The Sun. — London, England, 1855-10-05 00:00:00

To CAPITALISTS.—WANTED, a PARTNER to assist in extending and carrying out an INVENTION in the IRON TRADE, and to supply a demand almost unbounded. The business is one of long standing, universally aPpreTed, and only requires an increase of Capital to realise a speedy fortune. If preferred, arrangements could be made for the sale of one of its branches. Principals only will be dealt with, by letter, in the first instance. Address, John Moore, Esq., Renshaw-street, Liverpool. THE ASYLUM LIFE ASSURANCE OFFICE, 72, CORNHILL, London. Established 1824. ci Policies on Healthy and Diseased Lives, at Home and Abroad, for v !' 3 nal7, and Naval Employments. The only Office on purely Propr i etary Principles, involving, therefore, no Partn,ership among Polic yholders. For prospectuses, pr3posal papers, &c., apply to MANLEY HOPKINS. Resident Director. ST. GEORGE ASSURANCE COMPANY. Offices, 118, PALL-MALL, London. .... eittlit3 Ws — Viscount RANELAGII, Park-place, St. James' s. T, ""a"rOTT-CHAutmA N —IIENRY POWNALL, Esq., Ladbroek-square, N.tting-hill. SzoiorrAßT—W.C. URQUIIART, Esq. rOLICIES ABSOLUTELY INDISPUTABLE. n u t lurni tles and Endowments for families, children, and others, on mast favourable terms. Premiums Payable yearly, half-yearly, or quarterly. arge tor medal fees or . — " l ns granted for ic long or short en periods, payable by monthly, tlntlarteprly, or half-yearly instalments. ..2Aeotive Titles, Reversions, &c., assured and guaranteed. NATIONAL PROVIDENT INSTITUTION, 48, Gracechurch-street, London. For Mutual Assurance en Lives, Annuities, &c. DIRECTORS. Chairman—SAMUEL HAYHURST LUCAS, Esq. Deputy -Chairman—CHAßLES LUSHINGTON, Esq. John Bradbary, Esq. Robert Ingham, Esq., M.P. ,!,'onlas Castle, Esq. Robert Shepp ard, Es q . ,IY_llliam Miller Christy, Esq. Jonathan Thor p , Es q . zolward Crowley, Esq. J William Tyler, Esq. John Feltham, Charles Whetham, Esq. Charles Gilpin, Esq. PHYSICIANS. J. I T. Conquest, 31. D., F.L.S. Thomas Hodgkin, M.D. TRUSTEES. John Feltham, Esq. / Samuel 11. Lucas. Esq. Rolurt Ingham, Esq., Charles Lushington, Esq. BANKERS—Messrs. Brown, Janson, and Co., and Bank of England SOLICITOR—Septimus Davidson, Esq. Cowsurrnso AcTusaT--Charles Ansell, Esq., F.E.S. Abstract of the Report of the Directors for 1854 : " The number of policies issued during the year • • ...... • . 1,302 Assuring the sum of . Annual premiums thereon .. • 19,624 8 8 Policies issued from the commencement of the institution in December, 1835 ... Policies now in force ..... 13,175 Animal Income From Pre ralures (after deducting £33,348 abatement allowed) •• .. £177,999 5 9 Ditto From Interest en in ♦ested capital • . --X222,072 13 4 Amount returned to members in abatement of premiums Amount of bonuses added to sums assured.. •• .. 126,564 U 0 Amount paid in claims by death from the com mencement of the Institution Balance of receipts over the disbursements is the year .. . 117,669 6 0 Increasing the capital stock of the Institution to 1,092.166 9 8" At the last division of surplus profits made up to Nov. 20, 1852, the reductions varied from 6 to 89 per cent. on the original amount of premiums, according to the age of the member and the time the policy had been in force ; and the bonuses ranged in like manner from 50 is 75 per cent. on the amount of premiums received during the preceding five years. Members whose premiums fall due on the tat October next are reminded that they must be paid within 30 days of that time. Prospectuses and other information may be obtained on applica tion at the Office. Sept. 21, 1855. JOSEPH MARSH, Secretary. THE ROYAL BRITISH BANK, (Incorporated by Charter), For transacting every description of Banking Business on the SCOTTISH SYSTEM. Drawing accounts are opened for any parties properly introduced, and interest allowed on the daily balances, if these do not fall under 100/. Deposits of any amount are receivable, at rates of interest varying from 2 to 4 per cent. per annum, according to the time tor Which the deposits are made. Promissory Notes or Bills, at any date, and with or without interest, as may be agreed on, and Circu lar Bills or Letters of Credit and Drafts or Orders are granted, pay able to bearer by the Correspondents of the Bank in every town of any note at home or abroad ; and Bills of Exchange or Drafts on the Bank in Sets, for use in the Colonies, in India, China, and A me rica,may be obtained by customers and others, on application at the islet Office. Advances for fixed periods on securities readily con vertible, and Cash Credits, on the Scottish system, -are granted to respectable parties, if customers of the Bark. Discounts of approved Bills of Exchange are made for any parties having accounts with the ilank, for whom also Remittances are made, and Bills collected, in any place where there is a banker ; and Dividends, &c., received without charge. Forms of applica' ions for opening accounts, &c., will be supplied, and any further information may he obtained at the Bank, or at any of the Branches, viz. :—Strand Branch, 429, Strand ; Lambeth 33 raneh, 77, Bridge-road: Islington Brands, 97, Goswell-road ; Pim lico Branch, 1, Shaftesbury-terrace, Victoria-street; Borough Branch, 60, Stones'-end, Southwark; Piccadilly Branch, 32, Re gent's•circus. By order of the Court of Directors. HUGH INNES CAMERON, General Manager. Chief Office, 16, Tokenhouse-yard, Lothbury, London, 4th August, 1855. ARGYLL ROOMS.-LAIJRENT'S CASINO NOW OPEN for the winter season. The following Music will be performed by his celebrated Band during the week : March aux Flambeaux. Waltzes -The Lily of the Valley (D'Albert), Zephir Lufte (Gung'l), Fenella (Tinney). Ethel Newsome (Laurent), La Sultane (Bosisio). Quad rilles—i .e Rot du Pastel (Lamotte), Les Ilugenots (Laurent), Palermo (n'Ai bert), Bride of Lammermoor (Tinney), n Trovatore ("Dutton). Polkas—Des Hulands (Lamotte), Italie (( , aviolo), The Lillian (D'Al ), Des Coucous (BouAquet). The Zouaves (Laurent). Galops,- The Imperial Guards (Laurent), The Heels (Streather). Schottische --La Guirlande de Fleuri (Bosquet), La Varsoviana (Laurent). Prin cipal Cornet a Piston, M. Bouleours.—Doors open at 8. Admission One Shilling. CIGARS. REGALIAS. To Noblemen, OflicerA of the Army and Navy, and Gentlemen. J. L. TIEUDEBOURra respectfully requests a close inspection or his choice Stock of superior FOREIGN' HA:VASA CIGARS. Bold in Boxes at wholesale prices—U lb. sample boxes if desired. Warehouse, 30, Walbrook, Mansion-house, City. MR. HOWARD, Surgeon-Dentist, 52, Fleet r„, _ street, has introduced an entirely new description of ARTI '_VAL TEETH, fixed without springs, wires, or ligatures. They so Z e " ect lY resemble the natural teeth as not to be distinguished from "Wive by the closest observer; they will never change colour or de cay,,,._, s and will b e f oun d very super i or to any teet h ever b e f ore use d . ' lll method does not require the extraction of rosts, or any painful oPeration, and will support and preserve teeth that are loose, and is guaranteed to restore articulation and mastication. Decayed teeth rendered sound and useful in mastication.-52, Fleet-street. At borne from ten till five. ELEGANT PERSONAL REQUISITES. It °NYLAND S' MACASSAR OIL.- The s . Jccessful results of the last half-century have proved beyond question that this unique discovery possesses peculiarly nourishing powers in the growth, restoration, and improvement of the Human Hair. Price 35. 6d., 75., family bottles (equal to four small), 10s. 6d., and doable that size, 21s ROLANDS ICLYDOII, an Oriental Botanical Preparation' forimpoving and beautiflving the com plexion, rendering the skin soft, f a ir, and blooming, and eradi cating all cutaneous disfigurements. Price 4s. 6d. and Bs. 6d. per bottle. LANDS' OD, or Pearl Dentifrice, pr ß e OW pared from Oriental 11 crbs with unusual care, transmitted to this country at great expense, and of inestimable Value in preserving and beau, Vying the teeth, strengthening the gums, and In rendering the breath sweet and pure. Price 2s. 9d. per box. *** Beware of spurious imitations. The only genuine of each bears the name of " ROWLANDS" preceding that of the article on the Wrapper or label. Sold by A. ROWLAND and SONS, 20, Hatton -garden, London, and by Chemists and Perfumers. ripHE NORTH SIDE of SEBASTOPOL to be a. TAKEN—The plans of operation not being made public, but a general impression existing that successful measures will soon be adopted, it is the north and wintery side of the Russian fortifications which will next fall before the Allies, and furnish another instance of military skill and perseverance. The attack on the south has Bacceeded, and the surrender of the forts has revealed valuable mill. tary provisions. By the force of comparison every one will perceive the analogy between these circumstances and the business of E. MOSES and SON. The success of their summer campaign has been fully attested, and has revealed the vast commercial forces they command. The light, the waterproof, the attractive, and the gen tlemanly garments, which have been so approved, have risen above all criticism, and left every one vocal in praise of the generalship of E. Mesas and Sox. The Autumn and Winter season approaches ; the opponents of personal cdmfort must again be combatted ; the resources are ample and the arrangements complete. The Kertch Jacket and the Emperbr's Cape, in which the materi als are seasonable, the designs popular, the effect highly satisfactory, comfort secured in every way by these garments, and by thousands Of other elegant and novel inventions. 7he north completely con quered with superlative Dress, Hosiery, Boots and Shoes, &c., &c., at extraordinarily economical prices. ' Every article of Attire required by Sportsmen is furnished by E. MosEs and Soar. Their Sporting Dress is the most comfortable and easy. Novel in materials and design, it imparts a graceful appear ance and mfuntains universal approbation. Bats and Caps for Sportsmen of the most novel and serviceable order. The largest stock of Boots for sporting excursions, of very supe rior materials and workmanship, at very reasonable prices. Hosiery for Sportsmen, the newest articles in the greatest variety. Prices always very economical. Sportsmen in the country can obtain their dress complete, in an inimitable fit, by application for E. MOSES and Son's system of self- Measurement, sent post free to all parts of the kingdom. CAUTION.—E. MOSES and SON regret having to guard the Public against imposition, having learned that the nntradesman-like falsehood of Being connected with their Establishment," or " It': the same conoern," has been resorted to in many instances, and fet obvious reasons. They beg to state that they have No CONNEXION WITH ANY OTHER ROME IN OR OUT OP LONDON, except their own Establishments, as under : London City Establishment, 154, 155. 156, and 157, Minories, 83 8 4.45, and 86, Aldgate, opposite the Church, all communicating. London West-end Branch, 506, 507, 508, New Oxford-street, 1, 2. and 3, corner of Hart-street, all communicating. Bradford (Yorkshire) Branch, 19 and 20, Bridge-street. Sheffield Branch, 36, Fargate. Colonial Branch. Melbourne, Australia. Merchant Talons, Clothiers, Drapers. Hatters, Hosiers, Boot and Shoe Manufacturers, General Warehousemen, and Outfitters for Ladies and Gentlemen. Should any article purchased at their Establishment not give sa tisfaction, it will be exchanged if desired, or the money will be re turned without any demur. SPECIAL. NOTICE.—The Establishments will be CLOSED on THURSDAY and FR (DAY next, Oct. 4th and sth, re-opening on Saturday evening, the 6th inst., at 7 o'clock. GR A V E A 3END sT A CRETS. ;he Greenhithe and Turfleet Picr s s as underlined (weather pernittti E PIER, GRAVESEND. No other Packets call at t The Packets call at the Pion FROM TERRACJ SONDAts WEEK DAYS. Terrace Pier Time Omnibuses front Fanchnrch-street Station to all parts of Lon& I , every quarter of an hour. B RUNSWICK WHARF, BLACKWALL, on the arrival of the fo lowing Trains from the Fenehurch-stroet Station. Want DAYS. BuNnelte. Fon- '1 Ten- 5 t 1.1 4. 4. church •tf. al church 44 c. Street , . 0 I street, 4 e —l 2 FARE. Fore Cabin. Saloon ro or from Gravesend and L0nd0n.......... 10d. .. le. 2d. Gravesend and Blackwell or Woolwich Bd. .. Os. 104. Erith and London— • • ......... Bd. .. Os. 10d Erith anel . _ FARES. e Cabin TO or from Graves en d and L0nd0n......... Y . or 10d. . . ls. 2d, Gravesend and Blackwall or Woolwich Bd. .. Os. 104. Erith and London.. •• • • ......... Bd. .. Os. 10d Erith and Biackwall or W001wich...... 6d. .. Os. Bd. between leiravesend and Intermediate ?km,' 6d. .. Oe. B d , L. 9ClObei let, lON ler of gham r beef )er of dear. ad at ,0 7d ; id per ,tugs to 4cl arket. rith a La up. larley, 8d up erage, supply mated , ;lected prices. -cr. s Od to Oats, to 49s )ply of as last salting , 22st, Is, 48s et-oass 7.1t,u certain :. 6 Ll 5 . lb Cart4in .Th. it. de, daily • L. 6 hormon t. 4 HcP4Any t. 15 t. 15 torltain keeruitli ; ' 6 mon ;16 mon I he de tdia (via hed the to-day, erday. re and 3, and n and re, 17i ;heater afford- I, 33i toiness hi the prices. heater I been Iment. ern of r, and -Leeds ovens, 143 gii- tOn. ity of e, 8f idland pd.), such , and now )f the This ulous sup. d will mer- No. 19,660.] PUBLICATIONS. Just ready, in 2 vols. post Bvo., MY EXILE IN SIBERIA. By ALEXANDER HEIZZEN. Burst arid Blackett, Publishers, successors to Henry Colburn, 13, Great Marlborough-street. In One Volume, post Bvo., price 55., THE TRIBES of the CAUCASUS : with an Account of Scharnyl and the Murids. By BARON VON II AXTHAITEN. Translated from his original M.S., and now first published. (This day.) London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. NEW POEMS BY THE AUTHOR OF " FESTUS." In One Volume, post Bvo., THE MYSTIC, and other POEMS. By PHILIP JAMES BAILEY. (In October.) London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly. In One Volume, post Bvo., PASSAGES Selected from the WRITINGS of THOMAS CARLYLE, With a Biographical Memoir, by THOMAS BALLANTINS. (In October.) London : Chapman and Hall, 193, Pidcadilly. Now ready, Corrected to the end of August, 7s. 6d., NEW NAVY LIST and GENERAL RECORD of the Services of Officers of the Royal Navy and Royal Marines. Conducted by JOSEPH ALLEN, R.N., Greenwich Hos pital. London : John W. Parker and Son, West S trand. On Saturday - , Nov. 3, 1855, will be published the First Number of the 4 . IATIIRDAY REVIEW of POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, and ART. •.. 1, A full Prospectus is new ready, and msy be obtained on ap plication to the Publishers, Messrs. John W. Parker and Son, West Strand. . On Saturday, Nov. 3, 1855, will be published the First Number of the • SATURDAY REVIEW of POLITICS, LITERATURE, SCIENCE, and ART. This Publication will consist exclusively of original matter. or of news embodied in original comments ; and it will thus be distin guished from all existinl periodicals in several important respects. It will differ from the weekly newspapers in the exclusion of merely borrowed news, and from the purely literary journals in the admission of political discussion. It is intended that it shall address itself to the principal topics in the Political, Social, and Literary World, which will be impartially handled by competent writers, with that liberality and independence which educated and reflecting minds demand from those who assume to guide and represent public opinion. The publication of the SATURDAY REVIEW is entrusted to Messrs. John W. Parker and Son, West Strand, to whom all communications may be addressed. This day is published, 12me., 6s. boards, OKE'S FRIENDLY SOCIETIES' MANUAL; cempris ng the New Consolidation Act, 1855, and other Statutes affecting Old and New Societies, as well as Industrial Sock ties, methodically arranged ; with an exemplification of the Offici d Sy stem of Book-keeping, Rules, Tables of Contributions, Cases, Forms, &c. By GEORGE C. OKE, Author of the "Magisterial Synopsis" and " Formulist," &c. London: Butterworths, 7, Fleet-street, her Maj4sty's Law rub- Niters. The Third Eiltion.—Just published, price 51., by post, free, ss. 6d. (IN TRUE dr FALSE SPERMATORRHCEA, NJ! with tho View of distinguishing the Imaginary from the Heal Sufferers under this disease, and Correcting of wide-spread Errors in relation to their Treatment and Cure. From the German of Dr. VIC KFORI t. With an Introduction by the Editor, containing a complete exposure of the system of terrorism and extortion pursued by the advertising quacks of the metropolis towards those who are credulous enough to seek their aid. ", Pickford ts known to English readers by his frequent practl zal contributions to German medical literature. This is the first Urns, he informs as, that he has addressed himself to the noa-medi.. 7al reader. We trust this may not be the last, if he shall letect any ether equally flagrant evil which it may be in his , ower to cor rect."—London Medical Gazette. " The tribe of Quiet Sympathisers,' and Medical Friends,' are mercilessly exposed; and if this book , xmlid find its way into the hands of those who staffer from the com- Aaint of which it treats, we are satisfied that many hundreds would 'te saved much needless suffering of body and mind, and what is of teas importance, though it is that which the quacks most prize— nuch money ......This volume is well qualified to put an end to the empirical system of treating Spermatorrhoaa, and to place the treat ment upon a more rational and physiological basis. It is, therefore, ikely to do much good." London: FL Balliere, 219, Regent-street. IN THE HIGH COURT OF CHANCERY. 'rIITESEMAR.—On the 29th of May, 1855, an II injunction was granted by the High Court of Chancery, and on the lath June following was made perpetual, against Joseph Franklin and others, to restrain them, under a penalty of one thou- Qand pounds, from imitatin; this Medicine, which is protected by Royal Letters Patent of England, and secured by the Seals of the Ecole do r harmacie de Paris, and the Imperial College of Medicine, Vienna. TRIESEIfriTt, No. 1, s x remedy for Relaxation. Spermatnrrhms. and Exhaustion of thi .Artem, whether arising from excesses, accident, or climate. To those persons who are prevented entering the married state by ie consequences of early errors it is invaluable. IRIESEMAR, No. 2, •ectually, in tho short space of three days, completely and entirely adicates all traces of those Disorders which Capivi and CubebE we so long been thought an antidote for, to the ruin of the health rf a vast portion of the population. TRI ESE MA R, No. 3, _ is the great Continental Remedy for that class of Disorders, whict ❑nfortunately the English physician treats with Mercury, to the in evitable destruction of the patient's constitution, and which all thi sarsaparilla in the world cannot remove. TRIESEM AR, No. 1,2, and 3, are alike devoid of taste or smell, end of all nauseating qualities. They may lie on the toilet talk without their use helps suspected. sold in tin cases at I Is. each, free by post, 2s. extra, divided into ieparate doses, as administered by Valpean, Laßemand, Roux. tc., gcc.—To be had Wholesale and Retail in London or Johnston, 68,' ; Hannay and Co., 63, Oxford-street: and Sanger, 1 50 , OK. ford-street ; R. IL Ingham, drugeist, 46, 1 1 arket-street, Manchester ; 11. Bradbury, bookseller, Deansgate, Bolton ; J. Priestly, chemist, 52, Lord-street, Liverpool ; I'owell, bookseller, 15, Westmoreland-street, Dublin ; Winnall, bookseller, High-street, Birmingham. HE SECRET INFIRMITIES OF YOUTH AND MATURITY. Ist published, price 25., illustrated with cases; free by post for 26 stamps, VER VOLTS DEBILITY: N Its Canoes, Symptoms, and Cure.—An Essay on Sper dorrhcca, with Practical Observations on a safer and more tiecessful mode of treatment of the diseasos of the Generativ, . - stem, obtained by the use of the Microscope in detecting are - stingulshing, by urinary examination, the real cause and effect o! •,ery variety of complaint, whether arising from solitary habits, eesses, accident, or climate, followed by practical remarks, found& m twenty years' experience in the treatment of Impuissance: ervous Debility, Local Weakness, Spermatorrhcsa, &c. To which • added, Commentaries on the Physiology of Marriage, with pre ~ itionary hints on the evils emanating from empirical prcctice, :nd on the dangerous remedies advocated by various writers or. • ese important disorders. By SAMUEL LA'MERT, M.D. 87, lIEDFORD-SQUARE, LONDON, , octor of Medicine, Matriculated Member of the University of BM: Jurgh, Honorary Member of the London Hospital Medical Society ~ teential e of Apothecaries' Hall, London, Bse., Bcc. The essential ohiect of this treatise is to point out the fearful con• enences resulting from certain habits, Irregularities, and excesses -hick have produced more misery in Youth, degradation in Man od, and premature decay at all stages of Life, than, perhaps, an; .her class of disease known to modern pathologists. Its perusal 1 , articularly recommended to persons entertaining secret doubts o - eir physical condition, and who are conscious cf having hazardes , s health, happiness, and privileges to which every human being an Mice; it is absolutely necessary that all men should know, that there ari incipl es of personal management which cannot be violated withou. ,curring grievous penalties, and when wisdom and regret succeed .0 heyday of inconsiderate self-indulgence, how these penaltiei ay be mitigated, how the sting of their bitterness may be removed how the evil and its consequences may he avoided, and above all. at there *.s scarcely any degree of physical infirmity or functions •rangement to which the timely aid of science cannot apply a cure. o Author ha, for a series of years been engaged in an extensiv. actice in the treatment of these delicate complaints, which have .ortunately been too generally confided to the care of ignoran , emoirics, who inflict great injwy on those who are induced to place kith in their pretensions. NF.RVOITS DEBILITY may be had, price 2s, of Messrs. Sher wood and Co., 23, Paternuster.row; Hannay, 63, Oxford-street ; H .rae,l9, Leicester-square; Mann, 39, Corn= ; or free by post for i stanns to any address from the Author's residence, 37, Bee f ,rd-q rare. At home for consultation daily from eleven till two, and from six :11l eight. THE MURDER AT CANTERBURY BARRACKS.—Yester day, before the mayor and magistrates of Canterbury, Emanuel Eisner, of the Ist Regiment of the British Swiss Legion, was re-examined on suspicion of being the mur derer of Johnn Bock, of the same corps. The prisoner called several men belonging to the legion, with the view of proving an alibi, but none of them 'had seen him later than eight o'clock•on the evening of the murder. After a br►ef consultation the bench fully committed the pri soner for trial on the capital charge. The coroner's jury has returned a verdict of " Manslaughter" against the accused. When the Lord Chancellor was taking his departure a few days ago from the Ipswich Railway station, two poor girls, after having paid their fares, were informed that their luggage was over weight and must be paid for. They had no more money, or if they had any left, it was in their boxes. They begged to be trusted, but the word was not in the railway vocabulary, and they were rather shortly told to stand aside. What was to be done ? They could not go without their boxes. In this dilemma the Lord Chancellor slipped some money into the hand of one of them, and bid her pay for the luggage. ATTEMPTED MIIRDER.-At the Liverpool Police court on Monday a desperate attempt to murder a young woman by drowning was heard. The prisoner's name is John Broby ; ho is 22 years of age, a dock-labourer. His appearance is described as being most ferocious. He is tall, athletic, bas penetrating dark eyes, black dishe reiled h a i r , d ar k comp l ex i on, an d a most s i n i ster an d determined expression of countenance. The female's nam e is Mary Ann Hammond ; she has a rather delicate appearanc e , i s about 18 years of age, and has recently come hith er f rom Waterford. She said—l met the pri soner, whom I never saw b e f ore th a t I k now o f, on Sun day night last, about half-past 12 o'clock, a little this side of Bootle, con versation, and I Il ac e co sp am o p k a e i t e o d m h e im ; we to h ß a i d rch so , house, and then ce to s m p e ub co li n c: brick-field not far off. After some time be tore off my bonnet and shawl, struck me a severe blow on my stomach, dragged me by the hair of my head to a deep and large pit filled with water, into which he threw me. I managed to scram ble out of the water and up the side of the pit, when the prisoner again thrust me back, and I was again immersed and well nigh exhausted. I again ma naged to get out, and the prisoner a third time threw me into the water, followed me, and held my head beneath the water till I was all but smothered—drowned. By this time some men came to the spot and begged him not to murder me, when he swore that Le would take my life. The prisoner once or twice, as I was scram bling up the sides of the pit, kicked me lin the eye with the toe of bis boot, and the discoloration of my eye it the result. I subsequently got away, and gave informa tion to the police. A variety of corroborative evid ence having been heard, the prisoner was remanded, ~.. ~- aq / •f -(e4de • d 8 • ' • . • 113 • ; 647 \ s (W k., i t : E t 11 ..%. 4 4*: 1•4 17 , ;? 41 " ;,5 • ^.^".." "Vr . , A " Llg WN / 774,, • „,44s4' ' Orr* AfA // i K t, asiS , " d 5 LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 5, 1855. KOSSUTH, MAZZINI, AND LEDRU ROLLIN. The following appeal has been addressed to the European democracy by MM. Kossuth, Mazzini, and Ledru Rollin : TO THE REPUBLICAN PARTY. The town of Sebastopol has fallen. The war between the governments of Western Europe and the Czar is irrevocably and indefinitely prolonged. It is impossible for Russia to treat after a defeat without sinking into the position of a power of the third rank ; and it is im possible that the Allied Governments, in the face of a public opinion emboldened by victory, should offer peace on less onerous conditions. For us, therefore, the fall of Sebastopol is but as the first word of a war, the last word and denouentera of which belong to the peoples. We believe the moment has arrived for European de mocracy to constitute itself a powerful unity, to con front its enemies, and to act ; and we come forward to declare this to our brethren of all nations with an autho rity which springs not from our own unimportant individuality, but from our conviction that by so doing we are giving expression to the feeling that animates and thrills all hearts ; from a knowledge of the actual state of things acquired from extensive relations in allvarts of Europe ; from the consciousness of the pledges we have already given in the cause of European liberty, and a firm determination that our brethren shall not find us fail them should they respond to our appeal. Every great movement must have a centre whence an initiative may spring—an arm to raise the flag of the march—a voice to cry aloud the hour has come. We are that arm and that voice. If the majority of the party shall recognise as its own the banner we raise, and feel that what we are about to utter is the truth, it will be its duty to second us. Advanced guard of the revolution, we shall disappear amid the ranks on the day of the awakening of the peoples. But this awakening—bear witness the history of the last six years—cannot be until unity be founded in the revolutionary camp. This is now the one thing needful. The state of things brought about by the war in the East appears to us to proclaim its urgency. It is for this we speak. Hitherto we have refrained from saying what we now say, because but a few months back such language would have been imprudent and premature. At the commence ment of the war certain illusions existed which time alone could dissipate; and some important lessons had yet to be learned, which time alone could teach. On the ground of principles, the European question is one—liberty for all, fraternal association of all. Such is the right, such the aim. It is not so on the ground of facts and of means, On this last ground the question presents two aspects—that of the nationalities, the peo ples who, like Italy, Hungary, and Poland, have an ex_ istence to re-claim from foreign oppression ; and that of the peoples who, like France, being in full possession of their country, have but to pursue and to protect from usurpation their own free development by the organisa tion of the sovereignty of the people. For the first, revolution is war : they need allies, and a more or less favourable disposition of chances : for the others it is a movement merely internal, and all that is needed is for them to be unanimous, and to will. The present war appeared to offer to the dismembered nationalities-chances rendering their task less difficult— there was the chance of the Italo-Hungarian question being simplified by the forced support of the Western Powers, should her identity of principle and of tradition have thrown Austria openly into the arms of the Czar ; there was the chance that for the sake of success the Governments of France and England might push on to Poland, Russia's only really, vulnerable point. We did not share these illusions. We knew that in order to give all possible support to Russia, Austria had but to main tain an apparent neutrality. We knew that the man of the 2d December, and the Ministers who, after the sacri fice of Rome and Pesth, had yoked England to him, would never dare to remove the winding sheet that en wraps Poland. But during the first period of the present war these illusions were to the peoples a reality which time alone could efface. It was necessary that by seeing the Empire trail the flag of France for upwards of six months through the mud of Austrian Chancelleries, by hearing from the lips of E❑glish Ministers the impious words, " the in surrection.of Hungary would be a misfortune ; there would be serious inconvenience in Rome being free ; it is only through Austria that Italy can progress, or Po land receive the alms of a little liberty," the people should learn that any hopes founded on the war of the Cabinets were a fatal dream ; that the aim of the West ern Powers is the maintenance of the status quo ; that no contact is possible between the camps of liberty and monarchy save the contact of struggle ; and that it is only by the sweat of our brows and the blood of our veins that we can conquer our right. Now on these subjects we believe the teaching is com plete. There are no more phantoms in our path. We are addressing peoples who have been undeceived. More than this. This ill•conducted war has brought to light two facts which time alone could declare, and which it is important to point out. The first is the strength of the Revolutionary Party, avowed by its enemies. In two years the great French Republic of 1792, at- tacked abroad and at home, without regular resources, and with an impoverished finance, by the mere power of the principle of which it was the incarceration, drove out its enemies from its territory, crushed revolt, spread liberty abroad, transformed the society of the past, and founded civil institutions which still exist. During two years, Despotism and Constitutional Mo narchy allied, with power to draw from all the resources of a regular organisation, have shed the blood of a hun dred thousand men, and exhausted the results to labour to the extent of three thousand millions of francs, with out advancing a single step towards the solution of the pending question, and without any military result but the fall of Sebastopol, and the making of a few ruins on the shores of the two seas. What is the reason of this contrast ? It is that they have not on their side those principle s of the new order of things which alone can create genius, devotion, and strength ; it is that they are fighting in the name of things which are decaying ; that life is elsewhere —with us, the representatives of progress, in the heart of the peoples the 3 dread, in the revolution which they foresee on every side. Yes, bowed down as we still are, we make them trem ble. They seek to ward off the future ; they offer sacri fice to fear. Revolution troubles their councils, domi nates their plans, impedes their movements, and paralyses their military operations. It is the fear of the uprising •f the nationalities which causes them to crouch coward like at the feet of Austria, whom, at the bottom of their hearts, they despise. It is the fear of a Polish insurrec- tion—the dread of seeing the revolutionary flag raised in Podolia and Lithuania—which has shut them out from Odessa and Riga. It was the fear of rousing an echo in Hungary which made them renounce the cam paign beyond the Danube, and deliver up the Principa lities to the Austrian invasion. It was the fear of the effect upon the peoples of the smallest territorial change ~that obliged them to respect the integrity of the Russian empire, and deprived them of the Swedish alliance. :t is the fear of the revolution which would meet them on every side, whenever the scent of battle should reach the hostile masses, which forbids them from a gene ral war, and limits them to an isolated point of the Mus covite territory between the sea and the steppes. Nego tiations, protocols, battles, everything in this struggle, betray.; the deep conviction of the European governments that on this European soil, undermined in every direction by suffering and by the idea, no single spark of life can be kindled without resulting in an universal conflagration. I Now, what resources have the governments against this conflagration if to-morrow it should burst forth? In their secret hearts—in the midst of their common antagonism against every idea of collective liberty and justice— and this is the second important fact evinced by the situation—the governments are at the present day mate rially divided amongst themselves. The thought of the Holy Alliance is in their soul as in 1815, but the fact of the Holy Alliance is destroyed. The only force that was able to arrest the ascending movement in 1849—the collective force—exists no longer. The concentration of the means of several upon each given point is no longer possible. The enemy's camp is at the present moment broken up into four —the Russian camp, the Anglo. French camp, and the two camps into which Austria and Prussia divide the smaller States of Germany. Among these various camps a common direction and a practical accord is no longer possible. Each people has not but a single enemy to combat—and let it not be for gotten—in 1848 each people as it arose was singly vic torious, and it was only through the union and co-ope ration of several forces that the revolution yielded in Rome, Hungary, and Germany. More than this. In consequence of the existing dis• union the forces of each Government are necessarily dis membered and cramped in their movements. Russia is obliged to defend her own territory. Austria, occupied in the Principalities, treacherous with all, and suspected by all, is obliged to keep a large portion of her troops stationary at her frontiers, ready to repel any possible attack on the part of either of the belligerent powers. The empire, compelled to keep a large part of its army at home to repress the pulsations of the heart of France, is also obliged to protect its north-eastern frontier from the of Russia and Austria. Of England we need not speak : at the present moment, exhausted through her want of military organisation, she is reduced to accept the few recruits offered by foreign poverty and venality to supply her ranks. Fear of revolution, complete disunion among the powers formerly united against us, the impossibility of acting against the popular element, with forces already weakened and mutually held in check—such are, at the present day the prominent features of the situation with regard to the Governments. The opportune moment has therefore arrived for the peoples, and it is our duty to declare it. It is all the more our duty, because this incontestably opportune moment may to-morrow pass away. Should this be the case, the situation would be far worse for the people. The Governments would avenge themselves for the terrors of the present moment, a more compact alli ance would be formed, and establish an almost insur mountable obstacle to the nationalities. To France the result might be a coalition and an invasion. Those nations who, by their culpable hesitation, should have allowed the providential moment to escape them, wontd sink diseouraged ' into that ilibratlanguOl which is the fatal accompaniment of the consciousness of a great error. Thus, if the peoples believe themselves worthy of liberty, they are bound at once to seize the opportunity now offered them by God. There are times in which col lective action, excited in the face of invincible obstacles, is a crime. Individuals may protest by martyrdom, but none may counsel martyrdom to a whole nation. Bu there are also moments when the crime is in the fact that individual martyrdom is tolerated by countries which have but to will in order to efface the necessity of martyrdom by success. Such is the case now. We say it with deep conviction ; the liberal party is from this time forward responsible for all the blood shed on scaffolds, and the slow tortures of which the prisons of Europe are the secret theatre, for it can conquer. It is time that the liberal party should learn to esti mate its owa strength as it is estimated by its enemies —to feel this, and to draw from this consciousness the faith that combats and triumphs are all that is necessary to unite and organise its multiple life round a common centre, whence to act upon the masses by word and action. The day on whioh it will do this the battle will begin in power and vigour. Doubt not of victory, To insure it we have but to inscribe, not only upon our flag, but on our hearts, and on our plans of war, on our every act, the sacred word of European solidarity, of which all of us, more or less, misunderstood the value in 1848. And we shall do this. Apart from the sacredness of the principle —source and justification of all our acts—we have all learned since 1848 that our salvation is at that price alone—that we must conquer for all, or succumb, We are strong, for we have with us God and the peoples. We are strong in the right, in the justice of the cause to which our lives are devoted, in the martyrdom thousands of our brethren have heroically undergone, in the memory of the victories gained by each people, and in the consciousness that in no instance were they sullied by crime. We are strong in our numbers, in the aspira tions of the masses, in their sufferings, in their material interests, in the omnipotence of that sentiment of na- tionality which its tyrants deny, and in that immortal instinct which rebels under all oppression, and cries aloud " liberty" in every heat t. We are strong by the faults of our oppressors ; by their lack of genius and of heart ; by their avidity, and by the recklessness with which in this aimless war they hurry the nations into bankruptcy ; by that contempt of human life which has allowed them in the Crimea to shed the blood of thousands of brave men, to insure the success of a loan, or to celebrate an anniversary. We are strong through the wicked absurdity of the territorial arrange ments they seek to maintain ; by the inextinguishable germ of war and discord they bear within themselves, and which we alone can destroy ; and by that map of the Europe of the future which the sword of revolution alone can trace. Yes, therein, above all, lies the force we men of revo lution possess. Everywhere Royalty denies national life. Revolution alone can Fay to it, " Arise! be sacred, and flourish beneath the protection of thy brethren." hew). lotion alone can resolve the vital question of the nation. alities, which superficial intelligences continue to mis understand, but which we know to be the organisation of Europe. It alone can give the baptism of humanity to those o races who claim to be associated in the common work, and to whom the sign of their n ationality is de nied ; it alone can regenerate Italy to a third life, and say to Hungary and Poland—Exist ; it alone can unite Spain and \ Portugal into an Iberian republic ; create a young Scandinavia, give a material existence to Illyria, organise Greece, extend Switzerland to the dimensions of an Alpine confederacy, and group in a free fraternity and make an Oriental Switzerland of Servia, Roumania, Bulgaria, and Bosnia. And it alone can harmonise above this real European equilibrium—sole guarantee of peace ful progress--the two grand ideas which now lead the world, and which are named Liberty and Association. Brethren, doubt not of your strength ; your programme responds to all the instincts of the epoch. For it men struggle, suffer, and die on every point of Europe. Organise yourselves, and dare : daring is the prudence of the strong. The party has need of a common centre of action, a common treasury, and a common snot d'ordre. If it does not create these in one month, it is nut equal to its high mission. The centre of action is in us, or in any others possessing the confidence of the party ; in any men pure in soul, and comprehending and representing the great European nationalities ; understanding and loving each other and the common cause, ready to stand in the front rank on the day of battle, and in the last on the morrow of victory. Whosoever they be, fear them not ; they can only be strong through the strength of the great body of the army The treasury of the party may rapidly be formed each man will bring his mite ; if, wherever there is a soldier of the republic—man or woman—who has an in fluence in a given circle, a subscription be organised ; if, from the franc of the poor man to the thousands of the rich, each believer will regard himself as a debtor for a share in the Loan of Liberty. If we choose to be so, we are the richer pasty, for we number our ranks by millions. The mot d'ordre, we have declared, is—Liberty for all ; association of all. It excludes nothing, it comprises all. To go beyond this is tyranny. What centre of action would or could exercise such tyranny ? It belongs not to a few individuals, nor even to the entire acting party, to decide on the practical measures by which the revolution shall remedy the evils under which the masses are suffering, the striking inequalities of the actual social system ; that will be the work of the revolution itself, of which we can only be the initiators. From the collective inspirations and out of the beating hearts of the peoples, when they shall have made of the shroud that now covers them a labarum of victory, must spring the word of the epoch. For life engenders life, liberty begets intelligence, and the man who clasps the bands of his brethren in a burst of devotion, enthusiasm, and triumphant love, is given a revelation of truth de nied to the isolated slave who dares not break his chain. Let us then break our chains, and let us unite for this. Let each elaborate and put forth his own solution of the , social problem: it is alike a right and a duty. But shame on any one, amongst us who, by separating himself from the common work, shall desert the army urged on to battle by the cries of his suffering brothers, to isolate himself in the barren pride of an exclusive programme. He may be a sectarian—he is not a member of the great church. We have spoken of the army, and it is indeed the word that best expresses our present mission. We are not the future, we are its precursors ; we are not democracy, we are an army bound to clear the way for democracy. The common and definite aim, evident to every uncor rupted intelligence, is the republican form of government. The means are not to be found in absolute individual liberty and discussion, but in association, organisation, collective labour, discipline, abnegation, and devotion. Anarchy never gained a battle. Discussion is impotent and useless when addressed to peoples with the brand of slavery on their brow. Give them back the free air of heaven, the purifying breath of liberty, the plenitude of ►heir faculties, the awed enthusiasm of the human being that asserts his right, and your words will then bring forth acts. At the present day action alone can restore the holiness of freedom of speech. The Greeks of the Lower Empire discussed and died. The sabre of Mahomet struck in silence. Every republican of the present day must call himself Action, and represent a force. Every individual giving his name to the party must bring to the common centre his contingent of devotion and activity, his arm, his purse, and his intelligence. The same word sounding on every lip must pass along to all the secondary circles, spreading faith, the desire of action, and the conviction that the favourable moment has arrived. A single cry must spring from the heart of the party, and shake the torpor of the hesitating populations : We are united ! Unite ! Herein lie honour, duty, and salvation. We have said what we believe to be the truth as to the actual position of the governments, the opportunity of the peoples, and the mission of the Republican party. Let the patriots of every country meditate and decide. To them belongs the choice of the moment and the field of battle. The duty of all is identical, but there is diversity of circumstances and position. There are peoples who, like Hungary and Germany, oppressed and surrounded by enemies, cannot at the present day do more than enter in the second line of the great fight ; these peoples must prepare to follow out instantly the impulse to be given elsewhere. There are others, called by the past, the present, and special circumstances to the honour of the inithatiw t er tigta94llftienrirnausw3nd Italy. France, once at the head of the movement which leads Europe towards the future, cannot long resign herself, without perishing, to be absorbed in selfish material in terests, and to view that flag which has been borne round the world dragged by its vulgar master in the wake of a power calling itself Austria. Italy has everything to fear, from the shame which destroys the future to new partitions which would add to the number of her ene mies, if in the face of the factions which beset her, she does not assert her right, her nationality, her life, one and Republican. France is bound to continue and develope her grand tradition of 1792, for her own glory and the common good ; Italy to complete her programme of 1848, dating from the rising of Sicily, the five days of Milan, Venice, and Rome. Her people must raise again their national flag, betrayed by their Kings. France, in arising, has no foreign enemy to conquer. Italy has, but enfeebled, isolated, and in her turn surrounded by enemies whom the Italian bravery would arouse on her rear, her flank, on every side. France bears in her bosom the awaken ing of those who suffer and aspire under a corrupt social organisation in Europe. Italy has but to lift up her tri coloured flag to awaken the nationalities of Europe. The man of the 2d December is the murderer of Rome. France and Italy, Rome and Paris--this should be the battle-cry. But wherever the point, whatever the hour, this we can declare—the first people that raises its banner i❑ the name of country and humanity will be followed by all the others. Insurrection will engender insurrection, and the first victory produce ten others on ten different points. There is not a single nation which may not, by an energetic and powerful act of will, be the cause of the salvation of the world. Sept., 1855. KOSSUTH. LEDRII ROLLIN. JOSEPH MAZZINI. THE MONEY MARKET. (From the Times City Article of this day.) The Bink of England to-day have increased their rate of discount from 5 per cent., at which it was fixed last Thursday, to 51 per cent. The measure has excited considerable dissatisfac- tion among the London bankers and others, inas much as the supply of money, even at the existing rate, was in excess of the demand ; and it there fore throws them into uncertainty, while, at the same time, it is calculated to check the legitimate trade of the country. The Bank directors, how ever, it may be assumed, have been guided solely by the nature of their latest bullion returns, and by the necessity, in the face of the extraordinary proceedings of the Bank of France, cif not defer ring for a single week any precaution that may be indicated. _ _ The discount houses, having again been taken by surprise, have deferred till to-morrow any an nouncement regarding their future rates for money at call. The Bank of France have at length notified an increase in their rate of discount from 4 per cent. to 5, and have at the same time resolved to limit their accommodation to bills having only 75 days to run, instead of three months •as heretofore. This intelligence will tend in some degree to allay apprehensions, which were becoming very preva lent, that financial experiments of an unsound and extraordinary character were in contemplation by the French Government. Letters from Paris confirm the announcement of the extent of the contracts entered into by the Bank of Franca for a supply of gold from this side. The first contract was for 75,000,000 f., and the second for 25,000,000 f., making a total of 4,000,0001. sterling. The continental exchanges remain without alter ation. Money in Holland is obtainable at 3 per cent., and in Belgium at 21 per cent. Advices from Riga to the 27th of September mention an extraordinary demand for corn. No thing was bought on speculation on the spot, but all for real want in the provinces. The facts just confirmed regarding the artificial operations of the Bank of France in drawing gold from this side furnish a remarkable confirmation not only of the views lately expressed, but of the soundness of those put forth a month back, when the Bank of England first raised their rate of dis count. It was then stated that, although a mode rate advance in the value of money was inevitable, and there could be no prospect of its being other wise than in active demand throughout the re mainder of the year, there was nothing in a gene ral survey of the trade of the country to suggest that any repeated movements on the part of the Bank would be found necessary. Subsequently it became known that the Government had arranged that the proceeds of the Turkish loan should be re mitted to Constantinople in specie, instead of being managed, as usual, by Exchange transactions ; while, at the same time, notwithstanding reiterated statements regarding the excellence of the Ame rican harvest, 300,0001. or 400,0001. was suddenly remitted to Vienna for purchases on the Danube, owing to a continued improvement in the grain market, the unfounded nature of which has since been demonstrated by a reaction of 4s. per quarter Even these circumstances, however, although cal , culated temporarily to modify previous expecta tions, were insufficient to account for the drain which had set in, apparently with uncontrollable force. The Bank of England, the private and joint-stock banks, the discount house, and the mercantile community generally were alike per plexed, and a multitude of theories were put forth to account for their confusion—one of which was that they had all been misled by the Times, while another comprised the idea that Russia had been se cretly borrowing. All that was positively known was, that gold continued to go to Paris, whether the rate of exchange rendered itprofitable or otherwise. It was then declared that, in consequence of the war, the country was carrying on a much more one-sided trade than had been apprehended, and that the result which ought long ago to have been foreseen had now rendered itself palpable. It was vain to urge that, as the war had been raging for a year and a-half, its effects were hardly to be looked for in a sudden crash spread over a few weeks, and that, in addition to the grain purchases and the Turkish loan, there must still be some accidental or exceptional solution for the symptoms in progress. Such a mode of evasion was not to be tolerated, and the speculators for a fall were triumphant. At length the operations of the Bank of France gradually became known. In order to prevent the necessity for resorting to an advance of the rate of discount, they had been purchasing gold at a price above its natural value, and a temporary stimulu s was thus being afforded to the financial affairs of that country. The amounts were said to be large but, nevertheless, surprise was felt when it was re nounced that they were expected to reach 1,600, 00t At last the total has been found to be 4,000,000/., and the solution of all the previous mystery is . more than ample. Indeed, the marvel is that with such an operation in progress the disturbancehas not been greater. • Th e real difficulty, there fore, is not to account for what has been witnes sed, but for its moderation. anew and i w s the more glance at our position Under becomes these circumstances, practicable, de sirable, because, in addition to those acting upon ordinary speculative Luotivea, there are at the sent conjuncture other parties strongly engaged in exciting distrust—namely, the Greek sympathisers with Russia, who constitute a large and active class both in London and Liverpool ; and the section of English politicians with Austrian views wha hope to see their predictions fulfilled, that the war would ultimately become so unpopular as to cause peace; to be accepted on any terms. It is not enough that the alarming features of the present drain have now been removed by the discovery of one of its prin cipal causes. At every future opportunity the attempt to create a panic will be repeated. It was tried in March, 1854, when Consols went down to 85k and, although it has twice failed, the result may some day be different. The question whether the war expenditure is be yond the means of the country must, therefore, be boldly met. If it be upon a scale to involve a per manent drain of gold there is no alternative but to lower it, or to prepare ourselves for that mitigated form of national bankruptcy which consists in a suspension of specie payments. Happily, the cap ture of Sebastopol puts it into our power to limit or extend our operations at pleasure. While that remained to be effected there was no choice but to go on, even if the yearly sacrifice were measured by hundreds of millions. But, apart from all con siderations of this sort, the necessity for its diminu tion will prove upon inquiry to be at present with out proof. The view orignally taken against the alarmists has not yet been set aside. It was that the stop which would be given by war to the wild expenditure in foreign enterprises or loans which always takes place in times of prosperity might probably more than counteract all the loss to be encountered in our new form of outtlay—an ini pseasionAakt 14 m51, j 3 / 4 t.t.ha,AKWenxhich, money was about to .e drawn from us under the new system of guarantees by foreign Governments or corporations as to render it actually a point for consideration whether we should not be indebted to Russia for saving us from a new commercial crisis. These modes of absorbing our surplus means being for the most part arrested, the question simply is whether the annual profits of the country from its trade, which the enemy cannot disturb, are sufficient to meet the sum to be sunk in mate rials of destruction, and in the pay of those who, diverted from reproductive labour, are employed in connection with them ? Although the outlay of 50 or 80 millions has a serious sound, even when compared with our enormous commercial gains, it must be borne in mind that there is a very large portion of this which is not lost to the nation in any shape. Thus, one of the heaviest items has been the chartering of steamers, the profits of which have gone to private individuals or public compa nies, while the immediate commercial loss has been small, owing to the nation contenting itself mean while with an economical system of mail service. In like manner all the heavy profits of contractors, together with the additional wages earned by men who but for Government employ might be out of work, the extra transport on railways, and a mul titude of other things, must be deducted until we arrive at the mere net cost of the produce imported for the manufacture of war materials, the cost of working them up, and the direct pay and sustenance of the forces ; and even these are liable to a set-off, since the producing countries become better custo mers to us in consequence, and much of the pay of the forces finds its way back to their families. We must also estimate that the expenditure of our enemy is heavy 2 • that it takes place in gold ; and that we share to a very considerable extent, although indirectly, the advantages of the pur ' chases he is compelled to make from western Europe. Hence there is inherent reason to avoid any hasty assumption that the war is too much for our mer cantile strength, and experience has thus far sup ported theory. Through nearly two years we have been unusually free from monetary disturbance, and, although our expenses were as heavy six months back as now, they did not prevent the bul lion in the Bank from increasing from 12,162,4951. on the 20th of January to 18,018,575/. on the 30th of June last, while at present it not only stands above the January limit, but is fully equal to the total held just after the war began. To adopt the conclusion that the drain of 3,000,000/. during the past six weeks must be the result of the war was, therefore, obviously premature. It was unsup ported by any casual circumstances, since the pre vious gold supply had apparently not been in creased by any accidental occurrences, the Austra lian remittances having shown no fluctuations while from California they had been below the amount upon which,. there is reason to calculate for the future. Tbef expenditure of the population, moreover, has been equally uniform, and their im portations, in fact, of late have been rather under than over their requirements. It may consequently be repeated that, although the effects of the Turkish loan and of the recent grain purchases, together with those of the un broken demand for silver for India and China, the perplexities consequent upon the strange proceed ings of the Bank of France, and the certainty of a new loan being required by the English Govern ment iu the spring, are all causes which must exer cise for some time an adverse influence, our pros pects are not only as sound as they were lately de scribed to be, but that the convictions then enter tained have received additional weight from the fact of the unparalleled movements of the Bank having failed to produce a single sign of commer cial uneasiness. That the ultimate effects of the war expenditure on the currency is a problem which time alone can solve, and that. it calls for the utmost watchfulness on the part of the Govern ment, is not to be denied. If ever it should pre sent danger, the only remedy must be a reduction, since it cannot be touched by the constant advance in the rate of discount, which, in fact, would merely check the commerce that forms our best dependence. The premonitory indications, how ever, would be likely to be gradual, and although at Vienna, Berlin, and St. Petersburg the highest congratulations have doubtless been current upon the disturbances of the past few weeks and the causes assigned for them, there is full reason to hope that the financial vigour of the country under our system of free trade and a convertible currency is equal to much greater trials than any to which it has been exposed. THE BUYING-00T SYSTEM' OF THE INDIAN ARMY. (Prom the Indian News, Oct. 2, 1855.) The decision of the Chief Justice in Wroughton's case, together with sundry ministerial remarks on the pur chasing-out system, having reached India, officers of the Indian army are not a little puzzled to account either for the decision or the Ministerial comments thereon; and the more so as the home authorities appear to have arrived at the conclusion without being fully conversant with the premises. The system is very simple. The officers of the Indian army—in which the seniority system prevails—subscribe out of their own pockets towards a fund for purchasing out old or obstinately healthy officers who, when they arrive at a certain age, are practically in everybody's way, and who, feeling that their day is gone by, are usually as glad to be bought out as their juniors are to buy them out. The East India Company, finding the plan work admirably in securing efficiency in place of non-efficiency, adopts it by making the subscriptions compulsory, and so far sanctions it, though the subscriptions come oat of the pockets of the officers themselves. This the Chief Justice pronounces to be illegal ; though if we were to de tach the Company from the system, or the system from of the Company, as might be done, the " officers u'u of course become legal, as, without doubt, the Indian army have a perfect right to subs c ribe their money for any purpose they please, a upon any one they please, whether for their heir own in thebenefit or otherwise. The illegality, it seems, consists to bestow it Company having sanctioned the plan. We know nothing of law, and therefore will not stop to discuss the quibble. We, however , well recollect that in a case in which Sir C. Napier was concerned, Lord Denman said that the " decisions of the present Chief Justice were not the law of England," and we have therefore room to infer that the present decision may be another case in point. However, let that pass. Wh e ther the pre sent system be legal or ill ega l , i t would be extremely difficult to substitute another which should do its work as well. A strict seniority system, which s hould supolY none but the old est men for work demand ing the vigour of manhood, would paralyse an army. We have lately had pretty good proof of this in the war with Russia, where thousands of our brave troops have been sacrificed to men who would have been more in their place at their own firesides. But we need not come to the Queen's army for an example : we have it in the late Military Board of India. That board was composed of men who went to it by seniority, regardless of fitness or capacity. The consequence has been a paralysation of the physique of the army which required all the ener gies of an able commander-in-chief to combat. The Seniority Board became at length such an intolerable nuisance that it had to be swept away as such. All strict seniority systems must, mere or less, eventually lead to similar results. The question therefore is, how is a seniority system to be maintained, and yet avoid its ultimate evils ? Both the Company and its officers unani mous reply, "By our system of buying out those who who are worn out." The officers, at any rate, ought to be competent judges on the subject to provide the funds ;and before the system is destroyed, or even sapped, it be hoves the destroyer to provide a better system, which WI be a matter of difficulty. gold the chit! INitica [PRICE 4 n• STAMPED SD• a _ _----' R 17 N could arrive at the conclusion, that for Indian'officers 7,\T): ;L4 4 ,.. ) . - make a common purse, in order to enable their o y e , ee:-; *:-_,..,- T brethren to retire, and when retired to live more —. e - ', ~ -.t :,'. es eeA I:7i: e el ... j Portably than they could otherwise have done on the ; 1 ;-‘•'"`,, „`....';) / ~-:"---. -- ": 1 ' ; of their rank, should be illegal, may be known to t 0 \S• - --..--; ' •,/zr, better versed in law mysteries than we pretend to eA,..n;f - I' l l .Z . Let us pass from the lawyer to the statesman. Ma, Lja-- , '": - .. ) : Vernon Smith said in Parliament that he considered tI.A , i \\ • * i • i\ g -out system to be injurious to the servi ce , th ong ll he gave no reasons for such an opinion, whence these best acquainted with the subject very reasonably infer that, in common with many other presidents of the Board of Control who pronounce dogmatically on Indian subjects, he knew little about it. Supposing our view of a strict seniority system to be correct, what would have been the present condition of the Indian army with out the buying-out system ? Had we been lucky enough to retain India the higher grades of the army must have been swept off, together with the Military Board, and for the self-same reason. The cry of our day—and a very proper one—is for youeg and efficient officers in command, and the President of the Board of Control says that one of the very best means of supplying these that could be devised is injurious to the service ! What the public is clamouring for, and Government is contriv ing to introduce, the officers of the Indian army have been all along supplying at their own personal expense. The Chief Justice says this is illegal, and the chief ruler of India says that it is injurious to the service ! It is iortnnate that the zeal of the Indian army exceeds the knowledge of its rulers. But Mr. F. Peel, with that honest aptitude for contra dieting his chief when in error which distinguished him in the Colonial-office, upset Mr. Vernon Smith's asser tion without ceremony, by declaring that " to prevent offers of her Majesty's service who had received their commissions free from selling them when they retired from the service would be interfering with vested in terests," and yet the Chief Justice rules that an officer of the East India Company is guilty of an illegal act if he receives a bonus for retiring, even though that bonus is given to him by his brother officers. This may be good law, but it is bad logic. But does the Indian officer receive his appointment free I Let us inquire in the case of a cavalry officer. The expense of his curriculum at Addiscombe, including everything, falls by no means greatly short of the regu lation price of commissions in her Majesty's army. The difference is that commissions in the Queen's army are obtained without knowledge or preparation, whilst in the Company's army both are provid e d. he Queen's man pays for a commission—the Company! man for-14 ~ education which will fit him for -11*-wolk. - - -vta . hiy,o , ;,,.,_ ~..iil the regulation price of Queen's 'comniSsiene; forwer have nothing to do with th e s y s t em w hi c h ma k es Queen's commissions read thousands in their purchase where hundreds are marked in the regulations ; a system which, in some of its results, approximates closely to that of the illegal Company's system, though in other and equally important results it is positively vicious, and destructive of the best interests of an army. Let us follow our young cornet to India. His two chargers will cost him 1,500 rupees. A full-dress kit from a good outfitter will, by the time it reaches him in India, cost 2,000 rupees. He has his Mess Fund, Band Fund, Military Fund—the fund in question —to pay, his tent to purchase, his quarters to fit up, &c., all which can scarcely be done under 4,000 rupees, which he must either pay or go in debt for under still more unfavourable circumstances. Does he then pay nothing for his commission ? Or if he do, has he not a vested interest in his profession as much as the Queen's officer who gets his commission free, or even as much as a Queen's officer who pays for his commission ? Apply Mr. Peel's reasoning t) the Indian army, to which it is just as applicable as to the Queen's army, and what is Mr. Vernon Smith's opinion without reason worth ? Following in the same strain, a portion of the Indian press pronounces the Military Fund to be the cause of the indebtedness of the Indian army. In one sense it is a cause, and for this reason, that when men owe more than they can pay, every additional demand is an addi tional cause of indebtedness. A writer whose lightest word is a law to military men does not include the Mili tary Fund amongst the causes of indebtedness of the Indian army. He knew better, regarding the Military Fund as one of the best institutions of that army. It will do no harm to recapitulate the causes of indebted ness as laid down by Sir C. Napier. istly. Defective education in some officers, and vulgar propensities in others. 2dly. Youth and inexperience, which ought to be better looked aft r by the commanding officers. 3dly. Constant marching of regiments in time of peace. 4tlaly. Extravagances of messes in which poor and prudent officers are frequently crushed by a majority. sthly. The facilities offered by the banks of borrowing money. To this enu mera,tion by Sir Charles Napier we may add the cause we have just cited, of making a young cornet without money run several thousand rupees in debt, at the outset of his career, more than is really necessary. To mention, then, so excellent an institution as the Military Fund as a cause of indebtedness is simply ridiculous in comparison with the worthless expenditure which is forced upon young men in such a way that none but the most pru dent can rise superior to it. Besides, even were the Military Fund a cause of in debtedness, it is not the kind of indebtedness that is in jurious in its effects. The debt is incurred for a great an .l tangible profit to a portion of the officers on each occasion of a step being purchased, and of prospective profit to all. The largest share of the purchase-money falls, of course, to those who are immediately promoted by the step, and who at once come into the receipt of increased pay and allowance. And when the money is borrowed such arrangements are made with the lender as insure the repayment by regular monthly instalments, to which each individual efficer of course contributes his portion, one officer of the regiment taking the manage. ment of the affair. • - That those who by their own extravagance and want of self-control would be in debt under any circumstances are rendered more deeply so by this system is not be de nied. But, on the other hand, the system acts benefi cially in the majority of cases, by creating that necessity for economy and self-denial which is wanting in the case 0' most young men entering the serv i ce . Th e pay o f t h e company is so liberal that there is no doubt that an en sign, even when settled with hla own regiment, could, without undue parsimony, save 15 or 20 rupees monthly, whilst in the case of a cornet, as we have just given it, he may save more. His pay is 310 rupees a month (311.), and it is computed by those well able to judge that, if careful and free from losses, he may save out of this no less than 100 rupees (101.). So that even if family circumstances cenapel him to go in debt at first, he is not without the ability of easily liquidating it if pos.ce3sed of the principle and determination so to do. And we are happy to say that many are possessed of that principle. We know of two cases at this moment, in which a young Artillery officer and an officer of tho Fusiliers—both young men thoroughly grounded in good principles—have not only paid their debts which were at first unavoidable, but contribute to the neces sities of those at home who, under Jr widence, implanted those principles within them, and who now reap the re ward of their instruction in common with the objects of parental solicitude. But ordinarily, even these not inclined to exceed their income do not think it wcrth while to be careful about what appears such a trifle, and the consequence is that they indulge in unnecessary extravagance. For instance, most young subalterns indulge in the luxury of a couple of horses, accompanied by a brace of greyhounds, when one of the former and both the latter might certainly be dispensed with. It would be easy to enumerate other superfluitie, the maintenance of which renders the con tribution to the Military Fund insignificant in compari son. And these are what ate called steady men ;as a matter of course, the imprudent and the vicious launch into all manner of extravagant absurdities, but no rule can be applied to such, tier is it worth w bile to apply any. They would not do well any where nor under any cir cutustance-, and the interests of an army are of too grave a, nature to permit their welfare to disturb its calculations. In the opinion of those officers most competent to judge, the buying-out system supplies just such an occa sion as is wanted to make young men careful at the out set, and this is to a great extent found to be its effect. There are few officers who have become deeply involved who mi g ht not pay every farthing when it comes to their shale for the purchase of promotion had they chosen t o exercise ordinary economy and self-denial, and the proof of this lies in those who do pay their share. It would be absurd to fit the institutions of an army to th ose w h o pass their whole career in violating them. If then the law of E ngland pronounces the system to be illegal, the sooner it is made legal th e b etter. And if the Indian Minister thinks the system injurious to the service, let him provide a better if he or a t an y ra t e give his reasons for his opinion, he wolf.d not himself be classed among st incapable grumblers. The comments of th e Indian press we pass over, as that follows its leaders, who for the most part follow their own motives, whether of interest or passion. HERTS AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY. The annual pl oug hi ng matc h o f th e H er t s A gr i cu l tura l Society and exhibition of stock took place on Wednesday at Buntingford, near R oys t on , an d w ill b e carr i e d out With more than usual spirit, the most extensive prepara tions having been made for the reception of the patrons and subscribers of the society with the competitors and a large number of the gentry of the locality. Several trials have already taken place with the different ploughs, and the stock, which will consist of bulls and stirks, cows, heifers, rams, &c., are in most excellent condition. The preparations have been made under the direction of the committee, and at the conclusion of the match a splendid dinner for about 200 will be laid out in a mar quee from B. Edgington's, under the presidency of the Rev. Leveson Vernon Harcourt. A large quantity of extra stock, consisting of agricultural implements, &c., will also be exhibited. The approaching match has created the utmost interest amongst the district farmers as well as the most influential gentlemen agriculturists, not only from the fact of the implements which will be used on the occasion being of first-rate construction and manufacture, but from the increase of knowledge in til ling the soil which these contests always promote. THE GALLANT CiPT. FYERS.—Capt. W. A. Fyers, 2d Battalion Rifle Brigade, whose name was so honour ably mentioned by our special correspondent in the Crimea, is the second son of the late Major-General Peter Fyers, Royal Artillery, an officer who served with much distinction in the last war, especially under Lord Nelson, who gratefully acknowledged his valuable ser vices at the Battle of Copenhagen. Capt. Fyers first joined the service in the 40th Foot, in which highly dis tinguished regiment he served throughout the Affghan War under General Nott, and it is a curious circum stance that Lieutenant-Colonel Eman, of the 41st Regi ment, who so gloriously fell at the assault of the Grea t Redan, w as a f e ll ow - su b a l tern w i t h C ap t a i n Frr" that noble British brigade which, with a few Sepq_l_tgi: meats, so resolutely upheld the honour of Engloic! W h e y compromised by the Cabal disaiter,=gmffe _ Wnon lue 'n Iv/and g. 14 hare, f the :, the wife Warm , of ghter ►ont, Wary Esq., k J. Lton, ~ of lon. ting Sgt. , ton, rec- Mere [ow )by, .iZa. I