The Sun. — London, England, 1861-03-27 00:00:00

INDIAN FAMINE RELIEF FUND. The Right Hon. the LORD MAYOR having convened* Publicileeting at the Mansion House, Messrs. Grindley and Co. beg to announce that all Subscriptions remitted to them will be made over to the London Committee. East India Army Agency, 55, Parliament -street, S.W. • THEA TRE -ROYAL, HAYMARKET. Lessee. Mr. J. B. Baeltstone. On EASTER MONDAY (April 1)„ will be performed A. DUKE IN DIFFICULTIES. Mrs. Stirling, Miss F. Haydon, Mrs. Wilkins, Miss Fanny Stirling, Mr. Buckstone, Mr. Compton, Mr. Howe, /ts. After which, will be revived, with entirely new scenery and effects, and all the original music by the late Sir Henry Bishop, the melodrama of THE MILLER AND HIS MEN. Commence at 7. NEW THEATRE-ROYAL, ADELPHL— Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster. Novel Attraction for the Passion Week. —{TO-NIGHT (Wednesday), and every evening during the Week (Friday ex cepted), the celebrated Italian Illusionist, •Chevalier ANTO NIO POLETTI, in his extraordinary and wonderful enter tainment of NATURAL and CHYMICAL MAGIC ; and Pall's (the Original Bones) Ethiopian Minstrels. Doors open at half-past Six, commence at Seven. Box-office open To morrow (Thursday), and Saturday, from 10 to 5. No charge for booking. ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE -ROYAL. Bole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Benj. Webster. On EASTER MONDAY, a new drama, MAGLIORE, PRESTIDIGITATOR. Messrs. B. Webster, J. L. Toole, D. Fisher, &Z.; Miss K. Kelly, Miss 11. Simms, &c. After which, OUR FEMALE AMERICAN COUSIN. Miss Julia Daly. Doors open at half past 6—Commenee at 7. CANTERBURY-HAL r-Lroad. CONCERTS!!! Westminste Proprietor ........C. Morton. A Grand Selection from Verdi's new Opera, IL COEUR°, (This opera has never been produced Is this or any other except at these Concerts), having met with that de country, aided success which charactisei the most popular werks of this great Master, will be performed EVERT EVENING ; together with a Selection from LA FIGLIA DEL REGGI MENTO, by Donizetti, Principal Artistes—Miss Russell, Madame Maria, Miss Tyrrell, Mr. FL Herbert, Signor Tivoli, H. Drummond, and c. W. Bernard. Director, hfr. F. Jonghmans. The Comic Department oomprises Messrs. E. Marshall, A. B. Hollingsworth, J. Blanchard, F. Bell, W. H. Welland, and the Brothers Conrad. John Martin's Three celebrated Pictures will remain on view a short time longer in the Fine Arts Gallery of the Establishment. T"E 0 X F O R D, No. B . OXFORD-STREET. Near Tottenham-court-road. Mr. C. MOR CON and F. STANLEY respectfully announce that this building, which for architectural beauty and chaste ness of decoration, is unrivalled, WILL OPEN THIS EVEN ING (WEDNESDAY), March 27. Varied Entertainments of the highest order will be pre sented, and Musical Novelties of magnitude and importance produced in rapid succession, under the directorship of Mr. JONGIDIANS, and supported by the elite of the profession. Admission—Hall, 6d. ; Balcony and Stalls, is. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tuts DAT.—Morning, 2h. 14m.—Afternoon, 2h. 20m. To-lionatow.-Morning, 2h. 53m.—Afternoen, 3h. 16m. THE WEATHER.—SuN OFFICE, MARCH 27, 1861. THERMOMETER, IN THE SHADE. 67—highest since loon yesterday. 44—lowest this morning and during the night. 55—this day at noon. BAnoweren-29.50. WixD—Southerly—light ; with fine sunshiny weather. THE SUN. LONDON, WEDNESDAY, MARCH 27, 1881 If fortune favours the bold, Count CAVOUR has made sure of her smiles; The temporal rule for which the heroes of Spoleto so gallantly surrendered, will soon have to surrender as gallantly to the irresistible demands of popu lar right. It is time it should do so. Reli gion ought no longer to be disgraced by the head of a large sect, perhaps the largest of the Christian sects, defying the primary rights of man, and that too in glaring defiance of the precepts of the Great Author of our faith. If ever any people had a just claim to demand self-government under a monarch of their own choice and in union with the rest of their nation, it is the unfortunate people of Reme: For ages they have detested the tem poral rule of their Popes ; indeed can mortal con ceive anything in its very elements more revolting to common sense than subjecting a whole people to the despotism of unmarried priests, destitute of all the first sympathies of our social nature except so far as they broke their own vows, and plundered the people to maintain a host of " nieces and nephews." But the time of the end is at hand. The POPE has long been exhibiting himself, and exhibited, as the most helpless and dependent of temporal rulers. He and his have been raving about independence, and temporal power as its basis, while all the world has been laughing at his puppetship. Surrounded by a French guard of honour—certain of immediate deposition from his temporal Princedom as soon as that guard was withdrawn, he has not had the shadow even of temporal independence. He has been spiritually it is true independent enough, he could decree the immaculate conception of the Virgin, for which we hope the Virgin is grateful, or anything else he pleases—but so he could if the Piedmontese were his guard instead of the French, and if he had but the ecclesiastical side of the Tiber for his home, as Prince NAPOLEON proposes, or even if he preferred it, to cut and run to Jerusalem or to Spain. This last of Count CATOUR'S will turn some faces in the Vatican pale, and flush others with rage. Hope and fear have been alternating there of late with the proceedings of the Chambers of that coun try on which the POPE is now so entirely dependent. Prince NAPOLEON'S speech filled the Papal Court with dismay, but the vigorous debate, and the com bination of all the scepticism of France to vote with the few deputies who ever attend mass or confession, in a large minority in favour ofthe"temporalpower," again gave hope. But now again that hope is rudely dashed. Count CAVOUR speaks not only the language of confidence in his object, but of confidence in the Emperor of the FRENCH too. So at least we interpret the telegraphic combination of sentences which make him assert that Sardinia —Italy rather—must go to Rome " with the consent of France, and which yet speaks of the entry of the Italian army or Government into Rome as certain , It can hardly be that the Count is not the interpreter of Napoleonic ideas. The eldest son of the Church has faithfully warned his superannuated father ; he has performed the part of SHEM and JAPHET as long us he could ; but the weak old man is still intoxi cated with the idea of a temporal power, which means slavery to the Romans ; he will not awaken from the fumes of this pleasant wine, and no alternative is left but to take it from him, or him from it. The Count in the face of Europe, which thoroughly believes him, enunciates the fatal word s—" We have a right to Rome as the capital of That settles the question. In the present temper of Europe, the right of a nation of twenty millions is what can never be long withheld. Little Austrian nationalities are fast regaining their rights ; and it cannot b e th a t a l arge an d highly civilized people just risen again to nationality should fail to gain possession of their ancient capital. Turin even with its many claims, if only from its being the centre of the liberating movement, as well as capital, defacto,—is ready to sacrifice its positicl to Rome. To no other capital could she do so. Naples, said to be the pet capital, ,i for th e present, of our intermeddling Lord Jot's,, s out of the qua. tion t, so is Florence, indeed any other Italian city; b u t there is not one of them which would feel , ":;.1„ a 't • _ • • - lbw \ • • r - Vii + anm3 humiliated, which would not rather feel honoured, in forming part of a kingdom of which Rome was the capital. This itself proves the truth of the Count's words—" We—ltaly, have a right to our capital—that right, be it remembered, being backed by the most hearty recognition of it on the part of the Romans themselves. The assertion of the right under such circumstances is the gaining of it. The Count is confident that he shall in the end convince all " sincere Catholics" that the Church will be a gainer by the POPE'S loss of his temporal power, and affirms that the union of the spiritual and the temporal power has always and everywhere been a source of evil. We do not know whether by ":everywhere" he had an eye to the Royal Head of our Church and our Bishops in the House of Lords; if he had, we can assure him that he shares the views of a great many sincere Church men here. We , have got rid of an eccle siastical Parliament. Our Convocation is but a ghost ; but our QUEEN makes bishops, and bishops are Legislators, and few will deny that they have been 'the worst class of Legislators—always in the way of progress, and of liberty, civil or religious, especially the latter. They are there, and it is hard to get rid of them; yet, we verily believe that men of all parties in England, if they uttered their real sentiments, would adopt that of Count CAVOUR, and only wish that the tem poral power of our bishops was as near its end as that of the Bishop of Rome seems to be. The Count with perfect sincerity, we may be sure, promises the Church ample liberty when the Italians take possession of Rome as their capital, and promises to guarantee it by special statute. We should think it probable that, as Bishop of Rome, the Pontiff will enjoy an ecclesiastical free dom he has not known for many years, when he no longer has to square his doings to the necessities imposed on him by temporal rule, even though that rule be a despotism. The freedom, however, seems likely now to be forced upon him; and obstinacy, as the Count tells him, will but throw on the Papacy the responsibility of any consequent schism. We can only hope that France will quickly consent, and that the French garrison will quickly withdraw ; the Romans will then make very short work with the temporal power of their old oppressor, and the pious old POPE will be left to his prayers and his Episcopal work in his own palace. As we fully expected, and dreaded, and predicted all along would be the case in regard to the country of the Lebanon—has been the case : the French military occupation of Syria bas been prolonged. The period originally decided upon by the agree ment of the European Powers we have now seen extended from early spring to midsummer. A supplementary quarter has been tacked on to the end of the half year first fixed upon as the maximum interval for the continuance:of the soldiers of NAPO LEON in that ill-fated Asiatic province of Turkey, which has been desolated now for years and years past by the contentions of the two implacably and fanatically antagonistic races of the Druses and the Maronites. When the six months selected for the presence of the French troops upon those bloodstained shores of the Mediterranean was but just upon the eve of expiring, it was found that scarcely anything whatever had been doing all the while in the way of bringing the two great inimical tribes to a condition bearing any even the smallest resemblance to reconciliation. On the contrary the sympathies of Catholic France as represented there in the soldiers of the Empire having been exclusively on the side of the Maronites, who no less than the French themselves are entirely a Roman Catholic popu lation—the stipulated half year appears to have witnessed little more all this while than the rigor ous dealing out among the murderous Druses, the instigators, ringleaders, and actual perpetrators of the late appalling massacres, the rigorous and pitiless dealing out amongst them of the most dreadful retribution. So that actually, when the original period set apart by the Powers of Europe for the work of reconciliation, and, through recon ciliation, of secure and permanent pacification—the mere initial attempt at that reconciliation—the mere inaugural hint at that eventual and permanent pacification—has absolutely yet to be com menced ! Hence the excuse for this lengthen ing out by another quarter of the wholly inadequate because wasted, period of the French organisation. Hence the plea advanced for the postponement yet a little while longer, from March until June, of the embarkation of the soldiers of NAPOLEON on their return homeward across the Mediterranean. It is literally, as though there had been some won derful political significance in the solution of that pretty air composed by the reigning EMPEROR'S mother, the beautiful and accomplished Queen HORTENSE—in the selection of that charming melody, composed by her in her youth, for the national air of France at the epoch of the Imperial Restoration. It is as if all the while, from 1852 until 1860, almost from 1848 until 1880, the policy of the present ruler of France had been blown through the trumpets, and clashed on the cymbals, and hammered on the drums of his army—Partant pour la Syrie ! At the first visible excuse for the realisation of that policy, Europe was persuaded by the new French Empire to con nive at the occupation of Syria by French troops. Immediately the frightful news of the massacre of the Maronites startled Christendom with its tale of horrors, the mot d'ordre went forth from the French Foreign-office—Syria was to be occu pied by French soldiers, say (to begin with), for six months—for no more than six months. At the expiration of those six months the troops of France were to be re-embarked and faithfully carried back, leaving behind them as the happy souvenir of their temporary apposition in Syria the whole of the lately desolated provinces restored to order, and the Druses and the Maronites beneficently reconciled with each other, Row many, we wonder, believed here in England in those amiable assurances of the French Government ? Certainly we did not our selves. Under any circumstances it would have appeared improbable that the Councils of the Em peror NAPOLEON 111. would in this matter remain true to their agreement with the other powers of Christendom. Within the recent recollection of those disgraceful political untruths, those diplomatic chicanries which had resulted in the shameful annexation to France of Savoy and Nice, with all the live stock on those provinces in the shape of Nizzarde and Savoyards —it appeared to every rational observer about the most unlikely thing in the world that France under the regime of NAPOLEON 111. would remain true to her promises, would faith fully at the end of the stipulated six months, re embark the soldiers sent out for that interval for the occupation and pacification of Syria, and con duct them honestly back again to France, leaving the Syrians to themselves. No—the French have all those last ten or twelve years past (as the national air has been incessantly dinning into our ears) " Going to Syria." And having gone there fully armed and equipped, it was hardly probable they would be in such haste to return homewards. At any rate, there they unquestionably are to this expired—the moment—the six months having period of their occupation there having been pro longed. It was one among the many memorable sayings THE SUN, LONDON, WEDNESDAY EVENING, MARCH 27, 1861. LATEST NE S. TURIN, MARCH 26 (EVENING). The discussion of the affairs of Rome was con tinued to-day in the Chamber of Deputies. The Marquis Pepoli protested against the unjust accusations brought forward against Piedmont by some members of certain foreign legislative assem blies. He eulogised Napoleon 111., who, by sepa rating the spiritual from the temporal power, will, he said, render a greater service to the Church than Charlemagne by his fatal gift of temporal sove reignty to the Papacy. Signor Buoncompagni in his speech stated that the Italian movement had nothing in it offensive to religious feelings. He proposed that the Chamber should vote the following resolution : " The Chamber having heard the declaration of the Ministry, and belig confident that after having insured the dignity and independence of the Pope, and the complete freelom of the Church, the prin ciple of non-intervention will, in concert with France, be applied to Rome, and that Rome will be made the capital of Italy, passes to the order of the day." Several speakers of the Left proposed the simple proclamation of Rone as the capital of Italy, and the calling upon Npoleon 111. to withdraw his troops. Signor Ferrari mid, " Our only political system is alliance with France." VIENNA, MARCH 27, An Imperial decree grants to the congregations of Lombardo-Venetia the right of electing 20 dele gates to the Council of the Empire. The Vienna papers assert that the resolutions of the Hungarian Judicial Conference in reference to the re-establishment of the Hungarian laws of 1848, and the demard for an independent Ministry for Hungary, have been rejected by the Govern ment. AGRAM, MARCH 27. The troops under the command of Ismael Pasha are concentrated at Trebigne. Since the last fight hostilities have been sus pended, The inscugents, however, are preparing a fresh attack in concert with the Montenegrins. All the places south of Trebigne have done homage to the Prince of Montenegro. AGRAM, MARCH 26 The news received here by telegraph from Vienna that the militay frontier district is not to be repre sented in the Croatian Diet has caused great dis couragement amon; the national non-Hungarian party. TEMESVAR, MARCH 26. The municipality of this city resolved to-day upon protesting against the order of the Director of Finance for the collection of the taxes by execution cases where payment is refused. The Obergespana has published a proclamation, warning the people against instigators of disturb ances. BRESLAU, MARCH 26, According to a telegram received here from War saw, Major-General Gecewicz, who is personally much liked in Poland, has been appointed to replace M. Muhkanoff. THE CALCUTTA AND CHINA MAILS. • MARSEILLES, MARCH 27. The Euxin©, with the above mails, arrived a Marseilles at 9 a.m. this day. The mails were to leave for London at 10 a.m POLAND. The Independence Beige of yesterday publishes the following in a postscript :—" When on the point of going to press we received a despatch direct from Warsaw, stating that disturbances had taken place at that city on the evening of Monday. The people are reported to have smashed the windows of General Abramowitch, director of the Imperial theatres of Warsaw, and one of the officials who shared the unpopularity of M. Mukhanoff, the Minister recently dismissed." The despatoh adds, that the military did not interfere. of the immortal founder of the Imperial dynasty of France, it was one among the most memorable of his many remarkable sayings, that there, in the East, he himself had missed his destiny ! He who, after being repulsed from St. Jean d'Acre by the British sailors under that gallant but crackbrained hero, Sir SYDNEY SMITH—he who (after that repulse from the walls of Acre, although leaving behind him Egypt conquered to the arms of France, Cairo and Alexandria and the valley of the Nile. in the possession of his victorious soldiers)—returned to Europe to found the most extraordinary Empire in the history of the civilised globe ! Yet such, from the first, was the drift (so to speak) Eastwards of the Napoleonian policy, that even he, the origi nator of that policy, the creator of that empire, the founder of that dynasty, lamented, in those famous words of his, that there, in the East, by that baulk before Acre, he had missed his destiny ! The significance of that (as it may be termed) first and foremost among the Napoleonian Ideas, we may rest perfectly assured has not been the least appreciated among them all by the man who has reduced those Napoleonian ideas to a sort of po litical philosophy. Having begun the movement of his troops Eastwards, he will not, if he can pos sibly help it, retrace their steps in a very great hurry. Remember how numerically insignificant and how purely temporary the French occupation of Rome was pronounced to be when it was origi nally commenced. And then recollect how firmly the foot of the Gaul has been planted there ever since, and how imposing a force has been long gathered together there upon the summit of the Seven Hills under the shadow of the French Tricolour. When Syria has been actually evacuated by the troops of NAPOLEON, then but not before we shall believe in the close there of the French military occupation. We should not be surprised if Lord JOHN RUS SELL obtains, at last, the "breeze he has Whistled for." In England the working men are beginning to move with energy and organisation. Leeds and Norwich have recently held meetings and formed associations for parliamentary reform, upon the widest basis, while at the same time they have sup ported cordially all the instalments of reform offered them by such bills as those of Mr. LOCKE KING and Mr. BAINES. This is the true business like course ; and the men who can thus stand firmly to their principles, and yet heartily support those who only make an approach to them; are the men who will most certainly succeed at last: The meeting at the Standard Theatre, Bishops gate-street, at which four thousand persons, chiefly of the unenfranchised classes, were reported to be present, is probably but the beginning of a vigorous movement in the metropolis, which will ultimately combine the greater part, and the better part, of the working classes. It will beseen that in the same re solutionthey condemn the contemptuous refusal of Reform by Government—speak of the efforts of in dependent members, such as Mr. LOCKE KING and Mr. BAINES, as worthy of approval and support, but also " most cordially recommend the formation of societies like the London Political Union, aiming at nothing less than the complete enfranchise ment of the people, by means of universal regis tered suffrage, the ballot, short parliaments, and equitable distribution of members, and the ex emption of candidates from personal expenses." The speakers thought it unworthy of the Go vernment to require something almost border ing on revolution to force a Worm Bill through Parliament. " What did Lord JoHN RUSSELL want ? Did he wish to see the seditious, incen diary, and almost insurrectionary proceedings of 1831 revive again ? Was it the conduct of true statesmen thus to appeal to -the passions of the people ? Well, perhaps, the people had been slum bering too long. But when they awoke, would they entrust the care and conduct of their interests to such men as Lord PALMERSTON and Lord JoHN RUSSELL ? He believed there was no greaterenemy of parliamentary reform in the kingdom than Lord PAL3fERSTON." In the last remark we need not say we entirely concur; nor do we think it likely that we ever shall have a Reform Act while Lord PALMER STON is at the head of affairs. Lord TEYNIIAII, who was present and spoke, is evidently quite quali fied to let a little light into the minds of his fellow Peers if they Were but capable of receiving it. In his view "they were all equal, for they were all taxed." Alluding to the old motto over the pic ture of a slave, he asked—" Were not the unen franchised of this cointry men and brothers ? Were they to be kept in political bondage, and for how long ? Let them not expect a Reform Bill from the House of Lords or from the present House of Commons. He believed the present Govern ment took the most dignified course they could— and that was not saying much—in leaving Reform alone. But let the people out of doors be of one mind, and Reform could not be resisted." He fully accepted the resolution, it " asserted the right of the people to universal registered suffrage, vote by ballot, and short Parliaments. The people were entitled to that. He respected Mr. LOCKE KING and Mr. BAINES for pursuing their own ideas of reform, but whilst he would support their bills he could not approve of them, for he never could understand how the possession of a shilling more or less could make a man worthy or unworthy of the franchise !" This is, at any rate, as our American friends say, "going the whole hog," and that, too, for a peer of the realm—of course, he could not forget the cause which he had advocated in the House of Lords, and for which the Duke of NEWCASTLE did him the honour of pouring on him all the contempt of his order :—" With re gard to the Ballot," he said, "it was necessary tha the voter should be protected from the intimidation of the landlord or the customer. A man was not the less brave because he used a shield. Their aim must be manhood suffrage and vote by Ballot." He strenuously recommended the formation of a great National Reform Union, and the sending of delegates to London while Parliament was sitting. . Our readers will also find a report of a meeting at Huddersfield, at which Mr. LEATHAM, the member, was the chief speaker, and made in his speech many admirable hits. The resolutions there was to the same purport, advocating complete re form, but cordially supporting the proposals of the two members already mentioned. If Reformers but act in this way, not concealing their views, but cheerfully uniting' to carry something practicable though much short of them, they can hardly fail both to gain the respect due to their prudence, and the irresistible power of combined action. Mr. LEATHAM has no reform love for Lord PALMERSTON. He avows that it would not spoil his breakfast to find among the deaths in the morn- ing papers, some day after Easter, that of the PAL MERSTON Ministry. He characterised justly their disgraceful subserviency to Austria, and their sup port of that most worthless of Governments, in the teeth of the universal feeling of England. It would really seem as if the people intended to take up what the Government and the House of Commons have thrown overboard. The 3 p.m. express train from the Waterloo station, on Monday, was stopped at Wimbledon specially to convey Mr. Turner, one of the gentlemen who was seriously injured at the late frightful accident on the South-Western line, to his home at Portsmouth. The unfortunate gentle man has been confined at the 'Wimbledon hotel ever since the accident, where his family have been staying with him. He was obliged to be carried from the station to the carriage, , THE GR.RAT EASTERN. MILFORD, TUESDAY EVENING. The Great Easters left the gridiron at 6.10 this evening, and steamed off admirably. She dropped anchor at Milford at a quarter past seven; Among those on board were Messrs. Gooch and Fothergill Cooke, two of the directors, Captain Ramsay, R.N., Captain Hall, R.N., Captain Car negie, and other dockyard officials. Mr. Fonnay, the Queen's pilot, brought her to the moorings. Everything worked perfectly, and this first trial trip was most satisfactory. 711 E OXFORD CONCERT HALL. Last night Messrs. Merton and Stanley opened their new concert hall in Oxford.:street with great eclat. The pre-. mises are those formerly known in the old coaching days as the Boar and Castle, a Jew doors from Tottenham-court road. The entrance to tie new and magnificent hall from Oxford- street is through i bold Corinthian portico, thence by a passage, 12 feet wide, 38 feet long, and 16 feet high; the architectural treatment of which consists in detached Doric columns supporting the entablature, over which spring semicircular arches. These divide the entrance into so many bays, seen in perspective from the street. The floor is laid with coloured tiles, the pattern following the leading archi tectural lines. At the end of the entrance passage is the grand staircase. The stairs are of stone, with moulded faces, and start on either side, by which access is given to the gallery. The Music Hall is a large lofty room, measur ing 94 feet in length, 44 feet in width, and 41 feet high. The width of 44 feet only represents the dimensions between the columns which support the roof ; beyond these there is a promenade of 6 feet wide, making the total width 56 feet. The ceiling is coved on to the walls, and springs from the top of an ornamental entablature, supported on Corinthian columns. These columns are not placed at an equal dis tance from each other, but are arranged in pairs, leaving a larger opening between each pair, thereby affording more seeing room. The lines of the columns are carried across the ceiling by ribs, the centre portion of which is enriched by projecting ornaments of elegant design ; these ribs are further connected together by large centre flowers fixed in a deep recess. The ceiling ornaments are generally perforated to allow an easy escape for the heated air, through uhich perforations it is admitted into the roof, and escapes from thence to the open air by means of louvre boarding five' on the upperpart of the roof. To supply the necessary cold air, numerous windows have been left in the outer walls, by which means the supply can be readily regulated. The character we have mentioned respecting the columns is carried to the gallery points, which is divided by blocks into large and smaller bays. The large bays are decorated with relievo ornament, while the smaller bays have a projecting shield surrounded by laurel leaves, the whole supported by two small figures. The exe cution of thee) works were intrusted to Messrs. White and Pulby. The Corinthian columns of the Proscenium appear, by contrast with the lonic columns, much larger than if isolated. On the right there is a promenade, the whole of which is visible from the hall. There is also a large sup per room. There is a large cut-glass chandelier over the staircase. In the hall the lighting is effected by means of twentreight elegant crystal stars. This character of fittings has been carried out throughout the building by Messrs. Weston and Curel. The inaugural concert was a complete success, and the patrons of Mr. Morton were in extacies. The vocal part of the entertainments was contributed by a host of talent, amongst whom were Madame Perepa, our own queen of English balled singers, Miss Poole, Miss Russell, Mr. Santley, Mr. Swift, Mr. George Genge, and a great num ber of other very talented artistes. Between the first and second parts of the concert Mr. Morton was called for by the crowded and enthusiastic com pany, and on presenting himself, received repeated rounds of enthusiastic applause, in attestation of his enterprise in establishing "the Oxford Hall," and expressive of the un qualified satisfaction which the entertainments afforded, THE LATE FATAL ACCIDENT ON THE _LON DON AND SOUTH- WESTERN RAILWAY: TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. have the pleasure to inform you that the amount of subscriptions raised by myself and others for the benefit of the guard, driver, and stoker of the train that met with the accident at Wimbledon Junction is £l5B 18s. 6d., and that it will be awarded to the men as per enclosed notice. The directors (who have already rewarded the men) have consented to allow the distribution to take place at the Waterloo station at 5 o'clock in the afternoon to-morrow, the 27th inst. I remain, sir, your obedient servant, F. W. JANVRIN. 14a, Austinfriars, E,C., March 26. "London, March 27, 1861. " We, the undersigned, beg to inform the subscribers to the fund raised for the benefit of the engine-driver, guard, and stoker, for great presence of mind displayed by them on the occasion of the accident on the 29th of January last, amounting in all to £l5B 18s. 6d., that it will be distributed as follows :—A silver watch (by Barraud), with a suitable inscription, and of the value of £l4, to each of the men, and the balance in money as follows :—£46 to Elijah Cook, engine-driver ; £46 to Matthew Mathews, the guard ; £24 to John Robinson, the stoker. " The following:is the inscription on the watches :—`This watch, together with sovereigns, was presented to by the passengers travelling en the London and South- Western Railway, for his presence of mind at the time of the accident on the 28th January, 1861.' " FREDERICK W. J.kNYRIN. " JOHN B. HERRING. " JOHN BITRRUP, Jun. " ROBERT FEW." LOSS OF THE SHIP MIDDLESEX. FORTY-FIVE LIVES LOST. A most distressing shipwreck, attended with serious less of life, was made known yesterday at Lloyd's—the abandon ment of the ship Middlesex, 1,423 tons register, a fine Liverpool and New York trader, commanded by Captain Harmer Parmelee, which took place on the 10th inst. in the Atlantic, a few hundred miles off the Irish coast, while on an outward voyage to New York, and which there can be no doubt shortly foundered, with forty-five souls on board. The Middlesex appears to have been an American built ship, owned by Messrs. Edward St. Tunes and Co., of New York, where she was registered as an A 1 ship, built at Connecticut in 1853. She cleared from Liverpool Dock on the 17th of last Feb ruary for New York, her cargo consisting chiefly of coal and crockery, shipped by Messrs. Harris and Co., and con signed to the Manaliathon Gas Company, New York. She sailed on the following day, her crew numbering 31 hands, besides the master, and carrying 20 cabin and steerage pas sengers. It is supposed she took the north passage, and soon after she had cleared the Irish coast she encountered the fearful gales which commenced about the 20th, and con tinued almost without intermission for several weeks when she was abandoned on the 10th inst. in lat 53.0, long. 22.10 W., in a sinking condition ; the water had almost reached the cabins, and it was evident she could not continue afloat many hours longer. The captain seeing that his ship must founder, endeavoured to get the boat out to save the lives of the passengers and crew. The ship was lying almost on her beam ends, with a terrific sea running, and all the boats, excepting one, were smashed or stove in in the efforts to get them over the ship's side into the sea. Out of the 60 people on board only 16 could be taken off in the boat that had been launched uninjured—namely, the captain, four passengers, and 11 of the crew, who soon afterwards lost sight of the ship and those helpless on board, and the im pression is, that she went down almost immediately after wards. The survivors in the boat suffered great privations ; for four days and nights they were exposed to the severest weather and cold, without food or water, until the boat was washed ashore at Great Blasket Island,a few miles to the westward of the entrance to Dingle Bay, on the south-west coast of Ireland. Two of them, however, died before the boat gained the land from exposure and intense cold. It was considered truly marvellous that the boat could have withstood the heavy seas and gales that had prevailed the whole time. Captain Parmelee, on his arrival at Dingle on Saturday last, reported the loss of his ship to the receiver of wreck at that port, who, in accordance with the Shipping Act, pro ceeded to examiae Captain Parmelee on oath. This exa mination was received yesterday at the Board of Trade and at Lloyd's, and contains the following : " Captain Parmelee states that he left Liverpool as mas ter of the ship Middlesex on the 18th of last February, bound to New York, and proceeded, wind , hauled, to the south-west, blowing a strong gale, which continued up to the 7th instant, when a heavy gale came on from the north west, ship rolling and working severely. The gale con , tinued, and on the 10th, ship being in let. 53.0, long 22.10 west, was struck by a heavy sea, which threw her on her beam ends, and shipped her cargo to port. All head sai was set ; every endeavour was made to get the ship before the wind, but she refused to pay off, and, making a great deal of water, she commenced to settle down, not withstanding the pumps were kept goin a , as a last resource. Had the main mizenmast cut away to relieve the ship and get her to pay off, but without effect, and on the 12th, find ing there was no hope of saving, abandoned her in the only efficient boat, along with eleven of the crew and four passengers, leaving the remainder of the crew and passengers on board to share the fate of the ship, all the other boats, five in number, having been stove to pieces after being low ored down. The boat reached the Great Blasket Island on the 16th instant, four days after leaving the ship, and the inhabitants of the island assisted them in landing, two of the boat's orew having died previously. He remained on the island till the 23d instant before he could proceed to Dingle." [The report of the examination does not furnish the names of the people who were saved, and, as will be seen, is exceedingly vague in its particulars.] The Middlesex was valued at £15,000, and the loss, with her cargo. is calculated at £17,000. The amount of insu rance effected on both does not exceed £lO,OOO, and this appears to be executed chiefly at New York and Liverpool. 771 E CHINESE REBELS. In an appeal on behalf of China, the Baptist Missionary Society publishes the following infor mation : " Recent events in China, of an extraordinary nature, summon us to the solemn and prayerful consideration of our duty as Christians to that vast empire of idolatry and superstition. The cessation of the war between the allied forces and the Emperor of China has been signalised by the mutual adoption of a treaty, which, among many secular advantages, opens the whole of the Imperial territories to Christian mis sionaries, on condition that the bearers of passports do not enter a city in possession of the rebels. On the other hand, the so-called rebels have overrun at least six provinces of the empire, containing a probable po pulation of 30,000,000 of sculs. They hold these im mense territories against all the efforts of the Imperial forces, and in every part of them cast down the temples of the gods, break the idols iato pieces, and displace the priests from their sanctuaries. They profess (with many errors) the religion of Christ, call all Christians brethren, and seek friendship with Europeans of every name ; in this last respect reversing the traditional policy of China. For some years the progress of this remarkable revolu tion has been watched with the deepest interest and curio sity. It was known to have originated with an individual, who, in 1847, at Canton, received instruction in the Scriptures from the lips of Christian missionaries. By a series of events, very imperfectly known, a local insurrection has expanded into a revolution, which threatens the extinction of the Tartar dynasty. The author of it claims to have received a commis sion from heaven for this purpose, and everywhere com• mands the destruction of idolatry. Mingled with asser • tions that he has seen Christ, and held immediate commu nion with God, he yet teaches the unity of God the Sonship of Christ, believes in the atoning sacrifice of the Saviour, and affirms the necessity of repentance and faith to salva tion. From intelligence recently received from our esteemed missionary, the Rev. 11. Z. Kloekers, we learn that on the 6th of November last he left Shanghae, accompanied by the Rev. Griffith John, and two Chinese gentlemen. On the Bth they reached Nankin; and for several days enjoyed frequent opportunities of conversation with the several subordinate chiefs of the Celestial King, by which designa tion the founder of the revolution is known. In their in terviews, there was found to exist, combined with much error, an extensive knowledge of the Scriptures. The main doctrines of Christianity were fully received. Sone indivi duals were evidently the subjects of vital religion, spoke of Christ's merits as sufficient to cover all sin, and of His blood as efficacious to wash away all guilt. In Nankin, the missionaries found idolatry entirely over thrown. Not an idol, or an idol temple, could be found. Opium and tobacco-smoking was prohibited, and spirit drinking forbidden. The city was undergoing reconstruc tion and repair; and there were signs, in reviving trade, and in the aspect of the people, of a settled civil government having displaced mere military command. Eighteen places for Christian worship had, moreover, been opened. On the day of their departure, November 25th, the missionaries received an " Edict of Toleration," giving free access to Nankin, and to all the territories of the Revolu tion, to missionaries of the Christian faith. It promises them every assistance, safe passage and residence in any town or part of the country, with entire freedom to preach the Gospel. Now, then, is China everywhere open to the missionary. Pekin and Nankin, the two capitals of China, may become the scenes of missionary toil. The Imperial ists seer our efforts to evangelise the land ; the Itevolu tionists invite them. Is it not our duty to embrace to the utmost this wonderful opening, and to enter boldly into the door which Providence unfolds before us ? BRIBERY AND CORRUPTION.—At an eleefox d nner, a voter said he had never received a bribe to the extent of a farthing. " Oh, Mr. Smith, how can you say so," observed another voter, " when I know Mr. W. sent you a hare?" "Ay, that's true enough; but it was full of maggots." " Well, then," was the rejoinder, "if it were not bribery, it was corruption." TBE GARIBALDI FETE AT 11 7 APLEkF. A letter from Naples, dated March 20, says : The Garibaldi fete is now over, and never had man a more glorious ovation, and never did man better deserve it than Garibaldi. Preparations for it have longbeen making, and during the past week considerable apprehension has existed of some dis turbances, not only amongst the old women of the city but even amongst Government officials. There have been deliberations in high quarters, and peo ple have been employed to use their influence and counsel, and the walls have been placarded with several addresses from the syndic and moderate men amongst the Garibaldini, calling on all good citizens to celebrate the name day of the glorious hero, but to respect order and to put down all who were disposed to create confusion. Indeed public opinion was so strongly pronounced that it was evident that the day would pass off quietly ; and the reactioaists and Muratists, who, I am inclined to think, would have been glad of an opportunity to create disturbances, saw that any attempt would be useless, and remained quiet. I cannot, however, sufficiently praise the Government, who took the wind out of the sails of the ill-intentioned by taking the initiative and making the fete their own. It was a bright and warm morning, and on arriving in the Largo del Palazzo I found it full of the National Guards, who, as far as dress and appear ance are considered, are a remarkably fine body of men. The mounted National Guard attracted espe cial attention by tha splendour of their uniforms and their excellent horses. Amidst them were bodies of workmen ranged according to their several trades, and carrying their respective banners. Thus I observed, from the inscriptions on the flags, that there were represented on the ground, the " Car vers and Gilders," the " Carpenters," the " Tur ners," the "Tanners," and the "Engravers," all sober and well-conducted men who were being ad monished here and there by their leaders to main tain order. There was a vast crowd between the Largo and the theatre, and it cost some trouble to penetrate it and get to the door of San Carlo, where it appeared almost an impossibility to enter; but a great deal of pushing and a few magic words whispered in the ear of a carabineer, which were passed on to the officer in command, soon procured me an entrance, though without any ticket. It was ten o'clock in the morning, and the interior of this magnificent building was resplendent with light. The pit was crammed, the boxes, with a few excep tions, were full, and the stage was crowded with the committee of management and their friends. Just in front of it was the banner of the workmen, at the head of whose association is Garibaldi, and a very beautiful work it is, made of the finest satin. At the summit was a star, and underneath a mural crown. In the centre appeared the cross of Savoy, and underneath a regal crown ; whilst above and below were the inscriptions, " Progresso Incorag giamento ; Viva I'ltalia u na e d i n di v isibile." Pro fessor Zuppetta had already spoken a word of exhortation to the workmen, reminding them of the objects of the association, and the necessity of progress, and urging them to maintain order. Then there was a lull, which was only broken by cries of " Viva Garibaldi !" given with a heartiness and enthusiasm which I have never heard exceeded, and which no other name has awakened to the same extent. " Viva Vittorio Emanuele !" was also an occasional cry; and " Viva l'unita Italiana !" was responded to as it were with one voice ; but the hero of the day who reigned in every heart was Garibaldi. So has it been at all times, and from the time of his entrance down to the present moment Giuseppe Garibaldi has been and has deserved to be the object almost of the adoration of the Neapolitans. Towards the end of the meeting Zuppetta again made a speech full of allusions to Rome and Venice, which was received with a storm of applause, and then the vast crowd began to disperse. In the royal box was Nigra, accompanied by Liborio Romano and Dr. Filippis, who was deputed by the workmen to go to the palace and invite the attendance of the Secre tary General. On the appearance of the banner, sacred to Garibaldi as the president of the Associa tion of Workmen, the air was rent with cries of " Viva Garibaldi !" It was borne by workmen, and others of the same class followed with their trade flags, being flanked on each side by the national guard, a mark of honour and a guarantee for order. The crowd was so dense that we moved on en masse and yet there was no pushing, no disorder. Nothing could be better than the conduct of all present. The spot towards which we now moved was the church of San Francesco Paolo, and as we went alont , the people shouted till they were hoarse the favourite cry. A little anxiety was felt about getting the " sacred banner" in, but by lowering it, and a little wheedling and coaxing, the difficulty was got over. This beautiful and spacious church was built e.c veto by the grandfather of Francis IL, and we might almost have expected to see him awakened from the dead by such a scene. The building was full of persons of all classes, and not an incident occurred which might have been regretted. The benediction was given to the banner and the flags of the various societies, and then the vast m u ltit u d e left the church with the same order as it had en. terei. In the evening the city was generally illu minated, but unfortunately a heavy rain set in after midday, which rather damped the happiness of the population. During the whole of the day I did not hear one cry which was contrary to the terms of the plebiscite. I did not mark one single incident inconsistent with the strictest order. I saw not one drunk or disorderly person ; and I come to the conclusion that, though they may not be able to govern themselves, the Neapolitans may be easily I governed. - I cannot conclude my remarks on the festivities in honour of Garibaldi without marking, too, the elevation and consolidation of the working classes. It is one of the most hopeful signs of our social state, and the time is fast approaching when the people, instead of consisting of an ignorant aristo cracy and a degraded basse classe, will number amongst them a large proportion of thoughtful, well-instructed men. SIAM. A series of reports received from our consuls an the trade of foreign countries has been issued by the Board of Trade, with a promise that they shall in future be published more speedily; this may easily be, for the present series relates to the year 1858. The longest report is from Sir R. Schomburg, British Consul at Siam. He states that a rapid development of the commercial resources of Siam has taken 'place s i nce our t reaty, negotiated in 1855, came into operation ; but the Siamese Go vernment do not as yet appreciate the great advan tages of a free commerce, and fear it may be favour able to foreigners and disadvantageous to them selves. Their prin c ip a l ex p or t is of rice to China, and next to it sugar, of which ten times the pre sent quantity might be produced if there were ma cient labour to be had ; but the extraction of the juice of the cane and its manufacture into sugar are carried on without any of the modern improve ments for acquiring the largest possible quantity from the cane and a superior quality of sugar. The alluvial districts might produce as fine cotton as the United States; but there is a scarcity of labourers, and it is bulky for transport in canoes down the river, Her Majesty's Government included ameug the presents forwarded to the Sovereigns of Siam a hydraulic press to compress cotton into bales. Coffee grows luxuriantly, and is of a superior description; it might be cultivated to an unlimited extent. A number of woods, the produce of the forests of Siam, may become of importance. The teak wood is considered the strongest and most durable timber of I n di a , or perhaps of the world, only the greeuheart of Guiana vying with it ; but it had become scarce, and the supply had almost ceased. The takieng might perhaps rival it in size and quality, if examined more closely. Sir R. Schomburg saw, at the building sheds of the first king, a log of this wood, which was being prepared for the construction of a war-canoe, measuring 135 feet, and perfectly sound and without a flaw. It possesses the property of being easily bent by arti ficial means. There are many ornamental woods, the colour and suitableness to receive a high polish of which would render then valuable articles of export. A beautiful dye of a brilliant colour is pre pared from the heart of the jack tree, which might also become of importance. Sir It. Schomburg had seen silk cloth manufactured in Siam of a green colour, with much more lustre than sap green; this green dye, he was told, was extracted from a vegetable substance procured i n th e forests of the interior. There is said to be a varnish obtained by incision from a tree, probably the theet, on which neither the sun nor the rain has influence, and hence it is employed for securing the gilding of idols; it might be advantageously employed for gilded monuments anc ornaments which are exposed to the influence of th e atmosphere. The balsamic resins of Siam also d eserve attention. The betel nut is extensively culti vate d , to be used as a stimulant; and so is hemp, f or t h e sake of its intoxicating and narcotic qualities, it being used in the preparation of " guncha," which has the same effects as opium ; but a considerable quantity o f op i um o f i n f er i or quality is produced in the tributary provinces of Siam, on the Chi na b or d er. E lephants abound in theinterior of Siam. The hides are sent to China, where, havin g un d ergone a process similar to that of obtaining gelatine, they are considered a delicacy. The ho rns of the rhinoceros are said to possess medi cinal virtues. Th e Chi nese lik ew i se attach fanciful v irtues, medicinal and invigorating, to the bones e tigers and crocodiles, and the hairy-covered young horns of the deer. LOCOMOTIVES ON COMMON ROADS. I t e" t e s t o e rd na ay ii e t x h t e e n fi s ris v t e publi cscale te capabilities o f calculated toloco . he th n e roadsmotive f engines a e metropolis, t o o heavy l a loads v er over t amp may be imagined, crowds. stead, Euston, an c d ons N id e e w r - a r b o l a e ds,and d, as bane, the Marquis of Donegan, and severe on the train at its starting the M arqu i s o f l sßerieenadtiafile visitors. As the bill known a s th e "L oco motive Bill," introduced into tha House o f Commons Mr. Garnett, Mr. Headl a m, and M r . B:ziey, for regulating ol t l h s e to as' b e e o le f v l i o e c d o o m n o c ti a v r e r s ia o g n es c a o n m d m w on ag r gln d s s ; re sult r of l i tli enterprisingimenarlyit should be tri p will be stated o f interest. thatthe 0e . Preliminarily, ca. sion onwhich the new mode of t rac ti on was brov: -. 4n t into play was in connection with the rerloyal of that immense mound of earth knowr: as the N e w ; River Resevoir, well known ass :tuated clos e to the junction of the Tottenham. court and Hampstead roads, and which was one of the earliest aqueducts, if it may be so said, formed by the New River Company for the supply of water to the north-west of London. Being now altogether superseded by their new system of water supply, the New River Company have determined on its removal, in order that the area it occupies' of betwcen th ree an d f ou r acres, may be let out on building leases, and for the formation of a new street in the neighbourhood. The great difficulty, however, presented itself, how' to effect the clearance of so vast a mass of earth, amounting to some 170,000 cubic yards by means of the usual machinery of contractor's carts, the earth it is said, curiously enough, consisting in a very large proportion of the immense mass of rubbish, bricks, and debris removed out here after the great fire of London, a circumstance seemingly confirmed by the blue strata, of fire clay, the coins, and other articles that turn up in it in the way of treasure trove. The Euston Baths and Washhouses at the top of Drummond•street, and - which were supplied from this reservoir, having proved a failure have been pulled down, and the old well 400 feet deep, which supplied the reservoir by engine power, will be filled in. The appearance of the reservoir, from which all the water has been let out, suggests from its circularity and extent reminiscences of the ruins of an old Roman amphitheatre In order to effect the removal of the immense mass of earth, the contractor for the New River Company, Mr. Reddish, of Bankside, determined on trying the transporting powers of the steam loco motive, and so have it waggonea away in about two or three months to form embankments and other works in connexion with the Metropolitan and North London Railway,:and as ballast for the roads on the estates of the Marquis of Camden, the New River Company, and elsewhere, the experiment yes terday being undertaken by a company called the English and Continental Traction Engine Company, the train being under the management of Messrs. Longstaff and Pullen, the inventors, and of Mr. Cresswell, C.E., the manufacturer, who at half-past three o'clock got up the steam of one of their loco motives in the Hampstead-road, and then had hitched on to it two large waggons, each containing 10 tons of the debris, and which the locomotive, at first starting, and notwithstanding it had to describe a sharp curve, in order to make good its way on to the road, drew behind it with the ease of an ele phant. The load, at a moderate calculation of $ ton per load per horse, would have required some 20 cart-horses. The engine was then steered at only a walking pace up to the junction of the Hamp stead and Tottenham-court roads, owing to the accumulation of traffic at those points, which had to be regulated by police who accompanied the excur sionists, but after rounding the corner that leads into the New-road, just opposite the establishment of Moses and Son, the engine having left the Mac adam and got on to the block -stone road, with a clear way, rattled over it at the rate of five or six miles an hour with its load. After passing St. Pan cras church the train, on arriving at Judd-street, had to turn up there in consequence of the re mainder of the New-road being closed nearly up to King's-cross by the works of the Metropolitan Un derground Railway, and at this point of the pas sage the train, some 40 feet long, had to encounter considerable difficulty, and which required all the skill of Mr. Cresswell, the conductor, to steer it, ie the form of four sharp curves in succession—the first out of the New-road a few yards up Judd-street; the second, out of Judd -street into Claremont-place, then down another narrow street, and again into the New-road, which, after frequent pauses, how ever, and with the general public traffic of the road diverted into the same track, it effected, together with the next stage to the Great Northern Railway at King's-cross, where a large crowd collected to look on. Here there was another pause, to adjust the working gear and get up the steam, for the severe test of ascending the well-known Penton ville-hill, which runs from this point nearly to the Angel, at Islington —a good mile run, and at n gradient in some parts of from 1 in 70 to 1 in 100--- one of the longest and steepest hills in the neigh boarhood of London. It was about a few minutes to four when the train commenced scaling the hill, and the scene on the road was remarkably animated and amusing. popular pasquinading being every now and then indulged in at the expense of the spasmodic speed of the poor engine, which was designated by some of the jarvies as an old "fibber," accompanied hi an offer of the loan of an omnibus horse to pull up the hill, interrogating the engine driver to go "like us," characterising the "hull consarn" as a per fect cure," with ejaculations of " Holloa, boys, here's another guy, Make way for the Colossus of roads." Pentenville-hill, it should be mentioned, is paved with blocks of granite stone, bit it has siding of softer Macadam, and this was selected for the locomotive all along the route, the flat flanges of the engines and waggons being found to have no grip or hold upon the former, and it was with diffi culty the engine held on to the latter without the road being strewn with the rubble in the waggons to enable the wheels to work on. Arrived at the chapel on Pentanville-hill, half wavy up, and the steepest part of the ascent, the train came to a deal stop, and in spite of putting on tlie strongest steam power, it was found impossibl e to proceed without detaching one of the waggr.,ns, and thus diminish ing the load one-half. The train then proceeded at a smart pace for a sliort distance until it reached the Crown Taverii, where just as it was about " topping" the till, a loud crack like the sound of rifle crack WraS heard, and on investigation, it was found that the cog-wheel, or traction-wheel of the locomotive had broken short off in a portion of the periphery, and the whole affair came to a stand still. It is, perhaps, only fair to state that e similar load had been carried on a previous oe• casion to the top of the hill, and for the remainder of the distance to the North Londoa Railway by the New Cattle-market without any such mishap, and no doubt the accident of yesterday is attribut able to the excessive strain to which the driving wheel and machinery were subjected in overcoming the steepness and inequality of the road. METROPOLITAN FREE HOSPITAL, DRVONiIIIR" SQUARE, BISHOPSOATE, N.E.—A sermon in aid of the funds of this truly valuable institution was preached in the church of St. Andrew Undershaft, St. Mary Axe, on Sun. day morning the 24th inst., by the Rev. F. G. Blomfield, M.A. The rev. gentleman took for his text the 40th verse of the 4th chapter of St. Luke's Gospel and delivered a most eloquent discourse ; in the course of which he took occasion to remark upon the great usefulness of the charity, which, although entirely without endowment, offered relief and assistance to every sick and needy person who applied for it. The number of daily attendances last year was 77,83 2 • The rev. gentleman bore testimony to the great benefits the poor of his own and the surrounding parishes derived fro n it, and concluded a forcible appeal by calling upon lu g hearers to give freely of their gold and silver; adding . ? "Freely ye have received, freely give." An exhortation which was most liberally respouded to, the collection amount' ing to £42 10s. 3d. GOOD COMPANY AND DIGESTION. All those manifold efforts and stratagems by which food is fir st secured, then prepared by the elaborate ingenuity o f cooks , then digested by the elaborate machinery of the digestiv e apparatus, and then conveyed to various organs by the won" dtous machinery of the circulation, are set going t o bring a little liquid into contact with the delicate membrane of cell, visible only under the magnifying powers of the micro' scope. Every organ of the body is composed of milli° ll9 upon millions of these cells, every one of which lives it i° separate life, and must be separately fed. To feed it, thou' sands of men di;; and plough, sow and reap, hunt and fish? rear cattle and slaughter them ; thousands act as we agents and carriers •f the food ; thousands as cooks; an d each has to satisfy the clamorous demands of his Ow n hungry cells. The simpler plants floating in water, or the simple parasites living in the liquids of other animals, feed without this bother and this preparation. The higher organisms have to devote their energies to secure and to prepare their food, because their simple cells cannot secure it, and must have it. In man, self-indulgence and indo lence often weaken the digestive machinery, which has therefore to be stimulated into activity by condiments, 1 1 flavours, and by mental exhilaration ; his meal becomes banquet. The stimulus of festal excitement, the laugh an d conversation of a joyous dinner, spur the lazy organs et digestion, and enable mon to master food which, if eaten in solitude, silence, or sorrow, would lie a heavy lump on the stomach. Eating seems a simple process, until long 01- perience has taught us its complexity. Food seems a very simple thing, till science reveals its metamphol• oses,--- 41 the Year Round. 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