The Sun. — London, England, 1815-12-15 00:00:00

THE AAMV*, __„..........,--- the folloivi t im 'regiments arc under Otcters 'fn . '. Irela n d : '2' 14th Light Dragoons 35th Foot, 2d Batt, 16th Do. 37th - 2d Batt. 12tli Foot, 2d Batt. 41st Rest. Single Batt. 14th --. 3d Ditto • 44th Foot, 2d Batt. 16th Rest. Single Batt. 58th - Ist Batt. 25th Fdot, 2d Batt. 59th --- 2d Batt. 30 th --2 d Ditto. G 2 d -2d Batt. 32d Res - . Single,l3att. S2d •-•--- Ist Batt. • . . Major -General TORRENS is, it is said, collecting, Under the db•eetion of the Commander-in-Chicf , all the heroic and other Interesting anecdotes re specting. the battle and victory of Waterloo, that 41 t1 authentic record may be made and preserved, of. those acts of humanity,. ;is wcli as her°iSili ' Ivhich distinguished the British character through but-that unparalleled conflict.. On .Friday.the first division of the Berwiashire Militia ivarched from Berwick, on their route tor P ortpatrick—tche second followed the next day. LONDON PRISONS. "'REPORT of the COMMITTEE of the HOUSE of COMMONS. ECONOMY OF NEWGATE. By- an 'Especial Court of Lord Mayor and Ai d • A e thaen, held the 24th of June, 1814, it was or aered_... That 14 ounces of Bread he delivered daily to the pri a"ners. Two pounds.of Meat, without bone, weekly : One sack of Coals for each fire-place weekly in the winter ; and half a sack ditto in the summer. All garnish is abolished. ' '" a elsig the coffin before condemned persons in the Chapel at Servi ce is to be discontinued. That the Magistrate sitting in rotation at Guildhall do, day in his week, visit the several prisons within the City, gild report, shortly, his observations in a book to be kept at each prison. And, That three of the Magistrates on the rota at the Old Bailey du likewise visit the several prisons during the Sessions, and =lake their observations in the books to be kept fur that purpose. Divine Service is perforated regularly twice every Sundcry in the Chapel, by the Rev. 11. S, Cotton,. the Chaplain, who klse. visits t h e prison often in the week days, and has -a School for young inmates. The attendance of the prisoners Chapel is inure eimstant and regular than heretofore-- ; &dons are admissible into the Master's side of Newgate, on_ the payment of half a crown per week ; or even on the State on payment of rent for .the lodging, and promising to observe certain- separations. In April, 1815, the inmates of IS'ewitate amounted to 537, viz: 164 men, and 14 women, debtors ; and 2G4 men and 95 women; criminals. The sa fury of the Keeper (Mr. Newman) is fixed at 4501. per an. luau, but the amount o f his emoluments besides, arising f a eun fees and room rents, is from 6001. to t 1090}. per annum ~more.be Of the fees, upwards of one-third are paid by dOtors. e entrance f ee on the State side, as taken by the peesent Keeper, i s t wo gu i neas.- On the Master's side it is Ids. 6d, I . .Qs. 6d. and the first week's rent. The supply yielde a by the Sheriff's Fund 'is about 121. per.week; at an average. The amount of this Fund is uncertain, as depending upon chari table Thr. greatest suns ever expended by the Keeper fromit tin! Sheriffs Fund, was about 6001 . and i n the Sheriff- Messrs. Blades and llov. The Fund originated in that ) ° o f Alderman A. Smith and Sir Itichard Phillips. rise x P ens eoecasioned by'Newgate to the City of London,is ha,- , " ve " l 1 1 and 12,0001. The emoluments of the last Ordinar y i every )r • Ford) was 3001. per annum salary, and two freedomsrprarter, which would snake 5091. - The Sd • TY OI the SurgeonAlsol. and his hill for mecii,es he 3 0A. a-vear more. The bread bill for the'siiiipii (tithe Prisoners, taking the nnartern loaf at ts., is about 23001. a Year. Tlw supply of meat, taking it at 7 J. per lb. amounts to the cost of rono lbs. at an average. The expenses of cloth !ng and rugs are nearly 5001. per annum. Every female can ‘iet coats about two guineas and a half on her removal for t r ansportation• Tile whole internal expense of Newgate is Vtifl by the Prisoners themselves, eith.lr from the rents of the , L l ,?olus, or froea fees on their entrance and discharge , w i th the exception of the Keeper's salary, and the Surge , m's . and Vsditiary's, and some allowance to sonic of the Pris'oners. i tt whol e exuence of Newgate (i. e. the keeping and manage at o f t h e prison), is little more than 70001. a-year. THE MARKETS.' CORN-ExCHANGE, DEC. bad very ittle diiing in the Wheat trade, having but few buyers, and sales were heavy, at Monday's prices. `--Barley is Is. , per quarter cheaper, and ,many samples are %indisposed of at that. repCtion.- 13 eatis are also rather lower.—ln Pease, Oats, and tither articles, there is little or no alteration. . . SMITHFIE LD , Dee. 15.—This day's Market had ioolerable poi supply cif the, various kinds Of Cattle ; Pork was Cheaper ; eel and .Mutton were dearer; Veal. supported last price; hales the trad e , fur' the most part, was somewhat dat. The in the Hay-market were tritling ; Hay and fAuver have got up in price ; Straw has fallen in price.. The following P r ices and numbers are a correct statement:-- To sink the Offal, per stone of 811); lie c pd t 4d. NI httim, 45,53.4 d. Lamb, Cs. Od-. Veal, bs.od. to 7s. Od. Pork, 4s. 1311. to 55.6 d. . att s._los6. Sheep, 0.,400. Calves, 20'. Pigs, 380. IAY-MAItK 31: Os. to 41. 10s. Straw, 11.55: to 11. les. Cloter, •"" Cs. total. 10s. . , IDUELIN, WELLINGTON TitoPnv.—On the ll th iinsiant, at a full meet* of dig Managers of the Wellington Trophy, to be erected in Dublin, the• (lesign of ROBERT SMIRKE, Esq. of Lou,lon, was onanimously select e d. The Managers have also . reSolved, that Stephen's-Gree i n is the best and 'lost appropriatescite in the city of Dublin for this !Iltignificent structure, and have applied to, the Commissioners for their permission to pla s ce it there ; and in case of their refusal, the Managers b ave, , leterntined toapply to the Commissioners Uf Merrion-square, and to Lord . ViTztvit.t.fArd, " liberty to erect it in' that square, which is _°('osidered by the' Managers to be the best situa non hi the city of Dubfln, after that of Stephen's green. Sir CHARLES SAXTON arrived from England ' l ' 3 night.—We are authorised to insert the fol . -.. 4l e`ving observation upon a statement contained in 'lute paper of the Bth instant, relative to the meet lug Which recently took place between Sir Charles axton and Mr. Lidwill, at Calais, viz. that it the Oration alleged to have been pronounced, on the std shOre by Mr. Lidwill, otter receiving his ad er'l'lry's fire, had been heard, the affair would ,="1.i.5.•,e been permitted to rest at - the point to which ?It 11 44 been brought, by Mr. Lidwill's refusal to "um the fire, and the offer of his hand rejected with the contempt which it deserved.—(Dttb/iit Correspondent, rDc. 12_) A splendid marriage ceremony is expected to I.l ke place shortly in Paris, between a daughter .of th e E ar l of Ij A aDwiciE and a high diplomatic character. Etulit - and thirty extents haVe; it seems, been toe Collectors is suedagainst toe of the King's taxes 11 1 Rerksliire, and their securities, in consequence of the extraordinary robbery and stoppage of the v • v e wbuty Bank, unfortunately took place ee.. day previbas.to the money, which hart, been tho s e, :being paid into the hands of. the fitectiver.e cu cra for County.. r 6 Tit Y. ON SEE►NG AN ACTION IN THE NEWSPAPERS, " FRY versus FISH." Th:. King's Bench Reports have cooled - up an odd dith An action for damages; " FRY against Fists." But sure if for damages Action could lie, • It certainly must have been " Fssu against FRY." Dec. 14, 181.5. . X. THE Til EA : Daultv-LANt.--Last night the Tragic-comic Play of The .Beggar's Rush, written by , BEAU MONT and FLETCHER, ‘010,5e rvorks are too wdl known to the adthirerS of the British Drama to • require our entering inr4-0 • any detail oP the fable, was - revived at this Theatre. The play was ori ginally rept esented about the year 1647, and was populat' in its day ; but it abounded in so many .of those licentious passages which were the natural growth of the tites, that it gradually fell into disaetude, and was at last coll.. signed wholly - to the shelf. Indeed, it- was brought forward in Wet. times, under the title of The Royal Merchant; or, Beggar's Push ; hut, the 'alterations were not skit:oily made, the piece again sunk into the obscurity of the closet. It has now, however, undergone such a judicious re vision, and some transpositions of the scenes have been so adroitly managed, that it altogether pos sesses a strong interest, and excites merriment and sympathy. These alterations are attributed to Mr. DOUGLAS KINNAIRD, one of the Committee of Management. It has the additional - recom mendation of excellent acting, heantifol scenery;: and charming music. The chief 'character is • allotted to DEAN, who, besides the advantage of having no competitor in the part, sustains it with intrinsic merit, and impressive energy: His chief error was in dropping his voice in some passages, which, though perhaps very effective, within a certain distance from the stage, were wholly unintelligible to the audience in gene ral; But his performance altogether was highly creditable to his talents. The opening Glee and Chorus, which are - beautiful and grand,. are the composition of Mr. \VILLIAM LINLEY ; •so is the air, "In every. Woodland, Dale, and • Bower," and the %t hole - is characterized' by that ciegiince and pure simplicity, which dis 7 tingtiish all the composition; of the LINLE fit tnily, . musical and poetical. The rest of the rntisic was adapted to the words by Mr.-T. COOKE., 'and it is marked by taste.—ELAvrtoso,•RAE, 1 - 101.-+ LAND, OXIIERRY, and MUNDEN, powerfully sup ' ported the piece. The Occasional Address, written by J. HO'BROUSE, Esq. a gentleman distinguished in the literary world, was ably delivered by Pore. The House was thronged in all parts. The piece was received throughout with, great applause, and announced for this evening with a very fervent sancuon. YEDESTRIANISM—AIimsToNk, DEC. 14. Tv Fr EE AND SO N— 11 th ‘ Dily.)—This morning Toffee started at a quarter past 2 o'clock, and by 20 minutes before 4, rrforrned 5 miles ; which com pleted the bait of the undertaking, viz. 600 miles ; at a gnarter after 6, he had gone 61 miles, when ,the boy set off, and by a - quarter past 7, perfornwd 41mile's; Tnfi«c, at 9, 41 miles ; the sen, at 10, 4 miles ; ,at I'2, Toffee, i 4 Miles;. at 1,, the boy, 3 miles ; at 3, they had accomplish ed- 41i miles ; at . 6, 55 miles ; and 20 minutes before 9, o'clock, 65 miles, w!;cn they left off. LIST (F ARTICLES INTENDED AS PRESENTS FOR THE EMPEROR OF CHINA AND WIS MINISTERS •. One large liioking-:glass and frame,. about la feet by 9 feet —One large convex mirror and frame, the mirror :3 feet in diaineterSeveral smaller mirrors—One large glass chande lier, and two sets desert services of glass—Two large:cande labras, and four sets desert services of glass—One desert set porcelain, and three porcelain vases—*Pwo sedan • Several pieces finest superfine broad cloth—Several pieces finest. veteets-I.Essences and .perfunies—Lignenrs and pre served fruits—Portraits of their Majesties.—Therc are at the India-House a collection •of coloured and uncoloured en gravings—A 'case of furs—Some boxes of siniff—A selecti.m of Bran - lab's patent. hicks—and a case of hand telescopes. • Theb . Imperial Highnesses the Archdukes JOHN and Lewis arrived at Berwick on Thursday even ing, about eight o'clock. On Saturday they ar rived in Newcastle, soon after which they were waited-open' by the Right Worshipful the MAYort and 'several of the Aldermen ; when the MAYOR requested the honour of entertaining them at the Mansion-house, which their Imperial Highnesses declined, observing, that they were sensible of the honour intended then~, but - that they %visited to be considered as travelling privately. On the same day they visited Shields, and Walken(' col liery. On Saturday forenoon they attended at the CatholiC-Chapel ; and in the afternoon they paid a visit to Sunderland, to see the cast-iron Bridge. Monday their Highnesses proceeded to Lemington, to %kw the iron-works At that place. A young lady, of coosiderable fortune, eloped on Wednesday morniag, from the residenCe of her. relatives near Exeter, with a young military officer of the nave of The post-chaise and four in which they went off, 'passed' through Chndleigli and Ashburton, towards Plymouth, closely pursued ; but the kir fugitive ; who is not 17 years of age, has not yet.' been restored to her parents. JACK'S etttl ZE,—Saturday two of our gallant tars, just paid off, 411(1 at a loss how to get rid of • their money fast enough, hit on tile expedient of hireing eighteen of the (fillies that run between the three towns, with which they went in grand pro cession from Plymouth to Dock, and back, to the infinite astonishment of the humbler pedestiians. To humour the . joke sinue of the drivers got in side, and Jack and his comrade rode separately, one bearing a white handkerchief, and the other, a large printed posting bill, relative to the flying stag, intended to be 'bhewn at 'the Plymouth • theatre_ The Scheme of the Lottery for the approaching New Year, is (what it ought to be), completely different to any we have-seen for some time past. In forming it without any fixed Benefit, and with less than two Blanks to a Prize,. the Contractors appear to have _studied what they will a lways find it their interest to study—ale Public's wishes; and they have Rppropriately fixed the Drawing on the .Day dedicated to St. Valentine, whielt was for • merly marked in the . RVlllaLl ligikack as the day • of Universe Loye, T - 1 • 117 I ly . TNT RE •A"-"" 1 1 ;1 u 'LN cso j"rnai . nf Cruize nude to tAe Pacik Ocean by Copt&an DA v! PuaTmi, in the United States Frigate Essex, in' the 1812, 1813, and 1814, containing leescriptions of the Cape de Verd Islands, Coasts of Brazil, Patagonia, ,Chili; fldr'eru, and of the Gallapagos Ist:Judi. Also, a full Ac= c:auiit, of the Washington Group of Islands; the Manners, Cu , toins, Dress 'of the Inhabitants, &c. &c." illustrated 14 Engravings, In 2 vols. Bvo. pp. 440. Philadel- plja. 1.815. N.Ve,confess ourselves -to be, on the present 0e . . - - cision, Piagituists. Our notice of the abnie work shall be taken entire from The Quar-. terly Review, a pnblication which does equal ho nour and service to the country, whether corii- - dcred on the store of its truly British principles, or the high talents which it displays in enforcing them. The list Number, as the extracts copied into most of the Newspapers silo?, has very success.. fully broken . a French Inse . et, of the name of on the %Owe] of cliticistn, and exposed its (ft&ering tnembers to the scorn ri,n(l abhorrence of the world. But it has, we think, still more successfully impaled the American Caterpillar, lvhose production gives the title to 0118 article. IVe small tt)erefore roal:"1: ao apology for films- ferric g nearly the whole of this masterly Reviczy into the columns of TnE Suri. . . will he thought stipbrlinons, perhaps, to put the English Ifeader on his guard against a book which he may never have an Oportunity of. pe rusing ; for eve believe that ours is the only copy which has crossed, or is likely to cross, the At 7 lautic :—if accident, however, should .throw it in his way, or if smite L+'nglis'► Publisher should he desperate enough to , reprint it, it may stve him huth expence and trot le to be apprized of the fallacies held forth in the lengthy title-page. We can assure him that he. will Intik iny)ain for the promised description of the Cape tie Vend Islands, Ul' for that of the coast of Brazil, or ot Patagonia, no part of the two latter of which, in fact, did the writer even see. For the rest, A seglel to 'the Adventures of the Buccaneers of America,' or to The History of the Pirates,' would, in our esti mation, have been a' far more appropriate plc to this.' Journal of-a Cruite; than the one asSumed. It would, however, be an act of injustice . to the memory of, the gallant Captain Morgan, the utF• daunted Ann Bouncy, and Many others of the same class, to-associate with theirs the name of David. Porter to them we cannot refuse the me rit of heroic courage and disinterested generosity but our adventurer,' as we gather from his own' narrative, is utterly destitute of both. " In hinting at any similitode, however, we would not be understood to allude; in the most distant manner, to the capture or destruction of the whale-fishing vessels in the Southern Pacific, and the mass of individual distress occasioned thereby :—private property met with on the sea, however innocently employed, is, by the prac tice of ‘rar, unfortunately excluded from that pro tection which is usually granted to it 'on shore.-- Our charges against Captain Porter are of a more ,flqgitionsnature, and out of his own mouth shall we condemn him. " The style, or rather . jargon, of the book is that of a boatswain's Mate; and with regard to any new information, naetical, geographical, or mo ral, it is so trifling in its extent, And of so little importance in any point ot view, that the notice of it will not detain us long. By far the greater part of the book is occupied with a tedious detail of the Author's exploits in capturing unarmed whalers', in Maltreating. hiS prisoners, , and in wantonly murdering unoffending savages, of_ all which he is hardy enough to make an exulting re cital. ' " The first port that DavidPorter,Eisq.'bf the United States frigate Essex touched at, in this cruize,' was L'orta Fraya, on 'the Island of St. Jago. The friendly attention which . he there met with from the " Allies .of Great Bri tain," were as surprizing as they were unexpect ed ;'` a moment's reflection, however, solved the mystery—they aros'e, it seems,-from a comparison of hisatniable and gentlemanlike manners with the haughty unconciliming conduct of the com mandersand officers of British vessels of war.' But they carried their friendly attentions' yet fur. , timer : they were highly gratified,' Captain Por ter says, at the accounts I gave them.of our suck cess against the ships of that imperious navy and such a portion of his o•vn ardour did this he roic chief instil into the breast of .the Portugese Governor, that he offered to protect hint against any British force that might arrive there.' p. 25.- This was the inure generous, as, it appears, from. the Captain's own account, that there were but four serviceable muskets on the island.' The re turn which this mirror of transatlantic politeness • makes far these distinguished civilities on the part of the of Great Britain,' is to ridicule the whole establishment. This, with the price of fowls;• and a few desultory remarks on bail rum, petmonklrs, and bar ;:couters (btraconta), consti tutes the description of the Cape de Verd so prOminently put forth in the title-page. As the rim across the tropical -latitudes is an event of rare occurrence in the history ofmtviga tion, it was not to be expected that this able na-' vigator would 'pass over in silence the phenome non of the trade Winds, the cause of which we do not recollect to have any • where •met with so briefly and intelligibly explained. They are caus ed, he says, by the passage of the sun from east ,to west,' or rather' (for either ot- the two causes it seems will do) ;hc earth's rotatory motion from west to east.' He.nce,sve conclude that the reason why we, who dwell Without the tropics, have no trade winds, is, that our sun- does not pAss from east to west, or rather, that our portion of the earth stands still, at least has no rotatory motion from west to east. " Here he captures the Nocton packet, of ten gnus and 30 men and bays, 'including passenget4. On tikii oceasidr) big humaniiy is as couspietout as his, bravery. ‘ fie forbore to m,die Ilse of his great guns ;' hut, as he apprehend that • this formidable cock-boat was about to rake him, be poured a volley cif niusketry into her,' which, : o . n.e watt. His prisoners, meanwhile, ‘veriit qttiT pxvi.shed . with their good fortune in falling into this. liands : they Seemed (he says) to reonsiii tlerANir capture and trip to America more in die light of an agreeable adventure and party of plea;-... titre than a misfortune,' p. low can you be so cruel,' said Bcckford to a waiTener, to Sew up the mouths of your ferrets `Lord, Sir!' 'replied the fellow, they likes it.' Captain Por ter must have read this passage. On another casion, his poisoners, many of Whom had been in irons, being put on board an old, ship, and a dull sailor,' on taking their departure ; gave hint throb hearty cheers, and many good wishes for his success ;' in Which; the Captain says, he doubts not they were sincere ! "•On approaching the Small island of Fernatnic, de Noronha, Captain Porte'r,' Tiii•rues' the Es sei as a .•merelizintinati, hoists English colours, and SendS:iik First Lieutenant on shon, in plant clothes, tilt'inforin the Governor that the ship was Firirny, Captailt • Johnson; from London, bOuti(TAW Rio de Janeiro art of water—erew sick of the scurvy—in want of refreslottelitF—and unable to anchor, all the anchors being loSt, anti the cables bad.' fhis he cirrionstentiai' pro cured him inttiligence (V . two English frigates having been there the week before, and that the Governor had 'a let te:' addresSed to Sir James Yen, of the Southampton, which had hee) left with nirn to send to England. , In coa'sequ.enee of the latter part of this information, the Lieutenant was a second time dispatched with a lie direct'—' that there was A gentleman on' board who was Mately arqUainted with Sir James Yet), and was going front Brazils direct to England, %%Ito woulit take charge of the letter and deliver it to Sir Jame 3 "fbe unsuspecting; GoVernor the letter; which David Porter, Esquire, made odi scruple to break open ; but the information it , contained was rather alarming to dm nerves of the fictitious Englislonan (and never was the name so disgraced before), who immediately shifted his ground to avoid fall,:ng in with a British frigate. The sum .of the information, therefore, concern» ing this island, is--that there are, no females OA Fernando Noronha 7 4or no other motive that our author can conceive unless it be to render this place Of exile wore horrible.' ". The next place which be visited was the island of St.c'at harine's, where we find very little worthy of remark, except his punishing a man. for paying a dollar for a dozen of rotten eggs.' Here, too, he takes occasion to speak contemp,- , tuously of the Portuguese establishments, in re turn for their civilities : the .ivalls of - the fortress were covered With treCs, the guns were honey contbed,, the gun-carriages in' a rotten state, anti the garrison consisted of &auto 20 half-naked sal diets I - . the church was within the fortress; and a .broken" erow4sar was suspended at the door as a substitute for ti hell—this is the substance of the information concerning the-island of 6t. Guth's fine's, which, with What we have already statel with regard ro Fernando 'Noronha, comprises the destriptibn of the coast of Brazil coast, of which, in point of fact, he never once came with in sight. A report, indeed, of some British fri gates-its the neighbourhood ' determined hint orl getting to Sea again with all expedition ;' and as the southern Atlantic was likely to prove too warm ft station, he resolved to make the best of his way round Cape Horn for the Pacific, where plenty of prizes were to be had without fighting' Etil• them. To keep his crew in good humour, .he addressed to them a note,' which he says pro% dated the happiest effects—and well it might : it iS couched in the meanest buccaneer style—the • rapacity without the spirit—" Sailors and Ma- The unprotected British commerce on the coast of Chili', Peru, and Mexico, will give - you an - abundant supply of wealth, and the girls of the SandWich islands will reward you for your sufferings during the passage round Cape Horn." (To be continued.) It aijpeaes - from the Returns made to Parlia ment, that the sums annually raised by the Poor rates amount to five millions sterling, which is abdut 13,6991. per day—a provision,surely suffi cient to prevent the appearance of a common beggar in any part of the kingdom. CHARLES GIESON, Esq. of Quernmore Park, in Lanetohire, has made a considerable reduction in the rents of his farms, in consequence of the pre sent tow prices of agriculture! produce. A 'fellow,. named Lavorides, one of the principal rioters fit Nismes,' presumed to exact a pecuniary contribution, in order, as he pretended, to furnish. better apparel to the Royal Voluntetrs. He ag gravated this,offence by a seditious letter to the Authorities, who censured his conduct. He was definitively arrested, and tried before the Tribu nal of Correctional Police. Fur these multiplied. and weighty offences, he was condemned to eight days detention. The Due d'Angonleme having taken much trouble to investigate the affair, ex pressed hi s L nOst serious di-satisfaction to the Judges, who waited on him in person, and repre sented their conduct to are .Keeper of the Sc a! A few days since, a large parcel of nbonr flay poUnds value, containing several hondrertz. of Moor's Almanacks in sheets, was stolen from one of tbe.coaches on its way from London to Exeter. The thieves, on finding in it nothing but quires of printed, paper, considered it as waste, and left the Whole in a field near Salisbury. A melancholy accident happened at sea on the Gth inst. On the evening of that day, the IV:1141[11 WD collier, Capt. STAFFORD, from Sunderland tO Brighton, with a cargo for Messrs. CROSWELLEA and Blaber was unfortunately run down, off the Humber, by. the Lord Melville packet, of Leith. Three•of the crew perished ; the. Captain and two boys were providentially picked up by the packet. - As the grave-digger of a country church-yard, in immediate neighbourhood of Montrose was making preparation for the inhumation of a corpse on Tuesday last, the coffin of the preceding tenant broke under his spade, and, horrid to relate, the skeleton was discovered, completely turned on its face ; adding, we are afraid, another to the me• lancholy list of those who have suffered by prerna. tare interment.—(frionirese Courier.)