The Sun. — London, England, 1861-08-02 00:00:00

THE NAVY. The Duke of Somerset, as First Lord of the Ad miralty, and several members of the board, will pay an official visit to Deptford Dockyard to-day, The fine frigate Arethusa, 51, which has been converted from a sailing ship to a screw steamer at Chatham dockyard, has several hundred ship wrights and caulkers employed on her, in order that she may be completed and undocked by Friday nest, the 9th inst., when the iron mailclad steamer Defence will be taken into the dock to be vacated. Yesterday, a numerous party of mechanics com menced sheathing her with Mu ntz's patent metal, which is to be employed instead of copper. The Gloucester, 50, fitting at Chatham for har bour service, to supply the place of the Hussar, 40, destroyed by fire at Shoeburyness, was completed yesterday. She is to be used as a receiving ship in Chatham harbour, for the officers and seamen of the various ships fitting at that port. Capt. W. Aldham, C. 8., commanding her Majesty's ship Valorous, was removed from his ship yesterday in Portsmouth harbour and conveyed to the Royal Naval Hospital at Hasler for surgical treatment, he having some time back, while journeying by land to Vera Cruz, been attacked by banditti and severely wounded in the thigh by a ball. We are glad to hear that the medical authorities report favourably of the state of his wound, and that his speedy con valescence may be expected. The Valorous sailed from Portsmouth yesterday afternoon for Devon port, where she will be paid off. The Nimrod, 6, screw, Lieut.-Commander Arthur, paid off her crew and was put out of commission yesterday alongside Portsmouth Dockyard. The screw steam gunvessel Surprise, 5, Commander Whyte, left Plymouth Sound yesterday morning for the Mediterranean. The following transports having been char- I tend for the military store service, were yester day registered to load from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, viz., the Clarendon, for St. Helena ; the Tigress, for Rio de Janeiro; the Heather bell, for Cape Town ; the Fenella, for Colombo ; the Britannia, steamer, for Gibraltar ; and the St. Croix, for Quebec, Canada. The following Government vessels in Hamoaze . are to be sold by order of the Lords of the Adm.- ralty :—The sailing vessels Spartan, 26, Pilot, 12, Express, 6, Crane, 6, Petrel, 5, Pandora, 5, Spider schooner, Portland, 50, Lively receiving hulk, Lap wing, 4, Pallas coal depot, and steam vessels Mer lin, 6, Arrow, 4, Lyra, 9, and Viper, 4. The Crocodile receiving ship, Commander Greet, for many years moored off the Tower, has been for warded to Deptford ; and the business of the ship will be transferred to a branch office of the Fisgard, to be established in London, under the charge of a master of the Royal Navy. The construction of the new transport and coal ing jetty along the south end of Portsmouth dock yard, which has just been completed at a cost of upwards of £15,000, has not yet led, nor is it likely at present to lead to the accommodation which had been at first expected from it, owing to the shal lowness of the water alongside. One transport, the Cressy, with troops on board, was placed alongside and the troops disembarked from her, but the ship took the ground, but the experiment will not be re peated. It may be said to be the intention of the authorities to deepen the ground alongside the jetty by dredging, but the question then arises—Can the ground be dredged with safety to the structure ; and, even if this could be done, would it not fill up again ? This jetty, with its 600 feet frontage, extends about 60 feet out into the harbour from the dockyard wall, and to make it perform the duties for which it was originally designed it is apparently necessary to extend its front further into the harbour some 15 or 20 feet, supposing that the structure itself is suf ficiently strong to bear such an extension. The con struction of jetties without sufficient depth of water to enable ordinary troopships to go alongside, and of docks too shallow to receive ships of a deep draught of water, seems to be an established failing in the additions and alterations in Portsmouth Dockyard. No. 11 dock, which has just been again taken in hand by the contractor, has an entrance which was constructed some 13 years since at a cost of £5,000. At that time ships like the Warrior were not thought of, and the docks capable of ren dering general service to the ships of those days will necessarily be almost valueless for the future. The completion of No. 11 will now only add to the resources of Portsmouth yard a dock that will be too shallow to receive a ship of any size. The vital importance of large docks at Portsmouth will per haps not be acknowledged until some half-dozen ships run inside the Isle of Wight for repairs after a desperate engagement with an enemy's fleet in the Channel. One thing is, however, acknowledged by all. In the event of hostilities with a country situate so close to us as France is, that Power which could soonest repair its fleets and despatch them again to sea in search of the enemy must enjoy an immense advantage over its opponent. The following appointments were made yesterday at the Admiralty :—Lieuts. H. L. Perceval and J. E. M. Wilson, to the Warrior ; Sub-Lieut. A. G. C. Tait, to the Donegal ; G. H. Blakey, master, to the Warrior ; L. J. Monteith, surgeon, to the London ; S. J. D. Wells, surgeon, to the Warrior ; Astley Cooper, assist.-surg., to the Cumberland ; David Duncan, assist.-snrg., to the Indus; Jas. Thomson, assist.-surg., to the Cesar ; Huston Maxwell, assist.-surg., to the Pembroke; Josiah Austen, assist.-surg., to the Warrior ; E. W. Coleman, tiding assist.-surg., to the Warrior ; H. Macdonnell, acting assist.-surg., to the Virago ; Beigrave Nin n is, acting assist.-surg., to the Impregnable, for Ply mouth Hospital; J. T. Moore, acting assist.-surg., to the 'Victory, for Haslar Hospital ; the Rev. R. N. Jackson, chaplain and naval instructor, to the War rior ; R. A. Fowler, naval instructor, to the Cadmus; John Phillips, second master, to the Warrior ; J. N. de Vries, paymaster, to the Warrior ; W. H. Clyma, paymaster, to the Spiteful; G. A. Welch, paymas ter, to the Virago ; J. G. W. Hoare and Thos. W. Moore, assist.-paymasters, to the Warrior; N. J. Aaron, clerk, to the Warrior ; and G. F. Matthews, twist. clerk, to the Warrior. THE ARMY. - A general parade of the officers and men of the Chatham division of Royal Marines Light Infantry, now at headquarters, took place on Wednesday,f or the purpose of promulgating to the entire division the votes of thanks presented to that branch of the service by the House of Lords and also the House of Commons for the gallantry they displayed during the late war in China. Col. Wilbraham, recently appointed as Governor of the Royal Artillery Infirmary at Woolwich, yes terday took up his appointment and entered on his duties. Major-Gen. Sir Richard Dacres, commanding at Woolwich, yesterday issued an order for the assem bling of the whole of the 3d Brigade Royal Artillery for inspection on Monday next, preparatory to em barking for Malta and Corfu. On Wednesday Mrs. Edgcumbe, wife of the Hon. George Edgcumbe, in presence of Major-General Hutchinson, Commander of the Forces in the West, and of Major-Gen. Bloomfield, Inspector-General of Artillery, laid the first atone above high water-mark of a new fort at Picklecombe Point, Mount Edg cumbe.park. This work will have a frontage to the sea of about 600 ft., and will mount 60 guns. It is just below Picklecombe Fort, built within the last 10_ Years. In eo;sr h e equence of thein trod action into the service of the interchangeable angeable rifle muskets, pattern 1853, an alter has been made by 'War-office circular in the existi ng gmode of remu n erating armourer.• sergeants for the rep a i r and examination of those arms. LordHerber , a with the concurrence of H.R.H. the General Commanding-in -Chief, -in-Chief, has therefore decided that the duties at' pay of armourer-ser geants, when attach e d to ki t ogianents, shall in future be subject to the followi Ire ti rlations :-1. The pay of armourer-sergeants ,7 iiregiments will be raised - to a uniform of rate o f 5, the implements for sev en days in the week; 2 . the co at ofimplements and ingredients, as well as the 1 carriage of such ma terials to the regiments, will I ill borne b y the pub_ lie; 3. i n c onsideration of the i; ic'reased pay granted to them, armourer-sergeants will perform all re pairs zegruired to the interehani ;eablo arms, examine ' and clean them periodically, and brown the barrels every second year, besides marking the arms of their regiments, including those of sergeants ; 4. they shall keep up the tools in the armourer's field forge without any expense to the public; the sum of £1 a-year per arm of rank and file shall be deducted from each captain's contingent allowance, and credited to the public, in aid of the expense in curred in maintaining the arms in repair ; 6. all re pairs to arms injured, either intentionally or by carelessness, are to be paid by the men. These re gulations do not apply to the sergeants' short rifles the parts of which are not interchangeable, nor do they exonerate captains of companies from their responsibility for the perfect efficiency of the arms belonging to the men composing these companies. Officers are directed to satisfy themselves, by means of frequent and careful inspection, that all repairs are promptly and properly performed by the ser geant-armourer. In order to expedite the demolition of the exist ing fortifications known as the Cavalier and Half moon batteries at Garrison Point, at the entrance to the Medway, and to prepare for laying the mas sive concrete base on which the foundations of the new casemated batteries are to rest, 100 additional workmen have been placed on the works. The exist ing batteries are of very ancient date, some portions of them having been built prior to the reign of Charles 11. Recently, during the progress of the excavations, a shell was discovered near the spot on which the old works now stand, stamped " Van Tromp," and bearing the date 1665. It is supposed to have been fired when the Dutch fleet, under Ad miral De Ruyter, sailed up the Medway to Chat. ham, and burnt several vessels of war at Upnor. The new works are to be constructed under the superintendence of Mr. Lacy, C.E. BOAT-BUILDING BY STEAM. The power of steam labour would seem to be capa ble of an almost indefinite expansion. No matter how special and intricate are the mechanical difficul ties of the task—no matter how entirely its com pletion, as we think, may depend on the employ ment ofskilled labour of the highest class, there is hardly any possible branch of manufacture which steam machinery is not capable of bringing to its greatest perfection at a mere tithe of the time and cost consumed by hand labour. The ingenious combinations of mechanism which are termed " labour-saving machines" have become a distinct class of invention, claiming to accomplish nothing new, but merely to do better, quicker, and cheaper what has before been done by costly, slow, and sometimes bad, though always uncertain, handwork. With scarcely an exception, all the most important of these labour-saving machines have come from America, The want of skilled labour and the almost exorbitant price it commands, have driven our Transatlantic cousins to the invention of these beautiful mechanical aids ; just as the demands on our own manufacturing skill have led our engi neers to almost confine their attention to the greatest and simplest developments of steam machi nery, as applied to locomotive and marine engines. In England steam is a power—in America it is rather a slave, always driven at high pressure ; or a domestic household drudge, hemming the towels, pumping the water, washing the linen, or even sending up the plates and dishes at all large hotels and very many private houses, too. These self acting machines were thought to have attained their perfection in the superb collection of auto matic implements manufactured in America, and now set up at Enfield, and employed in making the rifles by thousands weekly. Lately, however, another and still more curious and profitable com bination of steam machinery has been brought to this country by the inventor, Mr. Nathan Thomp son, for the purpose of building boats by steam. Now, if there is any class of work which espe cially demands the most skilled artisans, it is boat building. The curves in the shears or planking have to be so truly made, the edges of all parts so carefully beveled and fitted, that it has long been regarded as hopeless to expect further aid from steam than that of merely turning the curvilinear saws by which the simplest of the curves are cut. All else is of necessity done by hand, and the cost is in proportion to the labour and delay. Thus to make a line-of-battle ship's launch, 32 foot long, requires at the least from eight:to 10 days, andrcosts for labour alone, exclusive of material, from £l2 to £l6. By Mr. Thompson's machinery the same boat can be completed from the rough timber in five hours and a-half, and at a cost for labour and machinery of from £1 15s. to £2. The combination of machinery by which this enormous saving of time and money is effected is in some details merely a novel application of old prin ciples, though as a rule all the chief implements are perfectly new, and of their kind the most wonder ful samples of mechanical skill probably ever seen in this country. The factory at which the specimen machines have been erected is near Victoria Park, and half the most distinguished naval and military authorities and our foremost mechanicians have seen their operation',with perfect astonishment. It is very difficult indeed by mere verbal description to convey to the public anything like a clear idea of the modus operandi of complicated pieces of machinery. The reader, therefore, will best realize the nature of Mr. Thompson's valuable inventions from a brief account of the chief processes of manu facture, and of the machine by which each is effected. The first step is to take the rough timber, which is cut either straight or in taper form into the various requisite shapes by an ingenious im provement on the circular saw. A number of planks, afterwards to be cut up into ribs, are steamed into a semi-flexible state, and in this con dition are bent over iron frames representing the outer sections of a boat's side. Held firmly in this shape they are dried, and retain for ever the curve or form to which they have been moulded. In the workshop are kept certain standard patterns of boats of all sizes made by the machinery, each part of which is numbered, and perfect accuracy with the outline and form of which is required in all portions of boats of the same size. In fact, these parts form in some portions of the manufac• ture the models, as in the celebrated copying machines at Enfield and Woolwich, the only novelty in these machines made by Mr. Thompson being t a h : lt t aet i l h if e;w ea rk tsitd r h a ee ther quicker, and the principle on which the implements act is capable of such an o s f a ma Thamese outrigger e w r h i i s c h capable, bevels . by the mostwtielciotlhing alteration of the angle of incli nation at for knives work, to fashion a 50- feet oak plank the side of a 100-ton yacht or a Margate fishing smack. rs the ribs in parallel liatzedsz The machine for sawing i t n h e a ar tr s u a e w l:e g v i e v l in a g s to to simple ; one of the most c c u u r r i v o e u , i r e p l planking n n k e i w n s is is en th ti e the inner and outer side planks the varied local curvature required for each different part of a boat. The plank is sawn to wit th, and marked in chalk 8 from the numbers figures from 1 to , onthe stan dard boat in the workshop. This passes th rough a double cutting and planing machine. The cutters are conical in shape, the upper being convex, an d therefore grooving out the plank concave, and the - lower vice versa. These are laid horizontally, but on a moveable axis, capable o, b e i n g turned back ' wards and forwards on an index scaled from 1 to 8, according as the chalk figures in the plank enter the machine. Thus, by keeping th e cutters • tranverso to the plank the curve is slight, but turning them longitudinally gives the whole depth, and so a rough board passes rapidly in at one end and emerges at the other curved and outward with mathematical certainty, and not only curved but planed and beveled at the edges. Such a machine up to the present time has been deemed almost a mechanical impossibility, and the search for its discovery as futile as that for the philosopher's stone. By the present hand method a skilled workman would turn out four such streaks 1 of planking a day. Tne machine completes 30 feet of oak plank in four minutes, or 150 streaks for the day of 10 hours. On the same scale, a workman only completes 20 beveled ribs a day, while the machine turns out 500, with only two persons to superintend it, who, so far from being skilled work men, may be mere boys, to stop start the steam. The diagonal cutters for forming the irregular bevels of any angle, for the stern-pieces, stem, &c., are equally quick with their work, doing in one minute what requires two hours to accomplish by manual labour. The gratings are cut out of any size or width by the motion of what is called a " drunken saw." This is simply a circular saw fixed at what ever angle with its axis it may be required, and which, with its teeth arranged in four different ways, cuts at any inclination, either simply sawing through a plank when straight or making :a gap two inches wide if necessary. In fact, the whole machinery possesses the same superiority over hand labour that the power-loom has over the bygone system of knitting. It is a locomotive versus stage coaches—the now old story of a man working 10 hours on wages against a machine that works day and night and costs nothing but a little oil. Of course, therefore, before long all boats will be built by steam machinery ; and, ma king every allowanc e f or wear an d t ear o f plant, cost of setting up material, and hire of labour, it is computed that a saving of at least from 40 to even 50 per cent. will be effected to consumers at the very outset. Beyond this, however, the invention possesses other advantages, such as that of making any number or size of boats in a few hours, making duplicate pieces of those parts of the craft most ex posed to wear and injury, and above all enabling every vessel to carry complete boats in pieces, capable of being easily stowed away, yet put together in half an hour in case of emergency. The number of boats built in the United Kingdom each year amounts to upwards of 21,000. By this new machinery, erected in a building 100 yards long by 50 wide, it is stated 60,000 boats of all sizes, from an outrigger up to a line-of-battle ship's barge, could be com pleted in one year. Whether the increased facili ties in the way of cheapness and quick manufacture will stimulate the boat consumers to a larger con sumption remains to be seen. Whether it does or not they must be immense gainers in getting stronger boats at less than half the present prices. This much Mr. Thompson's beautiful machinery seems certainly able to effect, and such a profitable result in itself almost repays the 18 years' hard la bour he has had in gradually bringing his mecha nism to its present perfection. THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, AUCKTST 1, 1861. of Essen, has taken the lead of all steelmakers in this country. Ile has met the difficulty of tough ening large masses of cast steel by using hammers of extraordinary weight, and I believe that equal success will never be attained in England without adopting similar measures. It will be a great era in metallurgy when a material possessing the toughness and ductility of wrought iron, combined with the homogeneous character of a cast metal, can be economically supplied in large blocks. But, whatever the march of improvement may effect, I doubt whether such blocks can yet be produced at a cost which would admit of their extensive ap plication. lam glad, however, to see that papers are to be read at this meeting which may be ex pected to bear upon this important subject ; and among the names appended to those papers we are fortunate in having that of Bessemer, whose exer tions in this field of inquiry have attracted so much attention. The preceding observations on the ap plication of iron to the construction of artillery would not be complete without some allusion to the system of manufacture which I have myself adopted, and which may be designated the coil system. When malleable iron is rolled into bars its crystal lisation assumes a fibrous form, causing the bar to resemble a bundle of threads, strongly adhering to each other, but possessing their chief tenacity in the direction of their length. The compressive powerlis also such as generally to eliminate all im perfect welds, or, if any remain, they are drawn out parallel with the fibre of the iron. To realise in a cylinder the advantage of this fibrous struc ture it becomes necessary to coil the bar into a spiral, and to unite the folds by welding. The lines of welding will then be transverse to the cylinder, in which direction they have little ten dency to weaken it when exposed to a bursting force, even should they not be perfectly sound. There is a limit to the thickness of bar, which it is con venient to bend into a spiral, and in making a gun on this system the required diameter is made up by applying successive layers of coils, each layer being shrunk upon the one beneath. This mode of construction has the advantage of affording the opportunity of discovering and rejecting all defec tive parts as the work proceeas sand guns may thus be built up to almost any site without encoun tering any of those difficulties and liabilities which are met with in forging large blocks, whether of steel or iron. With regard to the great question of the ultimate effect of artillery against ships protected by defensive armour, I believe that, whatever thickness of iron may be adopted, guns will be constructed capable of destroying it. At the same time I am of opinion that iron-plated ships will be infinitely more secure against artillery than timber ships. The former will effectually resist every species of explosive or incendiary pro jectile, as well as solid shot from all but the heaviest guns, which can never be used in large numbers against them. In short, it appears to me to be a question between plated ships or none at all ; at any rate, so far as line-of-battle ships are concerned. With respect to the quality of the material best adapted to resist the impact of shot, this subject is engaging much attention in the town of Sheffield and the iron districts generally. So far as my own observation and experience go, I may say that hard ness and lamination are the conditions most essen tial to avoid. In striking a plate the tendency of a shot is to fracture, rather than to pierce, the material. When penetration is effected, the hole is of a broken character, and not such as would be made by the cutting action of a punch. The softer, therefore, the iron, the less injury it will sustain, and I apprehend that steel, in every form, will, from its great hardness, be found less effective than wrought iron, while its cost will be very much greater. As regards laminat ion, it has been clearly ascertained that a given thickness of iron made up of successive layers of thin plates is very much weaker for the purpose of armour than the same thickness in the solid form. But a laminated plate, by which I mean a plate having the layers composing it imperfectly united, must be regarded as an aggregation of separate plates, so that_Jhe strength derived from continuity is wanting. If this tendency to lami nation could be obviated, rolled plates would in my opinion, be preferable to forged, since the iron would acquire a more fibrous condition, but the existence of this liability appears to turn the scale in favour of forging. I hope the time is far distant when these great questions concerning attack and defence may receive a practical elucidation in actual warfare ; but I trust that in the course of our efforts to solve them discoveries may be made which will be as useful for the purposes of peace as for those of war. lam tempted to advert, before I conclude, to a subject intimately connected with mechanical progress, but upon which much difference of opinion may exist. That dauntless spirit which in matters of commerce has ied this country to cast off the trammels of protection has resulted in augmented prosperity to the nation, showing the injurious ten dencies of class legislation when opposed to general freedom of action. Would that the same bold and enlightened policy were extended, in some degree at least, to matters of invention. Under our present patent laws we are borne down with an excess of protection. We are obstructed in every direction by patented inventions which will never be reduced to practice by those who hold them, but which em brace ideas capable of useful application if freed from monopoly. The merit of invention seldom lies in the fundamental conception, but is to be found in the subsequent elaboration, and in the successful struggle with difficulties, unknown to the mere disappointment, for yea rs o f l a b our , for their removal. blended Frith w a i n th d Nothing can be more irrational, therefore, to give equal privileges to the mere schemer and to the man who gives actual effect to an invention. Primary ideas ought to be the common property of all in ventors, and protection, if we are to have it at all, should be sparingly awarded to those persons alone who, by their labour and intellect, give available reality to ideas. Apart from the impolicy of our present indiscriminate system, its operation is un just. Philosophers who furnish the light of science to guide to useful discovery go altogether unre warded and unrecognised. Practical men, who, like Watt and George Stephenson, devote the best part of their lives to perfecting inventions of immense importance to the world seldom derive from patents any greater emolument than would flow to them without the aid of a restrictive system, while they are frequently inv lved in tormentinc , litigation about priority of idea. On the other hand, we see numerous cases of disproportionate wealth realised by persons whose only merit has been promptitude in seizing upon and monopolizing some expedient which lay upon the very surface of things, and re quired no forcing atmosphere of protection for its discovery. Finally, injustice is done by the exist ing law to those men who have no desire for monopoly, but who are compelled to become paten tees for no other purpose than to prevent their being excluded from carrying their own ideas into prac tice. For my part, I incline to think that the prestige of successful invention would, as a rule, bring with it sufficient reward, and that protection might be entirely dispensed with. On this point, however, I speak with hesitation ; but it is, at all events, certain that extensive reform is urgently required in this branch of legislation, and that the advance of practical science is now grievously obsti'ucted by those very laws which were intended to encourage its progress. Having now called to your remembrance the triumphs which have already been accomplished in mechanical science, and hav ing directed your attention to some of the subjects which at the present time merit your consideration, it only remains to express my hope that the genius, enterprise, and intelligence which have hitherto distinguished your profession may continue to bear fruits worthy of the past, and that the proceedings of this institution may serve to guide and stimulate the efforts of itslmembers. 211 E SCIENCE OF PROJECTILES. At the meeting of mechanical engineers at Shef field, Sir Wm. Armstrong, president, after sketch ing the history of steam inventions, said In thus glancing at the history of mechanical science during the last 80 years we see how entirely our successes have been based upon the possession of that metal which the Author of nature has sup plied us in the greatest abundance. Without iron all our skill and ingenuity would have resulted in comparative nothingness; and had it not been en dowed with that singular property of hardening by sudden immersion after previous conversion into steel, we should have been deprived of the means of cutting and shaping it to those accurate forms which our mecnanical constructions require. Its property of welding is almost equally essential to its utility, and the combination of these remarkable qualities in one metal, coupled with the fact of its natural localities being generally identical with those of coal, affords the most striking in stance of adaptation to the purposes of man that can be found in the mineral kingdom. It is the iron and not the golden age which is the true age of civilisation, and England has led the way in the march of progress, chiefly through her skill and energy in producing this metal, and applying it to mechanical purposes. Iron, unlike all other metals, has three phases of existence—cast iron, wrought iron, and steel, each equally useful, and yet so diffe rent as to be virtually separate metals. In the ma nufacture of steel the town of Sheffield enjoys an unrivalled eminence, and our discussions on this oc casion will naturally be directed to those various questions of peculiar interest which at present tip , ply to that most useful product. I have hitherto spoken only of the mechanical arts as applied to the purposes of peace, but I have yet to refer to the darker side of the picture in speaking of their ap plication to the purposes of war. We shall all agree in condemning war and deploring the suffering it entails; but we must not regard it as destitute of all admixture of good. The conquests of ancient Rome scattered the germs of civilisation over the whole of the then known world, and similar effects have at tended many of the conquests of more modern times. War also affords a field for the exercise of some of the noblest attributes of our nature—courage, pat riotism, self-devotion, and honour have found their brightest examples among those who have followed the profession of arms; and the homage which is universally paid to military distinctiod shows how contrary to our instincts are the tenets of those moralists who place war and crime in the same category. But, whatever opinions may be held on this subject, it is useless to take Utopian views of the duties of nations and the principles which ought to regulate their intercourse. We know that nations, like individuals, are liable to quarrel, and when they do so, having no common jurisdiction to control them, they resort to arms. So long, there fore, as any one nation maintains its armaments, it is an absolute necessity that others should do the same, unless they choose, by their inability to re sist, to tempt a rupture, and are content to succumb to the event of its occurrence. Our warlike neigti bours, the French, always forward in everything appertaining to war, have of late years devoted their energies to two most important subjects—the rifling of ordnance and the application of defensive armour to ships. Their advances have necessitated similar steps on our part, and we have certainly no reason to suppose that we are behind them in the race. With the first of these subjects I have been personally much concerned, and I have also had opportunities of observing the merits and defects of the various natures of armour plates, with which experiments have been made by the direction of her Majesty's Government. I need scarcely say that up to the present time cast iron has been almost exclusively employed in the construction of heavy ordnance ; but guns made of that material have not been found adequate to resist the more severe strain incident to the use of elongated rifled projec tiles. This inadequacy of strength becomes the more decided as we increase the magnitude of the gun, and since a growing demand exists for more powerful artillery, the use of cast iron for its con struction seems to be entirely precluded. It is said, and I believe with truth, that in America the manu facture of cast iron ordnance has been so far im proved by applying water to tool the casting from the interior as to enable serviceable guns of this material to be produced of much larger bore than have been made in England. But it appears that these guns have not been rifled, and are only intended to be used with hollow projectiles. This success, therefore, affords no reason for coming to a diffe rent conclusion as to the unfitness of cast iron for the construction of rifled guns designed to project solid shot, especially when the dimensions are large. Even when strengthened by wrought iron hoops, the tendency of cast iron in a gun :is to become weaker by every succeeding discharge. This is owing to minute fractures occurring in the bore, generally in the vicinity of the vent, and gradually extending until they terminate in the rupture of the gun. If, therefore, cast iron guns are to be utilized at all as rifled ordnance, it can only be by confining their use to hollow projectiles and light charges ; but if the same indulgence were extended to wrought iron guns, equal efficiency would be obtained with half the weight of metal, and on this ground alone the superiority of the latter is deci sive. Wrought iron made either from " bloom" or "puddles ball" must necessarily consist in the first instance of a congeries of welds or joinings. The smaller the mass and the more it is reduced under the rolls or hammer, the more perfectly will it be united, but when a large block is forged from an aggregation of blooms, it is almost impossible to render it homogeneous throughout. The flaws in such a forging will generally be drawn out by the process of hammering in the direction of the length, w ef i e l r l e t n h e e e re t f u ore lu n u o g t i m tu a d t i e u r a ia l ll e y tr a e ff in e e c . t its ß u s t tr i e f ng th th e m ab ilu se a d e s a r o s nis b : e l,i s a u f b abt j iao e i e k ted to an explosive force acting from the interior, as in a gun, the presence of such flaws s i t ) e w eu r u ou nd, h t may peegeuesne toob objectionable g T h :O t anb i l r e o n t h a n therefore, cast ir o a n p , p l f i o e r d , to be even more the construction of guns, I hold gin t r h oe u ra s et esi i . n u it e it to concealed flaws, and on that account than happen i g i h t es ect resistance, yet it must always be eiruonueertain and treacherous. If iron, after its conversion cmcoafirtversion to the malleable form, could be fused, all , ; 3e h a o rs mo t r a n t e n ou am s e ir i o s n o ,'; ' welds would be obliterated, and the mass ren dered uniform throughout. Such a material would a species of cast merit but h ethe metal appellation‘s,hwhich u o w f e r e T n h t nature, steel. The form assumed by steel in solidifying from the liquid state always ren ders the material in the first instance hard and brittle, and it is only under the subsequent pro cess of hammering that it acquires ductility and toughness. This alterative process of hammering is crystallinebut merely perfectly effectual when the thickness of the steel is small, but when it is required to be forged into a 'large mass it appears to be a matter of the utmost difficulty to effect the required change. It is sel dom that the enterprise of English manufacturers is exceeded by that of foreigners, but in the pro duction of steel forgings of large dimensions Krupp, THE MAILS. MAILS DUE. Australia, Ceylon, and Mauritius (via South ampton) .. Aug. 18. Do. (via Marseilles) Aug. 12. Brazil and Cape V er d s .. Aug. 4. Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, &c. .. • • Cuba and Mexico .. Aug. 13 Canada, &c. (via L'd err y) .. Overdue. Cape o Good Hope, &c. • • Sept. 1. China, Penang, a n d Si nga p ore ( v i a S'ampton) Aug. 2. Do (via Marseilles) Aug. 12 . Gibraltar (via Southampton) .. • • • • • • Aug. 2. India (Calcutta), Ceylon, &c. (via Southampton) Aug. 2. Do. (via Marseilles) Aug. 12. India (Bombay), (via Southampton) .. Aug. 10. Do. (via Marseilles) .. .. Aug. 4. Lisbon .. .. Aug. 1. Malta, Egypt, and Aden (via Southampton) .. Aug. 2. Do. (via Marseilles) .. Aug. 4. Vigo, and Oporto .. Aug. I. United States, California. &e. Aug. 7. SUDDEN DEATH.--On Tuesday evening Mr. John Brewster, an eminent solicitor of Nottingham, who has held the office of Deputy-Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for a great many years, met his death under very shocking cir • curnstances. Early in the evening Mr. Brewster had wit nessed the performances of Biondi"' at the Barrack-yard, Nottingham, and, after returning home, partook of supper as usual. lie remained in conversation with his family until about 11 o'clock, when his sons bade him " Good night" and retired to rest. Almost immediately afterwards they were aroused by the shrieks of their sister. Upon going to the spot they found their father lying at the bot tom of the steps leading into the garden, his head being fearfully bruised. A surgeon was sent for, but the unfor tunate gentleman never rallied, and expired half an hour afterwards. A coroner ' s inquest' was held yesterday (Wed nesday), and from the medical testimoney adduced it was supposed that the deceased was seized with an effusion of blood to the head, which caused him to fall down the steps, and a verdict to that effect was returned. Mr. Brewster was 64 years of age, AUSTRIA AAD HUNGARY. (From the Correspondent of the Times.) PESTH, JULY 28. Up to last evening it was fully expected that the Chamber of Deputies would hold a private sitting to-morrow, but this morning we learn that such ill not be the case. It is presumable, therefore, that the joint committee has not yq finished its work, but the delay is not likely to be a long one, and the general belief is that in the course of the • week now commencing, not only a private sitting, but also public ones, will take place, and that we shall be made acquainted with the nature of the next step in the long proceedings between Pesth and Vienna. M. Deak has been very busy draw ing up the new Address, of the adoption of which little doubt seems to be entertained, and it is also thought that the union of parties and smoothing down of points of difference, which have been among the most notable consequences of the last Imperial Rescript, are likely to be prominently displayed in the next debates of the Deputies. Concerning the Address itself nothing positive is known, but report says that it will reply point by point to the Rescript, and will be of a very cogent and decided character. All the information that reaches me is to the effect that the Hungarians are more than ever determined to pur sue a policy of resistance, that not a resignation will be sent in, and that deputies, obergespane, and county authorities will all remain in their places until ejected from them by force. An important piece of intelligence, in the correctness of which I have rather strong reasons to confide, is that, as a re sult of recent communications between the different parties concerned, a perfect understanding has been come to between the Czech and Polish deputies to the Reichsrath and the Liberal portion of the Croa tian Diet on the one hand, and the Hungarians on the other, and that future harmony of action has been arranged. If this be a fact its importance needs not to be enlarged upon.. In a recent letter I referred to a warning respect ing Hungarian affairs said to have been received in Vienna from Prince Richard Metternich, the Aus trian Minister in Paris. I should, perhaps, have explained that this warning was contained in letters addressed by him to influential members of the Aulic Council. In strong terms, it is said, he urged an amicable and speedy arrangement of the pend ing question with Hungary, as a measure which he considered dictated by urgent necessity. Thus far the statement rested on the authority of papers favourable to the Hungarian cause, which did not fail to point out that Metternich, in his central posi tion at Paris, and with the opportunities he there enjoyed, was likely to be better informed than the Vienna Cabinet of the designs and intrigues of Austria's foes. Information of a private nature tends to confirm the newspaper statement that Prince Metternich has written to friends in the sense above stated. lam assured that, in a recent audience of the Emperor, one of those friends spoke to his Ma jesty of the opinion his Ambassador had expressed, and that the information appeared to make an im pression upon Francis Joseph, who is reported to be much harassed and made very anxious by the difficulties of the Hungarian question. Less than two miles up stream from the magnifi cent suspension-bridge that connects Pesth and Buda, and before the straggling buildings of the latter place have ceased upon your left hand, you come to a long green island, so thickly fringed with trees that at this season nearly all that can be dis cerned of it is an irregular mass of foliage. This is the Margaretheninsel (Margaret's Island), so called from the patron saint of a monastery which stood upon it centuries ago, and fragments of the ruins of which still remain. It was once a pheasant preserve of the renowned Hungarian King Matthias Cor vinus, the most distinguished warrior and lawgiver of his time, whose exploits in defence of his country against the continual attacks of Turks and Aus trians, Poles and Bohemians, and other neighbour ing foes, to this day furnish topics for the pencil of Hungarian artists and the songs of Hungarian bards. Having come into the hands of the muni cipality of Pesth, by this city it was presented to the Archduke Palatine of Hungary. But, like many other pleasant spots of earth, it seems be loved of churchmen, and to have a tendency to get into their hands. The brothers of the Order of Mercy, who have a convent in Pesth, rents it of its present owner, the Archduke Stephen, and maintain a small floating colony upon it. There is a commodious house there, where bishops and other church dignitaries sometimes take up their summer residence, and where even laymen may find accom modation for a due consideration ; and from another house, although it be not strictly an inn, creature comforts, both solid and liquid, may without diffi culty be obtained at no exorbitant charge, the wine being the produce of a trim vineyard which occu pies the centre of the island, and readily yields in a fair average year its 1,800 dozen of light but very agreeable liquor. In the interior of the island are found forest trees and thickets and green award, flower-beds, orchards, and kitchen-gardens. There is an agreeable mixture of wilderness and cultiva tion—sylvan ruggedness but partially overcome by spade and pruning hook. The pheasants which sup plied King Matthias with sport in theshort intervals of his frequent campaigns against Turkish pashas and Transylvanian Voivodes have disappeared, but, in their place, peacocks strut across the lawns and stand sentry, with discordant challenge, at the en trance of woodland paths. There is no lack of animal life in the island, or of that ample provision for the larder which has often irreverently been con sidered peculiarly to characterise conventual estab lishments ; compact bodies of ducks and geese and fluttering squadrons of fowls range in the vicinity of the farmhouse, and calves, very much fatted, go in troops at eventide to their watering-place in the Danube. The police of the island, detective and pro tective, is confided to a number of powerful dogs, who roam about at night and deter marauders. There is but one vehicle on the territory of St. Margaret's ; it is of simple form and fashion and capable of con taining four human beings—the consent having been previously obtained of a steady-looking insular donkey, the parent of a playful young ass which kicks up its heels in a fashion that would have delighted the poet who sang of that interesting animal. In the evening the big Danubian fish leap and splash about the banks, and the gnats and midges arise in myriads and bloodily assault the visitor. Were St. Margaret's isle in the Thames instead of in the Danube, as near to London as it is to Pesth, and with its present capa bilities, some enterprising genius would assuredly get hold of it and convert it into an establishment which would utterly destroy Cremorne. As it is, people do go from Pesth to stroll and sup upon it, but the journey is a double one, by steamer and row-boat, and it is hut little frequented in compa rison with its merits. This island, according to to day"s Pester Lloyd, " was recently thoroughly searched by the police, in quest of a personage whose name has in recent times been often men tioned, but who assuredly must be very far from the lovely Danube island." The Pesth journal gives this as something more than mere ramour, and, indeed, it has been most confidently asserted that the search was made by a whole company of Austrian soldiers, and that the person sought was General Turr. The natives of the island, however, perhaps with truth and perhaps from prudential motives, will not admit that any such military visit has been paid to them, and it is ridiculous to sup pose that the Austrian Government would seek Turr in the vicinity of Pesth, when assuredly they must know by their agents the exact place of his whereabouts abroad. For searches and arrests of a political nature the Austrians now employ the troops. Their own police here is chiefly for secret purposes of spying —that is to say, the town police is Hungarian, and so the military must be em ployed, however arbitrary and unconstitutional such a course may be, in matters relating to political offenders. Thus, at noon on Friday, a party, con sisting of six soldiers and no less than four officers repaired to the hotel of the Golden Eagle in the Innere Stadt quarter of Pesth, and, while the soidiers remained in a street opposite and two of the officers below, the two others, a captain and a lieutenant -colonel, entered the house and went straight to a room where three gentlemen were sitting, whose names they demanded. One of these; who gave the name of Nagy, was declared by the officers to be a certain Paul Thury, and him they arrested. He asked to be taken before the civil authorities, there being no state of siege at present, acid protested against his arrest. In the brief delay that took place several hundred persons had as sembled in front of the hotel, and when the officers went down with their prisoners they found the door had 13, , ,en shut to exclude the crowd. This seemed somewhat to disturb them, and they snouted to their soldiers to join them. No opposition, however, was offered to them, although a person who was present informs me that there was a good deal of excitement, and that very strong terms of reproach and contempt were addressed to the Austrians by some young Hungarian noblemen who witnessed the affair. The prisoner was told that if he could prove himself not to be Paul Thury he would be released. Meanwhile he was taken to the military prison in the Neue Gebaude, where the artillery are quartered—the place where Bathyany and others were confined and shot. Thury's offence is not known. He served in the Honveds in the waragainstAustria, was distinguished for his bravery, severely wounded, and afterwards long a refugee in England. From traits that have been told me of him, he appears to be rather an imprudent person, and it is possible he may have given cause for investigation of his conduct. But the manner of his arrest by the military force is evidently arbitrary and illegal, and it can hardly be very gratifying to the Austrian officers to he thus made to do the duty of policemen. GREAT FIRE IN TOOLEY-STREET. Yesterday morning, about 8 o'clock, Tooley-street and Dockhead, Southwark, were the scene of an other terrible fire, which up to noon had laid in ruins property valued at several thousand pounds. This fire commenced on the premises of Messrs. Curling and Co., wharfingers, running from Tooley street into Dockhead. The buildings were better known to the public as forming a portion of Davis's Wharf, while on the western side stood Mark Brown's Wharf, only separated from the premises of Messrs. Curling by an extremely narrow cartway. The building in which the disaster commenced was 200 or 250 feet long by 60 broad, and contained an immense quantity of goods, including 8,000 bales of jute, &c. The premises termed Mark Brown's had over 10,000 casks of tallow and grease deposited in them, and an immense quantity of cocoa-nut oil. The eastern end was termed Hartley Wharf, in which naphtha, oil, turpentine, resin, and other ignitable articles were stored. The last-named buildings were erected especially in a peculiar manner to resist, if possible, the ravages of a fire breaking out near them. The discovery appears to have been made by an officer of the M division, who, according to his own account, noticed smoke pouring out of some of the windows facing Mark Brown's warehouses. The officer at once sent off to the Tooley-street station of the Fire Brigade, and also to the ruins of the great fire close by, for proper assistance to come immediately. During that time men employed on the wharf and a number of strangers, by great ex ertion and no little personal risk, managed to get out of the warehouses several hundred bales of jute, bnt that which could not be reached blazed up like a furnace in full operation. Information was sim ultaneously despatched to the Southwark Water Company's offices, apprising the secretary of the outbreak, and in the course of three or four minutes Mr. Quick, jun,, the engineer, assisted by Mr. Restler, the chief inspector, attended. The fire by this time had got the complete possession of the building containing the jute, and, although it was daylight, the fire rose high, and spread a grand light over the neighbourhood. Mr. Superintendent Brandford, and Inspectors Reid, Moore, Turpin, Mackintosh, Mackenzie, and Mr. Superintendent Evans, of the Thames police, had a number of boats moored along the front of the wharves, manned by nearly 50 constables, to protect the property of the sufferers, there being not less than 50 men trying in boats to steal the salvage. The engines of the parish, under Mr. Squires, and the London Brigade, under Superintendents Henderson and Fogo, and Engineers Perryer, Flinn, Gerard (superintendent of the steam engines) and Mr. Hodges, the distiller, with his powerful brigade, were quickly on the spot and at work, owing to the good supply of water, and the judi cious directions given by Mr. Shand, of the firm of Shand and Mason, and Mr. Birkbeck, a son-in-law of the late Mr. Braidwood ; the land steam-engine and the powerful floats were oalled into requisition, but the fire for hours continued to extend, and at one period it was feared that it would have communicated with Mark Brown's Wharf, and also the extensive premises of Messrs. Hartley, whose name is so well known in the shipping trade. Fortunately such was not the case, and by noon the firemen appeared to have confined the flames to about 200 feet of the wharf. However, an immense body of fire still remained under the heaps of jute &c. Mr. William Hodsoll and Mr. Closs, two gen tlemen who are assessors for various fire insurance companies, vt, ere present during the whole day, and by their directions the extension of the fire was cut off in the road leading towards Mark Brown and Hartley's wharves. The fire, however, continued to burn throughout the day, and was not entirely extinguished at 9 o'clock last night. One of the hand engines of the brewery drew water out of a well on the premises 280 feet deep, and worked from an 18 inch stroke, and 62-inch barrel. Mr. Charles White, of the County Fire-office, and Mr. Green, Superintendent of Mark Brown's warehouse, were indefatigable in their exertions towards getting the fire subdued. Messrs. Leach and Neal's private engines, furnished by Mr. Merryweather, of Long-acre, were also found to be of great use in getting the fire extinguished. The jute on the premises having been tightly pressed upon the bandages, if such they can be called, be coming ignited, it expanded to such an extent as to cause the walls of the wharf to get out of the per pendicular, as was the case at Scovell's wharf and depot, where Mr. Braidwood unfortunately perished. The police of the M and A (reserve) and Thames divisions were obliged to be kept on duty until a late hour. OFFICIAL REPORT. " 8 A.M.—Davis's Wharf (land side), Potter's fields, C. Curling and Co., proprietors.—Cause of fire unknown. Buildings insured in the Sun, Pheenix, Guardian, and Manchester ; the contents insured in the Manchester Office. "The fire was extinguished by firemen and the Southwark Company's and Thames boats. The en gines present were three of A district, two of B, four of D district of the London establishment, three private, and Courage and Donaldson's steam-engine, as well as the land engine of Messrs. Shand and Mason (steam), and the upper steam float. A shed and brick building, about 200 feet by 60, lettered 1) 1 and D 2, containing about 8,000 bales of jute and hemp, all but destroyed. " Ditto—A. Johnson and Co., merchants—Con tents insured in the Manchester Fire-office. Similar damage. " Ditto—Messrs. Raible and Brothers—Contents insured in theßoyal Exchange and lenpf rial Fire offices. :Building of one floor, 200 feet by 60, nearly destroyed. " Ditto—Messrs. Curling, wharfingers—ln surance unknown. Building lettered D 3, contain ing jute, contents damaged by water and removal, communicating with D 1 and 2. " Ditto—Building insured in the Sun and other fire-offices.—Building lettered 821 and 23. Ditto, lettered B 1 and 2. Fronts severely damaged by heat." The premises in which the disaster occurred were erected as recently as 1859 and 1860. They were of substantial brick and timber. The Royal Society's fire escape conductors were present, and rendered essential aid to the firemen, As to the origin of the fire nothing is positively known, only that it commenced in D 2 warehouse, rapidly extending to D 1, and thence to the other warehouses. to Mes srs . En Destructive fires also br oke out y esterda y on the premises of Mr. J. Ba b y , Oxenden-road, Lower groeardt , a l n sl d in it gt e o it n .e ; , f o e n a t w ho o s r e kp prori belonginget proprietors s ; and on tho se - of Mr. R. Jolly , W hite Hart-court, Charter-hous e . None of them wer e extin g uished until a great deal of property had been destroyed. --- CAANADIAN MAILS.—The Montreal Ocean Steam ship Company's steamship Nova Scotian sailed from Liver pool yesterday for Montreal and Quebec. Besides the usual Canadian mails, the Nova Scotian took out about 60 cabin passengers, and had als o upwards of 26,000 in gold. on freight, THE BISII OP riP WIN CHESTER AND THE REV - . MR. REATH. An extraordinary ease is now standing for judg merit in the Court of Arches, bearing strongly upon many of the points involve:l in the s and Reviews." The promoter of the suit is the Bishop of Winchester, through his secretary, Mr. John Burder, of Parliament -street, and the defendant is the Rev,. Dunbar Isidore Heath, M.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, and now vicar of Brading, in the I s le of Wight, a benefice to which he was appoi n ted by hi s C o llege in 181 6 . The proceedings were taken under the Act of Queen Elizabeth, "An Act for the ministers of the Church to be of sound religion," and the defendant is ac cused of having "printed, published, dispersed, and set forth a certain book or pamphlet containing a course of sermons, 19 in number, and of having therein advisedly maintained and affirmed certain positions or doctrines directly contrary and repug nant to the doctrine of the United Church of Eng land and Ireland as by law established, and espe cially to the Articles of Religion." A large number of passages from Mr. Heath's published volume of sermons are quoted to sustain the articles filed against him. The following article contains the principal charges which Mr. Heath had to meet : " And we article and object to you, the said Dun' bar Isidore Heath, that you did, in the passages hereinbefore recited, being portions of the said book or pamphlet, or course of sermons, advisedly main tain or affirm the doctrine that the idea and phrase guilt of sin' are not only absent from Scripture, but darken and confuse the clearest of the otherwise most intelligent and comforting statements of Holy Writ, the said doctrine being directly contrary and repugnant to that part of the second of the said Articles of Religion, which affirms that Christ suf fered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to be a sacri fice not only for original guilt, but also for actual sins of men ; and that you did therein also advisedly maintain or affirm the doctrine that the ideas and phrases going to heaven,' going to hell,' are not only absent from Scripture, but darken and confuse the clearest of the otherwise most intelligible and comforting statements of Holy Writ, the said doc trine being directly contrary and repugnant to that clause of the Creed of Athanasius which declares it to be part of the Catholic faith that they that have done good shall go into life everlasting, and they that have done evil into everlasting fire; and that you did also therein advisedly maintain or affirm the doc trine that the idea and phrase immortality of the soul' are not only absent from Scripture, but darken and confuse the clearest of the otherwise most in telligible and comforting statements of Holy Writ, the said doctrine being directly contrary and repugnant to that clause of the said creed, commonly called the Apostles' Creed, which declares our belief in the life everlasting, and to that clause of the said Creed of Athanasius which declares it to be part of the Catholic faith that they that have done good shall go into life everlasting, and they that have done evil into everlasting fire, and to that clause of the said Nicene Creed which declares that we look for the resurrection of the dead and the life of the world to come ; and that you did also therein advisedly maintain or affirm the doctrine that the idea and phrase ' satisfaction' are not only absent from Scripture, but darken and • confuse the clearest of the other wise most intelligi ble and comforting statements of Holy Writ, the said doctrine being directly contrary and repugnant to that part of the 31st of the said Articles of Reli gion which declares that the offering of Christ once offered is the perfect redemption, propitiation, and satisfaction for all the sins of the whole world, and there is none other satisfaction for sin but that alone; and that you did also therein advisedly maintain o: affirm the doctrine that the idea and phrase neces sary to salvation' are not only absent from Scripture, but darken and confuse the clearest of the other wise most intelligible and comforting statements of Holy Wilt, the said doctrine being directly con trary and repugnant to that clause of the said Creed of Athanasius which declares that to believe rightly the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Christ is neces sary to everlasting salvation, and to that clause of the last-mentioned creed which declares that a man cannot be saved except he believes faithfully the Catholic faith, and to the 6th of the said Articles of Religion, which declares that Holy Scripture con taineth all things necessary to salvation, so that whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be proved thereby, is not to be required of any man that it should be believed as an article of faith, or thought requisite or necessary to salvation ; and that you did therein also advisedly maintain or affirm the doctrine that the word merit' is an incomprehen sible and unscriptural word, which darkens every thing, the said doctrine being directly contrary and repugnant to the 11th of the said Articles of Reli gion, which declares that we are accounted righte ous before God only for the merits of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ ; or that you did therein advisedly maintain or affirm doctrines to the same purport and effect respectively." It is expected that Dr. Lushington will deliver judgment before the breaking up of the Court for the long vacation. COUNTRY MARKETS. MANCHESTER—Aua. 1. Our market this morning was but moderately attended. Best samples of English wheat brought the prices of the previous week for best qualities ; inferior sorts offered at 2d to 3d higher, with a slow business. Sales restricted to the finest sorts of flour, at previous quotations. Oats and oatmeal in limited request. Beans were the turn in fa your of buyers, but Indian corn was 6d dearer. LYNN. •JULY 30. Old white 53s to 56s I Old red 43s to 529 Barley 2Bs to 32s Oats.. .22s to 26s Beans .40s to 46s I Peas 48s to 549 PLYMOUTH—JULY 30. The market was inactive, with a small attendance, and pikes were about last week's currencies—English white wheat, 60s to 61s ; red, 56s to 57s per qr ; French do., 603 to 62s ; American, 61s to 63s ; Spanish, 74s to 76s ; Rus sian, 60s to 625. Barley in good supply, at 36s to 43s pet' qr for malting ; grinding, 32s to 36a ; oats, 24s to 28s ; and beans, —s to —s ; flour, 44s to 46s 6d. CORK—JuLy 31. The following were the quotations this morning :--Be wheat, 27s Od to —s 0 ; white, 28s 6d to —s Od; barley 1 53 6d to 18s Od ; oats, 13 s Od t o —s Od. EDINBURGH GRAIN—JULY 31. Wheat on the top is Od up... average Os 9d up. Barley on the top Os 6d down average Os lld down , Oats on the top Os 3d down.. .. average is Od up. Beans on the top is Od up.... average is 9d up. Averages per Imperial quarter. Wheat.... •, New wheat - 12 ths Barley 1 12 2 1-12ths Oats. 1 10 7 6-12ths Beans - 12ths Total Supply and Sales. Wheat .1960 qrs Sold 1412 qrs 8ar1ey........ 310 qrs Sold 179 qrs Oats Beans 122 qrs Sold 103 qrs DERBY SMITHFIELD-JULY 30. A small number of fat beasts to-day, but a good many only of the middling sort. The best quality in request ; inferior a heavy sale. Sheep and lambs were in plentiful supply. An average show of fat pigs, and sold better. b good supply of calves. Beet Gd to 7id Veal Gd to GO Mutton 64d to 7id Pork Lamb .. 8d to Bfd Rough fat, 4s Sd per s tone• Hides, 3d to 4/11 ; calf skins, 5d to 6d. [ADVERTISEMENT.] Holloway's Pills.— Electrcal Changes.—The electrical conditi ons o f th e a tmospher e exercise a powerful influe n c e over th e h uman h ea lth, hence headache, lassitude, and f ever i s h ness a ff ec t so m any per sons prior to a thunde rs t orm . Th ey wou ld seem t o derange the health by affectin g the nervous' centres, and destroying the balance of th e c i rcu l a ti on. Holl oway ' s Pill s are well adapted to rest ,re ord er an d rescue th e wea k a nd delicate fro the relaxati on cause d b y excess i ve h ea tA a nd the pros tration which invariably occurs w h en the nerves are irritated and di scom p ose d , w h et h er by a tmospheric in fluences or by othe r c auses . Th ese Pills at once improve the appetite a n d di ges ti on, ren d er th e nervous energy more vigorous, diminish excessive sensibility, rende r the feelings far more agreeable, and invigorate the muscularipowers. BIRTHR. - - BAGOT.—On the 30th ult., at Bhthefield, Staffordshire, the Lady Bagot, of a daughter. DALE —On the 28th ult., at Lee, Kent, the wife of James; Murray Dale, Esq., a a son. GLENNIE.—On the 31 st ult., at 51 , Green street, Grosve° ' nor-square the wife of the Rev. John D. Gl enn i e, j u n q• of a daughter. OwEx.—On the Ist inst., at 2, Winchester -road, Mrs. IV' G. Owen, of a son. MARRIAGES. ORLEBAR—BOUGHTON.—On the 30th ult., at Slcipton , near Much Wenlock, Richard Orlebar, Esq., eldest soa of Richard Orleb ar , E sq., of Binwick House, Bedford shire, to Frederica St. John, youngest daughter of the Sir W. E. Rouse Boughton, Bart. ROWE—HAMMOND.—On the 25th inst., at Cranworg: Church, Mr. Th omas Rowe, of Cambridge, to R,ebektT daughter of the l a t e Mr. John Hammond, of Cranwort n ' Norfolk, CHAMERES.--On the 27th ult., E A T.II S. at Poolton-cum-Seacom bet Wm C. Ch am b res, Esq., aged 74. Gito VER,—On the 30th ult., at New Peckham, John Thos• Grover, Esq., of Bedford-row, solicitor, aged 56. MANGLES.—On the 31st ult., at Fairfield Cottage, Sunning hill, Robert Maisgles, Esq., of Sunning-dale, a ged 81. ONSLO W.—On the 30th ult., at Woodbridge House, near Guildford, the Hon. Edward Alainwaring M. E. Onslov , aged 32. PROUSE.—On the 27th ult.,: at: 10, Pembroke-road, Ken sington, W., William Henry Prouse, Esq., of Birken head, aged 29. STEDMAN.—On the 27th ult., at Horsham. D.:Stednitt o t Esq. ' LONDON : Printed and Published by 2 , IIJRDO 'YOUNG , a t No. 112, Strand, Printer, at THE Sux (Mice, No, :112,Strana, in the Precinct of the SAVOY, iai the County of Zildleacit Fricliy, August 2► 101.