The Sun. — London, England, 1824-02-27 00:00:00

e \ ./ 47 i1 ./ , \rs-' \ • s, i~ NtrAIBER 9833. VERY FANI"rBAVELLING, TO DOVER, DEAL, RAMSGATE, MARGATE, AND CANTERBURY. POW:. INSIDE COACHES, AND KEEP GOOD TIME, By S. A. MOUNTAIN and Co. tI NIL,I,CEN'S HEAD INN, SKINNER-STREET, SNOW HILL, LONDON. THE following LIGHT POST-COACIIES, and MAILS, &c. set out from the above Ina:— " Royal Telegraph," DOVER, Deal, Ramsgate, Mar late, Broadstairs,Canterbury, Feversham, and Sandwic , new superior fast Coach—every Morning at a quarter past Seven 4) :Cissek. In consequence of the decided preference given to t he Telegraph Coach, the Proprietors are determined no n l Pence shall be spared to render it the first conveyance on 'n.,* Kent Road. 4 , uROMPTON,Chatham and Rochester, Gravesend, Stroud, tingbourne, Rainham, and Ospringe, Morning, Quarter Mast 7„ The "Tally Ho," to BIRMINGHAM, in 13 hours only, driven through with two Coachmen, fast Dav Coach, horning at a quarter before 7 o'Clock, through liedburn, 'mark e t Street, Dunstable, Brickhill, Fenny Stratford, Stoney Tgruktford, Towcester, Weedon, Daventry, Dunchiirch, Co 'sentry, and Stone Berminghamßri, th astle Hotel and St. George's I.arern, High-street,i, to Siliffriall, Wellingtoo, i teidgenorth, Shelton, Shrewsbury, Salop, Oswestry, Nam- Tarporley, Bangor, Chester, and Holyhead.—lll con ''',ltieticre of the decided preference given to the Tally Ho Coach, the Proprietors am determined no expellee shall he blared to render it tine first conveyance on the Birmingham Raga. The " Sovereign," New light fast Coach to FALMOUTH, Finnouth, Exeter, rrur'o, Bodmin, Penryn, Ashburton, Tot 11°M, Dartmouth, %Weymouth, Dorchester, and Salisbury, avery morning at Seven ; through Honitoil, Axminster, In ridport,Blandford,Stockbridge, Sutton, Basingstoke, Hart ford Bridge, Blackwater, and Bagshet. , WOLVERHAMPTON, Dudley, and West-Bromwich, I nt'ougli Coventry, the only Day Coach, Morning, at a quar ter before Seven o'Clock. The only Day Coach to WEYMOUTH, (drivers through wiry Two C oac h m en o nly), through Bagshot, Black water, u e . "'"!ngstoke, Overton, Whitchorch, Andover, Woodyeats, -4 " ° ° , e, Salisbury, Blandford, anti Dorchester, at a Quar ter i„,,„,„,Nast Five o'Clock in tile Morning. Packets from Wes,,- to Guernsey, Jersey, Cherbourg, St. Maine's, &c. Y Wednesday and Saturday afternoon, at Two o'Clock. .:ARWICK and Leamington Day and Night Coache s . , " Union," SOUTHAMPTON, Lviningtoti, Lyndhurst , W incheste r , Basingstoke, Hartford Bridge, Black water, and 13 , d gthot, New Four Inside Coach, every Mornini, at 3 o'Clock; arrives at th e C oac h an d H orses an d Vine Inn, Southampton, by Five o'clock. This is a most delightful Conveyance to the Isle of Wight, Jersey, Guernsey, St. Maloes, Havre de Cherhourgh, &c.—The Proprietors of the above Coach hope to receive a continuance of that supp ort which 'bas hitherto been experienced since the commencement of the " Union," New light Day Coaches to DORCHESI'EIt, in 1.4 hours through Bagshot, Blackwater, Basingstoke, Overturn, W hitchurch, Andover, Salisbury,, Woodseats, Cashmor e , an d Illandford, at a Quarter past Five and Seven o'clock iu the morning. BATH and BRISTOL Post-Coaches, through Chipper haul, Caine, M a rlborough, - Hungerford, Newbury, and Read lug, ev e ry Afternoon at one; arrive at the Greyhound Inn, Bath, the London Tavern, Thomas-street, and Swan, Bristol, early the next Morning.—Coaches to Wells, Bridgewater, Taunton, and Plymouth, at reduced Fares. The "`Umpire," a New LIVERPOOL Light Coach, only one Night on the Road, carrying Four Inside, sets out Daily at Otte; arrives at Liverpool next afternoon, tin ough Wo burn, 'Latlibury, .Northampton, Welfurd, Lutterworth, Hinckley, Atherstone, Litchfield, Stone, Newcastle, Knots lord, Warrington, and Prescot. KENDAL, Lancaster, Preston, Kirby-Lonsdale, Bolton ChodeY, Ormskirk, and Garetang Light Post Coaches, every morning and afternoon. The " Royal Exp ress ," N ew Light Four Inside Post Coach to LIVERPOOL, in if; hours o n l y , through Warrington; Prescot, Cougleton, Lawton, Newcastle, Rod g ly, Knutsford, Stone, Stafford, and Litchfield, ( on l y One Night on the Road), every Afternoon ; arrives at th e Saracen's Head Inn, Dale-street, Liverpool, next Afternoon. The advan tages to Travellers who honour this Coach with their pre ference are far superior to any other on this Road, 44 the Royal Express" is drivers throisgbout with Four Coachmen otilv (Two lest than any other Coach to Liverpool), a . saving M Passengers too evident to require comment; besides the additional advantage, especially to Coniniercial Interests, of Performing the journey in less time than any other Coach ; a nd, notwithstanding its cheapness anti expedition, the Pros Ptietors pledge themselves that for safety and accommodation it II equalled by few, and shall be surpassed by noire. s TAFFORDSHIRE POTTERIES, a new light very fast !P )e 'eti, every afternoon, to Litnend, Stoke, Shelton, Bursletn, stall, Lawton, Hanly and Holmes Chapel. This is thin Wily Coach direct to the Potteries. W AKEFIELD Four inside Post-Coaches, every Morning arid Afternoon, at reduced Fares. laltth U n UE STEß,Newport,Whitechurch,Tarporley, Natnpt wich, wich,and aliddlewich light Coaches, every morning and afternoon. ST AMFORD light Post Coaches every morning arid after- Alconburv, Biggleswade, St. Neots, Buckden, SUNDERLAN, and Wandsfurd. every ri dge, Stockton, arid Yarns Light Post Coach Ferrybridge,Trufsat:aY of Newark, Retford, Doncaster, Mini peth, and Berwrclit' Darlington, Northalle t r i ton, Dur i iram, ing, at reduced Fares. and_ r Driven arrives at York t e_noeuxrt Coach menao rn mop Passenge rs en through F !Wing themselves fatigued on the Journey, may rest what tim e they please and then proceed without any additi ona l Fare. - MARLBOROUGH and Swindon, Lot.- inside Day Coach, through Aldhourn, R eading, Lambourn, Purton, Lytlington Pewsey, Wootton Basset, Itaiestrury, Hungerford, Nelvburr anti Maidenhead. Driven through with One Coachman only. The New R o y a l P a t ent M a il , BOSTON and Louth, through Royston, Cambridge, Huntingdon, stilt on , P e terborough, t2ping, Spalding, Spilshy, Alfo r d, G r i ms b y , arid Hull, Evening, at Half past Seven o'Clock, Sunday, at a Quarter before Seven. The " Exp ress ," a N ew Light Four-inside Post Coach to CARLISLE, Penrith, arid Whitehaven, with it Guard all „, way, passes through Appleby, Brough, Bowes, Greta- Itige Richmond, Catterick, Boroughbridge, Ferryb ridge, Doncaster, Newark, Bawtry, Grantham, Stamford, Gree 11,1aur, Stilton, Biggleswade, and Bahlock. Sets out in the orning, and performs the journey with the greatest faci tlti-y.; at reduced Fares. Passetii_cers detained on the Road by .2 noness or pleasure, have the peculiar advantage sef their ‘eats being secured ht the next Coach.—The only direct e "?eli to Carl isl e. slie New Royal Patent Mail, CAMBRIDGE, through 13untingford, Buckland, and Royston, Evening, at i 1 Past Seven o'Clock, Sunday, at a (loaner before Seven. c::',IiteEWSBURY, Wellington, arid Shitfnal, Light Post jaV,l every . morning and afternoon.—Guarded. fast*-I,iINSIAPLE, Southmolton, and Creditor), New light ir i ,, s ' o ach, every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday Morn The Seveo o clock. " Rockingham," LEEDS light Post Coach, sets out gi;i:s Afternoon at Two ; and passes through Baldoek, Big- C wa de -treeshfi,' Eaton, Itetfind Buckden, Stilton, Wansforu, Stamford, u, Grantham, Newark, Toxford, Markham Moor, Golde r ' L t a n w ,trY, Doncaster, and Threees at the in si rs* , f "n", Leeds, next Afternoon at o'Clock, field Coaches the Bradford, Halifax, Skipton, arid Hudders coachinio, at Reduced Fares (driven through with Four Nutwin itt u . ,irggage and Packages only id per Ili.— is a lli need !nunig the uncommon Expedition of this Coach, it veyanee to bo the most agreeable and complete Public Con ga „ the North Road, being unequalled by any other. 4.lF t lf_' t ut 0 WGATE and Ripon new Light Post Coaches, every G: a n°,9ll at ,Two, and Eight in the Morning. rfr own . t ,i3OA Longtown, Gretna-green, Annan, Dumfries, Ana Thornhill, Sanquhar-Kiln,Canntoek, Kingswell, a,r , ts of Scotland, a light Four inside Post Coach daily. iteo r l i l;. ! I ally Ho," COVENTRY light fast Day Coach, every Ntrstnoglat a quarter before Seven o'clock, through Itedhurn, arraStoney Stratford, Toweester, Weeden, Daventry, iii.',!l_chtirch, to %Warwick and Leamington. Iop:,„ 4 e YHEAD, Br idgenorth, Walsel, Shrewsbury, and Sa- Th` t `..w light fast Coaches, every morning and afternoon• and s Express ," Express," t o YORK, Scarborough, Whitby, Shields , io s i d . 14 11 d, Newcastle, and Edinburgh, a New light Fout Ih nst Coach, with a Guard throughout ; sets out ._ . -:,.• -1 N Aft, ~..z.A :-,-. 4 .•_ , ..;......, ; ;:.--;,... , i - ..• '?;,-1 - 1: - - li/i ' V t a41:3 7 'e f ....------2 -• .. , . ( / I-11 1-(14 ..,„.„„ ~.,,,,... ,- ...r...‘, ~,t; •41-! - ‘ "0' every Morniwg to the George Inn, Sunderland, at reduced Fares. -• Mountain's " Express, Umpire, and Tally Ho," to MAN CHESTER, Winslow, Congleton, Newcastle, Weisel, \Vol verhampton, and Knutsford, new Fuur :itside Day and Night Coaches, three times a-day. SHEFFIELD and Rotherham New Four inside Post Coaches every Morning, called " The Express," and also " The Rockingham," every Afternoon, at reduced Fares. The " Royal Express," New BIRMINGHAM Light Fast Night Coach, in 15 hours, sets out every afternoon, carry ing Four Inside only; passes through Warwick, Leaming ton, Southern, Weedon, Daventry, Stoney Stretford, and Towcester, to the Sa , acen's Head, Bull-street, Birming ham], early the next Morning. Driren through with Two Coachmen only. The " Express," a New Light Post Coach, to HULL, Lin coln, Northcave, Howden, and Doncaster, every Morning at Eight o'clock, to the Cross Keys, Market-place, Hull ; and also the " Rockingham" in the Afternoon at Two o'clock. The El ERTFORD,Ware,Hoidesdon,and Cheshunt Coecla. TOTTENHAM and Edmonton Coaches daily, at Eleven, Half-past 'lwo, Five, and Eight o'clock. At Reduced Fares to Leeds, York, arid Doncaster, Luggage and PacEaves at only td per pound. S. A. MOUNTAIN and Co. respectfully acquaint their Friends and the Public, that they will not he accountable fol any Parcels, Passenger's Luggage, Writings, Plate, ycc. of more than Five Pounds Value, if lust, stolen, or damaged, unless entered as such, and the Insurance paid accord ingly, .at the Saracen's Head Inn, Skinner-street, London. REVERSIONARY INTERESTS—IRISH TONTINE DE BENTURE—PoRT ~EVEN HARBOUR, BEERAL STONE MINE, and LONDON INSTITUTION SHARES, PERIODICAL SALE. TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION, By Mr. SHUTTLE WORTH, at the MART, on WEDNES DAY, March 3, 1824, at Twelve o'Clock, THE ABSOLUTE REVERSION of ONE THIRD of £l5OO New 4 per Cents, Life 55. The Absolute Rever.ion to .CtiOn S per Cents. Reduced, and £77 I ls. tOd. per annum Long Annuities, Lives 71 and 67. The Absolute Reversion to a certain Share of a Valuable Freehold Estate, in Surrey, and a large Sum of MOney in the Funds. A Debenture of £lOO in the Sd Class of Irish Tontine An , nuities, payable in London, last Dividend £lO 133. 4d., Life 47. Twelve Shares in the Port Leven Harbour, Devonshire. Eleven Ditto in the Beera'stone And One Share in the London Institution. Particulars may be had at the Mart, and of Mr. Shuttle worth, No. 57, Poultry. WEST MIDDLESEX WATER WORKS. TO BE SOLD BY AUCTION. By Mr. SIIUTTLEWORTH, in the PERIODICAL SALE, at the MART, on WEDNEiDAY NEXT, March 3, 1824, at Twelve o'Clock. By order of the Conttnissi.oters named in a Commission of Bankruptcy, awarded and is.ued against Mr. John Peres ll, NINETY SHARES of 2100 each, in the WEST MIDDLESEX WATER WORKS, a Concern yrarly increasing in importance and value, and offering strong inducements as a permanent Investment. The Slimes will be arranged in 34 Lots, to suit every description of P ut ... chaser. Particulars may be had at the Mart, and of Mr. Shuttle_ worth, No. Y 7, Poultry. TO BE SOLD BY AucTioN, By Mr. SOTHEBY, at his House, WELLINGTON-STREET, WATERLOO BRIDGE, S I'RAND, .oil MONDAY, March I, and Five following Days, at Twelve o'clock, THE Mutire, Choice, and very Valuable LI BRARY of the Late WILLIAM HODGSON Esq. F.R.S. of Huddesden, Hertfordshire: including:— Muae Fransms, 4 tom. a splendid copy, red morocco—the Galleries of Le Brun, Orleans, Florence, and Luxembour-h p , all very fine—the Stafford Gallery, a brilliant coloured coy, in 45 Nos. complete — the British Gallery, proof impressions ' of the plates; Boydell ll Collection . cf P r i n t s , 4 vo l . b r i ll i ant impressions ; Capt. . s Works, 2 roL.; Sandby's Views, 2 vol. very fine—the various Works of Piranesi, original Edi tions—Stuart's Athens, 3 vol.—Campbell's Vitruri us Bri tannicus. 4 vol.—Britton's Architectural Antiquities, 4 vol. large paper—Strutt's Manners and Customs of England, with his various other Works—Voyage Pittoresque de Naples, de. Sicile, de la Suisse, &c. 13 tom. brilliant iinpressions, uni formly and superbly bound in red morocco, gilt . leaves—La Borde Voyage de France, 12 vor.—La Borde Voyage d'Es- P 3 g"e* papies vetch), 44 Livraisons, comple e— Holbein's Portraits, original Edition, very fine—Birch's Lives, With Houbrakell's Portraits, 2 vol. large paper—Clarke and M'Ar times Life of Lord Nelson, 2 vol. printed no vellum, royal quarto—Clarke's Travels in Russia, 4 vol.—Horsley's Britan nia Boinana—Nichols's Bibliotheca Topographica Biitannica, 8 vul. complete—Manning and Bray's History of Surrey, :3 vol.—Surtees' History of Ourham, 2 vol.—Beauties of Eng land and Wales, complete, large paper—Dibdin's various To pugraphical %Works, on large paper, superbly bound, &c. N.B.—The Books are in the fittest Condition, and the Books of Prints have been selected with great attention and acute discrimination, with regard to the early Impressions of the Plates. To he viewed, and Catalogues (price Is.) had, at the pace of Sale. FOX'S TABLE-COVER WAREHOUSE, ss, KING-STREET, COVENT-GARDEN, opposite. Bedford-street, where every description may be purchased, for the Parlour, Library, and Dlawing-room t in the most novel, elegant, and fashionable designs, corresponding with the furniture ; also blue, green, and spotted, in all lengths and widths; likewise plain cloth, in all colours, or fringed, bound, ur bordered with various kinds of velvet and silk.— Frnhossed Leather and Painted Baize Covers of the bast qua lity, in the Newest Patterns. Upholsterers supplied. On Saturday, the 27th of March, will he published, Printed uniformly with the former Volume, with 13 Maps &c. and 26 finished Engravings, by Finden, after Draw logs of the most interesting Subjects, by Captain Lyon 4to. price dl. 14s. 6,1. JOURNAL of a SECOND VOYAGE for the DISCOVERY of a NOJt'I'H•WEST PASSAGE from the Atlantic to the Pacific, performed in the Tears 1821, 42, 13, i►► His Majesty's Ships Fury and Hecla, under the orders of Captain WILLIAM EDWARD PARRY, R.N. Printing for JOHN MURRAY, Albemarle-street. This Day was published, p r i ce I s . '6d. ___ • ASPEECH, which ought to have been Spoken in the DEBATE on the Martinis of LANSDOWNE'S MOTION, That the Two Bills for giving the Elective Fran chise. and other Immunities, to the English Roseau Catho lics, he read a Second Time ; July 9, 184.3. Printed for C. and J. Rivington, St. Paul's Church-yard; and IVatarloo-place, EXTRAORDINARY CHARACTER AND CIRCUM STANCE.-A woman aged 84,we1l known by the nameof Tammy Trout, who has travelled a distance equal to the circumference of the globe several times over, and cried oysters about this city (Fxeter) and neighbourhood upwards of half a century, was a few days since, when returning home to the coast at night on the Budleigh road, thrown from her donkey, by which her leg was broken, and she remained on the ground for some time, until she was found by some workmen, who replaced her on the animal. From want of proper care she had several other falls on her way home ; and after enduring excrutiating agonies, reached her cottage at midnight. She was soon attended by a surgeon, who found the bone of her leg had penetrated through the flesh, and in this dreadful situation she was - conveyed to the Devon Hospital, where every care was rendered. A mortification com mencing, the surgeons informed -her that her existence would terminate in 24 hours, unless -her leg was cut off; she imme diately submitt e d t o th e ampu t a ti on , an d i t b e i ng now a wee k since, hopes are entertained of her recovery.—( Exeter Allred.) J 6141,, ~e4l FRIDAY, FEBRUARY 27, 1824. MU- OWEN TO THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT. An extraordinary era in the progress of civili zation has arrived. The last half century has produced materials sufficient to effect the most beneficial change in the condition of human so ciety. And the period is at hand when these materials must be so applied by some power, or some party, in this or in some other country. The subjects of your empire have been chiefly instrumental in dicovering the means, by which aloe materials hare been so abundantly produced and made known : and you now possess resources which, whenever they shall be properly*rected, will be found to be inexhaustible. You are at this moment at the head of the civilized world I , and all nations look to you for an example. There is, however, another country which is following close upon your steps; and if you do not immediately make a proper use of the vantage ground which you at present possess, the high and enviable situation which you have obtained will belong to the New World; and the United States will, instead of you, become the guide and, peaceful ameliorator of all nations. This comparison between two powers--either of which, thro' a wise direction, may shortly give laws, not by force but by wisdom, to every quarter of the world—is not made to excite any jealousy between them, or' o arouse any of the degrading feelings which ignorance alone can engender, either in indivi duals or in States ; it is made to rivet the attention of both par ties to a subject, calculated to call fOrth their highest energies, and to unite them as one goyernifient and one people, in aiding each other to forward the most important objects that human beings have ever yet sought to accomplish. No. I wish not to create feelings of division among any por tion of my fellow -creatures ; but, if possible, to remove that ignorance which is alone the cause of opposition among indivi duals and nations. It is for this purpose that I now address myself to you. I know that you are in full possession of all the power requisite to obtain and secure this object : and the reflecting part of so ciety perceive that the mental ignorance with which the world is overwhelmed must be withdrawn, as a preliminary measure, - before any substantial. permanent, and general improvement can-be effected for our species. Having this great end in view, I do not now addresi" you merely as the directing power of the British empire, but as the legitimate leading head of the civilized world: And , as such, it is not my intention to consider that you will be henceforth influenced by the . limited views of chase, sect, or party ; or CVC . , by those Of country, climate, or colour., .It be comes your duty as it is your interest, and as it will prove to be your higbest h a ppiness, to acknowledge openly, frankly, and honestly, such principles, and to adopt such practices alone as will promote the public good. . On these groun d s , it is my duty to speak to you the la9,guags of truth only. You ar© well aware that I have no intention whatever to hurt the feelings of any Member of the Govern ment, either in Church or-State, or of any parties connected with it; and that I am guided solely by the desire to relieve my fellow-creatures from the miseries with which they hare been so long afflicted. • • I now state - to you—That You, at this motnent, possess a sufficient supply of material to enable you, without injury to any parties, to adopt effective - Measures, which shall relieve the poor and working classes from poverty, or the fear of poierty. That you possess the most abundant nesins of relieving all classes from ignorance, and of making them usefully and ra tionally intelligent. That you possess ample means to imp r o ve t o a ver y great extent, - the dispositions, habits , morals, an d genera l con d uc t o All the present poor and wor kin g c l asses, f And that it entirely depends upon your own measures whe ther vice, crime, and misery, shall continue to abound, as at present; or whether these evils shall be gradually reduced, until they shall be scarcely known in any part of your. widely extended dominions. And first, " That you prir possess a sufficient supply of ma terials to enable you, without injury to any parties, to adiopt effective measures, which shall relieve the poor and working classes from poverty, or the fear of poverty." We know that riches are cr eated solely by the induitry of the working classes, and that the more - efficiently that in dustry is directed, the gre a t er i s the amount of wealth pro- We know, too, that the effects of the industry of the working classes may be increased beyo n d any assignable limit by the aid of mechanical, chemical, and other scientific inventions and discoveries. Prior to the introduction of these improvements, the manual labour of one man, in many situations, could barely supply common necessaries for himself and five or six others. But such inventions and discoveries have been made within the last half century in the most useful of the sciences, that one man more easily provide the neces sariesthan l ie cou ld f or fi ve or s i x on l y , can,f ifty b y co y af l r i ls i i s fae t z l f a oo i .r l daily fifty o o u r , rs, sixty, than These scientific improvements, however, have been applied at random, without foresight and without any general bene ficial arrangement or direction. They have been generally applied to create a useless and hurtful superfluity of wealth for a very few, while the great mass of the people h are been de prived of the common necessaries of life, and grievously injur ed by them. These scientific inventions and discoveries have been also greatly limited in number and extent, by reason of the facul ties capable of producing them being allowed to remain uncul tivated, except in a few instances ; and, in consequence, even in Great Britain, scientific improvements may still be considered to be only in their infancy ; but limited as they yet are, their amount is more than is requisite, under proper direction, to saturate the British Empire with wealth beyond the possible use or want of its subjects. It has been estimated, that 6Dyears ago, the actual producing power of Great Britain and Ireland did not exceed the unas sisted manual labour of fifteen millions of men : it is now es tinutted to exceed the unassisted manual labour of four hun dred millions of men. Its increase, in both islands, proceeds at an average equal to the manual labour of at least six or seven millions of men • annually ; and it is most evident to those who are versed in the subject, dist it is capable of being made to increase in a continually increasing ratio, and far beyond the possible wants of society, whenever society shall be pro perly arranged. The first important defect of the present system, is, then, that neither the manual nor scientific power, applicable to the creation of wealth, can be beneficially brought into action : in consequence, pecuniary distress, abject poverty, and the fear of want, are unnecessarily allowed to Afflict society, while the British Government is in possession of the most ample means to give full and beneficial employment to all its manual and scientific productive powers, 'so long as poverty or the fear of want shall be experienced by one single individual. It was stated, in the second place, " That the British Govern ment possesses the most abundant means of relieving all classes from ignorance, and of making them - usefully and rationally It is — evident to every one, that as man is born ignorant, he can be made intelligent by instruction only ; and that instruc tion cannot be given, unless arrangements are devised and exe cuted for that purpose. These arrangements have not been formed. Partial and im perfect plans to give to a small portion of the people a limited education in a few of the more useful acquirements, are all that now exist even in the British empire and in America. Nothing has yet been done to relieve the mass of society from the lowest state of degradation, by instructing men to know themselves ; and without this knowledge, the mere ac quisition of science is of little comparative value, except for pecuniary purposes. The facts which the pait history of our species presents are now abundantly sufficient to enable you to devise arrangements, by which, with ease and economy, every one of your subjects may be taught to become usefully and rationally intelligent. " The annual increase of productive power in Great Britain and Ireland, is thus more than 'equal to the total amount of manual labotir at present employed there, if we stippote that labour is unassisted by machinery. ... A- • 4 ?- 40 ... You, at this moment, have in your hands the power of secur ing this the greatest of all good immediately, to every indivi dual of the rising generation ; to the gradual and certain ex clusion of ignorance from your dominions. Again, " The British Government possesses ample means to improve, to a very great extent, the dispositions, habits, morals, and general conduct of all the present poor and work ing classes." It is now known to all reflecting and well-informed persons, that the dispositions, habits, morals, and general conduct of all men, are essentially influenced by the circumstances in which they are placed ; that these may be formed to produce, with a few exceptions, the worst dispositions, habits, morals, and general conduct; or, with as few exceptions, the best dis positions, morals, habits, and general conduct. Now 'isese circumstances are almost all at your command ; or may easily be made to be so, to an extent quite sufficient to enable you speedily to improve, most materially, the disposi tions, habits, morals, general characters, and conduct of all who are under your controul. And the course to adopt in order to effect this important purpose is simple, open, straight forward, and most easy of execution. And lastly, I said—" That it entirely depends upon you, whether vice, crime, and misery, shall continue to abound, as at present; or whether, by using the power which you possess for the benefit of all, you shall reduce these evils, until they shall be scarcely kn own i n an y p ar t o f your w id e l y extended dominions." It is now too palpable to every one, whose judgment has not been perverted by prejudices early forced into his mind, " that the character of every human being is formed for him at birth, immediately by the Power which creates him, and that this natural character is subsequently modified by each of the cir cumstances which are permitted to surround him from birth to death." This is the foundation of all knowledge that can be of any real utility in governing mankind. It can alone direct to any beneficial results. It can alone remove vice, crime, and misery from society. It is the source from whence alone we attain a useful and practical knowledge of the faculties, qualities, and propensities of man,—such a knowledge as shall teach us cor rectly what man is, how to cultivate his physical and mental powers in the best manner, and how to secure his permanent happiness; a knowledge, which enables us to look back upon all the past proceedings of mankind, and minutely to trace all the errors that pervaded them. This knowledge, however, simple and evident as it is to those who have been enabled to overcome the effects of early inibided prejudices and errors, has hitherto been hidden from mankind for all useful and practical purposes. The sole cause of this long continued aberration of the human faculties, has been the error of forcing speculative opinions upon the weak and tender infant mind, instead of explaining those incontrovertible facts which experience has discovered to us, and by a knowledge of which alone a sound and correct . judgment can ever be formed. Here lies the error of human proceeding. The works of Nature arc the direct emanations from the universal creating Pz.wer ; and the facts which they , disclose are, indeed, the words of Deity, unchanging and un changeable, never to be misunderstood by any one, and spoken alike to all mankind. This is rational ; and by this all men and all nations ought to be guided and governed. Until they shall he so guided and governed, no one possessing a know. ledge of human nature , will expect to see man trained to be come a moral, intelligent, and happy being. But who shall break the spell of Prejudite and per - form the most necessary and important deed.that has ever yet been accomplished for man ? Who shall relieve him from the ignorance which ge nerates his weakness, his passions, his vices, his crimes, and his misery P Who shall enable man to become honest and sincere in his principles and his practices ? Who shall destroy all anger in man, and form him into a being universally kind, charitable, and benevolent? You can best do it, and by you it ought to be done. To attain these great results, you have but to will it, and it. is done. You possess all that is_ necessary to enable you, the British Government, to perform this great task ; and the time is arrived when it is destined to be accomplished. You have only to say to the woild—" Suspend your conflict of opinions and actions ; wait with a littl e pat i ence , an d you shall witness the proceedings by which errors in judgment and errors in prac tice shall be gradually and certainly removed from society." All circumstances have been concurring for a long period past to enable you to declare boldly anti openly to the world what you know, and to act consistently with your know you to wi a ll ct sPe iV unison speedily with you. For by speak have the whole world to think, t l o edg sp e e ; and ak, and ing your own thoughts, you merely disclose the genuine feel ings of human nature, and they will be instantly recognized by every human being. Th e n—you knout that the i n f ant does not form himself, and ca nnot be accountable for the g enera l nature or i n di v i dual com pound of that which his creator has g i ven him at bi rt h. Let it not, therefore, be longer sa id un d er y our pu b l i c sanc tion, that human nature is bad by nature, and merits everlasting punishment for its depravity ' • for it is productive of endl ess evils in its consequences, and is the first step to derange the human intellects. . _ You knots that the subsequent character of the infant is formed by the hourly circumstances which are permitted to sur round him, to act upon his individual nature, and thus to pro duce the more or less perfect human being. Let your Government, therefore, henceforward, cease to at tempt to direct the conduct of man in opposition to the circum stances which you unwisely permit to exist around him, for they are not in accordance with his nature ; and let all your powers be directed to create a new set of circumstances, all of which shall be purposely calculated to be in unison with hu- . man nature, and in consequence continually to improve its cha racter and increase its happiness. This, also, is most easy for you to effect in practice. You know that the will of man is powerless over his own opinions : that it belongs not to his nature to be capable of himself to think that that which is impressed upon his mind as true, is false, or that which he has been made to believe false, is true. No sincere Christian can, by his own will, make himself believe that Mahomet was a true prophet; or a con scientious Mahomedan convince himself that Christ was the son of God. Cease, therefore, in your public proceedings to let the world suppose that you have not attained this knowledge. No longer attribute merit, or attach demerit, to the conscientious and unavoidable opinions of any individual; for by so doing you act unjustly, and produce incalculable crime, and conse quent misery throughout all society. You know that it is not the nature of man to like that which is disagreeable to him, or to dislike that which is pleasant to him ; that lie cannot prefer that which is opposed, to that which is congenial to his nature ; in other words, that his sensations are the necessary results of external causes acting or the cha racter which has been given to him. Human nature has not been found to bate what it believes to be an angel, nor to love what it believes to be a devil. Cease, therefore, to sanction such practices as pre-suppose that man can like and dislike by the fiat of his own will ; for thereby you first implant insincerity in humane society,and then throw the minds and actions of men into confusion, sow the seeds of endless crimes, and inflict misery upon almost every human being that comes into existence. You know that man requires a full supply of the necessaries and comforts of life to render his existence happy. You know that these are created by the industry of man, aid ed by mechanic and other scientific powers ; and that the amount and quality of such productions depend upon the direc tion and arrangement of those powers. You know that circumstances may be so arranged, that the industry of each working individual may be made to produce much for others, and superfluity for himself; or that he may be allowed to exert the whole of his strength during a long life, and yet produce little for others, and not sufficient for himself. Let no man, then, henceforward continue to labour in vain in any part of your dominions : it is a direct injury both to the individual and to society ; it is the cause of poverty, of much mental and bodily affliction ; and it is the source of all crimes relative to property. It is an evil, too, capable of the most easy remedy. . Yor; know that the most probable mode of forming an intel ligent, active, virtuous, and happy character in, man, is to place lain amidst those circumstances which are wisely devised to call forth all the intelligence, useful activity, virtue, and hat - - piness, that his individual nature possesses. And you know, that it is irrational to expect more from any being than his na ture contains. Letineastiies, therefore, 'be immediately formed to combine such circumstances as shall draw forth all the intelligence, industry, virtue, and happiness contained in the indivi dual natural *deity of each; that those who are immediately under your GoVernment may be an example to all other coun tries. It is your fi rst duty and your highest interest;. it has PRICE SEVENPENCE. never been done, and is not at present done in any part of the United Kingdom. Having stated in detail what you do Know, and the practice which ought to follow from that knowledge, it is requisite for me to state what you do not know ; and why, seeing that a ra tional practice would produce so many important permanent benefits, it has not become general. You do not know, that the earliest taught prejudices of mankind over the world are errors, which preclude the possi bility of the human race perceiving the most useful and va luable truths—that they place a strong barrier in the way oi the individual knowing what he is, and what his fellow-crea tures are ; and that as long as these prejudices shall pre vail, it will be a vain attempt to make man into a rational being, or to establish a moral and virtuous character through out society. You do not know that a knowledge of the most plain and simple, yet the most important truths cannot be taught to mankind until you determine to change the whole of the present irrational system, by forming a new combination of circumstances, which shall be in accordance with the real nature of man. You do not at present know how to form these circumstances. In consequence, you arc beset with difficulties not to be sur mounted under your present system. The progress of know-. ledge demands equal freedom of opinion upon religioue and.po litical subjects. Ton know these cannot be permitted, and the errors of the present system he retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that the representative part of the government should be fairly and honestly chosen. You know this cannot be effected, and the errors of the pre sentsystem be retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that the existing complicated system of laws, founded in error, and which are become much too expensive to he of service to the pocir man, should be simplified, made plain to the understand ing, and placed within the reach of all who are to be governed 'by them. _ _ You know that this is impracticable, so long as the errors of the present system are retained. _ The progress of knowledge demands, that the pauper establish ment of Great Britain should be annihilated ; and the unem ployed of the poor and working classes should be so placed and trained, that they may produce abundantly for themselves, and to spare for others what it would be right and beneficial for others to receive from them. You know this cannot he accomplished, and the errors of the present system be retained. _ The pi:ogress of knowledge demands, that the manual and scientific powers of society should be fairly brought into action, until all the wants of rational beings shall be fully supplied. You know that these powers are productive of increased mi sery only, while the errors of the present system are retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that justice should be done in the education of each child that comes into existence; and that, for the interest of all, each should be made the best that circumstances can be devised to form him. You know that this cannot be effected, and the errors of the preient system be retained. The progress of knowledge demands that wars should cease, because war is directly opposed to all the great interests of so ciety—to abundant production, to free distribution, to econo mical preservation and free enjoyment of wealth—to the for. mation of kind dispositions, to continued improvements in morals and virtue, to unlimited charity and universal good will among mankind : none of these can be obtained while war shall be permitted. You know that war must continue to be permitted, while the errors of the present system are retained. The progress of knowledge demands that the cause of ill will, uncharitableness, and anger, on account of differences of opinion, and of habits among mankind, should for ever be removed. Yo know that this cannot be done, and the errors of the pre sent system be retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that as the means abun dantly exist to provide amply for the wants of all, competition, opposition, and division of interests, should cease to exist. You know that these cannot cease while the errors of the pre sent system are retained. _ 'The ° progress of knowledge demands, that individuals and nations should no longer be insincere, nor attempt to continue the practice of deception, now when all are conscious that it is deception. . You . know that open honest sincerity cannot be permitted, if the errors of the present system be retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that henceforward your councils should be uninfluenced by the prejudices of class, sect, or party ; because these lead to lamentable errors in principle, and the most injurious consequences in practice. You know that this advance in the art of governing cannot be made, and the errors of the present system he Retained. The progress of knowledge demands, that neither mental nor bodily slavery shall be permitted in free states. You know that neither phyical nor mental freedom can be permitted in any state, where the errors of the present system are retained. The progress of knowledge peculiarly demands, that the condition of the p e ople o f I re l an d s h ou ld b e immediately and essentially improved. You know that this cannot be accomplished, and the errors of the present system be retained. Therefore, the progress of knowledge irresistibly demands, that the errors of the present system should be no longer retained ; and that a universal re formation should now be effected in all the existing circum stances of society. It is natural to inquire how this all important and necessary change can be introduced into practice without disturbing the present social arrangements of society. You and you alone possess the power to create this change in a short time, advantageously for yourselves, for every indi vidual in the empire, and for the Governments and people of all other countries. Instead of supporting the notion of the individual formation of character, which is the fountain of all the errors of the ex isting system of society throughout the world, you have to de clare openly your conviction, that the character of man is form ed for him ; and, as all facts prove this truth, no one possess ing intelligence and experience will attempt to oppose the prin ciple upon which you will thus found your new system. As the character of man is formed for him, it becomes a pri mary duty with you to ascertain what are the circumstances within your empire which the most tend to form an irrational and inferior character among your people. You will speedily discover, that virtuous and moral habits, improved dispositions, and superior physical and mental powers, are not likely to be generally formed amidst such circumstances as are usually found in St. Giles's, Wapping, and similar situations, which now superabound in all the large towns in your doniinions ; nor yet in the poor Irish peasant's wretched cabin, in and around which, except air and light, scarcely one favourable circumstance exists. As little are they to be met with in the parish pauper establishments within your government. This knowledge, however, will not lead you prem a t ure ly t o demolish even these or similar unfortunate circumstances which might have been permitted to be formed purposely to perpetuate ignorance, poverty, bad dispositions, the worst habits, vice, crime, and misery, from generation to generation. But it will lead you to consider well of the means, and then judiciously to devise the mode, by which you may build up and combine a new set of circumstances, which shall be as powerful in speedily creating intelligence, industry, good dis positions, good habits, good morals, and happiness, as the existing circumstances are, to engender and perpetuate the evils and the miseries of vice. You possess a vast superfluity of labour, of skill, and of capi tal, to enable you to accomplish this work; and the application of these three powers to such a purpose would immediately be nefit the labourer, the man of skill and scienco, and the capitalist. You would thereby create an advantageous activity through out the nation, which could not fail to produce a beneficial prosperity, incapable of retrogression, and certain of extension and increase, until its good effects shall pervade all the ramifi cations of society. The details of these measures for ameliorating the general condition of the empire, not by words and much speaking, but by efficient well devised practical arrangements, cannot be en tered upon in this form or communication, but I am ready to develope them whenever i shall be called upon, without desir. ing reward of any kind, either from you or from the nation. And it is for you now to determine, whether this change, the most important that the world has yet known, shall be carried into execution by you and the American Government in perfect unity and harmony, or whether it shall be introduced by the American Government alone, or by individuals under its pro. tection. I have the honour to be, with all the respect due to your high stations, your faithful subject, ROBERT OWEN. New Lanark, Feb. 17, 1824. from n atty r it of .ain , t the I the bile. ill of I- rhe >f 5 a ge' fey(