The Sun. — London, England, 1820-05-09 00:00:00

air rates ag w itbdi re, abe re l ior rates/ if son_ietk ild be desti iyer or the fin of . he " ,sition fur to of tazati ( consider be Frac" cr e ocrai C 4 rs," which d gone 00 "cc•s• Il e ,•rucilts. it on the e in the vo .!(1 to 'magi, se of not retit iii° , f the ell untine; t ° co Wu' pay d these, a_„ it. think WAS able trtan• tion' ie Petition' tent with ts, jell was/ tb retals, yo u , sisted of oso Friend o.'l° in stIPPd up and 1. Ctianiber; 3 the prell and w'd't If the a king ::,onenitto tR (W" 64 tile Or' skita(i°l/ That beit't ich explo° B4 ' orm er oc' bad VI to accoil" l the Ci v4 Ind toe V it ' . or 44/ arrate 9 be t)°' T e Wa s 0o systein I t? intent, f (7r 'oved a"' the state (ion of fel ; red that g_ es to Ow fou r had PiW e noney ft )- nt of IV had bee l l The Civi' es, an d r no t: zin g. b a d bees iai eV /11 f: ew of by Si l r. increaset° otO - toitr ee. si' d s tt'utovo t ' etssary o to ille ec The full! s is of M I r ct 111 r Mr. Pl c auti ISV'' hieratiou; excevi e " . mance."' kllO 1 " ►ve sCIVCi task of proposing, a Committee, tit take the - Civil List into consideration. The qnention i .howeve.r, he conceived to be siMplythis—whether the Re p. r santatives of 'the - Peaple, With their professions still treshlan their lips, would' tell. their consri ttlenis, " we have accepted the Estimate brought down .by a Minister of the Crown, on a subject sshicii one-third of its has never had an oppor loon y ot investigating, and without the least in (fairy,' we have come to the decision that it is tv.st adapted to the interests of'theconntry."—(Hear, heat !)--It appeared to him that the appointment of a Committee • would be far more beneficial to the Crown, and snore satisfactory to the people. This was a time when complaints of distress arose from all classes of his Nl,jesty's subjects. Agri culture, trade, anti manufactures, suffered equally; nod their misery was augmented, he conceived, by be ;Arrangements entered into last year to re sume bullion payments, an arrangement which be did not mean to blame, hut which showed how m a ch more difficult it was to retrieve an error than to avoid its commission. The cot rency had arisen from 25 to 30 per cent. in value since last year, whilst the taxes hail only been diminished since the peace about 23 per cell!. so that the people suffered under a greater burthen of imposts than in time of war. In such a state of things, were arrangements like that now proposed to be entere d i n to withont inquiry Even if the ar rangement of 1816 had been as perfect as it could be made, he should still think it the duty of the . House to look into it before agreeing to its adop tion. if the present estimate was to he voted without inquiry, the House of Commons was completely useless, and the gross sum ehoSen by his Majesty might as well he inserted in the Ga zette, as for a Minister to come down to Parlia ment with a set of fixed resolutions. As to the amount mentioned, it was a fallacy. The House must consider that the Queen was to be provided for, and that the Servants of his late Majesty at Windsor must also be placed upon the Civil List. Was it not proper that Parliament should have a voice in these arraneements In proposing the same amount as in 1816, the Right Honourable Gentleman was not so moderate as he wished to appear. The House must recollect that there were two establishments at that .period; and to pto pose the same amount for one as was formerly granted for the service of two, was no very extraor tainarydisplay of economy. He then objected to the revival of several offices existing on thelVindsor Es tablishment, and some of which, the Master of the Hawks in particular, had been created in times when they were accompanied with real services, but had since become entirely useless. It appear ed, that since the accession of his late Majesty, live arrangements of the Civil List had taken place, and its debts had beets paid nine Hines. The papers before die House also spewed, that during the same period, not less than twenty millions had been paid for the service of the-Civil List, which formed _no part of the revenue affixed to it by Parliament. It was wrong to suppose that the whole Civil Government was paid . out of the Civil List. It bad been found inconvenient that t h e whOle of that enormous expense should be defrayed ont of that fund, and Ministers had been continually transferring some parts into other funds, and leaving uhconneeted fragments of vari ous services behind. 'Die Heir Presumptive was no where to be found in the Civil List, whilst it contained officers belonging to the Lord Chancel.: for down to the rat-killer of Carlton Palace. An objection bad been raised against what was called insult itig the King ; but the debts . incurred were not always on account of the Royal House hold. The Noble Lord (Castlereagh) who had opened the subject in 1816, hail stated that a great portion ot ahem had been incurred by our Foreign Missions. There was even, amongst other chat ges, one of 50001. for a festival to ce lebrate th e return of Ferdinand VII. to Spain ! (Laughter !)—These expenses were totally ou connected with the Crown ; how, therefore, could an inquiry tend to insulate a King I It was found that in the most violent writings, even in those of . Cobbett, who, it might have been expected, would have respected nothing, the greatest respect was raid to the Crown. Ministers availed themselves of this disposition. They did not call upon !be - people to rally round them, but round the Throne, b "cease they were then sure to share the s upport which it would always joyfully receive troth the country. It would be benefitting in- S tead of inj u ri ng th e Ki ng , t o i nsu l ate hi m and i aparate hi m from certain parts of the Civil List. he Secret Service money, that popular branch vsl hich rewarded the services of Castles. Oliver, 41.41 Edwards, formed part of the Civil List, and eauld not certainly be deemed necessary to sup- Port the dignity of the Crown, and give it a de- Kree of• splendour which it did not possess. One Pt the Offi cer: remaining on that List was dignified ,„- I ? the name of Judge. It had been the great ob iet of the N a ti on t o have it s J u d ges unconnect ed with political duties, and above the reach of re. , "rd or punishment ; but this'one was chiefly en r4 F e d in defending the conduct of his I‘lajesty's !nisters in that very House. He hoped he had s a ,"a e, nough to sbow the propriety of inquiry.— • was du e t o t h e new R e i gn , to t h e C rown , an d 1_ the People by whom they had been sent to - re- Pre sent theta and protect their interests - in Parlia beat • He. then moved that the first Resolution , e f r ead a second time this day se'nnight, instead "ow. It, 1 4,„_ e ‘ l, ARRE seconded the motion, and corn to`e:tend d that t h e C omm i ttee o f 1816 h a d b een ten • . totally inefficient, by being deprived of the c ,, er of sending for persons, papers, and records. ( "ins had been laid before that Committee but s ack e h at s'ltnates as the Ministers themselves hail aer ,; l e i la withou t an y means b e i ng affottled of as afling their propriety. •1 Kruk linsxi ssoN contended, that far from its 'avi ng been the practice of our an ce st or s to ere c th e ere _ v `! votin g o f t h e Ci v il Li st b y an i nquiry , e arti. a. s no instanc e o f s uc h an i nqu i r y on re anti t, ft the re f ore rested with the Noble Lora c ae _ llB Senfinder, to prove that in the resent thi.v."r", the had occurred t o ren d er i t -fleets the Itoyd Establishment at Windsor ter ‘‘,4:l':(l with the demise of the Crown, and the th, a . of its amount would torn to the prof i t of I vot 4) . tibli c . The estahlishmerit of the Regent ,° retra t i a on the same footing, now that he tat e .— 'tilt a hing, as it 1145 before be had', ascended the throne. Would the Noble Lord then content! that the establishment for a Monarch should be inferior to that of a Regent ?• If he did nut mean this, he could make no case for an in quiry in opposition to all precedents. All parti culats on the subject were before the House in 1816, where they were stated so minutely, that any Gentleman who objected to any part might point it out without the necessity of any inquiry. With respect to the office of Master of the Hawks, it would have been abolished if it had been prac ticable ; but it was an office held in the nattcre of a freehold, and granted by the Crown at a time when it bad the power of making such grants. As to the small salaries which had been objected to, they were also grants in per petuity, and could not be revoked. He admitted that the Report of the Committee in 1815 did not contain the same estimate as that afterwards artop;ed by Pat liament, but a deduction of 21,0001. had been made in the Departments of the House hold alone, in consequence of an alteration in the price of things. He then took an hivotical view of the manner iu which the hereflitaty revenue had been regulated, till it had at last been wholly surrendered by his late Majesty. By the 22d of the King, commonly called Mr. Burke's Act, a classification had been introduced into the Civil List. This measure had been followed by various other regulations ; but it was not until the year 1816 that an important division bad been made, and all those expences which had grown during the war to an enormous amount, anti over which the Crown had no control, had been removed from the Civil List. The expenditure of both Houses of ,Pariiatnent, which at the commence ment of the late reign did not exceed two or three thousand pounds, bad risen to such a height during the war, that the charge•lof printing 410ne was 100,0001. Was it possible for the CrOwn, with a fixed revenue, to meet such expeuces, which it could not controttl, and which might have no limits ? Every thing of a fluctuating and vary ing nature had therefore been • wisely removed front the Civil List. It was en ativantaL:e that the charges for our Ministers abroad should continue on that List; for the amonnt was fixed ; whereas if tite matter was thrown into any other branch it might escape attention, and would swell to a much greater amount. The benefi. of these arrangements had, been fully proved by the experience of the last four years,,, during woad' the expenditure bad not fluctuatedaine an occurrence which. had never taken place be fore. Au efficient check had also been created in 1816, over the expenditure of the Choi Litt. That check existed before in thi, Leeds of the Treasury, bit the appointment of an auditor, wit. had constantly that expenditure under his eves, had Oleo beau for the first rime effecred. the House-had thus . obtained what muss. lion. 1 .4 e, n its object, to preveor by appropriatrt.n kne cation of -the public money. 11 t•r qte Noble Lord to show, that too much had been granted. If he tailet4 in doing thi s , ,b„„),1 also fail in laying . a sufficient g, tin• i nq uiry into the Civil List. Mr. littouGtistta explained, that he ;,:q1 not le comineuded the abolition of the StikileS charged on the Civil List. 1-1 c .rdv tnuu,;ht them forward in ,answer tki.thr g.,111 rt ti-ed, that to detach certain brae, he 1... Ht List would be to impair the Roy,' ,;ignity, •and he ohly wished to show diet :hey :ifi , ..fi'liOtlllll4 that dignity. He had mete ioned tut Vicav the Tower, the Keeper the Lions, itn , i he stiolid add the Rat-killer tit Carl .:n l' , llce, hat with view to motet klieg' or torir fiery moderate sa laries, tor he did not - deoy their utility, The existence of rats was as clear as that of I!,e nobler animals in the Tovver ~no no on:.. would atta,:h little importance to their deltroCtion who cowi dered the nature of the vermin, and the noxious ness of that vile tace.—(Repeated cht , ers)—He meant only that it was Will itog such tare, should be on the Cis it Gist. lie had also - expre , i,dy men tiooed the Royal Astrouttmer, but he •rti.ied not one Gentleman could harbour toe thought that he would wi,h to curtail nue single pound o f Cie salary which that res t ,, stable iu :ividdal so use fully earued. All he turat , t to say was, that there would be no wore degradation to , the Crown to be paid out of the Cousolitleed Fund, with those persons, than out of the Civii List, which now supported them all. Mr. TIERNEY regretted that a debate like the present should occur under circumstances of dis tress and diffic.:lly unorecedeived in our history. The House was called on under hese enprolii tions circumstances, when our agricultural interest complained aloud of its distress, when the com mercial part of this once fl:onishing country, could not promise itself any hove of 'chief tr..in any quarter throughout its foreign relations, w . nen the milmnacturing - districts had broken (Jilt into open insurrection and . vi.,lencv, in more places than one, to make an increased allowance for the use of the Executive. . He had addressed the. House on the subject of retrenchment in this par ticular in the last Session of the last Pal liameut. His voice had been re-echoed by that of petitions front all quarters praying for .the strictest eco nomy. He felt he owed the House, .therefore, no °polo,/ for dissenting from the proposition of the Right Hon. Gent, the Chancellor or the Ex chequer. He never would consent to the doctrine, that the House ought not to demand ti further investigation of the subject, if its present arrange ment was the result of actual inquiry. This was the worst of all arguments, as it was evident the more extravagant the grant was, supposing it two millions instead of one million, the stronger would have been the argument against the Flutise attempt ing any thing like retrenchment. In 1815 his ob jections to the statement made on the•e heads of . expense arose from a conviction that trn , h never would be arrived at- whilst the estimates were made out by persons interested in concealing in formation of the utmost importance ro thems , lves, as officers deriving a benefit - from these transac tions. He had then inquired on what were these estimates grounded, but received no satisfaction. As to the Board of Works, it was soon found to be impossible to proceed without inquiry ; and notwithstanding all that was now said as to the indelicacy of forcing his Majesty t o ',t ic k er hi m . self from such petty scrutiny by living on board wages or in a chop-house, an officer (Mr. Harri sou) bad beau appoiutcd with a salary of 1,5601. whose business it was to examine into the scale of expenditure for the Royal table,.even to the eggs and butter furnished for it. These were not considered questions of great delicacy when a dy ing King was,•the party affected by the arrange ment ; hot an ample investigation took place of the whole subject throtigit Colonel Stevenson : he, however, required no such examination. into mi moire ; he °illy. wished the House to do its duty, and say what ought to be granted ; and he was sstisfied, that if on such an inquiry the House only came to the deterMination to retrench a sin• gig thousand pounds on the whole 849,0001. the • country would consent to it with cheerfulness; brit without some further information anti conces sion the public would not be content. In one case it appeared, that the recommendation -of a Committee had been so exorbitant that the Ministers themselves were ashamed of it, and abandoned the idea of following it up by any re solutions. Nothing could be mote •vague than the calculation as to the expense of Foreign Am bassadors. He at great length endeavoured r 9 prove, that the estimate founded on the years in tervening bet wecn.lBo4 and 1811 were not such as should be taken a. , an average. Many immensely Leavy expenses were just then being incurred.— The uroviding Palaces for the younger branches of the Royal Family, the appointment of an esta blislorient for the Princess Charlotte, the Queen's expense incidental to her removal for her health, the retirement of the Royal Family to Weymouth, were all heavy expo noes occurring within this period, and therefore rendered it a very improper period from which to draw an average. The difference of the estimates, even regarded as the Right Hon. Gentleman had stated, demanded-in vestigation. There was 856,0001. for England, and 200,0001. for Ireland. Now, how was this expenditure accounted for ? It was not enough !hat in au-v twiner years this sum was appropriated for the per poses of the Royal Revenue ; but in the present cif cont.( auces of the country, it was highly necessary anti expedient that the appropriation of sac!) a sum should he accounted for. Tire House of Commons should know. if such a sum were fairly and properly disposed of. lt appeared an increase had ;.then place of 12470001. since the arrange ment entered into by Mr: Pitt, and upon tilt: mere circumstance of profit and loss, trifling as suclea sum might be, it would be . satisfactory .to the eauntry to know bow it was managed, If no other - subject remained for investigation . , it was his opinion that what lie had mentined. should go before aCt:mhittee. And upon commence ment of a hew t eign nothing was more nece'ssarv, .1) that all t-e circumstances . co:,necied with .th e expenditure of the Monarch, should be sub j.r e e d to the in,esligatiou of Parliament ; .the l'arliantent being still liable to the observation of : the poblic It was it le matter what riiight'have been expended by the late Sovereign ; his expen diture was in a great degree liable to the.cootroul ot. Parliament, and if certain items ~tre, not within its reach, they had c ee,da - provisions, matte for his conduct, out of which their.confroul not positively reach. Therefore there. coUld ,be no analogy between what had previously occurred, and what might now occur at the comtiretieCqtreirt of a new reign. Besides, there was now sortie tiiliererr Queen 'Could not now find her pro per placze...on tlieCivil List i she apdeared to be ex •citedef troll) . - :tense• places and sttuations that be loirgertio herliwhody knew tile grounds on which shcstolot.' The LOrd Chancellor recognized-her sta •troo by.lheitrvesrittire . of her cell alit officers, while :nothineosvas .expressly mentioned wiin regard : to her etie_peecir , from tbe-Throne„or in the lan guage of Ministers; . but. all„was left to doubt. or at all ,events, to .nocertain -data, whicli few coold .undeestand. Who conids,ast what precise sum was ,at the disposal of_ the late ? Who could say what was, the nature of his own.peculiar fonds ? Who could say what sums were his in right of his (Alice, or those accruing to him as King of these kintrdoms ? To ascertain this was his object, and , %.hat lie thought must be uninvidiausly the ob ject of every Me:Mber in the House. The 'Dn.- cities of Lancaster . and Cornwall yielded different revenues ; Latica,.ter 70,0001., Cornwall 15;0001. per annum. How were these s lims a pplied ? Pa pers were produced, by which it appeared, thLt out ( 0 3 85,0001. st r uia were distributed to the atnount itt 60001. per year, making a grf , ss tat.:) for 60 years of 90,0001. ; brit surely it was nor too Mild! to r •quile explanation on this head, Well ; but admitting this, adtnitting it to be the real fact as stated, still it remained a matter of inquiry, whe ther, under all the cirrnina!ances of the 'Crown .and of the Country, 850.0001. ought .o r ought not to be now given ? Nobody couldinsist touch on •he, casual revenues of . the Crown, their nu tire , Their' disposal '; but it was, tial to 'tams , what were tire real resources of the Crown, what its meani of support, and what the method of application of those resoprces.. A jealousy of these things was no in-I fringement of the privileges 'of the Crown ; to ascertain Hiroo and to watch over them. was the bounden duty of the House of Commons. In Feb, 1816, the .Reports brought forward stated certain mat tvr. as In the extent of the property of his 'life Majesty, as of his Alajesty ; and surely it was not now too noteli to ascertain or endeavour to ascer tain how those' bolds were disposed. of which either came under the controul of the Sovereign of himself, or, it not under his conttoul, ought necessarily and fairly to come under the cowl - tilt' Of Parliament. It .might or it might not be a bad time to bring these ;natters under the discussion of Parliament ; but no man could give hiS'confi deuce to a Parliameot which would not fairly and honestly apply themselves to the whole consider ation of so momentiots a question. The ques tion befor e the House was riot too, general too, specific ; it was a question open to all men, not blinded or cautioned except as his Majesty's Mi nisters wished to do so ; and a question; of all others on which the House of Commons ought to deeitie., The oranquiliity of the country de pended on the discussion they adopted . ; it was for the Horse to decide; he had done his duty, and should leave the question to the consideration and fair discussion of the House. esseti Mr. CANNING, after a few prefatory temarks, proceeded t o observe, that it was the usage and custom of Pat lisment, in the commencement of a (Jew reign, to rote the Civil • List wit hunt inves tigation. it had been 40 since the rtil'a of Wil fiats. He contended that, tire•preeedent ought to he implicitly followed ; or, if it , were not, that those who proposed a deviation from the ancient established practice should show a special case to make the deviation advisable. If,' for instance, at the end of a long reign, doting the course of which there did not appear to be any exceedings of the arrangements of the Civil List, • yet the very lapse of time naeht possibly have given rise to some abuse, or created such a ,necessity for new arrangements as to cell for inquiry ; or again, in case of there having been a previous re cent investigation, and that it appeared there were great exceedings, or a treat want of economy, which prevented the settlements from bring ad hered to, in either of those cases there would be a ground for deviation frogs the accustomed prec tice. In the present instance, there was' no ease made out to warrant the exception. How was it possible there could, when there had been an in quiry both minute anti recent, since which it could not be proved that there were any exceedings„ or any want of economy in .addition to the prima facie evidence of usage ?—Did theme exist grounds for doing what was new, pat tial, and unex rn pled ? No—but there was a complete union of are giimeot and precedent in favour of the aecustorn ed course. Its answer to : what the Right Ho'. notteable,Gentleman had said, as to the private revenue of the Sovereign, when be feirly.sta , ed that it was not subjecteel . to any account, he (Mr. Canning) thought it was properly so exempt. ed. But that was no personal favour to the pre. sent Sovereign—it was a right enjoyed by F is pre decessor. It was the essence of that establishment— it was the natural and preper character of it, and had met with dist ioct substantive recognition.--. The Rieht Hon. Gentleman had also wished them to recollect, that there were other funds enjoyed by his Majesty which did not come mote, the cognizance of Parliament, but those also bed been possessed by his predecessors. The Dechies of Lan caster and Cornwall had been eijoyed by the late King as well as by his present Majesty. Some of those fends were held by original possession, end others _bythe demisr.o( the former Sovereiee. Th e Rt. HorreGeut. bed also endeavottred to raise'euspi 'cioo by Speaking of the tiches which he said had been amassed . by, the late King.. He _Cdr. Can ning) was able to state with some confiucoce that the greatest part sit the sums, in question had ac cumulated subsequesrtly to the commencement of his. life' INTajeety's illne4,eand weie e in fact, saved since lie had - - ceased 404ave-thppower of--dHsos ing of his own: hinds. By far the ereatest part of thee- acceeoultifion cohld have otherwise "* . Wfien if . was how•nt e nv Calls • • there were on the., Royal income—when it was considered that vast - • numbers of individuals carried_ not - - to thin Sovereign . on • his Throne, 'bur Co - the private Palace of ate Mon.;.i.r.ch, the tales of their distress—while, 'in many emstenres, the acts of personal benuty-elid.not transpire, hut wite- nevertheless sufficient- tereinipaie even the great tomis' - wliich the King eias supposed, t hy t . :44;;;3;C:4044 - appliedsto-hins. ler rel tel e t wpm - cell', it would he ;syeil that the' Soyeeetgn could have at no time ani , -eXt-ravagant - ---trccessroirof datigeroosly disposa ole filiTarked upon the appoinfiftenf'of- Cononissiotiets iu mb'e year 1811, spoke of Hreirecessiun laneed pro perty as by no means considerable, and endeavour. cd to show that theee.was no groefitl'Or Parliament e.x.erein.a spirit of jealous euperviaionewieisseeerepard to the settlements of the Privy Purse and CiVA,List, Ir was'not, ime said, to 'be supposed (het Seeli , urttls could become 11.angerous to the country byx las ?rig. ambitiously disposed of, for there. never did.r.ist a period in the history of thi• country when public 'characters were to . free' 'as at pl'eseist, .troth taint and imputation. The proposal' for a minote inquiey,, he cot, tended, c‘,..0..tr0t - be Complete_ unless the jealousy of, Pailiateent extended, to a scrutinizing exarninatioim 'Of the Privy Purse thet D, }Martinets( was nett to be ..differently treeted trout the others. As - to, the argemnent for inquiry founded upon the coin. mencement of a 1 - 6 ; 4o—there was nothing in it. There' was no instance of a' reign' conimeneing with any such inquiry ; mhat was not, however, to prevent Petliement, if it saw cause ; but then such cause should he' shown, and it at any time it were made 01E, though in time middle of a trip, inquiry would be advisable. Such was the 'case in the year 1782, when, on the ptoposi. lion of Mr. Burke, the Civil List was uewly mo. deflect in all its arrangements.-4 clab,ifii: • on adopted when there had been before contusion, and sepera:e established whet e nu re sponsibility previously existed. That creation of 'order and regodarity, and that classifying of the affairs of mhe Royal household, took'pla,e not at time commencement of the !reign, but woes it was now, , tiilslif.:tweuty years old. At any time, indeed , wh. n't here appFa'rcd io tie act nal prolusion, or when there was a protestoon 'trout .rtme . Tisione, that its tunds.were falling short , ben would be the time..for se l ve . ce inquiry. That .was trot to e ease • now, emeil. cohld . entebe done, wiihout violeyon -ot all preattkili.,. It the Cro%Ne indeed, wi s h e d to inCreaseitl splendostrest ti : e.exp-ence‘ot public tits content;, he,woteld not thipk it right 'bat it6lsonid be purchased'ist such a price--but the contrary was the tact. The changeolGovernmeet from a Regency to a Momtecbyssmight have-afforded souse grdunds to his pres ent Majesty to leak tor an 'seggssiup,9f revenuei'yet - no such accession was required. The 'Crown had declated the fortiter proviSions of the Cirii Lis t adeqUese to its expendittue, and Was.it therefore to be turned upon land asked wham savings if : was enabled't O make? The Right Hon- Member then proCeiidett'tb'make some further obserV%htions -epoo the gracious condnct of his pre?eut Aftej:sty„ who bad cherges to bear as. King which be was not subject to as t Regent, such ee_she l ers're Palace at Wiedsor, yet made no tut thes detharidu upon the public 'to enable him -to'dOray them . . As to the 385,0001. which was said ao•heve, gohe into the Pliver Purse in the last reign, teeter they have of omits, ,it was to be observed, that' 110,0001'. had been applied to the 'efselta?ge of certain -debts, for which Parliament had vure.l , 50,0001. a year until they should be liptidsted e — If, therefore; that 110,0001. had trot been so ap plied, the 50,6001, voted by Parliament would have been pay- ble two years longer then it ac tually. was. He concluded, after alluding to the well knowii anecdote of the Prince of Conde and the pin se of geld, by restating his conviction that