The Sun. — London, England, 1855-08-17 00:00:00

BOTAL OPERA, DRURY.LANE. Lessee. Mr. E. T. Smith. • THIS EVENING, Will be performed DER F'REISCHErTZ. Characters by Messrs. formes, A. Lockesley, 11. Braham, and Hodges ; Misses Dyer and loanza, &c. To conclude with MIDAS. Prices of admission:—To th e t wo ga ntries, 6d.; second circle of taxes and pit, Is.; dress circle, 2 s. 6 d. ; 49. ; private boxes dace to admit two 'persons, 10s. 6d.; four persons, o ne guinea. Box- open from hi to 6 daily. THEATRE ROYAL HAYMARKET. 'Under the management of Mr. &nickel* TFILS EVENING, Will be performed MARRIED LIFE. After which, THE ABBF. IN LOVE, by the Spanish Dancers. After which, COURT FAVOrR. To be followed by ONLY A HALFPENNY. To conclude with THE SP.A.NISa DANCERS. ROYAL PRINCESS'S THEATRE, OXFORD-STREET. Under the Management of Mr. Cuanza KEAN. 4 • f THIS EVENING, Will be performed HOW STOUT YOU'RE GETTING• To conclude with KING HENRY THE EIGHTH. Queen Ka- Os trine , Mrs. C. Kean ; Cardinal Wolsey, Mr. C. Kean. THEATRE 'ROYAL ADELPHI. e Celesta. Proprietor, Mr.'R. Webster.--liirectress, Masm ' THIS EVENING, Will be performed THE WRITING ON THE WALL. Princi pal characters by Messrs. Wrigh t, C. Selby, P • Bedford, Mrs. Leigh Xurray, Miss Wyndham, and Miss Woolgar. After which, FRATERNISATION : To conclude with THE ,SCHOOL F OR TIGERS. ROYAL STRAND THEATRE. Under the direction of Mr. Payne. • THIS EVENING, Inimense success of Senor Marcos D anish Dancers, and Senorita Anna Della Facnte, the renowned Sp From the Haymarket Theatre. Will be petfortned BRONEN TOYS. After which EL TOREADOR: Followed by a new Farce, THE LATCH KEY. THE GALICIAN FETE. To conclude with GANIM. AsTLErs ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. ' Lessee and Manager, Mr. Wm. Cooke. progressive attraction of Mazeppa. Mr. George Wild.and Miss Fanny Williams every night. THIS EVENING, Lord Bvroti's MAZEPPA and the WILD HORSE, with all the original thrilling effects, and for which Mr. William Cooke has trained his unrivalled stud of horses. After which the first Equestrians of the day will appear in the EVOLUTIONS of the CIRCLE. Also, a variety of Entertaiments. To conclude with a Laughable Farce entitled, MY UNCLE'S CARD, in which Mr. CL Wild and Miss Fanny Williams will appear. . Box-office open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W. West. Acting Manager, Mr. Nelson Lee. Equestrian Director, Mr. W. Cooke, Jun. HIGH WATER AT LONDON BRIDGE. Tars DAT —6iorning32 rain. after 4 I Evening 45 min. aft. 4 Ta-%faaaow... Morning 3 min. after 5 I Evening 17 min. aft. 5 RUB WEA.THER.—Sing 077101, Aug. 17. THISIDIOMETZII, IDt TFIZ SIL&DA4 75 highest since noon yesterday. 110 —lowest this morning and during the night. 75 —this day, at noon. BA,ROMIITEII, 30 . 38. WIND, S.E.—Light, with sultry weather. (7 1) 4 • c A - 1 4 44 , 1 , + LONDON, FRIDAY, AUGUST 17, 1855. What are our people about that they suffer their enemies to make a mock of them, and to doubt their very existence ? We can fancy the veteran METTERNICH exclaiming, with a sneer, " Either they are talking, or pursuing, or in a. journey, or, peradventure, they sleepeth, and must be awakened." Never had they co favour able an opportunity for asserting their principles and manifesting their power, and never in our recollection were they so apathetic. Since this War began they seem to have lost that zeal for liberty which formerly distinguished them. They have ceased to think and act for themselves, and have, with a blind credulity, to which we know no parallel, resigned themselves to the direction of the Government of the day. We are satisfied that this apathy is but appa rent ; but to those who labour in their interest it is discouraging. The popular cause is never safe apart from open, frequent, and decisive expres sions of -Public opinion. The people are false to themselves when they are silent on such great questions as are laid before them. It is for them to have a policy of their own, and to insist on its adoption. What have they not lost in times past by their neglect ? They have been powerless, because they believed themselves powerless, and have been made by turns the toys and tools of despotic power, because they would never rise to a sense of their own importance and a percep tion of their true interests. At the present day we expected, and we had a right to expect, something better. In this country their will is irresistible—there is no force that can stand against it—and for this very reason states men are weak and Governments am vacillating when the popular voice is silent, or when it is expressed with uncertainty. Ministers, of their own motion, will do no more than they can help. They fear change—they hate disturbance of any kind. They must be impelled forward by pres sure from without, or they will stand still. It is vain to hope for large views or generous senti ments from them. They are ready to catch them up when they pervade large masses of the people, and when it is tolerably certain that they must ultimately triumph in some way or other, but they will never of themselves originate a line of policy widely departing from the beaten track, and calculated to effect a revo lution in the world, though the revolution may be essential to safety, and certain to produce the most beneficial results. Therefore, we say, the question we bring for ward is eminently a people's question: If they refuse to entertain it, drop it must. Professed small politicians—men who push their way by arts of jobbery and intrigue—who in a humble station have caught some smiles of Ministerial favour, and picked up some crumbs of Ministerial patronage, and in a higher rank have dipped their hands deeply in the public purse and basked in the sunshine of Courts--these men will no more take up the question of their own will than the persecutors of GALILEO would admire his theory of the earth's revolution. Principles of policy are important to them only as they indicate a win ning or a losing game. Let any principle be once taken up ,by the people in a manner which shows they are determined to carry it through, and they will not want the support of both the creatures and the leaders of party. The simple question for the people is whether they wish the War to be directed to the liberation of Europ% to the rivetting of its fetters. If the tyranny of Austria is left untouched the War against Russia will avail nothing. Our victories will be bootless triumphs. The despotic principle will escape from the contest unscathed, if it does not in the end rally, and • 3Y some daring con spiracy plot the destruction of European freedom. We implore our people- to regard the facts. Austria is next door neighbour toßussia. Austria feels that her ver y existence as an emp i re depends upon the despotism of her rule. The population of Austria Proper is set down iu the official re ports at' two millions three hundred thousand. 1 , The poptllation of her Italian provinces is upw ar d s of five •railli on „ , of Hithgar y upwards of ten luilli"s'l- of Austrian Poland five millions more, while Slavoniau and German provinces make up the remainder of the thirty-five millions she boasts. . Thus HungarY, Italy, and Poland COD s titute more than half of her entire population. H ow is she, to rule these races, who hate her with t,le just hatred inspired by her crimes ? She might, at one time, by popular institutions and uet laws have conciliated their affection ; but Ira f. Shs clic;elo-hav e slave 3 - the d?, , , for that 1:;" not B ET leign is now . a rei gn of terror. Between her and the races she tempo rarily keeps down by her 1510°4 despotism an un dying animosity has been engendered. This feel ing is increasing in intensity, and Austria is so conscious of it that her vigilance grows with the danger, and her rule becomes, continually more arbitrary. Is this an empire to oppose an effec tual barrier to Russian aggression ? Is it not evi dent that as respects principles of goverment her interests and those of Russia are the same ? Freedom in every shape must be equally hateful to both. They are allies by nature ; and while ' Austria guards the Russian frontier, the CZAR, safe from attack on the most vulnerable side of his empire—the aide of Poland—will always be able to put forth enormous strength at the extre mities of his dominions. How different would be the po . sition were Italy, Hungary, and Poland free, and Germany liberated from the dead weight of Austrian despotism. We do not speak now of the invigorating influ ences that would shoot through Europe, when the vivid genius of the. Italian, and the chivalric nature of the Pole, and the highly ingenious and enterprising disposition of the Magyar, were onee more animated by freedom, and were encouraged by its holy and exhilarating breath, to fertilise countries which would then be their own; to spread their language—to enhance their prosperity to multiply their numbers—to vivify those arts and pursuits for which they have peculiar apti tude, but which are now crushed by that prostra tion of spirit consequent on a degrading sense of brutal domination. We do not speak now of the bounding and elastic life which so great a change from bondage to liberty would diffuse through Europe—of the jealousies and restrictions it would extinguish for ever—of the new sources of trade and intercourse it would open to art—of the fellowship between States united by one great bond of free government it would produce. We do not speak of these things now (though never was there a time more favourable to the libera tion of oppressed races, and to their erection into independent States, from the solid establishment of principles of unrestricted commerce as most conducive to national prosperity), but we want to view the question in a political light alone. Is it more for the security of Europe that the Austrian empire, constituted as it is, and perfidious as it has ever proved itself, should continue to exist, or that the order of nature should be restored, and that races should be called to the inestimable blessing of national independence, whose policy must be antagonistic to despotism, as fatal to their life, and favourable to the closest union with the free Governments of the West, as essen tial to their safety and welfare ? This is the question for our people. Do you prefer that that immense tract of country—fertile in the richest productions of nature—now known as the Austrian empire, should be under the rule of a despotism and in alliance with Russia, or that it should be under free and national Governments, and closely connected by bonds of interest and sentiment with the Western league ? We will not believe that our people can be indifferent on so momentous a matter, nor shall our pen cease its appeals to them till they return us some direct response. The great NAPOLEON, when pining in St. He lena, and standing on that threshold of both worlds, whence, according to the poet, an intel lectual view is most wide and piercing, foresaw the danger which menaced Europe, and predicted the shape it would assume, and the time when it would occur, with wonderful exactitude. In OMEARA.'S " Voice from St. Helena," we find that he said in 1817 : " In about thirty-five years the Russians will either invade India or enter Europe with a hundred thousand Cossacks, and two hundred thousand Russians. Russia must either fall or aggrandise herself." The numbers are, perhaps, very nearly those which Russia has at present in the field against the Allies. What follows is yet more memo- THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING. AUGUST 17 1855. rable : "In the natural course of things, in a few years Tur key must fall to Russia. The Powers it would injure, and who would oppose it, are England, France, Prussia, and Austria. Now as to Austria, it will be very easy for Russia to engage her assistance by giving her Servia. and other provinces bordering upon the Austrian do minions, reaching near to Constantinople. "The only hypothesis that England and France may ever be allied in sincerity will beim order to prevent this." Is not the man who could thus far foresee so ex actly the course of events entitled to some cre dence for predictions not yet fulfilled ? The sentence following that above is the most impor tant of all : " But even this alliance would not avail. France, England, and Prussia united cannot prevent it. Russia AND AUSTRIA., CAN AT ANY TIME EFFECT IT." This is the conjuncture we have to dread. Events are fast hastening to the consummation. NAPOLEON foresaw. Austria and Russia are drawing together. They calculate on the effect which a War void of decisive results, and waged on no principle, except it be to support the old status quo, and to maintain despotism unimpaired —must have in wearying the popular spirit of France and England. When this has been ac complished, then will be the time to strike the world with terror by an Austrian and Russian alliance for the partition of Turkey. The first step has been taken by Austria's military occu pation of the Principalities. Who, looking fairly at the facts, can doubt the imminence of the danger ? How is the full com. pletion of NAPOLEON'S prophecy to be averted ? We answer unhesitatingly by the immediate pre sence of the Allied flags in the harbours of Venice and Trieste, and by Austria receiving a peremp tory summons to evacuate the territories she has too long usurped. The complet e and speedy demolition of " the Gibraltar of the No r ti l , ,, arrogantly designated as Sweaborg has been by Muscovite and pro- Muscovite writers —. the overthrow of its quasi impregnable fortifications, without the loss of a single life or a single vessel to the assailants, must prove how completely the R uss i an strongholds in the Gulf of Finland and the B a l t i c are at the mercy of the Allied squadrons. Our Gover nmen t has only to will it , a nd the " standing menaces" to the Scandinavia n nations, the s ources of Rm. sian infl uen ce with the Northern Powers, will be numbered with the past. Let the orders be given, and the proper means supplied, and Helsin g f ors and Hango, Revel, and even Cronstadt itself, will share the fate of Sweaborg ; and the Great Northern Bear will learn that with kingdoms as with individuals, ". honesty is ever the best policy." IL is now, in the language of the P. B. " Lombard-street to a China orange," on wood versus granite ; and although much valuable time has been wasted, sufficient still remains to enable us to profit largely from the results of the tardy but decisive eK - Pelimeut. There are still six weeks during which the ope rations of the Baltic Fleet may be continued, and as Sweaborg .cost only two days, we may easily calculate' hov f during that much may be accomplished period if the parties are really in earnest, and " work with a will " in the good cause. Let thorn only go at it earnestly and zealously, while the enthusiasm of the men is excited to the high*: pitch by the brilliant results of their first great triumph of the season, and the enemy are depressed and panic stricken by their easy conquest, and more will be , achieved than even the most sanguine can venture to anticipate. But there must be.no delay nor procrastination. The time for nego tiation has gone by, that for action—incessant, indefatigable action—has arrived. The success must be not only steadily but rapidly followed up ; and the Governments of England and France must show their unflinching determina tion to spare no efforts to support the operations of the Fleet, and to render their achievements com pletely decisive as to the War. It may not be pleasing to Prussia that we should do so. Austria may be astonished at our proceeding so rapidly while she is willing to mediate. But it is the course that will induce them really to strive to bring about a permanent and honourable settle ment of the disputed questions, however distaste ful to Russia, and diametrically opposed by the traditional policy inaugurated by PETER, and fol lowed by CATHERINE, and ALEXANDER, and NICHOLAS ! From the situation of Sweaborg it was manifest that it could only be attacked from the sea—that no land forces could possibly co-operate in the on slaught. It consisted of a number of small rocky islands, strongly fortified, and communicating by bridges or galleries the one with the other. The Russian Fleet lay in the heart of this series of forts protected on every side. That fleet was, however, transferred to Cronstadt, where it re mains as a portion of the prize for the additional work of the fleet. Sweaborg was also the defence of Helsingfors. The only channel by which the capital of Finland, the emporium of the trade of Northern Russia, could be approached, lay directly within the range of its 800 guns of heavy calibre. So that, in fact, until Sweaborg was dis mantled, and its fire silenced, nothing could be even attempted against Helsingfors. The protec tion, however, is withdrawn. It now lies at the mercy of our Fleet. It is for the Admiral to de cide whether to strike •r to spare, and we cannot for a moment •doubt his determination. The policy that spared Odessa to be the scourge of our troops in the Crimea, to endanger their existence and the whole objects of the War, cannot be so perversely pursued, as to act as a protection to Helsingfors, now that Sweaborg has been demo lished. The course adopted towards Helsingfors will probably decide the policy of the Scandi navian Powers, and render the Swedes, Norwe gians, and Danes either firm friends and faithful allies, or worse than doubtful neutrals. It is an important element in the calculation that must decide our course of action in the Gulf of Finland. It is more than probable that Helsingfors has al ready been bombarded ; and if so, that it has been demolished. Day by day we may look for this cheering and satisfactory intelligence, which will prove the earnestness of our Government. But when that has been accomplished—what next ? There is still more to be done. The Russian fleet still skulks securely under Cronstadt. It must be destroyed in its fancied shelter. And it can be so. Sweaborg and Helsingfors will then no longer exist to threaten the Allied Fleets, in the event of any unanticipated reverse. They will be completely our own, to act as places for refit ting any casualties—a source of strength instead of weakness, a cause for confidence instead of terror. The mortar-vessels and gun-boats may, as we have already said, run down the coast of Finland, and take Cronstadt in the rear. That is the vulnerable point—the heel of the Northern ACHILLES. Thence can the fleet be destroyed, while the men-of-war watch in front to deal with any sortie on which they may venture. Nor need the bombardment be restricted to a single point. The iron shower may be hurled from every side and on every position, perplexing and terrifying the panic-stricken foe. It is there that the co operation of land troops would be peculiarly valu able. They could land in the rear, at the " vul nerable spot," where an onslaught has never been thought of. We have seen the vast importance of such aid at Bomarsund, but it would lead to even more astonishing results at Cronstadt—the proper point of attack being selected. A land force, with• every facility for transit from place to place, would be of immense value. Twenty or thirty thousand men, who could be landed at any point, would create work for five times their number of Russians, who . could not tell where the impend ing blow might fall. The men could easily be found. If England could not spare them they could be obtained from France. Our faithful ally would rejoice to participate in that which would, indeed, be a " heavy blow and great discouragement to Russia." A single word to the Emperor NAPOLEON, and any num ber of trained soldiers will he• forthcoming. Let that word be spoken. A golden opportunity is at hand. Our dearly-beloved SOVEREIGN will soon be accepting his hospitalities ; she will be at tended by many of her Ministers ; and the deci sion may be arrived at within a few hours which will crush the aggressive propensities of Russia, and produce a glorious and permanent peace, which it will be beyond the power of the auto cratic brigand to disturb or endanger. Whatever may be thought of the leadership of such individuals as Messrs. COLLETT, HART, GEORGE THOMPSON, late of Tower Hamlets, DAVID URQUHART, PA SSMORE EDWARDS, WASHINGTON Wllas, and others, most of whose names are un bnown beyond the precincts of the Peace Society's committee room, their tactics are worthy of atten tion. In one point they are agreed—" Down with Lord PALMERSTON ;" in another the men whO chiefly pull the wires are also agreed, to put a wet blanket over the War, and to extinguish it as soon as they can. The truth, which gives plausibility to their language, is that which Mr. PuNon has pictured for us this week ; and if these gentlemen want a flag to hang from their committee-room window, the best device will be the "Ministerial White bait Dinner," and the best motto that which appears beneath it, " I shay, ole Fellah— what a jolly lot of humbugs we are." We have ourselves never concealed our belief that Lord PALRMESTON is too much of an aristocrat himself, and too much at the mercy of secret, but overbearing German influence, to carry •n the War with real vigour. We have never failed to demand definition in the place of that wearisome cant phrase ; but catch Lord PALMER STON in a definition ! He sold Poland, to our pre sent cost, twenty years ago;. he quietly acquiesced in the Russian conquest of Hungary, only the other day, after having teased Austria a little, without meaning the least harm to the sacred cause of despotism ; to both of which delinquencies we owe the burdens and los;es 'of this War. This inconvenient truth is now brought to the surface. It was whispered when. PALMERSTONcausfinresltteas however, rse o f in, b u t popular hopes made it a ttempt working it then. n uor o ldd w sh , coipu continue n uhis t the vßtiiinigisoesuihar,asacnasdnhoywdeetnclaim about a safe and honourable which eliaicoeh, evenand yet Ministerialaccep t as p papers its e basis rs n o thenow la uFour at—thent s War time through r come,ough the som s e i dthink, PALRMESTON.co erlyto attack the It is difficult indeed, even for us, to ~ impugn plsaeak:fimtnt: to the premises of the resolutions wl ich were carried by meetings of seven or eight is iousand persons at Birmingham, and by no despic; sble numbers in St. Martin's-hall. Thousands of iearty friends of the oppressed nationalities were there ; the sen timents most enthusiastically applauded are proof of that ; in one meeting at Kennington, both the resolution and the amendment were heartily car ried. The peace men are in this way making use of the War men practically in favour of Russia, just as the Squires use'. the Chartists against the Anti-Corn-Law League. The trick is a clever one. How are we to es(a) oe the dilemma they put us in ? You wish Poland._ to be restored, they say, and you want a Polith. Legion to be raised, hoping it will be the haw guration of the desired deed of justice ; but, ibiey ask, do yow believe Lord PALMERSTON ani Prince ALBIZRT will ever allow the restoration of Poland ? While a German Prince must be the Tirtual Prime Mi nister of the day, can the constitutional Prime Minister consent that Poland shall be free ?. In other words, can he consent to the release of German potentates from the Russian Protecto rate? and to beloved " Preussen and Oesterreich" losing their little mouthsful of Poland ? We are compelled to shake our heads. Hence they wind up Would you then raise an unhappy Polish Legion merely to shed its blood in fighting for those liberties for others of which they are never to taste them selves ? The questioners seem to have no flaw in their arguments, yet we are satisfied they are practically wrong. The error is precisely that against which they inveigh. Do not, they exclaim, put the Polish Legion into hands which will use it for their own purposes only ! We reply, do not, you friends of Poland, put yourselves into the hands of the friends of Russia ! The Peace-at-any-price party, and the pro-Russian party are using you for their unworthy objects. No benefit to the Poles can re sult from the course into which the peace men would dupe you. That is certain. They do not wish it should. What care they about Poland She grows no cotton for Manchester, and her slavery is a great " honour" to the honourable nation, for whose undiminished honour the ABER DEENITES and RIISSELLITES are SO sensitive. Coin cidence with such men ought to make friends of Poland suspect themselves in the wrong. We hold, therefore, to thorough-going honesty. Demand distinctly all that is right for the junc ture. It is right, and acknowledged by those who have lately met, that Poland should be free ; right that it should be the bulwark of Europe against the vaunted but odious barbarism of Rus sia ; right that Poles of all men on earth should enlist under every banner unfurled against Russia or Austria ; the brave BEA and scores of noble Poles have verified this. Even if they recovered not their fatherland it -would be right for them to join in every attempt to humble its wicked oppres sor ; it is right that Russia should lose the ser vices of the 200,000 Poles whom she has forced into her armies, and that the cause of European independence should have their aid. All this is unquestionably right ; but a second thing is also right, that this patriot aid, and the whole con duct of the War, should be in thoroughly trust worthy hands. Then demand this also. Separate not what in this contest GOD has joined together. Poland abroad, and men at home who care for nationalities, not for crowns, are the two things wanted. Let every meeting insist on both. If Lord PALMEI►sToN can't be trusted, then, in the name of justice, turn him out. We, at least, shall not weep. We believe he could do all wo require—if he would. That he will, or that he will be allowed, if he would, we much more than doubt. What, then, is the one thing wanted ? W e reply, for the nation to awake and do its duty. ABERDEEN and his coterie have faiIed—PALMER STON and his Whigs have failed—Lord JOHN and the visitors at ,Chesham-place have failed—Lord DERBY, in opposition, has failed—..the House of Commons has failed. Are we then helpless be yond the little charmed circle ? Are there none among us who in office would " screw up their courage to the sticking-place, and would not fail ?" All England knows the contrary. The country denounces routine. Why, it is the country's own tolerance of routine in selecting a Cabinet which is the immediate cause of all that has gone wrong. Base foreign policy, and shamefully wasteful administration are both due to this one cause. We would warn Lord PALMERSTON, meantime, that his delicacy to Austria and to Russia may be continued too loig. Although cunning men are prompting the people to close the War because PALMERSTON will neither turn out nor do the people's work, that silly trick cannot mis lead honest Englishmen long. They will never consent to a shabby winding-up. They will think it infinitely more reasonable to reject any Minister than to reject a Polish Legion. Were England polled to-morrow for Poland or PALMER STON, the result of the ballot would shake the throne of every European despot--PALMERSTON himself would vanish for ever. The Marchioness of Ormonde, the young marquis, Lady Mary, and Lord James Butler, returned to Kil kenny Castle from Garryricken on Monday. The Earl and Countess of Besborough will join the party about to assemble at Gordon Castle about the end of the month, to partake of the hospitality of the Duke and Duchess of Richmond. Lord Paget arrived at Malta, on the 7th inst., on his way home from the Crimea, invalided. The lady and family of Lieut. Colonel Harrison, Royal Artillery, have left Kilkenny, for London. The Hon. Mr. Wandesforde, Lady Carrick, family, and suite, have left Mount Juliet for Coolum Lodge, Dunmore East, county Waterford, for the bathing season. By the death of the Duke of Somerset, Lord Palmer ston will, for the first time, have to advise her Majesty as to the bestowal of a blue ribbon. It is reported (says the Portsmouth Guardian) that Sir Francis Baring is about to accept office under the present Government, and will consequently be obliged to appear again before his constituents. His Excellency the Bavarian Minister has taken a house at Brighton for the season. Lord and Lady Brougham are receiving company at Brougham Hall. Sir William and Lady Molesworth have left town for their seat, Pencarrow, Cornwall. The Right lion. Bart. returns to London in a few days, to resume his official dirties. Lady Molesworth will remain at Pencarrow till the end of September, to receive a succession of visitors. Among the recent visitors at the Royal Victoria Hotel, St. Leonards-on-the-Sea, have been the Marquis and Marchioness of Ahercorn and Lady Louisa Hamil ton, Baroness James Rothschild, Lord and Lady Foley and the Hon. Miss Foley, Lord Dufferin, Sir A. and Lady Agnew, Sir Edward and Lady Buxton, &c. Mr. H. Bell, one of the candidates selected for the Civil Service of the East India Company, is not, as has been stated, a member of Exeter College, Oxford, but a graduate of Clare Hall, Cambridge. The Marchioness of Ely, who will be the Lady-in- Waiting in attendance upon her Majesty during the ap proaching Royal visit to the French Court, is supposed to have been appointed for this high duty in consequence of her personal friendship with the Empress of the French. Kaw G-ARDENS.—A statement has appeared in the public papers to the effect that Kew Gardens are open the whole of Sunday. Such is not the case. They were formerly closed all that day. Sir W. Molesworth opened them to the public from two o'clock till six ; they are now kept open till seven, and will continue so during the few remaining Sundays before the ehQrter days commence. GENERAL O'DONNELL, of the United States army, arrived in Limerick this week from America, on a visit to bis cousin, Major-General Sir Charles O'Donnell, • .Iti ea s 38 years relative, the t h l e above Colonelvisit veveterannweharsy A. O'Donnell, to his O'Donnell, C. 8., in this city. Of this ancient and dis tinguished Celtic family there happen to be now four general officers in the service of America, Great Britain, Spain, and Austria... Limerick Chronicle. triiirb ZA4itton OFFICIAL DESPATCH FROM GEN. SIMPSON. GREAT BATTLE ON THE TCHERNA YA, ENORMOUS SLAUGHTER DEFEAT OF THE RUSSIANS. WAR DEPARTMENT, AUG. 17. The following important telegraphs have been received from Lord Panmure The Russian attack of the morning was under the command of General Liprandi, with from 50,000 or 60,000 men. Their loss is' estimated between four and five thousand. About 400 prisoners have been taken. The loss on the side of the Allies is very small VARNA, A.m. 16, 1.30 P. M. The Russians attacked the position on the the Tchernaia this morning at daylight in great force. The action lasted about three hours, but they were completely repulsed by the French and Sardinians. Further particulars will be sent. LATEST N E WS. THE BALTIC FLEET. DANTZIC, AUGUST 16, 8 P.M. The Vulture has arrived with the mails. The Allied squadrons returned to Nargen from Sweaborg on the 13th. The success at Sweaborg is fully confirmed. No ships have been seriously injured. The casualties on the English sid.a are—killed, none ; two officers and about 30 men wounded. The French los 3 is equally trifling. PARIS, FRIDAY. The most important item in the news from Turkey is that a strong Russian division is march ing on Erzeroum, and that all the disposable Turkish forces in Anatolia are hastening towards the same place. General Canrobert has arrived. THE INDIA MAILS. SOUTHAMPTON, FRIDAY MORNING. The screw steam-transport Alster arrived at this port this morning from the Black Sea, bringing with her the heavy portion of the India mails, for some days overdue, by the Peninsular and Oriental Company's steam-ship Sultan. The delay of the Sultan is caused by having broken a crank pin when nearing Gibraltar, and as it required some little time to repair, the mails were forwarded by this conveyance. The Sultan was expected to leave Gibraltar for Southampton to-day, and has on board 67 passengers, and an average amount of cargo. Advices from Konigsberg state that when the attack on Sweaborg began the Grand Duke Con stantine, immediately informed by telegraph of the event, demanded leave to go out and attack the reduced fleet before Cronstadt. The Empe ror refused. VIENNA, AUG. 15. Accounts from Constantinople of the 9th state that the insurrectional movement at Tripoli causes us easiness to the Porte. Two regimexts have been embarked to put it down. THE MEDITERRANEAN. MARSEILLES, Aug. 14.—The mail steamer Indus, which sailed from Constantinople the 6th instant, arrived at 10 this morning. She brought Generals Canrobert and Saucier, and 200 invalids from the, Crimea. Some of them were badly wounded, and were conveyed to the military hospital on stretchers. General Canrobert remained in his private cabin until the few persons who assembled to see the pas sengers land had dispersed. He then stepped ashore, the Indus having been moored to the quay. Having declined all military honours, he drove to the Hotel des Empereurs, where he breakfasted in the public coffee-room. He appeared cheerful, and in much better health than one might expect from his long stay in the Crimea and his severe winter campaign. He sailed from Marseilles for Constan tinople in March, 1854. Numerous detachments of troops continue t arrive daily ; among them 300 of the 3d Regiment of engineers, and 150 of the 2d of the same arm— two detachments of the 35th, 53d, and 61st in fantry. The detachment of the 53d, 400 strong, arrived from Auxerre, in Burgundy. They are to be incorporated with the 19th, in the Crimea. FRANCE. PARIS, THURSDAY EVENING. The Emperor yesterday, after the official re ceptions, was pleased to allow a number of foreigners of distinction to be presented to him by the Papal Nuncio, the English Am bassador, the Belgian, Neapolitan, Prussian, Austrian, Saxon, Portuguese, Sardinian, Ame rican, Dutch, and Spanish Ministers, and by the Charges d'Affaires of Tuscany and Greece. 'The Emperor afterwards received Mr. W. Filmore, ex-President of the United States, and also Baron de Gratty, and also Major Chevalier Bowens de Bau wens, Commissioner and Deputy-Commissioner at the Exhibition for the Argentine Confederation. An Imperial decree appears in the Moniteur, by which the Emperor names the following as mem bers of the Municipal Council of Paris :—MM. Count d'Argout, Governor of the Bank of France; Bayvet, auditor of the same establishment ; F. Barrot, Billaud, Boulatignier, Count de Breteuil, Chaix d'Ast-Ange, Delangle, E. Delacroix, De niere, Devinck, Ambroise, Firmin Didot, Bubarle, Dumas, Dutilleul, Eck, Fouche, Lepelletier, Foucher, Fremen H , erron, Lamy, Le Dagre, Le gendre, Moreau, Marquis do Pastoret, Pecourt, Polouze, Perier, Rouland, Do Royer, Segalas, Thayer, Thibaut, Thierry, Tronchon, and Tarin. The Moniteur contains decrees making further promotions and nominations in tilo Legion of Honour, on the occasion of the F6te Napoleon. Among the former we. find as Commanders—M. Bonjean, senator ; M. Chevreau, prefect of the Loire Inferieure, and M. de Mentque, prefect of the Gironde ; and as officers the Count de Segur d'Aguesseau,': M. de Bourgoing, prefect of the Seine-et-lUrne ; Baron Mercier, member of the Council-General of the Orne, and M. Verdi, the composer of the " Vepres Siciliennes," th. The nmnber of Knights nominated amounts to 74. The Monite ur says •--" The Emperor, in his so licitude for all that concerns the interests of the army, has desired to ameliorate the position of the widows and orphans of those who die in combat ing ; and, in consequence, by order of his Majesty, a bill has been presented to the Council of State for doubling the amount of the pensions to widows and orphans of soldiers of all grades killed by the enemy, or who die in the war. The bill in ques tion will be presented to the Legislative Body at its next session, but the Minister of War has been authorised to augment provisionally such pensions with the funds of which he disposes, and which come from national subscriptions." !the Prefect of the Police has published an or donnance relative to the measures of order to be observed on the entry of the Queen of England. From three o'clock no carriages will be allowed to pass along any of the streets through which the cortege will pass from the Strasburg terminus to St. Cloud ; the different deputations belonging to the city of Paris who have demanded permission to join the cortege will have places assigned them ; the deputations from the communes of the' ban lieue are to assemble, headed by their banners, in the grand avenue of the Champs Elysees, where places will be reserve I for them. The ordonnance concludes with the usual interdiction against erect ingscaffoldings, climbing on trees or lampposts, &c. At the end of the grand banquet given on Tues day at the Hotel de Ville, in honour of the Em peror's fete, when the dessert was placed on the table, M. Haussman n , th e P re f ec t o f the Seine, proposed the health of the Emperor in the follow ing terms :--- Gentlemen,--In the name of the Municipal Body of Paris, I have the honour of proposing the health of the Emperor Napoleon 111. Every year that passes over seems to add to the bonds of confidence and devotednes. which so closely unite the country t) the Emperor. (Loud marks of assent.) As for us, gentlemen, in pro portion as we advance in the accomplishment of the vast designs conceived by his Majesty, in order to make Paris a capital worthy of France, we are more and more deeply penetrated with gratitude for the august initiative, the happy effects of which excite at once the pride of our fellow-citizens and the astonishment of foreigners. (Loud applause.) Vive l'Empereur. After a unanimous burst of acclamation the Pre fect continued : "Gentlemen,—we unite to the Emperor in our senti ments, and we never separate from him in the expression of our wishes, her Majesty the Empress, his august and gracious companion, Vive Imperatrice." This toast, which was delivered in an emphatic manner, was followed by unanimous cries of Vice l'Empereur Vice l'lmperatrice ! " For some days past," says the Courrier de la D2'Olll,C, " from 1,500 to 2,000 soldiers have been daily conveyed from Lyons to Marseilles. These troops form part of the contingent of from 20,000 to 30,000 men who are before the end of the month to embark at the Southern ports for the East. It is said that these troops are in tended;for the camps of Maslak and of Yarns, but every thing of course will be subordinate to the grand military action which is every day expected at Sebastopol." " The sawing -mills of the Doubs and Jura,' says the Salta Public of Lyons, " are at present busily employed in preparing a large quantity of planks for the army Of the East, probably in anticipation of a further supply of wooden huts for the winter. Ono of the Rhone steamer carried to Marseilles on Tuesday a full cargo of plankb ready arranged to be carried out to the East. The same day, 1,200 barrels of gunpowder were forwarded from Lyons to Marseilles by railway, and as much had been sent there two days before. As to bombs and other projectiles the quantities lately despatched from Lyons have been immense." BOURSE, AUG. 16.—CLOSING PRICES. Cash. fr. C. End of Month. 4? per Cents 95 —95 f. --o. 3 per Cents 67 25 67 55 Credit Mobilier l2OO Roman Credit Fonder 550 Austrian Belgian Fives ...... .. 95 Spanish Throes — Piedmontese — - Home Debt — RAILWAYS—FOR CASH. fr. c. fr. c Orleans Western B3O Rouen Cette 675 Strasburg Nediterranean 1320 Havre 7Ol 25 Northern GREECE. The Trieste Gazette of the 9th says :—" The reason why the Greek Minister Kalergi has fallen into disgrace and received the order not again to appear at Court is, that in a letter from him, pub lished in a newspaper, he expressed himself in such terms that a sovereign could not accept them from a subject. After the publication of this letter the Ambassadors of Austria, Prussia, and Bavaria went in a body to the President of the Council, and gave him to understand that if M. Kalergi re mained in the Ministry they would be obliged to interrupt their official relations with the Greek Government. M. Mavrocordato, it is said, shrugged up his shoulders, and observed that M. Kalergi's behaviour was unseemly. The Ambas sador of Austria interrupted him, saying that he used too mild a term, and that the proper word was impudent. The Bavarian Ambassador declared that if Kalergi were not removed from the Ministry he would feel it his duty, as the representative of the House of Wittelsbach, to demand satisfaction for an offence to a mem ber of that house. A steamer was immediately despatched to Stylida for the Ambassador of France, who was in the province cf Phthyotis. The King sent word to M. Mavrocordato that M. Kalergi would not in future be allowed to cross the threshold of the palace, and that the porters had received orders to that effect." SPAIN. The Madrid journals, of the 11th, have arrived in due course. The Epoca speaks in high terms of the clergy for having in the localities invaded by the cholera remained at their posts and done all they could to assist the sufferers, though most of the authorities, and in several places even the medical men, took to flight. The Parlament° as serts that M. Olozaga officially informed the Em peror of the French in a recent audience, granted by his Majesty, that the Spanish Government has adopted the resolution to take part in the war against Russia, and of sending an army to the East. The ; Bank of Barcelona has subscribed 3,000,000 reals to the loan which is being raised by the Government. (The real is worth five sous.) The last accounts from Catalonia represented every thing to be tranquil. DENMARK. COPENHAGEN, Aug. 12.—The Danish Chambers assembled yesterday at noon, in the Palace of Christiansborg, according to the Royal summons. They are called together in an extraordinary ses sion, for a special purpose, to consent to the pro posal of the Crown to modify the Fundamental Law or Constitution of the Monarchy of the sth of June, 1849, and to decide whether such modifica tions shall come into legal operation at the same time as the Ministerial plan of a form of Govern ment for the " whole kingdom." There was a full attendance of members, and the portion of the hall allotted to the public was crowded. The proceedings, however, were merely forma'. At 1 o'clock the Ministers entered the hall in full State uniform, and, having taken their places in front of the Throne, the Premier, M. Bang, read the Royal rescript by which the Legis lature was summoned. It was a brief document, stating the purpose for whi c h . the extraordinary session is held as above given, and authorising the Minister to open it in the Royal name. Nine hearty cheers were then given by the members for the King, and three more for the " Constitution." The Second Chamber then proceeded to the preli minary business of choosing a president, vice-pre sidents, secretary, do., and examining the validity of the several elections, dividing itself into four bureaux for that purpose. M. Rotwitt was elected president for a month, and M. Monrad (by whom the present constitution was drawn up) and M. Broberg, vice-presidents. In this last election 82 votes were given, of which M. Monrad received 73, M. Broberg 42, M. Schovelin 32, and M. Tscherning 10. A letter from Vienna, in the Post Ampt Gazette, says :—" In consequence of the acts of brigandage which have been renewed on the frontier of Monte negro, the Austrian Government has charged Ge neral Mamula to signify to Prince Danilo that the very first time that similar acts are repeated, Aus tria will seriously interfere. The general was to make known to the Prince that Austria was desir ous for the prosperity of Montenegro, but that she co uld not see with indifference the 4, cessant re newal of those scenes of misconduct." A letter from Rassowa states that the English were displaying great activity in the construction of a military roa d f rom t h at place to Kusten d je . It was thought that the establishment of this road foreboded a campaign of the allies on the Danube. The German, Journal of Frankfort contains a lefter from Berlin, which states that, according to the lat es t arrang ements, the King and Queen of Prussia were to return to Potsdam on the 18th, and were to proceed to Konigsberg on the 25th with a. numerous puite. LITERJIT O,R E. Woman's De . votion. A Novel. 3 vols. Hurst and Blackett. i n this An unusual degree of talent is displayed work, and genuine freshness of feeling perva d e s the spirit of its design. Its heroine is a :harming ore; tion—one, hidea, that is not often found tog r , a e4 the pages of fiction, and, it is to be feared, still 1 . - 0.. seldom seen to gladder and glorify the path of.clii mestic life, and irradiate by its influence the and and dreary in the world of home. Not that Ir . ; is an unnatural character ; her perfections are made out as superhuman nor are her virtues too manifestedto be possible to reallsv! but the softened splendour of her bright elistellc; is so pure and holy that at times one might f ru she approached the semblance of those , image the poet as wanting " But the adornment of bright winge „ To look like heaven's inhabitants. The peculiar circumstances of her position are Fell devised, as those most calculated to draw out r. . hidden strength of mind, and show forthoku; gentleness of disposition at once. She was g ene from her dearly loved solitude to a whirling the of gaiety and bustle. No wonder that after,„; eo sublimity of her mountain life, the harsh reall_leuel of Gomer should seem strange, nor that the h e o r ti ld taunt and bitter sneer of envy and inalice,a v ice jar painfully on her ears, where " ocean s _ or of majesty seemed still to sound." To 0 7 0 1 ter Lady Jane, after having been associated her host with one so unselfish and kind as friend, was a heavy trial. She performed a MOO difficult task admirably. It is easy for the I d i s , nature to yield, and it is natural for the b° l o r position to be brave. One shrinks fron t the ir the genial struggle, while the other glories ill the welcome warfare ; but to unite and combined yet firm and the friendly, to be consistent Ordeal,en soothing in demeanour, is an effort and an tea, the magnitude of which can scarcely be over t r e o f Had Nest, for the sake of peace, charity, given up her own claim, and, on the scoff of her youth, deferred to the rience of her mother-in-law, she m ature ha te in the Illr_ore would PO fallen into a snare. On the contrariurgecl she listened to the plea of justice, an d id boo on the fulfilment of her rights, she wen:in the made enmity and angry feelings permanent 'we' family. A fitting lesson is given further ol l ) 10 not ever, of the evil effects of bad passions. ft /1 r eel' likely that a young maiden, however good org t o ous her own heart might be, could a t on tea ht or change the evil, and deadly sin itoP lae higher another heart. It must have been a t. 501 agency and a more terrible impression C ovey ta that her young daughter could affect or fA u that could have transformed and ameliorate° e Ol Jane. She was exhorted by her friends, esPiciier by the admirable young Duke of Nairn, h er o er man ; she was implor:d by her son in all t d oli hemence of youth's most urgent langr a g b e ov e e ri a Ls i h i ; all the force of a passionate nature was adjured by the stranger entered into her laT_ o p to forego the evil cf her ways. Neither 011'00 entreaty, nor example could move her. ti o wish was to make Nest unhappy, an d , t e b i lioeg: f allowed to succeed. One event realise d v ast' ings of the evil spirit, and answered the PrNeoll° the trusting heart. The young and irl'oflife, Lord Gomer was struck down in the Pr ide s eifla and the flower of existence. It was 5 , 11 " t 0: warning to the wicked woman to se e ' l '; ' aP had beckoned an intruder on her son's Pe a ,,. o iilli ' her summons had been answered by the deg her angel, not the messenger of peace, but the, 40 30 1 of destruction. He came not with the eti l : l iief a voice to call forth his hallowed mission/ e- ;4 40 13- i s lir c l a w r i e n s d . s u t n o b rm ent anc b l y th l e if w e' away the early dead unbroken by earth's tr'',, the descends miff ."-o: to a go , to lie cru d s e h se late. The spirit of Nest, that had borne up fareegth so many hardships, sh owe d its intrinsic e g tper: by bending to the blow. In one of the r ee ; s elil t : plexing of human assaults she had been 1.- 0 0' ' and unflinching. When trouble came in ali g er l form, she was rong in her humility as resign ' tion. She acknowledged that she had °deo; and attempted too much, and far from ret c isia„; pining or wildly complaining at the coronlica,:alig_s • brings that befell her, she persisted in Seel . glrj in darkness, and good in ill. She was at 1a, 5 ,,, Doo' . 1 to see the end so near, for the unfortullaother„' Gomer had exchanged one state of misery for all Ail cc The unselfish nature of heir character force'"upea' the lonely and desolate feelings that oa ln , loref d i • her, and made her think that God, in h is 0 0 ' took that immortal soul, so ripe for heavev'oert from its shattered frame. She checked ev er ' t b e , m h e u a r v ; e s n h e an k c ip h t im he . r , sel l f t fr w ee as fr t cr en e t v h e a r t y s th ei o st l i tcl er il i c : h graveing b c i f u t e h r e o h r u a s g tn i s d in o g f . her ile r y h o e u a t r l t i , t t h h e a r t e il ia t ili r n reward. In the tears which she she" - 4 1 0,5 I / 6 - torn and riven while he was with her , „ l " i ee°l undergone with him the martyrdom °'''' o o6 "f seemed to revive as under the ill flae- ie °ll l above. She knew and felt that he weed totrtf keeping, at last he could no more be e,,,""Der„, 4 ' by his perilous position, or be turned fr o ''' to bid his designing mother. It was her devotiol i f sil t that had induced her to bear so much, an u bil d.., d l i° 4 had failed she felt that her purest progr es irfeel l le been lost, nor her earliest, freshest, faille' t ots • wasted. She had not perverted them ill ebo, l ' c l ings at the couch of sickness and death; he ns c 0 P. ,,f they had not been buried with worldly Pletlly purposes, but lifted up and exalted. °b ° f f pr beloved Frank as an offering on the altar ° to '- In her trial she had been so uns nature, and so zealous of good, that she r Ass Ass ti ;' float tiirally her mind to the consideration of u i r s , ,a, p otted ; ea ell; dom where the pure in heart shall see t t 7; od e ; 0 and where perfection is immortal. In t : e - eeltge ing of the events many distinctive cha r- r a ; 1 , 4 " 13 presented. The ardent and straightforvitoseei of Nairn is a good instance of what au " iio c o t e % and decided mind may accomplish. Th e m - ell u t b - e and unpolished, but genuine Stewart, 1.- to ' r yours to hide his enthusiastic devotioo a r ell, Duke under the mask of dissatisfaction Gib ere tiliousness, are both good delineations ° J o s r ailllof getic and vigorous life. The "poor little to toro who hailed in the young Nest the rege l / 0 .0 0 ,. i ii 01 the fallen fortunes of the Gomers, is a /l e a ' A t. sketch. Her second Frank, as she ea; irat e big Gomer, was the centre of her cares 0%1 0 of " r . She was watching him all through the e ri ; v 'so°ll9 happiness, but when the trouble came abg.,cl hi a to come, she was crushed at his fall, she u l ; e sioY o o, death-bed. Minnie is a warm-h ea rted, t el. to girl, whose career is interesting , I; ti hjo ° t o• Lady Jane is a remarkable and painf ul " a •ercl e ot contemplate. The author has set her fu, n d, l e'deg minently in the light and shade of her M al l W a ll powers of intellect and depth of feeling 4 n 0 1 3 1, 1 ' - g e to mislead her. Her position wag er ° fee ll ioo for her, and she would not learn. , 0 ,11 116 her were shows by her after sufferings, Wulf:: t e n ,. ill late to stem the torrent she had brougu,"t a ftet t ito home. The real and the true are solleija e l f this glimpse of life. There are the i ll- ding ° e clt of humanity, love, and ambition coot ° 0 vta_gA of ther. In suffering and sin the warfar e , vi t s be b e :,l,°, but the lesson of life was taught al' -,,,a - 0) death, where the dreams of one were proeotioaty vanity, and the daring of the other 1. 31 0 0 01 0 spirit. It is a touching spectacle t° with 01 0 fees' e warning to human pride and pae4lon• haPP l eall t to come are not our own to make or OIL or i el At the tomb of their common love ..,t the and enthusiast were alike defeated. 'nth° eP il l devotion was not over at the thresholu ° 01 11 ,1 to land ; it could follow no more, but it I°ft el l , eta trust to the place where ambition olt a it I°' its purest prize, and where love must " harvest-scene. A nt ------------ f P l WOO 00 0 PA THE STEAMER COTTINGHAff ON SHOB 1 c• - :;„' Pf ° ,llo; LAND, Aug. 9.—The C,,ttingham 0.5.), fr °— g ero , i ; ow for England, with 111 invalids and 22 passert. s t' Ve f I.- to r cot on the Fanned Reef on the night 0 iik ell t fo $ (as previously reported in The Sun) , is a rtel eil og e % come a wreck. Her water-tight cerliP i lo ycl'a s Ao t '- ward is stove, and is full of w ater. iof ;obi s .' has sent information to the commander °f f or P ° ' Or r the Baltic, asking for assistance to get her 0 ill the feet The three lighthouses on the Casket-I'olot Pod tish Channel have been raised in height i. 3 ligblo l /, eaeh. Owing to this increase in height, tli e 0 tb" the° fro° sa be discerner , six or seven miles farther . vers io, -i possible. The Casket Lights warn WI felt god 0 3 1 dangerous rocks which beset the Cho u % Doe° re sr i are of great use to vessels trading betwe h e en , b 0 , 50 1, tit i France. The person who has c harge °f, t n o W 1 3% " o f a family on the small but rugged roo' n; h ieb 1 ° 01 0 , stand. When the sea is smooth enough) , th 00, 0 4 the case, he effects a communieation wi ne i g hu p ep • ke tbe t oe Alderney. The Caskets are fertile,ll th o jor_d. islands of Jerseyand Guernsey, has won prizes at floricultural shows iii v .7 o o P i o A vid COMMUNICATION BETWEEN SOUVE ~..,0 30 1:01,039, tO LAND. — The long-suspended steam cor b o f Tre,,boo: e y and the lin o i s l , s p il ir , tween the south of Wales and o t f heZ:.f iei r s d liv is ;ecl te ;e .1 4 Milford Haven and the town be replaced. The great pier at NeYlotte tee re 00e0 to be constructed in order to accomo3o"-seis ar e , ie icelbe to be engaged in the transit, and the jive of 1100 . c h ready for active service. When the , ,j e s,_ . I f running in connexion with the Soutil, b i s r oill' o 'f Government will forward the mails 11 v_ A v 01 4 .. j o lO ji will also again open to the metropolis ao., e getet o , b e e," t land a far more expeditious route for ,r,, le gs P 4 . 40 P the sea voyage from Milford II tven b,ef ri t , the r t o the distance between Bristol a nd Liu 0 1/000, points of intercourse. of the 0 0 1 9 Among the medical gradultes ~. ~t t!1 _ O. ~, i University who obtained tbt it diplefe'igyptlefieeli ruination were a Chinese and fo.u r d to be l ob r ithe Celestials who has ever grx WIC Chinese graduate, Won Fun, is bell at a 0, 6 varsity. Ili ( 1 / 4 1',1 k t N I , -iti ~~1