The Sun. — London, England, 1842-10-21 00:00:00

On 'Thursday next, the 27th inst., will be published, in B vo. , .AYS of ANCIENT RME. By the Right U A Hon. THOMAS BABINGTON MACAULAY. London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. On Thursday next, the 27th inst., will be published, hand somely printed in 1 vol., square crown Bvo., with above 120 Engravings, ASCRIPTURE HERBAL ; containing an Ac count of all the Plants, Drugs, Perfumes, and Gums, mentioned in the Bible; with an enumeration of the Texts in which they are mentioned. By Lady CALLCOTT. Illustrated with upwards of 120 Wood Engravings. London : Longman, Brown, Green, and Longmans. This day, in 3 VOll3. royal Bvo., containing about three thousand, pages, 51. ss. boards, 7 - 111 E LAW of NISI PRIUS, Evidence in Civil Actions, Arbitration, and Awards • with an Appendix of the New Rules, the Statutes of Set- off, Interpleader, and Limitation, and the Decisions thereon. By, ARCHIBALD JOHN STEPHENS, Barrister-at-Law. London . : Lcngman, Brown, Green, and Longman. Nnw ready, in 2 vols. small Svo., with Illustrations, 21s. bound NARRATIVE OF THE p_ 4 IXPEDITION to CHINA, ILA from the Commencement of the War to tile Present Period, with Sketches of the Manners and Customs of that singular, and hitherto almost unknown country. By Commander J. ELLIOT BINGHANI, R.N., Late First Lieutenant of her Majesty's ship Modeste. Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street. Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols. H E Z AR IN A; an HISTORICAL ROMANCE of the COURT OF RUSSIA. By MRS. HOFLAND. " A story of very considerable and continued interest to all, both young and old ; we can safely recommend its perusal."— Lit , rary Gazette. " In this romance Mrs. Holland has presented a striking instance of events of real life, competing in interest with the most imaginative conceptions of fiction. She has availed her self skilfully of the historic material for her work, and has fairly emulated the touching pathos of Madame Cottin's Elizabeth.' "—Morning Herald. Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street. Now ready at all the Libraries, in 3 vols., THE • NABOB AT HOME; OR, THE RETURN TO ENGLAND. BY THE AUTHOR OF " LIFE IN INDIA." " This novel will afford no less amusement to those of our countrymen and women who have closed their career in India, and are enjoying its results at home, than valuable and difficult • to be procured information to those who are looking to that country as the arena of their future struggle for fortune or fame."—Sun. Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street. Is; .w ready, is 6 2 vols. small Bvo., with Portrait, from the original at Hampton Court. 9.15. bound, LETTERS OF A R Y . , QUEEN OF SCOT S, Illustratis e of her Personal History, Vow first published, with an Introduction, By AG A NES STRICKLAND, Author of " TheTives of the Queens of England." Henry Colburn, Publisher, 13, Great Marlborough-street. 'ln 3 vols. post svo. THE 'M I'S E R'S DAUGHTER. By WILLIAM HARRISON AINSWORTH. With Twenty Illustrations on Steel, by George Cruikshank. NOW READY TO BE HAD AT ALL THE LIBRARIES. Cunningham and Mortimer, Publishers, Adelaide-street, 'llrafalgar-square. IFIGHT THOUSAND TWO HUNDRED MONEY DIVIDENDS will be divided in NEXT MONTH, amongst 8,200 SELECTED Bonds of the LOAN negotiated in the year 1820, andGUARANTEED by the GO VERNMENT and his Royal Highness the GRAND DUKE of BADEN. 1 Dividend 50,000 Florins ...... 50,000 Florins 1 do. 25,000 " 1 do. 12,000 " 1 do. 10,000 " 1 do. 5,000 " .. 5,000 " $ do. 1,000 " 8,000 " 10 do. 500 " 5,000 " 10 do. 200 " 100 de. , 110 " 200 do. 105 " 467 do. 100 " 7,600 do. 94 " 8,200 Money Dividends, amounting to 392,900 Florins, or £74,400 Sterling Money. $,900 SELECTED Bonds, each of which is sure to obtain one of the above Dividends. Largest Dividend • £4,166 13 4 Smallest Dividend £ 716 3 12 florins equal to £1 sterling, a trifle more or less, as per the day's exchange. ALL THE DIVIDENDS PAYABLE WITHOUT ANY DEDUCTION WHATEVER. D►rect for the few Bonds which are still on sale, WITHOUT DELAY, to HEI;cE BROTHERS at HAMBURGH. Bonds are on sale NOW at £l3. Against the end of this Month the price will rise to £l4, and the Sale will close in the first days of November. Those who remit XIS BEFORE the 28th instant, will re ceive an order for £2 upon our London Bankers, together with the Bond. . To those ordering too late for being attenied to, their re mittances will be returned by first post. HEINE BROTHERS. HAMBURGH, October 4, 1842. , - THEATRE ROYAL. COVENT-GARDEN. THIS EVENING, OCT. 21, Will be presented Shakspeare's Tragedy of MACBETH. Macbeth, Mr. Vandenhoff; Macdnff, Mr. Charles Pitt ; Banque" Mr. Cooper; Lady Macbeth, Mrs. Salzberg ; Hecate, Mr. Leffler ;. First Witch, Mr. Bartley ; Second Witch, Mr. Meadows; Third Witch,Mr. Harley. After which Gretry's Opera of RICHARD CLEUR DE-LION. Richard, Mr. Travers; Sir Owen, Mr. Leffler; Blonde!, Mr. W. Harrison; Florestan, Mr. Horn. castle; flautist, .Mr. Binge ; Antonio , Miss Po ole; Wilhelm and Collette, Master and Miss Marshall; Matilda, Mrs. Vidal; Laurette, Miss Rainfbrth. Doors open at Half-past Six, and the Performances com mence at Seven.—Dress Boxes 75., Second Price 3 s. Jd. ; First and Second Circles 55., Second Price 2s. 6d. ; Pit as; Second Price 2s. ; Gallery Is. Tickets and Places for the Boxes to be taken of Mr. Whit low. at the Box-if:ace, from Ten till Four, where Season Tickets may be had. Private Boxes is be had at the Box-office ' • of Messrs. An-, dre‘vs, 167, New Bond -street ; Mr. Mitchell, Old Bond-street ; and of Mr. Sams, Pall Mall. THEATRE ROYAL, ADELPHI. THIS EVENING, OCT. 21, Will be presented a Drama, by Douglas Jerrold, Esq., en titled THE HAZARD OF THE DIE. Principal Characters by Messrs. Lyon, 0. Smith, Maynard, H. Beverly, Wright, Paul Bedford, Wilkinson, Mrs. H. Beverly, and Miss Chaplin. After which, THE DAUGHTER OF THE DANUBE. The Imp, Mr. Wieland ; Fleur-des-Champs, Mdme. Proche Giubilei ; " The Frightful, Spiteful, Old Bachelor," Mrs. H. P. Grattan. To be followed by the Burletta of DOBSON and Co. To conclude with NORAIA. Pollio, Mrs. H. P. Grattan ; Norma, Mr. Paul Bedford; Adalgisa, Mr. Wright. Boxes, 43. ; Pit, 2s. ; Gallery, Is. Doors open at half-past six, commence at seven o'clock. DAVIDGE'S ROYAL SURREY THEATRE. Continuation of the Nautical Dramas, in consequence of the immense overflows attracted by the heart-stirring acting of Mr. T. P. Cooke; the only acknowledged Sailer on the Stage. THIS EVENING, OCTOBER 21, Will be acted Mr. Albert Smith's new Drama, called BLANCHE HERIOT, which has met with most decided success. Neville Audely, Mr. H. Hughes ; Hugh Laneret, Mr. N. T. Hicks; Herrick Evendea, Mr. J. Webster; Blanche Heriot, Ws. R. Honner. After tchich,BLACK EYED SUSAN, with the Original Cast. To conclude with OUR HOUSE; or, LODGINGS IN LONDON, embracing the tvLire strength of the Comic Company. Places and private Boxes t• be had of Mr. J. Kerschner, at the Box-office, from eleven to four. W ATER AT LONDON BRIDGE THIS DAY. • , :crning ...... 33 minutes after 2 I Evening 54 minutes after 2. '4.. ~,,..- . ':4',-. - s , ••_,.‘, - , r47',.., • -e - rz . • ,r. , ti.v ~.. t:t; ' • ,47....., -.... . , ' k —e. ,• - __l - r — ' .41:, - ; ),,‘ , ~ ,A lq. ' 7: • • A ,... p. . , .., ,„ .... in .... . . . . .7. , , , e fl, 10 . 411100 : & icr , . , :., 1 ,1 ~,, ......,, -1.1 Q,,,..,.. -- '',ll , 100 4.i , , • ... .._ ..,..,,... t • .71, , ",.-.. '... 1 "' ~,- 4 , 1 1 . .P11,-: , Ole .---zllll4 LONDON FRIDAY MORNING. OCTOBER 21, 1842. The other great project of the Whig party in America, to which Mr. WEBSTER is devotedly attached, is the establishment by the Govern ment of some general and universal bank. On this subject, be says:— " Another great and original object of the Revolu tion of 1840 was the restoration of a sound and uni form currency. Our troubles did not begin in the want of money, nor with the Compromise Act, but with the derangement of th e currency in 1833. For this great evil of a disordered currency no provision has yet been made. Until some provision (be made) fora general currency of uniform value throughout the Union, I shall he hard to be persuaded that we Can see a return of our former prosp er it y ." " T here is an absolute necessity,' he furth er says, " in this country for a common, uniform, and cheap medium of exchange, for a machine which shall equalise debt and credit from one end of the country to the o th er, and with the same velocity with which steam carries men and merchandise. We . must have for th e country a large and liberal proriszon for exchanges, really cheap and uniform, such as existed when many m i ll ions for could at any time be exchanged less than three quarters per cent. between the most distant portions of the c oun t ry . H ow ca n we reach this goal but by t , ze authoritiof the General Government." On those principles Mr. WEBSTER, the chief' currency man of the Whigs, and the Whig party, arc prepared to act. For their sake that party effected what be calls a revolution. But is not a " sound and uniform currency"—a "currency of unibrm value," a mere chimera—the baseless vision of a dreamer? Where and when did such an instrument ever exist ? The nearest approxi mation to it is the precious metals; but as trade expands or contracts, and as the supply of them increases or decreases,. they vary in value in rela tion to everything bought and sold. Every• newspaper, which tells us of rates of exchange, , informs us that gold and silver are dearer in some places than in others. Small as they are in bulk it costs something to convey them from place to place, which necessarily causes, even where the communication is the most free, a variation in their value in relation to other commodities. Our own currency, consisting mainly of paper convertible into gal, is gene rally supposed to be as little liable to fluctuation as the currency of any kingdom of Europe ; but have we not, within the last twenty years, seen variations in its value, which have at one time lent wings to speculation, and at an other have chained our dismembered indus try to the earth ? Communicating with all the commercial nations of the globe, what ever disorders the currency of England ne cessarily disorders theirs to some extent, in dependently of all their internal causes of fluctuation ; and we may, therefore, safely assert that in no part of the world now, and at no time, was any such instrument in existence, nor can it ever exist, as Mr. WEBSTER risks the fate of his party, and the peace of his coun try, to establish by an Act of Congress. We are obliged, when we read such phrases as " cheap medium of exchange, which shall equalise debt and credit with the velocity of steam navigation," to suppose that Mr. WEB STER has been extremely unfortunate in his reporter. Such language sounds like the rhodo ' montade of a visionary, not the sober words of a statesman carefully pondering over the public good, and what he is able to accomplish. He proposes to provide, by the authority of the General Government, a large and liberal provi sion, of exchanges, ready, cheap, and uniform ; a gigantic project, which, if it were only practical, surpasses, we will venture to say, any project ever yet conceived by the most despotic Govern ment for the presumed benefit of commerce. In all these observations, Mr. WEBSTER seems to us bank or currency mad, and we seek in vain in them for any glimmering of the sagacious and cool-headed negotiator. When such are his opinions, and the opinions of his party, we can not be surprised that he has been unable to remedy "the evils of a disordered currency," and that "even a Whig senate would not pass Mr. EWING'S Bill." Such wild language and wild schemes, to the credit of the Americans, were not sanctioned even in the delirium of a party contest and party triumph; and, in spite of Mr. WEBSTER'S endeavours to "hush the storm," it arose and scattered the Whigs, of which lie is one of the leaders. We are surprised that he should talk of " ex changes," and immediately jump to the conclu sion that a means of providing them can only be found by the authority of the General Govern ment. But in what do the several States of America differ, as to commercial transactions, from the several States of Europe, all of which settle their exchanges in a ready and easy manner, without the help of a Federal Congress le gislating for France, England, and Ame rica? Exchanges grow from commerce, and do not need the regulating hand of Government. Indeed, our merchants would look with some degree of astonishment were our Government to interfere with the exchanges between England and the United States, and between England and France. As the several distinct political States of the world cannot have any general Congress to make laws for them, and provide them one uniform measure of value, as the com- merce between them regulates the subject itself, so the commerce between the different States of the Union would regulate it, though the General Government were not to interfere with it. Mr. WEBSTER, by his proposal, convicts himself of a very ignorant ambition. He boasts very much of his long acquaintance with the currency question. It has been, he says, " the study of his life." Thirty years ago, " when the subject of a mixed currency was much discussed in both Houses of Parliament, I paid the greatest attention to the controversy." " I read everything at all valuable written or spoken on the subject." On this vast erudition he ventures to assure his countrymen that the " measure submitted the last session to Congress is the best and only measure for the country." The source of his knowledge inspires us with the deepest distrust of his conclusions. An Ame rican statesman who draws the rules of his con duct from the politics of Europe must necessarily go wrong. He should not be ignorant of what is said and what is done here, but the origin of political power, with the form of the political con trivance, and the distribution of property, are so essentially different in Europe and America, that he should study the course pursued by the Governments of Europe rather to shun than to follow it. THE SUN, LONDON, FRIDAY EVENING , OCTOBER 21, 1842.- EXTRACT FROM :Tat INQUIRY INTO THE SANITARY - CONDITION OF THE LABOURING POPULATION OF GREAT BRITAIN."—(CorriN um) Many of the miners, including young persons and boys, will go three miles and upwards from their own homes in the morning to work in the mines, or to wash the ore, and return again after their work at night. Some miners, who are too far off to be able to go and come in this way, find lodgings for the four nights in the week, and the washers for five nights, at some Houses not too far from the mines. The usual price is sixpence a week each, for which sum there is a bed between two of them, leave to make their " crowdy" on the fire in the morning, and they have their potatoes boiled for them in the even ing. They bring their provisions in a wallet on the Monday mornings; the miners go back on the Friday, and the washers of ore on the Satur day. But there are many mines, and some of them very large, in remote situations in the Fells, far away from all dwelling-houses, where lodg ings might be had, and the proprietors have erected for their miners and washers buildings called " lodging-shops," which I now am about to describe :—The first one of them which I visited was about nine miles across the Fell, south from Stanhope. It was a plain building, constructed of sandstone, covered with a coarse slate; and all very substantial. There was no opening or window at either end, nor at the back, nor on the roof. On the front or south side was a door towards the west end, and two windows, one a little above the other. On en tering the door, it was seen that the lower part was one room, lighted by one of the windows, and had a great fire burning at the east end. By pacing the floor the length was ascertained to be about eighteen feet, and the breadth about fit: teen feet. Along the one side, that next the window, was a deal table, extending the whole length of the room, and alongside of it was a form, and there were two other forms in the room. All along the other side on the wall were little cupboards, forty-eight in number, in four tiers above each other; six of the cupboards with the doors off, but the most of the rest carefully locked with padlocks, and in which the several miners had deposited their wallets with their pro visions for five days.--Page 109. It is a singular fact, which has been noticed by several writers, that fever is more fatal among the higher than among the lower classes. Dr. Braken states, in reference to the fever which prevailed at Waterford during the years 1817- 18-19, that " it would be difficult to adjust the rates of mortality to the upper classes, but it seems probable that one-fourth, or perhaps one third of all those persons that were attacked with fever fell victims to its power." Drs. Barker and Cheyne, in their histdricalf account of the Irish epidemic, state that, " in every part of the country, fever was reported to have been much more fatal amongst the upper than the lower classes." To what is this difference of mortality, so generally remarked by experienced hospital physicians, to be attributed, and which in Ireland seemed to be very remarkable, namely, in the lower classes about one in twenty-three cases, and in the upper classes one in three or four ge nerally, but in other places about one in seven ? Can the difference in the mode of living account for this anomaly? as the first live very much on potatoes, while the others use a larger or smaller proportion of animal food; and the lower classes almost everywhere in this country use less ani mal food and stimulating dishes than those who are more wealthy and in a higher sphere of so ciety.—Pages 145, 146. The progression of the population and the in creased duration of life in Geneva were attended by a progression in happiness : as prosperity ad vanced marriages became fewer and later; the proportion of births were reduced, but greater numbers of the infants born were preserved ; and the proportion in manhood became greater. In the early and barbarous periods, the excessive mortality was accompanied by a prodigious fe cundity. In the last ten years of the seventeenth century, a marriage still produced five children and more ; the probable duration of life attained was not twenty years, and Geneva had scarcely 17,000 inhabitants. Towards the end of the eighteenth century there .was scarcely three chil dren to a marriage, and the probabilities of life exceeded thirty-two years. At the present time a marriage only produces 21 children ; the pro bability of life is forty-five years, and Geneva, which exceeds 27,000 in population, has arrived at a high degree of civilization and of prosperite materielle. In 1836 the population appeared to have attained its summit; the births barely re placed the deaths. M. Mallet observes, that it is difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the different causes, an d the different degrees of in tensity of each of the causes, that have tended to produce this result. It is, however, attributed generally to the advance in the condition of all classes; to the medical science of the public health being better understood and applied; to larger and better and cleaner dwellings ; more abundant and healthy food; the cessation of the great epidemics which, from time to time, deci mated the population ; the precautions taken against famine ; and better regulated public and private life. As an instance of the effects of regimen in the preservation of life, he mentions that, in an establishment for the care of female orphans taken from the poorest classes, out of eighty-six reared in twenty-four years, one only had died. These orphans were taken from the poor. The average mortality on the whole po pulation would have been six times as. great. — Pages 175, 176. CAMBORNE MINE.—Tn the parish of Cain borne, in Cornwall, great attention is paid to obviate agencies injurious to the miners. Care is there taken in respect to ventilation in the mines. The ventilation in Dolcoath is particu larly good, and the men are healthier than in most other mines; there are more old miners. Care is taken for the prevention of accidents. " Our ladders," says one of the witnesses exa mined by Dr. Barham, " are about two fathoms and a half in length, generally with staves one foot apart. We use oak staves; old ship oak we find the best. We formerly used the haft - 3 of the picks and other tools, but round these unsafe, the wood being sleepy and flawed, and sometimes breaking off in a moment, without having shown any outward sign of unsoundness. Iron staves, besides being at times very slippery, are apt to be corroded, so as to cut the hand. We have had no accidents on our footways for a long time." They have introduced the safety fuse, and the witness says—" Very few accidents now arise from explosions; they used to happen frequently formerly." Care is taken of the miners on quit ting the mines; hence, instead of issuing on the bleak hill side, and receiving beer in a shed, to prevent chill and exhaustion, they issue from their underground labour into a warm room, where well-dried clothes are ready for them, and warm water, and even baths are supplied from the steam-furnace, and, in the instance of this mine, a provision of hot beef-soup, instead of beer, is ready for them, in another room. The honour of having made this change is stated to be due to the Right Hon. Lady Basset, on the suggestion of Dr. Carlyon. " Hence in this mine," says Dr. Barham, " we may fairly attri bute to the combination of beneficial arrange ments just noticedy that in Dolcoath, where 451 individuals arc employed underground, only two have died within the last three years of miners' consumption, a statement which could not, I be lieve, be made with troth nor be nearly ap proached in resp ec t o f an equal number of miners during the same term in any other Cornish district." The sick-club of the mine "is comparatively rich, having a fund of 1,500/.' When " care" is mentioned as taken for sanitary measures, it is to be remembered that it is care only at the outset, and that when in habitual ac tion the care required is really less, and the mea sures should be characterized as means for avoid ing care and trouble and diminishing pecuniary loss The improvement in Camborne had not reached the residences, where the miners kept pigs, in sties close behind the house, and a dung-heap is carefully fostered in a catch- p it adjacent. Dr. B ar ha m , and the medical men practising in th e vicinity, a ttribute to the decom position of veget a bl e matter in the, soaked soil from the receptac les near the dwellings a form of fever w hi c h has been hanging about Camborne, and h as o f ten prostration of condition, passed into the typhoid and attended has been ,with great st rengt h. --Pages 197, 198. The late Lieut.-Col. Tomlinson, who is reported in the last accounts fr om China, as having been killed whilst gallantly leading his inen through the door way of a temple in whi c h a body of 300 Tartars were desperately defending themselves,.was appointed to a commission in the 18th Royal Irish Regiment very early in life, and served constantly with that corps till he obtained its command, and thus fell nobly at its head, in the ser v ice of his Sovereign and coun try, at the age of thirty T eight years. As his con duct ensured the affection and esteem of all with whom he was connected through life, so it was ma nifested to the last, by the soldiers of the 18th being with difficulty restrained from putting the priSoners to death, so exasperated were they at the loss of their Colonel, and by his remains being honoured with a public funeral. Two days after the battle they were placed on board a steamer, which putting a little way out to sea the body was sunk in deep water , the Gene ral and Admir a l, C omman d e re-in-Chief, and a nume rous body of officers attending ; and the fl a g - sh i p firing minute guns.—Brighton Gazette. We all know that here the power of control ling the currency has been assumed to be the prerogative of the Crown. The persons who took possession of the different countries of Eu rope also in time took possession of as much of their money as they could seize, and they claimed the privilege to issue it, to debase it, to alter it as suited their purposes. We all know, too, that they successively tampered with the currency, first with the metallic currency, and afterwards with the paper currency, so that not one country of Europe has escaped successive monetary con vulsions, which have inflicted more injury on society than famine and pestilence. These are truths almost as familiar to us as our A B C; and should not American statesmen—who have amongst them no Crown with its privi leges derived from barbarous times—be anxious to lay down rather than to take up a power which has been used at all times, and being founded on error can only be used, to the injury of the com monwealth? Money of all kinds, like exchanges, grows from commerce. It depends on two things—the esti mate or value which men in the course of nature come to puton the precious metals, and the quan tity of them procured or procurable. Over these two essential elements of a metallic currency, Governments can exercise no control. They can not alter the value of gold or silver, and they can not augment or reduce the quantity of them in the common market of the world. A paper cur rency, first and last, whatever shape it may take, is only a promise to pay, or a security for pay ment of certain quantities of gold or silver—Of these be determined by weight only, so much the better, so much the easier and simpler) —and all which a Government has to do or can have to do -with paper money is to hold the party making the promise to the fulfilment of his engagement. Further than that a Government can exercise no useful influence over a currency ; and we regard the failure of the Whigs in America to usurp a control over it, after the manner of European Governments, as extremely creditable to the good sense of the Americans. What is plainly wrong in the several States of the Union, is the charters and privileges granted to a great variety of banks, the chief' possessors of which, being at the same time the most influential men in the State, have, whenever it has pleased them, released those banks from that obligation to pay, according to promise, which it was the imperative duty of the Government to enforce. The not enforcing these obligations is the source of all the money confusion in the United States. The separate States have imitated, to their dishonour, the crowned Kings of the old world, and have brought more confusion on those otherwise prosperous commonwealths than could have been worked by an invasion. If Mr. WEBSTER had studied the phenomena of his own country, and the principles of society, instead of studying the financial errors of Europe, we are of opinion that _ _ _ he would have come to a similar conclusion, and would have spared us the unpleasant task of ex_ posing the palpable errors of a man for whom, in spite of such aberrations, we are disposed to entertain great respect. Every person must we think, rejoice to learn from every quarter thatgreat exertions are mak ing to improve agriculture, and increase the sub sistence of the people. It is well observed, in a c l ever pamphlet, by THOM AS SHARPE SMITH, Esq., on the " Economy of Nations"—not that the o bservation is new, b ut we require to be re- Ininde(l,of,it—that it is. " the desire or the want , of food which is the m a i nspring o as _ of human of all other anim al economy.,, , What an indi vidual does for the exigencies he will con-1 tinue to do for the luxuries of life;" but to have food, or the command over food is the first and chief end and aim of all human exertions. With plenty of food all other desirable things, which are only the ornaments of this solid foundation of a happy community, will be sure to abound; and where food is not abundant, no arts, whether they be called fine or useful, mechanical or professional—no skill of politicians, no teaching, no bright example even of virtue in a clergy, will ever suffice to promote the public welfare. Considering the supply of food therefore, to be all-important, we hail with great satisfaction the various efforts which are rhow making to improve our agriculture. Amongst such efforts, we must class a " Prize 3F,ssay of the Wetherby Agricultural Association on the Application of Rape-Dust, &c., by JOHN HANNA m," the object of which is to show the great advantage of using such means of le.rtiliz itig the soil. Mr. HANNA:NI begins his valuable pamphlet by referring to the chemical principles of vegetation as far as they are known, so that he may explain the rationale of the won derful effects which different manures have on different soils. Indeed, they have been so won derful, and sometimes so contradictory, that a Pleasing but fanciful creed has arisen which as tribes the virtue not to the manures, but to the strong faith in the man who uses them, which brings down on his industry, however directed, the blessings of Heaven. Modern chemistry, and our present knowledge of vegetation, by pointing out the several kinds of nourishment which plants require, and which the same ma nures will not supply in different soils, has done something to destroy this creed, and to show in dustry and faith how they may be sure to succeed. Into the merits of rape-dust we shall not enter, being entirely incompetent to discuss them; we only intend to direct public attention to one of the principles set forth by Mr. HANNAH. Notwith standing the alarm which was generated by Mr. MALTHus's theory of population, everybody felt convinced that there was in nature some con trivance, by which, though we did not know how, productiveness is made to keep pace with population. The moral means are an increase of skill and extended division of labour, both of which are dependent on an increased population. The physical means have been discovered, we we think, by LIEBIG, and made plain by Mr. HANNAINI. It was long ago known that nitrogen, which abounds in animal substances, is, as Mr. HAN NAM says, absolutely essential to the forma tion of perfect vegetable structure. Now, LIEBIG has found ammonia, which is the product of decaying animal matter, in rain water and snow, and gone far to demon strate that it is in this form that nitrogen finds its way into plants. Another element of vege tation is carbon, and carbonic acid, which sup plies plants with carbon, is the result of respira tion. Now, both these elements of fruitfulness in the soil, or rather of luxuriant vegetation, increase as man and animals increase, and thus as the human race is multiplied, the soil becomes more fertile. The fact of great fertility existing in conjunction with a crowded population is well known; but for the theory and explanation we are indebted to LIEBIG and Mr. HANNAM. They have made it clear that the essential ele ments of vegetable life are evolved in proportion as animal life increases; in other words, nature makes a provision to increase the means of feed ing the human race as they are multiplied. COURT CIRCULAR. WINDSOR, THURSDAY.—His Royal Highness the Duke of Cambridge visited the Queen yesterday at the Castle, and remained to lunch with her Majesty and Prince Albert. The Royal Duke took his depar ture in the afternoon, on his return to his residence at Kew. This morning her Majesty and Prince Albert rode out in the home Park in their favourite small phae ton, her Majesty driving. The Prince of Wales and the Princess Royal were taken their accustomed airings, accompanied by the Dowager Lady Lyttelton. Lord Charles Wellesley, Hon. Mrs. Anson, and Major-General Wemyss will have the honour of din ing with the Royal party at the Castle this evening. The Queen will hold a Privy Council on Wednes day next, the 26th instant, at cne o'clock, at Windsor Castle. His Royal Highness the Hereditary Prince of Mecklenburgh Strelitz honoured with a visit yester day the exhibition of the Model of St. Peter's, in Pall-Mall. General Sancho, the Spanish Minister, transacted business at the Foreign-office on Wednesday. FASHIONABLE INTELLIGENCE. ARRIVALS. The Baron and Baroness De Thoren and family, at Hathaway's Hotel, Brook-street, Grosvenor-square, from the Continent ; the Rev. H. Des Vceux, arditto, from Dorsetshire. DEPARTURES. The Prince and Princess St. Elia, and suite, from Hathaway's Hotel, Brook-street, for Italy; the Duke and Duchess De Noya and family, from ditto, for Paris ; the Marquis Gregorio, from ditto ; the Hon. Mrs. and Edward Doughty, Esq., and family, fr om ditto, for their seat, Upton House, Dorset; Le Comte George de Festeties, from ditto, for Vienna. THE MANCHESTER TRADE. TO THE EDITOR OF THE SUN. Six—Allow me through the medium of your valuable paper, to draw the attention of your readers to the present deranged state of several branches of the manufacturing trade of Manchester, chiefly attri butable to the preference given by purchasers to Scotch tartan goods. Were it the ordinary course of events that had brought about the sudden and overwhelming—l might almost say exclusive—demand for tartans, there would be little cause for complaint; but being produced by agency not the most legitimate and fair, 1 shall be allowed, perhaps, a small portion of your space while I point out the means by which Manchester has been thus suddenly deprived of a large portion of its trade. The agency to which I allude is, the fact of her Majesty's being advised to patronise the manufac turers of cloth in Scotland. This may, at first sight, appear harmless enough, but a very little attention is required to convince any competent judge that such a course of procedure as her Majesty's, must be fraught with serious evil to other manufacturing districts ; for it is evident, that, mutatis mutandis, there being only a certain amount of trade transacted in this country, the more there is done in one part, the less there will be done in another. Facts, too lamentable, confirm the truth of this statement. Unprepared for so sudden and extensive a demand for tartans, many houses in the Manchester trade have large stocks of goods on hand, which, as the writer well knows, cannot, without serious loss, command a market. God knows, the trade in Manchester was bad enough before this calamity, but, it appears, " worse remained behind." I am, Sir, your obedient Servant, AN OLD MANCHESTER MANUFACTURER. Manchester, Oct. 19, 1842. 11011110 USE AND Co's. BANKRUPTCY. —At a meet ing of creditors of the separate estate of Mr. H. W. Hobhouse, held at the White Hart, in this city, on Saturday, the Commissioners declared a dividend of 20s. in the pound. We understand that after this di vidend is paid, a handsome surplus will be left for the benefit of the creditors of the joint estate. At a meet ing of the private creditors of Mr. Phillott, held on Monday, a dividend of 20s. in the pound was declared. A meeting of the private creditors of Mr. Lowder takes place on Saturday. They are not likely to re ceive more than a moiety of their claims, Societies for which Mr. Lowder was treasurer having proved against his private estate.—Bath Chronicle. STOURBRIDGE.—THE IRON TRADE.—The October series of iron masters' quarterly meetings are just ended. Gloomy and dull as the season they have been ; the business done has been comparatively trifling, and the future prospects of the trade are disheartening in the extreme. Consequent on the late stoppage of the works, a rise on the then ruinously low price of iron of 1/. per ton was at tempted, and in many instances paid, but prices have again receded, and the attempt to maintain in the current quarter a rise of 10s., will no doubt prove abortive. The demand created by the stoppage of the works is supplied, and the orders now issued will only be for such quantities as are required for immediate use ; what this will be may be inferred from the fact that the chain and trace trade is nearly at a stand still, while the demand for nails is daily decreasing. Some idea may be formed of the extent of the reduction in the make of iron, from the fact that one work, which has usually paid from 1,5001. to 1,6001. for carriage per quarter, had not incurred an expense of 701. on the same account in the one just ended.— Worcestershire Chronicle. Lord Powerscourt, Lord Clifford, Sir J. Hobhouse, and Sir James Radcliffe, have arrived at Antwerp, from Brussels. LONDON LIBRARY ILLUSTRATED'• On IIIoNDAT NEXT will be published, with four beaut iful Illus trations by Armstrong, Part I. of MITE LONDON LIBRARY, price ls., aintain ing a Tale entitled EDWARD CLAVERINC. :Ily C. G. ROSENBERG, Esq., Author of "The Prince, DuI;o, and the Page." Edited by Lady Lytton Bulwer. Published by W. Thomas, 19, Catherine-street, Strait , d; and sold by W. Strange, Paternoster•row, and all booksells and newsmen. - 4 '~ - _ •t.. 0 Al"Pt ThJc cr , title° :1 SUN OFFICE Three o'Cloeh. The excellent speech delivered by Mr. Ser geant ADAMS, the Chairman of the Middlesex Sessions, yesterday, does him great honour, and will be read with delight by all who take a deep interest in the intellectual improvement of the lower classes. The Learned Gentleman, in view ing the question which gave rise to his remarks, threw off the trammels which too generally re strain legal authorities from following the dic tates of justice and common sense, exposed the absurdity of retaining on the statute-book ancient laws made for a different race of men, and strongly urged on our legislators the duty and the necessity of providing fbr the large masses of the intellec tual inhabitants rational and moral edification and amusement. We have often had occasion to animadvert on the absurd laws made with the ivowed purpose of preserving order and encou raging morality among the numerous classes that frequent public houses, but. which in reality have the contrary effect, which irritate the peo ple by needless restrictions, and by such dissimi lar enactments for different places, not only cre ate dissatisfaction, but turn these very laws into contempt. What is good for London is good for Leeds and Manchester. A change of locality does not alter the great principles of religion and morality. If it is a sin to remain in a public house on a Saturday night after twelve o'clock in the metropolis, it must be a sin also at York and Durham; and the " collective wisdom" incur great blame by not extending the Sabbatarian law over the whole country. The Home Secre tary said he saw no harm in a poor man eating a crust of bread and cheese with a glass of ale on a Sunday morning in Cumberland, while Mr. BEN JAMIN HAWES and others of the same school, consider it a grievous offence in Middlesex, and have accordingly enacted severe penalties against those publicans and sinners who are guilty ofsuch enormities. At Reigate, and other places within a certain distance of London, a man cannot have ' music and dancing in his house without a license, while in large towns beyond that limit, dancing and singing are considered very harmless amusements. Some of our wise legislators occa sionally advert to the laws and customs of other countries in no very respectful terms, but if they would look at home, and compare the anomalies, and contradictions, and absurdities which per vade our code of laws, they would find little cause for congratulation. Every man tries his hand at law-making, official personages con sider the subject generally not worth their notice, and the consequence is, that we have a string of enactments as different from one another- as light is from darkness. It is high time that this preposterous system should be stopped, that the people should be governed as rational beings, and be induced to obey the law—not from fear, but from a convic tion of its justice, consistency, and mercy. Were our municipal laws adapted to the age, we should hear of fewer convictions at police offices, and not one instance in ten that now occur of resistance to its authority. The people are maki ng rap id progress in moral andintellectual improvement, and require other restraints, and also other amusements, than those fitted for a barbarous and enslaved peasantry. - In confirmation of these facts we have great pleasure in quoting the words of Mr. Sergeant ADAMS I derived much delight in having witnessed the vast multi tudes that flocked to the Musard Concerts at the theatres. The crowds I saw there saw filled me with wonder, but not more so than their excellent conduct, the admirable results of educa tion. Let then (our legislators) now that they had removed the blinkers from the eyes of man kind, take care that they were provided with such food in the shape of entertainment and pro fitable amusements, that the day might never arrive when that intended to be a blessing to the people—namely, their education and enlighten ment—should lead to evil results." The Hanoverian Gazette of the 14th contains the formal consent of the KING to the marriage of Prince GEORGE with the Princess of SATE ALTENBURG, in conformity with the laws which regulate the conditions under which the reigning members of the BRUNSWICK-LUNEBURG family may marry. The Frankfort Journal of the 17th instant, states that the authorities at Berlin had dis covered a secret association amongst the students in the University of that city, which, although it was not of a political character, was unautho rised, and consequently illegal. The Academical Senate had condemned two members of the as sociation to expulsion, and the others were se verely reprimanded. The Augsburg Gazette of the 15th inst. states that on the 28th ult. the representatives of the Five Powers had a conference at Constantinople, .which lasted several hours, and at which the affairs of Servia and Syria were discussed. Th e change of Government in Servia having taken place without the consent of any European Power, and being merely the result of the enter prising spirit of IzzET PACHA, the five represen tatives resolved that they would defend Prince MICHAEL'S rights before the Divan, and oppose by all the means in their power Wicztcles party. The Ambassadors were likewise agreed as to the Syrian question, but their accord was purely negative. It was even feared that should it become necessary to adopt a definitive resolu tion a difference of opinion would arise amongst them. The intelligence from Madrid is to the 12th instant, when an extraordinary Cabinet Council was held under the Presidency of the REGENT. The deliberations were long and animated, and were said to have exclusively turned on financial matters. M. CALATRAVA entered into a full exposé of the situation of his department; and completely satisfied his colleagues that, if his endeavours to improve it and to raise supplies had been unsuccessful, no blame should be im puted to his administration. The Three-per Cents. were done at 201 for cash, and 21 at 60 days and the Five per Cents. at 26.1 4 for cash, and 27 at 60 days. The debt bearing no interest sold for 5 21-32 at 60 days. Most of the Paris journals of Wednesday eon . tain articles on the great topics of the day—the negotiations for a commercial treaty with Bel gium, and the reported attempt to revive the ne gotiations with England on the same subject; but they contain no new information, nor any symp toms of a return to common sense. The National cannot even allude to a commercial treaty with England without betraying evident proofs of insanity, as may be seen from a long article against M. GUIZOT and the English, which con cludes in these words :—" Let the , Government commence negotiations with Germany and Sar dinia; let it try to abolish the Custom-house barriers between France and Belgium; nothing can be better. But with England, we again re peat it, no! We have not forgotten what our imprudent alliances with that felon Government have at various periods cost us. In every instance we have left behind something of either our wealth or our power. We have had enough of these fatal experiments, and we have no desire to recommence them." The Moniteur Parisien, on the other hand, states that commercial negotiations were now pending between Great Britain, Belgium, Sar dinia, and the German Customs' Union, and France. The Journal des Debuts devotes two columna to the affairs of Canada, and with satisfaction looks forward to the violent separation of that colony from the mother country. "It is impos sible," says that Journal, " not to foresee that at a future period not remote, a contest will take place between Great Britain and her American colonies, similar to that which terminated in the emancipation of the provinces, now the United States—a contest which has already commenced in the Legislature, and which will no doubt ter- urinate on the field of battle. This emancipa tion, now inevitable, will not be determined, we believe, by any foreign influence. It will vege tate, increase, and explode of itself, by the mere force of circumstances, like a fruit which ripens slowly and is detached from the tree by the slightest agitation. By a singular change of fortune the men who at present compose the Executive Council of Canada were almost all proscribed in the year 1837 as rebels. M. LA FONTAINE, the acknowledged head of the French party, and a notary, M. GIROUARD, who is now member of the Executive Council, were pro claimed, and 500 British pounds sterling were offered for their apprehension. For our part, we are happy to see the French party at length take that position in the Government which the jea lousy and fears of the English party had until now refused them. We are not carried away by any illusion. The interest which the destiny of a population, issue of our common country, in spires, can only at present be an interest of re membrance; but we cannot see without sym pathy this energetic and persevering resistance of the manners, language, and religion of our ancient colonists to the absorbing action of their new metropolitan." The Moniteur contains a Royal ordonnance, dated St. Cloud, Oct. 16, granting a supplemen tary credit of 350,000 f. (14,0001.) to the Minister for Foreign Affairs to meet the outlay of extra ordinary missions and unforeseen expenses. The Prince de JOINvILLE and the Duc d'Au- MALE arrived at Brest on the 15th. The King of the FRENCH on Monday last went on horseback to inspect the detached fort at Mont Valerien. The Toulonnais of the 16th instant states, that the expedition under General BUGEAUD, which left the Maison Carree on the 30th ult., reached the Oued Soufflah on the . sth instant without firing a shot. Th ere some resist ance was offered, and Colonel LEBLOND, of the 48th Regiment, with three other officers, who accompanied him in a reconnais sance, were shot by a few Arabs, concealed be hind bushes. The exasperated French soldiers immediately rushed in pursuit of the Arabs, whom they soon overtook, and brought prisoners to General BUGEAUD, by whom they were inter rogated. They told the latter that they had mis taken the Colonel for him, or otherwise they should have spared his life. They confessed hav ing been selected to execute the coup de main, because they were good marksmen, and they only regretted having failed in their purpose. Twelve of the wounded in that affair, and amongst others a surgeon and forty men, unable from ill ness to follow the column, arrived at Algiers on the 10th. The country around that city, was tranquil, and the roads to Medeah and Milianah perfectly secure. We find the following account of the progres gressive increase of the steam navigation of the Rhine, in the Moniteur In 1816 was started the first steamboat on the Rhine, running between Rotterdam and Cologne. After a lapse of twenty-three years, there were 39 of these conveyances between Basle and the sea, and this number is annually increasing. The companies rival each other in zeal and attention. The two Prusso- Rhenish establishments, however, have made the most rapid progress in . improvement. The Cologne Company commenced on the Ist of May, 1827, with one boat only, between Cologne and Mentz, on the Bth of June following, it had two, and, in 1837, it possessed 9—viz., one of 118-horse power, one of 85, two of 80, one of 75, three of 70, and one of 50 horse-power. In the same year, this company had three departures from and as many arrivals at Cologne, and a regular communication with Stras bourg. In the following year, the number of boats was increased to eleven ; in 1839, to fourteen ; in 1840, to fifteen ; and, in 1841, to twenty, passing be tween Cologne and Strasbourg. In 1838, the Co logne Company made an association with that running boats between Basle and Strasbourg, which had two of 30 horse-power each. Prom this period, the passage between Basle and Cologne has been "made in forty hours, twenty-nine of which only are spent on board the boats. Shortly afterwards another. Company launched two boats, which performed the same dis tance in much less time. The second Prusso•Rhe nish Company, which had been formed by capital ists of Mentz and Dusseldorf, commenced running, in 1838, with, five magnificent boats. Once a week one of thise goes down to Rotterdam. In 1838, they conveyed no more than 84,000 passengers, and 60,000 metrical quintals of merchandise ; ' which, in 1840, increased to 152,000 passengers, and 90,000 quintals of merchandise. This was nothing to what was done by the Cologne Company; for, whereas, in 1827, its transports amounted to 18,000 passengers, and 26,000 quintals of goods ; in 1833 it had 100,000 passengers, and 106,000 quintals on freight ; and, in 1840, the number of passengers exceeded 460,000, and the goods on freight 130,000 quintals ; and, in 1841, these figures increased to 680,000 pas sengers, and3oo,ooo quintals. The Company which has just been formed at Basle, and which has made a con nection with the Mentz and Dusseldorf Company, will give a fresh impulse to steam navigation on the Upper Rhine. The Netherlands Company (Maatschappy), established at Rotterd am , h as traversed between that city and Cologne ever since 1837, with eleven boats of from 50 to 120-horse power. They run daily ; but one boat a week is exclusively employed in con veying merchandise. The navigation of the Rhine is carried on to London by boats from Rotterdam, and they make this passa ge w ith suc h regu l ar i ty and ra pidity, that they insure a great number of passengers, and large quantities of merchandise on freight. BOURSE—PARIS, WEDNESDAY, OCTOBER 19. First Highest Lowest Last Price. Price. Price. Price. French Five per Cents. 118 95... 118 90... 118 80... 118 80 3 per Cents 80 10... 80 10... 79 95... 79 95 Bank of France 3280 —.3280 ...3280 .. 3280 Laffitto Bank 5,000 f 5070 ...5070 ...5070 ...5070 Belgian Bank Belgian Fives 1840 lo4i ... 104/. ... 1041 ... 1041 Dutch 2; per Cents 531 ... b3l ... 531 ... 531 Spanish Active 2l/ ... 211 ... 211 ... 211 Passive Portuguese Fives 32 32 ... 311. ... 32 Neapolitan . lOB 30... 108 40... 108 39... 108 30 Roman RAILWAY SHARES. St. Germain 847 50... 847 50... 847 50... 847 50 Versailles, R.B ... 258 75... 258 75... 258 75... 258 75 LB 9B 75... 98 75... 98 75... 98 74 Rouen Orleans. 587 50... 588 75... 587 50... 5811 75 Strasburg to Bale 207 50... 208 75... 207 50... 208 75 BELGIAN FUNDS.—BatissaLs, Ocr. 18. Actual Debt, 2% per Cent, 5? Rothschild's Loan, Five per Cent ltex, Loan of Thirty Millions, Four per Cent ... Three per Cent. .... ...... --Thirty-seven Millions, ditt o 71% ............ Loan of City, lii32, Four per Cent 92 Society of Commerce, Four and a Half per Cent B6 Bank of Belgium, Five per Cent . ••• 78% National Society . ... Exchargo on London (short) —Brussels Papers, Oct. 18. Ati s IRI A N kUN DS..—VIENNA, OCT. 10 Five per Cents. Metalliques Four per Cents . loos Three per Cents Bank Shares .• ............... .......—.......... ..... MN illlgemeine Zeilung, Oct. 14. TUB HEALTH OF HER MAJESTY.—We have very. high authority for announcing the important and highly gratifying fact that our Most Gracious Sove reign is in that delicate and interesting situation, the intimation of which cannot fail to be received with the most heartfelt interest by every loyal subject in the dominions of her Majesty. Sir James Clark, one of the physicians in 'ordinary to the Queen, has paid frequent visits to her Majesty, of late, at Windsor Castle. Her Majesty has not taken any equestrian exercise for some time past.—Herald. Sir C. Nugent has passed a good night, and is more comfortable this morning. SHAMEiTL HOAX.—A somewhat lengthy para graph having appeared in a Morning Paper, giving an account of a murder alleged to have been committed at Edgeware, willing to give publicity to any facts which might transpire, we made inquiries at the coach offices where the Edgeware coaches stop, but not being able to ascertain whether such an occurrence took place, we proceeded to the S division of police, in whose district Edgeware is situated, where we dis covered our worthy Contemporary had been most cruelly hoaxed. In Paddington there were several of those fellows calling " a most horrible murder," from which the paragragh in question may have originated. We are sorry to say, that, the trade at Mansfield, and the neighbourhood still continues in a most de plorable state. Hundreds of the poor framework knitters are in a most destitute condition. Every week goo ds distrnined fir rent are exhibited in the market place for sale. The bailiffs, we grieve to say, have now a rich harVest.—Nottingha m Review. gUM-'; - ARY OF .EilS AND f iUlts b 1 t c Opinion. " Who runs tpay read." FOREIGN. A report prevails at P a ris, th a t the King's sister, Madame Adelaide has l a t e ly g i ven 1,500,000 f. for a tine estate in Britanny, called Carheil, and has Pre sented it to her nephew, the Prince de Joinville. The Frankfort Journal of the 17th inst. states that a shock of earthquake, accompanied with much noise, was felt on the evening of the 13th at Coblentz. Th e shock extended to the neighbourhood of Nieuwied. On the 12th inst. a fire broke out at Schnoctheim, in Wurtemberg, which in a short time consumed four teen houses. The King of the French held a Council of Ministers on Tuesday at St. Cloud. M. Pageot, Minister Plenipotentiary from th e Court of France to the United States has left pave for Washington. He is the bearer of books and len sent by the Chamber of D e p u ti es , and the War an Marine departme n t s , t o th e A mer i can Houses of L; gislature and p u bli c es t a bli s h men t s , i n exchange, for those which M. Ale x a n d re V a tt einare had rec eived. i In the season o f 1840-1841, th e p ro duce of ~, /nt the Lombardo-Venetian country became doubled. r is calculated th a t n i ne -t en th s o f thi s produce , is 2 . ported. England tak es annu ally about 500,0 001 i• u France imports annually from Lombardy and Sal' ma, upon an average, about 1,400,0001b5. The convention between Prussia and Russia, d :or the giving up of deserters, has been prolonge another year. The Moniteur Parisien says—" It is asserted th - -114 „ ) , independently of the Convention with Belgium, is in preparation, commercial negotiations have opened with England, Sardinia, and the German Cu" toms' Union." The Prince de Joinville and the D u e d'Aurnale . Sr rived at Brest on the 15th inst. The Minister of Public Works arrived at Lyons ° the 15th inst. tea last Accounts from Leipsic state that during week of September the b us i ness o f th e f a ir wag es' tremely active. Upwards o f 10,000 f ore ign d el 'i o n had arrived, but it was difficult to calculate t at number of buyers. The total number of stranger s Leipsic was estimated a t b e t ween 80,000 an d 90, 00 0 PUBLIC OPINION. the The Post says, in allusion to the collection 0 1 to Income-tax—" We feel it a duty which we osl e ic the Government, as well as to the public, to re l 7 frit i; strate once more against the annoying stupidity."o which the preliminary measures of the Ineer u 7;, o d, are carried into effect. It was generally undet a lo both from the character of the Government, twe' ro . remarks which fell from the Prime Minister in ! et it posing the tax, that pains would b e t a ken to Coll' s , with as much fairness and as little annoyance ast o b. sible. Instead of this, we find, in -the process ob taining the preliminary returns, the most stufael rio g stinacy, and the most unmitigated tax-gath e eh effrontery. Surely it is enough if the Treasury to tains the tax, without letting loose stupid pe°P worry her Majest's subjects, merely that this tt c e, man or that taxing-man may increase his impori a rise d or swell his paltry gains. We are really su r P„ t iaa that the Government does not cause greater atte" to , to be paid to these details ; for undoubtedly the CO b. which is severe enough, whatever way it may li e if lected, will become utterly odious and detests, rior aggravated by the stupid selfishness of the int ° people concerned in its collection." . . of In reference to the present destitute coridltl°,, re . the majority of the working-classes, the I/v.(l l r a, o f marks as follows :—" The destitution and Inis, e 4 $ the working classes can no more be removed ; te a Poor-law than could London be supplied with w oof from the basin in St. James's Park ; pertu anc oat increased parochial rates would in truth only the paralysis under which the country sta r es there is much in the New Poor-law that l o ts amendment, and many alterations and imPr°v. e , ore might easily be introduced into it to render 1 ' i it consonant with constitutional usage, and to deP r put of unnecess ar y sever it y an d wanton crueltY%„, l o- we must look bey on d suc h a m i nor ma tter of re sen t cipal administratio n t o ge t a t a reme dy for P r air and future distress ; and th e mos t satisfactl an d nouncement that such a re me dy'h as been feu n reas ea applied will be,—diminished poor-rates and de, c ou i to attention to poor-laws. It is just as mop_ be re' suppose that prosperity and tranquillity 00 0 410 1 stored through pauperism, as it was in Lord n r° old to predicate in 1834 that diminished poor-ratesof t he improve the morals or stimulate the mdustri r eo pted working classes. Yet must something be ut i ,tioa . to relieve the distress of the industrial per' ;te their to improve their sanitary condition—to re - ex c. () a bove all, ,Ethoe TimesChristianise observes, th e m " in patriotism—to teach them sound morality —au ' on th e a leading subject of the workhouse system t i of th e —" As a Coroner's inquest on the last Vicw -fil d Northleach prison -system has not y e t pron ou nce bat verdict, we shall abstain from any . remarks 00 b i d particular case which might even be imagined o 3 .1 ) . 2 00 ; of exercising an influence over the expected deci!' 0 .. but on the Gloucestershire notions of a p r oper Prir oo discipline, as exhibited in the course of the disco ed to at the recent Quarter Sessions, we may be allu w t he in Glnoruteicel:tershire ; say a few words. We regret, then, on the Wholes,biro tone and spirit displayed by the Gloucesterhoia. Magistrates throughout that • discussion. We t , s Ash have hoped to have found among a body o f •E' n l*„ad country- gentlemen, a prevalent feeling of sh ame isre indignation at the disclosures recently mad e ' b o df could hardly have imagined that among a larg,e_hoia ,of men of opulence and education, many Cr id he also were of the clerical profession, no 'one w° ce of, found to disclaim with earnestness all coguis un o has and participation in, such a state of things, is de been brought to light. Instead of which, al ro pted; fence and extenuation, with no slight share of a t ' b f o al( concealment, diversified only by a frothy sPee c oti dirr a Mr. Bathurst, the drift of which is altogether t ee,: coverable, hut the motive for making whic h, , ve rsaj; rently, was a valorous resolve to proclaim to t he nou world, his, Mr. Bathurst's, firm determination foal to be afraid of the Times.' Well, Mr. Bathurst iloe3 now declared publicly that he is not grail' is welcome to any satisfaction he can derive from a t hej piece of bravery. But we beg to remind hiT, 'ottf 0104 real question is, not whether he is afra id ko hi l U Times,' but whetner there is nothing to Int o ot her,: afraid of his own reflections ? Can he—Can who s " Magistrates who cheered his demand of _ oien ce, afraid ? '—really so far stifle the voice of con ; c ases as to persuade themselves that in all the severanlothia which have been brought forward, there w as o f per• , to regret—nothing involving them in the gan lor tea', sive participation, at least, in acts of cruelty, s is t ho,. ing human life ? If so, then all we can say usttr;l• the practical Christianity of Gloucestershire 10 at a very low ebb." t 6 The The following is from the Chronicle:-- the i n s"': sanity of those w h o a d v i se d th e l a te strike i, ll q inor nufacturing district s canno t b e more forcw f o rke t trated, than by the prese n t s tate of the labo ur The I in Manchester, notwithstanding the strio: be fore,. apprehension is generally entertained t l ,'" . ` t i r o 01 Christmas it will be necessary to reduce tu' ibe onif the workmen. W o uld th a t M anc hester wer e place where labour is in excess. 'rho i - o o 1 1 1, _ Marshall, who employ s evera l th o usands at r eek' about seven hundred at Shrewsbury, ha ve ss.eek in their time at both these places to five days stead of full time, in consequence of the t" s All the other flax spinners of Leeds have „r ier tool , same reduction; and in Dundee, and the ° l ',. I r ela ol a of the east of Scotland, and in the north 0 ' ~ 1, 01 `,. the same course will no doubt be adopterod g oo Abinger leaves a market for m anufactu si c der atie u o f altogether out of his sublime cl m ' e ' glee when he makes wages to depend on t _ ow loye is food. How, in the name of goodness, canti'leir good , pay more than the prices they obtain for to the ( fl y will allow them to pay, without going' u l re ex 3c zette? The • handloom weaver receives be ors o n t. O the wages which are paid to handloom ly eai Continent ; for his employer sustains a colo' j„ rya every market with the continental emploY er ' ho odl o° 4 would the 800,000 souls who depend °" lov ers i% weaving in this country appeal to the era. PEnglan higher wages, on the ground that food in The em u& costs so much ' more than on the Continent' ture s ; ployers, no doubt, feel for the th° • g th more they cannot pay without ruining . 60 . a 11a The Tory aristocracy, by keeping uP art • 1 0 16, poor crea _ se i price of rood in this country, and rendermi: c ar__ sible for our manufacturers to obtain returq he eftlk o have afforded every encouragement i to now foreT s, blishment of manufactures abroad ; and D° 1609 Governments retaliate on us for our rest , ai s tr by hostile tariffs, which ndd frightful,l, to the of the country at this particular time. lte% . co o f IMONEY—TRADE—CONXIVZ3 albs e° r - 0 The ship America, has returned, after m a _ se ea s e. 26 months, from the Pacific, with the ira of le bo of 4,700 baprureillszolocil,raivindp4Eso,o,7oospviouignzrdsw:oof; a loan, 3,7501. The Lords of offortmheatTiorneaosfutrlyvohanveelygra_rousivdta: itshis.e'reerrsit':4l At the village of Gheel, in Belg i _ ho ar ,aleue colony of not less than 700 lunatics, 7 , o f on so admirable a system, that they illvinv all kn . l t s bs with the inhabitants, and are emplo;f e " or i g in 01. ce ll agriculture and manufactures. T he The 1 111° t he colony dates back to the 6th century; th i s , an n ee d lunatic system in London approaches Eng land general adoption of these plans in scarcely be advised, atri°' ls simaTzwrws. ales in ha lf The main annual mortality of fellU ears a nd.a to t parts of the metropolis in the two Y , he y , twos COLur 57, te,.. ending December, 1839, shows . i n se, while at Hackney the deaths were 1 1 3 ,. 400 , • were in Camberwell, 1 in. 55; 1 5 15" lj ~, er, tieci we ll tt, l by I