The Sun. — London, England, 1849-03-12 00:00:00

tendence of Mr. Ransford, assisted by Mr. Fenton, Miss Thornton, and Miss Ransford. Mr. Harker was the toast-master, and acquitted himself with his usual ability. The company did not separate until a late hour. THE LEGAL TITLE ASSURANCE COMPANY. (Provisionally Registered, January 17, 1849.) Capital, 2,000,00 C/., in 80,000 Shares, of 25/. each. Preliminary Deposit, 2s. Gd. per Share Prospectuses and full information may be obtained at the Tempo rary Offices of the Company, 13a,•Cannon.row, Westminster, on ap eaten to G. F. HOWE, Hon. Sec., pro tem. ___.-----. Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols., ADVENTURES of CROMWELL DOOLAN; OR, LIFE IN THE ARMY. By Sir RICHARD LEN'INGE, Bart. Author of " Echoes from the Backwoods." " Sir Richard Levinge has stamped himself by his Cromwell Doo- Jan,' a novelist and a humourist of the first water."—New Monthly. " One of the pleasantest and most spirited novels that have lately appeared. The sketches of Life in the Army are full of point and character." —Morning Herald. Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street. HE. THEATRE The Nobility, Subscribers to the Opera, and the Public, are respectfully informed that this Theatre Will OPEN on TIIURSDAY EVENING next, March 15, being the First Nigkt of the Subscription, when will be presented (for the first time these five years) Rossini's Opera, ' LA CENERENTOLA. The principal parts by Mdlle. Anion' (her first appearance a' this theatre), 3ldlle. Pollonia, and Mme. Grimaldi ; Signori Gardon!, F. Lablache, and Beletti. To conclude with, first time at this Theatre (the Scenery by Mr, Charles Marshall) the celebrated Ballet, entitled LE VIABLE A QUATRE. In which will appear Mdlle. Carlotta Grist, Mdlle Marie Taglioni, and Mine. Petit Stephan, I Mdlle. Carolina Rosati, M. Paul Taglioni, M. Charles, M. Louis D'Or ; Mdlles. Thevenot, Julien, Lamoureux, and Aussandon. Applications for Boxes, Stalls, and Tickets to be mac at the Box. office, Opera Colonnade. QT. JAMES'S THEATRE. Season 1849. FRENCH PLAYS and OPERA COMIQUE. THIS EVENING, The Performances will commence at Half-past Seven o'clock, with LEd MALIIEURS D'UN JOLI GARCON. After which, ACTEON. To conclude with the popular Opera Comique, entitled LE CHALET. Mr. Mitchell begs also to announce that, notwithstanding the in creased expenses of the present entertainment, the prices of admis- Son are determined as follows : Boxes • • ss. Od. Pit Amphitheatre . • .. .• 28. Od. Subscriptions for the season may be arranged at Mr. Mitchell's Royal Library, 33, Old Bond-street ; Mr. Sams', St. James's-street ; Mr. Andrew?, New Bond-street ; and at the Box-office of the Theatre, which is open daily from eleven till flve. EIILATItt; hOYAL, HAYMAItlibi Mr. B. Webster, Sale Lessee and Manager. Old Brompton. During the Recess this Theatre has been re-decorated and embel lished In a superb and costly manner ty Mr Hurwitz. A new Chan delier has been fitted, and the best arrarw,ements have been made for the due Ventilation of the Theatre, and the couitort and convenience of the audience. THIS EVENING, Will be peformed OTIIELLO. Othello, Mr. Charles Kean Jam Yr. J. Wallack ; Desdemona; Mrs. Charles Kean ; Emilia, Miss Laura Addison. To concl de with A SEPARATE MAINTENANCE. THEATRE ROYAL. ADELPIII. ruder the direction of Madame Celeste. During the Recess this Theatre has been entirely re-decorated, the Original designs by Digby Wyatt, Est; , executed by Mr. Sang. A new Stage, Curtain, Act Drop, and Chandelier. An approved sys tem of Ventilation, &c., &c. The Private Iloxes enlarged, Backs added to the Seats, and Stalls rendered mere comfortable. THIS EVENEN. ►ill be performed THE HOP PICKERS. To conclude with COCKNEYS IN CALIFORNIA. noTAL LYCEUM TREAT Kg. Under the Management of Madame Vestris. Rote Lessee. Mr. Charles Mahe n. The public is respectfully informed that this Theatre has, during the recess, undergone very extensive repairs and alterations and th whole re.decorated. TIIIS EVENING Will ho performed a nerr and original petite Comedy, entitled WHO SPEAKS FIRST ? After which, a new Drama, called ♦ ROMANTIC IDEA. To conclude with a Fairy Extravaganza, entitled THE KING OF Mk: PEACOCKS. Characters by Messrs. Harley, John Reeve, ?Selby, 11. Hall, Marshall, and 11. Marshall ; Miss Kathleen Fitzwil- Many, Miss L. Howard, Mrs. Macnamara, Miss Marshall, Miss L. Marshall, Miss Coleman, and Madame Vestris. Dress Coxes, 55.; Upper Boxes, 4s. ; Pit, 2s. ; Gallery, Is. NO half-price to any part of the house. The New Box-office, No. 2, Welllnzton , street, is open to the public every day, from Ten till Six. • PItINCESS'S THEATt:E. Mr. J. M. Maddox, Sole Lessee and Manager. THIS EVENING, Will be performed a new Opera, entitled FRANCESCA DORIA. To conclude with a new grand Pantomime, entitled BLUFF RING HAL; or, Harlequin and 11l 4 Charmed Arrow. Harlequin, 3ir. Bologna; Pantaloon, 31r. Paulo; Clown, Mr. Flexmore ; sprite, Mr. De Barr; Columbine, Miss Fawcett. ASTLEY'S ROYAL AMPHITILEATRE. Proprietor, Mr. W. Batty. Under the Patronage of her Majesty the Queen, his Royal Highness Prince Albert, &c. Mr. Batty respectfully announces that he has entered into an en gagement with the celebrated Amorican Equestrian Young Hernan dez, who has just arrived in this country, and whose talent has gained for him the title of the first rider in the world. He will make his seventh appearance THIS EVENING, The curtain will rise at a Quarter to Seven o'clock precisely to the magnificent Spectacle, by Pitzball, entitled CORASCO ; or, the Warrior's Steed. After which the double Tight-ropes. To be followed by an inimitable display of SCENES IN THE CIRCLE, supportei by the first Equestrian talent •f the day. To conclude with the farce of TIIE DUMB DRIVER.: Box-office open trorn Eleven till Five. Stage 31e.nager, Mr. W. West. TLIE WE:ATM:It—Si:IN OFFICE, Mama 11. THERMOMETER, Lowest, 30, Highest, 41; Noon, 42 BA 9(3ItITEII, 30.49. WIND W.S.W.—fine, cold, sunshiny weather. MARCH 12. TiIERMO3IE7Eit, Lowest, 37; Ilig,}lc3t, 43; Noon, 55 BAROMETER, 30.19. WTND W.—light bre(z and cloudy. MUD WATER AT 1.021D0N 1:1111 ,, E. Tins DAT 59 rnin. after 3 Evenin,, 16 min. after 4 To-Mor.auw—llorning, 33 min. after 4 I Evening, 60 min. after 4 • ~ ~, c 6.1 .4.<•, , ~,, \ ~,,,, qe - . ~. S Z . ' ha it ' lk.'''. fr t• m . 011)eninA, aAllt LONDON, MONDAY, MARCH 12, 1849. The aggressions of the Russian EMPEROR are more than ever justifying the anxieties of the western, or more civilized, portions of Europe. NICHOLAS is at last bringing into operation his sinister designs against Turkey, and, through Turkey, against the democratic races of the continent. His enormous forces are al ready concentrating upon the frontier provinces of Grodno, of Volhynia, of Kherson, and of Podolia. lie has marched auxiliaries into Transylvania. He has forcibly occupied Moldavia with 50,000 troops under Luneß. He has established DuktAattce in Bucharest as his:pro-consul, or Commissary, over the Walla ehians. He has dispatched several regiments to the boundaries of Gallicia, to be in readiness to march directly upon Cracow in the event of any popular de monstration. He has garrisoned the fortified towns of the Szeklers. lie has threatened Bosnia with sub jugation. He has contributed arms to the disaffected Servians. lle has scattered his Propagandists—the Propagandists of Absolutism—throughout Bulgaria. lie has placed his soldiers at the disposal of the des potic successor of RUDOLPH, and has raised the sword of vengeance over the liberal descendant of OSMAN. He has pushed his army forward in one direction to wards Pomerania, and in another towards the Bos phorus. lie has thwarted in every respect the na tional ambition of the Sclavonians, and has converged the whole of his gigantic strength, his force in men and in specie, his intrigue and his insolence, upon the first object of all his aspirations, the great city o f Constantinople. And we are told that Western Europa has no reason to fear the intentions of the Autocrat ! We are assured that the Democratic GDvernments have no cause for jealousy ! It is even said,and said by sensible men, too, that England has no interest sufficiently strong to authorise her in obstructing the progress of the CzAR! It has been maintained very recently by politicians of some eminence that it is of little im portance to Great Britain what events are taking place in the neighbourhood of the Carpathians ; that the Danubian Principalities are too remote to excite any practical sympathy in their misfortunes ; that the Ottoman empire will occupy the same place in regard to ourselves, whether it continues to be the dominion of a Sultan, or degenerates 'into the colony of an Emperor Yet we shall find it by no means difficult to overrule every one of these objections. Recent occurrences have brought very vividly to recollection the prophecy of NAPOLEON, that before half a century had elapsed Europe would either be Cossack or Republican. The alternative is an alter native between freedom and slavery, and the strug gle between the two opposing principles—between Democracy and Absolutism, between Revolution and C ou nter-Revolution — has alr ea d y commenced. 1848 was its first explosion. 18 49 is its d evelopment. Some of the leaders of the people, the most true and the most incorruptible of the friends of Liberty, are sanguine as to the ultimate triute.ph of the democratic principle. Others, the insincere and corruptible declaimers about free government, can only reco gn i se, through the obscurities of the future, the disastrous successes of Despotism. THIEIZS has announced the approach of that time when the Colossus of Russia shall stand triumphantly over Europe, with one foot at the Sound and the other at the Dardanelles, and when Liberty shall have fled in dismay across the THE SUN, LONDON, MONDAY EVENING, MARCH 12, 1849. Atlantic to find shelter in the prairies of Ainerica.* LAMARTINE, on the contrary, has insisted that, na turally, physically, and inevitably, " the slope of Russia is towards the East.t" An intermediate party has wavered between the two extremes, between the excesses of the mob and the excesses of the tyrants, and its members have almost hesitated upon which side they should place the double homage of their alle giance and their confidence. MACAULAY has given a voice to this indecision, where he exclaims, that some have, with deep sorrow, owned that "it might be necessary to sacrifice even liberty to save civiliza tion.% The solution of all these difficulties, and of all this hesitation, may be found, however, in the recent proceedings of the Emperor NlcuoLAs. On the first evening of the present March we gave our readers a rapid, but complete and strictly chrono logical, narrative of the histories of Moldavia and Wallachia, commonly called the Danubian Provinces- We explained that the independence of those princi palities was solemnly guaranteed to them by the written laws of Europe, in compliance with the word ing of the capitulation concluded in 1393, between BAJAZET I. and the Wallachians—the introductory article of that treaty " resolving and decreeing that this country (viz., Wallachia) shall continue to be go verned by its own laws," and another treaty, signed in 1.513, extending a similar right of autonomy also to the province of Moldavia. We showed, moreover, that while the capitulation between BAJAZET and the Wallachians in 1393 gave the Sublime Porte the title of Suzerain., or Lord Para mount, over the Principalities, the treaty between PETER THE GREAT and DEMETRIUS CANTEMIR, the Prince or Hospodar, denied to the CZAR the right, since claimed by him, of styling himself the Protector of the Danubian Provinces. We recounted the illegal incursions of the Russians, the beneficent supremacy of the Ottoman Sovereign as nominal chieftain, the peaceable efforts made by the popula tion in the cause of constitutional reform and legislative improvement, the arbitrary interposition of the soldiers and emissaries dispatched to Bu charest from St. Petersburgh, and the deplorable calamities under which the Danubian Provinces are now groaning, in consequence of the cruelties inflicted upon them by their Muscovite oppressors. We are now enabled to corroborate those statements, and to furnish additional particulars, as to the position of Moldo-Wallachia, from the accounts which have just been published in • the form of two authoritative and intelligent pamphlets.§ Even without any written statement of the conduct pursued by the successive Autocrats towards Moldo-Wallachia, it would be impossible not to per ceive its atrocity from a single glance at the map of the European continent. It is there visible how Russia on the one hand, and Austria on the other, have violated the neutrality of those independent provinces for the aggrandisement of their own immense terri tories. One town after another has been absorbed, and the elastic frontiers of the robber-empires have continually stretched in a southerly direction—em bracing in turns new plains, new hills, new valleys, new villages, new roads, and new rivers. Nor is this spoliation any reason for astonishment, considering the utter want of principle which characterises the cabinets of Vienna and St. Petersburgh, the rich allu vial soil of Wallachia, the fruitful and undulating ground of Moldavia, their common helpless ness, and the impossibility of their liege monarch the SULTAN defending them against two such stu pendous adversaries. Tuns of wine, granaries of wheat, forests of timber, mines of copper, lead, and silver excited the cupidity of the CZAR and the KAlSER—nothing interposed but the qualms of con science— mere bubbles to be blown away by the breath of an edict or a ukase ! The Porte might issue his firmans to his heart's content, protesting against the injustice. What could that effect against the gorged exchequers of the buccaneering despots They filched and flourished, annexed and triumphed, without hindrance or reprisal. And it is thus that we find Russia in 1812 taking to herself, " at one fell swoop," nearly the half of Moldavia—namely, the fine province lying between the Pruth and the Dneister, called Bessarabia. From all quarters the unfortunate Wallachians—Roumans as they call themselves, Vlachs as they are contemptuously desig nated by their assailants—experienced a succession of calamities. Austria availed herself of every oppor tunity to benefit by the distribution of her pilfered fragments. Turkey—mild and generous as her be haviour has been in the aggregate—sometimes com pelled her to suffer from the incapacity of the Fana riots whom she had raised to the dignity of Hospodar —and sometimes abandoned her to the infamous assaults of a power too formidable for opposition. Russia, the most cruel and relentless of all, allowed no occasion to pass without availing herself of the advantage to subdue the nationality of Moldo-Wallachia. From the moment that the treaty of Karnardji was signed in 1774, the Autocrat has ground drown the wretched people of those independent provinces. In addition to all his preceding harshness, he has assumed to himself the title of Protector (! ) although the rights of so vereignty and interference were expressly reserved to the SULTAN and from the EMPEROR, both by the con vention of Achermann, and by the treaty of Adrianople. Besides flagitiously claiming this illegal prerogative of interposition, besides incarcerating the patriots of the principalities in his dungeons, besides abolishing their laws, violating their habits, suppressing their language, pillaging their cities, and tuassacreing their population, the Emperor NICHOLAS has, within the last few months, with a matchless and unparalleled audacity, marched an army of 60,000 men into the Danubian provinces, and forced Moldo-Wallachia, already impoverished by his influence and desolated by his barbarities, to pay for the support of those very mercenaries who are the instruments of their ulterior annihilation— ., To lick the hand just raised to shed their blood !" After allowing the officers to extort large sums from the inhabitants of Bucharest, after, too, permitting the privates to steal provisions from the farm houses, the AUTOCRAT has given his sanction to a plan, in accordance with which the troops will be fed and housed—the quasi-Administration of Moldo- Wallachia opening a credit at St. Petersburgh, and thereby saddling the provinces with a national debt to Russia, which can only be paid by the final resig nation of the whole country into the bands of the EMPEROR. So far have the aggressive and spoliative designs of NICHOLAS prospered, that it is emphati cally declared, by the English pamphleteer (p. 23), that the "Emperor of RUSSIA reigns no less absolutely at Bucharest than he does at St. Petersburgh:' In spite of the benignity of the Turkish Government (cfaoprabee of Government has shown itself not only generous towards we enlightenment, t t e h n e m en and r principalities, eady b uftolriberal, andconstitu tional improvement, in regard to its own political in stitutions, and in reference to its foreign relations), befriendsolicitoush t e as Mo the ido..wallachian,s young C ALIPH -S ULTAN i s to anxious as the Divan bits proved itself to ob s t ruct the insolent passage of the AUTOCRAT, eminently noble as were the exec and singularly l en i en t as tions of SULEYMAN PACHA, FUAD EFFENDI has of late become, Russia is t rea di ng down all the barriers built up against her dominating march, and is speeding onwards with a terrible velo cityam awn. to the realisati on of her vast dreams of ambitio n. Numerous, however, as are the inducements to the seizure of the Danubian Principalities, Russia i s actuated by larger motives than those of despoiling the Hospodar of his dignity, of reducing the Boyards to the alternative of servitude or banishment, or o f making even that enormous encroachment upon the territories obedient to the Sublime Porte. She is labouring on through Moldavia and Wallachia to the occupation of the whole of the European dominions of Turkey. Her goal is the sea of Marmara. Her prize—the possession of which can alone compensate the AUTOCRAT for his present enterprise—is Con- Histoire du Cqnsidat et de l'Enipire. Toni. viii, Bvo. I'aris, 1849. f Wo think the expression occurs in Lamartine's pamphlet on " The Polity of Reason," but, at any rate, it is mentioned by M. de Cormenin. t History of England, Vol. 11., p. 669. Bvo. London, 1849. § The Russians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Bvo., PP. 36. Ridgway. London : 1849. Documents concerning the question of the Danubian Principalities. Dedicated to the English Parliament. By D. Bratiano. Bvo., pp. 32. Detkins, London: 1849. ¶ Greeks resident in a quarter of Constantinople, called the Fanar, who from their talent were selected by the Divan first to fill the office of interpreters, and ulti mAtely to Act as diplomatist:, stantinople. Constantinople affords the only clue to the heart of that tortuous labyrinth of chicanery, the ramifications of which commence in the Imperial Palace at St. Petersburgh. So soon as Byzantium shall have been declared the second city of the Russian empire, the principal object of Russian ambition will have been accomplished. For when the standard of the black eagle floats over the dome of St. Sophia, when the fleets from Kherson and the other ports on the Black Sea are moored opposite the mole of Constantinople, the Emperor NICHOLAS, to employ the memorable expression of his predecessor, will have locked the door of his house I The Darda nelles and the Bosphorus will be impervious to the united naval forces of the other maritime nations of the world. Supposing this to be the case—supposing Turkey to have fallen a prey to Russia—supposing Constan tinople to be a capital of secondary importance to St. Petersburgh—supposing the occupation of Moldo- Wallachia to have led (as it will inevitably lead, unless Western Europe shall declare to the contrary) to the advance of the Russian battalions through Roumelia, and of the Russian men-of-war through the Bosphorus—what would be the consequence of all these catastrophes to England ? Why the con sequence would be disastrous at once to our moral strength, to our political predomi nance, to our naval supremacy, and to our mercantile speculations. Russia would have gained the Archimedian fulcrum, and we should have lost it. She would have violated the laws of nations without our interposition,—that would be the mortal blow to our political predominance ! She would have in sulted the divine and eternal principles of justice without our raising our voice in behalf of her victim, —that would be the fatal wound to the moral strength of our Government ! She would have closed the Dardanelles against our vessels through the medium of its impregnable fortresses,—that would be the thunderbolt levelled at our naval supremacy ! And as to the injury done to our commerce by the cap ture of Constantinople,—that can be readily estimated by the amount of our exports conveyed annually, through the Dardanelles, to the bazaars of Turkey, to the markets of Persia, and to the whole of the central trading places of the Asiatic Continent. In order to render this clear beyond all contradiction, we transcribe the following statistical table (" The Russians in Moldavia," &c., p. 33)—from which it will be perceived that our exports to Turkey have, within the twenty years last past, increased by about 400 per cent., while those to Russia, within the same interval, have increased merely by about forty per cent.:— DECLARED VALUE OF BRITISH AND IRISH PRODUCE AND MANUFACTURES, EXPORTED FROM THE UNITED KING DOM TO TURKEY AND RUSSIA, IN EACH YEAR, FROM 1827 TO 1846, BOTH INCLUSIVE. Years. 1827 1828 1829 1830 1831 1832 1833 1834 1835 1836 1837 1838 1839 ...... 1,452,743 1840 1841 1,682,033 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 The exports to the kingdom of Greece are included in some of these ,returns; but they are inconsiderable, not amounting to more than 30,0001. annually. The real significance of this calculation is, never theless, overlooked, if we disregard the circumstance that, while the population of Russia is 49,000,000, that of Turkey is merely 1,500,000 ;" that while, moreover, our exports to the latter country consist of "com pletely manufactured articles," those to the former are entirely composed of "partially manufactured ar ticles"—the superior value of the first being estimated at " nearly the proportion of five to two !" Yet it is Turkey that we are told to abandon to the designs of Russia, as concerning in no respect either the in • terests or the honour of Great Britain I While the AUTOCRAT is thus assailing the commer cial, naval, political, and moral powers of England, he is bearding this great empire from the very fact of iti insane forbearance towards himself—a British subject having been recently seized by the Russian authorities in Bucharest and conveyed away to a remote dungeon, notwithstanding the interposition of the English Consul, Mr. COLQUHOUN. Shall these things be permitted to pass unnoticed —from a contemptible pusillanimity or from a mawkish subserviency to the paradoxes of the Peace Association ? GOD forbid 1 Or, at that rate civili. zation and liberty would be sacrificed together, and barbarism and depotism become in the end victorious. On the ocean our authority is irresistible, and on the ocean alone could Russia contend with the greatness of England. One roar of our guns at the Eorthern mouth of the Bosphorus, or at the southern entrance of the Enikaleh—and the nations who are groaning in Russian fetters on the borders of the Black Sea would rise simultaneously to effect their emancipation—the Moldavians and the Wallachians, the Tartars and the Georgians, the Cossacks and the Circassians. Nay, the question has been asked already—" Might not the insurrectionary spirit pos sibly extend to Poland or even to Finland?" England has the power to command obedience to the laws of Europe—she has the power to vindicate the rights of humanity. Will she cause those laws and those rights to be respected ? We ask Lord PALMERS TON—and we ask him with a profound confidence in his courage, his statesmanship, and his patriotism. The debate on the Navigation Laws will be resumed and (we trust) concluded this evening. If we are to credit the statement of the First Lord of the Treasury on Friday evening, every exertion will be made by the Government to bring the matter to a division without any further adjournment. Much will, however, depend upon the course adopted by the Protectionists. If they are still resolved to interpose vexatious impediments to the progress of the measure, if they still desire to consume the public time unne cessarily, they may avail themselves of the forms of the House, and protract the discussion, although without any rational hope of maintaining the ob noxious code, with all its mischievous restrictions. We cannot, however, suppose that they will so speedily forget the implied contract entered into at the commencement of the session—the understanding that was arrived at, in order to facilitate the dis patch of public business. The inconvenience of having several adjourned debates standing over at the same time has been admitted on all sides. It was one of the chief causes that led to the abortive legislation of last session, which was so se verely commented on by the eloquent leader of the Protectionists on the eve of its termination. Should the practice again be resorted to; should repeated motions for adjournment compel a large and decisive majority to succumb to the will of the minority, some means must be adopted to abate the intolerable nui sance. It will be seen that no reliance can be placed on the forbearance of Members, and La Cloture, or some analagous rule, must be introduced forthwith. It is not at present necessary to enter into the details of the proposed measure, or to consider whether the Ministerial proposition should be modified in any, and what particulars. Many persons would, undoubtedly, prefer a complete measure, abolishing every restriction, and making the shipping trade perfectly free. The portions of the old law that have been retained, will not propitiate the opponents of the measure. Indeed, the Right Hon. Gentleman the M em b er for Stam ford designated them asl" trifling and insignificant reservations, which in some respects rendered the Bill absurd, and in others rendered its provisions onerous, without being compensatory on those on whom the burden would fall, but which in no respect tended to remove his objections to the proposal." These minor points will more properly be decided when the House is in Committee. At present the question is whether laanwys, or whether they shall be alteratienwhatevershallbe made r in eta t i h n e ed pre w se i n tb t all their acknowledged defects ? Whether, in fact, the beneficial results of free trade in ** No authAntic census appears ever to have been made in. the Ottoman empire, but the above is tho rough esti mate of a writer in the Encyclopccdiaßritannica; Art., "Turkey," did,, 9f 18420 goods are to be neutralised by the continuance of a monopoly in the carrying trade ? This is the only point to be decided in the present instance, and we doubt not that an overwhelming majority will pro claim their adherence to the principles of free trade, and declare that it is expedient to buy in the cheapest and to sell in the dearest market. It has been usual to quote ADAM SMITH as an authority in favour of the navigation-laws. llis assertion that these enactments " are as ss ise, however, as if they had all been dictated by the most deliberate wisdom," has been repeatedly cited as a conclusive argument against any alteration. We are disposed to attach weight to everything which fell from that profound philosopher, and we would therefore gladly examine the reasons upon which he founded that opinion. It clearly was not upon economic grounds that he justified the conclusion at which he had arrived. The entire tenor of his arguments, the tone of his reasoning, forbid the supposition. We have, however, even more unequivocal testimony that he considered them highly injurious in that respect. lie himself says— " The Act of navigation is not favourable to .foreign commerce, or to the growth of that opulence which con arise from it. The interest of a nation in its commercial relations to foreign nations is like that of a merchant with regard to the different people with whom he deals, to buy as cheap, and to sell as dear as possible. But the Act of navigation, by diminishing the number of sellers, must necessarily diminish that of buyers, and we are thus likely not only to buy foreign goods dearer, but to sell our own cheaper, than if there was a perfect freedom of trade." Here, then, is the direct admission that these re strictive laws are highly injurious to the trade and commerce of the country—that the national wealth is materially depreciated thereby. There can scarcely be any controversy on that point, which is perfectly clear. ADAM SMITE' adds-- " As defence, however, is of much more importance than opulence, the Act of navigation is, perhaps, the wisest of all the commercial regulations of England." This, then, is plainly the foundation, and the only foundation of his favourable opinion of these laws. His authority may be relied on, and with even greater dependence, because he is an unwilling witness who comes from the enemy's camp, but who is compelled by a sense of justice to make an admis sion prejudical to his own side. Other unimpeachable testimony might be adduced on the same side to show the injurious results of the restrictions imposed by these laws. ROGER Co E, in his celebrated " Treatise on Trade," published in 1671, when the full effects of the law of 1651 were perceptible, stated that this Act, by lessening the resort of strangers to our ports, ,had a most injurious effect upon our commerce. He also asserts, " that we we had lost within two years of the passing of the Act the greater part of the Baltic and Greenland trades." Sir JOSIAH CHILD, who wrote with twenty years additional experience of th• working of the law, stated that English shipping employed in the Eastland and Baltic trades had decreased at least two-thirds since its enactment, and that the foreign shipping had proportionately increased. With such consequences it may well be doubted whether the obnoxious code really augmented the ma ritime power of the country, and rendered the nation better prepared for defence. If our commerce was really injured, if we had lost the greater portion of the Baltic and Greenland trades, if (English shipping were reduced two thirds, while foreign shipping was proportionately increased, our mercantile marine could not serve as a better nursery for seamen than if no such deleterious in fluences were at work. ADAM SMITH, however, in another part of his great work, materially modifies his former opinion, and gives expression to very different THE FRENCH REPUBLIC. We have received the Paris papers of Saturday and yesterday. The PKESIDENT IVIS determined to dispatch M. NAPOLEON BONAPARTE to Madrid without delay, with directions to oppose by every means in his power the project of the Spanish Government of an armed intervention for the restoration of the PorE. The conduct of the POPE in thus urging on the Catholic Powers to make war on the Roman Republic, for his personal advantage can scarcely be reconciled with the pretext which his llneiNEss was pleased to put forth in the course of last summer for not joining in the war of liberation against the Austrians, viz, that as a Christian priest he felt he ought not and could not go to war. Is his HOLINESS, then, no longer a Christian priest, or how comes it that war, which in the summer was sacri legious in his eyes, when proposed to be made against the Austrians, becomes in the winter sacred when pro posed to be made in their favour ? On this subject we find the following in the National:— "When M. Ledru Rollin txclaimcd on Thursday, 'Let the Pope meditate profoundly on the resolution which he is about to take, thst as a priest of Christ he cannot cause the effusion of blood for things which Christ condemned,' M. Ledru Rollin no doubt was not acquainted with the note dated Gaeta, Feb. 11, and signed by Cardinal Antonelli. In this note, which the Pope has charged the Cardinal Secretary of State to address to all the Powers, the Sovereign Pontiff, for getting his spiritual character, makes an appeal to foreign intervention to conquer his temporal throne. We quote textually from the note Since Austria, France, Spain, end the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, are by their geographical position in a situation to efficiently co operate by arms in re-establishing in the domain of the Poly See the order which has been destroyed by a horde of sectarians, the Holy Father, confiding in the religious interest of these powers, demands with full confidence their armed intervention, to deliver principally the States of the Holy See from that faction of wretches, who, by all sorts of crimes, exercises there the most atrocious des potism.' Such are the terms which the priest of Christ, the evangelical chief of Christianity, speaks of his fel low-citizens, and of those whom he formerly called his children. The Romans, who offered to the Pope to gua• rantee his spiritual authority—the Romans who only exact the tree and pacific exercise of their sovereignty, the Romans are a horde of sectaries, a faction of wretches, covered with crimes. Alas! can the love of terrestrial things mislead the heart of Pius IX. to such an extent, and cause him to forget that, after all, those whom he qualifies so severely are me❑ and Christians? Is it worthy of the Sovereign Pontiff, we ask, to abuse the sacred power with which he is invested to strike with anathema and devote to eternal damnation the unfortu nate citizens, guilty—note this well—not towards the Church, but towards a temporal sovereign? In the Catholic point of view, we must blame with energy this encroachment of the two powers one on the other—the confusion in acts which arises therefrom—and finally and especially, that diplomatic calculation which leads to the employment of spiritual thunders, to punish faults committed in the laic jurisdiction. It is a de plorable thing for religion to come to the aid of poli tics, and to endeavour to reconquer a throne by means of papal curses and priestly excommunications. And, as it it were not sufficient to alarm Catholic consciences for the promotion of personal interest, the Pope does not tsar to make an appeal to violence, to solicit the arms of the foreigner to crush his subjects' and restore him his tiara stained by Roman blood. There is not a dispos sessed prince who would not be covered by shame by such a demand of intervention; and, on the part of the Pope, it is an action for ever dishonourable. And let us not be accused of exaggerating the disdain with which such conduct inspires us; we remember that Pius IX. himself, who demands from Austria, France, Spain, and Naples, to cooperate by their arms in re establishing him on his throne, refused i❑ the month of May last to declare war to Austria, because, ho said, as chief of the burnish Church, he could not consent to shed the blood of his children, the German and Austrian Catholics. The blood of the Romans is apparently less precious. Whatever may be the result of this hypo critical comedy, to which we could wish to believe the Pope a stranger, the question of intervention is clearly laid down. Austria, Naples, Spain, and France are summoned by Pius IX., not to a congress, but to give armed assistance—it is not the Pope who complains and demands aid and protection, but the dethroned Sove reign who requires to be restored. This is the moment for our Government, which is so desirous of being silent, to act. M. Dreuyn de L'Huys pretends that he has re mained faithful to the policy of his predecessors; the opportunity of proving it is excellent; if Austria and Naples, as is not doubtful, should invade the Roman ter ritory, how many vessels and soldiers will the French Republic oppose to the aggressors?" The debate on the Electoral Law was continued in the National Assembly on Tuesday and Saturday. An attempt made by M. DEMASURE to modify the ch. use excluding those who had been guilty of adultery, by limiting .the exclusion to those who should be declared as fit subjects of exclusion by the courb., was unsuccessful, his motion being rejected by a majority of 375 to 291. On the motion of M. GOUDCDAUX, all persons who are contractors with the Government were declared ineligible; and on that of M. MATIIIEU DE LA DaostF, persons who had become bankrupt in foreign countries were declared ineligible, as well as those who had become bankrupt in France. In the sitting of Saturday M. FREDERIC BASTIAT proposed a most important amendment, viz. that no Minister of State should be capable of being elected a repre sentative, nor should any representative be capable of being appointed a Minister. This proposition was referred to the Committee. A junction has been effected between the Bona partists Electoral Committee of M. NAroLaos BONAPARTE and the Republican Electoral Committee of the Club of the Institute. M. N APOLEON BONA PARTE, who sets off at ()Lee for will return to Paris before the elections. The trials at I3ourges still continue, but do not ap pear to excite any interest. The .11oniteur announces that tranquillity is becom ing re-established in the provinces. The Constitutionnel says— " The rise in the French funds evinces a great ad. vance i❑ public confidence. It is not, we are informed, the effect of speculation, but arises from bond fide pur chases. Capital, which after the Revolution of February, had emigrated to England, is now returning to France, and being invested in the flids. Wu know of instances of persons, who had sold at 75f., purchasing back at 86r. A number of orders are also arriving from the provinces. The Government besides appears as confi dent in its own credit as the public. It was said that the Minister of Finances had refused to enter on a con terez:ce relative to a loon. He has taken measures to in sure the service of the Treasury without augmenting for the present the consolidated debt. He is prepared to pay the approaching interest on the Fives, without having recourse to the 100 millions which the Bank has still to pay out of the 150 millions loan. It is added that money is flowing into the Treasury in exchange for the Bons of the Republic to such an extent that the Govern ment is thinking of reducing the interest on them to 5 per cent. Fifty of the most distinguished officers of the old Polish Army of Independence left Paris on Friday for Turin, to take commands in the army of CHARLES ALBERT. The Commission appointed on Friday to prepare a list of candidates for the functions of Councillors of State elected on Saturday M. FRANCOIS ARAGO as President, and M. SENARD as Secretary. The appeal of the five persons condemned to death for the murder of General DE BREA and his aid-de camp, Captain MANGIN, was yesterday rejected by the Court of Cmsation. The application for mercy is now before the Minister of Justice, and will be laid by him before the PRESIDENT of the Republic. Courts AUTIIENTIQUE, MARCH 10.-Fre nch Five per Cents., 88'. 75c. 891. 88f 75c. 80c. 89f. 89f. 25c. 88f. 75c. 50c. 25c. 50c. 75c. 60c. 89f. 88f. 90c. 75a. 891. 88f. 60c. 75e. 50c. New Loan, 881. 88f. 75c.; Three per Cents., 581. 571. 75c. 50c. 58f. 57f. 561. 75c. 571. 571.25 c. 10c. 25c.. 47f. 56f. 50c.; Bank of France, 2,4001.2,420'1. 2,4251. 2,4301. 2,4501. 2,4601. 2,4701. 2,464 f. 2,4501. 2,425 f. 2,4501. 2,4401. 2,4301. 2,4251. 2,240 f.; Obligations of the City, 1,1901.; Roman, 69i1.; Belgian Five per Cents., 1840, 921.,; Ditto, Four-and- a-Half per Cents., 821 f.; Ilaytian, 2951. 3001. 2951.; Spanish Three per Cents., 304. Exchange on London, one month, money, 251. 17ie.; three months, money, 25f. 10c. BUSINESS DONE IN FOREIGN RAILWAYS AT THE LONDON STOCK-EXCHANGE, MAncn 10: Boulogne and Amiens, 9%1-Central of France (Orleans and Vierzon), 13—Namur and Liege, 8 1 / 4 —Northern of France, 11► / 2--Orleans and Bordeaux, 3 8 4—Paris and Rouen, 21%—Paris and Strasbourg, 4% ex in.—Rouen and flarre, 12t—Tours and Nantes, 21,E G E A NY AND THE NORTHERN STATES NEW AUSTRIAN CONSTITUTION. The following draft of the Austrian Constitution was promulgated on the 7th inst. at Vienna : " We, Francis Joseph, by the Grace of God Emperor of Austria, King of Hungary and Bohemia, King of Lom bardy and Venice, of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Sclavenis, Lodomeria, and Ills ria; King of Jerusalem, Archukc of Austria, Grand Duke of Tuscany and Cra cow, Duke of Lorraine, of Salzburg, Styria, Karinthia, Krain, and the Bukowina; Grand Prince of Transyl vania, Margrave of Moravia, Duke of Upper and Lower Sileria, of Modena, Parma, Piacenza, and Guastalla, of Auschwitz and Zator, of Teschen, Foioul, Ragusa, and Zara; Princely Count of Hapsburg, Tyrol, Kyhurg, GOrz, and Gradiska; Prince of Trent and Briden; Mar grave of the Upper and Lower Lausitz; Count of llohe nembs, Feldkireh, Bregenz, Sonnenberg, &c., Lord of Trieste, Cattaro, and of the Windish Mark: " It is now almost a year since our most august pre decessor in the empire, the Emperor Ferdinand 1., met the general desire for political progress by the promise of free institutions. A feeling of gratitude and of joy ful expectation pervaded then the empire. But later events were ill calculated to answer such just hopes. The condition of our country on this day fills our heart with sorrow. Domestic peace has left us. Pauperism threatens those countries which once were blessed with plenty. The intrigues of a few disaffected persons force us still, to our great grief, to maintain an exceptional state in our capital of Vienna, in spite of the loyal sen timents of the great majority of its inhabitants. A civil war devastates part of our kingdom of Hungary. In another Crown land the state of war prevents the intro duction of organisation—yes, and even in places where tranquillity is seemingly undisturbed, a spirit of distrust end hate stalks about in the darkness, gathering crowds under its standard. " Such is the melancholy action, not of liberty, but of the abuse of liberty. To oppose these abuses, to finish the revolution, is no less our duty than our will. " In the manifesto of the 2d of December ult. we pro nounced a hope that, with God's assistance, and in har mony with our peoples, we might succeed in uniting all countries and tribes of the monarchy into one grand State. These words of ours were joyfully accepted in all parts of our empire; they were the expression of a want, of which, though it was long felt, people had but lately become conscious; for in the regeneration of the whole monarchy, in a closer union of its component parts, did the people's sound sense find the first condition to a re turn of order and wealth, and the surest guarantee for a blessed and glorious future. " The Diet, convoked by the Emperor Ferdinand 1., has meanwhile framed at - Kremsier a Constitution for one part of the monarchy. We resolved, though (in consideration of the position of that Diet, during the events of October—a position which could hardly be re conciled to their duty of loyalty to our house) hesitat ingly, to allow the Diet time for the completion of its great task, hoping that assembly would not lose sight of the unalterable condition of the empire, and that they would soon and satisfactorily complete their task. " We regret that we were disappointed in that expec tation. After the debates of many months the Consti tution remains unfinished. Theoretical discussions, containing not only great contradictions to the practical condition of the State, but also opposing all right and le gality within the State, have contributed to remove from us the return of tranquillity, of legality, and of public confidence; they have filled the minds of the well-dis posed with gloomy apprehensions, and they have im parted courage and activity to the revolutionary party, which, though conquered by force of arms, has still ma naged to survive its defeat. This has shaken us in our hopes of that Assembly, in spite of the very respectable elements which it contains. " The victorious progress of our armies in Hungary has, meanwhile, furthered the great work of the regene ration of a united Austria, the accomplishment of which is the aim and end of our life, and the necessity of giving a durable protection to the foundation of :that work has become apparent. A Constitution uniting not only the countries represented at Kremsier, but also the other parts of the country, is what the people of the monarchy expect from us with a just and generous impatience, and this expectation removes the task of framing the Consti tution beyond the limits of the vocation of the Diet. " We have, therefore, resolved for the whole of our empire to make to our people a spontaneous gift from our own imperial power of those rights, liberties, and political institutions which were promised them by our august uncle and predecessor and by ourselves, and which we, to the best of our knowledge and belief, consider most salutary for the welfare of Austria. We proclaim, therefore, under the present date, the Charter of the Constitution for the one and indivisible Empire of Austria, and we dissolve the Diet now assembled at Kremsier, ordering its members to disperse after the publication of this resolution. " The unity of the whole, with the independence and free development of its parts, a strong power, protect in.- justice and order all over the empire, joined to the liberty of the individuals, of the parishes, of the coun tries of our crown, and of the various nationalities—the foundation of an energetic administration, equally re moved from pinching centralization and weakening dis solution, and which gives room for motion to the nobler faculties, while it protects the peace at home and abroad —the creation of a system of State economy, which is frugal, inoppressive, and public—the completion of the disburdening of landed property for a fair indemnity by the mediation of the State—the assurance of true liberty by law—such are the principles by which we were guided in granting this charter of a Constitution. " Peoples of Austria ! almost everywhtre in Europe is human society shaken to its foundations ; the criminal endeavours of a wicked party threaten it on all sides with dissolution. But however great the dangers for Austria and for Europe, we do not doubt of a great and blessed future for our country. " In this we rely upon the assistance of Almighty God, who at no time has abandoned our empire. We rely upon the good will and the loyalty of our peoples, for the well-disposed form the great majority among them. We rely upon the gallantry and honour of our glorious army. " Peoples of Austria! crowd round your Emperor, surround him with your affection and active co-operation, and the constitution of the empire will not then remain a dead letter. It would grow to be a bulwark of your liberty, a guarantee for the power, the splendour, the unity of the monarchy. Great is the work, but it will be accomplished by the united forces.' " Given in our royal capital of 011muta this day, the 4th day of March, in the year of grace, 1849, and in the first year of our reign. " FRANCIS JOSEPH. " SCHWAB ZENBERG. " CORDON. " STADI " BRUCK. " KRAUSS. " THINNFILLD. " BACH. " KULMER. " We, Francis Joseph 1., by the Grace of God Em peror of Austria, King of Hungary, &c., "Proclaim, for certain dependencies and Crown lands of the Austrian empire, viz.—For the Archduchy of Austria on either bank of the Enns ; for the Duchies of Salzburg and Styria ; for the Kingdom of Illyria, that is to say, for the Duchies of Karinthia and Krain, the princely Counties of Gorz and Gradislta, the Margravate of litria and the city of Trieste, with the territories ap pertaining thereunto ; for the Counties of Tyrol and Voralberg ; for the Kingdom of Bohemia; for the Mar gravate of Moravia ; for the Duchies of Upper and Lower Silesia ; for the Kingdoms of Gallicia and Lodo meria, with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator, and the Grand Duchy of Cracow ; for the Duchy of Buko wina ; and, lastly. for the Kingdom of Dalmatia—in recognition and for the protection of the political rights, guaranteed to the inhabitants of these countries by the constitutional form of state which we have accepted, we decree as follows : " Sec. 1. The full enjoyment of political liberty and the right of domestic exercise of the religious confession are guaranteed to every one. The enjoyment of civil and political rights is independent of the religious con fession, but that religious confession shall not be allowed to interfere with the political duties of the citizens. " Sec. 2. Every church and religious society, if recog nized by law, has the right of a common public exercise of its religion ; it has the independent care for, and ar rangement of its own affairs; it remains in the possession and enjoyment of its institutions, legacies, and funds, de •oted to objects of worship, instruction, and charity, but, as every other company and association, it remains subject to the general laws of the state. " Sec. 3. Science and scientific: instruction are free. Every citizen of the state is entitled to found or conduct institutions for instruction and education, after having given satisfactory proofs of his competency. Domestic instruction is not subject to this limitation. "Sec. 4. The general education of the people is to be provided for by public institutions, and in parts of the country which are inhabited by a mixed population it will be provided for in such a manner, that the tribes which form the minority shall likewise enjoy the neces sary means for the culture of their language, and for their education in the same. The instruction in religion in the national schools is to be taken care of by the respective churches or religious associations. The state has the supreme control over the affairs of instruction and education. " Sec. 5. Everybody has the right of a free expression of his opinion, by words, by writing, by print, and by drawings or paintings (bildliche darstellung). The press is not allowed to be put under a censorship. Repressive laws shall be published against the abuses of the press. " Sec. 6. The right of petitioning belongs to every body. Petitions under a joint name shall not be made unless it be by authorities or legally recognised asso ciations. " Sec. 7. Austrian citizens have the right to assemble and to form associations if the end, or the means and the manner of the meeting or association, are not opposed to the law or dangerous to the state. The law will limit the execution of this right as well as the conditions unser which the rights of associations or corporations may be acquired, exercised, and lost, " Sec. 8. Individual liberty is guaranteed. The ar rest of a person, with the exception of a seizure in fiagrante, shall not take place unless it be on the strength of a judicial warrant, in which the motives and reasons of the arrest are stated. This warrant is to be shown to the arrested person either at the time of the arrest or within twenty -four hours after it has taken place. " Sec. 9. The police are bound to liberate persons whom they have taken into custody within forty-eight hours, or to deliver them into the hands of the judge of the district. . . . Sec. 10. A man's domicile is inviolable. Domici liary visits or the examination or seizure of papers is admissible only in the cases and under the forms pro vided by law. " Sec. 11. The secrecy of correspondence shall not be violated, and letters shall not be seized unless in time of w3r, or on the strength of n judical warrant. "Sec. 12. In the els, of a war, or of disturbance% in the interior of tlio country, the provisions of tno pars. graphs 5 to 11 inclusive admit of a tempur:.ry and local suspension. Fur ther particulars in this respect shall be provided by law. " Sec. 15. Our Council of Ministers is instructed to make draughts of provisional decrees for the execution of these paragraphs, and to submit the same to our sanction. " FRANCIS JOSEPH. " SCHWAR Z ENDERG. " CORDON. " STADION. " BRUCK. " KRAUSS. " THINNFELD. " BACH. KUL➢IER. " Olhnutz, March 4." HI. " CONSTITUTION FOR THE EMPIRE OF AUSTRIA. CHAPTER I.—TREATING OF THE EMPIRE. " Section I.—The Empire of Austria consists of the following Crown lands, viz : " The archduchy of Austria on either bank of the Enns; the duchies of Salzburg and Styria; the king dcre f Elyria (consisting of the duchies of Karinthia and Brain, the princely counties of z and Gradiska, the margravate of Istria, and the city of Trieste, with the territorit a 'hereunto appertaining); the princely county of Tyrol and Voralberg; the kingdom of Bohe mia; the margravate of Moravia; th e d uc hi es o f U pper and Lower Silesia, the kingdoms of Gallicia and Lodo merits; with the duchies of Auschwitz and 'Gator and the grand duchy of Cracow; the duchy of Bukowina; the kingdoms of Dalmatia, Croatia, and Slavonia, with the territories of the Croatian coast; the city of Fiume, with the territories thereunto appertaining; the kingdom of Hungary; the grand duchy of Transylvania, inclusive of the Saxish country and the counties of Kritlzas, Middle Szolnok, and Zarand; the districts of Kovar and the city of Zilah; the territories of the military border and the kingdoms of Lombardy and Venice. " Sec. 2.—These Crown lands form the free, indepen dent, indivisible, and indissoluble constitutional Austrian hereditary monarchy. " Sec. 3.—Vienna is the capital of the:empire, and the seat of the Imperial power. " Sec. 4.—The independence of the individual Crown lands is guaranteed within the limits fixed by the con stitution of the empire. _ " Scc. 5.—A1l tribes have an equality of rights, and each tribe has an inviolable right to preserve and foster its nationality and language. " Sec. 6.—The limits of the empire and of the indiri dual Crown lands cannot be changed, unless by special law. "Sec. 7.—The whole of the empire forms one single area for customs and commerce. Customs in the country shall not be introduced, under whatever ;name or title it may be, and such customs, wherever they exist, shall be abolished. The separation of single places and parts of districts from the area of import duties, and the annexa tion of foreign districts to the same, fall within the pro vince of the Imperial power. _ "Sec. arms and colours of the Imperial dig nity and of the several Crown lands shall be retained. " CHAPTER IL—TREATING OF THE EMPEROR. " Sec. 9.—The Crown of the empire and of each single Crown land is hereditary in the house of Haps burg-Lorraine, according to the Pragmatic Sanction,and the Austrian family laws. " Sec. 10.—The provisions of the Austrian family laws respecting the coming of age of the successor to the Crown and the appointment of a Regency remain such as they are. " Sec. 11.—The Emperor takes the titles of a Grand Duke of Cracow and a Duke of the Bukowina, in addi tion to histormer titles, dignities, and honours. " Sec. 12.—The Emperor is crowned as Emperor of Austria. Further regulations shall be provided by a special statute. _ " Sec. 13.—At his coronation the Emperor takes his oath on the constitution. That oath shall be taken by his successors, and by the Regent at the commencement of his office. " Sec. 14.—The Emperor is august, inviolable, and irresponsible. " Sec. 15.—The Emperor has the supreme command of the armed poe er, either personally or by his generals. Sec. 16.—The Emperor decides in matters of peace and war. " Sec. 17.—The Emperor receives • Ambassadors and sends them, and he concludes treaties with foreign Powers. " Sec. 18.—The Emperor proclaims the laws and pub lishes the decrees respecting the same. Each decree must have the counter-signature of a responsible Minister. " Sec. 19.—The Emperor appoints the Ministers, and he dismisses them; he appoints to all offices in all branches of the Administration; he confers titles, orders, and distinctions. ' " Sec. 20.—The administration of justice throughout the empire is carried on in the name of the Emperor. " Sec. 21.—The Emperor has the right of granting free pardons and of the commutation of punishments, excepting always certain further provisions with respect to the Ministers. " Sec. 22.—Coin is struck in the name'of the Emperor. " CHApTEn lII.—..TREATING OF THE CITIZENSHIP ON THE EMPIRE. " Sec: 23.—For all peoples of the empire there is but one getteral Austrian citizenship. A special law shall deterniine the conditions under which it may be acquired or lost. " Sec'. 24 .—ln no Crown land shall there be any dif ference between its native and those of another Crown land, neither in the administration of civil or criminal justice, nor in the ways and manners of justice, nor in the distribution of the public burdens. " The verdicts of the courts of justice of all Austrian Crown lands are equally binding on all. " Sec. 25.—N0 limit shall be put to the right of each citizen to settle wherever he pleases within the confines of the empire. Emigration is restrained only by the fulfilment of military service. " Sec. 26.—Serfdom, no matter of what kind or de nomination, is abolished. A slave becomes free by touching Austrian ground, or going on board an Aus trian ship. " Sec. Austrian citizens are equal before the law and before the courts of justice. "Sec. 28.—Public offices are open to all persons pull. fied for the same. " Sec 29.—Property is under the protection of the em pire; it can only be limited or withdrawn for purposes of public benefit, and in consideration of a legal indem nification. Sec. 30.—Every Austrian citizen has the right to ac quire landed property of all kinds in all parts of the em pire, and he is likewise entitled to the practice of any trade or profession which the law permits. " S(c. 31.--The removal of property within the con fines of the empire is not subject to any restrictions. Duties, upon property removing into foreign countries shall only be taken on the principle of reciprocity. " Sec. 32.—A1l dues, works, or payments attached to or weighing upon landed property, he they caused by servitude or by former division of property, shall be paid off at the plt.asure of the landowner, nor shall it in future be legal to divide property so as to load one part of it with a permanent burden. "CHAPrER IV.—TREATING OF THE IMPERIAL DIET. " Sec. 33.—The General Austrian Imperial Diet shall consist of two houses, viz., of an Upper House and of a Lower House, to be convoked every year by the Em peror. " Sec. 34.—The Imperial Diet assembles at Vienna, but the Emperor has power to convoke it to any other place. " Sec. 35.—The Upper House is formed by deputies, to be chosen by the Crown lands from the members of their respective provincial diets. " See:36.—Their number is one-half of the constitu tional number of the Lower House. "Sec. 37.—The two members which each Crown land sends to the Imperial Diet are required to be in the en joyment of all their civil and political rights; they must have been citizens of the Austrian empire for at least five years, and they must be 40 years of age. " The other members of the Upper House shall be elected by the Diet among citizens possessing the above named qualifications, and paying at least 500 florins (441.) direct taxes. "In those Crown lands in which the number of citi zens so taxed does not amount to the proportion of 1 to 6,000 souls, that number shall be completed by such citizons whose taxes come nearest to the above-named census. " Sec. 38.—The Lower House proceeds from general and direct elections. " The franchise belongs to every Austrian citizen who is of age, who is in the full enjoyment of civil and poli tical rights, and who either pays the annual amount of direct taxes fixed by the electoral law, or who, on account of his personal qualities, possesses the active fr anc hi se o f a parish of an Aust r i an Crown land. "Sec. 39.—The elections for the Lower House are to be held in the districts and the places fixed in the elec toral law, which likewise determines the number of the deputies, in proportion to the population. These num bers are to be at the rate of one deputy to 100,000 souls. " The electoral law is to determine the aforesaid an nual contribution to the directitaxes in each Crown land, with reference to the peculiar condition of each, on the principle that, in the country and in towns of less than 10,000 souls, the amount of taxes required s h a ll b e no t less than fi ve florins (nine shillings), and in towns with more than 10,000 inhabitants, not less than ten florins (18 shillings), but that the sum of 20 florins shall not be exceeded on any account. " Sec. 40.—A candidate for the Lower House must have the franchise; he must be an Austrian citizen, and not under 30 years of age. " Sec. 41.—The votes to the elections fur either house are given by word of mouth and publicly. " Sec. 42.—A member elect, if a Government officer, cannot be denied leave of absence. " Sec. 43.—1 f a member of the Diet accept a publie salaried office his election is void, unless he be re-elected. "Sec. 44.—The members of the Upper House are elected for ten years; those of the Lower House fur five. They may be re-elected. " S , c. 45.—The members of the Lower House receive an indemnification, but not those of the Upper House. " Sec. 46.—Nobody can be a member of both houses at one and the same time. " Sec. 47.—Each member of the Imperial Diet has to take his oath of fealty to the Emperor and the constitu tion of the empire. " Sec. 48.—The members are not allowed to receive in structions, or to vote by proxy. "Sec. 49.—Either house has the right to inquire into and decide on the election or its members. `Sec. 50 —Each house elects its President and its Vice-Presidents for the session. " Sec. 51.—N0 resolution is legal without the pre• sence of the msjority of the constitutional number of members. _ _ . _ "Sec. 52.—Secret voting, with the exception of votes at elections, shall not take place. 1 ‘ Sec. 53.-4 re59113t1911 ON Quly b 9 mob by a lib' views : " England (he says), it must be observed, was a great trading country, her mercantile capital was ♦ery great, and likely to become still greater and greater every day, not only before the Act of navigation had established the monopoly of the colony trade, but before the trade was very considerable. In the Dutch war, during the Government of Cromwell, her navy was superior to that of Holland, and in that which broke out in the beginning of the reign of Charles 11. it was equal, perhaps superior, to the united navies of France and Holland. Its superiority would, perhaps, scarce appear greater in the present times, at least if the Dutch navy was to bear same proportion to the Dutch commerce now which it did then. But this great naval power could not in either of thece wars be ascribed to the Act of navigation. During the first of them the plan of that Act had been but just tormed, and though before the breaking out of the second it had been fully enacted by legal authority, yet no part of it could have had time to produce any con siderable effect, and least of all, that part which estab lished the exclusive trade to the colonies." Hence, then, it appears that the maritime defences of England could be maintained in full efficiency without the operation of this boasted law ; and the question with the nation is, whether it is prepared to pay so high a price for some fancied advantage in that respect—whether the existing naval estimates, already sufficiently high, are to be indirectly en hanced by the great injury done to our trade and commerce, and thus retarding the full develop ment of the pr inciples of free trade by the main tenance of the obnoxious code. What is to be done in Ireland and for Ireland ? The Protectionists have promulgated their scheme : Lord STANLEY has stated his Views in the hereditary branch of the Legislature, while the Hon. Member for Buckinghamshire has declared that he is pre pared with a comprehensive plan for the ame lioration of the country, which he will bring forward when his present motion -is carried. Even the Right Hon. Member for Tam worth has cast aside his habitual reserve, and spoken out plainly and unequivocally. how long, then, are we to wait for the Ministerial project? As yet, the " rate in aid" is all that has been carried, and we cannot suppose that they will remain contented with merely mo,lify ing the poor-laws. When are the long-promi , ed and anxiously expected remedial measures to be introduced ? Something must surely be done. The Government cannot abdicate its functions and suffer its chief rivals, the most daring aspirants to office, to bring forward propositions that should emanate from the Cabinet. The great want of the sister kingdom is, employ ment for the people. It possesses ample resources, which, if fully developed, would speedily elevate it in the scale of nations, and make the inhabitants being ( as a t p resen t) destitute condition, condition, unprofitably pros perous and contented — the creators an d pro d ucers o f i n n at a io m na is l er N a v b ea le lth a — nd in consuming the productions of the country. It pos sesses real capital in the thews and sinews of its labouring population, but that capital is suffered to remain utterly waste and useless for want of proper representatives—of a currency suited to the wants and exigencies of the country. Mr. RIG BY WAsoN, in a letter which will be found in another column, emphatically calls upon the Premier for his plan, and he has himself indicated the fitting channel, by speaking of the waste lands, more than six million acres whereof are utterly un productive, more than two-thirds of which might be reclaimed so as to pay at least ten per cent. on the necessary expenditure, the whole of which would be applied in paying fairly-earned wages to those who must now be fed without rendering any return whatsoever therefor. On Thursday last the Rev. J. Dufton, Rector of Warehorne, delivered a highly interesting lecture to a numerous and highly respectable audience of the mem bers and friends of the Ashford and Alfred Mechanics' Institution, in the Assembly Rooms , As hfor d. The lecture (which was entitled " Glimpses Science, and the new Planet Neptune," its object being to illustrate . revealed truths) occupied nearly two hours the deli very, and was listened to with the deepest interest and attention. The Reverend Lecturer's illustrations were chiefly derived from certain phenomena of " Sound, Light, and Electricity." He then proceeded to refer to the new planet Neptune, pourtra)ing the manner in which it has been discovered as one of .the grand intel lectual feats of the age. Mr. Bufton was repeatedly ap plauded during the delivery of the lecture, and an earnest request was made that he would consent to its publica tion.—Kentish Paper. QUEEN'S THEATRE, llunn.----This place of amuse ment, in which M. Jullien held his last Monster Concert here, is announc e d f o r re-opening, for histrionic art on Monday, the 19th inst., under the management of Mr. Cagle, a gentleman well-known in the theatrical circles of London. Since Mr. Cale arranged fo r the occu p an cy of the theatre, man y alteration have been made lor pro moting the co m f or t o f t h e au di ence , whilst the redecora ttona by Mr. G eorge P ec k , o f Hull, bid fair to outstrip anything of the kind hith e rt o displayed in the provinces. Nothing now i s want i ng but a first rate a nd w ell se lected corps d rama ti que, an d t hi s , we doubt not, Mr. Caple is not only desirous of possessing, but will doubt lessly obtain. SACRED HARMONIC SOCIETY.--A third and final performanceof Handel's sublime oratorio, Israel in Egypt, under the direction of Mr. Costa, is announced to take place on Friday next, the 10th instant. SPAIN. Madrid journals of the sth inst. have arrived. CABRERA. had made an unsuccessful attack upon the fortified town of Soluna. MADRID BOLSA, MARCH s.—Five per Cents., 101 paper ; Three per Cents., 23k paper. Exchange on London, 49 95 money. AWFUL DEATH. OF GENERAL STEWART'S DAUGH TER.—On Friday, Mr. G. C. Greenway, coroner, held an inquest at the King's Arms, Kenilworth, near Lea mington, Warwickshire, on the body of Miss Ann Stewart, aged 16, a daughter of General Stewart. It appeared from the evidence of John Pugh, coachman to the General, that on Thursday afternoon, about three o'clock, he heard one of his master's horses making a strange noise in the stable, and on going to the spot he found Miss Stewart under the horse. The animal was standing close by the side of the stall, and the deceased was doubled up under it. The blood was issuing from deceased's head, and there was a large pool of blood in the stable. The deceased used to caress and feed the horse occasionally, and it was remarkably quiet, and seemed sensible of her at ten' ion. In the opinion of the witness, the deceased was feeding the horse, when he, in play, knocked her oonnet off, and it fell on the ground; that he then became frightened, and knocking her down, kicked her on the head, as he found the bonnet on the floor of the stable, and the off hind heel of the horse was covered with blood. When he extricated deceased life was quite exiinct. The jury returned a verdict of "Accidental Death." The young lady was highly re spected by the whole neighbourhood, and the melancholy event hag thrown a gloom over the district. MILFORD, MARCH 10.—The Queen, Cardiff to Liverpool, has put in after striking on the Crow Rocks this morning. he fol sth 11 14 g i ateve r nt has 8 no the r lces re heyth PIE t. Amish gt Gore n „ Great d end botzei ~9fficial "te‘'o,Cossac til t : gory f , ao ft il ee to t et ed a 11 4 4 ,,„ 14 1 41 1, a kns ‘ l ll fo,• ,i€ every A Th e c bQre CII allitnre3: