The Sun. — London, England, 1825-03-19 00:00:00

LONDON JOURNALS. DAILY Eatmcisfrom the Morning P vers,Mareh 19,1525. `NEW TIMES] point of great Constitutional importance, an'it, at the same time, of much deliracy, was touched. upon in Thursday's Debate inthe Hou s e of , uonimons. It was questioned • :whether the, Clergy are exclusively the guardian of our. Faith:, or whether the two Houses of Parliament -ought not to claim a share in that guardianship. The times are long since passed when the Clergy could reasonably be dreaded as an usurping power ; and the greater danger in the.present day is, that the means which they lawfully and prOperly posseis of bettetitting the community may be diminished or ,wholly taken away.. Strange asit may seem, the same persons attack the Clergy in two opposite directions ; on the one hand thy say, that a Clergyman being a spiritUal person aught not to discharge the civil fUnc& - n4of the Magistracy -; while, on the other, they" contend that the Civit Power may at its pleasure take the.• entire t: rection of religious affairs. Possibly' !ante confusion of ideas may arise from not ad"; verting to thiS fact, that though there is but one Civil Government for the whole United Kingdom, there are two Established Churches, and, gette 7 .: rally speaking, all other Churches are. toleTated. We in England are accustomed to speak'or the Union of Church and' State ; but that union does not exist (at least in the same sense) in Scotland. The phrase " Church, and State" is :of earlier date than' the . Union of England and Scotland. Since that Union, the State has comprised-Scot land, but the Churches of England and Scotland . never have been united. Speaking with. diffi, Bence of our opinion on such a subject, we ap-. prehend that by the. Guardianship of the Faith must he meant the supreme power of guiding, instructing, and directing the Members of any Church it, Divine truths, as well as of ordering its discipline so 'as , most effectually to promote•the good of that Church. It is quite a different ques tion how fac the Civil . : Government would be jus tified in controulling any religious community for the peace and safety of the State, or how far the community so restrained ought to submit; but we speak of a guardianship, a power professedly exercised for the benefit of the body directed by it. In the very nature of the thing such a power can only be exercised over one Church by one and the same authority. It would be perfectly absurd to say, that the men. best cal culated to conduct the affairs of the Synagogue were at the same time fittest to guide the Christian Hierarchy ; or 'that thoSe who to-day passed laws for the promotion of the doctrines of the Church of England, should to-morrow give their directions for the proper mode of ekpound ing the Koran. Then what one Chtircb shall the Partiament undertake, to advise and instruct Not the Church of Scotlaud,' which absolutely disclaims any spiritual authority. in the Civil Powei. It .can then only :be the Church of En land. But why of England more than of Scotland ? Exeept the,Sprritu.aLspeis, ....... . victual Member of either House of Parliament must necessarily be a Member of the church .of Englund : and if he were; what part. ~mold ,fLe hold in that Church ? Would he be a spiritual pastor or master ? Certainly not. 'That function belongs 'to the Clergy, and 'to the Clergy alone, and exclusively. Upon this head the discourses of Bishop Jeremy TaylOr, on' " the divine institution of the office . rninisterial,7 are quite clear, conclusive, and unanswer able. These, then, are the Guardians . of ibe Church : and the State recognizes - them as such. The, head of the Civil Government is at the same time the head of •the Church of land. He is the Defender of the - Faith, and he ails in the latter capacity by the athice . of his Archbishops and Bishops, as he acts in the. for-. mei' capacity by the advice of his Ministers-and Councillors.—ln the looaer sense of protection and support, no doubt the two Houses of Parlia rizent may 1w called Guardians of the Faith ;.but in that sense every man who wishes well to the existing order of things, and has any power what ever to contribUte to its support, may be- called one 9f its guardians. We wish to place the pe culiar characler of the Clergy, as respects the Church of England, on its true footing, without claiming for them any invidious privileges as to the other portions of the.community. [fritrnsit PRESS.] On the presentation of a petition last night against n. new Milk Company, some observations were made on• the numerous Joint Stock Asso ciations which. are daily soliciting the patronage of • the public. Mr. Great:-11 called upon Go -siernment to- take some effectual steps to restrain the formation of these Companies.. " The evil," he 'said., " was increasing from day to day, and had reached to such a height as to make some law with respect to' them necessary." Mr. Hns7 kisson, - however, in a more enlightened and. SNatesmarilike• view of (he subject, expressed , his_ disinclination, to legislate .upon it. We per-1 fettly concur with the Right Honourable- Oen tfeman in the proPriety . , of the course he re goinmends. No one knows better; or can more, clearly prove, the importance of leaving the 1 trade of the country perfectly free and up- - shackled. • Our ancestors, in their anxiety to prevent ail evil, attempted to provide against every possible case of ,fraud or. negligence, and they thus piled upon our commerce a heap of restrictions, under which, but - for ' other causes still more powerful in their operationi try and prosperity of the island_must . have 'been ( .. 4usf!eit, and destroyed. Ali these restriction's are now in a coarse of removal, and it is intended. gradnalty to• - throw open to unlimited cornPetitiod every branch of our trade' and 'manufactures.--L But . while. 'all, parties concur in., praising the tislOrni of .this policy, as they . must . admit its entire.. success as far as it has been 'reduced. .• to practice, we hear outcrtqs made against the forspeculation," which leads individuals to: combin.e their skill am/ capital . for the prose tiart.:4(:4ommerci3l',;,.%ifide r ta too vast for : the ability or wealthy of any single person. • " Some law," we are told ; " is necessary with respect to them." But we have laws enough, and severe ones too, against fraud, in whatever shape it may be. applied to .the 'detriment of any portiom'of the community. What law then can 'be " necessary to restrain these Companies ?" It is - meaot..,that individuals who- may deal with them should be saved by " some law"' from the necessity of exercising any Vigilance to their deal ings ? We should in that case be returning into the old path of legislative restrictions, which we have, so much to our advantage, _abandoned. All the statutes for the-regulation of trade repealed during the last two Sessions, should be re-enact.; ed : a fresh scale of penalties shiauld be fixed against all careless butchers who damage their own hides and skins ; the assize on bread should -be restored, and the wages of the Spitalfields weavers decided by magisterial authority. Ac cording to this theory of legislation, the. law and its administrators would relieve all par ties from the labour and danger of thinking -for themselves, and if it could be carried. to perfection, a sort of Chinese immutability mil -ht .be- given to all modes of employment and rates -of remuneration. But if it be. judged .more advisable to establish our commercial policy on the basis of free competition, why should .any limits be imposed on Joint Stock Asso ciations, excepting such as the prudence of the associators themselves may suggest ? Gene rally speaking, in all undertakings whiCh can be managed by a few individuals, Joint Stock Companies cannot enter into successful compe tition with them. How shall the precise limits be defined within which Joint Stock Companies should, as matters of profit, be. confined ?—By experiment only. If they endeavour to do what individuals can do better, they will fail, as - ndividuals themselves do who.cannot stand the competition of other individuals. Much private loss is occasioned by the excess to which individual competition is sometimes carried ; but whoever dreamed,at least oflate, of calling for le gislative interference to prevent individuals from underselling each other ?_ Nothing is more common than for coach proprietors to contest a line of road till all the competitors are ruined together. Ought there then to be " some law " to fix. the price of seats in stages like the fares of hackney coaches ? Nobody could listen gravely to such a proposal. Not long ago two vendors of ham and beef thought fit, for some reason best known to themselves, to open shops in almost every part . part of London against each other, and sell their meat cooked for a price considerably lower than it could be bought for in its undressed state. The same practice happens every day with linen-drapers and many other retail trades. 'Why may it not be permitted to Joint Stock Com panies, till like individuals they learn wisdom, and have recourse to more profitable pursuits ? The pride or folly of individuals may induce them to persevere in ruinous competition, but it JOint Stock Companies, the principle of life is profit, and as soon as it - becomes probable that. the project will yield none, it will die without another effort. We wish. those who talk so freely of the 44 evil" of . Joint Stock Companies; would take the trouble to point out in what the evil" consists. " The public mind is greatly agitated," SO- - ; Mr. Grenfeif. This is dreadful, to be sure, but. till all the sources of hope and tear are dried np, we believe, though Joint Stock Companies should, be suppressed, this evil" will continue while there is any . ithing to .he desired . or apprehended.—" Some of the projects are ridiculous and absurd."— Be- it so ; still we say, leave it to the specu lators to discriminate for themselves , . If a Joint Stock Company should choose to horse the road from London to Edinburgh, and carry pasSen gers gratis, we see no reason why a "law " should ire enacted to•check the folly. We suspect that the shares of such an association would. soon de cline to a discount sufficient to warn the most . footish against calculating ,upon the riches of a -Mexican or Brazilian mine. The true policy of . the Legislature as to all these speculations, ' reign and domestic, is to leave them to find their. •Own - level in the market, and not to disturb the 'existing law, which is quite competent to do all that ought to be done, viz. to repress and punish fraud. We utterly despair of rendering men wise by Act of Parliament. [THE TIMES .1 The Question at the India . House was decided yesterday, by a majority of nearly two to one— we fear we may say against the Marquis of Hastings, but at least against the absurd preten sions of his foolish friends. Who" brought the transactions of the house of Palmer and Co. be fore the European public? Answer—The friends, or pretended friends, of Lord Hastings. Then, we say, he ought to detest and repel such friend ship to the latest moment of his life. The proceed ings at Hydrabad were unobsexved and unknown in Ettgland; and by whom .have-they been dragged into notice ?—By those who should have in verted the prayer of Ajax, and courted obscurity as the only means of safety. Yet is the resolu tion' of the Directors and the majority of the Pro prietors humanely and cautiously expressed. That resolution says, that there is no ground for imputing corrupt motives to Lord Hastings ; but at the same time it approves the dispatches by - Wilich his Lordship was obliged to alter his con duct, and to withdraw the permission which, irpon no pressing emergency, he had incautiously granted to violate the, standing law of India. His Lordship, the partners, known and unknown,.of the house of Palmer an Co., and the members of the Residency, ought to be most grateful for such a resolution. • LTHE PUBLIC LEDGER..] The Papers are still cautious in their specula tions, as to• the object of Prince Metteraich's Visit ;.atid, perhaps, there is no surer sign of its importance, than this very circumspection. If it had no public character, as the correspondent of an Evening Paper affirms, the circumstance would be blazoned forth at once ; whereas the reserve that prevail s , is a sure indication o f th e intense interest which the subject has already ex ,cited.- We Are moreover informed, that his ar rival was the immediate signal of extraordinary ----•~-" - F ~.-. - bustle amongst the Members of the Diplomatic' Body, particularly the Ministers of Russia, Prus sia, and Austria. On the very day the Prince reached Parls,..the three had a long conference with the French Minister of Foreign Affairs ; from which it. may be inferred; that the Holy Hance have made some demands an the French Go vernment, connected with the domestic affairs of that country. This inference, plausible as it is, still seems to us to be erroneous ; for France, with her Ultra Cabinet, and with a majority of that party in her Legislature, cannot be an eye• sore, surely, to , the _League. In the mean time, the reason that is given in a Morning Paper for the journey of the Austrian Minister, is too absurd to require serious refutation ; as if a de, wand of a pecuniary nature could not be urged as well through the ordinary channels of diplomacy, as by means of an extraordinary mission. Our own information on this subject, we still believe, will be found to be accurate; namely, that the affairs of Greece and Naples have led to animat ed discussions, in which the Austrian Court takes a prominent part. We find, too, that the French Funds have declined ; from which no argument, we presume, will be adduced, in order to invali date our opinion. , _ . [MORNING POST.] We received "last night, by Express, French Papers to the 17th. instant, with the Etoile of Thursday. The. disbussion of the Indemnity Law closed on Tuesday, as we had anticipated, and tho project was adopted by a majority of 259 to 124. The votes were taken by ballot, and when the numbers were announced, much asto nishment seemed to be produced- in the centre of the Chamber (the station occupied by the Ministers and their adherents) by the magni tude of the minority. The Quotidienne uses it as an argument against the law, of which it approves the principle but not the dispositions. It reminds the Ministers that there are only sixteen Liberals in the Chamber, and that there ought consequently to have been only sixteen black balls in the Urn. It then asks whence the other . 108 proceeded, and maintains that they do not protest against the granting of an Indemnity to . the Emigrants, but against the mode in- which it is proposed to be done. - The last sitting (we believe without exaggeration about the thirtieth) in which- this law was passed, seen - is to have been the most tumultuous of any 'daring the course of the discu.sion. .Several amend ments were proposed, which had been rejected by the Commission to w hick they had been re ferred, but two of which were now adopted by the Chamber. On the other hand, one which had been not only approved of, but support ed in a long Speech by M. de Villele, was thrown out to his .evident surprise and displea sure. One of the amendments carried against the sense of the Commission is one which de clares that no confirmatory transfer of - pro,-, perty granted . Emigrants to those who are in possession of their former estates, shall be liable to a greater duty on being registered than three francs. This article appears .at first sight intended to--relieve the holders of national -pro perty from the payment of heavy duties; buot was ably shown to the Chamber by-Messrs. Ben jamin Constant and General Foy, that its real object was . to,declare- the le ga lity o f such trans actions. Between -declaring them legal and pro 'claiming them necesittrY the distance was - not considered itery great, and: General Foy, in an energetic extemporaneous address to the Cham- . ber, strongly inveighed against the amend ment, as once more throwing open the question of property, which it Was intended to have closed for ever by the grant Oar! Indemnity. " Should it be tried," exclaimed the .Orator " to rend from them by force the property which they le gally hold, let its owners recollect that they have on their side the King and the Charter, and that they are twenty to one." This recommendation produced repeated charges of sedition against its author, but the feeling of hostility towards him was soon lost in the exultation of triumph when it was found that the amendment had been carried. The new law was presented to the King on the even ing of its passing by the Piesident and a Depu tation from the Chamber of Deputies. It was expected that it would immediately be intro educed into the Chamber of Peers. [MORNING HERALD.] We are glad to see that the important town of Manchester has taken up the question of the Corn Laws; and cannot too much admire and recommend to imitation the sound and temperate views upon the subject, contained in the resolu tions from that place, which we published a few days since. The whole community seem now convinced of the absurdity of: the present system of averages; and we hope tsa4 the present Session of Parliameut will not elapse without a death,-blow being given to a Code of Laws, which reflect discredit upon the age,. without producing advantage to any hut those who pros• per by the frauds of, which' these laws are the fruitful source. Tire only difficulty likely to arise will he, we should think, in fixing the amount of the tax to be paid on the importation of Corn. This the agriculturalists will press to be a high one, while the manufacturing in terests . will wish for .none at all. On this, as •on most other occasions, the middle course will be the wisest, and that, we hope, which Parliament will adopt. Were we called upon to name a price at which foreign wheat should enter into competition with the taxed commodity of the English farmer, we should name 60s. as the fair one. And, to bring it to this, we know no Other way than by taking the average Price of foreign wheat—say for the last five years—and then . fixing the tax at such an amount as would, with the charges of freight, insurance, Sze., bring the selling p r i ce t o th a t a mount. At any rate, we trust the q ues ti o n w ill s o on be set at rest, and the system of fraudulent lotteryrunder the name of averages, be done away. [MORNING ennoNicLE.] On the.9th November, 16'20, two vessels from Plymouth made the land of C a p e Cod, in North America. , .in these two v essels were 101 passeri gers, Engli s h Refugees in Holland, who, accord. ing to Cotton Mather 4C could not with ten years endeavour, bring their neighbours (the Dutch) par ticularly to any suitable observation of the Lord's Day," and therefore abandoned the comforts of Batavia for a dreary wilderness in the New World. This small stock, which was reduced one-half before the termination of winter, was the founda tion of the New England States, and, indeed, of that great empire in North America that premises to have such a powerful influence on the destinies of the world.—This undertaking, so unimportant to appearance at the time) but productive of such important results, al most escaped the notice of contemporary writers. An undertaking, which may, and in all probability will, lead to results not touch less important, is now in progress. We allude to the sailing of the Scotch Colony to Buenos Ayres. This colony has indeed a great advantage over the New Englanders, for it will be settled in one of the most fruitful regions of the globe, possessed of a climate temperate, and highly favourable to the European constitution. To Mr. Bar ber Beaumont chiefly belongs the merit of plan fling and, carrying into execution an enterprise which seems destined to give a new character to the most valuable of the Spanish possessions in the New World. THURTELL'S BROTHER. [Further Particulars.] Bow- STREET.-Henry Thurtell,. a. brother of that man whose name has become so unfortunately known to the public, was'yesterday brought before Mr. HALLS, charged with taking a watch, the property of Bradbee, the land lord of the White Swan, Bream's Buildings, Chancery.lane. From the circumstances detailed in evidence, it appeared, that the prisoner had gone to the house of the prosecutor, in a state of intoxication : he sat down in the bar, and laying his um brella on the counter, took a silver watch from a nail on which it was hanging. He then walked out of the house, telling the land lord to follow him to the White Lion, 'White's Alley, Chancery Lane, where he would find him and the watch. The landlord not being disposed to obey this summons, he gave an alarm, and Thurtell was pursued to the house to which he had given the di rection. There he was taken into custody. He immediately gave up the watch, saying, he had taken it in a joke. The prose cutor said he really believed he had taken his property in a joke. Mr. Halls asked Thurtell what he had been ?—Thurtell. In his Majesty's Navy.—Mr. Halls : How long have you been in that service P—Thurtell : Four years, Sir. If you will ex amine the papers found on me when I was taken, you will see the character I bore. The Magistrate read most of the documents, and continued : I perceive you receive here a very excellent character from Admiral What have you to say in your defence ?—Thurtell, Nothing, Sir. I wish to go.—Mr. Halls : My motive for asking you what you have to say is, that if I should find it necessar y t o sen d yo u for t r i a l, yo u m a y have a full oppbrtunity of now disclosing every circumstance which may ex ist in your favour.—Thurtell : I have nothing to say. I took the watch in joke.-111r. Halls : Now, should you be discharged, what security have I that you will conduct yourself for the fu ture in a manner suitable to 'the character you bore before this event took place?—Thurtell (sighing heavily and vainly attempt ing to prevent the tears from trickling down his weather-beaten and care-worn countenance): .When I arrived from abroad, I found that my unfortunate brother's conduct had covered my name with disgrace. My friends turned their backs upon me. :They refused to hold any converse with me. I thus became an outcast from society, and 'I cared not what became of me. (Hee could contain his feelings no longer. He wept bitterly, and en deavoured to conceal his anguish with his hands.) —Mr. Halls asked him if he had any prospect of going to sea again ? He ;said lie had. The Magistrate then directed him to be discharg ed, . merely recommending him to remove himself as soon as possible from the scene of his misfortunes.—Thurtell bowed, 1 and retired. Throughout the unhappy man's address, scarce a :person in the office could refrain from sympathizing with him in a very marked manner. • . The increased value of, building ground on the West Cliff; 'at Brighton, will be put to the test to-morrow, by the judicious :division of the Count St. Antonio's extensive grounds on that 'favoured Cliff. It is the first occasion when public competition 'will have to determine the improved state of land at this fashion. able watering place. The greater number of the creditors of Mr: LONG WELLESLEY, whose demands were under the sum of 2QOI. have recently been paid in full ; and whose demands were ,above that amount, and who signed the Trust Deed, have al ready received 10s. in the pound : and will shortly receive the remainder. Mr. LONG WELLESLEY is expected in Eng. .land about the month of September or October next. Airs. "WELLESLEY, and the three children are now at Draycot, where Mr. W. will then join them.—( Devizes Gazette.) LORD BYRON, and the ILLUSTRATOR of Os- STAN'S POESIS.-- , -It is not generally known that Mr. CAMPBELL received the thanks of the Royal Humane Society in 1820, for having, by great personal exertions and superior swimming, nt different periods, saved the lives of three of his Majesty's subjects, when drowning, at the im minent risk of his own. Nor is it generally known, that after the publication of Lord 1.3 v - RON'S Letter, on Mr. TURNER'S unsuccessful at tempt to swim from shore to shore of the Helles pont, Mr. CAMPBELL was encouraged, 'by his friends, to challenge Lord BYRON (in an ami cable manner) for 1,0001., or fame to the victor, to swim against him in the waters of the Helles pont, the Tagus, or the Thames ; and give his Lordship ten minutes start. There never was any notice taken of the Letter. These facts are pub licly mentioned, for the first time, to the credit of a worthy member of Society, by one who was then in Mr. CAMPBELL'S confidence ; and who knows, from other authority, that he swam across the Tagus, at the same point, and in half the time consumed by Lord BYRON, in the same proceeding. COURSE OF,EXCHANGE, March 18. Antstet thou Ditto, at Sight l2 19 . _ Rotterdam 1?.. a Antwerp l2 3 • rianibitrgli Altona Paris,3 Day's sight Ditto ............................ , Botirtleanx, ditto Berlin ................................. , Frank fort •m tlie Main Peteisburgli • • 9 0 •• _ • ; •- :3 11 6 0 ffective O 4 00 E Vie tinl Trieste Madrid Cadiz !Whoa Stif Effective Barcelona 25 ieville - Gibraltar 31 Leghorn 49 G ei ," . ......... 13 --Venice, Ital. Liv 27 Malta Palermo, 120 per Ox Lisbon Oporto 514 itiodaneiro Bahia 46i 50 Dublin .... 91 Cur 1:..... 01 pet Cent. --- _ . BULLION. Portugal Goldin Coin ... .L.O 0 0 per Oz Foreimild, iu B3rs 3 17 9 New Uuul►luu►ls ......... 3 17 6 Nt•w Dollars. Silver Standard in Mfrs..... 0 0 0 (A)AI. 'MARKET, MAacti 18. Ships at Market. u l Price. Shi 6 N 9 ..8s Od to 38s OA 2. 30s lid to 41s Od Su e t w i L a r . i t a l t e l d -^- LITERARY NOTICE: TRAVELS in SOUTH AMERICA, during the years 1819/ 20,21, containing an account of the present state of Brazil, Buenos Ayres, Chili. By A. CALDCLEUGiH, E!q. 2 vols. Bvo. At a period when public interest is powerfully awakened by the important. events that are pass ing in the New World, whatever tends to throw any light upon the subject is certain of meeting with public patronage. Although the, Spaniards have now been masters of the greater portion of the Continent of America for the space of . nearly 400 years, yet is it only•since a .very short time that Europeans have been able to obtain an in sight into countries, from which they were scrur. piously excluded by the -jealous policy of the Spanish Government. Hence it is, that to the interest which passing events attach to th e se countries, every description of them has'als o the inestimable adva t t ag.e of novelty. Mr. C. pos. , sessed advantages which no other traveller could, have, inasmuch" as he was one of the suite of Mr. Thornton, the British Minister at the Court of Brazil ;- and a perusal-of-his book will proxe that he has not been remiss 'in the dUties of a. traveller, intending.to give the. public the benefit, of his observations. Of Brazil we have an ample account. Mr. C. calculates the popuiation at three millions, and says Rio Janeiro contains not less than 135,000 inhabitants. The revenue he states to be two millions and" a 'half sterling. His account of the mines is"highly interesting. "It is not easy to learn with accuracy the produce of the dia mond mines, as they are worked by Government, and strictly Monopolized; much smuggling consequently prevails. In some years, the quantity discovered by Government has amount ed to as much as 4,000 octavas of 18 carats, but these are years of rare occurrence : taking.the average, however, of some years,. the number of octavas would come to near 1200. In the quan tity there would be of course many of large size, adding im mensely to the value. It is .calculated that about the same' quantity is smuggled ; and there are strong reasons to suppose,. .that if no difficulties were thrown in the way, owing to the facility with which they are obtained, the produce of Brazil dia- . monds, in every way as fine as the oriental, would have con siderable affect on the demand. " With respect to the quantity of gold. which comes fi out. the mines, it is immersed in a certain degree of obscurity.. The one-fifth due to government is the principal cause that I could never ascertain, in each mine that I visited, its exact produce.. Knowing the amount of the workings at the commencement of the century, and from information 1 collected in Rio de Janeiro; and in the.mines, and making allowance for that exaggeration so common in Brazil and allnew countries, Iconsiderthe annual value of gold certainly does not exceed 900,0001. including the contraband. "No silver is produced in Brazil. As there is lead, it would be too much to affirm that none exists, but probably the quan tity would be trifling. • - « The quantity of precious stones shipped is not-no:w eery considerable. In most cases they are sent to a losing market, being, in fact, more valuable in Brazil than in tondon yr Paris. Aqua Marines of very large size have been found. In' - January, 1811, one was found in the Riberas des Americanas, 'near the diamond district, which weighed 15 pounds, and in the same place, in the October followirig, one was 'discovered weighing four pounds. 'Topazes, of - fine quality, but seldom large, amethysts and crisolytes, are also articles of exportation, and, at times, some. fine specimens of these gems are to be met with in the jewellers shops. Respecting - the mines of Chili, we have the. following account "Streams• abounding in gold, wanler through the most luxuriant corn-fields, and the farme r and the miner hold con verse together on their banks. 46 By:far the largest proportion o f t h e gold found in Chile where it is much more abund a nt than silver, is p rom i s ed b‘f; means of washing the beds of r i ver s. It i s - o f a very pure qt lity ;. but I met with it in no i ns t ance crysta li ze d , b ut in lar g'' flattened grains of a peculiar light colour. From this circurn" stance I should be led to conclude that its matrix had tieen al'', ginally some metallic substance. probably the sulphuret n• iron. In confirmation of this it may be stated, that not unfre quently beds of gold of several inches thick, arc Callon in wi' l " which certainly have never been disturbed, for the angles are sharp, and could, therefore, have only been left by some de composed substance.: " The only gold mine I visited, which properly deserves the' name of mine, was on the road to Valparaiso ' • it existed 'in a ganngue of iron pyrites, but was neither rich, nor extensively - Worked. The amiferous iron pyrites of Chile are found isolat ed and finely crystallized. At Coquimbo gold is found in a matrix of carbonate of copper. The Silver mines are of much less importance, and are chiefly confined to that part of the" country which borders on the Cor dillera. The process of amalgamation in use has been before described. All the ores, whatever they may be, are purified in the same manner. Many of them p u re sulphuret of silver, containing 80 per cent. of metal, might be more advantage ously deprived of the sulphur by simply roasting with a mode rate heat, than by the expensive process of amalgamation. The, muriates and some other ores would not, of course, be subjected to the process, without the additions of an olkalic. It is painftif to - think what a large proportion of the riches of the New Wo!' l4 has been lost by the ignorance of discoveries. " It is a well known fact, that none of the South American; mines produce, at the present d a y, th a t v as t q u antity of rneol which they used to do in former times. When first discover-0 1 , the metal was in great abund a nce, and "within a f e w f ee t of, eau in some instances on,_ the surface of the earth. All this has been removed, and the great excavations subsequently made have become full of water, from which the'proprietors have not,. a sufficiency of capital to clear them. F r om thi s c ause many of the mines which yielded a large proportion of silver have be' come entirely unproducti ve and closed. The chief falling 0 11, therefore, has been owing to the deficiency of capital, which the revolution has naturally much aggravated. These circumstance s which have been perhaps more apparent in Peru and Mexl o than Chile, have nevertheless been felt in the latter country- Molina states that the value of the gold and silver raised in hi ; time (1780) was not under four millions, exclusive of w ll3 * was smuggled. " in 1821, the produce of the mines, including an allowanc e for contraband, according to D. Manuel de Sales, did not ex ceed a million and a half of dollars, showing a great deficiencl 9 but one easily accounted for by the reasons above s tated, r°' gether with the unsettled state of the country. ' 0 " It seems to me, that the first thirg to be done, mate a of making fresh excavations, is to supply proper Machinery, a 11,,,,, i clear the old mines of water. In many situations this would t' exceedingly expensive, whether undertaken by means of an a Ci i i ,l or by the steam engine: in using the latter much-difficulty wolf' be experienced on the subject of fuel, for it is scarce in t`,,l e f mountainous parts, where the ore exists • and the expence ...',. bringing coals from Conception would be Leavy.. Could this F r ; overcome, and there is no doubt it might, the mines worked . 1 4 galleries, and the practical experience of the old workmen, `,: e to the direction of the veins, properly attended to, the prochi„, would be enormous. On the last point I could not ascer tal that the veins ran more in one direction than another, or t l : 3 P. ; it was possible to lay down any rule on the subject. If Ci l f i ct were to become so settled in its government as to afford Per. c p s security of property, the application of capital to the rnin: e , would return a large profit. The quantity of metal still iv" maining in the Audes must be stupendous ; but there is this is be considered, that if all the mines were properly worked, `cry more than probable that silver would fall in Europe to a low price." _.....0_ BIRTH. On Thursday last, at South Cottage, Oxted, Surrey, )I° ' Talboys, of a daughter. DIED I,' On Tuesday, the 15th inst. at Ramshury, Wilts, Elizabe,t`"t the wife of Mr. James Russell. • l a, On the sth inst., suddenly, at Hitchin, Hcrts, John Fle Es O q., in th the 87th year of his age. de l On e 14th inst ~ at Cimbridge, in the 19th year of his 0 1 0 Mr;Charles Field, of Trinity College;,only son of Mr. C1 1 " 31 Field, of Old Broati-street, London. On Tuesday, the Bth inst., Elizabeth, wii*of Mr. Willi 3lll - Brashier, Chancery-lane. the Lost, on his passage from Seville, where he been for . benefit or his health, David, the third son of John Lyall, f sil ' of On el M a, r... Chsea. oil' Friday, the Bth inst., at Bethnal-green, rs. ~.. aged 78. .. i—..•"..- eamerortrrson..swmer...”llB.[l , o7o,64.ll. , StP Prifited and rlluu3neu for the rItOPRIET MIS, at the OFFICE, No. 112, Strand, by J. B. ,L;ausTAMs• 0