today. Yesterday was an exciting day in Washington, especially after the reception of the news of the passage of the ordinance of secession by the South Carolina Convention. An official despatch announc ing the action of the Convention was received by President Buchanan while a number of Southern men were present, and our report says that he exhibited much agitation on the occasion. The news created a great sensation in Congress, also confusing the proceedings for a short period. But the most im portant intelligence in this connection which reaches us from the Federal capital is that orders have been issued to Major Anderson, in command of Fort Moultrie, to surrender in case of attack. In accord ance with the spirit of these instructions, he tele graphs that he has surrendered all the arms —soma 70,000 or 80,000 stand—which were deposited ir the arsenal at Charleston to the authorities of that city. The commercial news brought by the Keder has been anticipated. ARRIVAL OF THE MELAZZO WITH ENGLISH GARIBALDIANS.—PLymouTit, Saturday.—Thi s morning the Melazzo screw steamer, Capt. Patty, arrived at Fal mouth, having on board 231 English Garibaldians. She has been 21 days from Naples. She put into Gibraltar fur provisions, and remained there three days. Seventy volunteers were left behind at that Dort. Most of the volunteers landed at Falmouth, 42 of whom came to this place by the evening train. The Melazzo is bound for Londou. The men coraplain of the quality of provisions supplied them on hoard, STATE OF BUSSI.d. Private letters from St. Petersburg represent the two parties which divide the Court and the Empire as more animated in their antagonism since the death of the Empress-Mother, whose strong and salutary authority over all her sons was exer cised to prevent them from extreme or violent modes of expressing their opinion. " They are but children," she would say, according to Hum boldt, " and I must live to keep them in order." The death of the aged and revered Empress has brought great alleviation to the treasury; her ex pense - 4, very considerable at all times, used to amount to fabulous sums when she journeyed to Nice or Switzerland. But no cost could now re place the Empress-Mother as the peacemaker of the Imperial family, Parties in Russia are at bottom very much what they used to be; those of the old noblesse, and those of new ideas. It does not in all respects follow that one is retrograde, the other liberal, in an enlightened sense of the word, though in the great domestic question of the time—the emanci pation of the serfs—the Emperor is bent and de termined upon an important act of progress, which the noblesse would disturb or interrupt were it in their power. This, however, is not the difference of opinion which most interests us. What is much more important is, that now, as it has always hap pened at critical epochs of the history of Russia, some of its rulers and statesmen are inclined to put faith in, and form alliance with France and its ruler, whilst others look upon Louis Napoleon and his schemes with suspicion, and would more willingly have recourse to the friendship of Eng land, as the only truly conservative power of Europe. In this country we shrewdly suspect that France and Russia are in close understanding, and think that this bodes no good either in East or "West. In Russia, however, there is not only a powerful party which regards the entire policy of Napoleon as hostile, but even those at St. Petersburg who are peculiarly French in their leanings, are not a little jealous and suspicious of the assiduity with which the French Emperor courts England, presenting it with a boon or a compliment almost every successive month. The Russians are not sufficiently expe rienced in the ways of highly developed and free countries to perceive that there may be such a thing as paying court to a people at the expense of its Government ; and that, despairing of giving satis faction or inspiring confidence to the breasts of English statesmen, a foreign Emperor may conceive the plan of making friends of the commercial, the industrial, and middle classes. If the Emperor entertained any important schemes of territorial ambition, all he would require of England is suffer ance and neutrality. And this he might think to obtain by nourishing feelings in the people averse to war with him for trifling or distant causes. "Whilst the Gallo-Russ regard the French ad vances to the English as the results of irresolu tion and over diplomacy, the Anti-Gallican Rus sians regard them as the natural and necessary policy of the Bonapartes, who must tranquillise England whilst proceeding to revolutionise the East of Europe ; for such they consider French aims to be, and they suspect France of the immediate design of attacking Austria through theltalians, and at the same time of abetting the insurrection of Hungary. Freedom and nationality having been once secured to the Hungarians, similar process must be carried on in Poland. When Austria has been annihilated by the severance of Hungary, Russia and Prussia paralysed by the successful or even semi -successful insurrection of Poland, France will have no Power to oppose its designs upon the Low Countries save England; and England isolated is powerless. We give these as the views entertained of Napo leon the Third's intentions by certain parties and personages in the East of Europe. We are far from affirming or endorsing them. 'We dare say that if any of us could pry into the secrets of the Imperial breast, it would be found to entertain no certain or settled project whatever—its designs for the future being in a cloudy, dreamlike state, to be developed and shaped by circumstances rather than according to any determined or prescient policy. But no one entertains this belief. All endue him with dark and deep designs and well weighed foresight. His wayward policy has made him the bugbear of Europe; and each Covert shapes that bugbear as it pleases, and attributes to it those designs which are most inimical and treacherous to itself. The general opinion expressed by the press of Europe with respect to the Warsaw Conference was that it was a complete failure. The Emperor of Russia there declared that he did not believe what his brother Sovereigns affirmed to be their conviction—that France would aid or contribute to either the Italian invasion of Venetia or the insurrection of Hungary. If French statesmen could be convicted of any such connivance, the Emperor Alexander is said to have declared his readiness to abandon his neutrality and his passive alliance with France. The efforts of France have certainly been directed towards the refutation and removal of such a suspicion ; and the restoration of Count Walewski to office was perhaps not alien to this purpose.--Drily News. II ORDER IN .PL Elf OUTS BARRACKS. PLYMOUTH, Jan. 6.—Another of those shocking cases of military insubordination, attended with murder, that have of late prevailed in the army, took place in this garrison on Saturday ni g ht— a lance-sergeant of the 61st Regiment being shot dead by a private of the same regiment at their quarters in Milbay barracks. The assumed provo cation offered to the murderer on this occasion by his victim was of the most trivial character—the more apparent cause of the crime being drunken ness. The deceased, Henry Jones, was 33 years of age, and a native of the parish of St. Mary's, Dover. He joined the regiment in 1851, since which, for his creditable services, he had been raised to the rank of lance-sergeant, and was respected in hie sphere in the regiment. The prisoner, Robert Hackat, is a native of Queen's county, Irelarlii, about 29 years of age, and a very fine-looking young man. He had served between nine and t en years in the army. Ho had served in India in the 96th Regiment, and from that regiment volun teered to the 61st, at Dinapore. He afterwards served at the siego and capture of Delhi, and had a medal for that service, and also bore a good conduct stripe. Lately he has been servant to Lieutenant Hamilton, of the 61st. On Friday the prisoner was paid his wages by his master, since which he had been drinking. On Saturday he ordered, at a public-house adjoining the barracks, a quart of whisky, a half gallon of ale, and, sub sequently, a pint more of whisky, and with some of his comrades disposed of the liquor. At the din ner hour he was visited by an old military pen sioner named Purcell, also an Irishman, an itinerent dealer in blacking, and frequent visitant of the barracks. Purcell entered into a long con versation with the prisoner about the division of the booty taken at Delhi, and the prisoner gave him his dinner. The deceased, who was present, laughed at Purcell's story, and said to the prisoner, alluding to the pensioner, Go along you fcol, he is spinning that cuffer' to you to get your dinner." This remark was much re sented by the prisoner, who was subsequently heard to say that if it had not been for the 50 lashes he would have resented the insult to his countryman, and struck the deceased. Through out the afternoon he continued to drink ; and, on another occasion, when being asked what he was putting on his sh e ll j ac k et f or, he sa i d he did it because he was sure he should go to the guard-room that night. Towards the evening he went to the officers' servants' private room, and there loaded his rifle, and, returning to barraak room No. 8 about six o'clock, he pointed the rifle into No. 9 room, which was adjoining, and calling out to " stand aside," fired at the deceased at about a distance (120 feet. Deceased was standing talking about the orders he had j us t b rought to Colour-Sergeant Alle n . His back was towards the prisoner. The ball passed through the vertebrae of the spinal column, and through the epigastric region, and struck against the opposite wall. De ceased staggered, fell, and died instantaneously. The prisoner was immediately captured, making no resistance. He was taken from the barrack to the police cells. When there he said he did not intend to shoot Jones, but some one else. During the night he maintained a spirit of bravado ; but towards the morning, as the effects of the drink passed off, he seemed to become sensible of his position. An inquest will take place on the body to-morrow at the barracks. THE POOR LAW BOARD AND THE SHOREDITCH W ORKHOUSE.—Mr. Parnell has been directed to inquire and report upon the quarrels that have for some time existed between the workhouse authorities and the magis trates of the district. The official inquiry began this morn ing. It will occupy several days. THE COASTGUARD. — The changes in the coast guard which we (Army and Navy Gazette) announced a few numbers back as likely to take place, are to take effect immediately; and Captain E. A. Inglefield goes to the Majestic, t ain Captain George E. P atey to the Pembroke, and Captain J a mes Willcox, C. 8 ., to the Dauntless. T H E ACCIDENT ON THE NORTII-WESTERN RAIL. WA - I %—On Saturday night M r. B rent, the deputy-coroner for Middlesex, held an inquest a t th e D rummon d Arms, Drummond-street, Eusto n - square, relative to the death (.1 William Michael Kelly, 37, Upper Baker-street, Regent's. park, which occurred in consequence of an accident on the previous night. The cause of the fatal result appeared to be the breaking of one of the coupling chains. 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