The Sun. — London, England, 1856-10-06 00:00:00

; -- • ' , , //2 -44 , ,16, 1 4 ;C: . -4. • ~a X l5 r • , 11..4 0 4I F - c 4'4 •# t , 0 104' 1 , /4,4 41, 1) p C'7l - 4 -•va ' cfs, - 7 • • _. . . -\ ; 1 , 4 ' „"0„...4„ '4 ':-:, / `NJ - ~.., . C 4 LONDON, Mars, DAY EVENING, OCTOBER 6, 1856. ,N C. 20,061.) 'PRINCE'S CLUB.—RACQUET and TENNIS P.. COURTS, Hans.place. Belgrave-square.- The Racquet Corer s of this Cieb are NO'v OPEN, comprising' thrre close and two Ope l . courts. Gentlemen desirous of hecomin:z members are requested to forward their names to till secreary, at the club.. By order. R. CLE NEE s, TS, Sccret,rv. ,CIUILDFIALL, 29th September, 185 G.—The 76 N...)1 Committee tor Letting the City's Lands will meet at Guildh:' , a on WEDNESDAY, the Sth day of October nex. , , at One o'clock p re • IV eisrly, to receive Proposals for a L ease o f a Ponce. No. 27, Banner -0 street, and several Houses, Nos. 1 t o 9 , i n York-place, Barrier-‘trect, Finsbury. Also to mprive Proposals f,,r a Yearly Tenancy of a i- House, N.. 3, Giltspur•street. EL Plans of the property rimy he seen, and forms of tender obtained, 3- upon application at the Architect's Office. Guildhall. al. FERDINAND BRAND, Comptroller. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY.—. EXCURSIONS to the SEA SIDE, commencing July 30, DO ending 15th October.—Ti c k ets, available by any train for 28 days, i are issue i to Isle of M an, B angor, Llandudno, and Carnarvon, %la , Great. Western and Shrewsbury Railways, to Birkenhead and Liver. r. pool, thence by any of the steamers leaving Liverpool for the Isle of Nan, or to Bangor, Beaumaris, Llandudno, and Carnarvon, by the 53 Irince of Wales ste amer , every T uesday, Thursday, and Saturday. . ; FARES MERE AND BACK. let Class and 2cl Class and ab Be From London to Isle of Man £3B est 0 C 0 .. in. 42st 5 C ab o in. Oxford to ditto .... .. • scl London to Bangor, Beaum ar i s , Llan -011 • dndno, and Carnarvon . ...... 310 0 .. 210 0 OA Oxford to ditto ditto ditt o .... -. 210 0 .. 1 15 0 . Passengers must return from the Isle of Man by the same Corn at rany's boat that they proceed there by ; also from C7arnstrvon, Llan , dudno to Beaumaris, and Bangor, by steamers, on Mend's', Wechr s • day, and Friday. They may on their return stop at Llangollen, but 0 1 1 , must complete their joarney within 23 days f rom th e d ate of ticket. i These tickets are available by any Train, bat are not transferable. 00 er G REAT WESTERN RAILWAY . TOURISTS' TICKETS , , d South • , rs' Wales Railways) available for (Gre Three at We eks Western from Hereford the day an of issue. • ii. These Tickets will be issued until the 15th October, at Paddington, jd Oxford, or Leamington, over the Croat Western Lines. via (Slouces- • ;e,. ter, to Ro s s an d H ereford, end over the South Wales Line, to Milford (1 Oa Haven and back, with th e lib erty to stop at Ross, Hereford, Chep. r As stow, _breath, and Carmarth en . Farms. 3 • Ist Class. 2d Class, From Landon and ba c k.. . ... £3 10 .• .• £ 2 10 h 44 Leamington and do- ........ 215 .. • • 20 •• )0, Oxford and d 0......... • • .... 210 .. • • 115 a Tourists' Tickets are available by any train, but ar e not trans- ei 18, ferable, and they d o not entitle* the holder to tr ave l twice in the ri- IV same direction over any port i on of the lines of railway. it les lip GREAT WESTERN an d SHREWSBURY RAILWAYS. nt NORTH WALES TOURIST TICKETS available for Three Weeks 1 Lis from the day o f i ssue. 1111 . These tickets will be Jutted until the 15th October, at Paddington, j° Oxford, Birmingham, and Wolverhampton, to Chester and back, to with permission for the passengers to stop at Shrewsbury either going be ' th , or returning, to proceed either tom Llangollen-road to Cornwen, or from Oswestry to Welshpool by coach, the London passengers hay- im Ing the option of calling at Leamington and Warwick. and returning d hA to London either via Shrewsbury. Hereford, Ross, and Gloucester, or b u - - 1 VIA ShrevrabUry, Birmingham, and Oxford. r _ pet ~,...„.„ 4. ,,,..._—, .....„ -,- . - r ue , - .- -- - - ---------- tit Class and 2d Class and l a; Inside Coach. Outside Coach. at 0 Prom London and back.... ..... • • . 0 From O x f or d and back.......• • • .. £ 23 10s. 10s. . 4. • .- £ 2 las. the. • • 6 From Bi rm i ngham and back ......2 Os. . 1 . • 1 1 15s 0 . I Fr om Wolverhampton an d back .. 1 15s. .. • . s. 1 7s. 9 These tickets are available by any train, but are not transferable, 3 and they do not entitle the Iso'der to travel twice in the same direc -0 Hon over any portion of the lines of railway. 3 Passengrs can proceed into the Interior of Wales by coach from ( 0 Corwen oreWelshnol, by arrangement with the coach proprietors Sou 0 froth those places. 3 rat 3 THE TIMES FIRE ASSURANCE Ilk 6 . COMPANY. t / 0 At an Extraordinary General Meeting of the Proprietors of the ,Tr 3 above Company held at the Head Office, 32, Ludgate•hill, London, on : 6 . the Ist October inst., the following Resolution was unanimously ;,erf he 0 . 1 1111141t1 3 lecf 6 "Resolved —That inasmuch as the number of shareholders re- Thi! gulred by the 13th clause of the deed of settlement of this company, $ in order to constitute an extraordinary general meeting of Flare- oper 9 holders, is now present; and inasmuch as the proper notices of this tutu 6 Meeting, to increase the capital, have been issued to the shareholders rend and inserted in the public journals ; and, inasmuch as eof L in the capital of this company is deemed expedient and necessary, the - same be, and is hereby, increased accordingly, from the sum of q 1 1 00,0001. to the sum of 250,0001.; and further, th a t th e new capital be offered to th e present shareholders at the rate of one share for with . every one sha re now held by each such shareholder, all calls hitherto 1840 made having b een paid, but that each shareholder' shall signify his a n d ' Intention o f ta ki ng each new shares within one month from the date T I 1 of the notice o ff er i ng such new shares." 34 Oct. 2, 1866. Ml IL B. SHERIDAN, Manager. most -------------------- ....... , Lord. STRI A i A.D. 1720. , ROYAL EXCHANGE ASSURANCE Re C (Established by Charter CORPORATION, of his Majesty George the First), • For SEA, FIRE, LIFE, and ANNUITIES. OFF/CES—ROYAL EXCHANGE, LONDON. N BRANCH OFFICE -29, PALL-MALL. 1856, Octavins Wigram, Esq., Governor. Bedd G eorge Pearkes B arc l ay, Esq., Sub-Governor. 1 Sir John William Lubbock, Ba r t., Deput y -Governor. part , 1 count DIBECTOI4II. I Menry Bainbridge, Esq. Hon. John T. Leslie Melville. street 1 • Edmond S. P. Calvert, Esq, Henry Nelson, Esq, man, 1 John Garrett Cattley, Esq. Edward Howley Palmer, Esq. and si Edward Maxwell Daniel, Esq. Sir John Henry Pelly, Bart. being William Davidson, Esq. Alexander P. Prevost, Esq. of the Alexander Bruce. Esq. Abraham George Robarts, Esq , INTL; Riversdale Wm. Grenfell, Esq. Charles Robinson, Esq. Robert Amadeus Heath, Esq. William Soltau, Esq. Releal William Tetlow Hibbert, Esq. Thomas Tooke, Esq. Carey; James Stewart Hodgson, Re q . William Wallace, Esq. his MI Lancelot Holland, Esq. Charles Baring Young, Esq. Beddii D. coUtrles John Manning, Esq. those MEnicAL R zreara---Samnel Sony, Esq., r•E•g• the sa th 1741TIc3.—The Usual fifteen days allowed for payment of Fire Pre. 4 La aniarns falling d ue at Michaelmas will expire on the 14th October. thereo FIRE and LI FE ASSURANCES may be effected with this Cor- Parish 6i Poratinn oe advantageous terms. Or In the Lif e Department, assurances are granted with participation singuil in profits, o ' , at lower Premiums, without such participation. Tenern i f, ' The following t a b le shows the large BONUSES declared up t the of Sur] „ f O, 31st Decemb er, 1855, on British Participating Policies of fourgeen , eu, by ~.. years' standin g , f or the BUM of 1,000/. each.which , person A ge Addition Farther Per Cent. Per C toent. in ' an pots when made m Addition Total 3er annum , on the Assured. 1848 . in Addition on th e sum Premium 4 w i t h al 00 ' it 1855. Assured. paid. Appurl ...........,............. ........-........,_ ---....- —............ --•---..-........ of their at £ A A Sum an 112 214 1'53 59'3 .o, time tc VS . 106 140 115 221 I'6B 54 . 3 . 113 45 121 12 121 234 1'67 50 . 5 " Rit e ! 3 55 249 1.78 46•2 PurPoN 50 149 3 154 5 140 2 7 5 1'96 43'0 B enefit , 1 303 lO • 2-16 39'9 lowell 60 166 174 340 , 2. 43 37'2 the se , .-- - ii thereby ravahla TTr‘5.....14 4 3 . Equivalent reductions have been ma d e i n th e Premium. ~ Equivalent reductions have 'seen made in the Premiums payable by those persons who preferred that form of Bonus. The future division of Profit will take place every Five years. Any sum not exceeding 15,0001. may be insured on one life. This Corporation affords to the Assured Liberal Participation in Profits—with exemption from the Liabilities of partnership. A rate of Bonus equal to the average returns of Mutual Socie tiw—with the guarantee of a large inv( sted Capital Stock. The advantages of modern*practice —with the security of an Office whose resources have been tested by the experience of nearly a Century and a-half. JOHN A. lIIGHAM, Actuary and Secretary. ARGYLL ROOMS.-LAURFNrS CASINO, Great Windmill-street, Haymarket.—The above elegan Dooms are now open every evening for the winter season, with Laurent's celebrated Orchestra. Principal Cornet-a-piston, M. Boulconrt. The Proprietor begs to inform the pablic that th s fashionable place of resort has been entirely redecorated during the recess. Doors open at half-past eight, commence at nine. Admis sion One Shilling. DR. KAHN'S ANATOMICAL MUSEUM, "1 4, Cove n t ry - street, Leicester-Nuare.—Open (for Gentlemen 3.) front to till 1 0, containing upwards o:Thne thousand models and preparations, illust:ating every par of the human frm in health and disease, the race of men, &c. t Lectures delivered at e 12, 2, and half-past 7, by Dr. G. SEXTON, ; and a new and highly-interesting series of Lectures is now in t-ourse of delivery by Dr. TWIN, at 4 p.m. precisely. Admission, One GORDON CUMMING, the LION HUNTER, will be AT HOME in his Ercampment, surrounded by the spoils and trophies of his achievements, and aive his rew and popular lENTERTAINMENT, illustrative of his ADVENTURES in the Far interior of SOUTH AFRICA, Pictorially and Musically illustrated, every evening throughout the wee k , at 8 o ' clock. Piano by Mr. Buries Wilson. Admission, Is. and 25.; stalls, 35.-232, Piccadilly. CANTERBURY HALL, Westminster-road. —OPEN EVERY EVENING.—The celebrated HIINOA RIAN BAND, under the direction of Herr Katoznr, will perk,: ai eIeTY Evening at 9 and I I o'clock, in ad , " lon to the usual Vocal Entertainment. The following company of talented Vocalists are VrnlaPentlY rngaged for the performance ot Selections from all the _oPular o i n Peru, Madrigals Choruses Diets, Ste., viz. :—Mrs• J. uati eld, xvi .ss Brunel, Mis;Sommers, ' and liilss Pearse ; Sam Cowell, Mr. J. Caulneld, Herr F. Jonghmans S. Jones, T. Farrant, W. Mell l 'lß, Barker. Russell Grover. and P. Corte; Masters E. Con nell, Austin, and Bennett , anti Mr. T. Mackney. Pianoforte, Mr. J. Harroway, B.A. , harmonium, J. Caulfield, jun. ; director, Mr. J. Caulfield. Commence twelve o'cloct, at seven o ' c l ock precisely. Suppers, &c., mkf NEW GOVERNMOFFICES, ic ENT Commissioners of Her Majesty's w orks and Public Build ftws g:ve notice that they are prepared to receive DESIGNS from Architects of all countrie-= for a scheme for the CON CENTR Al lON of the PRINCIPAL GOVERNMENT OFF'CES on a Site 1 9illg between Whitehall and the New Palace at Westminster ; and also Designs for two ituildings which her Majesty s Government have detelnined to erect forthwith. as pat:, o f such general scheme— one for the Department of the Secretaf y of Sta,e for Foreign Affa re, the other tor the Secretary of State for War. Plans of the ground, together with a statement of the Frew', ins tad other particulars, will be forwarded to Architects tion by lett er addressed to me, at this office. off applim" L .............._ .001ce of Works, fcc , Whitehall ßED AUSTIN S ecretaty. Sept.Se 20, 1856. , LAAPPETITE AND DIGESTION IMPROVED. and PER RINS' WORCESTERSHIRE SAUCE imparts the most exquisite relish to Steaks, Chops, and all Roast Meat Gravies, Fish, Game, Sou and by its to n i c and invigora P. curries, and Sala° , perfectly digest th e food, ting properties enables th e stomach to guard The to hea dailYlth u seof this aromatic and deliciotus Sauce is the best safe- Sold . by the Proprietors, Lea and Perrin', 19, Fenchurch-street, London, and 68, Broad-street, Worcester; also by Messrs. Barclay and Sons, Messrs, Crosse and Blackwell, and other oilmen and mere P . "lcitial dealers in satice. d against imitatioxs, see that the names of "LEA chants, London ; and generally by th e ..,_ N.B.—To guar and patent cap of the bottle and PERRINS" are upon the label A NEW AND IMPORTANT DISCOVERy LN Tu OF MEDICINE. E SCIENCE Patent Offfce Seal of Great Britain. Diplorne d'Ecole de Ph - Pharmacien de Paris. Imperial College of Medicine, Viean'tstnitacie and 3, prepared in the form ot a lozen TRIESESfAR No. 1,2, devoid of taste or smell, and can be carried in the waistcoat pocket. Pohl in tin cases, dvided ito separate (low, as administered by 141 Peau, Lallemandi, Roux, n Rlcord, &c., &c. sr' No. 1 is a Remedy for RE. LA XIT/ON, SPERMATORRIRE A, and all th e eo di stressing n s P euence s pr i s i ng from early abuse, indiscriminate excesses, or too long resi dence in hot climat es . It has restored bodily and sexual tr ongth and vigour to thousands of ,lebilitated individuals who are now in whatever the enjoyment of h ealth and the Funct i ons o f Manhood; and = may be the cause for DISQUALIFICATIONS for MAR. AGE, they are effectually subdued by this Wonderful Discovery. R eff ectually, in the short Racep of M three days. completely and entirely eradicates all traces of Gonorrhoea, boat in its mild and aggravated forms, Gleets Strictures, Irritation of the Bladder, Non-retention of Urine, Pains of the Loins and Kidne.7s, and those disorders which Copaivi and Cubebs have so long been thought an antidote for, to the tutn of tbe health of a vast portion of the population. TRIE.:EMAR No. llf., tlathe& great Continental R emedy for Synhilis and Secondary Symp- It also constitutes a certain cure for S'; irvy, Scrobtla and all Cutaneous Eruptions, removing and expelling in its course all cot rue the and impurities from tbe vita' stream, as a'together to eradicate the virus of disease, and expeil it with the insensible perspiration th"ough the medium o: the pores of the skin and urine, and is a never -failing rear ly for that class of disorders which unfortunately the English Physician treats with Mercury, to he inevitable destruc tion of the patient's constitution, and which all the arsaparilla in the world cannot restore. Price I is., or tour cat:39 in one for 339., which saves I Is., and In rd• cases, whereby there is a saving of IL 12s. To be had wholesale and retail in Landon, of Johnsen, GB, Cornhill; Hannay and Co., 63, Ox ford-st:eet ; San ger, 1 50, Oxford - street ; R. pi. Ingham, druggist, 43 , Market-street, Manchester; H. Bradbury, bots e n er Deansgate, Bolton ; priestly, chemist, 51, Lord•atreet, Liver - Pool ; Pow_ell, bookseller 15, Westmoreland -street, Dublin ; hooktieJler, BkMinglutm. of the commercial mind, ob e.ving, meditating, and prov ing, during a long series of successive generations. Jurists and lawyers have no doubt rendered valuable services, by systematising the usages of commerce, and acting as the intelligent organs of mercantile opinion. But it is easy to over-estimate these services. The successors of Lord Mans field—the founder of commercial jurisprudence in England —distinguished as they have been for their talents and learning, instead of improving the mercantile law, have perverted and injured it, by introducing technical subtle ties and metaphysical distinctions profoundly foreign to its true character and object—a deplorable result, indeed, but one which inevitably followed from a system which sepa rated the administration from thejudgrnent of commercial affairs, and confides the latter to lawyers technically con struing rules of law framed by themselves. If this state ment appears to be in contradiction with what I have ad vanced before, this seeming variance will at once disappear whin we consider that the existing mercantile law of Great Britain and Ireland consists of two elements perfectly dis tinct in their origin and very different in their nature. These are, Ist, the ienuiue and commercial element ; 2d, the spurious legal element added to this. Any one who compares the laws of bills and promissory notes, so admir able in its general conception, with the law of fixtures as regards ostensible ownership in cases of bankruptcy, will at once perceive the reality of this distinction, and appreciate its important bearing. The practical conclusion I would draw from it is this—that as the source of the existing vices of our mercantile law lies in the subjection of the commercial mind to the legal mind, so the remedy consists in shaking off the subjection. In a word, that which the commercial mind has made, it alone can regenerate. Having already occupied so much of your time, I will only very briefly allude to some difficulties alleged to stand in the Way of the immediate establishment of tribunals of com merce in this country. The most important of these, I think, is this, that the absence of a systematised code in England renders the creation of tribunals of commerce im possible until such a code be framed. This idea, though it receives the support of distinguished names, is, I believe, completely founded in error. My answers to the objection above stated are shortly these :—First, that the English commercial law has sufficient fixity and unity in essential particulars to enable tribunals of commerce to work effi ciently. Secondly, that tke systematic study of the written law of commerce has been rendered sufficiently accessible for merchants by means of the excellent manuals which we already possess. Thirdly, that the legal doubts which are alleged as difficulties in the way of the administration of the commercial law by commercial tribunals, furnish in truth the most conclusive reason for establishing such courts, since these doubts and difficulties spring not from the nature of mercantile transactions at all, but from those habits of legal subtlety, to discard which would be the first and most beneficial effect of applying the com mercial mind to commercial affairs. It is true that sub stantial justice is often a refined justice, but there is a wide difference between those abstractions and distinctions to which legal metaphysics give birth, and the broad and simple principles of equity, by which a clear-sighted and comprehensive mind grasps and marshals the most com plicated facts. Fourthly, I say that the French " Code de Commerce," however admirable and useful it may have been in some respects at the period of its composition, is far from satisfying the commercial exigencies of the pre- Cent day, and is moreover now loaded with judicial deci sions and legal commentaries. Fifthly, that no commercial code can be efficiently or usefully constructed unless it be preceded by a practical uniformity of opinion and usage throughout the mercantile world in essentials. Sixthly, that a code for merchants must be not only interpreted, but made, by merchant& Seventhly, that the real remedy for the existing evil consists in creating, or more truly in de veloping, a vigorous and sound public opinion in the com mercial world, as constituting the indispensable basis of all progress in our times, and that this would be accom plished by the creation of tribunals of commerce, as organs of the commercial world represented in them by its most devoted and intelligent members. Eighthly, and lastly, I maintain that the composition of a commercial code, in the first instance, is not necessary for the effi cient working of tribunals of commerce ; while on the other hand the creation, of such tribunals would greatly tend to introduce unity both into the theory and the prac• ties of commerce, and would facilitate the ultimate adop tion of a uniform system of commercial law, based on in telligible and universal principles, capable of embracing all the relations of commerce, whether national or Inter national. In conclusion I trust we are all convinced that the principle we advocate is true, and that the movement for its realisation in Great Britain and Ireland is oppor tune. I have already stated my conviction that the great thing needed is the development of a sound public opinion in the commercial world, and that the establishment of tribunals of commerce will do more than anything else to realise this object. But this same public opinion, the pro gressof which will be the result of commercial courts, con stitutes the means, and the only means, by which their institution can be obtained. We must, therefore, first apply this great engine of modern times with all the sus tained and concentrated force of which it is capable. to call forth real public opinion we need three things. We need, first, a genuine public; next we require sound con victions, generous feelings, and the courage to carry them out in obedience to the dictates of our conscience, and for the sake of a cause which we believe to be the cause of in dustry, the cause of justice, and the cause of humanity. Lastly, for the full development of a public opinion wor thy of this great subject, and adequate to meet the exigen cies of the task which it imposes on us, we require capable, honest, awl devoted organs to give it shape and expres sion. Do you, then, each of you in your own sphere, be come the organs of this movement ; aid this cause by your counsels, by your sympathy, and by your united action, and it will not, I trust., be long before the British merchant shall obtain his Magna Charts, his tribunals of commerc e . The CHAIRMAN, on behalf of the association, expressed his thanks for the valuable and interesting paper which Mr. Hutton had read. He regretted to see that the subject ex cited so little sympathy, but he had experience enough to convince him that the thin attendance at the meeting af forded no just ground for despondency. The association for establishing tribunals of commerce was in a prosperous state, and was now formed on a secure basis. Mr. HUTTON, in acknowledging the thanks rendered to him, expressed the great pleasure h 3 should feel if by any exertion on his part he had assisted in the accomplishment of an object which he regarded as of great importance to commercial interests. The proceedings then terminated. COLLISION AT SEA, AND LOSS OF TWENTY MVPS. PUBLICATIONS. Just published, No. TI. of the NATIONAL REVIE W. CONTENTS I. The Gewrie Conspiracy. Victorlll. Cme Treatment.icn o E us n i g n ia :n d, m an a d da itsmedellfort auteand her Contempo. raries. IV. Percy Bysshe Shelley. V. De Foe as a Novelist. VI. Italy. VII. Sydney Dobell on the War. VIII. Personal Influences on our Present Theology: Newman-- Coleildge—Carlyle. IX. A List of Bacen. Works suitable for Reading Societies. London : Cha Price Five Shilli ngs. pman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. TRIBUNAL OF CO al AIERCE ASSOCIATION The Third Edition. just Published, price bs., by post, free, ss. 6d, O TRUE dr FALSE SPERMA.TORREREA, With the View of di s ti ngu i shing the Imaginary from the Real Sufferers Errors under this disea se , and Correcting of wide-spread in relation to their Treatment and Cure. Translated from the German of Dr. PICRFORD. " Dr. PleklOrd is known to English readers by his frequent mai contribtitions to German medical literature. This is the fire. ' llllO , he informs as, that ho has addressed himself to the non-mea :al reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shall letect any other equally flagrant evil which it may be in his p3wer to cor rect."—London Medical Gazette. " The tribe of ' athisers Quiet S,' end 'Medi ca l Friends' are are mercilessly exposed; and ym p mould if this book find its way into the hands of those who stiffer from the coin ,ilaint of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would he saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of teas Importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize— :l:Rich money...—. This volume is well qualified to put an end to th. empirical apt= of treating Spermatorrhoea, and to place the treat ment upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore, ike'y to do much good."—Medical Circular. London: H. Balliere, 219, Regent-street. pURSILANT to a Decree of the High Court of Chancery, made in a cause, Sydney William Stanbridge and John Blizard Buckley against Eliza Stanbridge, hli persons claiming to be Creditors of WILLIAM ALFREY, late of No. 31, Alderman bury, in the City of London, and of No. 58, South Molton•street, in the county of Middlesex, Wine Merchant, who _died in or about the month of April, 1851, are, by their solicitors, on or before the 29th day of October, 1856, to come in and prove their Debts at the Cham bers of the Vice-Chancellor Slr Richard Torin Kindersley, N 0.3, Stone buildings. Lincoln's-Inn, Middlesex, or, in default thereof; they will be peremptorily excluded from the benefit of the said Decree. Monday, the 3d day of November, 1856, at Twelve o'clock at neon, at the said Chambers, is appointed for hearing and adjudicating upon the claims. Dated this 9th day of August, 1856. CHAS. PUGH, Chief Clerk. G. W. C. DE AN, 27, New Broad-street. COOKS'S CELEBRATED READING SAUCE, which is so highly esteemed with Fish, Game, Steaks, Soups, Grills, Gravies, Hot and Cold Meats, and unrivalled for gene ral use, is sold by the most respectable dealers in fish and sauces. J. and C. Cockb, Reading, sole Manufacturers. lit R. HOWARD, Surgeon-Dentist, 52, Fleet. I street, has introduced an entirely new description of ARTI FICIAL TEETH , fixed without springs, wires, or ligatures. They so derfcctly resemble the natural teeth as not to ba distinguished from he original by the closest observer; they Will never ch ange co l our or lecay, and will be found very superior to any teeth ever before used. This method does not require the extraction of roots, or any painful operation, and will support and preserve teeth that are loose, and is ruaranteed to restore articulation and mastication. Decayed teeth rendered sound and useful M mastication. -52, Fleet-street. At home from ten till five. .) lo MILNERS' H OLDFAST and FIRE -1-4 RESISTING SAFES (non-conducting and vapourising), with all the improvements, under their Quadruple Patents of 1840-51-54 and 1455, Including their Gunpowder Proof Solid Lock and Door (without which no Safe is secure). THE STRONGEST, BEST, AND CHEAPEST SAFEGUARD EXTANT. MILNERS' (212:>) SAFE WORKS, LIVERPOOL, the most complete and extensive in the world. Show-rooms, 6 and 8, Lord-street, Liverpool. LONDON DEPOT, 47A, MOORGATE STREET, City. Cironlars tree by post. Re Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew, Esq., of Beddington- Park, i n th e county of Surrey. NOTICE IS HEREBY GIVEN, That by Indenture bearing date the sth day of May, 1856, made between Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew, of Beddington-park, in the county of Surrey, Esq., of the first part, Robert Hallowell Carew, of Hackbridge, in the same county, Esq,, and William Augustus Ford, of Henrietta street, Covent -garden, in the oounty of Middlesex, gentle man, of the second part, and the several persons whose names and seals are subscribed and affixed in the schedules thereto, being creditors of the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew, of the third and fourth parts, the said CHARLES HALLO WELL HALLOWELL CAREW bath Conveyed, Granted, Released, and Confirmed unto the said Robert Hallowell Carew and William Augustus Ford, and their Heirs, all that his Mansion-house and Park at Beddington aforesaid, called Bedding,ton-park, with their appurtenances ; and also all those the Manors or Lordships of Beddington and Bandon, in the said county of Surrey, with the Rights and Royalties thereof respectively, and the Advowson of the Rectory of the Parish Church of Beddington aforesaid ; and also all and singular the Manors or Lordships, Messuages, Farms, Lands, Tenements, and Hereditaments whatsoever in the said county of Surrey, comprised in and devised, or intended to be devis ed, by the will of Ann Pastou Gee, therein recited, or of which the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew, or any person or persons in trust for him, is or are seised or entitled to, an Estate of Freehold and Inheritance, or of Freehold only, in possession, reversion, remainder, or expectancy, together with all and singular the Rights, Royalties, Members and Appurtenances whatsoever to the said Ilereditaments, or any of them belonging or appertaining ; and a'so all and every Sum and Sums of Money, Stock, Funds, or Securities, from time to time standing to the credit of a certain cause, " Hitchcock v. Carew," which might not be required for the purposes of the said suit, and all Right, Title, Interest, aid Benefit whatsoever of him, the said Charles Hallowell Hal lowell Carew, in, to, or out of, or-under the said suit and the several pleadings therein, and the Moneys recoverable thereby —to hold the said Mansion house, Manors, and Hereditaments, andto have, receive. and take the said Moneys and Premises, unto and by the said Robert Hallowell Carew and William Augustus Ford, and their heirs and execu tors, administrators and assigns, upon Trust, for the BENE FIT of the CREDITORS of the said Hallowell Hallowell Carew, who should execute the same act denture within the space of six calendar months from the date thereof, or other wise as therein mentioned. And by the same Indenture, the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carow nominated, consti tuted, and appointed the said Robert Hallowell Carew and William Augustus Ford, and the survivor of them, and tho exe cutors or administrators of such survivor and their or his as signs, the true and lawful attorneys, and attorney of him, the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew, irrevocably in his name, or in the names o r n ame of th em , the said Robert Hallowell Carew and William Augustus Ford, or thesurviver of them, or the executors or administrators of such survivor, to carry on and prosecute the suit of " Carew v. Waugh" therein mentioned, or any other suit or other proceeding for ricBfso)m(binegi the(being a I r o o d s e t n n tu u r p o ti o al f t settlementhe p os purpose f o f settlement executed by the said Charles Hallowell Hallo ide well Carew nine days after he attained 21, without any the 9th of as l!rc o h r , consideration, and, as the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew alleges, in total ignorance of his rights, or that he was absolutely entitled to the freehold of the said estates), or for procuring an order for sale of the hereditaments and premises therein comprised. And by the said Indenture, each and every of the several creditors, parties thereto of the third and fourth parts respectively, granted to the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew full licence, authority, and safe conduct to pass and repass, and attend to his affairs without any attachment or execution against his person, to be sued out or enforced by any of his said creditors, parties thereto of the third and fourth parts respectively, or by their or any of their procurement. And the said deed was duly executed by the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew on the said sth day of May, 1856, in my presence, and attested by me, and that the same deed was executed by the said Robert Hallowell Carew and William Augustus Ford, as such trustees as aforesaid, on the 6th day of May, 1856, in the presence of and attested by Thomas Salmon Selw..y, a-id the said deed now lies at my office for the signature of the creditors of the said Charles Hallowell Hallowell Carew.—Dated this 2d day of October, 1856. - GEORGE SAMUEL FORD, Solicitor, 8, Henrietta-street, Covent. garden, London. ORIENTAL INLAND STEAM COMPANY (Limited). For establishing Steam Naviga tion on the Rivers of India. Capital 250,0001. in 25,000 Shares of 101. each, with power to increase it to 1,000,000/.—Deposit 10s. per Share. TRUSTEES. JAMES ALLAN, Esq., Managing Director of the Peninsular and Oriental Steam Navigation Company. The Honourable W. 'WILBERFORCE BIRD, Esq., late Deputy- Governor of Bengal. PROVISIONAL COMMITTEE. The Hon. W. WILBERFORCE BIRD, Esq., late Dep.-Governor of Bengal. Captain Bow), K.T.S., Belvidere Villa, 31illbrook, near Southampton. HARRY BORRADAILE, Esq., late Civil Service, Bombay. JOHN BOURNE, Esq., late of Messrs. John Bourne and Co. Lieut.-General Jomr BRIGGS, Madras Army, la' o Political Agent in Candeish, and officiating Resident at Nagpore. Colonel A. COTTON, late Chief Engineer of Madras. Capt. COTTON, R.N., Alport Home, Whitechurch, Salop. Major-General DICKINSON, late Chief Engineer of Bombay. Mosteaux GORE, Esq., South Audley-street, Grosvenor. square.. Lieut.-Col. CRIMES, Hon. lately stationed at Nagpore, 64t. C. H. HirrcnnisoN, Hon. E.1.C.5., Asst. Civ. Eng. Godavery. _ COl. ATWELL LAKE, C. 8., Aide-de -Camp to the Queen, late En_Engineer of the Kistnah Irrigation Work s . G Esq. (Messrs. M ay , M at h ewson, and Co.), London and r Calcutta.' Colonel the Hon. R. T. BOWLEY, 47, Berkeley -square. (With power to add to their number.) MANAGING DIRECTOR—JOHN BOURNE, Esq., late Of Messrs. John Bourne and Co., Glasgow and Greenock. ENGINEER_JAMES KENNEDY, Esq., late of Messrs. Bury, Curtis, and Kennedy, Liverpool, SOLICITOR—HENRY R. lltht, Esq., 23, Throgmorton-street. BesnEns—Messrs. WILLIAMS, DEACON, and CO. SECRETARY—Jc MATIIEWSW, Esq. Cffices, 9 Billiter-street, London. This company is established for two reasons—first, because it is wanted ; and second, because it will pay. India w an t s cheap moans of conveyance for her produce; water conveyance is cheaper. than any possible mode of conveyance by land ; and ten thousand miles of this cheap water conveyance will be afforded b y the great rivers when properly navi?,.ated by steam. T e l ast dividend o f the Ganges oteam C ompany was 48 per cent. per annum, and the latest returns of a Navigation Com ps on the G o d avery was 55 per cent. The field, however, is far too large to be adequately filled by local effort, and an English C ompany is necessary, which, with adequate capital, will ren der availabl e th e resources of European science. Pros p ec tuses and F orms of Application for Shares my be obtained at the offi ces 9 Billiter-street, London. _ ________ _ ago, John H o d son expired the age DBATH OF A CENTENARIAN At Stone, a few days at Ne i the . last 12 months he might daily be seen driving cows to milk . throueh the town. He possessed the per; feet use of his faculties, hove exception of his hearing, of 103. Until . till the last. Hie family san interesting relic of the old man's—a light blue frock coat—which he wore on verbampton Chronicle. 60 consecutive club-day H 3 at the Stone Fair Club.— Wo/- A public meeting convened by the 'association for the establishment of tribunals of commerce was held on Satur day, at the London Tavern, for the purpose of receiving from Mr. H. Dix Hutton a statement intended to have been submitted to the congress for commercial reform, recently held at Brussels. Mr. F. LINE took the chair and introduced Mr. Hutt on , w h o , h e sa id , h a d pa id a great,. deal of attention to this matter. Mr. HUTTON said, having from his experience as an ad vocate become convinced of the radical insufficiency of the ordinary tribunals to administer justice in commercial affairs, and having resolved to spend a portion of his vaca tion in the study of those institutions which exist in France under the denomination of Tribunals of Commerce, he con ferred with Mr. Larne, who requested him to represent this society at the Brussels Congress. He passed four weeks in Paris, where he had every facility for the study of the Tri bunals of Commerce, and he prepared a statement setting forth the reasons why this society proposed the establish ! ment of tribunals of commerce in this country. That state ment was printed in French and English, and was now be- fore them, but there was another which he proposed tq read to them, which he prepared for the purpose of bring, ing before the congress, but time did not allow of its being read in that assembly. It was, however, referred to a committee, and by them referred to a sub-committee, whd reported that, considering that tribunals of commerce could judge of commercial affairs with less expense, and with more knowledge of commercial exigencies than the ordinary tribunals, they were of opinion that the institu: tion of tribunals of commerce should spread throughout Europe. Two questions wore proposed by the congress to the delegates from each country. First, what are the obsta I cies in the country which you represent in the progress of commerce ? Secondly, what remedies, if any, do you pro 7 pose for their removal ? It was in answer to these ques tions that the statement which he would now read was drawn up. The hon. gentleman then proceeded to read the statement of which the following is an abstract :-- " The subject on which I have the honour of addressing you falls entirely within the programme which has been traced for us by the committee of organisation, for among the ` obstacles which impede the extension of our cornmer: cial relations,' there are none whose existence is easier proved, or whose results are more deplorable, than those defects which unhappily prevail in the system el administering justice in Great Britain and Ireland. These are, indeed, among the last, but they must also be reckoned among the most serious of the obstacles which deprive uli of the full enjoyment of that commercial liberty for which England has pre-eminently and nobly struggled. The as'• sociation which I have the honour of representing, gentles men, at your congress is composed of bankers, rnanuface turers, and merchants, who, convinced of the extent and gravity of the evils which flow from such a state of things, have united in order to discover and put in practice the best mode of terminating this system, at once so disastroui and so disgraceful. We believe that the sympathies which such a task must elicit will be as extended as are our comj mercial relations, as profound as your attachment to thb cause of free trade and. your sentiments of duty; for to relL form the administration of commercial justice means nothing less than to introduce unity into the ideas, harmony into the feelings, and union into the acts of the commercial world. It is impossible to understand the faults of any system unless we first form an exact idea of the qualities which should belong to it in its normal state. As regards the judicial system these concern—first, the law itself; next, the organisation of the tribunal; and lastly, the pro cedure. The true commercial law is made not only foil, but also by merchants. It is true, in fact, a social prO duct, the gradual result of commercial experience and coin mercial thought, habitually working in the sphere of their daily interest s . Th e grea t j ur i s t s o f f ormer times were intimately convinced of this truth, and if the names i f L'Hospital in France, or Mansfield in England, are destine to remain for ever upon the roll of benefactors of humanit , it is mainly because they deeply felt that the law and t bench should he little else than the intelligent organs commercial thought. Besides, we must not forget tilt the principal defects of the legal system existed then, just as now ; but their results were less serious at a time wheli commerce was comparatively small, and their evils were mitigated in practice by the great persoal eminence of the legal chiefs who then presided. The legal element was once progressive; now, unfortunately for society and for itself, it is no longer so as a whole, but, on the cons trary, increasingly becomes an obstacle to progress and a fertile source of disorder in the mercantile world, This difference between the state of the law and of judi cial administration, formerly and now, becomes apparent when we contrast the ancient with the modern decisions, in which last we perceive an ever increasing tendanci to subordinate realities to fictions, and to place merb metaphysical abstractions in the place of those princl : sn plea which, in fa c t, gu id e th e pract i ce of the come alai world. Such are the inevitable reaultis of the unhappy separation which now subsists between theory and praci tice. I will offer to your consideration one example ichoseu among a thousand others like it), las a practise / I illustration of what I mean. We all know that agree , meats relating to the manufacture and sale of the most in:i► portant articles, on an extensive scale, are commonly re duced to writing, and we also know that it very frequently happens that in the course of carrying out the business it becomes necessary to vary the contract, sometimes id important particulars. Now, as the law stands, there ie generally in such cases the greatest possible difficulty in enforcing judicially the bona fide intention of the parties, and compelling the performance of the real contract be tween the parties, when one of then. is disposed to evade its obligations. This difficulty arises, in a great measure, from the technical rules of construction, and the equally technical rules of evidence, which the law sanctions; but it is also important to observe that it is especially in such instances that the practised intelligence of the manufac turer and the merchant is most needed, because it is best able to discriminate between cases of mere misapprehension and those of mak ,fidee. The law, as it now stands, in such cases, not, I fear, of unfrequent occurrence, enables the fraudulent contractor to evade the consequences of his own deliberate acts. Such are the effects of British injustice, checking manufactures, obstructing trade, and, lastly, de grading British character. There is but one remedy for these evils, and that consists in promptly establishing the normal state, confiding the charge of judging commercial to the commercial world itself, represented by thataffar iiss to those oo say, who have the daily management of th em , its most estimable, most intelligent, and most devoted mem bers. In every systent be it good or bad, a certain relation always subsists between the organisation and the func tions ; and thus, I am sorry to be obliged to tell you, that enere is a perfect harmony between the legal spirit which has dominion over commerce, And the judicial organisation destined to apply it. With us oases of bankruptcy—espe cially as regards partnerships and joint stock companies— are conducted most unsatisfactorily, so much so that I believe merchants generally consider a very indifferent ar rangement preferable to the best result which could be ex• pected from legal proceedings in the Bankrupt Court, or under the Winding-up Acts. In these cases we continu ally perceive that the bankrupt law for the administration of assets, though ostensibly made for commerce, assuredly was not made by commercial men, or for their use. For example, the case of the Tipperary Bank, now dragging its slow length along in the Irish Court of Chancery, were commenced by a series of legal arguments based upon fifty distinct affidavits, made by as many English shareholders, represented by a numerous and distinguished bar. These discussions have already occupied at least 10 days in open court, before two different judges, and they may, and pro bably will, be continued before another judge of appeal, terminating only with the House of Lords. I must add, that these legal discussions form but an episode in this great law-suit; that all the cases of these 50 shareholders were, with a single exception, essentially the same; and, finally, that all this is going on in the 19th century, and under a reformed system, for as such the winding-up acts were held forth to the public. If time permitted, it would be easy to multiply such examples of judicial administration, with respect to the salvage claims, patents, and indeed every species of industrial transactions. Let us now pass to the procedure. What are the qualities which characterise a good system of procedure ? It should be simple, rapid, cheap, and certain. That of the British tribunals is pre cisely the reverse of all this. The administration of our bankrupt courts, of our admiralty courts, the total absence of any tribunal competent to judge disputes relating to pa tents—the absurdities of our jury system even as regards ordinary civil transactions. and much more with respect to commercial affairs —all these offer examples of those vices of organisation the results of which we shall deplore so long as the system remains unchanged. But if the law itself is absurd, and the organisation bad, the procedure is still worse. Complicated, slow, expensive, uncertain, it places almost insuperable obstacles in the way of the mer chant who is seeking justice, and subjects the defendant no only to the payment of what he reasonably owes, but, in addition to heavy penalties in the shape of costs, often of an amount far greater than the original demand. We have now to consider what remedy we should apply. It consists, I think, in committing the judgment of mercan tile affairs to men chosen from the classes which daily and hoarly administer these same affairs, and representing, in r s o o l o u ri n g d e n d e 8 s through oft hemore principle than the highest degree, the worth, the capacity, and the zeal of those classes. Happily, our neighbouring nation "and h yuv e na is ahi p ulml r lia a ibl c ialo t te rifsctacoclootbranches iladvantagesttultso;eirbeteuja.but, as French riti e h v l i e:e e l chg h heiuif c tri rm o . jo m b,mu m a e gdolt r sh c oe e II and i r di a i i Int: thop organi sationpatha hlona creationl usdrfase h ssi aa s t ni as is century,teuebtedsoyhsot,fernays the experience proved I shall now refer to the latter only, the working of which I have myself observed and studied, during a recent resi dence of four weeks in Paris. Simple as the machinery of these tribunals is, I should, nevertheless, have experienced great and indead insuperable difficulties in my researches, had it not been for the numerous facilities most kindly and liberally afforded to me. Onr limited time prevents my entering here into anything like a full 'exposition of princinles which should govern tribunals of commerce, much less of the details of the working of the French tri bunals. The printed statement already referred to con tains some developments on both these points. I will now, therefore, merely refer to a few leading matters. As re _gards their organisation, the judges should be commercial men, elected by the commercial world, and selected in such a way as to represent, in the highest degree, its integrity, zeal, and intelligence. As a means of securing this, it is my conviction, based on personal observation and reflec tion, and strongly corroborated by the experience of the French tribunals and the testimony of distinguished judges in France, that the office of the commercial judge should be purely honorary. The efficiency of the mercantile tri bunal depends on the high character and perfect disinte restedness of its presiding judges. It requires that their position should represent an office, not a place only. The experience of France shows that an honourable ambition and a sense of duty are motives sufficiently strong to in duce men of the highest position in the mercantile world, and actually engaged in commerce, to devote these func tions and an amountof timeforwhich nopecuniary rernune ration could afford an adequate recompence. There the judges are very generally, thongli,by no or t m o ea co n n s fi a d l e w n a t y ia s l , heads of establi s h e d fi rms, t h e pr i nc ip a l management of which is entr us t e d t o j un i or partners agents. This, in fact, is one of the principal reasons which render it desirable that houses once established should be perpetuated either in the family of the founder or by adoption; for it is obvious that the founder of a great concern can rarely have the time, as he often wants the ability and the inclination, to perform those public functions which attach to the possession of property. Public opinion s p on t aneo usly recognises the existence o f such unremunerated offices as attaching to large estates in land; and if a similar recognition is yet wanting with refe rence to capital in personally, this results not from any dif ference founded in the nature of things, but from inherited prejudices destined to be overcome by the spread of a truer social philosophy, and the growth of a higher morality in society, and especially in the mercantile world. There is perhaps ne prejudice at once so absurd and so baneful as that which limits the notion of the patrician class—of the gentlemen, as we say—to the owners of land, instead of extending it (as fact and morality alike require) to the possessors of capital, whatever shape it may take, and whether employed in agriculture, in manufactures, in com merce, or in banking. It is obvious that, in addition to other advantages, the presence on the bench of men them selves actually engaged in industrial pursuits, would afford a constant stimulus to the despatch of business. Bat the commercial judicature should also comprise another most important element—l mean men advanced in years, retired from actual business, but still in the enjoyment of sufficient physical vigour, and possessing the inestimable advantages of experience and matured thought. This is a Class which in the present state of society is often reduced to the sad alternative either of continuing in a mercantile career which would be more fitly handed over to younger men, or of exchanging it for a life of listless ease,; unhappy because without an object, and wholly removed from the sphere of their former activity. There is another condition actually realised in the French and Belgian ' Tribunals of Commerce , and which would be of peculiar importance in England. It is this—that a tribunal which is expressly instituted as furnishing the best means of effecting a reform, not in the administration of the law only, but alternately in the law itself, should contain no legal element whatsoever as part of its own constitution. The great-thing needed with us is to educate the commercial world to that point of just and indepedennt dignity which will enable it to cast off the legal incubus, and to fill the social position which it ought to Sake, not for the sake of commerce alone, but for that of so ciety itself. In order to effect this, it is, I believe, of the first importance that no judge presiding over the commercial tribunal should be a member of the legal profession ; nay, further, that no barrister should occupy any position in the court which world officially entitle him to tender legal advice. In the French and Belgian Tribunals of Com merce the chief registrar is generally an advocate in point of fact, and the judges sometimes, though I believe rarely, consult him on points of law. They are not, however, in any way bound to do so, and have steadily declined the as. sistance of any such official functionary, feeling that hie presence, by altering the character, would materially les sen the usefulness of the commercial tribunal. It would tend to increase that subjection of the commercial to the legal spirit which, even in France, exists to this day. I may mention, however, that though the employment of any prufessional adviser before the tribunal of commerce is purely optional, there arms exist in many of the priaoi. pal French towns a limited number of gentlemen called agrees —barristers by profession, who, being designated by the tribunal as persona enjoying its confidence, are prac tically employed in most cases of difficulty. I may be per. witted to say that I was mach struck by the rapid and truly efficient manner in which these gentlemen conducted the numerous and important oases confided to them. I may also observe that their mode of conducting bushes furnishes an additional proof of the beneficial influence ex. ercised by the presence of the commercial element, and the authority of judges, who are themselves penetrated by the commercial spirit. For the same reasons, it appears to me, that the appeal—at least the primary appeal—from commercial decisions should also be to a commercial court. If time permitted I could give proof of the injurious effects of carrying such appeals to the ordinary civil tribunals, and also of the salutary influence which the tribunals of commerce exert in correcting the technical and narrow tendencies of the civil courts of appeal iu France. Tribu uals of commerce possess, by virtue of their organisation, several very important advantages over the ordinary civil tribunals; advantages inherent in their constitution as commercial courts of justice. Special juries, even at the best, are no equivalent for tribunals of commerce. We all know the practical difficulty of obtaining satisfactory special juries adapted to try commercial cases; and I may remark that the time thus given by merchants should net be forgotten, when that required for sitting as commercial judges is made a matter of objection to tribunals of com merce. But, apart from these considerations, it is evident that the special jury never can take the place of the com mercial court, because the jurors are judges of the fact only, and not of the fact and the law. They are obliged first to accept or reject the proof of facts submitted to them, according to purely legal rules of evidence, often wholly at vari*nce with commercial usage; and they are next compelled to judge these scanty or partial facts ac cording to technical rules which are not unfrequent4 wholly insufficient for the administration of substantial justice between the parties, and (like the rules of evidence) are not in harmony with the principles which really guide commercial men in their mutual dealings. Tribunals of commerce are also in the best sense courts of arbitration, for the opinion of the commercial world is there concen trated in its most intelligent and devoted representatives, and the constitution of these courts enables them to decide difficult questions, affecting Dither the general relations of commerce or its special branches, very frequently by a re ference to one of the judges themselves selected for that pu, pose, or, in the most complicated cases, to an expert or referee nominated by the tribunal. Such are the facilities which this mode of proceeding affords for effecting amicable arrangements, that of these difficult and complicated suits, a number varying from one-third to one-half are finally set tled by consent of the litigants. It is obvious, moreover, that even by the parties arbitration can only be resorted to where there is good faith, and has no application to those csses in which the intervention of an authoritative tribunal is requisite. The extreme technicality of our existing law of arbitration presents an additional difficulty in the way of its use, for the remedy is often worse than the disease. It is desirable to benefit by the experience of others, and therefore I mention here that, after a trial of 50 years, the French law which in relation to disputes between partners compelled the parties to resortto arbitration has been aban doned as futile and mischievous in the existing state of commercial relations, and these matters now all within the jurisdiction of the tribunals of commerce, which often dis pose in a few minutes of cases that under the old system would require months for their decision, But great as are the foregoing advantages inherent in tribunals of commerce, byvirtueof their organisation,there is one which distinguishes them, not in degree, but in kind, from the ordinary civil tribunals, in relation to commercial affairs. It is this: These courts not only exercise a legal authority, they exert a moral influence, on commerce and commercial men. I do not which w hic s h pe t a hey ko e f x t e h r a t t oinndtihreecitabduust::iaol c st h im ie p fs h o t rta e n m t sel influ encevas sitting as judges, but of that directed toward the transac tions brought before the court. It is indeed in this respect that the real pre-eminence of the commercial court appears; for, as I have myself frequently observed, not only does the tribunal of commerce manifest a more discriminating, a more just, and, I may add, a wiser and more kindly feeling than generally prevails in the civil tribunals when dealing with the trader, but we find in it truer apprecia tion of commercial morality, which, as we all know, is very different from legal morality. Ido not mean to say that the standard of morality now prevailing in the world of commerce is what it ought to be —far from it ; but Ido maintain that the tendency of the commercial tribunal is continually to raiseofththiseisetgaanidtarridb,unwahl i i l s e t , o l lo re w g e r r et it t . o I sa t y is , t both hatt c h o e ns t enc o e l n ie d ga y nd re-assuring to know that commercial law, not merely in its special usages, but in its general and fundamental principles, 'is based on the custom of commerce. The commercial law is essentially the product LIVERPOOL, FRIDAY. On Wednesday evening a large ship belonging to Dublin, called the York, laden with timber, from Que bec, arrived in the Liffey, bringing intelligence of a fatal collision which took place early on last Thursday morning between the ships Yeoman, of Liverpool, and the Helen Heilgers, of the same port, at a point between the Tuskar Reck and Ballycotton, and having on board thirty-two persons, rho were the survivors of the crews of those vessels. The Yeoman, 1,100 tons, commanded by Captain Colquhoun, was on her passage from Liverpool to Castine, British America, witts.a cargo of salt. Tee Helen Heilgers, of about the same size, commanded by Captain Harris, with a miscellaneous cargo, worth upwards of 20,0001., was homeward bound from Calcutta. About three on the morning above -mentioned a strong breeze blowing, and the weather being very thick, the vessels came into collision with each other. The Yeoman had her star board tacks on board, and the Helen Heilgers was sailing very fast before the wind, and the latter vessel struck the former violently at her fore rigging, knocking in her side. Within eight minutes afterwards the Yeoman went down. Four of her crew succeeded in clinging to the bowsprit rigging of the Helen Heilgers, but one of them is missing, and only three have escaped, the names of whom are John King, Thomas Jason, and Alfred Creighton. All the rest of the ship's company, including the captain and officers, numbering 19 souls, perished. The Helen Heilgers was greatly injured by the shock, and the utmost efforts were made with the pumps to keep her afloat. At 8 o'clock the same morning the York came to her assistance, and took off her capt a i n an d crew o f 29 men, toget h er with the three sailors belonging to the Yeoman. After remaining for upwards of two hours alongside the Helen H e il gers , th e York left her in a s inking staN with 18 feet of water in the hold, and the sea washing her gunwales. The surviving sailors of the two unfortunate vessels were received into the Sailors Home. They spoke in terms of praise of the manner in which they bad been treated on board the York by Captain Farlane and his ship's company. ANOTHER COLLISION.—The ship Bonita, Captain Sturmley, which sailed from the Mersey on the morning of the Ist instant, came in collision the same night, when off Holyhead, with the ship Cambria, Captain Hoskin, from Moulmein, and l os t h er jib-b o o m , cat head, & c.: She was compelled to return to port for re pairs. The Cambria arrived in port 'ably, with only her quarter damaged. [AnvilitmEnntm]—Holloway's Pills should be taken for the cure of Dropsy.—Females at a certain period of life become liable to tbis complaint, which first makes its appearance by the swellirg of the feet, legs, and hands, and thus making strong inroads on the constitution. Numbers of dropsied patients, even when their cases wera pronounced hopeless, have been cured by taking Holloway's pills; and this medicine having stood the test of years as a certain remedy for this malady, no one so afflicted should delay giving it a trial.—Sold by all medicine vendors throughout the world ; at Professor Holloway's Edablishments, 244, Strand, London, and 80, Maiden•lane, New York ; by A. Stampa, Constanti nople; 4, GuWiey, Smyrna and E. Muir, Malta. [PRicE 4D. STAMPED 5D- LIFE-BOATS OF THE NATIONAL LIEE-BOJT (From the Life-Boat Journal for October. h the at com petition In the year 1852 this instit u ti on a d o pted a new d e. t s i c m r i Lime t p i o n n n o n s f s l e i d f e w b :r a n t w ; nrn many n n o t f , a the b t hoa t petition for a prize offered i n th e p rev i ous y ear by hi s Grace the Duke o f N or th um b er l an d f or t h e b es t mo d e l of a life-b oa t, l e d t h e comm i ttee to b el i eve that a b oat of A safer and mo re e ffi c i ent c h aracter m i ght b e pro d uce d than that hith er t o i n t h e possess i on o f the soc i ety. e s result whichof The boat selected was the production of James Peaks, Esq., Assistant - Master.Shipwright in her Majesty's dockyard at Woolwich. Mr. Peaks had been a member of the committee appointed by the Duke of Nortliuiu ,berland to decide on the relative merits of the models :and drawings which competed for the prize above alluded :to, and which were no less than 280 in number. After .the prize had been awarded, Mr. Peaks was requested by the other members of the committee to furnish a de sign for a life-boat which might combine as many as .possible of the advantages, and have as few as possible of tbs defects of the best of the models examined by ,them. A boat was accordingly designed bp Mr. Peake, .and, by the authority of the Lords of the Admiralty, was built at the expense of the Government, at Wool wich Dockyard. Some modifications were frond time to time made in her, resulting from various experiments and a trial of her in a gale of wind at Brighton ; and she, together with others on the same de sign, built at the cos., of the Duke of Northumber land, the president of the institution, was placed on the Northumberland coast in the autumn of 1852. In the course of the following winter these boats were taken afloat on trial by the Inspector of Life-boats to the, In , stitution, some of them in heavy seas and gales of wild ; ',and 'the result of the trials was considered highly '-factory. The committee ther , upon decided to proceed with the building of other boats on the same plan ; and at the present time no less than 23 of these boats are in the possession of the institution, and stationed on the coasts of the United Kingdom, in addition to 8 which have gone to other countries and to 10 which have been built for harbour trusts and other bodies on our own Coasts. These boats have for the most part been of two sizes, viz., 27feet and 30 feet in length, with 7i to 8 feet beam, and rowing from 8 to 12 oars, double-banked, their weight averaging 2 tons. As, however, boats of this class and size have been found too heavy to be managed in some localities where but few boatmen are to be ob tained to launch and man them, some of less beam and weight, rowing 6 oars single-banked, but on the same design in other respects, have been built under the de nomination of second-class life-boats, to meet the neces sities of such localities. Of the former class of boats those most recently built by the institution have so far undergone a further modi fication as to be reduced somewhat in beam, and to have less height, and greater sharpness of bow and stern, in order to enable them to be rowed with greater speed against a head gale and heavy sea. They are also built of fir, on the diagonal principle of double planking, with out timbers, whereas the earlier boats were of elm and clenched or clinker-built. We have not at an earlier period given a description of these life-boats, as we were anxious that they should first have the advantage and experience of three or four winters' use, when we might, without presumption, be able to speak more confidently respecting them than we could have done before any sufficient practical trial had been made of them. We now feel that we are in that position. Several of them have already performed valu able services by saving the lives of shipwrecked per sons, and the highest reports have been received respect ing them generally from those who have been intrusted with their management. Coupling those reports with what we have ourselves seen of them and of other life boats, we do not hesitate to pronounce the opinion that, as rowing boats, they are superior to all others. Of their properties as sailing boats we arc not yet in a position t ) speak so positively, as nearly the whole of thetn are stationed on those parts of the coast where sails are not required. At the same time, we have every reason to believe that th ey would be equally effi cient as sailing boats. The qualities necessary in a life-boat may he thus summed up—we will remark on each in succession, and point out how far the boats of the institution possess those qualities : L Extra buoyancy. 2. Self-relief of water. S. Ballasting. 4. Self-righting. 6. Stability. O. Speed. 7. Stowage-room. 8. Strength of build. 1. The chief peculiarity of a life-boat, which distin guishes it from all ordinary boats, is its being rendered unsubmergib'e, by attaching to it, chiefly within board, water-tight air -cases, or fixed water-tight compartments tinder a deck, or empty casks. This property in one or more of the above forms is common to all life-boats, although some possess it in an inade quate degree, or badly distributed. So long as the necessary space for rowing and working the boat and for the stowage of shipwrecked persoes is not interfered with, the amount of this "extra buoyancy" cannot be too great. Especially it is essential that the spare space along the sides of a life-boat, within board, should be en tirely occupied by buoyant caste cr compartments ; as when such is the ease, on her shipping a sea, the water, until got rid of, is confined to the inidship parts of the. beat, where it to a great extent serves s 3 ballast, irstead of falling over to the lee side and destroying her equili brium, as is the case in an ordinary open boat. Barrels or casks, which do not conform in shape to the sides ofa boat, but have large interstices to be occupied by water, are not suitable vehicles for providing extra buoyant power; yet, at the present moment, the Liverpool life boats and some others are provided only with empty casks as buoyant power. The north country or Greathead class of life-boats, of which those at Shields may be considered the type, have their extra buoyancy provided by a water tight deck at the load -water line, the space between which and the boat's floor it formed into water-tight air chambers ; water-tight compartments are also built along tho sides of the boat, within board, sloped from the gun wale to the deck, thereby effectually excluding any water shipped from settling on one side. 'The life-boats of Messrs. White, of Cowes, have their buoyancy effected by similar air compartments along the sides, extending from the gunwale to the boat's floor, but . without a n y enc l osed space under a deck. The large sailing life-hoists on the Norfolk and Suffolk coast have very wide detached air-boxes or tanks, strongly made, to correspond in form with the boats' sides, and extending from the thwarts to the floor, hav ing no d ec k. Th e l i fe-boats of Mr. Peake's design have a water-tight deck at the load waterline and detached air-boxes along the sides, conforming closely to theshape of the latter, from the thwarts to the deck. A great amount of extra buoyancy is also in these boats derived from large end, air-cases built across the haw and stern, and occupying from 3 feet to 4i feet in length from the stem and stern posts to gunwale height. These cases are chiefly intended to provide self-righting power; but in the event of the boat being stove io, and the space below the deck being filled with water, they alone have sufficient buoyancy to float her. The life-boats built by Mr. Beeching, of Great Yarmouth, and which obtained the Northumberland prize of 1001., are in this respect similarly fitted to those of Mr. Peake. . 2. The second peculiar characteristic of a life boat, land which is closely allied t i the preceding, although it is not possessed by all life-boats, is the capability of self-discharging in a few seconds any water which may be s'sipped by the breaking over of a sea, or by a boat being suddenly thrown on her beam-ends. This power is accomplished by means of the water-tight deck at the load-water-line and a sufficient number of large (-pen tubes, having their upper orifices at the surface of the deck and their lower ones at the boat's floor, passing through the space between the deck and the floor, but hermetically closed to it ; thus providing an open com munication between the interior of the boat and the sea, yet without suffering any leakage into the air-chambers under the deck. In some life-boats these tubes are" kept always open ; in others, plug, moveable by baud, and having laniards or handles to them, are fitted, which can be withdrawn on water being shipped. In Mr. Peake's boats the tubes are fitted with self acting valves, which open downwards only, so that they will allow any water shipped to pass downwards, whilst none beyond a trifling leakage can pass upwards through them. It will be at once readily understood that, as the deck is placed at or above the load-water-line, any water which is above it will be above the outside level of the sea, with which it has, through the tubes, free communication, and that in obedience to the common law of fluids, which binds them to a un if orm level, it must instantly, by its own gravity, descend through the tubes until none remains above the surface cf the deck ; or, if the boat he very deeply loaded, until he level of the water outside and of that within the boat shall be the same. This quality cf self-relief of water can, of course, only be possessed in perfection in boats with a raised water tight deck at or above the load water lino. The Nor folk life-boats before alluded to have holes through their floors, with plugs attached, through which they will re lieve themselves to the outside level of the sea, or through , wWch their crews can let water into them until the com mon level is obtained, which they accordingly do when ever they go afloat in a gale of wind and heavy sea. They have then laterally several tons of water on board, but the wide side-eases confine the greater portion of it to the amidships of the boat, where it then serves as a loose ballast ; the boatmen considering that it is , safest to go off under sail with a boat deeply immsr aI. These boats will therefore only partially relieve them selves of water : they are splendid boats, and their crews have the ut mos t con fid ence i n t h em ; b ut we think that in this respect they might b e i m p rove d on , Other life-boats, as, f or i ns t ance , those at L iverpoo l, have no s relievin g h o l es at a ll , and, i f f i lled by a sea, the i rcr have no resourc e b u t th e pr i m i t i ve , s l ow , an d laborious oars process of baling w ith b uc k e t s ; t o d o w hich th men must take in their boats, and, for a time, disable their boat. 3. A third and important property in oat with hfe safety ti y s ballasting. An ordi nar y o p en boat cannot be taken into a h e a v y s e a with metal, or stone, o r gouty than wikt er , other ballast having greater 'pacific. wet inasmuch as tliat if she were nj or Usti with a sea she must then infallibly sink. .'tits, howisee?,'a life boat is provided with a large amount o f extra-huoyant power, she may with impunity ha vc a ' ckisi.-is ; ro: 6 amount of ballast of any description wi thin her.' , ,Te I 0 Ay here olis, r v e t'.at bal..st of t:ome kin i 1J very ceri;irilo- - tire to the efficiency of a life-boat. N, it only must ifiVa .11, is her Aandity and thereby to liar saft tty, but in propor tion to the heaviness of the sat ci.e,t weight become necessary to insure speed, its mornentnaii being requisite to withstand the blow of e,.-..i, snen.e.i; no- 1----- . ..:11 : . ,-.• Air ~..ie same manner that the fly - , ~, ,„..... .sine, or other rim chine, regulates anu economises t be rn. , , tive power, and compensates for its irregular or ii.‘tei - nittent action. 'Vl‘e. north country, or Great head, lik_b o at, have gene rally no ballast, their great breadth of heat a being relied on for stability ; but some of them have WA ter let into A tank, constructed for the purpose in the mid,..hips of the boat beneath the deck. Beeching's life-boats were also ballat ted with water on the same principle ; but through a difficulty in securing the filling of the tanks, and in preventing the escape of the water from them, serious accidents accompanied with loss of life, occurred to three of those boats. Water-ballast in an enclosed tank, if Pr"l'' rly secured, is we think better than loose water, such al we described in the Norfolk boats ; but we prefer solid balla s t to either, as it can be more advantageously plac3 , :, and is more manageable, and less liable to accident. Mr. Peake's life boats are ballasted with heavy iron keels, and a ith solid wood arid cork ballast stowed under their decks ; which latter, in the event of their being stove in and the space under the deck filling,with water, would then form extra bu oyancy as well, thus fulfilli ng b ot h purpor-es. 4. A f sorts property, that of self-righting if upset, i s not a universal principle in life-boats, alt.'iougla we must consider it a most important one it being c nly possessed by those of Mr. Peake's and of ifr. B eec hi ng ' s construc tion. IL has been objected to by some boat-buildera, from the impression that other more necessary qualities, and esp _cially that of stability, tritest be sacrificed to ob taM it ; this, however, is a legacy, as we have endea voured to pr,,ve at length in a former niimixtr of this journal (No. 19, page 125); the fact that the veiy means which are employed to produce sell righting add to the stability of a b oa t, an d i mprove her in other reapects. That the property of self-ri g h ing may be useful is proved by the fact that on the only two occasions when self righting boats belonging to the National Life-boat In stitution, the trAis have been enabled to get into them again, and that their lives have thereby been saved. The self-righting power is obtained by the following means .—lst. The boat is built with considerable sheer of gunwale, the bow and stern being from 1 ft. 6 in. to 2 ft. higher than the sides of the boat at her centre ; and the space within the boat at either extremity, to the distance of from 3 to 4 i ft. from the stern and stern posts, to gunwale height, is then enclosed by a sectional bulkhead and a ceiling, and so convertcl into a water-tight air -chamber, the cubical contents of which, from the thwarts upwards, are sufficient to bear the whole weight of the boat when she is placed in the water in an inverted position, or keel upwards. 2dly. A heavy iron keel (from 4 to 8 cwt.) is attached, and a nearly equal weight of light wood or cork ballast is stowed betwixt the boat's floor and the deck. No other measures are necessary to be taken in order to effect the self-regulating power. When the boat ia forcibly placed in the water with 'her keel upwards, she is floated unsteadily on the two air chambers at bow and stern, whilst the heavy iron keel and other ballast being then carried above the centre of gravity, an unstable equilibrium is at once effected, and the weight of the iron keel, falling over on one side, immediately restores the boat to her proper position—in other words, she aelf-rights. 5. -A fifth property is lateral stability, commonly called stiffness, being the tendency to preserve an upright position in the water, and proportionate resistance to upsetting. This property is of course held in common by all boats, but is more especially essential to life-boats, they being more exposed to the risk of upsetting than any others. As explained under the head of ballasting, it is obtained in life-boats by either breadth of beam or by ballast. In Mr. Peake's boats very great stability:is obtained by an iron keel and other solid ballast, and by flatness and length -of floor, with moderate beam only. 6. A sizth and most essential property is speed. 'We say most essential, since without speed or capability of being propelled a heavy sea and head wind, the safest boat in the world would be useless, as she couid not be conveyed from shore to a wreck, frequently against a series of breakers of the most formidable description. As in ordinary boats, propelled by oars, the grea;•.est speed can be obtained by sharpness of bow and, within certain limits, narrowness of beam. Here, however, the similarity ceases ; for whereas great lightness is an ad vantage in perfectly smooth water and calm weather— as stated under the head " ballasting"—weight is essen tial in a heavy sea, and especially a broken sea, in which the light boat will lose her way or be beaten back by each heavy sea as it strikes her, whist the heavier boat will by her own inertia carry her way through or over the seas. In a life-boat height of bow and stern is also necessary to prevent the seas from breaking over and filling the boat ; for, if sharpness of form be preserved quite up to thegunwale, the height of end will not chtilk a b .at's way so much as will a sea breaking into and ball filling her. Speed is not, however, alone necessary to enable a life-boat to force her way through the lines of breaking seas which form an almost impassable barrier between a lee shore and a wreck ; we believe that it also adds greatly to her safety ; fur if she lose her wAy on . - 1 - meeting a very heavy broken sea or roller, she may not only be beaten back by it, but be thrown end over esid or broadsi , e to it, and be upset ; but if she retain her way, she can be kept bow to the sea until it has passed her, when she will again gather additional speed in readiness to meet with impunity the succeeding wave. Ou account of the isolated position of life beats, placed at distant intervals along the coast, there will rarely happen any opportunity for testing two boats of different construction in company with each other in a heavy sea, so as t. form a correct comparative estimate of their power or speed. Judging, however, from the received reports of Mr. Peake's boats, we have no doubt that they are equal in speed and power to any, and superior to most that exist. A seventh quality is stowage-room for passengers. It is of course desirable that a life-boat should have as large an amount as possible of stowage room, as she might have t) proceed to the wreck of an emigrant vessel, or other pasecng -r ship, when it would be important that she should take on board a large number of persons so as to rescue the whole in as few trips as possible. The principal object in view will therefore be to distribute the air-chambers, forming the extra buoyancy of the boat, in ruch a manner as to occupy no more than can be helped of any space which would be available for the stowage of passengers. Life-boats .vary much in Vois respect. It is a requirement which Las been especially studied in Mr. Peake's boats. 8. The eighth and last quality which we have to con sider is strength. As a life-boat is liable to be thrown heavily on a beach by the sea, or to be knocked with violence against a vessel's s id e or t o come i n contact spars or broke❑ wreck floating in the water, she of necessity must be veryEtronglAuilt : in this respect Mr. P. ake's boats will bear competition with any others. (Lien follows a description, accompanied by diagrams of the life boat, for which we must refer the reader to the '` Lilo Boat Journal," which can be had of any bookseller For 2d.) ACCIDENT ON THE THORNE RAILWAY.—An accident of an alarming though happily not very serious character incurred on the recently opened branch` of the South l'orlt,hire Railway, which runs fram Doncaster to 'Nome, on Saturiay. The passenger train which left the latter place at 10 a.m, had several coal waggons attached to it, and on reaching a, place called the "coal drop," just ,oitsi.le of Doncaster, the embankment on which tho line runs gave wayond several of the waggons were instantly , tLrown over, and the whole train was brought to a stand -till. The passenger carriages fortunately retained their right position, and the persons inside, about 40 in num ber, received no further injury than a smart shock and same degree of fright. Most of the day was occupied in clearing the line of the debris, but, as the accident hap pened at a place where there are two sidings, there was no iiterruption of the regular traffl , .. THE BIRKENHEAD DOCKS.—The Birkenhead Docks Committee of the Liverpool Tawn council, at the monthly meeting, recommended that the tender of Mr. G. Thom son and Co., the eminent contractors, be taken for deep ening the Wallasey Pool, and the construction of works c•mnected therewith, at the sum of 123,18 G/. Mr. Al derman S. Holme, in moving the confirmation of the le commendation, coograto',..ted the council and the town on the adoption of definite measures in connection with the important estate on the Cheshire side of the Mersey. The estimate, for the confirmation of which he was ask' ing the approval of the council, was for the excavation, of the whole of the great float, occupying an area more than 2,000,000 yards. A number of men wou ld , „ be immediately placed upon that work, and that fi g ta rr i : estate which had been lying so far almost ucn i:signAl;ll:l.lanibniae' Inquiries ii tivayl will becheerfully answered. to the public, would in a short time be madue7oPrioielti a consi !erable revenue and to give great public:: wul dation. :Negotiations had been held with the various d reason to bodies interested in the question, and be .., general ap. believe that the plans and details met "' I i p ia ro tn v e a u l l a t n h d er t e ha w t o w ul h d en be t n h o e o co p r p p o o s r i a ti t o i n on to ni t recommendation was then confirmed. went to Par scheme. The i n teresting cures with- PinvintrusnusYr.]—We quote so l oi nds l eas :fl ib a a t b n l le e -- - 3r, agony from. 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