The Sun. — London, England, 1842-04-18 00:00:00

:~~~, T IT E Th r u4 /71 3) I \ f , f.t; '7 ft 5 4. .. .•z4 , Vr, • ts• H t- - v;- -1.44 , (e . L': • *4, AL . •A* - r• - 1;1 'f• - * 1 4 ,t 4 ,, • • • •* P S P *'• . • „ • coo ,k • . I /. „.•,• • " - - ; " • • ^ - • ' r : it:ie : t ,- • Ali b " I t.. reea tl - i• r - - I . • _ • • , '14'414. i , . k ger s tr. • s‘ 1 1 \\.• 0 \ , / _ • 4 • i n) • . niolP \ ( ( • • - 4 / 1 j ( 1 - ‘ • .•\\ , 2,,V „. • ogo,, s‘ .?.. ..... .1 1" _ _ _ THE GREAT GUN OF&GHUZNEE. " • 110 t ti~ - N, ' f c „ -,-- ,---tmck 1_ .-,_-_-=:.-.7'" ( . a 3 - .. , 7„; - - = - 1___ - : = e 1 ••-4 s . • ........_ j \ \ ,dll , ----- --,--- . --;-- „Tr.\ •, -? ......'...';' _ .,. .... 1 l c 0 g) COr ' et. ,„ GO' g t tbs. of .~ ._ ~ ~~ _~ 4t , 0 l;~°`l • ~l~==` ; Surat ter/tag:po or \_. I ---7-'":---.----- 4 ----- , ,' - 1,, - , _.:_.--_,;----- . , ,___-' --,,-... _.-7- _.:-.- , , B , ...."-\\,, i --- .-ki ~, ~- ,~ Bombay Mocha Poona \rj) -- - - p Aden 13 o,lMadras Seringapat o _ %,tt, • 0 0 ' • A. CEYLON i _ - ~. _ .„.„,_ j .-- ..... / -V... .. = .._,_ / \-... \ ....11--- - sea. / 1 - A 0rrnh.,,,,,• ---'''''' _ . ---- lIIT -- „,, -- - / /'— - -- 1 1 "......,:: ~,. •cr -.3., ,-".- oSenutopol - 1 ! \._. A ---- I lit. , .) ‘ - ' - - ''-‹ -,, ,,. / i.c ....___---------.., - -o„,. .7 „=.- $ / " 2 " :_ / 1 8 -4 . 4, ,,. 0 -- - 1 13 1., / k —- -1, •// - -,..,• 0 4. Oak Astrakan ..4-_'' • _._---- \--. N) _ _Y --- 7 ------------ _ __________ ....._... 4''' — _ • '''' ___ Et... ____ ... ...-- _ „-_.....:. --.- INDER z (..: .....____,_ L 7 . -. I . 4' M l i e• .... ___ „iv \ I ) • _—___=. em ~..........._. ~......,_ fi -c:„ .... ..........---- -- " 7 ,)c J.-.= VI . i ___, 7-7 . L. -- 1, 1 ; I: - .' .. .0.-. s . ... ' •••• ... ... ---.-- - - _ t ._.,_-_--.. - . ...4 .„,.....2" ..: - ...,-• ~„ ~_ ,„_:.,•,_,, .....„...../....„.„,, ~....,, ' i_: - 7._A -:- E •N -::-.1 ia - EI , ~ v, - -......_—._ .., • - -E-ak. 4 _.. J . : -. , ? . .,..:,-1 - -. 5.• \ 2,, . .., / 1 --, :. - J - j ; 6 . - 4 - "=" ' .4 . 4 .. -- _,F. 1 . _• = 11 4 i \. ' i L n r iT • __ .... _ 1. ~ \ , 'a• •, , ....:• i. .re :... -777 - .; -- ": „.. :1 , ----,..., (: ... -r fif7 -- ::c..„ :„L„.. , . 0 KO Wm C, --------' ~, , ... I. e.,. ) I 1 : F -- irl ,„ c 1 -----..\\ ----- --------- ~,, J .1,. :,: '- ' C ..,. .. I ' . 4 -,--1 ----- cv r ''' r.. '4 "8, 7 ,s. 7 1c \ 4 - . ---------, -----------______ ci i , c. ,,,,it T :'`- il_,_ ._ ` ? " -- ' 1 . ,,- , ''-- ----, ...:t:: . - __ , - 3•)4 af/,; ,,i. , i. -.7.7 1 ,•-4' - - )-- ___ ,.____, lL ______--------- z, \ 1- :• : 7-- .' . r...:.) E. : l ,-- 1 __,.--- , '..‘ \:l,"ell'u ' ''' .-------- 2 , , , --____,-,, ..-...- , '''' .1 • . ~ '''...-- <7,,_._ ~-_T, ‘ - 0 h. (aka na . , ' . -2' : , i . , BJ.k . !ftr:t . 1 K.! gar * I Y' / \ _;...,.. 1 / a , ; ' I ‘----.`--- '.- - A \ \'\ :: ',' e, , i ..-e!p a .i 4,l E S 4 ,-. • . ,-,\,\_,_..._ 1 ( - 1 , - --, ••••...... J.: ~- .., :-:,.. ~...\ , • r ez ~„.„, " -... ' ) 1 i,•,:-...k '\ / 4 \ \ :.7% . , :;,,, \:?, / ) I 1 • t I \ • t .., i 1 . Ne S _. _ J '...1 , \,-- •, . .-- ' l / 4 ,--. i v , 1.. = - : -- ':!", ss „ ' '' - 's. '`, • „ s',,x I ' ZIA, ~..,., ~., ..._..-.. 2 :'\'''..\\* . i. .............i.a".. / loniil iiizh ..„7. : .: ::.......,„44,5e.55,..... c,, s: 7,,, 1 1 1: \\,...... rliztid a 1.4 -? I 1 7-, 1 - -1\ " .‘ 1 _ Pi., rs \ ; .6. 4,.._ • ---.......74Ye ' ...1 _/..........\--- , -- li -.. „-- • „.... 1" i i , I B t ) ... ‘,......:___ _-- 1 , • .e. ~ A N ......5. „ - -j \c 9 ' .l ''''' '...,..‘" - .• ' - . 4 . ,. N 1 —... 1,-..j---' 1\ : " :13 - I,filli:re‘ • \ .... ° 2 : CI 1 •(:',,... .) ''. . •\' L ) .[•:, i i ! C .. i 7, • ' / 7 . /.. P 4 1- L , I B 1 I \ , , ___,_. ,-3•, 1-_,. .-- \ - el .---..„( ....._,.....,___ _ ,-- . si a .\\ N...._ \ ' '. ---.\<.4s - ...: , -...7- •-t- l• T. , - • - Irv , ' re .4 . 1 .- ~ ,r \ ri - A ,\,- . f. i F ..; _j___, ,- 4 ,-----; 1 ...z .k. • _ ... k. -....__1 c - == .l ` - r.-- ------ \ N 1 . S ,FE: 0 \ •-, I , . „...‘, ___ ....x. ~ 1 oloultan_ ' s " --- ---1 ---- --....\—_-- ..„ - ......_ i \ V s i- 1 - - -, A - -.7,,E : 7 - c" N " --,.... 7,______ c. c .... 5 . 7 - Ttie - lil , I i -,_:_----.---._ .......---:, _ . 7 _, A • , 4---- -. _--- - ,-6 )- \ \ I / 0T AI 11, :•.-.- ~,,,, ,q 3 (: .2---- --. .... • ..- = ' \------" ,\l \ \\ ! - .:3 , I • : :•7: - , , -....„, --- - i-:::: ';- 11 .' V ----**- r u ---c 0 iv -I';'PAUL I: - -- - 1 'i - t- 1 1 I --•-. '7.P. .1 .- -, ~,, ~.. irely,tt , ~• 7 .N ll . ; -...... , t.,:-,_ . .. G' . - --,-....... _ -',",- -- ' •=_,--.__ , i i/ 1 •i .' %._ .. * Delhi --- - _ . ._ ...... e'' -- 1 -1.-- ' -. , ~. .....,.. .---.„ •"*. N '') - .... ......„. V-- 7 - -- -.::=1-r-- -- - 7.. - . -- .• .......... ,e ---- % •-• _ / ...... -.7-----._.- . i :-.:-- „. ( ------------- /1 ' - 1 ,,...... , - ...:72 7-. -' - ' 0 0C HIS TAN ..- -- ri -- , • --„, .„ .... . ....„." , _ . 7 1 • ...a- •-1 I . -• 1 i 7............... \_ \ 1 i1" 1- ..\\\\ Th ...___, . . „../7 - - - tf.. Z ,. , \ i i til : . c \ -'s-5.....g • -- -1 , ~.., •.' -7- --..., e t 2 1 -- ... . -: ~- -,-. 72-..., ' 4. ,' • i - - , .._--- 1 . 8,: 16 7 R. Gang''' s *--- 7 V .-.--- _. -- -- ----- ‘' - -- ‘ ......... _ _ .... .......... 2-:'-'''-'-. . -.- - -- ..- '.‘ 'I T ‘ ..----------s i ,I . -s z. t/1 L -- CI;.:// //‘ ‘- i- - ..._ r .: . 1 -' k -....... '''' .7 . ..., .. ................. f .." . , -___. ---../V,l6'Zisi . G ''..-„,,----7. NI • : '. ••• _._ i •• ... • ‘-t4 .- / ' .... ...... ...... .. .r...„ . •••••• .._.. .... _.... ..... --...'• .... ... •,-..- ---..--.......... OA .7=-- ‘, _ 1' ::--- ..,--: ~.. • . -.....- . --- --- --- ---". k _.. 1 1 ---. " .----- ....1-1. , • r. . • Q • <4, • .' . . -.ls s , 1 i'k ..., 3, , - - --- . • _.. ..:-.,.:-..; ---- -f• . :-7 - . ,-, 5 ----- - - n- s . . () N \ . ........,--- \ .c ....: . , , _ , . . . . . . . .. ._.. " / : \ _.. ai . . .- - -,,- s 5. .. __. ,-- - - •: 7 ...,,;, .... . . . . ‘, . 4- - -2 - 4 r: 7 7- k . 1 N . 1,. . . s t NN :,,, _. , ,:`-.f ' • 3 ( 1 .." 1 1 -? , , s --- ' 7". s l / 4\ .' .---- c ----.. \1, i' ,-----,„, , _..... ‹ ,, t. \,. —. -- .___.: ~:, . * r ... _. - - ,r,k..w_ - .:"__ ..,„.•••.- ~ ~, -'4llllll . :iir.Z .'S '''-.:9 ,----. `"--- k" - Z; ', . _ -..w_ t: t e , -.-- • I'T ‘ - ' - .' '. -- - --12 ._ - -: --;-----e : - -- s-3.-- - f I F 1 1 (4 • /, - arts lu Bov,toy I'i4i ;!I~•%~s • S 100 0 A Y ~j ~~ , .0 , ""tiati,; t l4 -mieur t l ,, h 'st , gee; kt._and ~ 7 ,F t" 1 ' i " ' i . '. ' ' 'A \ / • ' f \ ) \ 1 1 f k 1t ,/ : \---:-) 1 - • 7 0 I ' .'T \ • 0 11Pt *ll jll\\ - ollYp, A\, w , , '.\11,4) ', 7 sk: \, \ 1 1 it kt ., V // _..„,-,litlV, gt;'. • Ai•(),\V\l' „IA ,1 - \-- •• 0 \ \\,\, \oN,..ti l :, , -c •''-' , i . \O l \ N, OLIN I I \,,,...„---•.; \\ ' 1 0 11 , Li- ', , \ ,•:.... ,„.•‘ \\ It, ;r; . • --,.., • i , r. \ 4 .,;; ~ li- L a !\ 1 01 ,, i L,,,§ . .;,./ 1 4 ,/.//... \IV, m , . . 1 —,.._ - --- 11 - 1 1 , iiivi 1 1 - ,471, i ii,f,.. t, , wit ) - 4.411.)---'l l ' i ll fil;, _I- . ~~~ CAUB UL. • -•••_`„,we..7.sze ,- - -- -- , - -- , i.lti , il , ',,, 7 ---- . • .: , '.. \ _ ......,. . - iM )f) - -7 - - Stra't cf . _--- - - _ _ Ac • •-•_-_,-------,-- lit WPM: , . ___ Bub el Mandeb --t --7-- ' - f - .4. -- ; - .7-f - __' : ~...7:- ; • tupktio 1., •: • : i ---.-•-„,..,..„:.:,; ~ ~,,,,.0.11, : t; 9: ', -..._ t-tb slid tv , i ' - ~. . I (pli•grOt fitft but. socof•ra 1 „ nil ( ' ~, .' , \\.. \ .. \ ~,,,, „ thi , ti; \ A O • ~,.:--- , ••• 7;, - - - -, , \ --,- ,-- / - 7 - 77 ---, :: 7 . - ;.' --.. \ \ 1 1 (•\i'l, \ ~ k,,k , \,. . \\\ ir • . .-7„________ ;_ _ :o ..-,------ - #,('•:,.-\ \\•\ \\ . 0: .- - .. 2N ,.<,w7 , v \. . -.,\. -• . \ . \ \A..\\ ' k \,,.\\\ \\ \ k\ N \ 50 , . . --7 - j e j " -- - - -f: ~., 1 , ...! ., • .." - ---; - ,,,07. r i' 1 ,7, - --3- ,, ,:•*%.,-,....,. k "\\tiz,-- : , ..,.., .---,,, --___________ ..›. , \... H 11.1 11 1 :.-' • 2 ‘-‘,\ `,. ,s-- - -t'i.,_,, - - . - ,'.'l 1 ! 4 _ '. 7.- -, t -,., , k , -,:--7::; - --. : ,/,,' -.,--..----=-----.-----..., ----- —..A 'k \ \ . N - : , '3,,,• • '-,--.-„ s '::: , \ ..; , s. ~,, - 4 •, . 1 ` .. ,i/ - 7-4.----..,- , ; \-___,-'\\ -,----, ~,' t o ~,,' • . - 01, .fr ''•-' ' ~ -..-1 7 k . ii ,.. -,7 .."---- ',„- - --N.:_-_,7 .-- - - ,,1 , • ,>-- i - A - i - ji ... - ,l', , iti i". .1 i;,,,,.' ' 'N:''''' ik..',,,_N '''• 1- ' , ..\ ' ''''' ~. ( • ,--T-7/ 17 ... 1 - . - --"'://: s . 11, , • .. 4 177_?, - - ...... -'.% ' ',,,‘,‘. '....,,, \ ‘ 4 .. , ...e ...... .• ,7 4 4 , ---r - P , . Aik.jo. „.- - -..., /------' , ~... . l. ._ ; ,:,,, ~ . ..__,_ „,...,..... , k ~._______• -,,,, /- _...._ __.. _!_,_ , -•,,,..._.,,@_._ - - ~,,4- ~,, - .;.:.,, --------;.„ ~., / ((' 'A \;\ \ •, ' -:,'. --- \ - 7 -- *::`,, z -- ' _::..-_. • -'-. '‘.--'' 17±.& ..143ati, _____ N , r- -=-- ----/...,_______.." . ------- - ...---,-f:n7-rt., , , , , ..... F - ---- _ _ 7- ---- i l 7,,-- '''''(`' 4 1, 1 ~-.... •~-~ (---4c_lii, r 1 :( „,, ii - ~ . 4' i -- ',O /11 11'i ///1-.) \ 7 \ ' r' .. ' I • * \ ''\\Vl' J i • ' VI li l' lill •r,! i , l, / , k,\ \\ \\k ~. ,i-.!i1..,_. • „ „, ,:. , i ,,,,- ~, \.„,,,•, , ~-,,,,,,.._.„ ,\ , i• i ,„., O . : i i H t . 0' . r r\ s l i' , . , i t 0; :-.,:,‘ ‘,.',,,\ i I 11 l ll t i ---- i ! I ,‘ • - - ' ' <- • \ ."' 14 I V. .1-.. . , ,\ 1 //: V 1 1 1 ; \ S A V \ 4 , \ • ilt - \\, 7 - -" 7, ~,, . 1 - t 11 ' .vii i i ii I ~~>> NEE. - • . G ; N -__ . .___. .....„ B L \ ...,-,-... ---- 1 1.... N .-.... : "":""...., '.\ \ . -- z /4, 7.._ -- - , - • -,.- MS' 4 4ndmanIA a .--._ -., ----- ',lands V - 4 - . ~.....----_ it . --, - —:----- .-----_____. i. :' to 11 11' ) ) it ~ 3 ea - as , i i . . 1 , ' , , 0 1 i I 1 2 ...-.......0:.........'""-.....-.._--,-+- 'o . .......A I )it 1 I s ......./ 1 t 1 I! I 1 1 ' 0 ola ...".."111.--- 1 , 01110 ,• ;.. , ....• _ ... e i i .... r —ill i,„_,___' ' ill • 1 ! r l i fill ____ „.......... ,e,:..." . :.,---- - :'''''------, / - NOM\ • ieivifg \ ' ...-----------,---- ----- - -.-,---= ; .......---= .." ---,,' ... , ----- f _:_-- - - -- ________....,_ i _,__ ; :__ ,;, ---_,„ igl ) ~ . ~ ~,,.•_,_,.......__,__,- „,-.,_ ..... 1 ,:, -------w,------.4-._____, ...._ „,,.,_____„....___, _-_•"" '__-___:..,=-- ": 6, .....0 icT k 1 ~ _:-..•-_ __,;_, ---z-7--,,-;----_.=4---2,---w---_--:_-_______z__—__ ... - L7--: , , i.,' A- - -ii \ \‘ikk \ . 1 . . T .,„: ,e3-- _:---'-:--_:--------__-__=l"-----'-_ll-1------- ----=-------- 1 ',A l'‘'' •\\ \. II . ‘ _ -='_ _ ..-,-- -----...--,---_-_--.----- - - 1 . - - 1.-_ ----.--- , •_ , ,-•?•':---.=,7,717 ---- _---------_ ----_- ..,. • 1 1 -' =- : - ff - r- - 7 -- Z, ----------- - ----- - -- -I= ---- - - -=" - _____,.:4-- -- =., NTH I T ef f .,.. --.--- 1 ) , - - -fiiq7 7, ---- - _______ - i -1 ; r i , -.,--* :-.. ......,,,..,..,,_-.--..=-_-_-----_-_-,--- _____.--....„ ---... -___ ~ , --------...----- 2.----:,;-.....1_1.'.15,..:::i134.27".,luitl,,\---17-, -7.,......t7itlTTitit'::aN' \\ \II ..... •....„, r -,..____ 7 ;...........,..„ .Z. 7, „. N I) ) ) 1 s - \ ...\ .. ‘ . , \ l' 26lA i l li lliA t . .. -- : GITUZNEE. • ...- __- Arcot I _a ,:,, ,^ '+ INDIA, PERSIA, AND A PFG IT AN IST AN. Ely/1211. It has generally been the guiding characteristic of British Governments, and the distinguishing mark of heir high, philanthropic; and abiding policy, to refrain for• engaging themselves in war, bloodshed, or provoca- N., us leading to either, up to the cxtremest moment that it ould so do, compatible with its weal and glory ; and this to an'extent that has almost carried out the principle involsed in the dictum of Cicero s that " lie preferred an unjust peace to a just war." National honour, however, becomes in some cases so entrammelled in ad ver. e events, that recourse to arms is as unavoidable as it is to be recommended ; and when aggression proceeds fro-n 'the opposing party, and violation of sacred and long fotwded rights, persons, or institutions, attaches to their pfslitical conduct, the wounded sense of British autho ri y and right cannot reasonably submit to the injury ofi Ted, nor the arm of vindication rest quiet. Our As. %tic wars have undeviatingly been wars of compul shin. Of all, which during the last half cycle of a cen tury, have engaged British arms in India, none can be insts„aced in which our opponents have not been the pre eipit sting, parties ; the transactions of Seringapatam and Nun spore, with a cluster of others referable to the same period, bOar ample testimony to the fact ; and subseqiient wars in • Burrnah, the Nepaulese ter ritory, and • finally that which now engages us in 11 . _;Iinistan, come under the same declaration. The p.ent War • is, upon our part, most virtually one of L e t sSsity: and perceiving, therefore, that non- avoidance o' bloodshed is a point which British authority, not:- with: tanding its pacific desires ; has' been unable to pre vent or: - over-ruk, and that war must inevitably prevail, the only choice left -to every true Englishman is, that the arms and expeditions of his country, which are either nos' on .envoy to• the seat -Of war, or some of which are perchance at-this moment engaged in contests, of the cha raster of whose • fierceness and immitigability there can be doubt, ma ay be,crowned, in consonance with the as pirations -of every patriotic heart, with those successes and victories which heretofore, under the guidance of Providence, have so often attended on our enterprises sibroad. At such a time, therefore, desire cannot fail to be atr: ad in the minds of man to be acquainted with the localities in which the torch of warfare-burns, as well as its topographical and political relations to- the various kingdoms adjoining ; and the accom panyinNtap, brnnght out and prepared under the accurate eye and e,.7e Of Tar. 'Wyk', of Charing-cross , famish these re- qu'sitions in every satisfactory pointslivasv. The roads of Candahar, Peshawur, ; - P''''tan:l,s' , - , as those also bear ing on Khelat, Peshoot,,Lshore, and i t V ar i ety of other • -es bat more I' especially the I nuit - Lit:sin-passe s of jol!alabad, where eur ceuatryme a hav,e .beon sla ug htered by thonsa.utis-,-have already become stahael and me morable spots in the archives of history and doubtl ess a si;ird at present but inconsiderable samples at mo s t o f %stint may be surmised as hereafter . destined to occur.' BRITISH INDIA. ZCIUNDILUZZS Oa' T:;111 .13.R.1175ti POWER. rig• T' Jii 3:111.S T. • Among the greatest phenomena in the history of the ‘• o71:1 may, undoubtedly, be reckoned the British emr ire in the East Indies. This empire has, within a single century, risen from the humble rank of a trading factory . to an mpire of morel'ihan 140,000,000 inhabitants, includ ing those who, though under their own Princes, obey the British power, and which extends o--er 1.250,000 English square miles of the most fertile p trt of the surface of the earth (from 8 deg. latitude to I.sdcg., and f rom 68 deg. Jongitude- to. 92_ t' nd c onsequently contains a polar altitude, the same as fi om Mess= to Torneo, and a breadth as from Lisbon to Smolensk, which shows that it cannot be compared to anything in Europe, either as to size or population, any more than in difference of climate and temperature, but that it must be compared with Europe itself. This empire has within its boundaries, the Ghauts and Himalaya mountains, always covered with ice. which rise, the former 13,000, the latter 27,000 feet above the sea level. It is intersected by rivers, each of which, like the Indus, Jumna, Sutledge, Ganges, and Bur hampootra, offers a navigation of not less than 1,200 English miles, and the two last-mentioned, during certain, months, pour into the Bay of Bengal a mass of water con taining more than 1,000,000,000 cubic feet in one hour. I It has for its defence a standing army excellently dis ciplined, and considerably greater than that of Austria, and a revenue half as large again as Russia. Within its boundaries there are towns which, like Calcutta, have a population of a million : others which, like Delhi, Agra, Benares, Lucknow, and Poonith, reckon from 300,000 to 500,000 inhabitants : and others again —Madras and Bombay, which carry on a trade greater than that of ancient Carthage, Venice, or Genoa, during their most flourishing periods. It has kings as vassals, with a greater number of subjects than Naples ; of dynasties older than the Bourbons, and the emperor in Hindostan, the descendant of Tamerlane (Timour Khan) the Great Mogul, 'sits still on his golden throne, in Delhi, sur rounded by all the grandeur of the East, himself only a prisoner in the power of the British. BE.XTXSZTIGOVERNIVIMNT IN INDIA. LORD CLIVE'S ADMINISTRATION. The history of the steps by which the British power arrived at its present vast dominion in India is difficult of compression, but we shortly proceed to notice the leading points. The Company for some time were little More than an associatedibody of private adventurers, the Governor and Directors merely receiving the funds con tribUted by each individual, managing them according to his suggestion, and accounting to him for the pro ceeds But in 1612, the merchants united into a joint stock Company, and the whole was placed under the control of Directors. New commercial associations also gradually grew up, and combined together, till in 1655, its proprietors were empowered by Cromwell to resume a separate commerce. During a course of years from this date, the Company, though under embarrass ment , were enabled to extend their commerce, owing to the general prosperity of the coun try ; and in 1693 procured a charter from he Crown' to extend their capital to double its former amount. In 1730 a strenuous effort was made, by peti tions from the chief mercantile towns, to have the Indian trade thrown open to tho nation, but the Compan yde feated this measure. Trade at this time had rapidly in creased, and attained to strength and power. But the period Was now come when the mercantile characte r of the East India Company was to be eclipsed by its achieVements as a military power, and by the magnitude of their conquests. The ancient Mogul Princes court d, in the dissensions which arose among them from time to time, alternately the alliance and support of the French or English India Companies, and these bodies turned their quarrels to different accounts ; upon which the struggle soon came to be which of the two should become the um pires of India. The affairs of the French were managed with able conduct by La Bourdonnais, Dupleix, a and • Lally ; bat though victory seemed inclined to lean at first to the French and their allies, the English affairs were effectually retrieved by the extra ordinary talents and address of Colonel, afterwards Lord Clive. Having succeeded in humbling the French power in the vicinity of Madras, Clive landed at Cal cutta in 1757, in order to chastise the Soubandar Suraiah-ul-Dowl a h, who had a short while before at tacked. the English factory at that place, and inhumanly shut up 146 Englishmen in a prison, where, owing to the excessive heat and want of water, 123 perished in a single night. Chve had only 700 European troops, and 1,400 Sepoys with him when he landed; with these and 570 sailors furnished by the fleet, he did not hesitate to attack the immense army command ed by the Soubandar, and totally defeated him in the famous battle of Plassy. This victory threw the whole provinces of Bengal, I;ehar, and Orissa into our hands ; and they were finally ceded to us by the treaty negotiated in 1765. ADMINISTRATION OF MR. HASTINGS. The administration of Mr. Hastings was one continued scene of war, negotiation, and intrigue. Severe financial distress pressed upon him on his entry on the Govern ment. The spoil of the Rajah of Benares—the putting to the torture the two aged ladies, who were the reign ing Nabob's mother and grandmother, to force them to deliver up their hoards, and by which he extracted from them nearly half a million sterling, are historical circum stances too well known to need farther particularization. His celebrated trial took place in the February of 1788. ADMINISTRATION OF THE MARQUIS CORNWALLIS. During the administration of the Marquis Cornwallis, who succeeded Mr. Hastings, Tippoo Saib, the son of Hyder Ali, was stripped of nearly half his dominions, and the Company's territorial revenue greatly increased. Lord Cornwallis was accounted generally a friend to the people of India, and laboured earnestly, if not always successfully, to promote their interests, which he well knew were identified with those of the British nation. MARQUIS OF WELLESLEY'S ADMINISTRATION. During the administration of the Marquis of Welles ivy, which began in 1797-8 and terminated in 1805.6, the British empire in India was augmented by the con quest of Seringapatam and the whole territories of Tippoo Saib, the cession of large tracts by the Mahratta chiefs, the capture of Delhi, the ancient seat of the Mogul empire, and various other important acquisitions. POPULATION OF THE TERRITORIES IN nitrrisn INDIA. The following estimate is from the Parliamentary returns :—The Presidency of Bengal, on a surface of 220,312 square miles, contains a population of 69,710,071 inhabitants ; Madras and Bombay, with the districts, the population of which is doubtful, amount to 19,759,081 inhabitants, on a superficies of 291,611 square miles. The whole, therefore, do not much exceed 90,000,000. The territory of the allied or protected, that is, the sub ject states, is estimated at 614,610 square miles ; their population, however, is not supposed nearly equal to that of the territories under the immediate govern ' ment of the country. The best estimate is as fol lows :—The Nizam, 10,000,000 ; the Naoor Rajah, 3,000,000 ; the King of Oud e , 3,000,000 ; tie Quickwar, 2,000,000 ; the Sattarah Rajah, 1,500,000 ; the Mysore Rajah, 3,000,000 ; Travancore and Cochin, 1,000,000 ; Kotah, Boondee, and Bopaul, 1,500,000 ; Rajpoot and other petty States, 15,000,000 ; giving a population of 40,000,000 souls. Of the States that remain indepen dent, the fairest calculation arrived at is , this : Sindia, 4,000,000 ; Lahore, late under Runjeet Singh's rule, 3,003,000; Scinde, 1,000,000; Nopaul, 2,000,000 ; Cash mere and other districts belonging to the King of Caubul, 1,000,000 ; making a total of 11,000,000 souls. This, therefore, gives for the whole of British India, a popu lation of upwards of 140,000,000. nmpiluz. This extensive country of Hindostan is bounded to the north by the great mountain wall of the Himalayas, which separates it from Thibet ; to the south the Ne paul territory reaches about twenty miles beyond the base of the mountains into the plains, being bounded by the provinces of Delhi, Oude, Behar, and Bengal, with the exception of about 60 miles of territory belonging to the Nabob of Oude, which intervene ; to the east the river Mitchce separates Nepaul from the British terri tories, and thence it is bounded by the principality of Sitlkim, which extends to the Chinese frontier. This estimate includes the conquests of the Ghoorkas made within the last 60 years. The Alpine region belonging to Nepaul is about the same breadth, of 30 or 40 miles from north to south. Scattered peaks are here seen covered with perpetual snow, and the region consists of immense rocks rising into sharp peaks, mid tremendous precipices almost always involved in clouds. So me o f these mountains are estimated to rise 19,960 feet above the valley of Nepal The Nepaulese give the most exaggerated accounts of their own population ; they reckon their population by houses ; to Patan, their largest town, they assign 24,000 houses, to Bhatzong 22,000, and to Catmandoo, 18,000. This would give a population Of 64,000. There are besides, many large villages and towns scattered about Kirtee-poor, contain ing 12,000 houses, besides a multitude of others contain ing from 4,000 to 6,000 houses, all within the valley of Nepaul. But this gives a population that sets proba bility at defiance. Kirkpatrick's estimate lowers the population of Nepaul to half a million of souls. With regard to the military, the whole of the people are subject to service in times of danger, though they are not regularly trained. But there is a standing army dispersed over the country, besides a large force always in the capital, amounting to 30,000 or 35,000 troops : these are regularly trained, and officered like European troops, and affect their dress and arms. The Govern ment of Nepaul is essentially a despotism, and is good or bad according to the character of the reigning prince. The public revenue is derived from land rents, customs, fines of various sorts, and from mines. According to an observant traveler, however, and who sreaks from good authority, the revenue actually remitted to Catmandoo never exceeded 30 Lacs of rupees (35,0001.), but it some times fell to 25 Ines. The trade must be stated as far from extensive, but would be so if conducted under proper regulations. BURMILH. The Burmese territories, according to their settlement since recent conquests, may be estimated at an extent in breadth of about 350 miles, and in length of nearly 700. 'The area of the country is conjectured to contain 184,000 square miles ; that portion of the kingdom farthest re moved from the capital is divided into provinces or royalties, but of the extent or power of their rulers little is known. Another and More common division is into myos or townships, of w hi ch, accor di ng t o na t ive state ments, 4,600 are cont a i ne d w i th i n t h e li m it s o f th e Bur mese empire ; but th e truest con j ecture , p er h a p s , is th a t which r e d uces th e number of townsh i ps to 163, an d t h e villages to 1,300. The Burmese territory is watered by four great streams, namely, the Irrawaddy ; the Setang, called a l so t h e Lokiang ; the Saluem, called also the Pegu ; and the Kyen-dwen, a tributary of the Irrawaddy, is the only low-lyng po r ti on of the Burmese territories; this tract extend s a l ong the Indian Ocean a b out 240 miles, from Cape i The tract along the sea-coast Negrai s to the new British settlement of Amherst, near Alartaban and at the mouth of the river Saluem. All t hi s coast is low, marshy, and broken by at least twenty channels of rivers, or arms of the sea, but these are choked by sand-bank 4 and cannot be en ured by any vessel of burden ; hence there are only on the coast the three harbours of Martaban, Rangoon, and Bassein. The most considerable tribes of Burmah are the ! roper Burmans, the Pegu ans , and Talains, the Shans, or people of Lao, th e C assay or' Kathe, the Zubaing, the Karens, the Kyens, the Yo, and the Laira. The popu lation has been grossly exaggerated by the ignorance of Europeans, who have raised it to 17,000,000, 19,000,000, I and even 33,000,000 ; on the best data, however, it appears reasonable to infer the true number to he 2,414,000. The taxes from which the public revenue arises are in general rude and ill-contrived expedients for extortion: one of the most common is a house-tax on the cultivation of the soil. The internal tr a d e o f t h e coun t r y cen tr e s c hi e fl y in Ava, the capital, and the seaports of Rangoon, Tongo, and Bassein. One of the most important branches is that carried on with the Chinese province of Yunan, in a course of annual fairs, the chief of which is held at Bhamo : the y a early value o f thi s t r ade is estimated to be from 400,0001. to 700,00 sterling. The foreign trade of the kingdom, carried on chiefly through the central port of Rangoon, is with Chittagong, Dacca, and Cal cutta, in Bengal ; the Nicobar Islands and Penang ; also occasionally with Bombay, and with the Persian and Arabian Gulf. Gold and silver, a mong the exports, espe cially from Bassein • and by the overland route of Arra, can, amount to the annual value of 65,0001. The principal imports are cotton piece goods. The . ternal trade in the low country, where there are scarcely any roads, is carried on mostly by the rivers and canals, and the Irrawaddy is .navigated by vessels of 100 tons burden. The Burmese army is recruited from the whole male population of the country, who are at the abso lute disposal of the King, for war or any other purpose ; but there is no fixed plan for calling out this conscrip tion, which is brought together like a mere rabble, without discipline or valour. From their success against all neighbouring tribes they embarked in a war with the British ; but the entire destruction of a corps of 1,000 men at Rangoon, the subsequent assault of the Burman lines,, and the retreat of the army to Donabew, entirely dissipated their confidence. The Burmese are but in differently armed, with clumsy two-handed swords, spears, matchlocks, and old European muskets, with brass and iron cannon purchased from strangers. Since the conquest of Cassay or Munnipore, the Burmese have maintained a body of cavalry, chiefly composed of the Cassay horsemen, who act as a body-guard to the King; they are provided with a spear about seven or eight feet long, which they manage with great dexterity. The peace establishment of the Sovereign of Ava is limited ; and Symes mentions that he could never observe any assemblage of more than 2,000 troops in the capital. Ava, the capital is not supposed to contain more than 50,000 inhabitants, perhaps half that would be nearer the truth ; the district of Ummerapoora which includes an area of 288 miles, contains according to the most ac curate estimate 354,200 inhabitants. THE HZ 41,1 H ILOAXIS or ASIA. The high table-land of Iran, which may be termed the Highlands of Wcstern Asia, in opposition to the deep plains which arc adjacent to it on the north-east, called the Turan, extends from the upper Indus through all Western Asia, to the shores of the Grecian Archipelago. Its centre is occupied by Persia, over its western parts extends the dominion of the Turks, and its eastern divi sion contains Affghanistan : this region attains its greatest elevation in the table-land of Khelat, which rises, according to one estimate 7,000 feet above sea level. Its eastern and extremely rapid descent toward the valley of the river Indus, which is formed by steep rocks, and feeds no rivers, is without cultivation, and without roads, except one. This road is that which be gins at Candahar, through Pisheen, Kwettah, and Baugh, to Shikarpoor. The northern edge of Western Asia, which extends along the southern shores of the Caspian Sea and the deep plains of Bukharia, is historically famous for con taining the Bactrian, Parthian, Hyrcanian, and Caspian mountain passes, which are narrow defiles, and are everywhere the abode of warlike mountain tribes. The caravans, which travel eastward to India and Bukharia, and westward by Tauris (Tabreez) to - Armenia and Asia Minor, are obliged to pass throtigh these mountain passes, which form the southern side of its mountainous boundary girdle. Along the great road, which is invariably fixed to this tract by the nature of the surface on the northern boundary of the table-land, there rise numerous great emporiums. Here we find the towns of Caubul, Canda har, Herat, Meshed, Nishapoor, Teheran, Rai, Casbin, and Tauris. The Southern border of the table land of Iran is dis tinctly marked by nature. It is separated from the low and narrow coast, and the plains watered by the Tigris and Euphrates, by a broad mountain tract, which begins at the mouth of the Indus, and extends to where those rivers enter the low plains. This mountain tract con sists of seven ridges, which rise like terraces, from the low coast, higher and higher. Beyond them extend the wide table-lands. There are but few mountain passes leading through the natural entrenchment of Persia, a ciountry which, on this account, may be considered as a fortress erected by nature fel- the defence of the nations which inhabit it. Among these narrow mountain passes which lead from the sultry low coast, called the Gurinsir, or warm region, through the great s t a i rcase o f moun t a in terraces to the' cool table-land in the interior, called Sirlind, three reels hare acquired some celebrity in his tory, which may be divided under the names of the eastern, middle, and western mountain roads. THE EASTERN MOUNTAIN ROAD.--This higb-rOaCI of Asia begins at the harbour of Bender Abassi or Gam . broon, near the entrance of the Gulf of Persia, and leads northward to Kirwan, the ancient Karamania, situated on the cool table-land, on a spot which abounds Si ith springs arid fruit-trees, but surrounded by desert plains, in which, Oasis-like, it lies in the midst of the Lybian Sahara. From Gambroon a road also leads past Lar to Shiraz. THE : MIDDLE 'MOUNTAIN ROAD.—`This road begins at the town of Bushire, on the shores of the Persian Gulf, and leads first over a lower ridge to Kazrun, near Shalipoor, the residence of the Sassanidm (of King Sapor 1., A.D. 2400 which is situated in the first valley; from this point it passes over a rocky mountain to Shiraz, once the residence of the Arabian Caliphs, which is built in a wider and richer valley ; farther, through winding mountain roads and narrow ravines, to the valley in which the ruins of Persepolis still excite •our admiration. From these ruins the road, in a northern direction, again tra verses some narrow passes, through- high rocks, which are full of monuments of the early ages of Persia, till at last it issues out of the mountain region, and enters the extensive table-land on which Ispahan is built, the re sidenca of the Sufi dynasty. Tl:e residence towns of these different dynasties have been built on the fields of battle, • where signal victories were obtained, and are placed at the openings of the most difficult mountain passes, full of narrow defiles. The Arabs were obliged to pass this difficult road on their way to Persepolis, and this has likewiSe been the route of modern travellers who have entered the inland provinces of Persia from the Persian Gulf. The Macedonians, under Alexander, and after them Timour, made their way from the banks of the Maroon to Persepolis, up the valley of the Jerahi, and by the pass of Kalat-i-Sefid. THE WESTERN MOUNTAIN ROAD.—This road, which lies to the north-west of the former, may be called the Median, in opposition to the Persian, which passes through Persepolis. Beginning at or near the modern Bagdad, it passes through the Mediae Pylte of the moun tain range called Zagros, runs by Kermanshaw, Besit toon, and the remains of the temple at Kungavur, and terminates at Hamadan, the ancient Ectabana in Media. This road, like the preceding, presents many historical monuments, and it crosses the upper course of the rivers which flow through the low lands of Susiana. INDIAN TRADE or PERSIA. Persia exports to India specie, dried fruits, date s , to bacco, wine, drugs, raw silk, carpets, swords, combs, &c. Horses form a considerable article of export to India. They are sent by sea from Busbire; whore they are collected from the breeding districts in the southern provinces of Persia, and from lihorassan and the north-east ern dis tricts by land through Affghanistan and the Punjab ; and they serve for mounting the Indian cavalry, and supplying the great private demand for riding hors 6 by the British in India. The imports from India are cotton goods, chintzes, and muslins, from Alasulipatam, Moultan, Luckno‘i, Futtighur, Delhi, and other places. Persia receives from . India indigo, which comes chiefly by sea, by the way of Bushire, or by land through Affghanistan, or Balk, to Bukhari a , and thence by Herat to Persia. Spices are also amon gs t the Indian imports. as well as sugar and sugar-candy, the import of which forms one of the most important branches of 'trade between the two countries. The province of Alazanderan yields a coarse sugar, and there are many parts of Persia fitted for the growth of this article, yet the country d epen d s chiefly on India for its I supply. -7VIITATART POUCE OP PEIESLEI. There is no regular Body of trained soldiers in Persia, but merely irregular leVies, fitted for the species of war fare in which they are generally engaged. Every pro vince ought to maintain a certain number of men, armed and mounted, and ready to take the field ; this is the_na tional force of Persia. The number of the registered militia is estimated at 150,000 men. The Persians assert that of the chiefs of tribes the King can command the thi s services of 80,000 of their irregular troops, hut wee's' assertion is barely borne out by fact. Some pr o o f the famed for their irregular troop s , serve a s nurserie s ia ja army. The land-tax of Mazanderan is chiefly p a bad, military service. and this provin ce , i n cluding -A st ol eo , maintains nominally 12,000 foot and 4,000 bonsco o, ready at a call. The only perm a n e ntly embodie d c o. liiirwever, is the body-guard of the King, or the 4,000 ht urns ; their number amounts to from 3,00 0 ° l ,,ioci‘ s men ; they are mounted, and a r me d with mate old ms ords. CAUBUL. or POP 1.727,11.17.0 N OF THE KINGDOM CAUBUL. e ifi l ' The diGrent nations who are spread over t., l ' uhti l, mense tract of .country known as the kingdom of Li co ir amount, ,on•the whole, to about 14 millions, kingdom} .. :,..., tribute to the copulation in the following roportielP p „ Afghans 4,300,00 Beloochees Tartars of all description s 1,2 00,000 Persians (including Taujiks) Miscellaneous tribes. 21017:11%1311111M3 0.7 Trzz X= 2B l o ' 71 g:°0°0°0 Or CILUBU.L. A D eng The limits of Caubul are diffi cu lt to fix, but 11 . -c : l ich the test made use of by the Asiatics themselves, ver a ll considers the King's sovereignty as extendingloir • the countries in which th e Khootba (that part otr for ) is hommeclan service in which the King is pray e d ~,,5 0 read, and the money co i ne d i n hi s name, th . li tu d . o kingdom extends f rom th e wes t o f Herat, in loofor 62 deg., to the eastern boundary of Cashmere, jo, ~ in tude 77 deg. east, and from the mouth of the Dl,_" °- The lat. 24 deg., to the Oxus, in lat. 37 deg. norta.,l t he kingdom is bounded on the east by Hindustan ; t c i esa rt south it has the Persian Gulf ; and on the west. li e ri tier extends along the whole of the frontiers. Its north fro h ick maern it tu d irne b ec y fluou t d h e e d m i O v t i t t n h t i l i t i in t s h o e f th w e e E s t a e s r t n e rpnarCtauoefa t s h u s e : ! n u J o ': ( a i l s re fo ) a ,c r l in a s i i i e ) e r f rm nt e ir d b a y es the ina O r zs it . enAmcpcorredhienngd ~ ,,o : hoitin: .. Afig .1 i t t istan and Se istan, with part of Khorasan and l u c a nbalf 'i Balk, with rokarestaun and Kilan ; liuttore, nor. Candahar, Scinde and Cashmere ; together with Ar - , 3, tion of Lahore, and the greater part of Moultaa• ..0 na C tn a e ubu is l, thethe. ~ me chiefCrrr or CAUBITL. capital ofoAf on the river Caubul, in a 147 plain, filled with villages : low hills surrot!nu, s t he ff th g e h a p n r i o s t v a i three sides, on one of which, to the nortu.,, ' ,j oie King's palace. Also, on another hill near the cuY be d s of it i i :stero l tomb of the Emperor Baber, surrounded by large bo w flowers, and commanding a noble prospect. . - Na r n _Y te d for 3 ptai ns tiful gardens surround the town, which is cileelennlou if is its fine climate, though the proximity of t _ . . n i ts elf 15 causes great variety of temperature. The w o houses, t° not large, but handsome and compact, and the __ kes , are of t i i:l;i:ft ins:at-oend .. avoid the consequences of the frequent earthgena,,, deg., mostly built of wood. Caubul lies in latitud 0 ' 10. min. east, ion. 71 deg. 43 min. hick en sea, compass it on three sides are steep, bare ;l ." is cnr laiinsdcliiteys i i n s aathroinuitig6n,loaorOgtf)eregte.abTosileethhielislaciebil l o ve r u t h ; and are crowned with a long line of wall, 'lieu t ri ra ed ne t n ip w t h h i e c i i r l shiedsesb,otsreemeittisi,eazi talciirsol,ss,ati; vvalZr,,nr°,,..;cienreitito by a int , all ruin. The city itself is surrounded ~:, yr as a defence against the Ghilzies, but it lia : s rh fa b i t i l e t u we Ak I, r other e w in ral i l n , en a c n e d , i l s i a z s h e n o cit d a i d t e e l h , : ; 1 n a d b w e; lah-i-Veringhee, or the European net, and I don in 15 39, curiously became, during the British occupa Around Call of Post Mahomed built a palace, which he for }ailed lire°r°s; the hospital of the 13th Infantry. within courit r Y' ": bid, and indeed throughout the . _,.. i „,i th e y of castled houses, the seats of the.privin.,-_Lu the y hethfiosrtrest. IL of the eduntry, who, from the insecurity' .;‘,..° live ? have all their dwellings strongly foal' ;01, 'I- '`, goarg. , ^`