The Sun. — London, England, 1820-09-14 00:00:00

AGRICULTURE. • 13.111115 i-I OPIUM. The GOLD ISIS MEDAL was in 1819 conferred by the Society of Arts, &c. in the Adelphi, on .jOEIN YOUNG, Esq. Fellow of the Royal College of Surged ot;tEdinbttrkh, for his method of cultivating—in.- Gfreat Pritain the PAPAVER. SOMNIFtIZUM, and the "preparation of OPIUM frbrn ir,==tite tolloiving are the communications , received on the.- subject, ,and Spe-; eirgtil% of the -Instryments described and 're fetigi,!-to : are ; placed in the' .Society's Repo- The ,ipipertam , .e of '.this •Car nflallnica tioy.,:dichwes us to give •it at. length to our -1-41:turill, Readers. t t,% • -• Frliuburch Atprii 1818- . from Pop in VS 41:t1W 14 enz , " g ‘d tl,c attention of the Si , cirty' for the lirw,Ottrit;:ement ttc:Arts; Mantifactures,Thnl Commetee. I regork.you. will do 6,0 the ,f4ronr prescnt to tite.tiovie ty . rhtlfvtlo.st2Al account 'of a new toe, tv.tl o,collect in g . O k iltto frnd a proposal for igo i d ()ring' 'the, Vilesent motio n -I g athriin e; it in the East I ndlii•6. The has. euntabitta .r.pt•-c ) raen, of Opit u n, the, iustronients used for c o llecOu F it. ana one of the i k lira !row which r e.atheo.il it. I have ftree, vu areu t. nt t cel !ideates respectiv e ; t hettfica4 of. t he , o.-tari - " Fecretnry;-&e , .' ~-m-- I um, Sir. , B.;c. J4.511";* You Nu. .• • Thi_eesistrel,bietary_ of Opium, end-the makiner of collect inianrrptepating it it) thsel*:ast and n e rsie bas, betre,Thilyelefuled by' Dr. Sawn el Cramp,' in his Inquiry into to t e ;Nature god Properties ef Opiim. - lie examined the 411f teektat aestennitp related by , gut hors,- from Dioscorides, Fceota•lifeei aisd Maley:other:, till the year. 1;92, ,when his very ierer , stag. seUf l. was completed. The prepaeatipn.of Opium ,in Britain has lung been a tlesi• derat out, I'r,ntininshaisisl+eicorferect b} the Society of Arts, • aticl - more recently by the. Caledonian, llorticulteral Society. Svc:if:rots of British Olden) hive beenspreduCed and proved toshiSatistio degree' inft;rior Su.the best . Ftereiza Opium ; hut it lola psit yet been aserOtairied that this valuable drug can he celsireeted ut tritnio with profit to the grower - . •', bei'law experiments ashith have horn wade, 'were con slisheal.aCcording to the..Eeetern usiele. But the temperatere, winds, and rain of this climate, hare hitherto been -justly con s sWeriees insuperable eh-Jacks. Of these the temperature 7 , 00 , he , h4l/kis the least. °ejection:title, for the large. white pppy - (,Perptu•er soma:Pr-lint of Linnaeus,) from which Fo re;gr, Opium is obtained, crimes to ;net urity iii ibis climate. But -it is ftnther objected, that the high winds beat down th'e planti, and the rains wash off the Opium, before it can 'tie collettedeviten the Eastern mode of gathering it is practised. -It has therefore been proposed to cultivate the garden poppy of Ibis' , Cituntry, because it is not so liable to be damaged ley wind as theetarge white poppy. , . • eltissthe abject of 'this communication. to describe a me -0444 which these obstacles hate been completely removed, airiest demonstrate fruit the tesult of experiment that Opium, seises-hut in.quatily to the best Turkey Opium, can be procur ed iu Britain, in sufficient quantity, nut only for home con sumptiOe'; btit also for exportation. ft is proposed to cultivate the popPy not only for its• Opium, but also for its oil; ii id it will appear that a crop of early polatoes.may be raised upon tfse same space of ground, with the Opium and oil by the saute coltnre, and that such a crop will, in a gocid SCRUM, yield a clear profit of front 301. to .801., per acre, allowing 601. ioisex pc aces. trionopnly Of the opium, produced from the culture of the poppy, is the third principal branch of the East India Company's territorial revenue in India.* In 173, the contract or exclusive privilege for providing repiuM was granted to Meet Munkeer, in preference (as was atatej by, Government) to any one eke, because, being the person employed by the gentlemen of Patna in that business, he Wee the best acquainted with the proper mode of manag irg it, and would account for army outstanding 'balances. He was to deliver the Balms' opium at 320 rupees, and the Oude at 359 rupees per meant'. . • Since that time, the East India Company's anneal ret cove noon that article alone has risen front eight-to upwards of rightylacs or ropers, or more titan a million sterling. I3y a report, dated East India House, 99t1•h February, 1816, which was at that time !aid beforeeParliament, the sale of Opium in Berigel for the year 1813-14, amounted to 96 tars, 40,7°9 cur - reot ropers, the advances and charges upon which only anti:mated to to hies, 77,15:38 current rupees. • 4 But tire 014'11W - used in Britain is principally supplied from Tortey. The. gross amount of - duty-upon Opium, imported into Great Gritain in the year 1816, was only 9,6311..135., while the average quantity consumed in Britain is 14,4001 h., which is chargeable with a duty of-Bs. Bd.•per pound. •• The've are, besides, from 250 to 300 rheas of Option imported from arid lodged in b , ond warehouses for exportation, each chest' containing from loolb. to 9001 h. of Opium. statement is from a Member-1)f the Turkey Company in Lafeadin • As the method of gathering Opium, shout to he proposed, differs materially front any othcr hitherto in use, it may be proper to observe, that MI% Balt, who obtained a premium of fifty guineas Irons the Society of Arts, collected.his Opiutn accatrding to the Bengal method, which is accurately describ ed by Mr. Kerr. who was nit ocular witness, and by A.W. Davis,: %clime accounts agree with that given by Kminpfer reverting the _mode of collectiog Opium in Persia. 'She seeds, according to Mr. Kerr, are sown if) quadrangular areas, the intervals" of` width are formed -into aqueducts for convey in.g water into each area. 'Flue plants are allowed to grow eix Or eight inches front each other, and are plentifully sup p,i, d with water till they are six or eight inches high, when a 9,ttrient compost of ihnig„ ashes, and nitrous earth, is laid' over the areas A little before the dowers appear, they are anain still watered till the capsules arelalf grown, when the w'ater'ing is .stopped, and I buy begin to collect thenipinun. • This they effect by making s - at suosete s two honsitudinal in cis4ous froM below tipsiesrdS, without penetrative; the cavity, san an'ireitromeet that has two . peints fine and sharreas a, hymen. The incisions are repeated every evening-, 'until •stach - napente bas received six or eight wounds. and they are' that% }Wowed to. ripen !heir seeds. The juice which exudes, is collected in the meriting, end beim; inspissated to a pre'per catti•nence, by worhin - i'it in an earthen-pot in the sun's-heat, it„is•fornied into cakes kir sale. • . 'in this mauper Mr. Ball cullected four ounces of Opium freOn one fall end 'twenty eight equae.e . yards of geonitd, winch - 13 at the rate of 9211). 8 nip'. per acre. But, in another s e e losee',he ohserves, that by a calculation a hich.he made, sup au. erg one poppy geowinc in one square foot of earth, and , pieducinr one gra-in of °piton; more thaff.so lb.•will tie col lented from one statute acre. of 410, But if 1 - taktt this pro end calculate by the rule used by hind-ruesurers, diteproduce in that ease woolit only be 5 lb:Ilex:And:I dr: ,neenrcre: If;Me. gs 'assertions With respect -tothe proles hie progiuce had Item carrect, there can be .no ,douirt that /turn would have laren prepared ;If this eikOrtry to a consi der-aide extviit. It is probable that Mr. Thomas Jones, who was a candidate foothe preininnt offered by the Society or Arts, wits Misled by the cpaulations cif Mr. Ball: Mr. Jones only crVected 21 . 16. ex; d'opitito frier five acres • tied upwitrds of poppies, and otheitted the peemioneof fifty guineas for .the largest sine:l awn. • Lie coilected Its Opium ace(); dinea o the Bengal me t he'd ; b,tt some of his poppies, he says, became stunted, :led s;t .'ors I...ere entirely destroyed. by remarkably dry weather, at s ieleconfinued six weeks front the !legit:lring of,Moy. This nay be considered as . tbe rea , on why' he obtained sd little fret: ire ect es. In anotner plaCe, he says, the largest quan tity which his man, seven children, and himself, were able to wocure in ope movnitig from a to 9 o'clock, was, one pound Leif a half. • T11;3 happened when the dew was remar kelsly andnmeceeded ope of the warmest (lays °folic suMmer. " And as he admits, its another piece, that the ood„, („100, appeared upon the beads in a soft ashcoloured substance), .vfaiin first collected:ls, from its union with the dew, much tap soft to be formed into a proper* consistence; making a proper allowance ft f' the evaporatioll of its watery part, I cerclude that ha gathered oely,in one morning, afters warm gay, it the same ratio that they gather opium in the Ea s t h a _ g. The:thave no rain in India during the season of ga thering opium, and Mr. Kerr says, that there, one acre of eoppiee yields 60 Id. of•Opienn nbsereations, cullected from Jone's'e paper to the Society:of Arttesishould be kept in view, as they may help to illustrate one of the olijects of this Essav, and confirm the superiority of my method of colltestini opiunciti Britain. Hr. Ifiresison, who.was . for seine tinie Inspector of Opines in Itencel, is the only other person, as far as I knots, who has - gtren en aceffunt of the result of his 'experiments for making ' .4yruest in this,country. Although; he was nut, the first who • 11411infrefttary .Reports, 23; . „ t Obseryhtioos and Inquirres, rol. r, art.l3. Z Transactions of Sncirty of Arts, Vol. xri, p. 273„ • Awaiditates Exotic*, Fas. 3, Obs. t 4. ectllectea the milky juice of the 'ritips , lll 'fistia -slate, it Is supposed he is the first, who, in this country, has given the preference to that mode. Dr. Alston collected the juice in the fluid-state according to Dioscorides,* aun also in the Persian way described by Exinpfer, from several valleties of the poppy. sf-I.e also colletted the true tear, as he calls it, by cutting off;the star irons several of the heads, bending them down, anal •serflerin4 the" nnlk to drop int it, a tea.-sup ; yet he says that he collected niore by the Persian way than by that described by Dioscorides. The instrument used by T)r. Howison for wounding the poppy-heads, consists of a, brass ring, .made, to tit the middle finger of the operatore'in which is: fixed a wheel set with lancets,-which, when put iti motion tiy drawing the hand along the 'poppy head, makes with great •expetlitissit what-- 'ever number of perforationsare . Waoted, each giviog out its distinct drop .of by which a great surface is afforded bolls for suitpost and evaporation, and the flowing milk is pre vented. from running upon the ground, the unavoidable eon.; sequence . of the itieshod,formeely,istose. And for gathering ibe he.einpli , ys" a tin dash, flattened at the month aboukhalf an inch, with winch he scrapes , off thsrapium. Ily means of theie instruments, Dr. HoWison obtained a cake 4is opium that weighed ,s/ oz., and which was collected from a field nr p.ppies measuring :shout fire falls, which is att he rate . ..if 17 lb. *weight of opium per acre.- 'Pr rio.vison's pancturttig Morton-0 and collecting flask, inay certainly lit: coosiilered as a material improveirreat upon the Hir.shio instrionenti, ;Ind he {mind that they answered his purpose to a certain extent in gathering Opium from the -gassiest popny., But when the unevenness.tilion Ilse surface of tins capsules of tise'y bite poplin is coaiderosl, it will he found impassitile to adapt the wools 'of the flask so as to col, iect. the whiffle of "the juice without materially injuring the capsule, and , o uch of the juice would still remanent the inter stices of thetitiges, which ate balite most I nlet fatted upon the tap.tiles 9f the whit, poppy. Besides, ;lir juice very soon acquires a rop'eless, and allie;es to the annals of the flash, viti Is must interrupt thegathering, and there isdt chance of the juice being spilt by having toe dash suspended to ths::bosly attic. eailterer. lilt flowisois has stated several objections to the eultiva time of the • large white poppy in ibises:wary, and has given the preference to the sionte'r eed 'gal-Elvis poppy and its , varie ties. Hr says that tire white poppy,. fruit its large head and very considerable height, is of all (olives the most liable to be • hurt by winds; and Unless they be cultivated iii is sheltered situatimi, feef.will be fnutid standing when t he seasotofor gas inn iso4 tire Uplift!' arrives. '.Brit independent of this, he says, that itmevrr arrives at such perftction,in this climate ;Is to yield stii[li of proper Etinsisteece for making good Opium, and that the few that dis'eNirse twalford milk, continue ni that state (ally for a day, and, ally attempt to bleed them a little shutter or, later would he without success. Mr. ferr,-1- however, inforsils us. that the large white Pup py grows in Britain, withwit care; to he a much statel,er plain. than r: does in India . with . the utmost art; Dr. Alston, 'atter connuentiug -tsp,in the coetruversy, whether Opium is got trEMI the white poppy or trom theblack, con etades th.tt, as a medicine, -it is .1)10 consequence whether it be When from the one or flan: the other. Dr. cruoir also Observes that the white t'ariety is to •be 'prefer' ed, as atritd ing Opium in greater quantity than ;my of the rest,and theca can be no doubt that this puppy yields the large stand must juicy hea r s. Dr. Howisou has stated that 200,004 lb. of Opium are made annually in Bengal ; and that notwithstanding all the care that is taken in collecting it, o n e third of the crop is lost ; but there is reason to believe, that the waste is much greater than lie'suppuses. 'For in whatever way the itseistousare made, the milky. juice instantly flows in a wasteful stream, and by running Loom the ground or upon the leaves, one third of the crop at least must he lost before Ilse gathering commences in the morning. la tisk climate", lie retniteks, where the set VIICSI. day is often followed by a :tight of deluging rain, the adop tion of the Bengal method would be worst than trusting our fortime to the chance of a lottery. Although Howison was convinced that the juice of the poppy undergoes no change its its pi operties by exposute to the air, farther than acquiring a greater consistence firm the evaporation - of its watery part, be states in amither ' that in Bengal, where there is no rain during the Opium gathering season,.the custom of allowiag the milk, to flitches' *thy remaining for suture time on the capsule, is highly judi cious. While, in another part of Isis account he admits that that Custom is the wily reason why they lose one-third of their crop. • Supposing that 200;001 lb. of opium give the 'East India 'Company iOO,OOOl. sterling annoally, by Dr.'Howisost!s ac count they lose more that' 30,0001. But were the loss (silly to amount to half that sum, sufficient importance, it is 0 , lie supposed, would be attached tothe means by which such a saying could be effected. Mr. Kerr states, that there are about (700,000 Its. of Opium annually exported from the Ganges, independent of what is consumed in the interior. He also states, that it is frequently mixed with cow-dung, with the extract obtained by boiling the plants, and with other additions winch ate kept secret.— It is, indeed, frequently so nitwit ailulterated, that consider able quantities arc burnt at Alalcutta by .order of the Go vernment. In the summer of 1817, [cultivated "a small field of pop pies, .cotitflissing about 20,000. plants of the Papater sontiti ferom of Litsniens, out of which• I selected two beds, tura ing one tall and fourteen square yards, fur the purpose of asceitarning what quaotity ist Opium it would produce. I collected the Opium from that part selected for the experi ment myself, while the rest of the etop wag gathered by she people 1 employed. I collected as"lnuels of the milky juice as Was equal to 1 drachm of solid 'Opium in Use space of an hour; but as my professional aVocations prevented use from regularly superintending the people at work, they did not Bathes' so much as 1 expected. I ascertained, however, that they could gaits( r at the rate of 1 drachm in the hour. I had eny poppies Sown in three different ways. The first brow] cast upon beds three feet wide with 1111 alley between, and this out. Its the distance of four and five niches, when the plants were about two inches high abovet be gtound. he sectirol on beds three feet wide, to rows, six rows to 711,c(1, and six inches between the plants. The third on the . spaces between rows of asparagus, two rows of pOpuies on each .space, eight niches between each row, and six inches between the plants; two feet four inches between each double row of puppies being occupied by the asparagus. The first produced only one capsule , ,, the second •two, and the thisd three capsules per plants . • Haring ascertained that the white poppy, when cultivated upon the wole ill" plan that 1 have adopted, not only yields More capsules, brit much larger ones than when cultivated in the briastl-cast. way, or in close, rows, it is evident there must be, a great saving of labour, for it will lithe as much time to gatber the -juice from a Small head, as it would do to collect hbree times the quantity uf..jnice from a large•hrad. The plants between the asparagus rents having more room to grow, had nut only more capsules, lent they were much larger than those sawn broad-cast, (rein-beds its close rows and as early potatoes, cultivated in a piece of ground adjoin ing my crop, were sold for a high price before my plants began to !braver, I proposed the following year to have, ley this inside of miltore, the same qu'intity of Opium with a crop of early pistatoes, 351' I obtained from an equal measurement of ground, n where there was notiling,but poppies. ". Accordingly, in 1818 1 selected a piece of ground in the highest state uf 'ctiltiration, well manures! will' horse dung, in Which I planted . early -potatoes, iu rows four feet wide.— Furrows were first drawn; its these furrows the dung was laid; then the sets wet e dropped 'wn the dung, about nine inches asunder, and cove-Led by the [sue. 'flue potatoes west! planted ;be first week of February ;- and the poppies were sown about the tnicrelle of Apt il, on the mithllt space between the potatoe rows, twO - roes, of poppies on each spty:e, and twelee inches between the rows. When the., poppy plants were about - two istelk's abuse the, utmost, they were at first thinned out by the law, and astern by the fingers, to the distance, of eight inelre4 betWeeti I•riAed 1 croP''cirearlY Piitatciesequal to :.36 ilolt.•per acre. Alt Iseratisii-the .potalteeS will be ready for jai media,te use before, the• gattK6us of opium commences, the whole crop wilt !tot / . I,E• entirely ripiilieir lifting till after the °Pious ik - Colfeeted:•;The early-potitstoe 'gives.out 'hut a small stem,.but where..the soil is rich, some of thelo• ma)* e4d in • Ilse areas, yet they can be .easily pushed over to one side, so as to allow tlic,Ofiiunt'gattier e rs to walk along the areas•witit out trampling' upon tbent.' • 'file ;distil nee lietween the poppy platuß being wider than last ytiv:, upon an average they produced four full grown cap soles 'each; 'arid some of them' produced seven' or eight cap &isles ; - and .1 gathered-this season at t hi. rate of two drachms Of solid Opium in one ,hour, wlnle,, by . the same method of • , gathering, I could not coirbct noire than uric drachai in the attune last year. • - • Supposing one acre haul been cultivated .in the state man neras that piece of ground oa which my experiment was made, the produce in th-J . case Would have Ise6l eqieal to 57 lb. 9 411. 4 dr..aild 48• gr. of solid Opium, which is just twice as niuels as L collected the year. before. But the season of 1818 being so much more favourable than the preceding year, will in a great measure account fur I he - sUccess of this expes wort. ..,Tbereforei the quantity of Opium that may be cad. lected depends g rc.a rty upon, the season ; yet,t he comparative view of the resu't of the experiment made in LW, although, • PapaverVsativii et sylvestri, lib. it cap. G. 5, P. 497 ' t Edin Med. Essay, cof. v, p. 103. Lend. Med. Observ., vol. v, p. 841. the s'etMil AtnlSTNlrettel utif)ieZottNe, I's . suircietit to prone that my method of extracting and gathering °pions has a de cided advantage over any other that has been recommended. As toy poppies %%fee sowif .:abont , the middle of April, they were ready for bleeding about the middle of July. '1 he Instrumentwhieit 1 used fit making the incisions cent "sisted of :two convex edged scalpels,. tie blades of which were -covered - with sealing wax, except alapot one-sixteenth part of All inch of the edgc and heing wound round Am, handles with waxechtliivadr,tbe No . %eve fastetted', togethek,with otjter thread twisted round them; antftlits. heldlittlerliMara. lof about half an inch between each blade. It is obvious that the blades are coverid . with , .seatlng-wax 'for the purpose of preventing the knife front penetrating the cavity of the cap sules ; audit can be easily removed- and applied again, when the knives require to he sharpened: or the blades way be mounted' with a meta! sheath or guard.for this purpose. With this - instrument I make one or more double iileisions, according to the size oltlitteail, at f'...si longitudinally, and afterwards obliqor - ty upwards ftion the stalk. , i When the capsule is softie . ): ntly scarified in the manner de scribed, I then cut off,. whit a sharp scalpel, the capit &bun or , Star, with a thin slice of the external .tint round it, and by this last incision I obtain more juice than front a scarification upon the side of the head. -,. •7 , It is toy metbod. of gathering the mirky juice of the poppy in the fLid state, that differs, materiallY hint) any other that ha: been used, and it is on that account that 1 have hi eat, more successful thatvany other that,has tried the experiment: ,- , In toy communication to Dr. Dpican relative to lactocaritun 'or Lettuce-01)1nm, published .itt the second edition o f his XThservatiuns on Pulmonary Consumption, I proposed to gather. the Opinm by means of a spoogr.. But when I began to c')llvel 91duin, in that way, - I soon found that it would. not do, for although the sponge temuves - t he' j nice mote effec tually t ban site flack proposed by Dr. I-Jowison, it , eannot he agaitr entirely 4'x:tressed, because the sponge decomposes or separates the compom nt principres ot the milli) juice, and ilie'resinous part itillwrea to.) he. sponge, and soun clogs its pores. Iliterefore adopted - the. :use.of a small common,hair uru.s.l) used It painters, and known to the trade'hy the name of Susldool, which it HS W t FA the purpose most completely, and With wlich 1 gatheted the milky juice, even though some of the plantS were It-tidily wind and rain, 55 veeltas'if they had l i eet).st.lsikdiog erect. :1)1 . 11 I used a camel-hairst), but found the sinn`e,Olijection it) it as to the svoL:e. The 6OintOon Sash tool, rounded a littk'itt . the 'milli, without being ground; is that which I ureter, - . . For the sake of experiment, I exposed' myself one morning to 'i 51, , .. er of rain for half an hour, while making the inci sions • and gathering - the Opium, and su;-ceedril at well' as Who» there. was no r.iin, without any other inconvenience than being %vvt, and having alt additional qualitily of water whit the °Plum - . When the brush is sotticientipcharged with jojce . . I scrape lit rtilt upon t h e slip of tin fixed in the nnattlt of a tin ft!sa, . listened to the Ititst ~f the' gatherer' by straps, through the holes, and capable of holding More stunt a day's eat tiering% • 'rite gatherers follow the Ideudt.rs .ioiructliately. ()tie bleeder .Mill occupy two gatherers, tool if he be very expest at using the knife, he may keep three gatherers.eonstantly employed. When I pet formed hot Iroperat ions myself, Litchi the knife between the thumb, fore ..and, middle fingers, and the brucli s between the ring and little fittgers.of the sight hand, while I held the poppy-by the stall: with the left hand. ' . 'The juice is afterwards formed int o cakes or balls by spot) taireous -evaporation in shallow earthen dishes, placed in a clo-e room, stirring it occasionally during tbe evaporation of its watery part, to be afterwards kept its bladders. The operation for gathering cannot he repeat,d w io l ,a d_ vantage oftener limn three lillieS a Weeli, alai!) the same capsules, for to) more juice will lion front one Nyolllll.l than What may be Collett ed trnmediate',y, and a cet Lint time must elapse'before the , plant forms more juice. Bot it is evident a number of hands may be kept constantly employed upon a large . field, till the plants cease to : give o ut j uice. One 'acre will keep twelve , gat het ers atitl. six cutters con stantly employed for thirty days. That numrter can only gather a third part of an acre in one day, and by the time they have gone through the crop, the 'capsules at-that ',tact.. . where they began to gather, will be ready fat the operation being repeated. • So that wheist he milky joke ceases to flow, tire operations, as already .described, .will 'have beep made upon each capsule. Supposing twelve gatherers to work ten hours in the day, met that T each 'gathers two ounces and a. half, or as lunch of the juice as trill make that quantity of solid Opitmt ; in thirty days they will gather fifty-Six pounds of Opines from Mr; acre. - One-acre of poppies cultivated aceowding to my met bud, will yield 1,000 lb. of seed, :end this quantity of seed will give by emir , scion 375 lb. of oil. . . Although the prmlove of such a crop has not yet been clearly ascertained ilium a large scale, the following may be taken HS the estimate of one 'acre, from what has actually been produced in my experintet , t—, . Est imatedvalue of the produce of one acre, L. s. 1 . 100 6 0 56 II). Opium, at Ms 36 ! m ils early potatoes, at 2.1 s -13 4 0 2.50 11), of oil, cold 'drawn, at Is. 6d. 125 II). ditto warm, at Gd. 500 oil takes, at Iris: per 100 . ... penees 170 7 6 (30 0 0 Tula) of profit ito 7 ti Or it may he taken this ‘4 . ly, 56 lb of Opium, at 17s. Gd. • 36 bolls of potators, a! 245. 43 4 0 250 lb. of oil, cold drawn, at Is. Gd. 125 lb. ditto warm, at Gd. 500 oil cakes, at 18s. per 100 4 10 0 118 II 6 CO 0 0 Expenceq Profit . 53 I I 6 Opium costs the Wholesale Druggist in London at this time (May, 1849) 17s. 6d. per lb., which, with a duty of per lb. thalies it 11. Gs. 6d.; and they charge the Apothecaries Sos. per lb., which is the present London price of the article. The London pritie of Opium varies so touch, that about 19. years ago, it was as high as 84i. per lb., and it seldom fails so low as ‘24s. If the. crop •can he got off the gronnd by tha * middle of August, it is proposed to have a second -crop of potatoes or •turnips, which will give, it is supposed, about 801. more. • Comparative View of the experiments of Messrs. Bail, Howi son and Young, for ascertaining - what gnaw it y of Opium migkt be pr,pared in Britain. lb. oz. dr. gr. . . Mr. Ball, from 576 square feel, or I HI and 28 square yards, obtained ahout . 0 4 0 0 Dr. Ilowison from about tire falls, ohtaioed In 1817, from 1 fall and 14 square yards, con taining-1,800 plants, I obtained According to Mr. Ball's method, 1 tall produced 2 ounces and . 2 drachms, or per arie ee 8., 0 0 ACeording to Dr. litvison'i method, 1 fall pro duced 1 ounce, 5 drachms, and 36 grains, or ' .. per acre . 17 0 0 0 By may method, I fall prt;duced 2 ounces, 7 drachms, 2 grains, and 2-51hs, or per acre 23 12 624 In 181 S, front 1 fall I obtained 5 ounces, 6 • di acbms, 4 grains, and more, or per acre 57 9 448 04 0 0 CERTIFICATES. F.dinhurgh,Dee. 22, 1817. , • DEAR Si R,—During the-course of last suni:ner I repeatedly visited your plantation of poppies, fur Ihe manufacture of Opium, in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh. I admired vrry much the method that was followed fir collecting the Opium frOm the plants. Fur, your plan, the veil great inconvenience, ‘,1)10) arises from the tinsteasli 'less of our climate., if the Bengal method 0 1 collection , re comnieuded by D r . Howisott in the Slenniirs of the Caledo niapliorticuitural Society, be adopted, is completely ob viated. . . . . . . have lately prescribed your Opium to many different pa -twills both in pit ra4e and hospital practice, with the hest effects. _1 have particularly prescribed what.you put into my bands to 'several patients in the clinical wards of the Royal Infirmary, and, as I was inclined to infer front its appearance, I hare found it.remarliably efficacious, in no degree inferior to the best Turkey Opium. I have, therefore, no doubt in considering your plan as an improvement in the arts, which may he adopted with great advantage in Britain. I am, Sir, &c. &c.&x. - • ANDREW DUNCAN, Sen. M. D. P. • John Young, Esq. Surgeon, Ellin. Physician, Ellin, !loyal Infirmary, Edinhnrgh, April 20,1118. DEAR Sf ' —Dllfing the last year I have frequently admi nistered th e 0111t1114.made by you to patients in the Royal In firmary, alai it gives we much pleasure to report to you. that I have found it produce the same effects as We best foreign preparation of - the medicine, and I think that a smaller quan tity is - necessary than of the ForeiCgtt I atn. Sir,' &r. &c. &c. A. GILL E 91,11,.. John Young, Esq. Surgeon. Aft ° THEATRICAL RECIIST ?JR . , Performed Last 4\7, - 1.44 THrATaa P.A.VAL, 2-IXTITAIMET.—Iidy Ilasmeriil. wltialt, Vortune's Frolic. ct T oti dl TnEATne ItoYAL., ENGLISH Oi'Elt.l pousE.—The —s- Trend:. After which, 'llic Vampire. \ I ( k WRICE .OF, sTocKs - s '• 4t i '' , , r -3.-,.: 4ll Carlatt 4 DA.:17 ,ICT t.;1.1".t . p - cf.,3 6 c,st. i s rper Cent. Cons... 67 ii/ ' ' %until :.ica Stock .. ........ 7-1,,1f. 6 per Ct. Navy Aim. 103 i 10,1 Lx, 131 Is, 2d.... ... 23. 1 9 . (1 ) 3. G India Stuck - 211'1 L India Builds ... : 193. :Ws. pr. Cwis. tof Account, ...• 701 - MAIL ,•;.• • ••••--.':' • E. Autityl:l , -1 Dublin, LV.orriiu.l - Prance, I Leovar islands. , • tit:F.—l Waterford, 1 'Guttetiburgh Harnburgb, -UGH WX!'E AT LONDON 111111),GE TO-MORIts -41 'nitwit s aht-r 6.—._renint:. 13 nuittites ailar THE S UN. SOLEM QUIS AUDEJT . 9 LONDON,- THURSDAy, SEPTEMBER 14, Ls`2o' We received this morning the Paris Papers f Monday last. They still maintain the Same. ex.trie ordinary silence respecting the events in Pot' the course of the•Saturd ol preceding, the details of those events must hal e , een - well known in all the principal circles ° f AcCording to prii7ate letters, the , er Cents. fell a quarter per cent. on IVioat l 4‘ - . , ey„ sere then done at 731. c.-2-The Paris. g zxre . ,Ektr . 4c,t fr?rp itices, Dignitaries, all the 11iniitr►s, and sitii-ral 'll►e Spanish atni Neapolitan SLPT. —Yestei day, the .him teeeireJ " Id Gt.lier4l,ollict:rs. fadors 1, ere rest the - Ministers, after paying their iespects to the aSSclil Wt . (' at the resiICIICC of the de ' The Commission of the•Couit of Peers sat yesterday , , exttniiiied ,several wito.t.sSt.S. t‘ Notwithstanding She rt..po;ts whicle ciio.i.ite in 11 ' 4 Capita.. or ehrkacre, says C r ourier !llt; l';11 " Saturday some. Police, Agent ' s arrtstO a.SuAtrvior an Hotel in the Rue ties Sm u ts Percs; his palie;s ,Arre ilstant, we enjoy the greate s t trithquiattyr seitd tit at " Letters from Barcelona state that the son _ Majorca is very satist..cimy. From the 19th to the the date of the late,t accounts, no new case had occ!'" ‘" , and there remained only ea sick at San Severe., 4nti Aria, almost all of Whom were convalescent. " SToci:llol,M, Ann. 25.—ilteprirt s of a 'very singular rotor are in circulation here; they'siseali of the foination of a ‘ 34 towards the frontiers of Finland. • ► " BERLIN, Ita T. 9..--The M.trquess de Bunnay,the Fre i ,$ Mitiisttr. to our. Court, and the Baron de Lagerge no, Swedish Charge d'Affaires, hare set out for Dresden. " .c . • „or not knoW the motives fot this journey of these two Or mat fists. " VIENNA, AUG. 30.—The Duke of Cambridge is here the day after to-roorrovr. er 4 " It is said this evening that the interv iew oettvvcq• Sovereign and the Monarchs of Russia and Pru:sia, w;11 place in the middle of 06tober at Pesclieu Troppau, o n 11' frontiers - of Silesia." By a Letter from Oporto, dated August 5 1 ' brought by the Did o, which has arrived off F .mouth, we learn that there had been no intor" ° ll rtiption of the Post between thatcity and Lis b up to that day, and the Reports froni the lam:, City, which had reached Oporto, were ail fav°`ll- able to the new order of affairs. The intelligetc: of the events which had occurred at. OportO have been known at .Lisbon at least twelve 1 0- before the Post left the latter place. Our Readers will find in our First Page, 5 °1.11 : 4 interesting Documents respecting the Sail ° Affairs in Portugal. A Leeward Island Mail ar!ived this 43 1 : bringing letters from St. Thomas's of die 111 Ult., but they contain no news. r THE MISSES WHITBREADS.—W r e are ,oll ' h y obtrude the names of these Ladies into a l'11" of print, as we are persuaded that a proper seli t y the deliCacy of their sex and condition wnai'diii duce them to revolt from such notice. Th e Tithes, however, on T ut!sday, endeavoured t°t'itig tach a political character to them, by ass er aw that they accompanied their brother to lira" burgh 'House. The Morning Chronicle ha s no t;t dared that it was " authorised to contradict 06 decidedly the unwarranted 'assertion , ` o re , Times," adding, that " both c f those Ladies 103 t at a considerable distance froin tawn 05 day." Mr. WHITBREAD, no dollibt. whatev er ,pas political opinions may- be, Ni•ai naturally aD to exempt his sisters from puhiic notice 00 to grounds, and therefore " auth 37ized" the ► diction in The Chronicle. Ric ON Times,' ele ever, this day' attempts to cl His itself frooit invention of the falsehood, ,',00 3 " found it stated in two EN t Pap e ' rs ',.) it inserts the contradiction, ‘• tk o uoli (It 59 19 authority is given for thiscour; tTis-assertino. 'pit t° Chronicle, we presume, will in 't nuietly saib ot ea this charge of falsehood, '3: l it inetun6ie,apers 11 The Old Times to state the t F ir , Evening at '• in which the lie first appearek.l. , ft 11 , 7 1 ' WINDSOR, SEPT. 13.--The () two o'clock in his travelling ,:,..irriage df r st ri be e ton, where his MA.I EST Y was: expect e T eo , t to dinner. Since the KIN•G'S residence coleo has been in the enjoyment 41 Ina st health, and every one is deli , Tilted A left us in the full enjoyment ;sited tha t S t t e k t ii / o f WILL P lAM EPEL - left for Lo rad on Yes 1,(101- Count Li EVEN entertained the AurF;ty-Ye'" the Netherlands and a di:till . terday; at leis seat, Chistl,,hur o ppICI the .eri nce da r d 0 , setta, Pal ma ca use ( kingdo i L ° spar pei qu.se 4141 (itt f e 40 0.1 . 4 Ctitzt, La s I . s Joi tl►at TI zhow nand saiva bra e ; F z . las t clo t C last( Sip ;;; to Gre arpc a'td 'Prot the