The Sun. — London, England, 1861-08-02 00:00:00

THENATY. Thu Duke of Somerset, as First Lord of the Ad miralty, and several members of the board, will pay an of cial visit to Deptford Dockyard to-day. The. fine frigate Arethusa, 51, which has been converted from a sailing ship to a screw steamer at Chatham dockyard► has several hundred ship wrights and completedployed on her, in order that she may beand undocked by Friday nest, the 9th inst., when the iron mailclad steamer Defence will be taken into the dock to be vacated. Yesterday, a numerous party of mechanics com inenoed sheathing her with Muntz's patent metal, _ _ which is to be employed instead of copper. The, Gloucester, 50, fitting at Chatham for har bour service, to supply the place of the Hussar, 40, destroyed by fire at Shoeburyness, was completed yesterday. She is to be used as a receiving ship in Chatham harbour, for the officers and seamen of the various ships fitting at that port. Capt. W. Aldham, C. B ~ commanding her Maj esty's ship Valorous, was removed from his ship yesterday in Portsmouth harbour and conveyed to the Royal Naval Hospital at Haslar for surgical treatment, he having some time back, while journeying by land to Vera Cruz, been attacked by banditti and severely wounded in the thigh by a ball. We are glad to hear that the medical authorities report favourably of the state of his wound, and that his speedy con valescence may be expected. The Valorous sailed from Portsmouth yesterday afternoon for Devon and clean them periodically, and brown the barrels every second year, besides marking the arms of their regiments, including those of sergeants ; 4. they shall keep up the tools in the armourer's field forge without any expense to the public ; the sum of 11 a-year per arm of rank and file shall be deducted from each captain's contingent allowance, and credited to the public, in aid of the expense in curred in maintaining the arms in repair ; 6. all re pairs to arms injured, either intentionally or by carelessness, are to be paid by the men. These re gulations do not apply to the sergeants' short rifles the parts of which are not interchangeable, nor do they exonerate captains of companies from their responsibility for the perfect efficiency of the arms belonging to the men composing these companies. Officers are directed to satisfy themselves, by means of frequent and careful inspection, that all repairs are promptly and properly performed by the ser geant-armourer. In order to expedite the demolition of the exist ing fortifications known as the Cavalier and Half moon batteries at Garrisrn Point, at the entrance to the Medway, and to prepare for laying the mas sive concrete base on which the foundations of the new casemated batteries are to rest, 100 additional workmen have been placed on the works. The exist ing batteries are of very ancient date, some portions of them having been built prior to the reign of Charles 11. Recently, during the progress of the excavations, a shell was discovered near the spot on which the old works now stand, stamped Van Tromp," and bearing the date 1665. It is supposed to have been fired when the Dutch fleet, under Ad miral De Ruyter, sailed up the Medway to Chat ham, and burnt several vessels of war at Upnor. The new works are to be constructed under the superintendence of Mr. Lacy, C.E. BOAT-BUILDING BY STEAM. port, where she will be paid off. The Nimrod, 6, screw, Lieut.-Commander Arthur paid off her crew and was put out of commission yesterday alongside Portsmouth Dockyard. The screw steam gunvessel Surprise, 5, Commander Whyte, left Plymouth Sound yesterday morning for the Mediterranean , The following transports having been char tered. for the military store service, were yester day registered to load from the Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, viz., the Clarendon, for St. Helena ; the Tigress, for Rio de Janeiro ; the Heather bell, for Cape Town ; the Fenella, for Colombo ; the Britannia, steamer, for Gibraltar ; and the St. Croix, for Quebec, Canada. The following Government vessels in Hamoaz . e are to be sold by order of the Lords 026 e. Admi 12- Pilot, ralty :—The sailing ves sels Spartan, , , Express, 6, Crane, 6, Petrel, 5, Pandora, 5, Spider schooner, Portland, 50, Lively receiving hulk, Lap wing, 4, Pallas coal depot, and steam vessels Mer lin, 6, Arrow , 4, L y ra, 9, and Viper, 4. The Crocodile receiving ship, Commander Greet, for many years moored off the Tower, has been for warded to Deptford; and the business of the ship will be transferred to a branch office of the Fisgard, to be established in London, under the charge of a master of the Royal Navy. The construction of the new transport and coal ing jetty along the south end of Portsmouth dock yard, which has just been completed at a cost of upwards of £15,000, has not yet led, nor is it likely at present to lead to the accommodation which had been at first expected from it, owing to the shal lowness of the water alongside. One transport, the Cressy, with troops on board, was placed alongside and the troops disembarked from her, but the ship took the ground, but the experiment will not be re peated. It may be said to be the intention of the authorities to deepen the ground alongside the jetty by dredging, but the question then arises—Can the ground be dredged with safety to the structure ; and, even if this could be done, would it not fill up again ? This jetty, with its 600 feet frontage, extends about 60 feet out into the harbour from the dockyard wall, and to make it perform the duties for which it was originally designed it is apparently necessary to extend its front further into the harbour some 15 or 20 feet, supposing that the structure itself is suf ficiently strong to bear such an extension. The con struction of jetties without sufficient depth of water to enable ordinary troopships to go alongside, and of docks too shallow to receive ships of a deep draught of water, seems to be an established failing in the additions and alterations in Portsmouth Dockyard. No. 11 dock, which has just been again taken in hand by the contractor, has an entrance which was constructed some 13 years since at a cost of £5,000. At that time ships like the Warrior were not thought of, and the docks capable of ren dering general service to the ships of those days will necessarily be almost valueless for the future. The completion of No. 11 will now only add to the resources of Portsmouth yard a dock that will be too shallow to receive a ship of any size. The vital importance of large docks at Portsmouth will per haps not be acknowledged until some half-dozen ships run inside the Isle of Wight for repairs after a desperate engagement with an enemy's fleet in the Channel. One thing is, however, acknowledged by all. In the event of hostilities with a country situate so close to us as France is, that Power which could soonest repair its fleets and despatch them again to sea in search of the enemy must enjoy an immense advantage over its opponent. The following appointments were made yesterday at the Admiralty :—Lieuts. H. L. Perceval and J. E. M. Wilson, to the Warrior ; Sub-Lieut. A. G. C. Tait, to the Donegal ; G. H. Blakey, master, to the Warrior ; L. J. Monteith, surgeon, to the London ; S. J. D. Wells, surgeon. to the Warrior ; Astley Cooper, assist.-surg., to the Cumberland ; David Duncan, assist.-surg., to the Indus ; Jas. Thomson, assist. -surd., to the Caesar ; Iluxton Maxwell, assist.-surg., to the Pembroke; Josiah Austen, assist.-surg., to the Warrior ; E. W. Coleman, acting assist.-surg., to the Warrior ; H. Macdonnell, acting assist.-surg., to the Virago ; Belgrave Ninnis, acting assist.-surg., to the Impregnable, for Ply mouth Hospital ; J. T. Moore, acting assist.-Burg., to the Vi c t or y, f or Hasler Hospital ; the Rev. 11. N. Jackson, c h a pl a i n ac d nav al instructor, to the War rior; R.A.Fowler, naval instructor, to the Cadmus; John Phillips, second master, to the Warrior ; J. N. de Vries, paymaster, to the Warrior ; W. H. Clyma, paymaster, to the Spiteful • G. A. Welch, paymas ter, to the Vira go ;J, W. and Thos. W. Moore, assist.-paymasters to the Warrior; N. J. Aaron, clerk, to the Warrior ' • and O. F. Matthews, assist. cl.erk, to the Warrior. THE ARMY, A general parade of the officers and men of the Chatham division of Royal Marines Light Infantry, now at headquarters, took place on Wednesday, for the purpose of promulgating to the entire division the votes of thanks presented to that branch of the service by the House of Lords and also the House of Commons for the gallantry they displayed during the late war in China. Col. Wilbraham, recently appointed as Governor of the Royal Artillery Infirmary at Woolwich, y his es terday took up his appointment and entered on duties. Major-Gen. Sir Richard Dacres, commanding at Woolwich, yesterday issued an order for the assem bling of the whole of the 3d Brigade Royal Artillery for inspectio on Monday next, preparatory to em barking for it lalta and Corfu. On Wednes day - Mrs. Edgcumbe, wife of the Hon. George Edgca mbe, in presence of Major-General Hutchinson, Commander of the Forces in the West, and of Major-Con. Bloomfield, Inspector-General of Artillery, laid th, P first stone above high water-mark of a new fort at Picklecombe Point, Mount Edg cumbe-park. This work will have a frontage to the sea of about 600 ft., a . nd will mount 60 guns. It is just below Pieltlecom,l)e Fort, built within the last 10 years. In consequence of t 'rifted action into the service of the interchangeable r Lle muskets, pattern 185.3, an alteration has been taaa'e by War-office circular in the existing mode of rt munerating armourer sergeants for the repair and examination of those LordH er b ert' with the. oncarrence of H R 11. tue General C o nnanding:in.k. thief, has therefore decided that e duties and pa, yof armourer-ser geants, when of e attach d to regime. uts, shall in future be subject to the attached reg ations :-1. The pay of armourer.ser geants with regiments will be raised to a unif or mrate of 51 4. a day for seven days in the week; 2, the cost or the implgments g,T and i n edients, as well as the ear l tinge of such ma terials to the r e g iments, will • be b orne by the pub lic; 3. in consideration of theincre aced pay g ranted to them, arm ourer-sergeants perform 'all re pairs required to the interchangeau ,:%rms, examine The power of steam labour would seem to be cape: ble of an almost indefinite expansion. No matter how special and intricate are the mechanical difficul ties of the task—no matter how entirely its com pletion, as we think, may depend on the employ ment of skilled labour of the highest class, there is hardly any possible branch of manufacture which steam machinery is not capable of bringing to its greatest perfection at a mere tithe of the time and cost consumed by hand labour. The ingenious combinations of mechanism which are termed " labour-saving machines" have become a distinct class of invention, claiming to accomplish nothing new, but merely to do better, quicker, and cheaper what has before been done by costly, slow, and sometimes bad,though always uncertain, handwork. With pcarcely an exception, all the most important of these labour-saving machines have come from America. The want of skilled labour and the almost exorbitant price it commands, have driven our Transatlantic cousins to the invention of these beautiful mechanical aids ; just as the demands on our own manufacturing skill have led our engi neers to almost confine their attention to the greatest and simplest developments of steam machi nery, as applied to locomotive and marine engines. In England steam is a power—in America it is rather a slave, always driven at high pressure ; or a domestic household drudge, hemming the towels, pumping the water, washing the linen, or even sending up the plates and dishes at all large hotels and very many private houses, too. These self acting machines were thought to have attained their perfection in the superb collection of auto matic implements manufactured in America, and now set up at Enfield, and employed in making the rifles by thousands weekly. Lately, however, another and still more curious and profitable com bination of steam machinery has been brought to this country by the inventor, Mr. Nathan Thomp son, for the purpose of building boats by steam. Now, if there is any class of work which espe cially demands the most skilled artisans, it is boat building. The curves in the shears or planking have to be so truly made, the edges of all parts so carefully beveled and fitted, that it has long been regarded as hopeless to expect further aid from steam than that of merely turning the curvilinear saws by which the simplest of the curves are cut. All else is of necessity done by hand, and the coat is in proportion to the labour and delay. Thus to make a line-of-battle ship's launch, 32 feet long, requires at the ledst from eight:to 10 days, andtcosts for labour alone, exclusive of material, from £l2 to £l6. By Mr. Thompson's machinery the same boat can be completed from the rough timber in five hours and a-half, and at a cost for labour and machinery of from £1 15s. to £2. The combination of machinery by which this enormous saving of time and money is effected is in some details merely a novel application of old prin ciples, though as a rule all the chief implements are perfectly new, and of their kind the most wonder ful samples of mechanical skill probably ever seen in this country. The factory at which the specimen machines have been erected is near Victoria Park, and half the most distinguished naval and military authorities and our foremost mechanicians have seen their operation'.with perfect astonishment. It is very difficult indeed by mere verbal description to convey to the public anything like a clear idea of the modus operands of complicated pieces of machinery. The reader, therefore, will best realize the nature of Mr. Thompson's valuable inventions from a brief account of the chief processes of manu facture, and of the machine by which each is effected. The first step is to take the rough timber, which is cut either straight or in taper form into the various requisite shapes by an ingenious im provement on the circular saw. A number of planks, afterwards to be cut up into ribs, are steamed into a semi-flexible state, and in this con dition are bent over iron frames representing the outer sections of a boat's side. Held firmly in this shape they are dried, and retain for ever the curve or form to which they have been moulded. In the workshop are kept certain standard patterns of boats of all sizes made by the machinery, each part of which is numbered, and perfect accuracy with the outline and form of which is required in all portions of boats of the same size. In fact, these parts form in some portions of the manufac• ture the models, as in the celebrated copying machines at Enfield and Woolwich, the only novelty in these machines made by Mr. Thompson being that they work rather quicker, and the principle on which the implements act is capable of such an extension that the same steam cutter which bevels a lath for the side of a Thames outrigger is capable, by the mo s t trifling alteration of the angle of incli nation at which the knives work, to fashion a 50- feet oak plank for the side of a 100-ton yacht or a Margate fishing smack. The machine for sawing the ribs i n parallel lines, with a true bevel as to c u r curve,curious is entirely new and simple ; one of the most curvilinear saw, giving to the inner and outer side planks the varied local curvature required for each different part of a boat. from th e num b ers on the wit- th, and marked in chalk figuresTheplafomnrkis I sa t w o n B, to stan dard boat in the workshop. This passes through a double cutting and p laning machine. The cutters are conical in shape, the upper being convex, and therefore grooving out the plank concave, and the lower vice versa. These are laid horizontally, but on a moveable axis, capable of being turned back wardsn o.thec and forward s on an index scaled from 1 t enter o 8 , t according i n a e s . t T he 1l ti c s h , a b l by figures ,in the plank utte s r g h N t v , h b o u l e t tranverse to the plank the curve is is turning them longitudinally gives th sl e i depth, and so a rough b oard p asses rapidly in at one end and emerges at the other curved and outward with mathematical certainty, and not only curved but planed and beveled at the edges. Such a machine up to the present time has been deemed almost a mechanical impossibility, and the search for its discovery as futile as that for the philosopher's stone. By the present hand method a skilled workman would turn out four such streaks of planking a day. The machine completes 30 feet of oak plank in four minutes, or 150 streaks for the day of 10 hours. On the same scale, a workman only completes 20 beveled ribs a day, while the machine turns out 500, with only two persons to Superintend it, who, so far from being skilled work men, may be mere boys, to step start the steam. The diagonal cutters for forming the irregular bevels of any angle, for the stern-pieces, stem , &e., are equally quick with their work, doing in one minute what requires two hours_ to accomplish by manual labour. The gratings are cut out of any size or width by the motion of what is called a " drunken saw." This is simply a circular saw fixed at what ever angle with its axis it may be required, and which, with its teeth 'arranged in four different ways, cuts at any inclination, either simply sawing through a plank when straight or making :a gap two inches wide if necessary. In fact, the whole machinery possesses the same superiority over hand labour that the power-loom has over the bygone system of knitting. It is a locomotive versus stage coaches —the now old story of a man working 10 hours on wages against a machine that works day and night and costs nothing but a little oil. Of course, therefore, before long all boats will be built by steam machinery ; and, making every allowance for wear and tear of plant, cost of setting up material, and hire of labour, it is computed that a saving of at least from 40 to even 50 per cent. will be effected to consumers at the very outset. Beyond this, however, the invention possesses other advantages, such as that of making any number or size of boats in a few hours, making duplicate pieces of those parts of the craft most ex posed to wear and injury, and above all enabling every vessel to carry complete boats in pieces, capable of being easily stowed away, yet put together in half an hour in case of emergency. The number of boats built in the United Kingdom each year amounts to upwards of 21,000. By this new machinery, erected in a building 100 yards long by 50 wide, it is stated 60,000 boats of all sizes, from an outrigger up to a line-of-battle ship's barge, could be com pleted in one year. Whether the increased facili ties in the way of cheapness and quick manufacture will stimulate the boat consumers to a larger con sumption remains to be seen. Whether it does or not they must be immense gainers in getting stronger boats at less than half the present prices. This much Mr. Thompson's beautiful machinery seems certainly able to effect, and such a profitable result in itself almost repays the 18 years' hard la bour he has had in gradually bringing his mecha nism to its present perfection. 211 E SCIENCE OF PROJECTILES. At the meeting of mechanical engineers at She, field, Sir Wm. Armstrong, president, after sketch ing the history of steam inventions, said : In thus glancing at the history of mechanical science during the last 80 years we see how entirely our successes have been based upon the possession of that metal which the Author of nature has sup plied us in the greatest abundance. Without iron all our skill and ingenuity would have resulted in comparative nothingness; and had it not been en dowed with that singular property of hardening by sudden immersion after previous conversion into steel, we should have been deprived of the means of cutting and shaping it to those accurate forms which our mecnanical constructions require. Its property of welding is almost equally essential to its utility, and the combination of these remarkable qualities in one metal, coupled with the fact of its natural localities Iseing generally identical with those of coal, affords the most striking in stance of adaptation to the purposes of man that can be found in the mineral kingdom. It is the iron and not the golden age which is the true age of civilisation, and England has led the way in the march of progress, chiefly through her skill and energy in producing this metal, and applying it to mechanichl purposes. Iron, unlike all other metals, has three phases of existence—cast iron, wrought, iron, and steel, each equally useful, and yet so diffe rent as to be virtually separate metals. In the ma nufacture of steel the town of Sheffield enjoys an unrivalled eminence, and our discussions on this oc casion will naturally be directed to those various questions of peculiar interest which at present ap ply to that most useful product. I have hitherto spoken only of the mechanical arts as applied to the purposes of peace, but I have yet to refer to the darker side of the picture in speaking of their ap plication to the purposes of war. IV e shall all agree in condemning war • and deploring the suffering it entails ; but we must not regard it as destitute of all admixture of good. The conquests of ancient Rome scattered the germs of civilisation over the whole of the then known world, and similar effects have at tended many of the conquests of more modern times. War also affords a field for the exercise of some of the noblest attributes of our nature—courage, pat riotism, self-devotion, and honour have found their brightest examples among those who have followed the profession of arms ; and the homage which is universally paid to military distinctiod shows how contrary to our instincts are the tenets of those moralists who place war and crime in the same category. But, whatever opinions may be held on this subject, it is useless to take Utopian views of the duties of nations and the principles which ought to regulate their intercourse. We know that nations, like individuals, are liable to quarrel, and when they do so, having no common jurisdiction to control them, they resort to arms. So long, there fore, as any one nation maintains its armaments, it is an absolute necessity that others should do the same, unless they choose, by their inability to re sist, to tempt a rupture, and are content to succumb to the event of its occurrence. Our warlike neigh bours, the French, always forward in everything appertaining to war, have of late years devoted their energies to two most important subjects—the rifling of ordnance and the application of defensive armour to ships. Their advances have necessitated similar steps on our part, and we have certainly no reason to suppose that we are behind them in the race. With the first of these subjects I have been personally much concerned, and I have also had opportunities of observing the merits and defects of the various natures of armour plates, with which experiments have been made by the direction of her Majesty's Government. I need scarcely say that up to the present time cast iron has been almost exclusively employed in the construction of heavy ordnance ; but guns made of that material have not been found adequate to resist the more severe strain incident to the use of elongated rifled projec tiles. This inadequacy of strength becomes the more decided as we increase the magnitude of the gun, and since a growing demand exists for more powerful artillery, the use of cast iron for its con struction seems to be entirely precluded. It is said, and I believe with truth, that in America the manu facture of cast iron ordnance has been so far im proved by applying water to cool the casting from the interior as to enable serviceable guns of this material to be produced of much larger bore than have been made in England. But it appears that these guns have not been rifled, and are only intended to be used with hollow projectiles. This success, therefore, affords no reason for coming to a diffe rent conclusion as to the unfitness of cast iron for the construction of rifled guns designed to project solid shot, especially when the dimensions are large. Even when strengthened by wrought iron hoops, the tendency of cast iron in a gun ;is to become weaker by every succeeding discharge. This is owing to minute fractures occurring in the bore, generally in the vicinity of the vent, and gradually extending until they terminate in the rupture of the gun. If, therefore, cast iron guns are to be utilized at all as rifled ordnance, it can only be by confining their use to hollow projectiles and light charges ; but if the same indulgence were extended to wrought iron guns, equal efficiency would be obtained with half the weight of metal, and on this ground alone the superiority of the latter is deci sive. Wrought iron made either from " bloom" or " puddled ball" must necessarily consist in the first instance of a congeries of welds or joinings. The smaller the mass and the more it is reduced under the rolls or hammer, the more perfectly will it be united, but when a large block is forged from an aggregation of blooms, it is almost impossible to render it homogeneous throughout. The flaws in such a forging will generally be drawn out by the process of hammering in the direction of the length, and will therefore not materially affect its strength in reference to longitudinal strains. But if the mass be subjected to an explosive force acting from the interior, as in a gun, the presence of such flaws becomes fatal. Wrought iron, therefore, applied aso b a solid block to the construction of guns, I hold to be even more objectionable than cast iron, for , although a wrought iron gun thus made, if it happen to be sound,mayalwayspossess b be greater more subject powers thanof resistance, yet it must t n be and malleable treacherous. form, cast iron to concealed fl aws , an d on th a t acco unt be eoluflidrobn fused,e after allits e m o o n l y .e er u s n io c n er t t o ai welds would be obliterated, and the mass ren dered uniform throughout. Such a material would merit the appellation of " homogeneous iron," but the metal which now bears that name is of a different nature, but merely a species of cast steel. The crystalline form assumed by steel in solidifying from the liquid state always ren ders the material in the first instance hard and brittle, and it is only under the subsequent pro cess of hammering that it acquires duotility an d toughness. This alterative process of hammering i s perfectly effectual when the thickness of the steel is small, but when it is required to be forged into a large mass it appears to be a matter of the It utmost difficulty to Effect the requited change. is sel dom that the enterprise of English manufacturers is exceeded by that of foreigners, but in the pro duction of steel forgings of large dimensions lirupp, of Essen, has taken the lead of all steelmakers in this country. He has met the difficulty of tough ening large masses of cast steel by using hammers of extraordinary weight, and I believe that equal success will never be attained in England without adopting similar measures. It will be a great era in metallurgy when a material possessing the toughness and ductility of wrought iron , combined with the homogeneous character of a cast metal, can be economically supplied in large blocks. But, whatever the march of improvement niay effect, I doubt whether such blocks can yet be produced at a cost which would admit of their extensive ap plication. lam glad, however, to see that papers are to be read at this meeting which may be ex pected to bear upon this important subject ; and among the names appended to those papers we are fortunate in having that of Bessemer, whose exer tions in this field of inquiry have attracted so much attention. The preceding observations on the ap plication of iron to the construction of artillery would not be complete without some allusion to the system of manufacture which I have myself adopted, and which may be designated the coil system. When malleable iron is rolled into bars its crystal lisation assumes a fibrous form, causing the bar to resemble a bundle of threads, strongly adhering to each other, but possessing their chief tenacity in the direction of their length. The compressive power:is also such as generally to eliminate all im perfect welds, or, if any remain, they are drawn out parallel wills the fibre of the iron. To realise in a cylinder the advantage of this fibrous struc ture it becomes necessary to coil the bar into a spiral, and to unite the folds by welding. The lines of welding will then be transverse to the ' cylinder, in which direction they have little ten , dency to weaken it when exposed to a bursting force, even should they not be perfectly sound. There is 1 a limit to the thickness of bar, which it is con venient to bend into a spiral, and in making a gun on this system the required diameter is made up by applying successive layers of coils, each layer being shrunk upon the one beneath. This mode of construction has the advantage of affording the opportunity of discovering and rejecting all defec tive parts as the work proceeds ;and guns may thus be built up to almost any size without encoun tering any of those difficulties and liabilities which are met with in forging large blocks, whether of steel or iron. With regard to the great question of the ultimate effect of artillery against ships protected by defensive armour, I believe that, whatever thickness of iron may be adopted, guns will be constructed capable of destroying it. At the same time I am of opinion that iron-plated ships will be infinitely more secure against artillery than timber ships. The former will effectually resist every species of explosive or incendiary pro jectile, as well as solid shot from all but the heaviest guns, which can never be used in large numbers against them. In short, it appears to me to be a question between plated ships or none at all ; at any rate, so far as line-of-battle ships are concerned. With respect to the quality of the material best adapted to resist the impact of shot, this subject is engaging much attention in the town of Sheffield and the iron districts generally. So far as my own observation and experience go, I may say that hard ness and lamination are the conditions most essen tial to avoid. In striking a plate the tendency of a shot is to fracture, rather than to pierce, the material. When penetration is effected, the hole is of a broken character, and not such as would be made by the cutting action of a punch. The softer, therefore, the iron, the less injury it will sustain, and I apprehend that steel, in every form, will, from its great hardness, be found less effective than ' wrought iron, while its cost will be very much greater. As regards lamination, it has been clearly ascertained that a given thickness of iron made up of successive layers of thin plates is very much weaker for the purpose of armour than the same thickness in the solid form. But a laminated plate, by which I mean a plate having the layers composing it imperfectly united, must be regarded as an aggregation of separate plates, so that ;the strength derived from continuity is wanting. If this tendency to lami nation could be obviated, rolled plates would in my opinion, be preferable to forged, since the iron, would acquire a more fibrous condition, but the existence of this liability appears to turn the scale in favour of forging. I hope the time is far distant when these great questions concerning attack and defence may receive a practical elucidation in actual warfare ; but I trust that in the course of our efforts to solve them discoveries may be made which will be as useful for the purposes of peace as for those of war. lam tempted to advert, before I conclude, to a subject intimately connected with mechanical progress, but upon which much difference of opinion may exist. That dauntless spirit which in matters of commerce has led this country to cast off the trammels of protection has resulted in augmented prosperity to the nation, showing the injurious ten dencies of class legislation when opposed to general freedom of action. Would that the same bold and enlightened policy were extended, in some degree at least, to matters of invention. Under our present patent laws we are borne down with an excess of protection. We are obstructed in every direction by patented inventions which will never be reduced to practice by those who hold them, but which em brace ideas capable of useful application if freed from monopoly. The merit of invention seldom lies in the fundamental conception, but is to be found in the subsequent elaboration , and in the successful s truggle with difficulties, unknown to the mere theorist, and often requiring years of labour, blended with disappointment, for their removal. Nothing can be more irrational, therefore, to give I equal privileges to the mere schemer and to the man who gives actual effect to an invention. Primary ideas ought to be the common property of all in ventors, and protection, if we are to have it at all, should be sparingly awarded to those persons alone who, by their labour and intellect, give available r eality to ideas. Apart from the impolicy of our present indiscriminate system, its operation is un just. Philosophers who furnish the light of science to guide to useful discovery go altogether unre warded and unrecognised. Practical men, who, like Watt and George Stephenson, devote the best part of their lives to perfecting inventions of immense importance to the world seldom derive from pats nts any greater emolument than would flow to them without the aid of a restrictive system, while they are frequently inv lved in tormenting litigation about priority of idea. On the other hand, we see numerous cases of disproportionate wealth realised by persons whose only merit has been promptitude in seizing upon and monopolizing some expedient which lay upon the very surface of things, and re quired no forcing atmosphere of protection for its discovery. Finally, injustice is doue by the exist ing law to those men who have no desire for monopoly, but who are compelled to become paten tees for no other purpose than to prevent their being excluded from carrying their own ideas into prac tice. For my part, I incline to think that the prestige of successful invention would, as a rule, bring with it sufficient reward, and that pr o t ection might be entirely dispensed with. On this point, however, I speak with hesitation ; but it is, at all events, certain that extensive reform is urgently required in this branch of legislation, and that the advance of practical science is now grievously intended to by those very laws which w ere to encourage its progress. Having now called to your remembrance the triumphs which have already been accomplished in mechanical science, and hav ing directed your attention to some of the subjects which at the present time merit your consideration, it only remains to express my hope that the genius, enterprise, and intelligence which have hitherto distinguished your profession may continue to bear fruits worthy of the past, and that the proceedings of this institution may serve to guide and stimulate the € fforts of its members. THE MAILS. MAILS DUE. Australia ' Ceylon, and Mauritius (v ia South ampton) .. Do. Brazil and Cape Verde .. • • Buenos Ayres, Monte Video, &c. Cuba and Mexic) .. Aug. 13 Canada, &c. (via L'derry) „„ .. Overdue. Cape of Good Hope, &c. • • .. .. Sept. 1. China, Penang, and Singapore (via S'amp t on) Aug. 2. Do (via Marseilles) Aug. 12. Gibraltar (via Southampton) .. Aug. 2. India (Calcutta), Ceylon, &c. (via Southampton) Aug. 2. Do. (via Marseilles) Aug. 12. India (Bombay), (via Southampton) .. Aug. 10. Do. (via Marseilles) .. Aug. 4. Lisbon . • • • • .. Aug. 1. Malta, Egypt, and Adon (via Southampton) .. Aug. 2. Do. (via Marseilles) .. Aug. 4. Vigo, and Oporto .. Aug. 1. United States, California. &e. Aug. 7. Aug. 18 (via Marseille : ) . A Au u g g.. 412.. SUDDEN DEATIL—On Tuesday evening Mr. John Brewster, an eminent solicitor of Nottingham, who has held the office of Deputy-Sheriff of Nottinghamshire for a great many years, met his death under very shocking cir • cumstances. Early in the evening Mr. Brewster had wit nessed the performances of Blondin at the Barrack -yard, Nottingham, and, after returning home, partook of supper as usual. He remained in conversation with his family until about 11 o'clock, when his sons bade him " Good night" and retired to rest. Almost immediately afterwards they were aroused by the shrieks of their sister. Upon going to the spot they found their father lying at the bot toeof the steps leading into the garden, his head being fearfully bruised. A surgeon was sent for, but the unfor tunate gentleman never rallied, and expired half an hour afterwards. A coroner's inquest was held yesterday (Wed nesday), and from the medical testhnoney adduced it was supposed that the deceased was seized with an effusion of blood to the head, which caused him to fall down the steps, and a verdict to that effect was returned. Mr, Brewster ' WAS 61 years of age. AUSTRIA AND HUNGARY. (Rom the Correspondent of the Times.) PESTH, JULY 28. Up to last evening it was fully expected that the Chamber of Deputies would hold a private sitting to-morrow, but this morning we learn that such will not be the case. It is presumable, therefore, that the joint committee has not yet finished its work, but the delay is not likely to be a long one, and the general belief is that in the course of the week now commencing, not only a private sitting, but also public ones, will take place, and that we shall be made acquainted with the nature of the next step in the long proceedings between Pesth and Vienna. M. Deak has been very busy draw ing up the new Address, of the adoption of which little doubt seems to be entertained, and it is also ' thought that the union of parties and smoothing down of points of difference, which have been among the most notable consequences of the last Imperial Rescript, are likely to be prominently displayed in the next debates of the Deputies. Concerning the Address itself nothing positive is known, but report says that it will reply point by point to the Resoript, and will be of a very cogent and decided character. All the information that reaches me is to the effect that the Hungarians are more than ever determined to pt►e sue a policy of resistance, that not a resignation will be sent in, and that deputies, obergespane, and county authorities will all remain in their places until ejected from them by force. An important piece of intelligence, in the correctness of which I have rather strong reasons to confide, is that, as a re sult of recent communications between the different parties concerned, a perfect understanding has been come to between the Czech and Polish deputies to the Reichsrath and the Liberal portion of the Croa tian Diet on the one hand, and the Hungarians on the other, and that future harmony of action has been arranged. If this be a fact its importance needs not to be enlarged upon. In a recent letter I referred to a warning respect ing Hungarian affairs said to have been received in Vienna from Prince Richard Metternich, the Aus trian Minister in Paris. I should, perhaps, have explained that this warning was contained in letters addressed by him to influential .members of the Aulic Council. In strong terms, it is said, he urged an amicable and speedy arrangement of the pend ing question with Hungary, as a measure which he considered dictated by urgent necessity. Thus far the statement rested on the authority of papers favourable to the Hungarian cause, which did not f it to point out that Metternich, in his central posi tion at Paris, and with the opportunities he there enjoyed, was likely to be better informed than the Vienna Cabinet of the designs and intrigues of Austria's foes. Information of a private nature tends to confirm the newspaper statement that Prince Metternich has written to friends in the sense above stated. lam assured that, in a recent audience of the Emperor, one of those friends spoke to his Ma jesty of the opinion his Ambassador had expressed, and that the information appeared to make an im pression upon Francis• Joseph, who is reported to be much harassed and made very anxious by' the difficulties of the Hungarian question. Less than two miles up stream from the magnifi cent suspension-bridge that connects Pesth and Buda, and before the straggling buildings of the latter place have ceased upon your left handy you come to a long green island, so thickly fringed -with trees that at this season nearly all that can be dis cerned of it is an irregular mass of foliage. Th is is the Margaretheninsel (Margaret's Island), so called from the patron saint of a monastery which stood upon it centuries ago, and fragments of the ruins of which still remain. It was once a pheasant pre serve of the renowned Hungarian King Matthias Cor vinus, the most distinguished warrior and law giver of his time, whose exploits in defence of his cci =try against the continual attacks of Turks and Aus trians, Poles and Bohemians, and other neigh bour ing foes, to this day furnish topics for the pencil of Hungarian artists and the songs of Hungarian bards. Having come into the hands of the Inuni cipality of Pesth, by this city it was presented to the Archduke Palatine of Hungary. But, like many other pleasant spots of earth, it seem s be loved of churchmen, and to have a tendency to get into their hands. The brothers of the Ordier of Mercy, who have a convent in Pesth, rents it of its present owner, the Archduke Stephen, and maintain a small floating colony upon it. There is a commodious house there, where bishops and other church dignitaries sometimes take up their summer residence, and where even laymen may find accom modation for a due consideration ; and from another house, although it be not strictly an inn, creature comforts, both solid and liquid, may without diffi culty be obtained at no exorbitant charge, the wine being the produce of a trim vineyard which occu pies the centre of the island, and readily yields in a fair average year its 1,800 dozen of light but very agreeable liquor. In the interior of the island are found forest trees and thickets and green sward, flower-beds, orchards, and kitchen-gardens. There is an agreeable mixture of wilderness and cultiva tion—sylvan ruggedness but partially overcome by spade and pruning hook. The pheasants which sup plied King Matthias with sport in the short intervals of his frequent campaigns against Turkish pashas and Transylvanian Voivodes have disappeared, but, in their place, peacocks strut across the lawns and stand sentry, with discordant challenge, at the en trance of woodland paths. There is no lack of animal life in the island, or of that ample provision for the larder which has often irreverently been con sidered peculiarly to characterise conventual estab lishments ; compact bodies of ducks and geese and fluttering squadrons of fowls range in the vicinity of the farmhouse, and calves, very much fatted, go in troops at eventide to their watering-place in the Danube. The police of the island, detective and pro tective, is confided to a number of powerful dogs, who roam about at night and deter marauders. There is but one vehicle on the territory of St. Margaret's ; it is of simple form and fashion and capable of con taining four human beings—the consent having been previously obtained of a steady-looking insular donkey, the parent of a playful young ass which ' kicks up its heels in a fashion that would have delighted the poet who sang of that interesting animal. In the evening the big Danubian fish leap and splash about the banks, and the gnats and midges arise in myriads and bloodily assault the visitor. Were St. Margaret's isle in the Thames instead of in the Danube, as near to London as it is to Pesth, and with its present capa bilities, some enterprising genius would assuredly get hold of it and convert it into an establishment which would utterly destroy Cremorne. As it is, people do go from Pesth to stroll and sup upon it, but the journey is a double one, by steamer and row-boat, and it is but little frequented in compa rison with its merits. This island, according to to day"s Pester Lloyd, " was recently thoroughly searched by the police, in quest of a personage whose name has in recent times been often men tioned, but who assuredly must be very far from the lovely Danube island." The Pesth journal gives this as something more than mere rumour, and, indeed, it has been most confidently asserted that the search was made by a whale company of Austrian soldiers, and that the person sought was General Turr. The natives of the island, however, perhaps with truth and perhaps from prudential motives, will not admit that any such military visit has been paid to them, and it is ridiculous to sup pose that the Austrian Government would seek Turr in the vicinity of Pesth, when assuredly they must know by their agents the exact place of his whereabouts abroad. For searches and arrests of a political nature the Austrians now employ the troops. Their own police here is chiefly for secret purposes of spying—that is to say, the town police is Hungarian, and so the military must be em ployed, however arbitrary and unconstitutional such a course may be, in matters relating to political offenders. Thus, at noon on Friday, a party, con sisting of six soldiers and no less than four officers repaired to the hotel of the Golden Eagle in the Inhere Stadt quarter of Pesth, and, while the soidiers remained in a street opposite and two of the officers below, the two others, a captain and a lieutenant-colonel, entered the house and went straight to a room where three gentlemen were sitting, whose names they demanded. One of these, who gave the name of Nagy, was declared by the Yesterday morning, about 8 o'clock, Tooley-street and Dockhead, Southwark, were the scene of an other terrible fire, which up to noon had laid in ruins property valued at several thousand pounds. This fire commenced on the premises of Messrs. Curling and Co., wharfingers, running from Tooley street into Dockhead. The buildings were better known to the public as forming a portion of Davis's Wharf, while on the western side stood Mark Brown's Wharf, only separated from the premises of Messrs. Curling by an extremely narrow cartway. The building in which the disaster commenced was 200 or 250 feet long by 60 broad, and contained an immense quantity of goods, including 8,000 bales of jute, &c. The premises termed Mark Brown's had over 10,000 casks of tallow and grease deposited in them, and an immense quantity of cocoa-nut oil. The eastern end was termed Hartley. Wharf, in which naphtha, oil, turpentine, resin, and other ignitable articles were stored. The last-named buildings were erected especially in a peculiar manner to resist, if possible, the ravages of a fire breaking out near them. The discovery appears to have been made by an officer of the M division, who, according to his own account, noticed smoke pouring out of some of the windows facing Mark Brown's warehouses. The officer at once sent off to the Tooley-street station of the Fire Brigade, and also to the rains of the great fire close by, for proper assistance to come immediately. During that time men employed on the wharf and a number of strangers, by great ex ertion and no little personal risk, managed to get out of the warehouses several hundred bales of jute, bnt that which could not be reached blazed up like a furnace in full operation. Information was sim ultaneously despatched to the Southwark Water Company's offices, apprising the secretary of the outbreak, and in the course of three or four minutes Mr. Quick, jun.,, the engineer, assisted by Mr. Restler, the chief inspector, attended. The fire by this time had got the complete possession of the building containing the jute, and, although it was daylight, the fire rose high, and spread a grand light over the neighbourhood. Mr. Superintendent Brandford, and Inspectors Reid, Moore, Turpin, Mackintosh, Mackenzie, and Mr. Superintendent Evans, of the Thames police, had a number of boats moored along the front of the wharves, manned by nearly 50 constables, to protect the property of the sufferers, there being not less than 50 men trying in boats to steal the salvage. The engines of the parish, under Mr. Squires, and the London Brigade, under Superintendents Henderson and Fogo, and Engineers Perryer, Flinn, Gerard (superintendent of the steam engines) and Mr. Hodges, the distiller, with his powerful brigade, were quickly on the spot and at work, owing to the good supply of water, and the judi cious directions given by Mr. Shand, of the firm of Shand and Mason, and Mr. Birkbeck, a son•in-law of the late Mr. Braidwood; the land steam-engine and the powerful floats were called into requisition, but the fire for hours continued to extend, and at one period it was feared that it would have communicated with Mark Brown's Wharf, and also the extensive premises of Messrs. Hartley, whose name is so well known in the shipping trade. Fortunately such was not the case, and by noon the firemen appeared to have confined the flames to about 200 feet of the wharf. However, an immense body of fire still remained under the heaps of jute &c. Mr. William Hodsoll and Mr. Closs, two gen tlemen who are assessors for various fire insurance companies, were present during the whole day, and by their directions the extension of the fire was cut off in the road lesAing towards Mark Brown and Hartley's wharves. The fire, how ever, continued to burn throughout the day, and was not entirely extinguished at 9 o'clock last night . One of the hand engines of the brewery drew wt Lter out of a well on the premises 280 feet deep, anti worked from an 18 inch stroke, and 61-inch bar rel. Mr. Charles White, of the County Fire-offici:, and Mr. Green, Superintendent of Mark Brown's warehouse, were indefatigable in their exertions tc awards getting the fire subdued. Messrs. Leach an d Neal's private engines, furnished by Mr. Merrywes .they, of Long-acre, were also found to be of great use in getting the fire extinguished. The jute on the pi emises having been tightly pressed upon the bandages, if such they can be called, be coming iguited, i t expanded to such an extent as to cause the walls of ' the wharf to get out of the per pendicular, as wt Ls the case at Scovell's wharf and depot, where Mr. • Braidwood unfortunately perished. The police of the M and A (reserve) and Thames divisions were ob liged to be kept on duty until a late hour. OFFICIAL REPORT. " 8 A.M.—Dail is's 'vVharf (land side), Potter's .fields, C. Curling and Co., proprietors.—Cause of tire unknown. Buildings insured in the Sun, Phcenix, Guardian, and Manchester ; the contents insured in the Manchester Office. "The fire was extinguished by firemen and the Southwark Company's and Thames boats. The en gines present wexe three of A district, two of B, four of D district of the London establishment, three private, and Cou: rage and Donaldson's steam-engine, as well as the 1 and engine of Messrs. Shand and Mason (steam), and the upper steam float. A shed and brick buileiing, about 200 feet by 60, lettered D 1 and D 2, containing about 8,000 bales of jute and hemp, all 'out destroyed. " Ditto—A. Johnson and Co., merchants—Con tents insured In the Manchester Fire-office. Similar damage. " Ditto—Messrs. Raible and Brothers—Contents insured in theßoyal Exchange and Imp rial Fire offices. :Building of one floor, 200 feet by 60, nearly destroyed. " Ditto—Messrs , Curling, wharfingers—ln suranee unknown. Building lettered D 3, contain ing jute, contents damaged by water and removal, communicating with D 1 and 2. " Ditto—Building insured in the Sun and other fire-offices.—Build ing lettered 821 and 23. Ditto, lettered B 1 and. 2. Fronts severely damaged by heat." The premises in which the disaster occurred were erected as recently as 1859 and 1860. They were of substantial brick tend timber. The Royal Society's fire escape conductors were present, and rendered essential aid to the firemen, As to the origin of the fire nothing is positively known, only that :it c ommenced in D 2 warehouse, ra pidly extending to D 1, and thence to the other warehouses. Destructive fires; also broke out yesterday on the premises of Mr. J. Raby, Oxenden-road, Lower road, Islington ; a i those belonging to Messrs. En fe it work proprietors ; an d on th ose Thite Hart- cou r t, Ch arter -h ouse . N ofe o r n ti e ra. o nil f d ih ßjo e o m ilifywe:.R.l3 extinguished until a great deal of property had. b een destroyed. CAANADTAN MA ILS —The Montreal Oeean Steam skip Company's steal 'whip Nova Scotian sailed from Liver pool yesterday for Montreal and Quebec. Besides the usual Canadian mail (s, the Nova Scotian took out about 60 cabin passenger s , a 4 d had also upwards of 26,000 in gold oh freight. 4+~~.Jialb. An extraordinary else is now s tanding for judg ment in the Court of Arches, bearing strongly 1 1 P° 11 , many of the points involve': in the " Essays ana Reviews." The promoter of the suit is the Bishop of Winchester, through his secretary, Mr. Jelin Burder, of Parliament-street, and the defendant is the Rev. Dunbar Isidore Heat h, 1V1.A., formerly Fellow of Trinity College, C am bridge, and neW vicar of Brading, in the Isle of Wight, a benefice to which he was appointed by his College in 1816' The proceedings were taken under the Act of Queen Elizabeth, "An Act for the ministers of the Church to be of sound religion," and the defendant is se; cused of having " printed, published , dis p ersed, and set forth a certain book or pamphlet con t a ining 3 course of sermons, 19 in number, and of having therein advisedly maintained and affirmed certain positions or doctrines directly contrary and repur nant to the doctrine of the United Church of Eng' land and Ireland as by law established, and esP e " cially to the Articles of Religion?' A large number of passages from Mr. Heath's published volume et sermons are quoted to sustain the article s filed agni.esi him. The following article contai ns the p rinellis charges which Mr. Heath had to meet : " And we article and object to you, the said Pe ll ; bar Isidore Heath, that you did, in the passage„ hereinbefore recited, being portions of the said bool' or pamphlet, or course of sermons, advisedly mall 3 tain or affirm the doctrine that the id ea and phrase ' guilt of sin' are not only absent from Scripture,b. r darken and confuse the clearest of the otherW most intelligent and comforting statements of 1 10 1 Writ, the said doctrine being directly contrary atci repugnant to that part of the second of the said Articles of Religion, which affirms that Christ -an." fered, was crucified, dead, and buried, to be a saer a r i free not only for original guilt, but also for act I l sins of men ; and that you did therein also advisedlyd maintain or affirm the doctrine that the ideas and phrases ' going to heaven,' going to hell,' are f u s e only absent from Scripture, but darken and eer l ",,a the clearest of the otherwise most intelligible re, comforting statements of Holy Writ, the said u ° s t trine being directly contrary and repugnant to that clause of the Creed of Athanasius which declares 0 to be part of the Catholic faith that they that b a done good shall go into life everlasting, and they l o have done evil into everlasting fire ; and that L . , did also therein advisedly maintain or affirm the,' + l: o trine that the idea and phrase immortality 0 ' ir ', o soul' are not only absent from Scripture, butdarDl o , and confuse the clearest of the otherwise raeS d t n 'ip telligible and comforting statements of J . 174 Writ, the said doctrine being directly contraild and repugnant to that clause of the td, creed, commonly called the Apostles' Cr - n a which declares our belief in the life everlasting, and to that clause of the said Creed of Athanasius declares it to be part of the Catholic faith that t. that have done good shall go into life everlaalr; and they that have done evil into everlasting ,•01 and to that clause of the said Nicene Creed we'itio declares that we look for the resurrection °hot dead and the life of the world to come ; Lo u ' t lie you did also therein advisedly maintain or atfir ° , s te doctrine that the idea and phrase' satisfacti on a nd not only absent from Scripture, but darken confuse the clearest of the otherwise most in ble and comforting statements of Holy Wr it t said doctrine being directly contrary and repugi,"eie to that part of the 31st of the said Article s of Poo g i o n which declares that the offering of Ch rist offered is the perfect redemption, propitiatie e , , d s atisfaction for all the sins of the whole worle'joei there is none other satisfaction for sin but that s"00: and that you did also therein advisedly maieteleeer affirm the doctrine that the idea and phrase ? to re, sary to salvation' are not only absent from Ser'l l t ter, but darken and confuse the clearest of the evol wise most intelligible and comforting s taton ee c or Holy W , it, the said doctrine being directl374 trary and repugnant to that clause of the saidng of Athanasius which declares that to believe rte, the incarnation of our Lord Jesus Ch rist is sary to everlasting salvation, and to that elit e ', the last mentioned creed which declares that e 9 a, cannot be saved except he believes faithftny Catholic faith, and to the 6 th of the said Artielcoir Religion, which declares that Holy Scriptur e t ot taineth all things necessary to salvation, s°,ol whatsoever is not read therein, nor may be :0 11 , thereby, is not to be required of any wan o g ll ' should be believed as an article of fait h, or tiPt requisite or necessary to salvation ; and 1 111 ;,, tti e did therein also advisedly maintain or avir'Y doctrine that the word merit' is an incomPreor, sible and unscriptural word, which darken s e thing, the said doctrine being directly contraritelr repugnant to the 11th of the said Articles of or g ion, which declares that we are accounted rim ous before God only for the me rits of our Lot 14 Saviour Jesus Christ ; o r that y ou did t'',so6 advisedly maintain or affirm doctrines to the purport and effect respectively." l i f er It is expected that Dr. Lushington will d e for judgment before the breaking up of the Cour t the long vacation. CO UNTR Y MARKETS. MANCHESTER—Auct. 1. f f d e4 h ; Our market this morning was but moderately a. -e f t- 1 Best samples of English wheat broug ht the prieeo re j to previous week for best qualities ; in ferior sorts oti.ecttd 2d to 3d higher, with a slow busin ess. Sales resgits ter), the finest sorts of flour, at previous qu otations• v oatmeal in limited request. Beans were the WO your of buyers, but Indian corn was 6d dearer. LYNN —JULY 30. to Old white Barley. s3s to 56s I Old red ......... ... 4ss Beans t o o .lo 28s to 32s I Oats.. ......... t° Beans .4os to 46s I Peas ........... j PLYMOUTH—JULY 30. cel l i i ' *7 l o , The market was inactive, with a small att eno *9 paices were about last week's currencies—Eilg',l clol,i wheat, 60s to 61s ; red, 56s to 57s per qr ; Freoc,;„ , od 36 to 625; American, 6 1 s to 63 s ; Spanish , 74s tog to sian, 60s to 625. Barley in good supply , at 5 Igo; qr for malting ; grinding, 32 s to 36 s ; oat s, 24s t° beans, —s to —s; flour, 44s to 46s 6d. ,I, . . The following were CORK—JULY the quotations 3l this rnortlirleY wheat, 27s Od to —s 01; white, 28s 6d to —s ° a ; 6d to 18s Od ; oats, 13s Od to —s Od. EDINBURGH GRAIN—JULY 31 ' 90 11 ; 01 Os ,o 0 Wheat on the top os ti p, Barley on the top Os Gd down average oa Oats on the top Os 3d down average 19 ga Beans on the top is Od up.... average Is . . Averages per Imperial quarter. cos 'W heat .. New wheat .... .... .... £2O ' l O 3 0 0 1 0 0 :Nris Barley 1 12 2 1- *ll 5 Oats 1 10 7 6 1.20 Beans - -- Total Supply and Sales. ce 'Wheat .1960 qrs sold 14; 0 ,' qrs Barley... 3lO qrs Sold 1, l '' aro Oats B eans 122 qrs Sold lu` - DERBY SMITHFIELD—JuLY 30 ;0 1 , 1 % A small number of fat beasts to-day, but a:„ ti only only of the middling sort. The best quality ';'. ply; ' inferior a heavy sale. Sheep and lambs were 11 bet' supply. An average show of fat pigs and 5° lCl t4 .l' , good supply of calves. 6(1 .to ': Beet 6d to 71d Veal . ......... • 6cl ,io o ` Mutton ... N S dto 74d Pork ........ •., t' Lamb Bd to 84d Rough fat, 4s ',.1,1 u'fr. 1 Hides, 3d to 4-1 d ; calf skins, 6d to ii --.......• ee l , _-- ....... 0 to 4 [ADVERTISEMENT.] Holloway's ri lls ' att"K Changes.—rhe electrical conditions of the,dtl 3, 4 r exercise a powerful influence over the human ." -- 00 1 /,‘ headache, lassitude, and feverishness affect 0 , 0 a sons prior to &thunderstorm. They would seeel i de oS: the health by affecting the nervous' centres, an,". 110 if e jlej the balance of the circulation. Holloway's 1 l a d frA adapted to rust ,re order and rescue the weak a i 0 0 , ~ from the relaxation caused by excessive heat, tration tration which invariably occurs when the ier; i t irritated and discomposed, whether by attneolo/V, fluences or by other causes. These Pills at on! e ' r o , the appetite and digestion, render the nervous q ‘e le) vigorous, diminish excessive sensibility, render LI E ', far more agreeable, and invigorate the museuler/ r , d u G 1 •nonEfieuNraia rr e ,Iou e Frederica daughter.r : vd 0...........-- . BiltT HS. 4. illite‘ BAGOT.—On the 30th ult., at Blithefield, Staffo l {, Lady Bagot, of a daughter. of _On the 31st ult., at 51, Green - s tre t et :o i°l' i le - DALE —On the 28th ult., at Lee, Kent, the vil e all _ r i ci a 4are, the wife of the Rev. John D. a e ' Esq., of a son. P t Ownri.—On the Ist inst., at 2, Winch!. 4 ' °s(l' .s.ei -I G. Owen, of a son. j tor o ss f ir. R \ i v c . h E ar . d it O o r u l s e e ba ß r MARRIAGES. t.,./!; e e r n ie lo a ck s , t.Rjicohhanr,d youngest Orlebar E dit s ti,i ll' e , of i ORLEBAR — BOUGHTON,-011 the 30th ult., l ' o lpi OuEgshcito'no,f B il ar in t. wick ' 11° ::b e t 41 : 4 ; RowF . — HAMMOND.—On the 25th inst , 5- 4 . 0 '.' Church, Mr. Thomas Rowe, of Carnbricige!jer daughter of the late Mr. John Hamraond,°' Ot Norfolk, / I) E A T H s. Se 3 CHAMBRES.—On the 27thult., P lt n..cullr , f , ' at oo 0 Win C. Chambres, Esq., age d 7 4 . JP ° 0 in A ? GitovEß.—On the 30th ult., at New Peclata- ' t i b-' 4 ,0 1 , , , Grover, Esq., of Bedford-row, solicitor, agf age , j: 2 ',f MANGLES.—On the 31st ult., at Fairfield C? t l e. , ar e , ',"' hill, Robert Mangles, Esq., of Sunninruf' gO ti blP ONSLOW.—On the 30th ult., at Woodbrid:i•-p d' Guildford, the Hon. Edward Mainwariagit''' red, aged 62. oil i s ll ' 1-, olar . I .at PROUSE —On the 27th ult.,' ati 10, Felr-„ r „,, 0 , A r sington, W., William Henry Prouse, -r-A ''' ' ,4ti or head, aged 29. 1) 4 STEDMAN.—On the 27th ult., at Horshata• Esq 41 , ,00 I rOcOtr I "-- L ONDO N : Printed and Published by 3113 ' . ' 0. 1 ,P No. 112, Strand, Printer, at TIIE SUN Nic e l y et in the Precinct of the Savoy, in the Coull" Friday, August 2, 18$31. THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, AUGUST 2, 186' officers to be a certain Paul Thury, and him they THE BISHO (I arrested. He asked to be taken before the c i v il THE P RE authorities, there being no state of siege at present, and protested against his arrest. In the brief delay that took place several hundred persons had as sembled in front of the hotel, and when the officers went down with their prisoners they found the door had ben shut to exclude the crowd. This seemed somewhat to disturb them, and they snouted to their soldiers to join them. No opposition, however, • was offered to them, although a person who was present informs me that there was a good deal of excitement, and that very strong terms of reproach and contempt were addressed to the Austrians by some young Hungarian noblemen who witnessed the affair. The prisoner was told that if he could prove himself not to be Paul Thury he would be released. Meanwhile he was taken to the military pri,on in the Nene Gebaude, where the artillery are quartered—the place where Bathyany and others were confined and shot. Thury's offence is notknown. Ho served in the Honveds in the war against Austria, was distinguished for his bravery, severely wounded, and afterwards long a refugee in England. From traits that have been told me of him, he appears to be rather an imprudent person, and it is possible he may have given cause for investigation of his conduct. But the manner of his arrest by the military force is evidently arbitrary and illegal, and it can hardly be very gratifying to the Austrian officers to be thus made to do the duty of policemen. GREAT FIRE IN TOOLEY-STREET. MR. It ' R' C TESTER AND TR. 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