The Sun. — London, England, 1820-01-10 00:00:00

one pre‘ri-tisly debancliedi by the unremitiitrg, , did gemination 111 blasphemous libels., and It eed from the restraints of moral or. religious feeliog. On this subject he felt sufficient connetence at once to express ttis opitliOll. withOtit Waitirle for any of those documents which the Noble .Lord proposed to lay before the House. There, wet e facts of nittolie , y, known and. seas by every titan who did not choose to shut his eves. Had not Aleetittg,s been proposed, fot the purptbse of as siittlittg the functions which belonged only to the govt., ergo power of the State--Meetings, which, it they had been actually held, would have been arils of high treason. When it was found that tnatters were not sufficiently ripe for this midis guided act of public rebellion, had trot the same masses of the populace been again 'convened, u n der/th e direction of the satue leaders, under the pretext of seeking tittivers a l Suffrage and ottual Parliaments—their very pretexts such as the Con- Stitt/'ion could n it silt-vier, it they .were rifectitat ed. but their real object to overawe the coustrtut ed 4‘'llt".ritirs by the di:play of their numerical strength, and io pr,pare for direct. immediate, frociltle revolution ? ELtd we 1101 seen the same itinerant ittoundebattla, who set their powers in motion, publicly 'assisting at the orgies of the hin,ph,upws Wield) lately (01iVietril and could d-tttht that treason k•.• 45 ,sus • ofbject, and that and •e.-Ntrian were rite means IVlren lid!fln . tio-,ti fiends lit human shape enderroliting to rola their unhappy Victims of all their consola (loos Here, and of 011 their hopts ItereAfter—when Le saw them, wilt their lever.. ' , facet§ nodes' the great pillars ot social order, attditeacitt4 the Con stilt, jolt froot - its fottridatiou,'lte seaa rejoiced to See 1%1114411CW assembled. Their first dtr y was to convince these enemies Of Grid n trd matt, that ' , keit Hit the walls of Prriliantent :bey crit.ld find no countenance; and through the organ of Parlirt 'intent to lei them know, that nothing awaited! client but indignant resistance from the great body of the people. They were bound to assure the throne of their leyiil and cheerful co-operation for these purposes; and on this grrelind alone the amendment was objectionable, even if the measure suggested by it Were in itself desirable ; inasmuch as by tacking it to t he address, arid not proposing it as a separate resolution, it declared the measstre of inquiry so essential, as to preclude all exertions for the safety of thr State, until that itiviry should be disposed of. But, waving this ohl:ction, lie should pro ceed to consider it on its own merits. It was said, then, that the dispersion of the Nleeting at 3.iancliester, of the !Gilt of August, called for Parliamentary enquiry ; and here he begged leave to remind the (louse, that Parliamentary enquiry, though eel tainly a proceeding recognizeft by our ConsTi.ntiun, kvas, still, not the ordinary roode of investigating. tither We conduct of Ma -- gist:4%-s in the exec.tion of the laws, as the cond u ct of those who were the objects of the ex ecntion of those laws. A case, therefore, for tu (l4irY. was to be made out by those svho called for it. What, then, was the enquiry proposed? Was it into 1k :conduct or Government, in thanking the Magistrates ? Such a proceeding, he owned, ap peared to him most prematme and uncalled-lot. if the Magistrates had issued orders for dispersing the King's subjects, peaceably and legally assem bled ;—if, in consequence of such orders, the blood of int:ocent and unoffenti,og persons had b.-vo shed, the conduct ot Ministers in advising his Royal Highness the Prince Regent to thank them for such acts would rail for inquiry and for censure. If, on the contrat y, bodies to the amount of twenty thousand, or seventy thousand, he cared not which, but to an amount beyond : . the ,Ineans of the civil power to deal with, had marched in regular columns, and in military art ay,- with sedi tious banners, into the heart, of oue_of the most populous and most inflammable towns in the eth pire ; if these men had been previously drilled to Military - exercises if they had been shortly before convened for treasonable purpoges; if they tesisted the an th o ,iy o f the Peace Officers- extctiting the warrant of the Magistrates; if in short, the cave stated by the Noble Lord, and by the liouourabte Member for Dover, was correct, then he had no . hesitation in saying, that his Majesty's Mioisters were not only lust ifiA in returning thanks to the, Magicrates, butt that it was their bounden duty to do so; and that those Gentlemen, acting in the . discharge of a most important duty, in a crisis of? public peril, ant undertaking an a.vful responsibi lity for tile public service, were entitled to hare I the sense of the Executive - Government on their conduct. .When it was void that•this is prejudg ing the question, it seemed to be taken as granted, that the executive power of the country is not in any degree bodged in the Government. Would it not have been their duty to give previous, advice and instruction to the Magistrates on such a sub- ject, and with a view to such art emergency When they direct the public prosecutor tei proceed against any individual, can that .he considered as prejudgiug of the question ? 'l'o this extent it ili the exercise of their proper function, which they cannot neglect wifhout an ahatulonment of duty ; mod if they felt, wilier all the circumstances, that the conduct of those most meritorious public servants des: re'e'l their prdise, it would huve ue•en wjtost and menu to have withheld their expres- situ of it, flow, rlteu , could the propriety of the Letter of Thanks be judged of until the facts were aseeetaiurd ? Tine, it was said ; and ,there.. hire inquire. Cert ; hut Cleady by the regulnr coarse of 14 and by the regulir tribunals 4.1 I lie unless ca.(' were p,evinaily sheering that these trihumils were io44:pitife or urisiiit,A for the pnrpose. bills itsd I en found against bevel 41 of the p-rsolis alleged to be actors in this sedi• tious Meeting; these trials the leftsl y of tt.e svould he tieeesskirily the subject of itivestigat , o9. Aiid , vhy was it that these trials Lad nor THlieil ii - ut the witylic tilliiil, throtigit the reglil4t ehatiml ot a trial by Jury, hertz i:rormt-cl cit the real toitiire of [Dees traoi:twiniad ? hec,itise the persons so llC etc,r(l ;Item•tives t4e delay vehick the It v tilrot!wt:ittsly •, ;Hirt poFtpo-ell t htir trials until the Spring A !,.izeg, Bfi. it is sniff, that tolth(i.i.,ll Ihr leg4lity of the- ;Nlectirt ; :: br decide,l on in those cases, still the conduct tbe it: might illegal ; and 'his would then', come wailer discussion. %Vt.y, then, -.vera not precezd- ings t•-ukers on the part of the persons alleged to he agerieved or injured by the acts of the ,Maei str;,es ? The Honourable and Learned Member made th e absence of such proceedings a ground tor Portia mentary inquiry ; but was not the fair itiference irons the absence of such proceedings this, ileat eo reasonable foundation for them ex isted ? But the Grand Jury had thrown out the bills preferred on b!-half of these persons:—was tiers ,a'ground for Parliamentary inquiry ? Was it te , :he isre•utned that the Grand Juiry of the Coun ty of Lancaster had violated their oaths ? An ar tifice had been teserted to, for the purpose of renderitog the administt ation of justice suspected ill the public mind, by publishing the informations which had been sent up to the Grand Jury ; b ut every Geollsman must be aware of the differ ence between an information, in which the party states the facts according to his own views, and a viva voce examination before the Grand Juty, in which the entire truth is extracted from the witnesses. But suppose the Grand Jet) , had erred in ignoring the bills, fresh indict. mer i t s ht be sellt up to soiy,succeeding (ii' (1(1 Joy W as t h e e n tir e county of Lancaster to be pronounjed iucapable or unwilling to exer cise such funstions ? But Magrstretes refused to receive informations—was not their con duct rxaminabk in the Court of King's„,Bencle'? And might, not all the facts connected with such a transaction be fully examined on affidavits ? and, if any doubt existed, by a Jury, on en . in ferunation under the senct.ou of the Court? ttlas the Court of King's Bench also to be included within the ban or this proscription of all the Constituted Authorities ? But the Honour ruble Kntl Learned Member said, that the Centrt of King's Bench would not interfere, unless tee Magistrate acted wilfully ; and that he might commit an error which would not subject him to puu t s h ine nt was this, then, a ground for Patha . uteutary interterence, to stop the course of law, and subject the ,public functionary to an extreor. Binary visitation of public vengeance ? Were the d , fferent points of the arguttuent of the Honour able and Learned Afenilser altogether recoecite ault When liis object was to . mtike out n case so important as to call for Parliamentary enquiry, he stated the conduct of the Magistrates as a dar ing violet ion of the subject% privileges, a trietnnh of authority over law, a foul stain npon our laWs, forming a black ern' ill the anise', of our country ; but when it because an object to show that there :night be a case in which the Courts of L,uw would be incompetent to investigate the truth, t e en t hi s foul deed, this portentous violation of the haws and of (lie Constitution, dwindled itee an error in judgment, too slight and too pirduei able to warrant the interference of the Curuirt tit King's Bette!). Was such an error, if,it dill exist, lie would ask a case for Parliamentary enquiry ? Was th i s t h e way it) which the condurt , of Meek , (rates was to be examined by Parliatnent I He owned he was not one of those who were dispos ed :o exa'inine too criticallythe cundect i,f Magis.; traces acting in perilous times, under heurvy re sp„sibuil ; and awe lie was, that it the b ef o g . nant pt iociple of the law sluielded their errors, it was not the province of Perliament to deprive them of that protection. Further, he would ask, if any individual was aggrieved, where was the bar to his remedy by civil acuion, in which the whole met its of his case would be discussed in a Court of L'aw, and decided on by a Jury of his country ? What pretence was there for saying that jestice had been denied, or even delayed ? Unless the House was prepared to bring to its bar the . Grand Jury of Lancuushire—nnless they were pre. pared to say, that the whole body of Public Petty Juries, Grand Juries, Magistrates, an d Judges, were linked in one cotnnson conspi racy against the peaceable petitioners Who assem bled at Manchester on the 16.11 of August—they haul not ground or principle on which they could order th is inquiry, He d eprecated - such a proceed log, as calculated to give efficacy to the plans of the revolutionary party for the degradation of the Public Functionaries, and to stamp; with the authoritative seal of Parkin : Dent, what hitherto had, rested its vulg ar c a l umn y, and in popular clantour. He believed that such an inquiry, instead of being calculated, as was alleged, to allay dissatisfaction, and to conciliate the puislie mind, could have no other effect than to raise the hopes and spirits of the Revolutionists, and to sts ike damp and panic into the been of every loyal subject. Besides this, the course was wild and impracticable. How was this enquiry to be conducted ? At Ilse Bar of the House, or in a Committee Was this inquiry to supersede the proceedings already in stituted in the - King's Courts ? Or, were the two classes of proceedings to be carried on simulta neously ? It the former was to be the coutse, the laws were to be lobbed of their authority, and the subject of his redress, by a proceediets utterly unsuited to the purposes eithee of punishment (Sr of compensation. It the latter, we were' to have the anomalous and unprecedented ineeticle of pecsotue being tried, on charges affecting their per oars and properties, perhaps their lives, in proceedings before Juries, and wiqr witnesses on oath, in the regular Courts of Law, while • the very some facts were undergoing it discutssion, without oath, before the extraeardinety Tribunal of Parliament. Was it possible that either pub lic or individuel justice could be obtained by such a course, or that any result could he derived frotn it, a e leolived to maintain the authority of the laws, or the dignity of Parliament ? Such a proceed• ire, he must say, appeared to him wild, unpre cei!ented, and impracticable. His Honourable and Learned Friend had adverted to :ace cases as preeedeets to warrant such a course as that nObv recommended. The first was a case in the year 1714, in which the House of Lords, for the pur pose of proCurieg the removal of the Magistrates who were 311ppOSt'd to entertaie JACOblikal ciples, had addressed the Throne for a list ot the Meeisitates, mint entered into a strict inquiry ; in entiv•Tienee of which several of the NI ngivra'ri wete dismisgtql. Was th , ne any ;tie' then deitetut tog in a Court of Law ? Wes ttie,e ally •Pecifi' tact that could be it , tptred into a Court of Law Or :vas it anymore th,itt a procet , iing to ett Aile Pda." liament to advise the Crown, ttith rp Tce t to the holrsome extrrise e>t its retogatise I T he se emid was the ease of the in,irtkr of Pot by the mbh o f Edi n burgh, (which had derived mu ch cele• ' hrity from a late popular work.) Was that a proceeding affecting any trial depending, or with a view to ally individual punishment ? It was, as fairly .stated by the IHonourable and Learned Member, an inquiry, in order to ground a Bill of • pains and penalties against the town of Edinburgh, ' and which wes accordingly passed. The third instance alluded to, was' the inquiry instituted before the Secret Committee in 1794. That was an inquiry for the purpose of grounding measures for the public safety ; and was with reference to the general state of the country, not into the con duct of local Magistrates, aed on a particular oc casion. Again, the danger of its incidentally af fecting the rights of individuals, who were liable to be tried in the Courts of Law, was so strongly felt, that the inquiry was a secret one ; when published, the names of individuals were sup pressed ; and even under all these circumstances, the possibility of an impression unfavourable to these individuals having been made by' the report, was so strongly left, that Mr. Erskine relied on it, and successfully, and in some instances, as be (Mr. P.) believed, acquittals were obtained on that ground. When his Hon. and Learned Friend, with his extensive knowledge and research, could produce no other instances than these, he felt himself justified in repeating the assertion, that the measure was unprecedented. But - there was a case not alluded to by - his lion. and . Learned Friend, as tie recollected, about the year 1715, itt which a Parliamentary Inquiry having been di rected into the _amulet of a certain Meeting at Oxford, which was-alleged to be riotous, a num ber of affidavits were produced on one side, and, after an unavailing demand of examination on the other, the inquiry was found so impracticable that it was dropped, and no further proceedings founded on it.* The case for inquiry, he there fore, contended, was unsupported by precedent, and was not bottomed on any ascertained tact, or even on any statement made by any Member in his place—of any ease which, it true, would war rant its adoption. Indeed, he had not heard' any Mionber assert the legality of the Manchester Meeting, He was confident that no Mart ac quainted with the Lalvs and Constitution 'Tie the Country, would venture to do -so. The House, be trusted, would excuse him, if he tres passed a little further on their patience, by stating his opinion as to these public Meetings. The right of the people of this country to meet for the purpose of expressing their opinions on any subject connected with their own individual interest, or with the public welfare, was beyond all question ; it was a sacred privilege, belonging to the most humble as fully as r o th e hi g h es t sub jeer • , tne community : they lied a right to the mull expression, and to the free communication, of such sentiments ; to interchange them with their fellow-subjects; to animate and catch fire,. each front the other. Lie trusted that to such rights he Dever should be found an enemy ; but he lenst say, that these rights, like all others to be exercised in civil society, must he subject to such modification and restriction, as to tender them compatible with oilier rights, equally hawse,. ledger! and equally sacred. Every subject of this realm had an undounied right to the protection of the laws, to the security of his person amid his pro petty, more, to the full assurance of such safety ; 1-1 A he had na i)esitedou in asserting, that any assembly of he people, held under such circumstances as to excite in the mi n e s of t h e King's peaceable and loyal subjects reasonable grounds of alarm, in this respect, were illegal as semblies, and liable to be dispersed as sack. He thought it important that it should be understood, that these rights were restricted, not merely to this extent—namely, that they tomtit not assemble for ,tin illegal purpose; that they must not assemble with force and arms; that they must not use sedi tious language ; thet,tirey must not revile the laws or public functionaries—but, beyond all this, that they must slot assemble or such circumstances, w h et h e r of numbers otherwise, as to excite welegrottuded terror in the minds of their fellow subjects, or to disturb their tranquil and assured enjoyment at the protection of the laws, free from all reasonable apprehension of force or violence. A vulgar notion may have prevailed, - that if the avowed and immediate purpose of such meetings were not illegal, or it they had not arms in their hends;or if no force was actually usetror immediately threatened, the assembly was l ega l no of ai,„ conk' be more unfounded. And he slid not fear contradiction from any constitutional lawyer, when he asserted, that any assembly of the peo- - ple, whether armed or unarmed ; whether using, or threatening'to use force, or not doing so ; and • The reference appears to hate been made from memory, and though substantially true, was certainly inaccurate in expression. The facts were these r A tumult having arisen at Oxford, on the Prince's birth day, and the loyalty of the Mayor and of the Heads of the Uni versity being called in question, the Lotus of the Council ex amined into the Case on affidavits, not with reference to the riot, btu With respect to their conduct as to rejoicing on the Prince's birth-day---a matter which could not he the subject of say legal inquiry. The Council came to the following Re solution;—" Resolved, That the Heads of the University and Mayor oft he City neglected to make any public rejoicing on the Prince's birth-day; but some of the Collegiates, with the Officers, being met to celebrate the day, the house where they were was assaulted, and the windows were broken by the rabble, Which Was the beginning and the occasion of the riots that castled, as well Irons the Soldiers' as, the Scholars and the Townsmen, ; and that the conduct of the Mayor seems well justified by the affidavits on his part." On the 25th March, 1717, the Lords addressed the Crown, that the proper Officer sbou!d•lay'before the House the complaints and depositions relative to the riots and disorders complained of at the City of Oxford, and the proceedings which had been had there- OD: In consequence of this Address, thse documents, consisting, among, others, of fifty-six affidavits by the officers and sol diers, and fifty-five affidavits on the part of the Mayor and City were laid before the House of - Lords, and referred to a Connnittee of the Whole House. On the 3d of April, 1717, the Committee repealed two Resolutions, viz, an approbation of the Resolutions of the Lords of the Council, already stated ; and, secondly, that the'publicatio, of depositions, white the matter was depending in Council, was disrespectful to the Piinee, and tending to sedition. A petition again st this Rustdation was offered un hi-half of the Vice-Chancellor, the Mayor, and Mmristrates, w'ho desired to he heard in re-' ply. Their application was refused, and the Resoln timrs already stated svvre adopted by the House, owl #l5 jertAcr I ,y,ceeilia.4 were tulc, A. And even from this nrere adoption of the Re , olutions . in Council twenty-eight Peers ihssent assigning 'this among other reason-, namely', that the ;natters of tact were not sufficiently enquired tutu, from want of 4 , l•lunion:l of ieplyin4 to the affidat ; and he cause, by such oe cu di,g,„' the MiListratLs may be . diseun ragud (lOW doing theirdaty on such ( lecailoris. These facts appear on the Jmirtrsis of the• Lords; and it is eoaceiv e d 'they sniettantiaily•warrant.the-statement of this ease, a, tine tetiiiiiik to allow the futility of %nehi.engnitivsi kit iiini„;ll y 'do ,J , A, To 11A: th:4l:t Wad of the State \ • whether the avowed object was illegal or legal, it held iu such numbers, or with such Jan• euage, or emblems, or deportment, as to create well-grounded terror in the King's liege suh jects tor their lives, their persons, or their pro perty, was an illegal assembly, and might he di‘persed- as such. Such had been the law, as laid. down by the ablest of our Lawyers and of oar Judges, from the earliest period of our Jurisptn deuce, and in the best times of our history add' Constitution, before the Revolution, stud since Revolution, independent of the Riot Act, or of.:• any statutable enactment, by the principles of our common law, which was always founds d principles of common sense. The application olf. this principle to each particular case 1410114 always be a matter of discretion ; but, in cases l lxe tire present, it could not .admit of doubt or difficulty._ lnen Meetings became too strong for the CictirF Power to deal with them, the laws must pro., hibit them ; if not, recourse most necessirily. be had to military force. When the ci,izers became too strong for the law, the Magistrate • of necessity became a soldier ;' and those who - justified these unrestricted Meetings were tlie, worst enemies to theliberties of their country, and laid the foundation of a military despotism. If bodies of the people, not convened ny any public functionary, but called together by mosso tebanks, whose only title was their impudence and.tolly, were entitled to assemble, not in ti , 014. sands, but in tens of thousands—to march with banners displayed, in military array, into the_ hearts of populous cities; and if the laws were not competent to assure the people of this coun try against the panic and dismay excited by auch• proceedings, there was an end to theCoostitution. lie implored the House to protect the country the effect of those desolating plans which were now in operation. Even though they shno4d not break' out into actual rebellion, their mischiefs were beyond calculation. Tint principles of re spec( for the laws and orders of the State, the re verence that was due to the sacred obligations of religion, these were not the results of MOM-CM. ta'ry feelings, which might be thrown aside and resumed at pleasure ; they were habits which, if once removed, could not easily be restated. If those sacred sources, from which were the iistres of public happiness and virtue, were once tainted, how was their purity to be restored ? He bad rea son to believe, that the blasphemies which had excited the horror of all good men, had been fa- - shinned by these miscreants into primers for the education of children, that these helpless be ings, in receiving the first elements of knoW.'• ledge, might be inoculated t hi s pea '. Deuce. He again implorer the House to act with decision and energy., wl►ile yet it was in thei; po%Yer. if the great founclaii,ns of public stet were once shaken, the united exertion of all the honest men of evrry party might come too late. On these grounds he - deprecate► the amentiort-eirr, as calcolateti to give encouragein g l it 1w t h e wor,it enemies of the State, and curdially cottetstred iva the original Address. WESTMINSTER SIISSIOWS.—S4wrcIty the Conti was occupied the greater part of the day iii hear ing E.ti appeal against a decision of the Mai/nitrates at Ba , ,T.s:rcet, declaring certain abutments ouil projections at pre a chy existing in front of the Two Brewers public t,:, o;-;e, in Jermyn street, saint James's, situated at the corner of Church-passagg, a nuisance, under Mr. M. A. Taylor's Act. The conviction of the Magistrates was confirmed. ENORMOUS ROBBERY FROM TAR BRISTOL MAIL, COACH.—On Tuesday four men took places in the Mail Coach at Bristol for London, and proceed. ed in it to within four miles, when two of tier,ua alighted at Hammersmith, and the other two left the coach at Knightsbridge. Du the arrival oi the Mail in London, it was discovered thet ,the locks of the seats had been picked, and everypar „i therein ta k e n away. it is feared some ..)f them were of considerable value, but the atrotint has not yet been ascertained. No tidings hues transpired, of the:plunderers. Ex:RCUTION.-- Wednesday morning Thomas Ciappeaon and Bryne Judd were executed at the usual place at the head of Libberton's Wynd,, Edinburgh,' pursuant to their sentence., for house breaking and robbery at Roadmains. They ep• peered to be fully aware of the awful sitoation is which they were placed, and attended to the 4e votions with much earnestness, and in which they were assisted by the Rev. Dr. INGLIS, and, Mr- HEM, a Roman Catholic Priest. After as very imptessive prayer-by Dr. INGLIS, and the neces sary prepa'ratio.,s had been adjusted, the urapar. tunate culprits shook bands, and remained a short time in fervent ejaculation, when Judd signifying that he was ready, Clapperton dropped a hand ketchief, and they were launched into etetni'y. They were both good looking young then, under 24 years of age, BIRTHS. On 'l'newlay morning, at Bill Hill, the Lady of .Philip Francis, Esq. of a dmigliter. On the s th inst. at .Eton Lodge, near Liverpool, the Lady of Joseph IValker, Esq. of d ilaught,r. MARRIED. At the house of his Excellency the Ravi of cisnrftrtTs his Britannic Majesty's Ambassador at the' Hague, vtr the itth December, Lieutenant-Colonel Sir Jaines‘Ronpoe'll Bart. to Septitna Scxta Colletort, daughter coOLear-Atliiital Richard Graves. Ou Thursday, • the 6th inst., at St. Margaret's Clutrch Leicester, ('apt John Jackson, Of the 34 gegiment of Sermai Native Infantry, to Mi4s AiM. Gusset, of Gre,st George-44 . cet, Westtuinter, fonftli daughter - of the late. Dauiel • 4.4l6sras Eq., of Tanner'a-cod, Edmonton, Middlesex. DIEb. Lately, at Teignmoutli, the only daughter of Mr—Joint Lloyd, late of the East India House. On Friday morni-og, the 7th inst., at Foregt-lodge, in the County of I , ,p , ex,Eleanor Bosonquet, relict of the ittte,Siatunel flosanquet, .Esq., of Forest-house, in the same couoty, aged 75. _ _ At his house, in Lauristou, Edinburgh„ on The ist instant, James Forrest, E,sq. .At the same place; wi the 3nth December, Robert Forrest, El. late Sorgpoo in the Royal Navy.. A few days ago, at Ware., .f - b•rtfordsitire, Arthur Curbed. 11,aumont, 1. - .1. aged 34, late Capt;iin in the 44th Regiment of Foot. Lo N no N : by 3. B. CAYI.3TAIIIS,. of No. 2 +, Giest inoilti-strict, Q,,,erk-splare;• and published hv IV. A. SCIUI'I'S, ot N.). 7; South Mutton-street, T..ts; Sus Oelice, No. i t • , tratul ; oishriv -Adi - eatisetuvuts, . I.ettil I, Are. (post-p:tid) must he aliircssed /t e t h at I. 11 "i t , I urt lvi qtr Sal c:a (lei o'( th (11.1, 7 ] theN s 411,i :a . '