The Sun. — London, England, 1861-03-28 00:00:00

VOLUNTEER SHAM FIGHT AND FIELD DAY ON EASTER MONDAY. Gentlemen are respectfully informed that the Dining Rooms will be kept Open until a hour on that day. - This Establishment will be entirely Closed, as usual, on -oon FRIDAY, and will be Open on Saturday, the 30th o' t arch. THOMAS PRICE, Superintendent. Tim WELLINGTON, 160, Piccadilly, March 23, 1861. r r Ii;EATR-g-ROYAL, HAYMARKET. LesAee, Mr. J. B. Baokstene. On EA.STEIt MONDAY (April I)„ will be performed JL DUKE IN DIFFICULTIES. Mrs. Stirling, Miss F. Haydon, Mrs. Wilkins, Miss Fanny Stirling, Mr. i3uckstone, Par. Compton: Mr. Howe, (to. —•- - Alter -which, will be revived, with entirely new scenery and effects, and all the original music by the late Sir Henry Bishop, the melodrama of THE MILLER AND HIS MEN. Commence at 7. EW THEATRE-ROYAL, ADELPHL- Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. B. Webster. Novel Attraction for the Passion Week. TO-NIGHT (Thursday), and every evening during the Week (Friday ex cepted), the celebrated Italian Illusionist, Chevalier ANTO NIO POLETTI, in his extraordinary and wonderful enter tainment of NATURAL and CHYMICAL MAGIC ; and Pell's (the Original Bones) Ethiopian Minstrels. Doors open at half-past Six, commence at Seven. Box-office open on Saturday, from 10 to 5. No charge for booking. .Ito YAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE.- Lessee and Manager, Mr. A. Harris. ,;;On Easter Monday, THRICE MARRIED. Followed by HAMLET. Hamlet, Mr. Pechter. Sup ported by Messrs. Graham, Meadows, Am ; Misses Heath, R. Leelereq, and Elsworthy. ADELPHI, NEW THEATRE-ROYAL. Sole Proprietor and Manager, Mr. Beni. Webster. On EASTER MONDAY, a new drama, MAGLIORE, PRESTIDIGITAI OR. Messrs. B. Webster, J. L. Toole, D. Fisher, &c.; Miss K. Kelly, Miss El. Simms, &c. After which, OUR FEMALE AMERICAN COUSIN. Miss Julia Daly. Doors open at half past 6—Commence at 7. CANTERBURY -HALL CONCERTS!!! Westminster-road. Proprietor ........ C. Morton. A Grand Selection from Verdi's new Opera, IL CORSARO, (This opera has never been produced in this or any other country, except at these Concerts), having met with that de cided success which charactisei the most popular works of this ,great Master, will be performed EVERY EVENING ; together with a Selection from LA FIGLIA DEL REGGI 3fENTO, by Donizetti, Principal Artistes—Miss Russell, Madame Maria, Miss Tyrrell, Mr. H. Herbert, Signor Tivoli, H. Drummond, and C. W. Bernard. Director, Mr. F. Jonghmans. The Comic Department comprises Messrs. E. Marshall, A. B. Hollingsworth, J. Blanchard, F. Bell, W. H. Welland, and the Brothers Conrad. John Martin's Three celebrated Pictures will remain on view a short time longer in the Fine Arts Gallery of the Establishment. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. This DAY.—Morning, 2h. 53m.—Afternoon, 3h. 16m. To-moßatow.-Morning, 3h. 16m.—Afternoon, 3h. 54m. TUB WEATHER.-Strx OFFICE, MARCH 28, 1861. THEILMOMZTEB., IN THB fiRADB. 57—highest since noon yesterday. 46—lowest this morning and during the night. 51—this day at noon. BAROMETER--29.52. WlND—West-N.-Westerly—light; with dull weather, Rain in the morning; afternoon fine. , t1?;:tf: cP \4 k f: e 21.8 4 I t •• T • 0 - bi:o I , THE SUN. LONDON, THURSDAY, MARCH 28, 1861 The fall text of Count CAVOUR'S speech is more than worthy of the estimate we had been led to form of it by the telegraphic summary. It is equally firm, not making a single unworthy con cession, yet it is so able and conclusive in argument and so sincerely respectful in tone and spirit, both to France and the Pontiff, that it will conciliate as much as it will convince. Conciliate—we mean, of coarse, all who are susceptible of conciliation. For it forms in this respect a striking oontrast to the implacable allocution of the POPE, which we pub lished yesterday; a document breathing nothing the less of the spirit of implacability because it talks of " forgiving and praying for those who hate am "—the Bishop of ROME imitates herein our own Bishop of EXETER, who at one time was wont to curse by his prayers. We can hardly conceive two documents more in con trast than the haughty, anathematising, denun ciatory, and, in temper, unchristian, allocution which we published yesterday, and the manly and firm, yet generous speech of the Count which we publish to-day. Whoever drew up the Pope's speech might well take a lesson from the civil Minister at Turin. We do not know that we ever saw the argument respecting the essential disadvantage of the Tem poral Rule of the Pope better illustrated than in the Count's speech. We in England take for granted that a government by a High Priest and Priests and Levites is out of the question. Theocracy is out of date with us, at least since the days of the STUARTS, but CAVOUR has to convince, if he can, the intelligence of the Catholic world, that the consummation of his in tentions will be for their advantage ; that the Head of their faith will be more independent when the entire independence of the civil and spiritual powers are proclaimed, than he has long been or can ever be under the present system. We need not give a summary of his arguments, but they will repay well the perusal of all who are interested in the subject. That they will weigh with the tenants of the Vatican is not to be ex peeted—indeed, as we saw yesterday, the Pope is made to say, "We declare openly and loudly, that nothing shall ever induce us to consent to this reconciliation, and we make this solemn declaration before GOD and man." " GOD and Man," therefore, are left to take their course independently of the Court of Rome, and will assuredly do so. It may be, and is worth while, for CAVOUR to show the Catholic world that reason, not ambition, is his guide ; but for paper allocutions, it cannot be supposed he will care more than LUTHER did for the bull which he burnt. Perhaps the most vexing part of the Speech, after all, to the Pontiff will, be that in which the statesman pro claims to the world the need of Church Reform, and praises the " noble army" of martyrs to Reformation to which Italy has given birth. The Count handles exceedingly well also rela tions with France. Not denying the existence of an intervention such as the previous speaker had indicated, he yet insists fairly on the debt incurred by Italy when she invited French aid in 1859 while France was still at Rome, and strongly asserts that Italy will never imitate towards France the boasted ingratitude of Austria towards Russia Italy, whatever her wishes and aspirations, will not show herself insensible to her moral obliga tions. He declares, indeed, in the most explicit language that the impossibility of conceiving an Italian nation not requiring Rome for its capital, La the basis of their right to ask it. As a native of T urin, he should feel the surrender of position b y his native town, but in common with every Italian, he should feel also that the whole history of Rome as the capital of the world, and of Italy, placed the propriety of the case beyond all doubt. It may be hoped th at Louis NAPOLEON is aware of all this as Well as the Italians, and that though he has ordered six mo nths ' provisions for the French troops at Rome, it is not his intention to keep them there till Autumn. He has advanced too i'Sr in his conflict 'with ultramontanism in Fran ce itself, to render a retreat possible, and the present paeition of Italy gives him the opportunity to deal it a deadly blow, with the applause of all Europe. T:he proposition before the Chtliabers when the last; account of the it proceedings reached us was, on the motion of Signor BITONCOMPAGNI, that—. " Tlie Gharober, having heard the declaration of TEE SUN, LONDON, THURSDAY EVENING, MARCH 28, 1861. the ministry, Ind being confident that after having insured the dignity and independence of the Pope and the complete freedom of the Church. the priv eiple of non-intervention will, in concert with France, be applied to Rome, and that Rome will be made the capital of Italy, passes to the order of the day." This seems a suitable winding up of the debate, and is all that the present position of things requires. The strike is unhappily progressing. The work ing men call it a lock out on the part of the employers; but, to all intents and purposes, the movement is more accurately to be described as a strike on the part of the operatives. For what is really and truly the English of it all—what is the precise meaning of the deplorable incidents now occurring ? Let us look at the facts : and from those facts alone draw our conclusions. An irritable feeling between employers an d employed,engendered by the lamentable differences which took place in 1860 between the men and their masters—that old and bitter feeling of irritation engendered originally by the strike of last year and intensified subse quently by the severe privations consequent upon the wintry season which has so recently expired— that old and bitter feeling of irritation being known still to exist (threatening at any moment another calamitous manifestation of its existence), the masters have themselves voluntarily come for ward, as we are all aware, with a proposition, all things considered, a proposition of a most reason able character, designed to put an end for once and for all to the periodical agitation of what is popu larly known as the Nine Hours' Movement. That pro position we have already explained in these columns, and we cannot but think now after a more careful consideration of its bearing that if it does not at once comprise within itself a solution of the existing difficulties, it does certainly comprise within itself the germ of that solution. The operatives are asked now by their employers with a view to re move the grievances complained of by the former, they are asked now frankly by the latter, by their masters, to consider whether or not the good they aspire after in their own behalf may not be attained at once very readily by the payment of their wages henceforth per hour instead of as heretofore per day. As we took occasion to remark on Tuesday evening when adverting to this painful subject of discus sion, the average pay received by the skilled mechanics under the old system of weekly pay ment for daily labour shows, upon analysis, that they have thus hitherto been compensated for their industry at the rate of 61d. per hour per day. The employers proposing now, of their own free will, to add another id. per hour out of their own pockets for the same amount of labour from the hands of this superior class of operatives ! Supposing the skilled mechanics to accede to this proposition, therefore—certainly, on the face of ' it, no very extortionate one in its character— they would, by simply consenting to be paid henceforth at the rate of so much per hour instead of as formerly at the rate of so much per day—they would actually, we say, be receiving (in lieu of 6!d. for every hour's work done) the full round SEVENPENCE! The offer is no sooner made, however, than it is per versely and peremptorily, and point-blank refused. It is the Irishman in the water again—" I will be drowned and nobody shall save me !" According to the arch ringleader of the Nine Hours' Move ment, Mr. GEORGE POTTER, to wit, there are already from 400 to 500 of these determined work men (in consequence of that point blank refusal of theirs) at this moment out of employment. Mr. POTTER and his sympthisers call this no strike on the part of the operatives, but a deliberate lock out by the employers themselves. A monstrous misnomer, a perfectly self-evident fallacy or self delusion on their part, seeing that every one of those 400 or 500 operatives can obtain employment from their old masters whenever they please, so soon as they can Make up their minds simply to receive their wages at the rate, not as hitherto of 6td. per hour, but at the improved rate of actually sevenpence ! Whether they would work nine hours then, or whether they would work ten, would remain a matter entirely optional with themselves. This additional farthing per hour, which they are now asked to receive, is however apparently more than they can as yet induce them selves to swallow. They will consent to no com promise. They will listen to no reason. They are now consequently, to the number of from 400 to 500, out of employment. And what is the nature of the counter-proposition made thereupon by Mr. GEORGE POTTER in the course of his remarks last evening in St. James's Hall to some 5,000 operatives ? He suggested simply that 100,000 workmen should sub3cribe a penny per week, thus producing an enormous income with which to compel Messrs. KELK and LUCAS and others to give in eventually. " Let every man," he says, " sub scribe his money; let him keep away from the public-house, and save his money ; for a great gulf was opening between the masters and workmen, which might cause the workmen much suffering, but which would bury the fortunes of some of the master builders in dust and ashes." The public now have the two propositions before them, and they can judge between them ; they can recognise in the one how much there is of calm and impartial forethought, and how much there is in the other of passion, and almost, we might say, of positive malignity. By the last steamer from America, which brings news up to the 16th, we receive one important piece of information in a very few words, it is this,—" The new Southern tariff will come into operation on the Ist May. Compared with the United States tariff 30 per cent, duties are reduced to• 25 per cent., and 24 and 19 per cent. duties to 15. The tariff also contains a large 10 per cent. schedule, and a small free list." We hardly need say how much is involved in this departure from the bold free trade programme which had at first been sketched by the seceding States. We had been led to look for such a long list of duty-free articles as should almost inevitably make the South the recipient of the entire foreign trade of the country, and render Charleston the Hamburg of North America. And this wa s t o b e their grand means of securing the friendship of commercial Europe. From this programme there is a sad falling off. The ❑ew Southern Tariff which comes into effect about two months hence, is one after all of•higb, if not of prohibitive duties. 25 per cent., 15 per cent., and 10 per cent. are the duties still retained; they are lower than those of the North, bat it may be doubted whether the existing commercial facilities of the North will not almost counterbalance the difference. The duties are at least such as to offer a considerable obstruction to trade, and such as will certainly not sweep at once the com merce of Europe into Southern ports. All that can be said is, that the Southern Tariff is the oppo site of the insane protective tariff just passed in the North, and that it is probably designed for revenue, not for protection, in accordance with the provision in' their new constitution, that to Congress is not to have power foster any branch of industry by protective duties. There, however, its merits cease to a great extent it is still a smuggler's tariff. It is this tariff, however, in connection with the famous expedient of laying an export duty on eotton, which is to provide ample funds for main taining the 50,000 men, whom the South has levied to defend secession and slavery against the ' North. The export duty must, however, prove a failure. If the supply of cotton be sufficient, it will fail because the purchaser will deduct the tax from his offer, as he can always do when the market is full. But should it be the reverse, should England and France be charged the frac tion more of a penny to maintain the Southern army, the revenge is easy. Cotton is but an annual, or at least generally so. It will grow freely over a zone of at least sixty degrees of latitude, and our capital will at once be invested in creating new sources of supply, which in a year or two will accomplish the most desirable object of ren dering us independent altogether of a supply from so capricious a source as the labour of a vast army of slaves who, any day, may turn on their oppres sors and refuse to grow cotton any longer. We must say that, in the interests of freedom and humanity, we hope the export tax on cotton will be persevered in ; and that Manchester will have to pay it. It will pay it for one twelvemonths to be released from the tax for ever. Our own East and West Indies, and Africa, besides other places, will soon supply us with far more than we need ; and the result will be, cheaper cotton, American slaves reduced to half their value or to no value, and the seceders for slavery compelled to acknowledge that they have beggared themselves by endeavouring to spare themselves and to tax the world for their infernal domestic institution. On the other hand, the North will find its trade crippled by its disgraceful protectionist tariff. Its revenues must therefore diminish; and in its con flict with the South it will find that by its own selfishness it has also deprived itself of the sinews of war. The contest between the two sections opens therefore by acts of fiscal selfishness and folly on both sides. Among our numerous Benevolent Institutions there is not one which is more obviously entitled to popular favour than the Railway Benevolent Institution. If its generous aim does not at once literally " strike home" to us all, we cannot at any rate, any one of us, stir abroad without its thrust ing itself, more or less forcibly, before our recogni tion. There is scarcely any member of the entire community but must be indirectly, if not directly, interested in noticing the steady ad vance made in its prosperous development. It is an association but very recently formed, the period when it was originally instituted dating back no further than the May of 1858. So that the Public Dinner which took place last evening at the London Tavern, in aid of its funds, was only the third of those nominal demonstrations. The Right Hon. the Lord Mayor (CuBITT) occupying the chair, and being accompanied thither to that charitable ban quet by the Sheriffs of the City of London. The object set forth in the programme of the Railway Benevolent Institution is no other than the provid ing relief for the necessitous orphans, widows, and children of the salaried officers and ser vants upon the railways of the United King dom. The management consists, as the more watchful sections of the general public are already aware, of the " president, trustees, treasurer, hono rary secretary (who are members by virtue of their respective offices), and fifty subscribers, twenty-five of whom retire annually by rotation, but only twenty are eligible for re-election." The income is variously derivable from donations, subscriptions, and legacies, two-thirds of the annual income being set apart for the clothing, maintenance, and educa tion of orphans and necessitous children, and one third to the relief of widows. From the re port of yesterday's proceedings, at the Lon don Tavern, as given in another part of today's impression of our journal, it will be seen how satis factory has already been the growth of an institu tion whicir is yet only, however, in one of the earliest stages of its development. Earnestly may every traveller upon any one of the railways of the United Kingdom wish yet more and more success in the future to the Railway Benevolent Institution ; and pretty confidently too (it is satisfactory to know) may these good wishes be cherished under a continuance of the institution's present able management. HANOVER-SQUARE ROOMS.—The musical enter tainments of Mr. Frederick Penna—the second of which, under the title of "Old Friends and New Acquaintances," was given last night in the Hanover-square Rooms—are not merely "entertaining" in the conventional sense, but to a considerable extent pleasantly instructive. On Saturday evening " The Oratorio Composers of the 18th and 19th Centuries," which was given with entire success on Mon day, will be repeated. THE WESTERN BANK.—GLASGOW, Wednesday. —A gentleman, on the part of the directors of the Western Bank, has offered £200,000 for a settlement of all the actions at law now in dependence. The liquidators, who had named this sum, recommend it to the acceptance of the shareholders, with whom it now lies whether the litigation shall be brought to a close or not. DISFOSING OF FISH REFUSE.—Yesterday a woman named Sayers was fined ss. and costs, at Hammer smith Police-court, for throwing fish refuse on the public carriage-way. The woman drove a donkey cart, and pushed the offal through the bottom of the vehicle. WITNESSES IN POLICE COURTS.—In the Sheriff's Court this morning, a person, named Cahill, sought to re- cover the sum of 10s. 6d. from a Mr. Marks, for attenlin,g on his behalf at the Mansion-house as a witness. The Judge told the plaintiff he could not recover for mere loss of time. The law said it was a duty owing to society for a person to give evidence. At Marlborough-street Police Court this morn ing, Ada Williams was fined 20s. for assaulting the pro prietress of " Sally's " coffee-house in the Haymarket. BIGAMY.—A man named Sadler was yesterday fully committed for trial from the Westminster Police Court, for marrying Charlotte Tanner while his first wife was still alive. HULL, AND THE NATIONAL PURSE. —ln the report of the Board of Trade on the Hull Docks Bill, now before Parliament, the following statement is made :—ln ieu of differential duties on foreign ships, there is now paid by the Treasury out of the pablic purso, to the ,Old Dock Company an annuity of £6,333, which goes into their gene- , ral revenues ; to the town an increasing income, now amounting to more than £4,000 a year, which goes in relief of borough rates ; and to the Hull Trinity House an in creasing sum, now amounting to more than £12,000 a year, which goes in charity, and in paying the salaries of the Elder Brethren. These differential dues were imposed for the purpose of discouraging foreign ships, at a time when such discouragement was in accordance with the general policy of this country. 'When that policy changed these local bodies, instead of being compelled to follow the general policy of the country, were compensated, and not for the differential dues on the foreign shipping which under the policy had entered or probably would enter the napowrotu,pnbboteuleitcn of policy differential does on the enormously increased m receivingforeignh as h n shippingthis extraordinaryt o the w hi e ht p h or t . 1' y h i svery They compensationgeavin our now for a long series of years, and the effect of th,3 bills now before Parliament, by increasing accommodation for trade, will be, so far as the Trinity House and the Corporation are concerned, to increase the payments which the public taxpayer is making annually to the town and port of Hull. HOUSEBREAKING AT PENDLETO . N.---At the Sal ford Police-court yesterday, two boys, named Chas. Tetlow and Henry 'Wilton, were carged with bu rg l ar i ously enter ing the premises, No. o, Egerton-street, Ellor-street, Pen dleton, and stealing a piece of carpet. The tw o l a d s, accom panied by another, have been in the habit of visiting h ouses in the locality, under the pretence of disposing of sand, but had been in the habit of committing thefts. Tetlow was committed to the New Bailey for one month, and was sen tenced to be afterwards confined for five years in a reforma- ....... tory;_ Wilton was ordered to be whipped and discharged. L E N E NV PARIS, WEDNESDAY EVENING. The Patric of this evening says:-- " Five vesse's have arrived at Genoa bringing back the troops from Messina. These troops will immediately proceed to 'Bologna, and will form a part of the 4th corps d'arinee, under the command of General Cialdini. " The first division of this corps d'armee has already arrived at Ferrara, and protects the lower line of the Fo, behind which is placed the Austrian corps d'arrnee." The Patric also contains the following : " The disturbances in Bosnia have not had any serious result. The Porte has satisfied the claims of the Mussulman chiefs by restoring them their former rights." WARSAW, MARCH 27. The following reforms have beenittroclaimed : " The present regulations for public instruction in Poland are abolished. " A special Commission for Public Worship and Instruction, under the direction of M. Wielopolski, is appointed for carrying out reforms in matters relating to public instruction. " National establishments of a superior class for public instruction, and especially an academy for legal instruction, are to be opened. "A Council of State is to be established, com posed of members of the clergy, dignitaries, and the most distinguished persons of Poland. " The right of petition is granted to the nation. "The Government councillors, the district coun cillors, and the municipalities of the larger towns are to be elected by the inhabitants." CONSTANTINOPLE, MARCH 20. The Levant Berald publishes the scheme of a forced loan of 12 million of Turkish pounds, which is under the consideration of the Ministry, and which, the Levant Herald states, is likely to be enforced. " The amount is to be receivable within two years, and repayable in ten, with 6 per cent. interest." BOMBAY, MARCH 1. Lord Canning returned to Calcutta on Feb. 18. The British troops have advanced by three marches into Sikkim. The country is abandoned by the people. Col. Harvey, of the 43d Regiment, is dead. The English mail of Feb. 4 has arrived. Government S3curities.—Four per Cents., 781; Fives, 94.1. CALCUTTA, FEB. 27. Exchange and Government securities are unal tered. Freights, 755; TURIN, MARCH 27 (Evening.) The discussion on the Roman question was re. sumed to-day in the Chamber of Deputies. Signor Chiaves spoke against the transfer of the capital of the kingdom of Italy to Rome. Count Cavour refuted the arguments brought forward by Signor Chiaves, and maintained that it was urgent that Rome should be immediately de clared the capital of Italy. " The transfer will," he said, " take place in consequence of a law adopted by the Chambers and without any disturbances. The time for it will be fixed by law. " We offer to the spiritual power of the Pope all the guarantees for its liberty and moral force which a friendly Government can ever give to the Papacy. " I hope that public opinion will very soon be disposed for the proclamation, and that France will agree with us in this matter." Count Cavour supported Signor Buoncompagni's proposal, which was almost unanimously agreed to by the Chamber. The debate then closed. VIENNA, MARCH 28. According to the announcements which appear in the Vienna journals of to-day the Emperor will not open the Hungarian Diet in person, 'but will proceed later to Buda for his coronation. which places are to be connected by a line of tele graphs and military stations. BOURSE, March 27.—The market for some time after the opening remained in the same inanimate state as yesterday, with pi ices about the same. A report, however, becoming current that a collision had taken place between some'Austrian and Pied• montese troops, Stocks became offered, and prices gave way, Threes being now at 67f 85c. Railways slightly lower. The following were the last quo tations : 4,4 per per Cents ... 95 60, Credit Fotacier 940 Do. end month.... 95 65 ' Belgian 41 — 3 per Cents Do. end month 67 95 ' Roman Bank Shares 2590 ' Austrian Credit Mobilier.... 655 —lSpanish Threes — Do. Account 656 25 , Home Debt COUNT CAVOUR.'S sPFRCH ON THE sl?0,11AN Q UESTION. The following is the fall text of the speech of Count Cavour on the Roman question, delivered in the Sardinian Chamber of Deputies on the 25th inst., as reported in the Turin journal L' Italie of Tuesday last : " The hon. member, in interrogating the Ministry, has accurately stated the question. He asks why the principle of non-intervention is not applied to Rome, and claims from the Ministry an explanation of the line of conduct which it intends to follow. The Roman question ought to be thoroughly con sidered. I shall not content myself with replying to the question of the hon. member, but I shall state fully my own opinion with regard to this problem, the solution of which interests 300,000,000 of Catholics, and will exercise an immense isfluence upon the world. Oratorical artifices would be here entirely out of place. When this question was still a remote one, and did not demand an immediate solution, prudence dictated that the Ministry should treat it with reserve; but now, although immense difficulties still surround him who has the honour to address you, he will endeavour to satisfy your expectations. " The first truth to be proclaimed is, that it is impossible to conceive a constituted Italian king dom without Rome for its capital. If we have a right—if it is our duty to wish to possess Rome, it is because of this impossibility. 'The honourable member justly said that this truth is instinctively felt and unhesitatingly proclaimed by all who judge with candour our affairs. Italy has, indeed, much yet left to do to organise herself —to solve the problem of her internal adminis tration, and to overthrow the secular obstacles erected within her own bosom against political order. In order to arrive at these results she has need of a union, a concord which the Roman ques tion will render unattainable so long as it remains unsettled. " Eminent and sincere men may feel a preference for one town or another, but it is incontestable that if Rome were once our capital all discussion on this point would thenceforth be impossible. The fact alone would bring about an absolute and uni versal agreement. I see, therefore, with regret, that eminent men—patriots who have rendered great service to the country, and to whom the honourable M. Audinot has alluded—attribute the necessary choice which we have made of our natural capital to futile or trivial motives. This choice has been determined by history, and by the elements of the civilisation of a people. What is the history of Rome but the history of a capital —more than that, of a capital of the world ? It will become now that of a great nation. " I appeal to the patriotism of all Italians. Let our unanimity make manifest to Europe the neces sity which these facts impose upon us. I avow that personally I perhaps prefer the simple and plain streets of my native city to the ancient and modern monuments of the Eternal City. But my resolution is taken, like that of my countrymen ; like that— and I speak now as the representative of Turin—of the noble city which is resigned to that sacrifice which the country demands of it. "We must go to Rome, but without trenching upon the independence of the Pope, without bring ing the Church under the domination of the State. If—though I believe that to be impossible—France found herself powerless to oppose our entry into Rome, we would not, in order to effect that entry, use violence towards her. Let us not imitate Austria in the ingratitude avowed with a deplor able courage by the lips of one of her statesmen. This sort of courage she has always displayed. At the Congress of Paris no Power was so hostile to Russia, so obstinately opposed to peace, as Austria, which had been saved by her but a few years before. As for us, bound as we are to Russia by a friend ship which a passing cloud obscured, I hope only for a moment, let us show by our conduct towards France that we do not resemble the Power which we have fought against with the aid of the French armies. " When, in 1859, we asked for the support of France, the Emperor did not dissemble to himself the difficulties of the situation in which this war would place him with respect to the Court of Rome. We cannot, after having accepted the boon, aggra vate the embarrassment in which it may involve the benefactor. " If we can succeed in convincing Catholics that the reunion of Rome with the rest of Italy cannot place the Church in a position of dependence, the question will have made a great step towards solu tion. Many conscientious people think indeed:that if the Parliament were in Rome, and the King at the Quirinal, the Pope would lose much of his inde pendence, and would be nothing more than the grand almoner or the chaplain of the King. "If these fears were well founded, I should not hesitate to say that this reunion would be fatal, not only to Catholicism but to Italy. No greater calamity can befal a people than the concentration in the hands of the Government of spiritual and temporal power. When these powers are united liberty disappears, the rule of caliphs prevails, It will never be so in Italy. "Let us examine under all its aspects this ques tion of the influence of the union of Rome with Italy upon the independence of the spiritual power. " Now, in the first instance, does the temporal power render the Pontiff really independent? If it were so, I would hesitate to solve the problem. But no person can maintain such a view. In the times when sovereigns, resting upon the Divine right, regarded their domination as a right of absolute property over men and things, I can understand that a power of this nature was a guarantee for the Pope. The authority was at least submitted to, if not accepted. But since 1789 Governments have reposed upon the consent, expressed or tacit, of the people. France, England, Prussia, proclaim this principle. Russia approaches it, or at least no longer repulses it as the Emperor Nicholas did. A Power which does not rest upon this - basis, which maintains an absolute antagonism between the people which it governs and itself, has no longer the possibility of existence. Now, this antago nism appears in the Papal States, and appears as an evil without remedy. I appeal to the testimony of a man who devoted himself to an impossible task at Rome, whose death was one of the greatest misfortunes Italy has experienced. " The people, exhausted by the struggles of the empire, supported for some time a regime which was rendered less harsh by the goodness of the Pontiff and the enlightenment of Cardinal Consuldi. In 1821 antagonism broke out. In 1831 it showed itself more vividly. From Bologna to Ancona it openly blazed out. "Now for nearly two years the Romagna is free, is united to us, has a free press, free associa tions, there is one clerical journal at Bologna—it is more violent than the Armonia of Turin. " Has there been manifested among these popu lations any regret whatsoever for the ancient Go vernment ? They have criticised certain Ministers and the Ministry itself. No one that I know has demanded of me the restoration of the former au thorities. "A fact more remarkable still—the Marches and Umbria have been, owing to causes dependant on military and political circumstances, evacuated by the armed forces. Not a soldier remains there. They remain entrusted to the patriotism of the National Guards, exposed to the attempts of a party installed quite ne ar , a t some leagues off, at Rome ; the conduct of these people has been pure from all excess, and admirable in wisdom, although they were menaced by Catholics travestied as Zouaves. " I am not the defender of the temporal power, but I must be just towards it. I hold nether the Pope nor his Ministers to be responsible for the atrocious acts to which, at certain points, the reac tion tended. These acts only prove the deplorable influence which such a regime exercises over human character, "I believe I have sufficiently established the an tagonism which exists between the Holy See and the populations.. If that be so, this power is not for the Pope a guarantee of independence. " It is said to be necessary for Catholic society, and that it ought to be guaranteed by the Catholic Powers. Are human sacrifices still necessary to render the gods propitious? Is it in the name of Him who gave His life for the world the sacrifice of a nation should be demanded for His represen tative ? "It is said : But the Pope may conciliate the people by reforms ; and those who think thus make efforts to obtain from the Pope such con cessions, never suffering themselves to be dis couraged by refusals. But this is asking what the Pope cannot grant ; for his position as a political sovereign is subordinate to his rank as he ad of the Church, since his temporal power ought to be to him no more than a guarantee, a safeguard for his spiritual power, which latter must stand supreme. By making concessions he would violate his duties as a Pontiff. He may accept and tolerate certain institutions , but he may not consecrate them. Thus, for ex' ample, he tolerates civil marriage in France, but he cannot proclaim it in his own dominions. It is the same with a host of other institutions which are opposed to Catholic precepts, but of which it is, nevertheless, necessary to admit the existence. The Pope should not be reproached for that which is in reality not obstinacy but firmness , and for which I hold that Catholics ought to be grateful to him as a meritorious fidelity to his duty. " I have often combated the opinion of those who have insisted that the Pope should grant reforms , and have blamed him for not conceding them. .At the Congress of Paris I was asked to point out which might be exacted of him, I refused to indicate all. I professed openly the opinions which I am uphold ing here ; and, in conjunction with M. Minghetti, who took an important part in these negotiations, I declared that the only means of governing those countries without military occupation was the ab solute separation of the spiritual from the temporal power. " All these efforts will be defeated by the radical impossibilities which result from the confusion of the two powers. Europe has long been labouring to invent reforms for Turkey ; there is not an effort which has not been made for this purpose; it has been sought to reconcile there the rights of civil life with the Government such as it is there con stituted. The attempt has not succeeded, and never will succeed ; the union of the two powers renders its failure inevitable. " Thus the temporal power does not make the Pope independent. Can it be said that in losing it he will only change the form of his subjection ? No ; we can give him the independence of which be stands so much in need. "It is precisely the separation of the Powers which will give it to him. When the Church is once emancipated from all connection with the temporal authority, and separated from the State by dis tinctly marked limits, the liberty of the Holy See will no longer have to suffer from the shackles im posed upon it by concordats and the prerogatives of the civil power, which the temporal power of the Court of Rome has alone rendered necessary up to the present time. I believe that every sincere Catholic desires above all things such an enfran chisement. The only difficulty is to discover by what guarantees this liberty of the Church will be assured. " We will give it ample guraantees ; we will in scribe the principle of the reciprocal independence of the Church and of the State in the fundamental statute of the Kingdom, and we will ensure by a ll possible means its complete realisation. " But the surest guarantee is the thorough'," Catholic character of the Italian people. Italy has often made great efforts for the reform of ecclesias tical discipline; but she has never raised her hand against the religion with which it is connected. The country of Arnold of Brescia, of Dante, of Savanarola, of Sarpi, of Giannone, has ever, like them, sought only the reform of the Church ; that ardent desire has always been aceompanied by th e firm determination that the Church, purified , should subsist and become more free. That free; dom will be better ensured by the love ° I 26,000,000 of citizens than by a few mercenaries "lt is said—These hopes are fallacious ; al your proposals and negotiations are repulsed. I shall not enter into any detail upon this delicate point. I admit that up to this time none of our efforts have succeeded; but I also declare that heretofore we have never explained our intentions openly and fully, as we explain them now. We may, therefore, still cherish some hope. " History shows us that Rome, invaded by the Spaniards of Charles V., saw the Pope some time afterwards crown Charles V., and ally himself with him. Why may we not see the same change wrought upon Pius IX. at the present day ? " But if the Pope should repulse us, as he has hitherto done, we shall not cease to remain faithful to the same principles. Arrived at Rome, we shall proclaim the sep ara ti on o f th e Ch urch from t he State, and the liberty of th e Ch urc h . W hen t his has been done, and consecra t e d t h e representat i ve s of the nation, and wh en th e ver i ta b le tendencies o f Italians and their symp a th y f or the religion o f their fathers have been made evident in the face of Europe, the great majority of Catholics will ar prove, and will cause to fall upon the right head the responsibility of the struggle into which the Court of Rome would have sought to enter with the nation. "At the risk of being deemed Utopian, I (wolf my belief that when these principles have been proclaimed and consecrated by you, the soul of Pius IX., opening itself anew to the generous sentiments which earned for him such hearty ap proval some years ago, will stimulate him to seek to acquire the immortal glory of having reco nc iled the Italian nation with the Church, and religion with liberty." RUSSIA. The Emperor of Russia, in an autograph letter to the Grand-Duke Constantine, in which he thanks him for the zeal he has displayed in fur thering the emancipation of the seifs, at the same time announces his intention of forming a special committee for establishing the organization of the whole rural elms of the empire after its emanci pation on a general and uniform basis. The Grand-Duke Constantine is appoißted president of this committee. FRANCE. The Moniteur de r Armee announces that the call ing to arms of the second contingent of the conscripts of the year 1859, and likewise the placing of the entire conscription of the present year in depots to be instructed in their military duties, have been at tended with complete success. The Emperor had given orders that the young soldiers should be treated in the depots with the greatest kindness, and their duties should be rendered as little irk some as possible. The Emperor's instructions were scrupulously obeyed, and the new system has ob tained complete success. The question of forming an army of reserve, which has given rise to so much controversy among military authorities, has at length been solved. The Minister of Marine has decided to establish eight electric lights on the coast of the department of the Seine Inferieure. These eight lights are to be placed at Cape de la Heve, Cape Antifer, Etre tat, Fecamp, St. Valery-en-Caux, the point of Ailly, Dieppe, and Treport. The object of these lights is to maintain a communication with ships within sight of land, and to transmit the news rapidly to the interior. A contract was concluded at the Marine-office at Havre on Saturday last for the construction of these eight lights. The ship of the line Algesiras, Admiral Paris, and the steel-plated frigate Gloire sailed from Toulon on the morning of the 20th to test the powers of the Gloire in heavy weather. A worse day could not have been chosen. The sea ran hi g h and a fierce north-west wind (mistral) was blo w i ng. The Admiral returned to Toulon about 12, findi ng it impossible to stand out to sea, the weather was so dreadful. Iu consequence of fresh instructions the five naval captains who had been embarked at Toulon for China, together with several surgeons, hospital mates, and 400 seamen, were landed on the 18th, and placed in reserve until an opportunity should arise for sending them forward from Suez without delay in that port. A letter dated St. Louis, Senegal, February 11, announces the complete success of an Expedition into the interior commanded by Colonel Faidherbe, governor of the colony. The King of Cayor, against whom the expedition was directed, aban doned his capital at the approach of the French troops. He subsequently signed a treaty ,with Colonel Faidherbe, by which he has ceded to the French Government a tract of land containing rich salt mines. The King further undertakes to favour French commerce and to put an end to all trespass. ing on the French possessions. The French are, in consequence of the late treaty, in possession of the entire coast of Senegal from St. Louis to Goree, RAILWAYS. Cash. Account. Orleans l4lO 1413 75 Northern New ditto Lyons and Mediterranean 950 .. .953 75 Geneva.. Southern 538 75 .. 540 Western Eastern Sardinian Austrian Lotrbard - 462 50 .. 463 75 AMERICA. LONDONDERRY, WEDNESDAY. The screw steamer North Briton, which sailed from Portland on the 16th inst. has arrived. She landed the Irish, Scotch, and a portion of the Eng lish mails, and proceeded. The screw steamer Etna had arrived out. The late diplomatic nominations have been con firmed. Governor Houston refused to recognise the Texas convention, considering its functions ended when the secession ordinalice had been passed. He op poses Texas joining the new confederacy. The con vention claims full power, and will displace him if he refuses to take the oath. It is rumoured that General Houston is raising troops on his own account. Capt. Hill has agreed to surrender Fort Brown, Texas. Vera Cruz advices, of the Bth instant, state that the British Minister has recognised the Juarez Government. Accounts from Havanna, of the 9th, say that sugars were more active. No. 12 held for 81. Exchange on London, 994 to 103. WASHINGTON, March 15.—The Southern Com missioners do not expect an answer for several days. The Cabinet have now their mission under consideration. Great weight is attached in poli tical circles to the declaration of Mr. Fessenden in the Senate to-day, that the administration contem plated the policy of peace, and would exercise no authority not strictly in accordance with law, and not till ample time had been taken for an explana tion of the question in all its bearings. President Jefferson Davis, in his veto of the African Slave Act, objects to the section authoris ing the sale of Africans to the highest bidder, as in opposition to the clause in the constitution for bidding such trade. The vote on passing the act over the veto resulted as follows—Yeas, lb ; nays, 24. The Southern Congress would probably adjourn on the 16th sine die. The Galveston (Texas) News says that Fort Brown will be given up as soon as transport can be found for the federal troops, which will take to port of destination two light batteries of artillery. FORT KEARNEY, March 15.—The pony express, with news from San Francisco to the 2d inst, has arrived. The steamer Cortez sailed on the Ist inst. for Panama, with 86 passengers and 729,000 dols. in treasure. The steamer Uncle Sam, from Panama, was over due six days. The San Francisco mint defalcation was before the Court. The chairman of the Breckenridge Committee had called a meeting, and urged a consideration of the propriety of esta blishing a Pacific Republic, rather than of engaging iu a war against the South, if war should ensue; but of uniting with the North if a peaceful separa tion should take place. The Senate had adopted a resolution endorsing Mr. Crittenden's plan of adjustment, condemning coercion, and recommend ing conciliation and compromise. The new silver mines recently discovered in Neveda county are reported as having prospered. Business at San Francisco was very quiet. Coffee had a downward tendency. Wheat and barley were less active, but quotations were unchanged. COMMERCIAL INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, March 15.—Cotton is steady. Bread stuffs are firm. Sugar is unchanged. Provisions are heavy. MOBILE, March 15.—Cotton—Middling Uplands, 14 to 14 cents. The new Southern Tariff goes into operation on the Ist May. Compared with the United States Tariff, the old 30 per cent. duties are reduced to 15 per cent. There is a large 10 per cent. schedule and a small free list. The Alabama Convention carried the permanent Constitution of the Confederacy by a vote of 87 to 5. LATES r INTELLIGENCE. NEW YORK, MARCH 16 (Afternoon). —The screw steamers Bremen and City of Washington have sailed. The cotton market is firm ; middling Uplands, ; breadstuffs are slightly higher ; provisions are quiet. Stocks are dull; Erie, 33; New York Centrals, 782 ; Illinois Central, 831. The royal mail steamer Arabia has arrived out. NEW ORLEANS, MARCH 14.—Cotton, middling Uplands, 11c. Sales of the week, 46,000 bales, Receipts of the week, 21,000 bales ; freight, SOUTHAMPTON, THURSDAY. The North German Lloyds' steamer Bremen, Captain Wessels, from New York, on the 16th, has arrived. She brings 95 passengers, but no specie. The Etna, from Liverpool, arrived out on the 14th inst. The Government of the Southern Confederacy had appointed the Hon. William Yancey, of Ala bama, Judge Rost, of Louisiana, Colonel Mann, and Mr. Butler King, of Georgia, as special commis• sioners to proceed to England and France for the purpose of obtaining the recognition of the inde pendence of the Confederate States, and make such commercial arrangements as their joint interests may require. It was said that the Baltimore sympathisers with the secession movement would be the first to offer resistance to the Federal authority. Captain Hill, commander of the United States troops at Fort Brown, Texas, had agreed quietly to surrender the fort to the secessionists. A despatch from Montgomery states that a bill had been introduced to make a Court of Admiralty. It was announced from Mexico that Mr. Mat thews, British Minister at Mexico, had officially recognized the Juarez Government, and that the difficulties with the British Government were being adjusted. Advices from Havannah were to the 9th inst. Business was somewhat improving. Money was a little easier. Exchange on London, 60 days, 9",, 1 to 1O premium. San Francisco advices were to the 2d inst. The news was unimportant. The state of trade had undergone no change. Nothing important had transpired in the Legislature. TIIE FUTURE OF AFRICA.—We all wish well to good missionary schemes ; we all desire the civilisation of Africa ; we all believe in the inexhaustible returns which Africa will yield to such industry as will supersede the slave-trade and the wars undertaken for its suppoit. We all wish well to the aims of the African Civilisation Society; but we do not believe—and nobody who understands the American case will believe—that " the best of the coloured people from the United States" will go to Africa, on any in ducement whatever. These people hold annual conven tions, in which they solemnly pledge themselves to resist all attempts to expatriate them. They declare themselves Americans, and intend to stay where they are, and to stand by their race till not a slave remains in the country. More over, there is no inducement to them to go,—except the few who devote themselves as missionaries. They aspire to rise in the social scale, :and abkor the notion of going to a bar baric country. They can get wealth at home more cer tainly and easily than in Mace, and at home they will stay.—. Once a Week, BANK OF ENGLAND -1861. The following is the House List of Governors and Direct' tors of the Bank of England for the year ensuing, viz.:—' FOR GOVERNORS. Alfred Latham, Esq., Governor. Kirkman Daniel Hodgson, Esq., Deputy -Governor. FOR DIRECTORS. Thomas Baring, Esq. Henry Wollastin Blake, Esq. Henry Hulse Berens, Esq. John William Birch, Esq. Travers Buxton, Esq. Arthur Edward Campbell, Esq. Stephen Cave, Esq. William Cotton, Esq. James Pattison Currie, Esq. Bonamy Dobree, Esq. Benjamin Buck Greene, Esq. George Joachim GOschen, EF,q. Tho election for Governor I held at the Bank on Tuesday ; tors on Wednesday, the 10th forenoon till four in the afte James Alexander Guthrie, . Esq. Thomson Hankey, Esq. John Benjamin Heath, Es John Gellibrand Hubbaro , Esq. George Lyall, Esq. Thomas Alasterman, Esq. Alexander Matheson, Esq. James Morris, Esq. Sheffield Neave, Esq. George Warde Norman, Esq• Edward Howley Palmer, . Esq. Thos. Charles Smith, Esq. and Deputy- Governor will be the 9th April, and for Dire' April, from ten o'clock in the noon. THE SHEDDON CASE.--Miss Sheddon yeaterdaf applied to the Judge Ordinary in the Divorce Court for a 0 i order for reheari ng thi s case before a jury. The Judge n' formed the lady that the application must be made to the full court. • LICENSES n —RANTED TO REFRESHMENT HOUSE S ' —A Parliamentary return just issued states that the nutty' ber of licenses granted under the acts of 23 and 24 Vic. in England, Wales, and Ireland, to keep refreshment houses' have been as follows :-1,816 to houses under £2O rent, i 4 10s. 6d. ; 3,538 to houses of £2O rent and upwards, a t £1 The licenses to keepers of refreshment houses to sell foreig n wine to be co nsume d on th e prem i ses have been 396 14; £3 3s. to houses under £5O ren t ; 251 a t £5 s s. to h ous es e" £5O and upwards. 486 licenses at £2 2s. have been g rante d to shopkeepers to retail foreign or British wine not to h e consumed on the premises —the rent being under £5O. T" £3 3s. licenses to houses of £5O rent and upwards are 23 4 ' The number of refreshment house licenses granted.to per sons licensed to sell bee r t o b e d run k on th e prem i ses is 59 3 ; of wine licenses, 489. Only 38 licenses in all have hee u granted in Ireland. RAILWAYS IN INDIA.---At the close of the last official year on the 30th of April last £26,415,05 6 :had been expended on railway works in India. It is estimated at the India-office that a further sum of £8,375,22 3 will have been expended in the ceurse of the present official year when it ends on the 30th of next month, making in the whole £31,790,279—ab0ut a tenth of the paid-up capital of all the railways of the United Kingdom. It was estimated at the beginning of the Indian official year that at its close on the 30th of April next thero would be £1,978,399 standing to the credit of the railway companies, but it is now calcu lated that £454,478 will have been adlaneed to thew_ beyond the amount paid by them, making a difference of £2,432,87Z to the Indian Government. Of the large es* penditure of the current year about £6,000,000 will be in 3 pei I)i Di Di labor depa two ware ter. to t rem bar( I'm and tin u chai Pen CO li Lan Ui cone XXCI Bran Di M exi New — Peni Di Port bard Di Spar. • Di Spat Turf. Di Di Di Di betw to 32 taus; deg Exp. cvap not i (1 to f., f over repe ance Birch tWoj tate] befoi of ar betm Feld, ma g i Co as tutu la( to El