The Sun. — London, England, 1824-06-17 00:00:00

'TIE LONDON JOURNALS. DAILY Extracts from the Morning Papers, June 17. [THE TIMES.] Mr. Brougham, in the course of Tuesday even ing, touched on a provoking and painful topic— vi2. the undisguised prosecution of the slave 'trade by French subjects throughout the whole French Monarchy, with the full connivance of the Government, and in utter contempt as well of the treaties which that Government has con cluded, as of the first principles and obligations of humanity, to which it has so often appealed.— The correspondence on the slave-trade submitted to Parliament by Mr. Canning, furnishes the most aricting testimony in support of Mr. Brougham's statement. The frequent, and pressing, and highly creditable representations of Sir Charles Stuart to the Minister of the Most Christian King. during the years 1823, 1824, scarcely pro duced even a show of decent attention to the sub ject on the part of that sentimental philanthropist M. de Chateaubriand ; and as for effectual mea sures to put down the odious traffic, literally none whatever. French ships were fitted out by scores in the harbours of France herself.— Hundreds of cargoes of slaves .were conveyed into the colonies of that kingdoin, or, under its flag, to the colonies of foreign states. —.Near two hundred wretches were known to be crushed together in the hold of a vessel of 75 tons ! All these facts were communicated to the French Authoilties ; but some superci lious evasion, or some grossly hypocritical as surance, was the only. satisfaction which the Viscount de Chateaubriand vouchsafed to the honest remonstrances of the British Ministers.— It is all of a piece. The maxims of Buonaparte have survived him—his disregard of public faith, and his indifference for human suffering. The attack on Spain was not a more flagrant instance of perfidy than the whole-course pursued by this Bourbon Government on the slave trade. Mr. Canning, we imagine, will know pretty well what confidence can be reposed in French engagements, where other questions of universal interest may be in future (as they now are) the subjects of diplo matic discussion. f BRITISII eness.ll The discussion on Tuesday night, respecting South America, was in every way one of the most important that has marked the present Ses aion. The subject which 'has excited deep at " tention was ably arid temperately brought forward by Sir James Mackintosh, and Mr. Canning's eloquent reply was, in consequence, as candid as convincing ; marked through every sentence by that • enlightened and discriminating policy, so worthy of his.high station, and of the great coun try over whose leading interests this distinguished Statesman now presides. Two years have nearly passed away since Mr. Canning, at a period of Peculiar difficulty, was. called on by the united T9ice of the Cabinet and the Country, to assume his present high, but arduous office. The unex ampled prosperity now spread over Great !Sri %in—its rising wealth, and its unparalleled in tluence are the best proofs of his splendid ta lents, and the best testimonies to the wise and Pacific councils of that Government of which he is so distinguished a member.' Sir James Mack allnding on Tuesday night to the State. Papers on South America, placed early. this S.es, sign on the table of the House, .passed the highest eulogiunts on theSe memorable records. Re spoke of them " as containing sound princi ples of international law,' expressed with a cir eurnspection and a dignity entitling them, to be considered as .models and master-pieces of that species of composition." The tendency ; of all these declarations, the Honourable and Learned Gentleman contended, to be in effect that our Cabinet was of opinion, that any attempt to bring Spanish America under its ancient sub-' mission to Spain, must now be utterly hopeless, that all negociation for the purpose would be un successful, and that the prolongation or renewal of the war would be only a waste of human and an infliction of cala.nity on both parties, to no end. What possible doubt can be entertained of this ? South America has outgroWn her bond age; she has shaken off for ever the tyranny that for ages enthralled her. Spain is now degraded in the dust; she is a 'mere province of iiance, governed by a military Pro-Consul, backed by 80,000 French troops, whose bayonets encircle the despot, and hold forcible possession of her fortresses and soil. The Spanish monarchy, once so powerful, is how the most contemptible in Europe. Its marino is in • ruins—any -troops she can command are discontented—her treasury, once fed from the mines of Mexico, Chili, and Potosi, is now wretchedly supplied by a petty Parisian Banker—she has neither ships, - soldiers, nor resources. To talk, under such circum stances, of Spain reducing the Colonies by her single arm, is ridiculous ; the visions of her Quixote were never more insane. [NEW TIMES.] We have elsewhere laid before our readers the American Tariff Bill. It goes so much into de tail, that we cannot pretend to analyse it; but. the general character is that of a protection to native manufactures, and a discouragement to importation. In passing through Congress it h as indeed been mitigated ; but, after all, the lead ing principle still remains: and it comes to this— that the Americans are willing to pay dearer for American productions than for English. This Would 15e a wise and politic principle, if Weir manufactures were in so thriving a state . to afford a prospect of outstripping those of foreign nations : but we suspect that is far from being the case. The American Statesthen wish to anticipate th e natural growth of manufactures in their co untry ; and the consequence will pro bably be, that ea s . p nationally king they will dearer for manufactured articles . pay ured articles than if they had continued.to receive th em from England. . , . [MORNING HERALD.] Th e Bill fur insuring a more nomerous and im partial attend ance of Jurors at cri m i na l tr i a l s i n Stlptlaud, an d for taking the no mination of each particular Jury out of the hand§ of the presiding Judge, was last night lost in the Lords without a division. This is the thiid instance of a similar failure in the same House. The Earl of Roselyn distinctly alluded, in terms of regret and appre. hension, to this frequent defeat in the Upper House of Bills fully considered and finally, ap. proved of by the Lower House. The Earl of Lauderdale referred to opinions of the highest authorities in the Justiciary Court of Scotland, in support of the Bill. Lord Mel ville, who opposed this Bill, pledged him self to bring in a Bill next Session which should substantially effect the objects of this Bill, but which should be free from technical and embarrassing objections to the present Bill.— The second reading of the County Gaols Bill caused some discussion respecting • the classification of prisoners. The Bill requires, as a minimum, three divisions in every gaol, one for debtors, another for unconvicted pri. sorters, and a third for convicts. Lord Suffield considered this too low a minimum, and urged, that in the most populous counties, and most pro ductive of crimes, Magistrates would be disposed to go no further than the law required. He thought that persons charged with misdemeanours ought to be separated from persons charged with felonies. He moved, therefore, as an amendment, that four be the minimum. This amendment was lost by a large majority. None of their Lord ships contended for three as sufficient, but the majority were of opinion that that was the fittest minimum, leaving it to Magistrates to ascend in the scale, according to the circumstances of each particular county. [MORNING CHRONICLE.] We refer our readers to the United States Tariff Bill (see THE SUN of this day), which will produce a great sensation in our manufacturing towns. The enormous dutieS on all our Staple Manufactures,w•ill,we doubt,give rise to smuggling on a most extended scale from Canada and the West Indies, but while the most demoralising effects will be seen in America, we fear the ef fects in England will be of a very distressing nature. We owe this measure chiefly to the cupidity of our country Gentlemen, who, by ex cluding their produce from our markets, impel all the agricultural nations to become manufac turers for themselves. Thus our poor unfortunate workmen, one market being shut after another, are forced to toil for less and less every day, —weavers for 14 or 15 hours a day receiving from seven to ten shillings a week, while the Corn Law corn, pels them to pay twice as much for their food as is paid by the people of every other country.— The Americans will repent, in sackcloth and ashes, their absurd law, which will produce great heart-burnings throughout the country. It will operate as a heavy burden on several of the States, and greatly 'retard the prosperity of the whole. It is high time for our manufacturers to bestir themselves. [MORNING POST.] If we may judge dispassionately from an im mediate impression, the proceedings on the Pe, ation of the Merchants of London ha•e in no degree abated the interest attached to the question . of South American Independence. The f a ct th a t evert since. the previous discussion °late subject in Parliament, a considerable advance has been made by this : Government towards the desired result, accelerates anticipation for . the future, and strengthens the confidence already in. spired of a speedy :recognition, of some at least of the, new , States. Mr. Secretary Canning communicated the important and gratifying information on Tuesday night that this country was now free to pursue its own policy with. respect to South America, independently of the views or decision of Spain ; and also that recently we had again refused to comply with the most urgent entreaties to participate in a Congress proposed to he held at Paris, for the reconciliation of the Peninsula and its former Trans-Atlantic Colonies. It thus ap pears, that in the course of not more than two or three months our interests have been extri cated from every continental clog or impediment, as regards the liberated provinces of the New World, and that at present we only wait the ar rival of a mature occasion to consummate a free alliance with such of the Governments of South America as may have proved themselves "of age." Ic there be any persons with whose en thusiasm or expectations these prospect§ do not keep pace, we must take leave to say, that they mistake the speed with which the recognized in dependence of the countries in question is ap proaching, from being themselves revolved with the same velocity as the events upon which it depends.—The inhabitants of the globe are swept round with it both diurnally and annu ally, without being conscious of the change in their own position. The people of England must guard against a similar illusion upon the point at issue respecting South America; for we cannot rightly estimate the progress which has been made, unless we recollect the place from which we set out. Two years ago, did any man dream of - the independence of South America being recognized by this Government ? Even twelve months back, the subject was crowded with difficulties—and now the goal is all but reached—the prize and the glory won: Let us then judge for the future by the past, and instead of disappointment that our wishes are not quite crowned, we may indulge , in congratulations that the . 'eht to th -f y ave ieen r.ougtt .le 'very verge o, completion. The whole matter, in short, is reduced to a Imre piece of formality— every substantial impediment has been re moved—the deeds as it were drawn up—and nothing remains but to sign the recognition and re gister the act in the archives of the world. The labour of the achievennent is concluded, and the advantage to be thence derived the only part that remain unaccomplished ; nor can the time be distant when Mr. Canning will add this to the other great and lasting honours of his political, life. STAMP PUTT ON LAW PROCEEDINGS...--We understand that the.loth October is fixed for the expiration of the whole duties specified in the schedule of the last stamp act, as applicable to law proceedings, mandate duty included. CRUELTY TO ANIMALS. A Meeting was held yesterday, at Slaughter's Coffee-house, St. Martin's-lane, for the purpose of forming a Society to give effect to the laws which have been enacted to prevent cruelty to animals. At two o'clock, FOWELL BUXTON, Esq. M. P. was called to the chair. The Honourabl e G en tl eman briefly explained the nature of the Meeting, and proceeded to move the several Reso lutions on which the Society was to be founded. Some desultory observations were made by several of the Members as to the propriety of prosecutions on the part of the Society against those who w ere gu il ty o f crue l ty to an i ma l s . R. MARTIN, Esq. M.P., said, that although it would be detrimental to the interests of the So c i e ty, an d u nadvisable tin every point of view to give their public sanction to such pro secutions as thdse alluded to, he did not see that there could be any objection to their remunerating persons for walking in the neighbourhood of Smithfield, and elsewhere, for the purpose of informing the proper authorities of any cruel conduct to ward animals of which they might be witnesses. He be lieved that the laws which had been enacted on this subject had already created a moral feeling among the lower classes of Society, but not among the lower classes only. It was his conviction that those gentlemen who, a few years ago, would feel no remorse at sending a worn-out horse to the nackers, would now be ashamed to do so. A few instances of the way in which some people treat their horses had come to his knowledge, and as they were highly creditable to the parties, he would mention them. One was of Mr. Brogden, a person of respectability, who resided in the neighbourhood of Smithfield. His worn-out horse, who had been useless to him for five years, was kept at a livery stable, and was to remain there until he died. Another instance was of Miss Stephens, whose horse had received some injury, and although she was offered a considerable sum for him, she preferred paying for his keep to the risk of his falling into improper hands. And ano ther was of the officers of a marching regiment; one of the gen tlemen, in consequence of his ho rse having received a hurt, had disposed of Mm to a hackney -coachman ; the officers came to a resolution not to associate with him, and did not, until he re purchased the horse. He could mention many other anecdotes of equal force ; and it was his decided opinion that the laws which had been enacted had, more than any thing else, contri buted to create a moral sentiment among the people. Mr. BUXTON then moved the following Resolution : " That the Meeting is of opinion that it is extremely de sirable to form a Society for the purpose of preventing cruelty to animals. That its principle object will be to call the public attention to the subject, by means of sermons, tracts, and dis cussions." The motion was unanimously agreed to. Mr. BUXTON afterwards proposed the nomination of a number of gentlemen to compose two Committees, the one for the purpose of attending to all publications—the other to adopt measures for inspecting the streets and markets of the metro polis, to prevent cruelty from being practised- Committees were accordingly appointed. Sir J. MACKINTOSH, M.P. suggested that a m a i n o bj ec t of the Society should be to endeavour to prevent the unneces sary suffering of animals we were compelled to destroy. Mr. WARRE, M.P. said, that to effect this would be most desirable. Mr. BUXTON then moved the appointment of a Treasurer, and Honorary Secretary, to superintend the subscriptions. Subscriptions were then entered into. The Rev, Mr. BROUGHAM, the Honorary Secretary, said that he had received an anonymous subscription of 501. Thanks were returned to Mr. Buxton for his conduct in the Chair ; and to the Rev., Mr. Brougham, for the services he had rendered to the cause; and the Meeting separated. LAW INTELLIGENCE. COURT OF CHANCERY, Juxx 16. WARD OF CHANCERY. The LORD CHANCELLOR was detained in his private room before he entered the Court, in considering the report made by a Master of the Court, on the proposed marriage and settle ments, fortune, and jointure, of one of his Lordship's wards. The young lady is the daughter of a deceased soap-boiler, resi dent,-in his professional lifetime, in Ratcliffe.highway, but lately in a handsome park in Gloucestershire. The lady's for tune was 12,0001. llis Lordship examined the report, and inquired into the circumstances of the proposed union with much accuracy. He expressed his approbation of the report generally, and confirmed it with some slight variations, and wished his fair ward as much happiness under her future ma trimonial guardian, as she had enjoyed under her legal; add ing, that though most of the suitors of the Court of Chancery were certainly very anxious to get out of it, he found the ladies the most anxious of all to act out of his jurisdiction. COURT OF RING'S BENCH, JUNE 16. TYLER V. BROOKMAN. The plaintiff in this action sought to recoyer 71. as the price of a dead cow, which, as he alleged, he sold to the defendant in the year 1820. It appeared that the cow in question was killed on account of some injury received in calving, —one of the witnesses said, "to save her life." The carcass and hide were sent to the house of Mr. Brookman, who is a maker of polonies and sausages in Spitalfields Mr. 15ay, the butcher . who dressed the animal, said, that she was worth 71., and at the time of the sale was fit for human food. A servant of the plaintiff, named Emmett, however, said that Mr. Brookman was introduced to his master to sell any thing for him "in the casualty line," and his was "a casualty cow."—(Much laughter.) Mr. ANDREWS, for the defendant, contended that the cow was delivered to his client, not as sold to himself, but to be sold on commission and called a witness who stated that this cow, being wholly unfit for food, was sold to Mr. Special, the horse boiler, for dogs'-meat, and with the carcass fetched only about-11. los. The LORD CHIEF JUSTICE left the Jury to say, whether the cow was sold to the defendant or not : and the Jury found a verdict for the plaintiff; damages 5/. POLICE INTELLIGENCE. BOW-STREET.—Coup de Theatre.—Yesterday Mr. W. H. Williams, of the Theatre Royal, Drury-lane, applied for a warrant against Mr. Elliston, to answer for inflicting a violent blow - upon- the- head of the said Mr. Williams.—Mr. Williams stated to the Magistrates that having . played in the first act of the play on Tuesday night, and having some time upon his hands - between the play, he went round to the portico of the theatre ; that shortly after Mr. Elliston came, and on perceiv ing Mr. W., very roughly ordered the sentinels to turn him away, saying he was " a most suspicious character !" That on his return to the theatre, he asked the meaning of Mr. Elli_ ston's conduct; that the lessee 'then began to abuse complain ant, and said he would not have any of his performers lurking about the front of the house; and, upon receiving an explana tion, the only return he made for it was knocking the com plainant down. Under these circumstances, the Magistrates granted the warrant. MAILLBOROI.IOH -STREET.—Yesterclay Al. W. B. Robin son, clerk to Mr. ABRAIIA3X, who was charged with purloin ing books, was brought up for re-examination, when several tradesmen swore positively to the prisoner's person, and to his entering their shops, and defrauding them of their property. He was remanded. MALHERBE.-There was in this celebrated Poet, so justly considered by Boileau as the first who ga ve to .French poetry its present perfect form, an ecc en t r i c i ty of disposition, which was overlook e d on account o f hi s grea t mer it. Hi s lodgings were always mean, though his circum- stances were good, and his room was accommo dated with only seven or eight common chairs. As his comp any was much sought after by all those who delig ht e d :in literary pursuits, as soon as all his chairs were occupied, he locked his door, and, if any one knocked, he cried out, " You must wait; all the chairs are filled." On Tuesday last (Whit -Tuesday) the whole of the children and teachers of the Sunday Schools, in New castle-upon-Tyne, assembled in the Brunswick-place Chapel, in that town. Every coiner of this spacious building was com pletely filled, and it is computed that not. less than 3000 child ren, and above 300 teaehers, w er e present on the occasion. This being the first exhibiti on of the kind in Newcastle, it excited an unusual degree of interest. The ninth anniversary of the Battle of Water -loo[7 several es vai to-morrow. It will be celebrated as usua l Regiments, particularly portions of the Guards ; and the Duke of WELLINGTON, besides having a party, is expected to make cus tomary donations to the military,at his residence, Apsley House, Piccadilly. MISS CRACHAMI,the SICILIAN DWARF`, THE BODY DISCOVERED. When Mons. FOGELL CRACHAMI, and Mons. ANDOVER—the former the father of the above little personage, and the latter, proprietor of the Natuorarna, in Bond-street-- applied to Mr. Roe, the Magistrate, at Marlborough-street Office, on Monday last, it was for a warrant to apprehend Gil ligher, the person to whom the unfortunate little creature had been intrusted, by which means it .was supposed the destiny of the child would be come at. However, Mr. Roe did not consider himself justified id granting his warrant ; and recom mended Mons. Crachami and his friend to make inquiries of the parochial officers of St. James's, and in all probability it might lead to a discovery of the infant. They immediately acted upon the Worthy Magistrate's suggestion, and communi cated with the gentlemen of the parish upon the subject, but could learn nothing satisfactory of the child. The parochial officers of course could know nothing, unless notice of the death of Miss C. hid been forwarded to them by Gilligher, upon which a Coroner's Inquest would h ave b een called. The unhappy father next went to the house of Mr. Dorian, the tailor, in Duke-street, St. James's, where Gilligher occupied a splendid suite of apartments ; he was accompanied by his wife, and her brother, a Mr. King, an actor belonging to the Dublin Theatre. Mr. Dorian informed him that they left on Monday se'nnight, and that he could give him no tidings of their destination. All that they left behind was the little state bed of the child, and its habit, which he (Mr. Dolan) had manu factured for it, to be presented to the King. From thence Mons. Crachami went to Mr. Brooks's, at Blenheim steps, and there ascertained that Gilligher had offered the body of the little creature to him at the price of one hundred guineas ! but that the negociation did not take place. The poor father, in a state of distraction, next repaired to other private places of anatomy, and met with the same success ; he also went to the different public hospitals, where he was shewn all the sub jects, but could not identify the body of his tiny offspring. He was now so overwhelmed with grief that he burst into tears, and again returned to Mr. Dorlan's, in Duke-street, who took an active part in endeavouring to find out the little creature; and, from some circumstances, he advised Mons. Crachami to wait upon Sir Everard Home, at his house in Sackville-street. Thither he went and saw Sir Everard. Of course they were strangers to each other. Sir E verard, on seeing him, said, " Oh, you have come from Gilligher, about the dwarf; the surgeons have not yet held a meeting, therethre I can't say what sum will be voted to him." The feelings of the unhappy father, upon this salute, may be more easily conceived than described, and in a flood of tears he told Sir Everard that he was the father of the little creature. Sir Everard was astonished at this intelligence, but ultimately an explanation took place. It appears, that on Monday se'nnight, Gilligher, who was known to Sir E. through whose in fluence the prodigy had been presented to the King, called at his house in Sackville-street, with the body of the child, and express ed a wish to dispose of it. Sir E. refused to purchase it, but said he would present it to the College of Surgeons, and whatever reward they thought proper to vote him should be given him. Gilligher agreed to this, and left the child, saying that he was going out of town, but would send a friend in a few days for the gratuity. He then went away, and when poor Crachami entered the room, Sir Everard con sidered he was the man that had been sent by Gilligher, which led to Sir Everard's mentioning the name of the child. The poor father implored Sir Everard to grant him a look at his beloved infant, and that he should then leave this world happy. Sir Everard instantly complied, and gave him an order to see it at the College of Surgeons, in Lincoln's-inn-fields, and presented him with a check on his banker for ten pounds, at the same time promising to represent the unfortunate business to his Majesty. Mons. Crachami, in a state bordering on insa nity, hastened to Surgeons' Hall, where he arrived almost breath less, thinking he might prevent his child from being anatomised. But, alas lit was too late. He was shewn into a room wherein the first thing that caught his view was the body of his darling progeny mangled in a most dreadful manner. He clasped the corpse in his arms in a manner that excited the feelings of all pre sent, and it was with difficulty he could be prevailed upon to leave the room, which, however, he did, upon the gentlemen promising him that nothing further would be done,to the infant. M. Cra chami left London immediately by the Liverpool coach for Ire land, to communicate the dreadful intelligence'to his wife.-- .It appears that when the child was taken from Ireland about six months ago by Gilligher, an agreement was regularly drawn up and attested kly witnesses, and stamped between Crachami and Gilligher, in which the latter agreed to allow the former 601. a year, out of the profits arising from the child's being ex hibited, but it is affirmed, that no part of the agreement was fulfilled. Crachami, the father of the child, was a trumpeter in one of the foot regiments at the battle of Waterloo, and the child was born the day after. Ile belongs now to the orchestra of the Dublin Theatre. Gilligher has not since been heard of it is supposed that he netted about 1,5001. by the child's exhi bition, and that he has gone to France. A DREAM.—At the late Anniversary Meeting of the. Wesleyan Missionary Society, in London, the Rev. H. TowNLET, of Calcutta, said—He remembered a dream that he had heard a very pious person relate, that he had the fore going night. He dreamt that he had died, and that he had arrived at the gates of Heaven, when he applied to the holy watchmen to admit him within the sacred walls.—" Whom do you want ?" said they. He replied, that he belonged to the Independents, and wished to join them in that place. " There are no such people here 1" was the answer he got. " Well," said he, " I have had some connexion with the Baptists; may I join them ?"—" We do not know any of that name," replied the heavenly watchmen. It was in vain that he asked for Churchmen—they had never heard of such a term ; there were not even any Wesleyans. The poor man was just going away in despair, when, as a last resource, he said, " But I am a Christian ;" at this word, the gate of bliss flew open, and he was received as a welcome guest. It will be in the recollection of our readers, that Lieut. WILLES, of the R.N. was drowned, together with his servant, about six weeks since, it is supposed, by the upsetting of his boat off Folkestone. On Monday the body of the un fortunate gentleman floated ashore, in a very mu tilated state. It is a little singular that it was found very near to the battery where he was stationed. The body of his servant has also been found within the last few days. Lieut. Willes had evidently contemplated some accident, as his trowsers were pulled up and tightened about the knees, to facilitate swimming. His money and valuables were found safe in his pockets.— (Maidstone journal, June 1 5.) On Wednesday seven men of good character were tried for preventing the removal of cattle under a colour of distress where there was no rent due. We never before heard of a question of right being tried under the Insurrection Act. However, the men were acquitted.— On ordering their discharge Serjeant Goold reprobated, in the strongest terms, the conduct of the prosecutors, which, he said, was enough, of itself, to cause an application for the Insur rection Act on the county. He made an excel lent address to the prisoners and the surrounding crowd, which appeared to make a deep impres sion on all, and which, we trust, will be long remembered, and always called to mind by those who heard it, whenever any thing may occur likely to tempt them to redress their own griev ances or in any way to transgress the laws. — (Leicester Journal, June lt.) ESCAPE FROM GAOL.—Early on last Friday morning, the following prisoners contrived to make their escape from the County Gaol at Horsham, viz. Henry Bolton, committed on a charge of .horse-stealing ; and. Edmund Brown, who recently - Made his escape from the Levia than hulk. PDR THg.SUN, TEMPERATURE OF WATER. Mr. EDITOR.—The observations made bl Captain FRANKLIN, during his expedition to the Copper Mine River, have afforded an additional proof that however low May be the temperature of the atmosphere, that of water beneath the ice is always considerably higher. In this instance we are informed by the gallant Captain, that whilst the thermometer stood at not less than 47 deg. below zero, the temperature of the river at Fort Enterprize was always 32 deg. on the sur face, and as much as 42 deg. at the bottom of the stream, which was only two-fathoms and a half deep. This fact was ascertained by a spirit thermometer, in which, probably from some irre gularity in the tube, a small portion of the coloured liquor usually remained at 42 deg., when the ;; 2lumn was made to descend rapidly. In the instance here alluded to, the thermometer stand ing at 47 deg. below zero, with no portion of the fluid in the upper part of the tube, was let down slowly into the water, but drawn cautiously and rapidly up again, when a red drop at 42 deg; clearly indicated that the fluid must have risen to that point, if not even above it, while it stood at the bottom of the river. The mere phenomenon of congelation is well known to be effected by the passage of caloric from water into the surrounding air, when the temperature of the latter is reduced below 32 deg: By this process, water loses its caloric of flui dity, and is brought into a solid form or into ice. In thus changing its external appearance, water departs from the general law of bodies; for while they are contracted by cold, water on the cows trary expands in proportion as it loses its caloric of fluidity; and this expansion, which is immenie r performs many important operations in the eco nomy of nature. This departure of water, from what may be considered as a general law of na ture, is well worthy of attention. Within a certain range of temperature, water, following this general rule, is expanded by heat, and contracted by cold ; but beyond this de terminate point, it is affected in a different man- ner. If heat be applied to water at 32 deg., this liquid will gradually contract until it reaches 40 deg., but when it has reached this tempera« Lure, it expands Ile every other substance. When boiling water is cooled gradually, it uni formly contracts, until it once more arrives at 40 dog ,and then expands as it is further cooled. 'ln this singularity we discover another striking instance of the kindness of that -Providence which has ordained all things for the happiness of all creatures, as well as for our own particular ad vantage. This peculiarity of water is intended to prevent the too rapid congelation of large quart. titles of water, and by preserving a proper de gree of warmth in the waters of the lakes and rivers, to preserve the life of their various inha bitants. It has been already remarked, and indeed it is generally known, that water never freezes the t u until its temperatur e is re d uce d t o 32 d eg . A s s qis th the particl e s o f th e fl u id are e i t h er expan d e d or contracted by variatio n s i n th e i r temperature, they rboeurnodmieng p spe a c r i t it i c c a le l s ly , ainigdh‘tveilrle uen h l y a r n o c i o • h eavier e in hre former, and sink in the latter, of these cases. Hence- ) when the water of a stream, which we will sup pose to be at 60 deg., is gradually cooled by the approach of winter, the particles upon the sur face are the first that lose their caloric, they con tract, and, becoming specifically heavier, sink. Their places are supplied by others, which are cooled, contracted, and sink in a similar man ner ; and thus the whole mass of the water is gradually cooled. If it were not for the pecu liarity already mentioned, the same process would continue, and the whole quantity of water would be cooled to 32 deg., where, being suddenly frozen, it must prove certain destruction to all the animals it contains. This is prevented by the peculiar property of water. As soon as the water of the stream is all cooled down to 40 deg., the particles upon the surface no longer contract, but on the contrary they expand ; and becoming, in conse quence, lighter than the particles below them, they cannot sink, but remain at the surface, where, being further cooled, they at length loose their caloric of fluidity, and assume a solid form. This process is a regular crystallization, and it is known that in this process water crystallizes in filaments, which are uniformly joined at an angle of 60 deg. Now, as ice is a had conductor of heat, the pro. , cess of cooling proceeds slowly ; and w hil s t the air and the ice are cooled far 1.)elow 32 deg., the water under the ice preserves a pretty even tem• perature, and continues at 40 deg. or thereabout.— And such, the extract given . .;bove informs us, was found to be the case by Captain FRANKLIN, even when the temperature'of the air was much more considerably ;educed. A. P. COAL-MARKET, JUNE 16. Ships at Market. Ships sold 29 Newcastle - 4A Sunderland - 4A Prim. - 3ls Od to 39s Od - 3 ls 3ls Od to 40s 6d BIRTHS. On the 9th inst, at Wootton Bassett, Wilts, the hicly of the Rev. Thomas Hyde Ripley, of a son. On the 15th inst., the lady of Dr. Seymour, of George-street, Hanover-square, of a son. On Monday, the 14th inst., the lady of James Heygate, of a daughter._ _ _ On Thursday, the 10th inst., Mary, the wife of Edward, Marshall, Esq., of the War-office, of a son. MARRIED. On the Bth inst., at St. Giles's church, Reading, the Rey. Josias Torriano Chaplain to th e H onoura bl e the East India Company on the Bengal Establishment, to Louise, second daughter of John Hooper, Esq., of the same place. At St. Mary's, Islington, on Tuesday, the 15th inst., "Wil liam Stephen, Esq., Advocate, Isle of Man, to Nessy, eldest daughter of Mr. Samuel Thomson, of Park-terrace, Islington. On Wednesday, the 16th inst., the Rev. Joseph Hewlett, 8.A., of Peppard, near llenley-on-Thames, and of Worcester College, Oxfbrd, to Charlotte Elizabeth, eldest daughter of Mr. Hewlett, of the latter place. • DIED. On Monday last, at Sydenhath, Kent, Mr. William Holmes,. of the firm of Soulsby, Holmes, and Evans, in the 35th year of his age. On the 13th inst., at Buxton, Mr. A. Baker, of Bakewell, aged 67. At Florence, ob the 23d ult., William Crosbie, Esq. his Majesty's Secretary of Legation at the Court of Tu scany . In January last, a t Calcutta, Maria, the wife of Mordaunt Ricketts, Esq., the Resident at Lucknow. 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