The Sun. — London, England, 1855-08-15 00:00:00

THE - 41:1N, LONDON WEDNESDAY EVEN ROYAL OPERA, DRI7RY.LA.NE. Lessee, Mr. E. T. Smith. THIS EVENINO. Will be performed MARITANA. Ifaritana, Lucy Escott ; Lazarillo, miss F. Reeves; Don Zose . ,, Mr. Farquharson ; Charles 11., Mr. 11. Braharn ; Don Ca Jar de Bazan, Mr. Elliot Galer. To conclude with MIDAS. Prices of admission:—To the two galleries, 6d.; second circle of boxes and pit, Is.; dress circle, 2s. 6d.; stals, 45.; private boxes to aiMit two persons, 10s. 6d.; four persons, one guinea. Box-office open from 10 to 6 daily. TiimATilm ROYAL IdAYMAttlita. 'Under the management of Mr. Buckstone. THIS EVENING, Will be presented THE SECRET AGENT. Principal characters by Mr. Buckstone and Miss E. Chaplin. After which, THE ABBE IN LOVE, by the Spanish Dancers. After which, COURT FAVOUR. To be followed by ONLY A HALFPENNY. To conclude with THE SP,!.NIS a DANCERS. ROYAL PRINCESi'S 12 HE ATM?, OXFOII.D-STREET. Under the Management of Mr. Ca*was Ksaic. THIS EVENING, Will be performed THE WEDDING DAY. To conclude with KING HENRY THE EIGHTH. Queen Ka harte, llra. C. Kean ; Cardinal %Volsey, Mr. C. Kean. THEATRE ROYAL ADELPHL Proprietor, Mr. B. Webstor.—Directre 4 s , Colette. THIS EVENING, Will be performed THE WRITING ON THE W 4.LL. Princi pal characters by Messrs. Wright, C. Selby, P. Bedford, Mrs. Leigh Murray, Miss Wyndham, and Miss Woolgar. After which, FRATERNISATION: To conclude with THE SCHOOL FOR TIGERS. AsTLEY'S- ROYAL AMPHITHEATRE. Lessee and Manner, Mr. Wm. Cooke. Progressive attraction ny of Williams Mazeppa. Mr. n George Wild and Miss Fan every ight. THIS EVENING, Lord Byron's MAZEPPA and the WILD HORSE, with all the original thrilling effects, and for which Mr. William Cooke has trained his unrivalled stud of horses. After which the first Equestrians of the day will appear in the EVOLUTIONS of the CIRCLE. Also, a variety of Enterts.iments. To conclude with a Laughable Farce entitled, MY UNCLE'S CARD, in which Mr. 0. Wild and Miss Fanny Williams will appear. flux office open from Eleven till Four. Stage Manager, Mr. W. West. Acting; Manua, Mr. Nelson Lee. Equestrian Director, lir. W. Cooke, jun. HIGH WATER AT LONDON TitliiD T t•N bly --lfornin; 32 ^fon. 3 f Evening 48 min. aft. 3 T Morninz 2 min. after 4 Evening 17 min. aft. 4 FELE WgATITEII.—Sum OTIMAI, Aug. 15 TEIZEMOMETICR, IN THN SRAM 72 highest since noon yesterday. 62 —lowest this morning and during the night. 70 —this day, at noon. 3A ROMMTER, 30 . 35. WIND, W.N.W.—Light, with dull sultry weather. GREAT REDUCTION IN THE PRICE OF "THE SUN," FROM F 1 VEPC NCE-TtALFPEN NY TO FOURPEN C F. FM THE Till RD OR LATEST EDITION.. In consequence of the abolition of the Stamp Duty on Newspapers the public in all large cities and towns to which parcels, are forwarded by the News-Agents, The Sun, which formerly cost Fivepence-half penny for the Latest Edition, containing Parliamentary Debates of the same even ing, together with the List of Army' and Navy Promotions in the London Gazette, with Official Despatches from the Seat of War, the Latest Sporting, and all other. Commercial News, List of Bankrupts,' dtc., &c., can now be had for Fourpence,, being a saving of nearly one-third. Hitherto the price of the paper was nomi nally Fivepence, but all Late Editions posted after six o'clock were charged a fee of One Halfpenny by the Post-office, - which made the price to the Subscriber Fivepence-Halfpenny. This charge must still be made to those in remote places Postmaster-General have the .nagnanimity to forego such a paltry source of revenue. San-office, 112, Strand, London, 9th July, 1855. 9 . 37) LONDON, WEDNESDAY, AUGUST 15, 1855. ---o -- At length we have news, glorious, soul-stirring news, from the Baltic ! A_heayy body blow has been inflicted ,on Russia. ,Sweaborg, the invin cible (!) Sweaborg, has fallen. Her frowning impregnable fortresses are demolished. They have been swept down like grass before the mower by the fire of the British fleet ! The granite forts of Russia have again yielded to " the wooden wall of Old England," combined with the fleet of oui• gallant Allies ! And the national exultation for this brilliant triumph will be the greater, from the fact that it has, been achieved almost without in jury on our side. We learn that while " the enemy has sustained a terrible blow, and suffered enormous losses, ours has been insignificant in men, and nothing whatever in material." The victory is therefore unalloyed by the regrets that must inevitably accompany a sanguinary triumph. The tears of the widow and orphan will not dim its lustre or tarnish its brilliancy by individual mourning !. miofeilf; - 11 4; „ We felt convincediromAhe beginning that all that was zequired was to give full scope to our navy; to det r our jolly tars at the enemy, to show them the work they bad to do, to ensure its ac complishment ! We have not been disappointed ! The victory has been even more complete and more bloodless, and the damage to the enemy greater, than we could have anticipated. Although we have not as yet received the full details, it is ascertained on indisputable authority that " the town itself is burnt to the ground, scarcely a single house left standing"—that " the dockyards are completely destroyed," an immense conflagration, which lasted 45 hours, having consumed the store houses and magazines of the arsenal, which is a com plete ruin. No less than six magazines and stores of projectiles blew up. All may be summed up in the emphatic words, " Sweaborg no longer. eliafr:S." The second strongest naval station of Russia in'the north has been demolished 'in a few dips, if not without difficulty, certainly with comparatively trivia/ loss to its assailants, and we earnestlyl o p e that the experiment which has_ . proved soa successful in that quarter may be re pentad wit h equal success, and with no greater damage •to ourselves, at Cronstadt, which will complete the 'discomfiture of Russia in that. and possibly quarter, induce Austria to regret the duplicity and insincerity of which she has " be en guilty, and which has proved anything but serviceable to her friend the AUTOCRAT ! As we have stated, we have not yet obtained the full details of this brilliant action. We know that the intention was that the mortar-vessels and gun-boats were to " open the at a con siderable distance, so that the enemy' s - wo i ks would be tos great extent dismantled before thi men-bf-war Aimed in and lent their hand tcH complete the work. This course was probably carried out,und we have no doubt that it will very shortly be our pleasing duty to congratulate the nation on the efficiency and power of the class of vessels which we have earnestly demanded since the despatch of the first expedition last year, and f r om which, after thiS tast e o f their quality, wt may expect even more brilliant exploits against Cronstadt, the Russian fleet, and possibly the Russian Capital (!) itself. It is quite clear that those who have done sc much will not rest satisfied without doing wore, and that they will be anxious, by their present energy and activity, to atone for their previous apathy and inaction. The defence of Helsingfors being overthrown, it is more than probable, in deed we may consider it certain, that Helsingfors itself will follow, and that its demolition will be as complete as that of Sweaborg ! The work of destruction is, perhaps, going on at this moment, if it has not already been accomplished, and the massacre of Hango—the brutal, and dastardly, and treacherous murder of unarmed men, pro tected by a flag of truce which would have been respected by any but uncivilised barbarians— fearfully avenged. But there is more to be done—Russia does not appreciate generosity or leniency. She is incapable of understanding such qualities, and can only be dealt with by good hard knocks. The Russian fleet must be destroyed. The strong hold that protects the entrance to the Neva and the Muscovite Capital must be completely de molished, so that not one stone shall stand on another of its once vaunted fortresses. The mortar-vessels and gun-boats having finished their works at Helsingfors, and left nothing very for midable behind them, may run down along the coast of Finland and take Cronstadt in the rear, destroying the Russian fleet from that unexpected quarter, while the liners are occupying the batte ries on the St. Petersburg side, and ready to receive the fleet, if those who have so long skulked behind stave walls, and under quasi im pregnable batteries, should dare to come out and fight like men rather than be destroyed like noxious vermin in their dens. We'do not underrate the difficulty of the task. it will unquestionably be a glorious achievement, equal to anything ever recorded of the British Navy, and we cannot utter a higher eulogium ! But it can be done. We have faith in our ships, in our officers; and in our men, and we would wish that the Peerage and pension which will probably be the meed of the gallant and successful Admiral should be fully earned, so that there should not be a single dissentient voice to his well-merited rewards. We shall not at present go farther than the destruction of the Russian fleet and of Cronstadt, although we would fain hope that sufficient time may remain before the setting in of the frost to strike a blow at St. Petersburg itself, to beard the bear in his very Capital; and teach him that even Imperial robbers will not be tolerated by the indignant world, and that justice will be enforced against leviathan as well as against petty criminals. It would have been a splendid winding up to the Session had the intelligence arrived before the delivery of the Royal Speech. It was mani festly anticipated and waited for. The proroga tiou was delayed at least an hour waiting for the glad tidings. But they waited in vain. The Premier had not the gratification of an nouncing the triumph of our fleet—the heavy blow - and great discouragement to th e enemy. The joyous news speedily followed the. _departure of the wearied legislators ; and The Sun which conveyed her MAJESTY'S Speech to the provinces, although it could not announce the complete destruction of Sweaborg, told thk t the bombardment had actually commenced, and that, with such men as ours, was almost tanta mount to the declaration of a felicitous• result, the work having been half accomplished in its good beginning. There are Rubicons to the life of every nation. Tlventr, will not always wait the tardy' movements of politicians, nor principles submit to the emas culating guidance of time-servers. There are periods when, from the pressing necessity of cir cumstances, a country has to decide between opposite courses of action ; and it is in the choice then made that the destiny of the State, and, perhaps, in no small degree, the destinies of man- kind depend. Such a time it was when the great ADOLPHUS laid before the Diet of Swechn his plan for taking part with the Protestant cause in Germany, and for fighting the battle cf freedom..pgainst the' Imperialists. But for the enthusiasm with which his proposal was received, the Reforination, would probably have been ex tinguished in Germany by the numbers and fury of its opponents. It was such a time when the first,. Congress of America declared their fixed resolve to work out their independence, having "counted the cost •of the contest," and being , iiilliig to . stake their lives on the issue. History ,is.full of like instances. The resolves of a people' -in those Conjunctures, when great principles are *,stake,, are the turning-points of their existence. When they prefer convenience to honour, and .under shelter of the name of prudence endeavour to embarrass the points at issue, and to find excuses ; ; Or turning back when they should advanee---- when they prefer ease to duty,- and submission to g,reatness--Lthey sink, as they deserve to sink. While, on the other hand, when they take a magnanimous decision—stakin; their existence on the success of their policy, relying on the jus -I.ice of their cause, and on the ultimate triumph of free, humane, generous, and beneficent prin ciples-Victory has gathered round their colours, ;tnd ultimate triumph rewarded their efforts. Clan it be doubted that a turning-point has ear occurred, at least equal in importance to any recorded in history. The great question for us to consider is, what character this war shall assume. Shall it be a war to maintain the old status quo, vith just enough of variation to aggrandise Austria, and extend and perpetuate her iniquitous rule ; or shall it be a war for civilisation, for liberty,-- for the full and complete security of Europe. This is really the question the people have decide. A slight check to Russia, on the F) iuci~l~r.ltud clown by Lord JOHN RUSSELL of preserving _her,honour unimpaired, would really , xtend her power, as the impression created by ;he display of herenormous strength would re f nain,•ard - .it would b 3 impossible, with the GO ,rernments of Germany constituted as tchoeypalreetealyt to prevent them fr om falling m ' - fi c iicteiiier influence. Their aims and hers would 41A.M0-.—ta rule despotically, and to cheCk iveiy germ of freedom in thought and action; ~,T at ir ri arircontest with their people they would heas. ready.to solicit her aid, and barter su c h in lependence as they possessed for aer protection, Ls Austria was in 1848. • . , . Tf our people, with a full knowledge of wba Austria is, permit our Government to play her 4441.0 ) .2 this war, whatever must be its fortunes, must have an inglorious end. Substantially, the titerestS — Of Austria and Russia are the same. Their governments are equally despotic—they equally fear and hate liberty—they have the same -aiistrtist of the liberal ideas of the West. • The :410mac3r:of the Court of Vienna has been exer , .. :...ised solely to attain a position in which she may 6 "b 1 6 . to cry- halves when Russia executes her cl - zi g -I lkedjtateci design of disposing of the sick man's kingdo m b y seizing ' on Constantinople. Austria holds military possession of the Principalities. , I 3 at. i 7 Austria ke gs . fa i thless than Russia ? We ,pp 9,41 to hist ory. What treaty has this most hi P n e k r t i i i he r faith, after the ne' ° - v er h fi a ,' - t li a o t : u .w o a 'we tol thinker us powers ever kept ? ,: • • tiations of the last two years? W e talk of burr-I :ng the way of Russia to Constantinople by limit- and at the ing the number of her armed ships, same time we actually summon an Austrian army to the Turkish frontier. To place Turkey under the - guardianship of Austria is to give the lamb into castedy-of the wolf. Is the partition of Poland to-he--forgotten ? Or is it to be supposed that the character of Austrian policy has changed ? It has changed, only as perfidy deepens in dye through long practice—only as every species of criminal atrocity, rapine, lust, cruelty, murder, grow with unrestrained exercise, and run riot with impunity. The young Empe rors are of the same standing ; they have been reared in the same school. Their snarl over the scent of_ the distant prey was but mo mentary. They are making up their dispute and learning to hunt in couples. Their sole point of difference can be as to the division of the spoil, and the stray instincts of mutual rapacity will soon accommodate that difference. We have barred the front door against the notorious bur glar, and left the back entrance open to the mid• nidnight thief. From our knowledge of what Austria has been in past time, and from our ob servation of her utter faithlessness within our own experience, we venture to predict that she waits only a favourable opportunity to surpass all her former treachery by some act of monstrous con spiracy against the rights and liberties of Europe. Are wo to wait patiently while the plot is hatch ing ? If we consent to act so dastardly a part, to forfeit the sympathies which bind us to our fel low-men, and to regard their oppression with indifference—the spirit of pure and genuine freedom no longer animates our breasts, and we deserve to be subjugated in turn—to have a Russian army to ravage our plains and a HAYNAII besiege our cities. To be indifferent when the dearest interests cf our fellow-men are at stake is as impolitic as it is criminal. Why is Russia so powerful at Sebastopol and in the Baltic, but because her continental fron tier, through the connivance of Austria, is secure? Apart from the effective aid afforded her by the deadening despotism of the Austrian Government, she would be comparatively powerless, as the free and , active genius of the inhabi tants of those countries now crushed by vindictive Austria would roll back the barbarism of the northern hordes, and confine them within their proper limits. It is Austria which encou rages the oppressive and vexatious rule of the petty Princes of Germany, which keeps that noble country in .a state of perpetual distraction, and which finis far encourages the growth of Russian influence. It is Austria which supports the Italian tyrants, or rather which overshadows them with her still darker domination, treating the removal of abuse as a crime, and applauding every act which deepens the sufferings of the people and sinks them into lower bondage. It is Austria which, by keeping the wide and fertile provinces watered by the Danube in a state of political slavery or ; profitless barbarism, smooths the path for Russian progress in the south, and prevents the formation of a State which would be an in superable obstacle to her advance in that direction. We know that there are a set of piping politicians ready to denounce this language as revolutionary. They cannot ' comprehend that Europe needs a revolutiou-,—Such a revolution aS the earth sus- tins when the harsh rigour of . Winter gives place to the genial influences of Spring. The political world will not stand still. The contest between despotism - and liberty is in progress. It is such a contest as in a more poetical ago angels would be represented as stooping from Heaven to witness. May our people rouse themselves to a perception of its immeasurable importance, and with generous decision adopt as their own the cause of the nations who look anxiously to her for aid, and aro eager to bear their part in fighting her battle. The wisdom of Prince ALBERT'S Trinity-house Tee - ch .- Fill, we may hope, now be proved. Lord PALMERSTON is liberated from that grand evil of Constitutional Government—a Parliament which can question the Sbvereign's Ministers. He now enjoys most of the blessings described by the Prince as . the characteristics of despotism ; the press, it is true, will use its Argus eyes, and will reveal what it sees through its own correspon dents from Paris - to Sebastopol, but no member of the ptess,can ask the Premier a question, call or a single paper, or in any way interfere with his free action. In the conduct of the War, or in listening .to suggestions for peace, Lord PAL IERSTON is now as much an autocrat as ALEX ANDER. He has but the check which even a Russian despot dreads—public opinion in his own ~;ouutry. Much as we are naturally disposed to cesent Prin'ce ALBERT'S laudations of despotism, we shall still not regret finding that Ministerial tutor ack,. till the reassembling of Parliament, exemplifies all the merits attributed by his Royal Highness to unchecked rule. All the money wanted is put, without stint, into the hands of Government, an advantage for which the coun cillors at St. Petersburg would part with many of the privileges of despotism. A nation stands at their back ready to applaud them for °Ashler ing to any extent the incompetent at the camp or in DoWning-street, and putting the right men into the right places. Nothing need hinder them from choosing the most efficient civil and military servants which the nation can furnish. The best Materials and best men are all at their command; they want now, in order to beat Russia, but thd same subordination of everything to one object which marks the whole conduct of that • power. How will Lord PALMERSTON use the months of unchallenged rule ? Will he escort her MAJESTY from place to Place, or will all his compeers but the War Minister again take to grouse and par tridges ? Will there again be no Cabinet meet ings till:the opening of Parliament looms in sight? Will the most important advisers of the Crown bury themselves fifty fathoms deep in the coun try, and be twelve or twenty-four hours behind the two naillious of London in their knowledge of the latest ;news, or will they venture any distance from the telegraphic communication with the Crimea ? Perhaps recollections of the near past will suggest to many queries like these. Muchniore a.uxious questions will, however, stir mentary s the br eas t s of , the thoug h tful.. In the Parlia,- ~seuse -La r d P ALMERSTON " dies and makes nosign." H©Lacy EVANS yest er d ay to the rerr Q fe ae e e d n,s Sir DE which was to 'chew th e stout-hearted resolves of her I‘l4;itsfit's - a dVisers. B ut no—the QUEEN ' S speech is delivered, and not a wo r d b eyon d the Ord tantalising cant about carrying on ip i the as o h vigour, and a firm an d l ast i ng peace, v the igllro Eoyal mouth. Wh at her MA v?.:t wtt JEsTY's.ginisters deem vigour, and what would be the lowest condition of a firm and lasting peace, this speech, like all Ministerial Speeches hitherto, saitli not. The ".stout-hearted speech," so humbly requested by our great contemporary as the soother of our anxieties, fears, suspicions, apprehensions, while Parliament is silent—alas ! such speech was not vouchsafed. What Would the country take for signs of vigour They would naturally first think of an unsparing use of our military and naval means , in the Black Sea. It may be all right, but in the eyes of civilians it is an unaccountable s:3r' - vigour that we have only this morning heard of any feat parallel with the destruction of Bnlar sund, although the fleet is double the strength of that intrusted to Admiral NAPIER. In the Black Sea also we cannot account for the tardy successes in the Sea of Azoff not being followed up elsewhere, and the mouths of the Danube not even being opened for the harvests of the provinces. It may again be right, but we non-professional folk do not think it any sign of vigour that the Russian posi tions on the right bank of the Tchernaya are not molested, or even turned, and the communica tions with Sebastopol interrupted ; or the same thing not attempted from the sea to the north of the town. If, however, we must be set down as ignorant of the art of war, and we have no desire to im pugn the skill, much less the gallantry, of our Generals and Admirals, we cannot imagine our selves more ignorant of the political phases of the whole question than the Premier himself ; diplo-. matists may know more of their fellow diplomatists than we who have never been in their company, and never wish to be, but we can see probably better than those engaged in the work its real character. Every tolerably intelligent Englishman who reads the papers knows the mind of Austria, Prussia, and Russia, as well as our Cabinet Ministers. We know what iv-mild be vigour• in this department. We have demanded it again and again. A Polish Legion at once—Polish emancipation, as the only basis of a lasting European peace, and Austria bid to march from the Principalities and mind her own business, would be real vigour, and be hailed as such by the nation. Lord JOHN is gone, and another sign of vigour would be to renounce, explicitly, his fatal declara tion that we did not want to deprive Russia of any of her territories. That mischievous speech alone, we believe, to have affected most disastrously to our soldiers the whole character of the war. How renovating would the declaration be, we mean to conquer the Crimea, and we mean to keep it, and we mean to turn it, as far as may be desirable, into a reward for the soldiers who have conquered it. Many of the Allied brothers in arms might prefer a farm there to one in Canada. The idea of a vigorous war, and a secure peace, which should leave Russia all the territories she has nefariously appropriated, and all the fortresses she has built on them or strengthened, to consolidate and ex tend her brutal domination, is surely but a vision of aristocratic treachery. The miserable Vienna Conferences have revealed the ignominious terms to which the author of that idea would have pledged his country. We observe that Lord PALMERSTON makes his Sovereign "sincerely regret" the failure of those conferences. We need something more reassuring than any regret at all for escaping the original four points. LATEST NEWS. TRIUMPHANT SUCCESS. DESTRUCTION OF SWEABORG. ADMIRILTY, AUGUST 'l5, 1855. Sir Charles Wood presents his compliments to the Editor of The Sun, and encloses a copy of a t 3legraphic message from Admiral Dundas, received at the Admiralty late last night : OFF SWEA.BORG, AUG. 11. Sweaborg was attacked by the mortar and gun boats of the Allied squadron on the morning of the 9th inst. The firing ceased early this morning. Heavy explosions and very destructive fires were produced in a few hours. Nearly all the principal buildings on Vargoe, and many more on Svartoe, including those of the dockyard and arsenal, are burnt. Few casualties have occurred ; and no lives lost in the Allied fleet. DANTZIC, TUESDAY, AUG. 14, 11 A.M. The bombardment of Sweaborg commenced at 6 o'clock last Thursday morning, and continued until daylight on Saturday. The town itself is burnt to the ground—not one house left. The dockyards are completely destroyed. All the earthworks and batteries are knocked to pieces. Six magazines blew up. In fact, Sweaborg exists no more. On our side there are very few casualties. This news was brought by the French steamer Pelican. The following telegraphic despatch has been received from Paris : PARIS, AUG. 14. The following despatch was posted up at the Bourse to-day : ADMIRAL PENAUD TO THE MINISTER OF MARINE. On Board the Tourville, Aug. 11. The bombardment of Sweaborg by the allied squadrons has been attended with complete suc- cess. An immense conflagration, which lasted for 45 hours, has destroyed nearly all the storehouses and magazines of the Arsenal, which is a complete ruin. Various powder magazines and stores of projec tiles blew up. The enemy has received a terrible blow, and suffers an enormous loss. Our loss is insignificant in men, and nothing whatever in material. The crews are in a state of endhusiasm. MARSEILLES, AUG. 14. The Philippe Auguste has cc one in. She brings intelligence from Constantinople to the 4th. A battle was expected near F Irzeroum. Generals Fitzgerald and Evans had q aitted . the Turkish service in consequence of ill-h, Captain Peel, R.N., had 2 wives, wounded, at Malta. He goes to Switzerl, The last accounts which larkf reached Vienna from Constantinople state th at it is n.Dt rrobablc NG, AUGUST 15, 1855 that Omer Paella will take the command of the way of MARSEILLES, AUG. 14 (Evening.) General Canrobert has arrived in the Indus. Gcaeral Espinasse takes his command. The Russians continue to cannonade the ad vanced works, especially the batteries command ing the shipping in the harbour. No one was allowed to approach the masked batteries of the Allies. General Pelissier constantly inspected the works at Kamiesch. Capt. (now Admiral) Lushington, and Generals Fraser and Sherly, have arrived here. TRIESTE, Atra. 14. Accounts from Cairo, of the sth, state that the Bedouins continued to resist, after having de feated the Egyptians. The King of Abyssinia was said to be marching on Ghellebert, with a view to take it. FRANCE. PARIS, TUESDAY EVENING. The Moniteur contains decrees authorising 106 persons to accept and wear different forei g n orders. Among them are the following :—The Duke de Grammont, French minister at Turin, the grand cross of the Sardinian order of St. Maurice and St. Lazarus ; General Forey, Turkish order of the Medjidie, first-class • General Baron de Letang, grand officer of the Neapolitan order of St. Georges de la Reunion, and General Barbeyrac, commander of the same order ; Prince de Latour-d'Auvergne- Lauraguas, French Minister at Weimar, Count de Sartiges, French Minister at Washington, and General Sauvo.n, grand crosses of the Roman order of St. Gregory the Great ; General Marey- Monge, grand cross of the order of the Oak Crown of the Netherlands, (h., &c. The return of General Canrobert to France is said to be at the express desire of the Emperor. What the real cause is of withdrawing an officer from a place where he had so much distinguished himself, and where there is yet ample room for further distinction, it is hard to say. The rumour has been very prevalent for some days that Gene ral Canrobert will be raised to the dignity of a Marshal of France, and that, though no very great feat of arms as yet justifies the conferring such an honour, yet that General Pelissier will also receive it. It would be difficult to name Canrobert and pass by Pelissier without giving offence, and so the latter will have to thank the former for his baton. Imperial decrees, in the Bulletin des Lois of yes terday, open extraordinary credits of 97,075,000 fr. and 4,789,000 fr. to the Minister of Marine for the year 1855, and annual credits previously granted to the amount of 1,025,000 fr. The larger sum is stated to be required by the necessity of maintain ing a greater number of vessels afloat, of complet ing the transformation of sailing ships into screw vessels, and of keeping up the necessary amount of supplies in the ports. The Annales de la Colonisation Algerienne says : —"For the last twelve months not a single expe dition has taken place, nor a single gun been fired, in Algeria. This is the first time since 1830 that such a remark could he made, and there is every reason to hope that this cessation of hostilities will continue, because it does not result from transient causes, but from a state of things which cannot but go on improving." BOURSE, Aug. 12.—CLOSING Plum. Cash. fr. e. End of Month. 41 per Cents 94 75 94f. 751. 3 per Cants 67 5 67 45 Credit Mobilier ll9O Roman Credit Foncier 550 Austrian Belgian Fivos ...... .. Spanish Throes — Piecinuinte3o ... - Homo Debt — RAILWAYS-I'oB CASH. tr. c. fr. C. Orleans Western 825 Rouen Cette — Strasburg Mediterranean 1320 Havre 7OO Northern THE CRIMEA. A letter from Lemberg, in Gallicia, of the Bth, in the Cologne (gazette, says :—" According to ac counts from southern Russia, the Commissariat Department has declared that it is impossible to !eed a greater number of men than are now in the Crimea, estimated at 250,000, and that it has con sequently been resolved to send no more reinforce ments there. Great efforts are, however, being made to stock the storehouses with provisions and ammunition, sufficient to last through the winter. And in order to keep up the armies in the Crimea at their present strength, troops have been sta tioned in the Governments of Bessarabia and Chersou in such a manner as to be abl© to proceed rapidly to the Crimea, or if required to effect a concentration." THE BALTIC FLEET. OFF SWEABORG, Aug. I.—Her Ma jesty's steamer Cruiser has arrived from England. Aug 2.—The Admiral proceeded over to Swea borg in the Merlin, to reconnoitre and lay down buoys. Aug. 4.--The fleet prepared to weigh, with mor tar-vessels and gunboats, with the intention of proceeding t 9 Sweaborg, but the weather promising unfavourable, with a sea rising, the order was countermanded, and very fortunately so, as that and the following day proved very squally, with heavy rain and a rough sea. Aug. s.—Her Majesty's steamer Gorgon has arrived from England. Aug. G.—The fleet weighed from Nargen at 10 a.m., and with the mortar vessels and gun-boats anchored among the small islands off Sweaborg, about 7,000 yards distant. The gun-boats will anchor the mortar vessels in position at 2,500 yards distance from the forts, and then together will open fire on the batteries, Government build ings, ttc., at daylight to-morrow. Some boats been sent in to-night (11-12 p.m.) to eweep for infernal Laachiues, and under very favourable circumstances, the weather being misty and over cast. The French propose erecting a mortar battery on a small island here, to play on the town, and they have provided themselves with sandbags, fascines, &c., from Nargen ; but it is feared that their position on the island will be untenable. The mortar vessels are to be supplied with extra marine artillerymen as reliefs when required, and it is supposed the bombardment, when commenced, will continue all night and several successive days, though as yet the plan of operations is a mere sur mise. The rocket-boats are all prepared for service to-night. FLEET BEF.)IIE SWEABORG, Aug 6.—English—Duke of Wellington,. Exmouth, Edinburgh, Pembroke, Corn wallis' Elastic gs. Euryalus, Arrogant, Magicienne, Cos sack, Vulture, Cruiser, Merlin. Geyser, Dragon, Light ning, Locust, Eelieisle (hospital ship), ./Eolus (ammuni tion-ship). a nlercllant collier filled with spare shells for supplying mortar vessels, 15 gunboats, 16 mortar vessels. _ _ . French--Tourville (flagship) and tender, Austerlitz, six gunboats, free mortar vessels. The French mortar vessels are schooner-rigged, and armed with two 10 inch mortar?. SOUTH AMERICA. SOUTHAMPTON, AUGUST 13. The Royal: M.ail Company's steam-ship Avon, Captain R. Revett, with the usual mails, in charge of Lieutenant; Morris, arrived this day at 12 p.m. During the voyage homewards the Avon experi enced fresh he; td winds and fine weather. The Avon brings mails from the following places, with their respective dates affixed : Buenos Ayres . ....July 2 St. Vincent July 30 Monte Video ..... „ 5 Teneriffe Aug. 4 Rio de Janeiro ... „ 15 Macleria Bahia Pernambuco.... „ 22 . The total nu .mber of passengers brought by the Avon was 103. The Avon b: rings specie to the amount of 1,8451. 4s. 2d. from, the following places—viz. Buenos Ayres, 1,37C , Z. ; Pernambuco, 5741. 4s. 2d., and diamonds to ti le amount of 16,3921. 10s. ; and on freight gold d lust to the value of 4501. from Rio Janeiro ; also 500 barrels of tapioca ; from Bahia 232 bags of 'cocoa, besides sundries 197 bales, cochineal, 31. cases; , oranges, 124 parcels. Ships spot :en with.—The Constance, of Liver pool ; a stew awr supposed to be the Arabia, and screw transport No. 77, off Cape Espicial, on th e morning oft he 9th of August ; the Douro, screw, left Lisbon c n the 9th, at mid-day, the Tagus at 9 a.m. Passeei a great many vessels, many of them neglected to ab ow their number, therefore are un able to report them. Her Maje:ity's Ships at Rio Janeiro.—The Inde fatigable (flag of Admiral Hope Johnston), Mada gascar, Virago, Viten, Sharpshooter, Rifleman, Tridout, Express, Spy, Tyne. The Spy had suf fered from yellow fever, having lost 10 men and 1 oher. The commander was invalided. She was being thoroughly cleaned. No fresh cases had occurrol r, RIVER Yi L.O -i"u IS before the packet left that a rebellion had broken out in Buenos Ayres, and that General Flores had attempted with 300 men to change the government. BRAZILS (RIO DE JANEIRO AND PERNAMBUCO). Rio de Janeiro continued very healthy, the weather cool and pleasant. The railway was pro gressing under the superintendence of Mr. Mar chant, the engineer for the contractors. PERNAMBUCO.—The yellow fever still continued, although much abated in virulence. Fair crops were expected. Cholera prevailed at Para to a great extent ; 25 to 30 persons died a day. CAPE DE VERDE ISLANDS, CANARIES, MADEIRA, &o.—Yellow fever pKevailed at the Island of Jago, Cape de Verds, which had depopulated the island ; the few persons that remained alive had fled to the mountains. The town was quite abandoned. Lis bon was healthy. MARKETS. BUENOS AYRES.—Exchange on London, 641 to 65. Freights were nominal. American provisions were in great demand. Produce was high. Hides, in particu lar, were very high. RIO DE J;NEfrio.—Exchange on London, 27d. per mil. Freights were nominal—say 2/. 10s. to the Chan nel for orders. The stock of coffee was large and no thing doing, owing to the high prices demanded; import busmen very dull and collections bad. The capital of the place was swallowed up in railway and other specu lations. BAHlA.—Exchange on London, 27- 3 4 d. per mil., nomi nal. Freights to the Channel, 50a. to 555., nominal ; one vessel taken up at 625. Markets dull. PERNAMBIICO.—Exchange, 27 per mil. Freights, 20s. for sugar for ballast, id. to id. per lb. for cotton. Busi ness firm. WEST INDIA AND PACIFIC MAILS. SOUTHAMPTON, WEDNESDAY, 11 A.M. By the Royal Mail Company's steam-ship La Plata, Captain Weller, with the West India and Pacific mails, we have dates from Jamaica, July 27th ; Demerara, 25th ; Trinidad, 24th ; Barba does, 28th ; St. Thomas, August Ist. The Plata brings 108 passengers, $729,000 in specie, and the usual cargo. At Jamaica business still continued dull. Ex change on London, 60 days, 1.1 per cent. pre mium. THE OVERLAND MAIL. We (Times) have received our private correspon dence and file of papers from Calcutta of the 4th of July, and Bombay, the 11th of July. Our Calcutta correspondent writes as follows : " CALCUTTA, July 4. " I am happy to be able to state that Lord Dal housie, who has never written satisfactorily regard ing his health since he went to Ootacamund, at length informs his friends in Calcutta that it is de cidedly improved, and that he is better than he has been for the last ten months. He has no intention to modify the arrangements which he made when he left us, and still determines to return to Cal cutta by the last week of November, and embark for England as soon as he has made over charge of the Government to his successor. " The Five per Cent. Loan is closed. Some trifling subscriptions may remain to be received at Madras and in the north-west, but the loan is vir tually closed, and amid universal regrets. There is a strong disposition in human nature to do everything at the eleventh hour ; and of this the progress of the Five per Cent. Loan affords a very apt illustration. When it was first announced the public appeared to receive it with repugnance, owing to the depressions of the Four (17 per cent.), and for many weeks we beard nothing but abuse of the Five per Cents. The money came in very slowly and in small driblets. At length there appeared some prospect, or there was some rumour, at Bombay, that the much-abused loan was filling rapidly, and it is said that 350,0001. were deposited in four days, and the doors of the Treasury were suddenly closed, although it is affirmed that people were waiting without with another million on their shoulders. It was now that the advantage of the electric telegraph became apparent. The wire flashed the news to Calcutta that tho Bombay loan was filled. It flew through the town, and every one hastened with his surplus cash to the Treasury. One insurance office sent in 100,0001. The loan was filled up in two days, and on the third applicants were sent away in dis gust, and the new stock rose to a, premium of two per cent. - "Every preparation has been made to give eclat to the mission which Major Phayre is about to un dertake to Ava, to return the compliment which the King paid to us in sending an embassy to Cal cutta last winter. It is said that the presents which are to be laid at the golden feet are of the most superb description, 'and that the cost of. them will fall little short of 30,000/. MlLjor Phayre pro ceeds as our Envoy, with Captain Yule, a very eminent engineer officer, as his Se cretary. Captain Rennie, of the Indian navy, who accompanies the mission, with Lieut. Heathcote as his assistant, will survey the Irrawaddy and report on its na vigation. Major Allen, of the Madras service, will report on military matterB. Dr. Forsyth will make observations and lurnish a report on the physical geography of the country. Pro fessor Oldham, who has been directed to join the mission, will report on the geological features, military resources, and coal mires of that region, and Mr. Grant, an eminent artist, will take sketches of the most interesting objects and locali ties. The mission will be, in every respect, com plete, and we shall probably hal; e a more correct knowledge of the coup try on the Upper Irrawaddy than we have of many provinces which have been half a century in our own possedon. It is exactly in keeping with Lord Dalhousie's character thus to take advantage of the occasion of this complimen tary mission to make the most extensive surveys and researches in a country with which, even against our will, we shall probably have so much to do in future. " The last despatch received. from the East India Railway Company in London has thrown a wet blanket over our expectations. We were indulging the hope of having the entire line from Calcutta to Delhi open in three years from the present time. The great obstacles in the way were the bridges, some eight or ten in number, but there was every reason to hope that, by dint of extraordinary energy, they would be completed within that time, and we felt certain that the intermediate linos of rail would be ready at the same time. But without rails and carriages we could not of course move an •inch. The directors of that Company have now written out officially to say that they shall not be able to supply the neces sary quantity of rails and rolling stock for seven years to come. The quantity of dead weight which it will be necessary to ship in order to complete the line to Delhi will fall little short of 250,000 tons, and the quantity of freight now available does not exceed 35,000 tons a year. Cal culating from, the middle of the present year, the whole of the amount of tonnage could not be despatched from England before the year 1862. Our hopes of opening the line from Calcutta to Delhi are thus postponed for a long period, unless indeed. there is a disposition to encourage in the most cordial and energetic manner the development of our own mineral resources and the manufacture of rails in this country. " The most important event which the present mail announces is the commercial treaty which has just been concluded by Sir John Bowring with Siam. It will not be forgotten that Sir James Brooke some years ago proceeded to Bankok, under orders from Downing-street, to open negotiations with the Ding, but was repulsed with Asiatic in solence. Sir John Bowring, however, met with the most distinguished reception, and in the course of three weeks succeeded in concluding a treaty, which throws open the whole of that rich country to European enterprise. The old system of monopoly has been abolished, and a duty of only 3 per cent. is to be collected on all articles. The heavy tonnage duty has been abrogated, and British shipping will enjoy the same advantages as the most favoured nation. British subjects are to be allowed to settle in the country, to erect dwellings, to cultivate the soil, and to buy and sell without restriction or limi tation. Thus, one by one, the nations to the east ward of Hindostan—China, Japan, Pegu, and Siam—are brought within the pale of civilized in tercourse, and thrown open to commercial enter- prises, which will be beneficial alike to them and to the European family. " The report of the Madras Torture Commission has not only been sent to England, but given to the editors of the public journals at that Presidency. It is said to establish the fact, which was at first, and not unreasonably, doubted, that torture has been employed in the collection of re venue, whether with or without the cognizance of the European officers cannot be determined but by a reference to the evidence published with the report. lam sorry to say that I was prema ture in announcing to you that the Salt Report which Sir John Pakington called for the other day has been completed and sent home. It is not com plete. The Government of India feels excessively annoyed that so long and unnecessary a period has . _ ,___ IA elapsed without the repoe, ))1-. '',.' .• ii,;.-H):;. • , : -,, • -' :. ~., - ers 'l e ; 3 i.:.1.‘,C iItJIV LWIJ 4:11,':;1.1.111,,LHi: ' -.3:41 aoa longing to other parties than the Peninsular of Oriental Company, engaged in the conveyanciely which might all opium from Calcutta to China, and a third is u a b l ii . , expected from Egland. That companY b as t i its been deprived of n the most lucrative branch 0 __. trade, and, what is worse, it sees large steal introduced into the Eastern seas, which ulaY, er o f tually interfere with its monopoly. The O ss io . opium in consequence of a defect in the iiiant u t ture in the last season, is said to be equal to about 2,500 chests, or 150,000/. aged "It is reported that an officer who was 01 ) P m o re to have been killed in the Cabul campaig n i f / al e d than 13 years ago, whose place has long been a up in the Army List, whose wife has contra° oci second marriage, and given birth to a beece family, has suddenly turned up. 1 1 ° has O s okan• prisoner during this long period in K 0 name is no secret, and his brother has in eO l tb time become a general officer." COMMERCIAL INTELLIGEN CE ' BOMBAY MARKETS. FROM THE 27TH JUNE TO THE 10T8 JuL.-00. The overland mail of the 11th of June arrived et:ser bay, per Peninsula and Oriental Comp any ° Norna, on the 6th inst. RO I Our money market during the fortnight ha s ~w easier, and although rates of interest at the batig_ Fmti gt tinue the same, we are of opinion prese nt rates give way soon. Vonr P ar Transactions took place to some exten t in - „d thid Cent. paper at 94, but this rate has given th e ' Five pet paper may now be quoted 92, 3 , to 93, and the . 0 ' Cent. Loan 2 per cent. premium. ,omisg The prospects of the import market during tuue,,.e season seem much more encouraging than there reason to expect would have been the cas e two Bf'cottoo months ago. The falling off in the imporlati ll 0 0 m oo piece goods to Bombay from Great Bt itain present heavy stocks le , s felt, and there is ev,e t h Y re ts, ol tion on the part of holders to remain firm. ."'"na i m m e p st r i o c v s e , d as d w em el a i n a d s grfoarygrmayalsahpiorit.iianingss.: cloths , 11- is ros there has' likewise been some inquiry van ced prices. A ra tes Freights have still further declined, en' ts now be quoted for Liveraool and London ir° 12s. 6d. to 8/. 154. To China ncthing is doing; to rlilf Exchange on England for the fortnight role°100( at the following quotations :-2s. 1.9-16 d. to 29 ' China and first-class credit, and 2s. 111-16 d. to re4pliow for documents. On Calcutta we quote fli Pi pre* sight, and par at 60 days' sight. On gad ° at 30 days' sight ; and on China 224r5. at 6 0 de Fartgbiti 01. CALCUTTA MARKETS. a (FROM THE CALCUTTA STAR, JULY MONDA B of 5% The absence of letters with details of th e newt fret May has made business flat during the P as e tto " They have been received too late for their effe known. it a bid Business in produce has been 'much ' lin- e a rt - t o general scantiness of supplies, but which, b as; e season is now fairly setting in, we WRY °- see remedied SAILING OF HER MAjg: ESCORT SQUADRON' POIITSMOUTH, WEDNESDAY V .- 'O 4 Her Majesty's ship Neptune, 120 ; 5„, t ,,', 9 01° 1 / 1 ' 120 ; Sanspariel, 71 ; Malacca, 17 ' J'" 03 (1 rjj steam-sloop, 6 ; Sealark, 6 ; Rolla, ' 6 ,,.; 4 - 0 10,0" Fire Queen and Sprightly, s team-7 ; 49;y under the command of Vice-Admiral sir :'" bl A g 7 Cochrane, K.C.8., who se fl ag is carr' - or"' Neptune, left Spithead f or Boulogne tb at five o'clock. MIDDLESEX SESSIONB.-- --- (TIII S DA It 1J 1 0 A respectably attired woman,with chiP• a 0 1 arms, named Cook., was placed at tte bar t h ' h r d i charged with stealing a pair of shoes and ° l-e g 0 1 .0 From the evidence it appeared that the sh °e ",b`oP, ° , Lion were lost from the door of a pawnbrolcer'%o6 very shortly after were found pledged at er )° ,, t ' a broker's shop, in close vicinity to the one fl 'O llll the shoes were missed. Or/ The prisoner denied• stealing the shoes , an i c ' be i r purchased them at the shop from whieh:,.ol o alleged to have been stolen, and her reason ' 1,1 them at the place where they were foun d Ifr de pe shawl and other property belonging to her Os tts there which she wished to redeem. The husband, a highly respectable Per s°l3 , s ' r prisoner the highest character, and said it time she was ever ac cuse d o f a d is h on est ec- d b did be not believe sh e cou ld b e gu i lty o f the 1.0 r' s which she was indict e d. The jury returned a verdict of guilty. sentenced her to three months' imprisonnietl" BOW-STREET-(THIS r , 1 3 CO' THE CASE OF STRAHAN, PAIIL, R Sir J. D. Paul, William St ra han, ana 61(f f Bates were placed at the bar this morning -ef° iib - Jardine, agreeably to the rem a nd, charg ed fl piously disposing of a large num b er of fora:0 116 :r I : ft pir Mr. Humphries said the last time this C 3s- gr.' 0" the court, one of the bonds s p o ken to b Y corn, numbered 3,348, had n ot b een traced , STI 58. 6 0 was remanded to allow ti me f or that P urP :- C° 6 rr bond in question had been disc ove red at )-f ee : - :lie e o and Co's bank, in the St ran d. The only t lll3 ' e posed to do this morning was to call one e " th of Messrs. Coutts to prove the fact. to 'S Augustus Samuel Wildey, a clerk in C eti. produced two Dutch Bonds, 21 per cent-, f e , r 4 ° 6 116 '; 4 0 5 sand guilders each, numbered ;espectivelf 3, "l t ri l ,- They were received on the 12th Septembers Adi Capel and Co., of Throamorton-street, them by my direction fora customer of the ait oi were at present hell by the bank to the ere oll ti person. Mr. Humphries—Was it deposited S e p ot tii‘ did it form a portion of a quantity ? l fo e Witness—lt formed a portion of a pare' ', eight thousand Dutch guilders deposited tberi";,cortl/s Mr. Humphries said that was all the 0 11ie thi e 4 " tended to offer to-day ; and, as he dill ne ' fel should be able to carry the case much fa rtii : r cl 8/1 0 4' Wednesday, he should suggest that the roll' ) tbit' t be one of merely a formal nature, 50c1 t 4 l3 ::ts obe t o - r l ii hearing should take place on Wednesday, 'le icy Mr. Jardine—Very well ; then let tb° understood. If anything of importance sh°tiorS/c9 course you will let the solicitors for the P ris° Mr. Humphries—Certainly. 13 A tes , oe ;,p), Mr. H. F. Holt, the s oli c it o r for gr• plied for the admissi on o f hi s c lient to bait. of 4 ,1 posed sureties we re J ames Anderton, ticit4eo, Bridge-street, Blackf r i ars , an d William ~,or merchant, Liverpo o l, an d N o . lf CaClibriCig London. The sureties having been approved of, •—"r. Pt° admitted to bail. DEATH OF THE DUKE F °)10 ,10er co" We are sorry to announce the den3,se,r° ace - 4 able and distinguished nobleman. W S I , l ' „ * this morning at a quarter-past eight 00 1 ° e- ; Tor e By this event Lord Seymour, °- called to the House of Peers. ,tO4O has command l , G oa e , ir n sri i ~, a :: : usdEEodsu il li Ittoa l raLT. etwG4 ` ; ~ . A 1 ei ‘o l Tetsßirhnohl i akaa ll eiLrsr o ss,a n e.l_ 7, l iel eaG w asrn h uyt: roooßEbheßuet embark s settbe,, sa b prd e kio e y n sfi 0: ri ott c: :: ` 0.v(1 11 0 : 1 :3: 0 : 0 5 8 : i ), no __: rit rov / 44 sixpenny, n b itml e iin i ti s g;iss, o st f dwm t ro h no. e pipToe v Fns a oen l drt u yi : t.o ol lol l : l : : ::: bteh res er . : ol ' be issued. The followino• are the labels a' n r e oo: o l i i use :—Penny, labels ' ' d • f3urr i l d ;I t'4o vt 7 R per °e. ; o l/ 4 i ? ! n n f g ui V t el h g c l a t a ) c lu3 u P' : ' thoress of “Ourpvilla, " a nd l l " by e il o ri te e j a ii gitfor ' o derfl c f i e a l plain monument over her grave. "' elf ,. „ Il leasu f ltldl 6 / 1 1 lave contributed more to the store'innocen" -r, ria public by works of a pure and healthy 1 :! t ot P° v lo o lio trust, therefore, it will not be left tu 9' whichu!• siil iil ( I° to show that honour to her when dead lt i o til l i paid by those who loved her while livirg i ; t , to i i 3 -1( r proposed,- if the fonds raised be sagcleine t° of school at Eversley, to be dedicated by 113 1 , e t ili° mory. _,OO Ofedli THE UNITED SERVICE INSTITUTION.-erabefig $ oo f last Mr. Friedrich exhibited to a fe w i r o adlog i i , m; institution his very admirable breech-,e ob jec t o, co ol , rifle. Mr. Friedrich's rifle is free from pa rts the tbl. •ll 3 i ,ed the Prussian arm ;itis so simple in i ts r re: P 3 l mon armourer could with ease rePlac, e i :adi l3 o,• ll Vet ( and the facilities it affords for rapid : fie oli ' - o gl‘' next,great. at tMr,hevFirciteodrriiachnwiflilel Gexrobuibnidt, hai:trbiree o'cl /d i CO ' S ii 0 130 9,, cisely. .r.colB l ..., t 0,,,' rl 4 „' THE FIRE AND Loss OF Foul? , -,- r ow- k r-,,r0 SEY.—CORONER'S INQUEST ON TO 611, _r % 961 V 9r 5 0 !light Mr. William Carter, the ccronerTheorgbea ,10.01 held a lengthened inquiry at the Itq a e tipg t d aeci : 0 0 ,, Great George-street, Bermondsey, rer'Pedboo, "f,B:e iv of Mr, W. Wood aed 45, Robert FtaryAlTriltli. years, Alfred Fordham, aged 14, anc i P: sc be P i ot A ryer f e aged 14, the four unfortunate per s°ll ," o rniog ofi,, - the fire which took place on Mondai — 0, ecisep,ori: premises belonging to Mrs. FordhaTerraon a ly - 41 iy carrying on business in*George-r°v6 clo th , 1113 ,104 ,00 1 jury returned a verdict of accidegli mended that each fire-engine key.=, and the firemen instructed so that they could turn on the Water I fire before the turncocks. , where ld.t bttli:Bo:oooPorlicioei 0 , r ' t' f.